FSI-Chinese-text/FSI Chinese result/Mod 7 textbook/0240-FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook.txt

    STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach
 MODULE 7: SOCIETY STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK
SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
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    Defense Language Institute
    Foreign Language Center
    Nonresident Training Division
    Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
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 STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH
 STUDENT TEXT MD WORKBOOK MODULE T： SOCIETY
Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed core modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare9 Restaurant, and Hotel.
 May 1981
                                  PREFACE
     Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.
     The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a vide range of government agencies and academic institutions,
     A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department1s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder 工工工，Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff 工工工（FSI);
Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS)•
     The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 19了总 in space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.
     Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr* Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 01 Connor of the University of Texas9 Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 19了了， Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development•
     Writers for the first half of the materials vere John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation vith the planning council and vith the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service 工nstitute, Mr, Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacherfs guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry vrote the tape scripts and the student text.
By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms, Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.
iii
     All Chinese language material was prepared or selected "by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time "by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues•
     Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A, Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang,
Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype*
     The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced "by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read "by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
     The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
     Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
     Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G, Foster, Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course materials•
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V
                                CONTENTS
Preface...............................iii
Introduction
Section 1: To the Student......................................1
Section 2: To the Teacher......................................3
List of Tapes for Module 7..........................................5
Objectives for the Society Module ....................................6
UNIT 1 Travel Plans
Introduction .......................... 8
Reference List......................... 9
Vocabulary...........................11
Reference Notes ........................ 13
        (Verb) de shi".
         Phrases with guanyu, ’’concerning,” ’’about"
         The directional ending -lal
        hui, "might，” ”be likelylō，” ”vill”
         The sentence marker -de, "thatfs the way the situation isn
Review Dialogue........................31
Workbook............................3^
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 37
UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes
Introduction ....................................................k2
Reference List.........................U3
Vocabulary...........................U5
Reference Notes ................................................紅7
         biede, "other(s)”
          yue. • ,yuě., •, ’’the more.. .the more.. •’， yuě lai yue.,> > ”more and more•••” xiang, "like’1
         The adverb ,1iu, "as soon/early as thatn
Review Dialogue........................6k
Workbook............................67
Exercise Dialogues.......................了0
UNIT 3 Family Values
Introduction .......................... 了5
Reference List.........................了6
Vocabulary...........................78
Reference Notes ........................ 80
        The verb ending -qilai: the start of an action or condition
         conglai bu/měi, ”never 1
         caiT "only，" before amounts
         -zhe showing the manner of an action
         The verb ending -dao: --successful reaching/obtaining/finding
                                --(with verbs of speech) ”of，M "about”
                              —successful perceiving (kandao)
vi
         The adverb zai, "anymore"
         Placement of phrases vith dao, ”to，” ”up to，” "until11
Review Dialogue........................100
Workbook............................10 為
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 107
UNIT k A Family History
Introduction .......................... 112
Reference List.........................113
Vocabulary...........................115
Reference Notes........................11 了
         More on ne， marker of absence of change/lack of completion Terms for grandparents
         More on indefinite pronouns (”any/no” expressions) bangzhu and bang xnang
Review Dialogue........................132
Workbook............................136
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 139
UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes
Introduction .......................... lUU
Reference List.........................1^5
Vocabulary...........................1总了
Reference Notes ........................ 1^9
         ••,yě hao, ".yě hao> "whether•••or•
         Necessary condition marked by cai
         Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase
         "In order to”
         y?hou and houlai compared
Review Dialogue........................165
Workbook............................169
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 1了2
UNIT 6 Politics and Culture
Introduction..........................1了6
Reference List.........................1了7
Vocabulary...........................179
Reference Notes ........................ l8l
         -de hua, ”if，” "in case”
         More on -guo vs. -le bū gu&u > • > "no matter..
         Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness qu and lai expressing purpose
Review Dialogue........................198
Workbook............................202
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 205
UNIT 了 Social Problems
Introduction ............ • ...... •••••••	210
Reference List.........................211
Vocabulary...........................213
vii
Reference Notes ........................ 215
         -duōle, ’’much more’’
         (Ver~b) (Ver~b) kan> ”try and (Verb)”
         Not anymore,” "never again" lian..,dou>••，”even” zhǐ yao. • ..liū. • •，"provided that..."
           bu shi. • • .1 iu shi • • •，"if not,. .then... ,t? "either. • .or..
Review Dialogue........................231
Workbook............................23 总
Exercise Dialogues ....................... 23了
UNIT 8 Directions for the Future
Introduction ....................................................2h2
Reference List.........................2^3
Vocabulary...........................2^5
Reference Notes ................................................2总了
         Action-Process compound verbs The directional ending -huf you, "after all，” "anyway” ye ~bu, t?donft even," Mwon11 even"
Review Dialogue........................260
Workbook............................26h
Exercise Dialogues.......................26了
Vocabulary.............................271
                               INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT
     With the Society module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have "been dealing with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time，"but you can make it easier on yourself "by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material in each unit • The following suggestions may help.
     Keep in mind from here on in that the tvo skills you will continue to work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts• As you work through the Society module, "bear in mind that, while you are asked to understand all the dialogues, you are required to "be at>le to produce only a limited part of the language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit vocatiulary lists, and the introductions to the units •
Hov to Use the Book
     Each unit of this "book presents quite a "bit of new informationmuch more than anyone can master in a fev days* time. This is "because information has also "been included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is vhat you should master in each unit:
     (1)	The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.
     (2)	The "basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may "be given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, "but you are not required to remember them.)
     (3)	The cultural "background information discussed in some reference notes and contained in each unit1s reviev dialogue.
     You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural "background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new grammatical structures.
The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For review, test yourself on the example sentences in the notes "by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English coltann into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.
soc
2
Hov to Use the Tapes
     Starting with Module 了，there will be only two thirty-minute tapes per unit, instead of five.
     Tape 1 introduces the material on the Reference List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-l tapes which you used in Modules 1 through 6.
     You vill find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either the C-l or P-l tapes• The numter of new vocabulary items in each unit has been increased from 20-25 to 30-35- You will also notice that the sentences have increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and reviev the presentation of each sentence several times ■
In addition, explanations which vere formerly found on the C-l and P-l tapes are now found only in the Reference Notes.
     Tape 2 replaces the C—2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 vill start off vith a reviev of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be followed by-three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you under-stand it thoroughly• The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting of the conversation and provides you vith the new vocabulary you need to understand it. (You are not required to learn these additional vocabulary items.) The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue> for which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher vill ask you to answer these and other questions about the conversation in class.
     When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for vord is not critical. Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing vhich you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort (it is expected to take repeated listenings), you will understand.
soc
SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER
     The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new format. Belov are a fev suggestions on hov to use this and subsequent core modules.
Hov to Use the Reference Notes
     The reference notes in Society include grammatical explanations, discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural "background information.
They are called ”reference” notes for a reason: they are here for the student 1 s present and future reference. They are not intended as material for classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules，as in the first six, the "bulk of classroom time should "be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allov you to devote most of your time vith students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.
     The copiousness of exasrple sentences in the notes has a double purpose. First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they shov the versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English translation can seldom fully do Justice to the range of nuances expressed by a Chinese vord. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for immediate reinforcement.
Hov to Use the Exercise Dialogues
     The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2， 3， and U) present completely different situations and characters from the unit reviev dialogue, "but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an area vhich should receive increased attention from both student and teacher 'beginning with this module.
     The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and thus a change from the style of the preceding modules • At this stage, students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese» and if given ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But "bear in mind that students are not expected to "be able to produce sentences in this colloquial style, only to understand them.
     The taped exercises 2, 3, and U，are to "be listened to outside of class as many times as is necessary for the student to ansver the questions in the workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from
3
soc
memory. If students bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on expressions vhich are not required for production. The point of this activity is for the students to talk--to practice saying the nev vords and structures of the unit
k
Further Classroom Activities
     (1)	Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure for class discussions in vhich the teacher takes the part of the Chinese vho wants to understand American society and the American students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things. Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual studentsf competitiveness or reticence, these conversations vill need to "be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the flov of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating the discussion, everyone can "be asked to outline possible answers "before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for the students.
     (2)	Students can "be asked to tell the story of the reviev dialogue or an exercise dialogue in their own vords. This can be done by the whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the story, another student can remind him of it or supply it himself.
     (3)	Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues certain sentences vhich serve a particular communicative function. The Chinese material in this "book is especially suited to this type of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed vithin them. For example, the students may "be asked to find a sentence that conveys enthusiasm tovard an idea, one that conveys tentativeness vhen asking a question about a delicate subject， or one that conveys a desire to "be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as ta.ke-off points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up vith other sentences vith the same linguistic function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to vary its function.
     For example, Unit 1 of Society -presents some sentences (in the reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to proposals:
Wo kǎolu kǎolu.	I111 think it over. (non-committal)
   Feichang hǎo.	Great. (enthusiastic)
 Na women shuohǎo le . . .	Then vefve agreed • . . (decisive)
   Jiu zhěiyang.	It’s settled. (decisive)
Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a vider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (Bu xing!)， scandalization (Na zěnme keyi a:)，lukevarm acceptance (Kěyǐ . . . or Yě hao)，indecisiveness (M . . , or Na，vǒ hai děi xiǎngyixiǎng or Zai shu5 ~ba)、etc. If you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to "base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in each unit• A list of these functions vill "be found in each unit’s introduction.
     (U) If the teacher and students find that the nev grammar needs to "be separately discussed in class, such sessions should "be confined to a reviev of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit’s introduction.
soc
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   Reviev
     The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to U and 5 to 8, respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been scramlDled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to English, the second from English to Chinese.
     Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in subsequent lessons, regular review vill not "be as important as in the earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some vocalD-ulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit1s exercise dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the vocabulary and structures.
                          TAPES FOR MODULE 了 (SOC)
Unit 1: SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 Unit 2: SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 Unit 3： SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 Unit U: SOC U.l, SOC k.2 Unit 5: SOC 5.1， SOC 5.2 Unit 6: SOC 6.1, SOC 6.2 Unit 了： SOC 了.I, SOC 了.2 Unit 8: SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2
Review Tapes: SOC Reviev 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)
               SOC Reviev 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)
               SOC Reviev 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)
               SOC Reviev 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)
SOC, Objectives
                           MODULE 了： SOCIETY
     The Society Module (SOC) vill provide you vith the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of family life and society, to find out hov someone’s family fits into the pattern of traditional Chinese society, and hov it reflects the changes of modern society.
     Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you vill have already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is nov considered taught.
     The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first six core modules and associated resource modules is also included.
OBJECTIVES
     Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to
1.	Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists.
2.	Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists vhen cued vith its English equivalent.
3.	Ask someone about the size of his family, vhich family members live at home, and where other family members live and vhy.
     Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of response expected from the visitor; and some polite vays to end a social visit.
5.	Discuss the status， duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional Chinese family.
6.	Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially those between parents and children, and betveen mother-in-lav and daughter-in-law*
了. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional Chinese society.
SOC, Objectives
8.	Use the proper- terms for referring to your own or someone else1s children, and understand the terms for addressing one’s children directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one’s friend.
9.	Understand why early marriage vas a common practice in traditional China.
10.	Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional Chinese society.
11.	Discuss the concept of filial obedience.
12.	Compare the position of women in Chinese society "before and after the founding of the People1s Republic of China.
13.	Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the government1s policy toward marriage after 19^9 and the actual changes that have occurred.
lU. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as
     equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.
了
soc
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UNIT 1 Travel Plans
INTRODUCTION
Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	The pattern (Verb) de shi,.••
2.	Phrases with guanyu, "concerning,f? ’’about-1’
3.	The directional ending -lai.
k.	The auxiliary verb hui, ”might,” ”*be likely to,11 ”vill•”
5.	The sentence marker -de, ”thatfs the way the situation is.
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Offering a visitor something to drink.
2.	Responding to an offer of something to drink.
3.	Concluding a social visit.
U. Telling someone you can’t take the time to explain something but will talk about it later.
5.	Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.
6.	Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.
SOC, Unit 1
9
                              Unit 1， Reference List
1.	A: Jīntian wo jiedao yiběn	Today 工 borrowed a good
      hao xiǎoshuS.	novel (from someone).
   B: Shěnme xiSoshuō, rang ni	What novel is it that
      zěnme gāoxing?	makes you so happy?
2.	A: Zheiten xiaoshu5 xiěde shi	This novel is about the
dalude qingkuang•	situation on the mainland.
   B: Guānyū dalude? Jiě g?i wo	About the mainland? How about
kankan xing "bu xing?	lending it to me to read?
3.	A: Xiage xuěqi nī xiǎng	What are you going to do
yanjiū shěnme?	research on next semester?
B: Hai shi lǎo wěnti: Zhong-	It*s still the same old topic: the
guode zhěngzhi qingkuang.	political situation in China.
U. A: Zuotiān Xiao Ming gěi tā	Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a
nūpěngyou xiě xin, xiěde	letter to his girl friend,
      hao chang!	and it was really long!
B: Nianqīng rěn zǒng shi nianqīng	Young people are alvays young people,
         rěn. Wo ni&nqīngde shihou	When I was young I was like that
ye shi zhěiyemg, ni waiig le?	too, have you forgotten?
5.	A: Shǔjiade shihou, ni xiǎng	Where do you want to go
        dao nar qu wanrwanr?	over summer vacation?
   B: Wo xiǎng dao YazhSu	ī^d like to go visit a few
        jǐge guojiā qu kankan.	countries in Asia.
6.	A: Zěnme, nǐ xiǎng yanjiū	Oh? Do you want to do research
         Yazh5ude věnhua chuantong?	on Asia’s cultural tradition?
   B: Bu něng shu5 yanjiū. Vo	It can't "be called research. I
        zhī shi xiǎng qu kankan	just want to go have a look at
nalide shěhui qingkuajig.	the social situation there.
了. A: Lao Wang, wo jīntiān gǎn.1uě	Lao Wang, I feel awful today, hen "bu shūfu.
   B: Kuai zuoxia, wo qu gěi ni	Sit down and I’ll go pour you
       dao ~běi cha lai •	a cup of tea.
SOC, Unit 1
10
8.	A: Nǐ qude něige difang	What vas the political and economic
         zhěngzhi, jīngji fan^miande	situation like vhere you vent? qlngxing zěnmeyāng?
  B: Jǐju huā shuobuqingchu，	I can’t explain it clearly in just
you shijian vǒ zai gen	a fev sentences; vhen I have
        ni maiunanr shuo "ba.	time I’ll tell you all about it.
9.	A: Yanjiū Zhongguo xiānzaide	To study the problems of China nov,
věnti yiding děi dongde	you have to understand Chinese
      Zhongguo lishǐ.	history.
B: Nǐ shuode zhěiyidiǎn hen	This point of yours is very important;
        yaojīn, wo kǎolu kǎolu.	I’ll think it over.
10.	A: Nǐ zai Zhongguo zhu liǎng-	If you live in China for tvo years,
nian, yiding hui xuěhǎo	you1re sure to learn Chinese
     Zh5ngwěnde•	very veil•
   B: Shi a, yifangmian kěyi	Yes, on the one hand 工 can learn
xuěhǎo ZhSngwěn, yifǎngmian	Chinese veil, and on the other
         yě kěyi duo zhīdao yidiǎnr	hand I can find out more things
       Zhongguode shiqing.	about China.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
11.	yibiān(r)...yibiSn(r)	doing...vhile doing.••
12.	yimian...yimian..•	doing...vhile doing...
SOC, Unit 1
11
                           VOCABULAEY
chang	to be long
chuantong	tradition, traditional
dalu	mainland, continent
dao	to pour
-diǎn	point
dongde	to understand, to grasp, to know
-fāngmian	(-fāngmian) aspect, side, area， respect
gǎnjuě	feeling, sensation; to feel,
                                     to perceive
guānyu	as to， with regard to, concerning,
                                      about
guojiā	country, state, nation; national
hui	might，be likely to，vill
jiě	to borrow; to lend
jiědao	to successfully borrow
-jīi	sentence; (counter for sentences or
                                     utterances, often followed by hua, "speech”）
      %
kǎolu	to consider, to think about
majimānr (marman)	slowly; gradually, by and by; taking
                                     one*s time; in all details
nianqīng	to be young
qingkuang	situation, circumstances, condition,
                                     state of affairs
qlngxing	situation, circumstances, condition,
                                     state of affairs
rang	to make (someone a certain way)
shěhui	society, social
shǔjia	summer vacation
shuōbuqīngchu	can*t explain clearly
wěnhua	culture
xiǎoshu5	fiction, novel
(-)xuěqī	semester, term (of school)
yanjiū (yānjiu, yanjiū)	to study (in detail), to do research
                                     on; research
Yazhōu (Yǎzhou)	Asia
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yibiān(r)...yibiān(r).•.	doing...while doing...
yifǎngmian..., yifangmian...	on the one hand..., on the other hand;
                                    for one thing.. •，for another."; doing...vhile doing... yimian(r)••.yimian(r)...	doing...while doing.•.
zhěngzhi	politics， political affairs; political
zǒng	alvays; inevitably, without exception,
                                     after all， in any case zuoxia	to sit down
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  Unit 1， Reference Notes
1. A: Jīntiān wo jiedao yiben	Today I borrowed a good
      hǎo xiǎoshuS.	novel (from someone).
    B: Shěnme xiǎoshuS, rang ni	What novel is it that
      zěnme gāoxing?	makes you so happy?
Notes on No. 1
     .lie: "to borrow" [Also Mto lend," see Notes on No. 2.D
    Wo dao tūshūguǎn qu jiě shū.	I’m going to the library to borrow
                                           [take out] some books.
For "from，” use gen or xiang° for people and cong for place names like the library.
    Wo měi dai qian, xiǎng gen	I didn’t bring any money, I want to
 (xiang) Ningning qu jiě.	go borrow some from Ningning.
    Wo cong tushūguǎn jiěle yiběn	I "borroved a Chinese history book
     Zhōngguo lishǐ shū.	from the library.
Cong can only be followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by the addition of něr (nali):
     Wo cong tā něr jiěle wǔkuai qian. I "borrowed five dollars from him.
For people, you may also use the common pattern věn...,1ie... , literally ’’ask.. .borrow. •.”：
    Wo wen ta jiěle yiběn shū.	I borrowed a book from him.
    Wo bu hǎo yisi wen biěrěn jiě	I’m too embarrassed to borrow money
   qian.	from other people.
     jiedao: The ending -deto expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You learned -dao and the similar Běijīng -zhao in the verb jiēdao/.liēzhao， Hto receive,11 in the Meeting module.
     You need to know not only what the ending -dao means, but also when to use it and when not to. This canft be summed up in one neat formula, but you will see from the following examples that -deto is used when there vas a question of not being able to get the thing. Jiě by itself does not necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations vhen you tried to borrow something but couldnft get it.
    Wo gin tā jiěle yiběn	I borrowed a dictionary from him.
       zidian.
°XianK is used more in vritten style.
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 Wo qu jiěguo， kěshi měi jiědao.	I went and tried to borrow it，but
                                           I didnft get it.
 A: Ni cong tushūguǎn jiědao	Did you get that American history
     něiben Měiguo lishi shū le ma?	book out of the library?
     B: Měiyou, dou jiěchuqu le.	No， they had all been taken out.
Dāgai xiā Xīngqiyi cai něng	I probably won*t be able to (borrow
jiědao.	and) get it until next Monday.
     Jiě may have certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are examples.
 Zai zhěr kān kěyi, bu něng	You can read it here， but you can't
  jiěchuq^u.	take it out.
     Tā ba wode chē jiěq.u le.	He borrowed my car (and took it
                                                    away) •
 Tā ba něiben shū jiězou le.	He borrowed that book (and took it
                                             away)•
 Wo cong tā něr jiělai wukuai	I borrowed five dollars from him.
      qian.
     rang: "to make” someone a certain way, or "to cause" someone to become a certain way. When used this way, rang is followed by a person and an adjectival verb. You learned rang as "to let” in the Welfare module:
Rān^ wo kankan nǐde huzhāo， "Let me see your passport.” [Rang： can also mean ’’to have,，’ ,Tto tell,,’ or "to make" someone do something•]
 Tā shuSde hua rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry -
       qi-
     Tā name bu kěqi rang tā pěngyou He embarrassed his friend by being hen bu hǎo yisi.	so rude*
     Shěnme xiaoshuo?一一rang ni zhěme gāoxing: There is a pause after the question shenme xiaoshu5， and the rest of the sentence， rang ni zhěme gāoxing， is like an afterthought. Compare these examples:
 Zhěi shi shěnme kāfēi?--zhěme	What kind of coffee is this? It1s
  hǎo he.	so good.
Zhěi jiu shi nī maide chē?-一	So this is the car you bought? It's
   zěnme nankan!	so ugly!
Nǐ xǐhuan shuxuě a?~name měi	You like math?--such a boring thing!
      yisi!
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2. A: Zhěiben xiǎoshuō xiěde shi	This novel is about the
 dalude qinp：kuan^.	situation on the mainland.
    B: Guānyū dalude? Jiě gěi wo	About the mainland? How about
        kankan xing bu xing?	lending it to me to read?
Notes on No. 2
     xiě: This verb which you learned as ,fto write,, is also one of several ways that ”about" is expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, xiě usually appears in the (Verb) de shi construction discussed immediately below.
     xiěde shi: This structure, (Verb) de shi, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay extra attention! Use (Verb) de shi vhen the verb is not new information and you want to focus instead on the identity of the thing talked about. The pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an
A EQUALS B sentence:
                          A — I I^~ I B Vī^B de— shi— B 一 Tā zTOQde shi baicai.
  "What hefs making is cabbage.11
In sentence 2A，the verb xiě is not new information because any novel must ”be vritten about” something. The object dalude qingkuang is new information which is focused on.
  A: Nǐ zai Jiāzhou Daxuě niande	What is it that you study at the
 shi shěnme?	University of California?
    B: Wo niande shi jīngjixuě.	Itfs economics.
  Zhěige dianyīng jiangde shi	This film is about a Chinese going
      yige Zhōngguo rěn qū Měiguo	to America to visit, wande shi.
  Gāngcāi nǐ jiaode shi shěnme?	What did you order just now? Rice
     Shi fan haishi mian?	or noodles?
     Ni xianzai shuōde shi wo haishi Is the person you1re talking about tā?	now me or him?
     Ta hen xǐhuan kan shū, kěshi tā He likes to read, but all he reads kande d5u shi yixiē měi yiside are stupid novels. xiaoshuS.
     dalu: ”continent, mainland” ZhōngRUQ dalū is "mainland China,” which may also be called dalu for short just as we say ,fthe mainland",
"Other vays are by using^the verb jiang, TTto talk about as in Zheiben shu~ jiǎng shěnme?, "What is this book about?,f; and guanyu (see the note in this section)•_
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      qingkuang: "situation, circiur.stances 5 state of affairs, condition’’
Used much more frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses qingkuang when in English we would just say ”things” or "the way things are.”
     Nǐde qingkuang gēn tāde chabuduo. You and he are in about the same
                                            situation.
     Wo didide jīngji qingkuang bu	Ify younger brother’s financial
   tai hao.	situation isn’t too good.
     Na shi sishiniān qiānde shi,	That was forty years ago. Now
     xianzai qingkuang "bu tong le.	things are different.
     A: Nǐ něng "bu něng gei wo jiang- Could you tell me about the way
     jiang ni zai dalude qingkuang? things were for you on the mainland?
     B: Nǐde yisi shi wo zijǐde qing- Do you mean my own situation? kuāng ma?
Sometimes qingkuang means the ’’picture" about a place (especially an organization) ;in such cases it may not "be necessary to translate it literally.
     Tā gěi women jiěshaole tāmen	He gave us a presentation ("briefing)
    xuěxiāode qingkuang.	on their school. (E.g., what
                                          grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught, etc.)
     Wo "bu tāi shūxī Měidāsīde	I’m not too familiar with (the way
   qingkuang.	things are at) the Department of
                                          American and Oceanic Affairs.
     guanyu: "with regard to, concerning11 The phrase guānyu dalude means literally rrone concerning the mainland.” Guanyu is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of ’’about’’ is more often expressed in other ways * , "but guānyu is often used in formal contexts.
      Guanyu is a prepositional verb, which means it is followed "by a noun (its object) and is related to the main verb. It is not the "best "behaved of prepositional verbs, however. Guanyu does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb phrase ("before the verb, e.g., dao Zh5ngguo qu) • Nor does guānyu occur in a sentence the way "about,r does in English. ^bout’’ phrases in English are free to occur after the verb, e.g. , "talk about Chinese history,” ’’think about your problem.” A guānyu phrase (that is, guanyu and its object) can only occur in the following places in the sentence:
Other ways include using the verbs jiǎng and xiě (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into the room and want to ask, ’’What’s this about?” the most ’’everyday” way would te Jiǎng shěnine de? (actually an abbreviated form of Zheige jiěmu [program] shi jiang shěnme de?). It would sound stilted to use guānyu in such an informal situation. You see another example of how ’’about” is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the little dialogue: ’，Atout what?’’ is Shěnme diānyǐng?.
SOC, Unit 1
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(1)	Guanyu can occur at the 'beginning of the sentence to introduce the topic about to be commented on.
     Guānyu něijian shi, wo shěnme	Concerning that matter, I don't
dou bu zhī dao.	know anything. (OR I don!t know
                                          anything about that matter.)
     Guānyū nerde qingkuang, ni gěi Would you please ask for me about wo dating dating hǎo ba?	the situation there?
     Guanyu zhěige, nimen hai you	Do you have any other questions
    měiyou shěnme wenti?	about this?
(2)	Guanyu can also occur in a phrase with -de which modifies a noun.
  Xiěxie ni gāosu vo zhěme du5	Thank you for telling me so much
     guānyū dalude qingkuang.	about the situation on the
                                           mainland.
     Ta zhīdao hěn duo guānyu zhěi- He knows a lot (of things) about fāngmiande shiqing.	this field.
Women zhěli měiyou duSshao	We don't have very many books about
     guānyū Zhongguode shu.	China here.
It also occurs in a phrase vith -de, the whole phrase acting as a noun.
      Wo cong Xiao Zhao ner jiělai yi- I "borrowed a book from Xiao Zhao, běn shū, shi guānyu Zhongguo	It*s (a book) about Chinese
    cāide， nǐ kankan.	food. Have a look at it.
(3)	A guanyu phrase (guanyu + noun) is occasionally used alone as an aHre-viated sentence*
     Wo zuotiān kanle yige dianyǐng.	I saw a movie yesterday.
   Shěnme dianyǐng?	About what?
   Guānyu Fǎguo...	About France."
    Guānyu Faguode shěnme?	About what (aspect) of France?
    Guānyu Faguode jīngji.	About the French econony.
Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would "be considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example you need to know xiaoxi， "news•”)
Nǐ tīngshuo guanyu Tiětuōde	Have you heard (the news) about Tito?
    xiaoxi ma?	(i.e*, that he had died)
Bu yāo wen wo guanyu shūxuěde	Don't ask me (any questions) about
  věnti,	math,
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    jiě gei v5 kankan: "lend (it) to me to read" In exchange 1, jiě was translated "borrow." Now you see it used for "to lend. To say "lend something to someone,” the gěi phrase always follows the verb jiě. * If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun, gěi may be omitted:
     Jiě wo yizhī bǐ.
   Jiě gěi wo yizhī bǐ. I	Lend me a pen.
(In this extremely ccHumon sentence, the gěi is more frequently omitted.)
3. A: Xiage xuěqī nǐ xiǎng	What are you going to do
yanjiū shěnme?	research on next semester?
    B: Hai shi lǎo wěnti: Zhong-	It1s still the same old topic:
         guode zhěngzhi qingkuang.	the political situation in China.
    xueqi: Msemester, term” Since xuěqī means literally just "school-period/T it could conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese schools, however, run on the semester system (fall-vinter and vinter-spring)•
    Xianzai ySude Měiguo daxuě yige Some American colleges have semesters xuěqī zhi you shiěr-sange lǐbāi. which last only tvelve or thirteen
                                           weeks.
    Shāngge xuěq.ī nǐ dou nianle	What (courses) did you take last
  shěnme?	semester?
Xuěqī may also be used without the counter -ge: shangxueqi，xiaxuěqi, yi xuěqī > etc •
    yanjiu: ’’to do research on” a topic (usually at the graduate level or above). Sometimes may be translated as ’’to study" (in depth, not just preparing for a test).
    Ta yānjiūde shi něifāngmiande	What area does she study (OR do
  wěnti?	research on)?
    Kē Jiāoshou zai jīngji fangmian- Everyone is familiar with Professor de yanjiū shi dājia hěn	Kē1s research in the area of
   shouxlde.	economics.
    Tāde yanjiū gSngzuo hěn zhSng- His research work is very important. yāo.
     Another meaning is ’’to look into, to consider, to discuss” (possibilities, opinions, questions):
A gei phrase before jiě would mean ’’for/’ not ’’to.’’ Example ： Tā gěi vo jiěle jǐběn shu% "He borrowed a fev books for me.”
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Zhěige wěnti women děi yanjiū	We should discuss (OR look into this)
  yanjiu.	question.
     zhěngzhi: ’’politics，political affairs ; politicalff
Keep in mind that because of China1s political system, the word zhěngzhi has a different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this concept, here is the definition of zhěngzhi from a Chinese dictionary.*
          zhěngzhi: The concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes becomes the main content of politics• The relations which politics must handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes, relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and international relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established; after power has "been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions "between ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people . • • are properly handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes and bring about communism.
     Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations in the PRC has resulted in zhěngzhi being used in a host of phrases such as "political influence,” "political relations,” "political background,11 "political qualifications,ff etc.
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1+. A: Zuotiān Xiao Ming gěi tā	Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a
   nupěngyou xiě xin, xiěde	letter to his girl friend,
      hǎo chang!	and it vas really long!
    B: Nianqīng rěn zongshi nianqīng Young people are always young ren. Wo nianqingde shihou	people; when I was young
         yě shi zhěiyang, nī wang le? I was like that too, have you
                                           forgotten?
Notes on No. h
    chang: ,,to be long’’ in physical length, or in some cases, time. The opposite of chang is duǎn, "to "be short.11
    Chāngchěng you duo chang?	How long is the Great Wall?
   You liuqiānduō gōnglǐ (chang).	It’s over six thousand kilometers
                                              (long)•
Ni xiěde tai chang le, duan	You made this (piece of writing) too
     yidiǎnr, hao "bu hao?	long. Could you shorten it?
    Wo hěn chang shijiān měi kanjian I haven’t seen him in a long time. ta le.	(Hen chang shi.H^n is the same
                                               as hěn ,1i5)
    Wo xiang nǐ zai nar zhao fangzi I’m sure it will take you a long time yiding xuyao yige hěn changde	to find a house there,
       shijiān.
     Tā zai zhěr g5ngzuode shijiān you How long did he work here? duo chang?
     nianqīng: ’’to "be young" While the idea of "being young is often relative to a particular situation, nianqīng rěn usually means people from the teens through the twenties.**
    Ta nianqingde shihou "bǐ xianzai When she was young she was even more gěng hao kan.	"beautiful than now.
Nianqīng rěn d5u xǐhuan vanr.	All young people like to have fun.
     zǒng: ’’always, invariaTDly11 Like other adverbs such as zhēn, ’’really，" and hai，ffstill,?? zong is often followed by shi •
    Ni zongshi wen vo věnti.	You alvays ask me questions.
°There are other words for ’’long” in other contexts. When referring to distance, use yuan: Lu hěn yuan, ’’It’s a long way.11 For time, you will also need jiu: Ta zoule duo ,1iǔ le?, ,fHov long has it been since he left?’，
0°Remem'ber that xi So is another word for "yoiing11: Ta bi vo xiǎo yisui, "He1 s a year younger than I.” Wo xiǎode shihou usually means ”When I vas a child.n When speaking to a child， you would say Nǐ hai xiǎo for ”You’re still young."
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     Zhěi zhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing alvays makes one rěn hěn gāoxing,	very happy.
     Zǒng bu, "always not"”’’ is one way of saying "never":
     Tā zǒng bu xǐhuan biěrěn wen tā He never likes other people to ask jiālide shi.	about his family,
     Zǒng has another use, which is the one you see in exchange U: Instead of meaning literally ’’on every occasion” or "at all times,ff z8ng is used to suggest that a certain state of affairs should "be obviously true, regardless of other circumstances• Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some are ”after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done, inevitably, eventually•ff Other possible translations are suggested in the folloving examples.
     Xiǎohaizi zǒng shi xiǎohai2i,	Children will "be children; after they
    dale jiu hǎo le,	grov up it will be better.
     Nǐ bu jiě wo, wo zai zhěr kan- If you wonft lend it [this book] to kan zǒng kěyi ba?	me, at least I can read it here,
                                           canft I?
     Nǐ nian shū shi hǎo shi, zǒng	Itfs great that you1 re studying, but
    bu něng bu chi fan ba?	after all, you can't go without
                                          eating， can you?
     Nī shi Měiguo rěn, nǐ zǒng bu	You1re an American, you canft very
     něng bu zhīdao Dězhou zai	well not know where Texas is，
  nar ba?!	can you?!
     Nǐ nazǒu wode shu, zǒng děi wen You really should ask before you wo yixia!	take one of ray books •
     ZSng you yitian, ta hui hullaide. Someday he will surely come back.
     Ērshige bu gou, na nǐ shuo san- If twenty isnft enough, then thirty shige zǒng gou le ba?	should surely be enough, vouldn*t
                                          you say?
     A: GSnggong qichē měiyou dao	There arenft any buses that go
     něige difangde, women děi qi	there• Wefll have to go by
   zixlngchě qu.	bicycle«
     B: ōu， qi chě duo lei..•	Oh, but itfs so tiring to ride a
                                           bicycle.
     A: Zǒng bī zǒuzhe qu hǎoduS le. Well, itfs much better than walking!
     Lai wan yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bu lai Itf s "better to come a little late hǎo.	than not to come at all.
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     A: Guānyu nī zhěige věnti, wo	工 don’t know much about this question zhīdaode bu du5, dagai měiyou of yours. I probably can11 give banfa huidahao. you a good ansver.
     B: Ni zong zhīdaode bī wSmen du5,	In any case, you knov more than we jiu qīng ni jiang jiang ba! do, so please try.
5.	A: Shǔjiade shihou, nī xiang	Where do you vant to go
        dao nar qu yanrwanr?	over summer vacation?
    B: Wo xiǎng dao YazhSu	Ifd like to go visit a fev
        jǐge gu$jiā qu kankan.	countries in Asia.
Notes on No. 5
     shu.1ia: ”summer vacation11 In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.
     Zhěige shǔjia vo bll dao nSr qu. This summer vacation I'm not going
                                            anywhere•
     Yazhōu: "Asia1, Ya comes from the transliterated vord for Asia, Yaxiya. Zhou means ”continent Many people say Yazhou.
     guojia: "country, nation, state,11 literally, ’’country-family•，’ The bound word -£uo is used only in certain phrases or compound words. Cruojiā is the vord to use everywhere else. (Sometimes guo may be used alone，such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China. But a modern nation is called guo.liā.)
6.	A: Zěnme, ni xiang yanjiū	Oh? Do you vant to do research
Yazhōude věnhua chuantSng?	on Asia1s cultural tradition?
    B: Bu něng shu5 yanjiu. Wo	It can’t be called research. I
        zhǐ shi xiǎng qu kankan	just vant to go have a look at
nalide shehui qingkuang.	the social situation there.
Notes on No. 6
     Zenme?: ,!oh?; vhat?; really?11	The intonation can change the implication.
     Zěnme, nī yě dao zhěr lai le!	Well, you1 ve come here too!
     Zěnme? Tā bu shi Zhongguo rěn?	What? He1s not Chinese? Then hov
      Na tade Zhōngwěn zěnme zěnme	is his Chinese so good? hSo ne?
     A: Nī xiawu you shijiān ma?	Do you have any time this afternoon?
    B: Zenme? You shi ma?	Why? Is something happening?
SOC, Unit 1
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     w^nhuā: "ciiiture, civilization" Also "education, cultural background*1 as in rri^iyou wenhuacie rěn， "an uncultured person" or an !funeducated person.’’
     shehui ： "society; socialf! Xin shěhui and j iu shěhui are jargon for the new and oli societies (after and before the socialist transformation). ’’In society1' is more often zai shěhuishang^ less frequently zai shěhuili.
    Xianggangde shěhui wěnti zhēn	Hong Kong sure has a lot of social
duo.	problems. (e.g., drugs， killings)
了. k: Lao Wang, wo jīntiān ganjuě	Lao Wang,工 feel awful today, hen bu shūfu.
    B: Kuai zuoxia， wo qu gei ni	Sit dovn and If11 go get you
      dao bēi cha lai.	a cup of tea.
Notes on No. 了
     ganjuě: "to feel; feeling’’ In 了a，ganjuě is used as a verb. Here are other examples:
   Nǐ gǎnjuě zěnmeyajag?	How do you feel?
    īTǐ jīntiān gǎnjuě hao yidiǎnr	Do you feel better today? le ma?
    Wo gǎnjuě tā jīntiān you dianr	I get the feeling hefs a little tm gāoxing. unhappy (OR "bothered) today.
    Suīrān wo bu fā shāo le, kěshi Although I don’t have a fever any zǒng gǎnjuě hěn lei.	more, I feel very tired all the
                                             time.
Here is an example of gǎnjuě used as a noun:
    Zhěi shi wode ganjuě, nīde kanfa Thatfs my feeling, what is your zěnmeyāng?	opinion?
     zuoxia: ’’to sit down" Also zuoxialai•
    Qing zuoxia (lai ) tan.	Have a seat and letf s talk about it.
     dao. . . lai ： Dao is nto pour”； dāolai is ’’to pour and "bring here.” You have seen lai used as a directional ending "before, as in naxialai，’’bring down and here,” or paolai ’’run here. There are two things to notice about the meaning of lai as a directional ending: 1) Lai can be used after verbs which tell of inovement from one place to another, like pǎo，!!to run” or na, !!to carry"; OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to another， such as dao， nto pour.” 2) The thing lai refers to, which is what ends up ’’here，’’ may be the subject OR the object of the sentence . For example, in Tā paolai le, ’’He ran here，’’ it is the subject tā who per forms the act ion of running and comes here. In Tā xiělai yifěng xin le， ’’He has written a letter which has come here,” it is the object xin which is
SOC, Unit 1
2h
written and comes here. In Yifu dou yǐjīng xǐlai le，"All the clothes have already "been washed and "brought here,n it is the topic yīfu which were washed and "brought here.
      You vill often split lai from the verb "by inserting an object like yi~bei cha, as in sentence	In fact, in sentence 了B，dao and lai must "be
split up; lai may not precede the object. The rules allowing lai to precede the object are complex, and here we vill just give some examples of usage,
     Nǐ nar jiělai zhěme yiliang po Where did you "borrow such a "beat-up chē?!	old car from?
     Wo zui xǐhuan nǐ cong Shanghai I like the sweater you "bought in mǎilaide něijieui maoyi.	Shanghai "best.
Wo yiding gěi ni zhaolai neiben	1*11 "be sure to find that "book for
     shū OR Wo yiding gěi ni zhao	you. neiben shū lai.
Nǐ shěnme shihou you shijiān,	When you get the time, give me a cai丄，
     da ge dianhua lai, women yiqǐ	and wefll go see a movie together,
  qu kan dianyǐng.	(Lai must follow the object.)
     Biě^wangle mingtian yě "ba nǐde Don’t forget to "bring your girlfriend nupěngyou dailai.	tomorrow too.
8. A: Nǐ qīide něige difang,	What was the political and
         zhěngzhi, jīngji fāngmiande economic situation like where qingxing zěnmeyang?	you went?
     B: Jǐju hua shu5~buqingchu，	I can’t explain it clearly in
ySu shijiān wS zai gēn	just a few sentences; when 工
ni manmānr shu5 "ba.	have time 工*11 tell you all
                                            about it.
Notes on No. 8
     fāngmian: "aspect; area; respect; side” This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful, sometimes overused word. You won’t have any trouble understanding how fāngmian is used, "but there vill "be sentences where you wouldn’t have thought to use it. When translating, it is sometimes "better just to leave fangmian out of the English than to strain to use the word ’’aspect,” "side,* etc.
      Fāngmiaji has two main uses:
     (1) "aspect, respect, area, field”
   Zhěige wěnti you liangfangmian. There are two aspects to this
                                            question.
WSmen zai zhěifāngmian zuode	We haven11 done enough in this area,
      hai "bu gou*
SOC, Unit 1
25
     Yīngguo zai jīngjixuě fāngmiande A lot of research in the area of yanjiū zuode bū shǎo.	economics has been done in England.
     Wo měi shide shihou xǐhuan kankan	When I donft have anything to do I
    wěnxuě fangmiande shū.	like to read books on the subject
                                           of literature.
     A: Wo kānle nī xiede yǐhou juěde	After reading what you wrote, I feel
          you yifǎngmian kěyi xiěde	theref s one respect in which you
      gěng hao.	can make it better.
   B: Něifāngmian ne?	What respect?
     (2) "party, side，" referring to a group of people
     Niǔyuě fāngmian dāgai bu hui	New York wonft have any problem with
     you shěnme wěnti, kěshi women	this, but we should check vith
     yīnggai he Běijīng fāngmian	Běijīng before going ahead, (meaning
     xian shangliang yixia zai shu5.	groups of people, e.g.9 offices of
                                           a company.)
     Guānyu zhěige went!, liSng fang-	The two sides have somevhat different
     miānde kanfa you diǎn bu tong.	views on this question.
     qingxing: In most cases interchangeable with qingkuang« In present-day Běijīng speech, at least among the younger generation, qingkuang is the more common of these two words.
     shuobuQingchu: ncanft say/explain clearly” ShuSqīngchu is a compound verb of result. Here are other examples:
     W5 shuobuqīngchu wěishenme tā	I can’t really explain vhy he got
  shengqi.	angry.
    Bu shuoqīngchule bū xfng.	It wonft do not to explain it
                                            clearly.
     Ta shuoqīngchule tade mudi.	He explained his goal clearly.
     Ni něng bu něng shuoqīngchu	Can you explain clearly the differ-
     Mnianqīngff he ”xiSo” de *bu	ences betveen nianqīng and xiSo?
     tong?
     mamaanr: Also manman. Many adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the subject and the verb. In Běijīng speech， when you double certain adjectival verbs of one-syllable， the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its original tone) and is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending -de. Other examples are kuaikuair(de)， "quickly，" and haohaorde， ”veil， properly•”
     Mamnan(de) or manm^ir (de) has these meanings:
   (1) 11 slowlyfl Donft forget, however, that flslowlyfl can sometimes be
translated *by man alone.
SOC, Unit 1
26
     Tā mānmǎnrde zǒu hui jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.
BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I
   Man diǎnr zǒu. J	Walk more slowly.
     (2)	”gradually, bit by bit, by and by11
     Nī gang lai, dui zhěrde qingkuang You just arrived and are unfamiliar bu shuxi, mānmānr nī jiu zhīdao vith the situation here, but you111 le.	come to knov it by and by.
    Manmānrde, tā jiu dong le.	Gradually he began to understand.
     (3)	Sentences vhich instruct someone to manmānr do this or that can often be translated as ’’take your time. . . or ’’don’t rush.11
     Manmānr zǒu, zānmen lāideji.	Let’s take our time walking. We’ll
                                           make it.
     Bu ji, manmānr chi, vo děng	There’s no hurry, so take your time
  nī.	eating. I111 wait for you.
     (U) With verbs meaning ”to tell” someone about something, manmanr has more of the meaning，’in all details.’’
     Nī zuoxia, vo manmānr gēn ni	Sit down and I111 give you the whole
 jiǎng.	story.
     Wo hai xiang gen ni du5 tantan Ifd like to talk some more vith you zhěijian shi.	about this.
     Hǎode, yǐhou women marmian tan. Okay, later ve can talk all about it.
9. A: Yanj iū Zhongguo xianzaide	To study the problems of China nov,
věnti yiding děi dSngde	you have to understand Chinese
      Zhongguo lishi.	history.
    B: Nī shuōde zhěiyidiǎn hěn	This point of yours is very impor-
yaojǐn, vo kǎolu kǎolu■	tant; If11 think it over.
Notes on No, 9
     dongde: ”to understand” Narrower in use than dong. You dongde the meaning of a vord, the implications or significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign language (that you dong), nor what the teacher just said (that you tīngdǒng le), nor someone elsefs feelings (that you liǎojiě， vhich vill be presented in the Traveling in China module).
     You have seen the component -de in the verbs rěnde and jide. It is only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example, you can say rěnbude，’’can’t recognize,，’ and j ībude， ’’can’t remember but you may not use dongde in the potential form; for，’can*t understand，” you just say bu dongde.
SOC, Unit 1
27
     -dian: "point” （For the second example, you need to know xīnli， "in one' s heart.，’)
    D, hai you yidiSn.	Oh, there’s one more point [that
                                           should be made]•
     Zhěi shi rang rěn xīnli zui	This is the most upsetting point,
     bu shūfude yidiSn.
     Nei yidiSn women yǐjīng tanguo	Wefve been over that point already, le.
     Wo juěde tā shuode měiyidiǎn	I think that every point of his
  d5u dui.	was right.
     kǎolu: ，，to consider, to think over; consideration，，
     Zhei yidiSn women yīnggāi kǎolu. We should consider this point.
     Wo děi hǎohāor kǎolu zhěige	I have to think this matter over
  went!.	carefully.
     Zhěi fāngmiande qingkuang nǐ	Have you taken this aspect of the
   kǎolule ma?	matter into consideration?
10. A: Nǐ zai ZhSngguo zhu liǎng-	If you live in China for two years
nian, yiding hui xuěhǎo	you1re sure to learn Chinese
     Zhongwěnde.	very well.
    B: Shi a, yifǎngmian kěyi	Yes, on the one hand I can	learn
         xuěhǎo ZhSngwěn, yifǎngmian	Chinese veil, and on the	other
         yě kěyi du5 zhīdao yidiSnr	hand I can find out more	things
       Zhongguode shiqing.	about China.
Notes on No. 10
     hui: "might，be likely to，will’1 You already know hui meaning ffto know how to，can.1’ Here you see hui used in a new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English translations, hui ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not important to the message, and there might be no single "correctff English translation. Various adverbs can be added before hui to clarify the degree of certainty, for example, yiding> "definitely," dagai， ”probably，” yěxǔ， "perhaps，” etc.
     Here are some examples of how hui can be used to indicate likelihood:
hui
     Yǐjīng shiěrdiǎn ban le, zhe	It’s half past twelve. Who vould
    shihou shěi hui lai ne?	come at this hour?
     Yiding yao wo qu, tā cai hui qu. I111 have to go or else he wonft go.
SOC, Unit 1
28
     Cai yaoshi fangde tai du5 le,	If you put too much food in, the
    "baobing hui po.	pancake will "break•
     Nide chenshāxi zangle	"bū yaojin, It doesn’t matter that your shirt got
    wo hui gei nǐ xǐ.	dirty. I，ll wash it for you.
~bu hui
   Bu da hui "ba?	That’s not very likely.
    Dagai "bu hui shi ta.	It !s probably not him.
     Yaoshi zai Taiwan mai jiu "bū hui If you "buy it in Taiwan, it won’t zhěme gui le.	"be so expensive.
     Ni bū hui zhaobudao "ba?	You won’t be unable to find it,
                                          will you?
     Ni "bu yao jl le, wo "bu hui chū Don?t get anxious, I won’t have an shide.	accident.
hui.•.ma?
     Nǐ kan jīntiān wans hang hui	Do you think it might 'be cooler
    liangkuai yidiǎn ma?	tonight?
    Tā hui qu ma? Tā hui qu.	Will he go? He’ll go.
hui bu hui
     Mingtian ta hui bu hui lai?	Will he come tomorrow?
     Women xiěde neifēng xin, dao	They still haven’t gotten the letter
    xianzai tāmen hai měiyou	we vrote. Could we have vritten
    shōudao, women hui bu hui	the address vrong? xiěcuole dizhi?
     Wo "ba men kāi le, zhěiyang nǐ	I opened the door. Will you feel
     hui bu hui juěde tai lěng?	too cold like this?
     Nǐ kan jīntiān hui "bu hui xia yǔ? Does it look to you as if it might
                                          rain today?
     nǐ hui zoucuode: So far you have seen -de used as a marker of possession or of modification, and in the shi...de construction. Here it is used in an entirely new way: at the end of a sentence, -de can mean "thatf s the way the situation is." Generally speaking, this -de is used in emphatic assertions or denials, especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.
     Usage note: Unless the sentence contains shi or is understood to have an omitted shi， the majority of native Běijīng speakers seem to feel that this -de is nanfang hua, southern Chinese (e.g. , Nanjing), or a carry-over irrco Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional connotations, you needn’t try to use it a lot; it vill be enough for you to understand this -de; in fact, you vill see that in most of the following examples, the -de is completely unnecessary.
SOC, Unit 1
29
(1)	Sentences with shi in the sense of "it is that.", it is a case of.. .M
This shi may often "be omitted.
Wo shi bu qude.	I,m not going. (More literally,
                                          "As for me, it is that Ifm not going,)
    Zhěige, ni shi zhīdaode.	This you knov.
Něige rěn (shi) you wěntide.	There1s something wrong with that guy.
    A: Ni zěnme lai le?	Vhy axe you here?
     B: (Shi) Lǐ Xiānsheng jiao	Mr. Lǐ told me to come, wo lāide.
Congqiān wo cong Xianggang	In the past whenever I have "bought
     mǎi shūde shihou, měici	(mail-order) books from Hong Kong,
     dou (shi) ji zhīpiaode.	I have always paid "by check (lit.,
                                           Msent a check”）.
(2)	Sentences vith an auxiliary verb	(hui，něng, yao, yinggai, etc.)
Nǐ gaosu ta, tā hui shengqide.	If you tell him he’ll get angry.
     Zai xiě yiliangge zhōngtou, w5 If I write for another hour or two, xiang něng xiěwande.	I think I can finish writing it.
     Nǐ zěnme měi mai a, yidian d5u How come you didn’t "buy it? It1 s not bū gui, nǐ yīnggāi maide.	at all expensive. You should have
                                               "bought it.
Nǐ zhěme "bu shūfu, jīntiande	Since you1 re feeling so ill, you
hui nǐ "bu yīnggāi qude.	shouldn’t go to todayfs meeting.
Women zǒng you yitiān yao huf	There vill come a day when we vill
   dalude.	go "back to the mainland.
(3)	Others: sentences with certain adverts like yiding, with potential
resultative verbs, with the aspect marker -guo, etc.
Zhěixiě shū yiding xūyaode.	These "books are definitely needed.
     Wo he kāfei conglai bu fang	I never take sugar in my coffee, tangde.
     Mapo Doufu pingchang dou y5u	Mapo Beancurd usually has meat in it. roude.
Womende gongzuo zhēnshi tai du5	We really have an awful lot of work,
le, zuobuwande!	We111 never "be through with it.
     Zhěige dianyǐng wo congqian	seen this movie "before,
      kanguode•
SOC, Unit 1
   Jiu yao,5Tnde.	It doesn't matt or.
    Hāode, haodr；.	All rip.ht, all rip;h1,.
yx fāngmian. . .yifārig?nian . • • : This has two moaninf/r;: (I) ’V)ri	nw<t
hand..., on the other ?ianrl...11 or "for ono thin^. . . , 「or ariolhor i,h i • •.，， and (2) ,fdoin^：. . .while doing. ••”
Zai Xianggang yi rān^mian nī you	In līon^; Kon^, on Ihft ono hari(J you111
      t] i?iui he Zhongguo ron tan hua,	have a oh an r；o to l,alk with Chiruw
yifan^mian koyi zhidao daludo	and on thn othf*r hand you r；；tn 1 f,*arn
qiri^kuanfr.	about \Ai(： ::i tual, Lori on	m?iǐ ri 1 and .
Ta yi fāngmian kan <} L?ln::hi, y i-	11^* watcho:; f,f： I i s i ori whil^ i rif*;.
        fānf/mian c?jT <]ǒnfr,x I .
1]. yibiān(r ). . .yibiān(r ). . .	doin^. . ,w?ii lo <ioir\frt ...
1?_. yimian(r). , .yimiari(r). . .	doinf/. . .whi 1 a doiri^
Notes on Nos. 11 and 12
       yibiān(r) • . .yibiān(r). ■ . and yimian( r ). . .yimi an (r) . . ■ : irdoīnp：. • .whi W-doin^. . • “ Both of these patterns are r;imilar to the r:of.'orid m^nnin^ nV y*i mi an, . . yi fānpTnian. ■ 二 •
Yibiān zuo yibiān xuo ba.1	Ii^arn by cJoin^ (1 earn nr: you ī t)!
     Wo yibiānr ting yibiānr xi?.	I writf； as T 1 i a ton .
     Womr-n yibiān zǒu yihiān tan，	Lot1talk ar, wo walk , ok ay ?
      hao bu hSo?
SOC, Unit 1
31
Unit 1, Tape 1，	Reviev Dialogue
As Tom (A) (Tangmu), a graduate student in Chinese Area Studies at
Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a knock comes at the door.
It is his classmate Li Ping (B), an exchange student from Hong Kong.
A: A! Shi ni ya! Hao jiu bu jian!	Well， it’s you! I haven't seen you
 Jīntiān zenme you shijiān chūlai	in a long time! How is it you've
   zouzou?	got time to come out for a walk today?
B: Yige shongtou yǐqian, wo cong	I called you an hour ago from
    xuěxiao gei ni da dianhua, nī	school, but you weren’t home. I
 bu zai jiā, gāngcai vo dao zheli	just came over to this neighborhood
fujin mai dōngxi, jiu lai kan-	to do some shopping, so I stopped "by
 kan. Zhēn bu cub, ni yijing	to visit. It1 s great that you’re
  hui lai le.	"back already.
A: Dui"buqī, vo gāngcāi dao	Sorry. I just went over to a
    pěngyou jiā jiě shū qu le•	friend’s house to borrow a book.
B: Shěnme shū? You shi guānyu	What book? More about China, I
  Zhongguode ba?	"bet.
A: Dui le, you Xiānggangde,	Yes, there are ones from Hong
 dalude, ye you Taivānde, dou	Kong, the mainland and Taiwan, all
 shi xiaoshuor. Nǐ zuoxia kan,	fiction. Sit down and have a look,
    vo qu gei ni dao bēi cha lai.	I111 go get you a cup of tea.
B: Bu yao māfan, shenme hēde dou	Don11 go to any trouble. Anything
  xing.	to drink is fine.
A: Kekoukele, juzi shuǐr°, haishi	Coke， orange juice or beer? pijiu?
B: M， juzi shuǐ "ba!	Um, orange juice.
A: Hao, wo mashang jiu lai, yao	Okay, IT11 get it right nov. Do
   bingkuair ma?	you want ice cubes?
B: Bu yao, xiěxie.	No， thanks.
     (Li Ping sits down and leafs through the "books, and Tom returns vith
tvo glasses of orange juice.)
B: Tāngmu?!	Tom?
A: Ng?	Yeah?
B: Zhe sānge difangde shū, nī dou	Reading "books from all three of
 kan, ni juěde zenmeyang?	these places, vhat do you think?
A: Wode gǎnjuě "bu shi yiju hua	I canTt explain my feelings in
°j<ekoixkěle， "Coca-Cola"; juzi shui(r) ?	"orange juice" (Beijing usage)
SOC, Unit 1
kěyi shuoqīngchude. Eng. . .	just a fev words. Him. ..let's say
zheme shuō ba，vo zong juěde	that I’ve alvays felt that people
dalu rěn, Xianggang rěn, he	on the mainland, in Hong Kong and
Taiwan rěn dcu shi Zhongguo rěn,	Taiwan are all Chinese, all have the
tāner: you yivS.ngde wenhua chuān-	same cultural trad! on , "but because
tong, kěshi yīnwei zhěngzhide	the political situations are dit'Ter-
qingkuang bu tong, shěhuide	ent, the social situations are also
    qingkuang ye jiu bu yiyang le.	different.
B: Nǐ shu5de dui， danshi nǐ yao	You’re right. But if you vant to
dongde Zhongguo shěhui, zhǐ	understand Chinese society, it’s not
    kan shū shi bu goude.	enough Just to read books.
A: Ei, nǐ zhīdao ma, xianzai xuě	Say, you knov, students of Chin^s^
Zhongvěnde xuěshēng you hěn du5	have a lot cf opportunities to go to
jihui dao ZhSngguo qu. Suoyi	China now. So planning lo go
vo j ihua zai zhěige xueqi wanle	China for a visit vhen this semes"
de shihou， qu Zhongguo kankan.	is over. And vhat1 s more , ī1 d 1 ik^.
    Ernie, wo hai xiang zhao ge hǎo	to find a good friend to go vith. r^er.gyou yiqī qu.
B: Zuotiān wo Jiědao wo rnǔqInae	Yesterday 工 eot a letter froin m；'
xin, tā xiwang vo hui Xianggang	mother, and sheT d like me to 'jone
guo shǔj ia; zěnmeyang, nǐ he wo	back to Hong Kong for suiomer vac at i or .
yiqǐ huiqu "ba. Nǐ kěyi zhu zai	How about going back with me? You 「.an
women jiāli, ěrqiě, zai Xianggang	stay at our house; vhat1s more, in
yi fāngmian nǐ you j īhui he Zhōng-	Hong Kong, on the one hand youTII hav.、
guo rěn tan hua, yi fāngmian keyi	a chance to talk vith Chinese ar.d wi
zhīdao dalu, Xianggang he Tai-	the other hand you can learn abru;t
wanle qingkuang, ni kan hao bu	situation 广' ano , : n [{on?
  hǎo?	Kong and in Taiwan. What do you
A: Feichang hao!	Great!
B: Name, nǐ hai yao he nǐ iiāli	Well then, you’ll still want to
rěn shangliang yixiar ta?	discuss this a "bit vith your parents ,
                                         I suppose?
A: Bu bi, gei fujnǔ da dianhuade	ThatT s not necessary. When I call
shihou, gaosu tamen wode jihua	them, TT11 tell them :ny plan, and
j iu xing le. V/o yao yanjiū	then everything should be all right.
Zhongguo shehui, fuinǔ yiding	T’in sure they* 11 be hap-py that I vant
   hui gāoxingde.	to study Chinese society.
B: Měiguo nianqīng rěn dou you	Young people in America really
zijǐde xiangfa, zhei yidiǎnr,	think for thenselves (-lave rneir rvr,
   vo feichang xǐhuan.	ideas). 丁 really lik^ than.
A: Nianqīng rěn you zi.jǐde xiangt'ǎ	I~tTs ^ood that people think
    shi duide, kěshi fumǔde hua ye	for vres, bur, you
   yīnggāi kǎolu.	to ,：on.ii^r vhaJ yc\：r ■ nren^.s
SOC, Unit 1
33
B: M. Na women shuohao le, jin-	Mm, Well then we have decided,
  nian shǔjia qu Xianggang, xian—	This summer vacation we'll go to
zai hai you wuge yuěde shijiān	Hong Kong. We still have five months
  kěyi zhǔnběi.	to prepare.
A: Dui, jiu zhěme ban! Jīnnian	Right, that's what we'll do. This
xiatiān wo jiu yao dao zhěige	summer we will go to that country
difang da， rěnkou duō， lishǐ	with a large area， a great population,
you changde guojiā qu le. Hai!	and a long history. Boy, this plan
    Zhěige jihua zhēn rang wo	really makes me happy. gāoxing!
B: Hao, jiu zhěiyang. WS yinggai	Good， it1s settled. I have to go. zou le!
A: Nǐ mang shenme! Hai zao ne!	What1s the hurry? It1s still early!
B: Bu zao le, huiqu hai děi nian	No it isnft. I still have to study
  shū ne!	when I get back.
A: Na, you shijiān nǐ zai lai	Well then, come again when you have
 wanr!	time!
B: Hao, mingtian Jian,	Okay, see you tomorrow.
A: Mingtian jian!	See you tomorrow.
SOC, Unit 1
3^
                             Unit 1, Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese, Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may vant to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you’ll probably vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
xīnshi	something weighing on onefs mind,
                                         worry
  zhangdk	to grow up
  daxuěsheng	college student
  gěguo	various countries
  gaozhong	senior high school
   haohaor	properly, carefully, thoroughly
 Jizhu	to remember
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.
 1.	How does Xiao Ming1 s mother know that something is on his mind?
         Hov does she bring up the subject?
     2.	What are his classmates doing over the summer?
    3- Why does he tliink	cu-lture rateresting?
SOC, Unit 1
     h. How does Xiao Mingfs mother react to his idea?
     5. What advice does she give?
After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
Exercise 3
     In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate engrossed in his studies.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:
Wode tian na! Ity God!              
xuěshēnghui   student association   
guānxīn       to be concerned about 
jindaishī     modern history        
xiandai       modern                
pǐchā bīng    pizza                 
gushū         ancient books         
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.
     1.	Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying the classics?
     2.	Why doesn’t the American student like to talk about politics?
     3.	What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate should become familiar vith for a well-rounded education?
     h. Does the American student agree? Why or vhy not?
35
SOC, Unit 1
36
     5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes his homework?
After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
Exercise h
     In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese literature professor after class in his office.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You will need the following new words and phrases:
  Jīdong	to get worked up, to be agitated
   liushi niandai	the decade of the sixties
 yī	as soon as
 gaibian	change(s)
 liuxia	to leave
Questions for Exercise h
     1.	Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?
     2.	Why did the student visit her professor?
    3.	What things does she bring him? Why?
     b. What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese literature?
     5. What is Professor Tang1s attitude about the future?
After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
SOC, Unit 1
37
   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
     A mother and her son who immigrated to America from China five years ago
are talking after dinner:
A: Xiao Ming, nǐ zai chi yidiǎnr	Xiao Ming, have some more to eat. a.
B: Mā, wo chībao le, bu xiang chi	工full，Mom. I don*t want any
 le.	more.
A: Měitian nian shu niande zhěme	You study so late every day,
wan, zai bu du5 chi yidiǎnr,	if you keep eating so little, how
   zěnme xing na?	will that do?
B: Wo zhende chibǎo le, yidiǎnr	工*ve really had enough. I Just
   d5u bu xiǎng chī le.	don!t want any more.
A: Haizi， nī you shěnme xīnshi	Son, what do you have on your
    Kě bu kěyi he wo tāntan?	mind? Can you talk about it
                                        vith me?
B: Mā, ni zuoxia. Zanmen lai	Mom, sit down. Wefve been in
Měiguo siwǔnian le, laide shihou	America for four or five years now.
wo hai shi ge hāizi, xianzai	When we came I was still a child,
    yǐ j īng shi daren le. Wo	but now Ifm an adult. But even
suīran zhǎngda le, kěshi zuo	though Ifve grown up, whenever I
    shěnme shir, haishi xiang xian	do something I still like to
   he nin tantan.	discuss it with you first.
A: Hǎode, you shěnme shir, nī	Okay, if you have something
   jiu shuo ba!	you'd like to talk about, go
                                          ahead.
B: Mā, wS you jǐge Měiguo tong-	Mom, I have a few American class-
    xuě, d5u shi xuě Zhongwěnde,	mates who study Chinese. This
jīnnian shujia, tāmen xiǎng dao	suiomer vacation, they want to go
Yazhou qu kankan, wo yě xiang	to Asia, and 工*d like to go with
   he tamen yiqǐ qū.	them.
A: Dou shi nianqīng rěn ma?	Are they all yoiing people?
B: Shi a, d5u shi daxuěsheng.	Yes, they1re all college students,
A: Tāmen qu Yazhou, shi qū vanr	Are they going to Asia for fun or
haishi qu yanj iū YazhSude	to study the political and cultural
    zhěngzhi, wěnhua qingxing?	situation in Asia?
B: Wo xiang, tāmen juěde YazhSu	工 think they find Asian culture
wěnhua hěn you yisi, YazhSu	and the social situation in the Asian
    gěguo shěhuide qingkuang yě	countries very interesting, hěn you yisi.
soc
Unit 1
38
A: Tāmen juěde zui you yiside	Which place do they think is the
   difang shi nar a?	most interesting?
B: Dangran shi Zhongguo!	China, of course!
A: Nī likai Zhongguo zhi you	You left China only four or five
siwunian, jiu xiSng huiqu le?	years ago， and already you vant to
                                            go "back again?
B: Wo laide shihou cai shang	When I came I was only in senior
 gāozhong> dui Zhongguo wěnhua	high, and ī understood too little
 dongdede tai shao. Wo xiang	a"bout Chinese culture. I think I
    wo yinggai huīqu kankan.	ought to go "back to visit.
A: Zhongguode věnhua yǐj īng you	Chinese culture already has four
siqianniānde lishJ， ySu yiside	thousand years of history, and there
dongxi hen duo. Ni yao yanjiū	are many interesting things. I’m not
Zhongguo wěnhua, wo bu fǎndui•	against your vanting to study Chinese
Buguo, zou yiqiān, nī yiding	culture. But "before you go you have
yao he Yěye haohaor tSn yici.	to talk it over thoroughly with Grand-
Ta jishinian měiyou huiqu le,	pa. He hasn’t "been "back in several
y£ding you hen duo hua yao he	decades and I’m sure he’ll have a lot
  ni shu5.	to say to you.
B: Wo jizhu le, yiding he Yěye	I111 remem'ber. I111 make sure I
haohaor tanyitan.	talk it over thoroughly vith Grandpa.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
     Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A)， share an apartment
somewhere in America. The American is at home studying Sht Ji， Records of the
Historian, a classical history. His Chinese classmate comes in the door.
A: Vode tian na! Ni hai zai nian	Viy God! Are you still studying?
 shS?~Xi, he "bei pi jiu xiuxi	Hey, how about taking a "break for
   xiuxi hǎo "bu hao?	a "beer?
B: Hao hSo hao, rang wo "ba	Okay, okay, let me finish reading
     zheiyidiǎnr kanvan xing "bu xing?	this little "bit， okay?
A: Hai, nī zongshi kān gǔshu?	Come on, you1re always reading
Xianzai shěhuide qingxing, nī	classics! Don’t you ever think about
 jiu yidiǎnr dou "bu kaolu ma?	the condition of today’s society?
B: Shěi shuo wo bu kaolu， xuě-	Who says I don’t think about it.
 shenghuide shi vo yě zuole "bu	I’ve done a lot with the Student
  shao ma!	Association， you know!
A: Nǐ zhen you yisiI Zuo	You’re something else! Just doing
yidiǎnr xuěsh5nghuide shi jiu	a little work with the Student Assoc-
shi guanxin shěhui le!	iation means you?re concerned about
                                         society!
SOC, Unit 1
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B: Na nǐ shuo, wo yinggai zuo	Well then, what do you think I should
  diǎn shěnme ne?	do?
A: Dalushang you name duo rěn,	There are so many people on the
 nǐ zěnme bu wěnwen tamende	mainland, how come you don’t try to
qingxing zěnmeyang?	find out what their situation is like?
B: Wo Juěde zhěngzhi wěnti tai	I think that political problems are
mafan, wo bū xiǎng tan zhěngzhi.	too much bother (tedious and involved).
                                        工 don't like to talk about politics.
A: Wo yě měiyou yāo gēn nǐ tan	I didnft mean I wanted to talk
 zhěngzhide yisi. Wode yisi shi,	politics with you. I mean that as
 nǐ yanjiu Zhongguode shihou,	you study China, on the one hand you
 yifangmiān yao kankan gushu,	should read the classics and study
 yanjiuyanjiu Zhongguo chuantong	traditional Chinese culture, but on
     wěnhua, yifǎngmian yě kěyi kankan	the other hand you can also read
     zhei yibainiande Zhongguo lishi.	some Chinese history of the past
                                         hundred years.
B: Zhěiyidiǎn shi duide. Zhěi	You1re right about that. I have
     yixuěqi wo bū shi you Zhongguo	modern Chinese history class this
   jindaishǐ kě ma?	semester, don’t I?
A: Wo xiǎng chūle shang xuě yīwai,	But I think that besides taking
nǐ hai kěyi kan yidiǎnr xiǎo-	classes, you could read some fiction,
 shuor.	too•
B: Kan xiaoshuor?! Wo nar you	Read fiction?! When (lit. "vhere”)
 shijiān kān shenme xiSoshuor?	do I have time to read any fiction?
A: W5 zuiJin zai kan jǐbenr	Lately Ifve been reading a few
 Zhongguo jindāi xiaoshuor, fēi一	modern Chinese novels which are very
chang you yisi. Nī ruguǒ xiang	interesting. If you want to understand
 dongde Zhongguo xiāndai shěhui,	modern Chinese society, you really
 zhēn děi duo kan diǎnrzhěi-	have to read more of this kind of
   zhong xiaoshuor•	fiction.
B: Wo zěnme kěyi hě^nǐ bī_, nǐ	How can I compare with you; you read
kande name kuai! E, zhěiyang	so fast! Hey, how about this: after
hao bu hao, ni kanwan yihou	youfve finished reading them, tell me
gaosu wo něiyiběn hǎo yidiǎnr,	which book is best and then I111 read
    wo zai kan, xing bu xing?	it, okay?
A: Hao hao hǎo, jiu zhěiyang ba!	Okay, that1 s what we*11 do. Now
 Xianzai wo bu zai mafan ni le.	I111 leave you alone. Oh yeahwhat
 Ei, dui le, Jxntian wǎnshang	are we going to eat tonight? I111
    zanmen chī shěnme? Wo lai zuo	make something, okay? yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?
B: Bu 1di zuo le, suibian chi	You don't have to make anything. Why
 diǎnr ba! Wo nianwan zhěiyi-	donft we just have something easy,
diǎnr, zanmen chuqu chī pǐcha	After I finish reading this， how about
   bǐng, hǎo bu hao?	going out and having a pizza?
SOC, Unit 1
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A: Hao! Nǐ kuai dianr nian,	Okay! Hurry up and read, wefll leave
    nianwan zanmen jiu zǒu.	right after you finish.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise k
     At an American university， a student (A)， who has studied in Taiwan, comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang (B).*
A: Tang Xiānsheng, wo keyi	Professor (Teacher) Tang, may I come
  j inlai ma?	in?
B: Dangran, qǐng jinlai ba! You	Of course, please come in! Is
  shi ma?	there some matter (you want to see
                                            me about) ?
A: Mm, jīntian shang kěde shihou	Um, in class today, you must have
     nin dagai hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lai	felt very bad, so Ifve come to see you. kankan nin.
B: Ou! Hai dāile huār lai!	Oh! You even brought flowers!
  Xiěxie ni.	Thank you.
A: Měi shenme, yīnggāide. Tang	Not at all, it1s only proper. Dr.
     Xiānsheng, nin xianzaide gǎnjuě Tang, how do you feel now, better? zěnmeyāng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?
B: HǎoduS le, xiěxie ni.	Much better, thank you,
A: You shěnme wo kěyi gěi nin	If there1s anything I can do for
    zuode...nin biě kěqi,	you...donft be polite.
B: Nǐ qu dao liǎngbēi kāfěi lai,	How about going and pouring [us] a
   hǎo bu hǎo?	couple of cups of coffee?
A: Wo xiǎng, Jīntiān shang kěde	I think that during class today
    shihou nin tai jīdong, xianzai you got too worked up. It would be zui hao bu he kāfei.	best if you didn’t have any coffee
now.
B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dao liǎngbēi juzi-	Okay, then get us two glasses of
shuǐ lai. Wo bu yāo bīng.	orange Juice. I donft want any ice.
A: Hāode， wo Jiu lai.	Okay, I111 be right back.
(She gets the orange Juice out of the refrigerator in Professor Tang1s office and brings it over to his desk.)
Professor Tang first studied literature in the early 1930’s in Shanghai and himself belonged to several literary clubs and publications which included some of the authors he now discusses with his students.
SOC, Unit 1
                                        hi
A: Tang Xiānsheng, you yiju hua	Dr. Tang, there’s something I want
     wo bu zhīdao kěyi bu keyi shuo.	to say but I don’t know if I can.
B: You shěnme huā, nǐ jiu shuo	Whatever you have to say, just say
ba!	it!
A: Nin měici jiang Zhongguo	Every time you talk about Chinese
    liūshi niandai wěnxuě dou	literature of the sixties you get
feichang jīdSng, zhěiyangr dui	very agitated.° That1s "bad for your
   ninde shěntī "bu hao!	health!
B: Wo yě zhīdao, kěshi yi tan	I know, "but as soon as I talk
     zhěi fāngmiande wěnti, zongshi	about the topic it always makes
   rang wo hěn jīdong.	me very agitated.
A: Zhongguo wěnxuě de qingkuang	There have "been "big changes in the
    zhěijǐnian youle hěn dade	state of Chinese literature in the
 gǎil3ian> Yǒude shihou hǎo	past few years. Sometimes it1 s "been
    yidiǎnr, youde shihou bū	a little better and sometimes it
   zěnme hao.	hasnft "been too good.
B: Zhongguode shiqing jiu shi	That1 s exactly the way things are
     zhěiyang, he zhěngzhide guānxi	in China; their relationship vith
 tai da. Wo lao le, wo měi	politics is too great. I*m too old,
   banfǎ dong le.	I can1t understand it any more.
A: Nin shi womende lǎoshī. RuguS	But you1 re our teacher. If you
    nin "bū dong, shěi dong ne?	don’t understand，who does?
B: Ěi, yihoude yanjiu, jiu shi	(Sigh) In the future, research will
     nǐmen nianqīng rěnde shi le.	"be the job of you young people.
A: Tang Xiānsheng, nin bū yao	Dr. Tang, don’t think that way.
    zhěiyangr xiang, women dou	All of us hope that the state of
 xīwang yīhou Zhongguo wěnxuěde	Chinese literature will get "better
qingxing hni hǎo yidiǎnr.	in the future. I got a few new "books
 Jīntian wo zai tushǔguSn jiěle	out of the library today which are
jǐběnr xin shu, dou shi bu cuode.	all pretty good. I111 leave them with
   Gěi nin liuxia ba!	you!
B: Hǎo, you shijian wo kanyikan.	Okay, I’ll look through them when I
                                         have time*
A: Wǒ zǒu le, nin duo xiuxi	I*m going to leave now. You get some
   yihuīr. Zaijian.	more rest. Good-bye.
B: Hǎo, zai jian. Xiěxie nǐ	All right，good-bye. Thanks for
   lai kan wo.	coming to see me.
A: Bu kěqi.	You’re welcome.
 Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted
during the Cultural Revolution* One unfortunate instance of this resulted in
Lan She1s suicide.	.
soc
U2
UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes
                                INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	The uses of biede, nother(s)ff and itngwai, 11 other•11
2.	The pattern měi*.>Jiu>•.•
3.	The pattern yuě> • .yue. • • • "the more. • .the more....11 k. The pattern yuě lai yuě> • • • "more and more“"”
5.	The verb ending -xLaqu, "to continue," 11 to go on•”
6.	The prepositional verb xiang > nlike."
了》 The adverb Jiu, nas soon/early as that•”
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Asking a person's views on an issue.
2.	Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate topic.
3.	Correcting a f&lse Impression given by something you said. k. Dismissing an idea or proposal.
SOC, Unit 2
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 Unit 2, Reference List
1.	A: Zheiben Fawěn zhōukān	This French weekly is quite good!
          xiāngdāng bu cuo!
B: A! Nǐ xianzai dui Fawěn	Oh! You knov a lot about French now;
        hěn you yanjiū le，něng	you can read French magazines! kan Fǎwěn zazhi le!
2.	A: Nannū plngděng shi bu shi	Is equality betveen men and women
        Zhongguo rěnde kanfa?	a Chinese viewpoint?
B: Shi, kěshi něi shi Zhōngguo	Yes， but that1s a new concept of the
        rěnde xīn guānnian, bū	Chinese, not an old one. shi lǎo guānnian.
3.	A: Zheipiān věnzhāng bu hǎo ma?	Isnft this article any good?
B: Bū shi zhěige yisi. Wenzhang	That vasnft vhat I meant. The article
        bu cub, jiu shi changle	is pretty good, itfs just that itfs
    yidiǎnr.	a bit long.
   B: Nǐ hai you shěnme biěde	Do you have any other articles? věnzhāng ma?
h. A: Nī .jiehun yīqian yizhl d5u	Before you got married did you
        gēn fumǔ yiqǐ zhu ma?	live with your parents all along?
   B: Bū shi, vo měi jiēhūn jiu	No, I left home before I got
         likai jiā dull shēnghuole	married and lived independently for
      qī-bā nian.	seven or eight years•
5.	A: NY kan, zhěr you yipiān	Look, herefs a news article about
        guānyu tongjūde xīnvěn.	"living together."
B: Suanle ba. Zhěizhong	Forget it. What’s interesting about
        xīnvěn you shěnme yisi?	that kind of nevs?
6.	A: Nǐ jiějie yīxuě fāngmiande	Your sister is getting more and more
        shū yue lai yuě duo le!	medical books!
B: Shi a, tā zai pīnming xuě	Yes, shefs studying medicine vith
    yī ne.	all her energy.
SOC, Unit 2
kk
7.	A: Liu Xiānshengde kě shizai	Mr. Liufs class is really "boring.
          měi yisi.
B: Nǐ tīngxiaqu, mānmānr hui	If you keep attending it, gradually
   you xingqude.	youf 11 "become interested.
8.	A: Xiang Wang Jiaoshou zhěi-	There really arenft many teachers
         yangde lǎoshī zhěnshi "bu	like Professor Wang, duo.
   B: Nī shuSdui le. RuguS "bu	Youfre right. If it weren’t for
    shi ta bang zhu wo, wS	the help hef s given me, I
        zhen "bu xiang xuě le.	wouldnft vant to study anymore.
9.	A: Sannian yīqian wǒ jiu "bu	I stopped depending on my parents
kao fumǔ shenghuo le.	for a living three years ago.
B: Nǐ něng zijǐ guǎn zijǐ,	Itfs really great that you can take
zhen "bu cuo.	care of yourself ["be your own "boss^.
10.	A: Tā xiěde jǐ"běn xiǎo shuo	The novels he wrote are all
         xianzai dou hěn liuxin^«	very popular now.
   B: Na dangran, xiang tǎ	Of course. Novels written by
        neiyang you divei you	someone with his position and
   zhishide rěn, xiěde	knowledge are sure to be
         xiǎoshuS yiding you yisi.	interesting.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
11.	you bāngzhu	to "be helpful
12.	you daolǐ	to make sense
13.	ziyou	to be free; freedom
lii. -běizi	all onefs life, lifetime
15.	Xīnvěn Zho\ikan	Nevsveek
16.	funu	woman; women, womankind
SOC, Unit 2
                            VOCABULARY
bāngzhu	help; to help
-běizi	all one1s life, lifetime
daoli	principle, truth, hovs and whys ;
                                     reason, argument, sense divei	position, status
dull	to be independent; independence
funu	woman; women, womankind
guan	to take care of; to mind, to bother
                                       about
guānnian	concept, idea, notion
jiěhūn (jiēhūn)	to get married
kao	to depend on, to rely on; to lean
                                     against; to be near, to be next to
liuxing	to be common, to be popular, to be
                                     prevalent
měi yisi	to be uninteresting, to be boring;
                                     to be pointless, to be meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect
nannū	men and women, male-female
-pian	(counter for sheets, articles or
                                     pieces of writing)
pingdeng	equality; to be equal (of people)
pinming	with all one’s might, for all one is
                                     worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one1s life, to defy death
shenghuo	life; to live; livelihood
shizai	really; to be real
suan le	forget it, let1s drop the matter,
                                     let it go at that; come off it, come on
tongjū	to cohabit; cohabitation
věnzhāng	article, essay; prose (writing) style
xiang	to be like, to resemble; like;
                                      such as
xiāngdāng	quite, pretty, considerably
SOC, Unit 2
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-xiaqu	(resultative ending which indicates
                                      continuing an action) xingqu	interest
xīnvěn	nevs
Xīnvěn ZhŌTakān	Nevsveek
xuě yī	to study medicine
yi	medical science, medicine (used
                                     in phrases like xuě yi) yixuě	medical science， medicine
yizhi	all along, continuously, all the time
                                      (up until a certain point)
you bāngzhu	to be helpful
you daolǐ	to make sense
you xingqu	to be interested
you yanjiū	to have done research on; to know
                                      a lot about
yuě,..yuě,,.	the more*..the more...
yuě lai yue...	more and more - -• , increasingly...
zhīshi	knowledge
zhoukān	weekly publication, weekly
                                     magazine, a "weekly" ziyou	freedom; to be free
SOC, Unit 2
 Unit 2 a Reference Notes
1. A: Zhěiben Fawěn zhoukān	This French weekly is quite good!
          xiāngdāng bu cuo!
    B: A! Nī xianzai dui Fǎwěn	Oh! You know a lot about French now;
hěn you yanj iū le， něng	you can read French magazines!
          kan Fawěn zazhi leJ
Notes on No. 1
     zhoukān: "weekly publication, weekly magazine” One of the meanings for zh5u is ”veek•” (Other meanings include ’’cycle，circuit.’’） Kān is a word element meaning ’’to print, to publish” or ’’a periodical, a publication.”
Notice that this is a different word from the falling-tone kan ’’to read.’’
Some other words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn now) are:
     zhōumo	weekend
       zhōubāo	weekly publication, weekly
       zhōukān	weekly publication
      yuěkān	monthly publication
       baokān	newspapers and magazines
     qīkān	periodicals
     kānwu	publications
     xiāngdāng: "quite, pretty,” as in "quite a lot’’ or ’’pretty good.M This word is not quite as positive as zhēn "really, truly," but more so than hai， "fairly，rather11 (which will be presented in Unit U).
     Tā chaode cai xiāngdāng hao chī. He cooks pretty well.
    Zhěige zhSnlǎnguān xiāngdāng	This exhibition hall is quite good,
     bū cuo.
    you yanjiū: "to have done research on, to know a lot about, to be	'
expert on, to be knowledgeable about." You have often seen you used with a noun, such as mlng, "name，" or qian^ "money，" to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. You ming is ffto be famous，" you qian is "to be rich.M You yān.jiū is just such a phrase.
     As shown in sentence IB, to say "knowledgeable ABOTJTM something, use the prepositional verb dui，,’towards, with regard to,,’ as in:
dui	............you yanjiū
               (with regard
                  to	[a subject of study] have research)
                ’’to know a lot about (something)11
SOC, Unit 2
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     le: The marker le_ is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This person’s French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about French and can read magazines.
            w
2. A: Nannu pingdeng shi bu shi	Is equality between men and women
         Zh5ngguo rěnde kanfa?	a Chinese viewpoint?
     B: Shi, kěshi něi shi Zhongguo Yes, but that * s a new concept of the rěnde xin guānnian, bū	Chinese， not an old one.
           shi lǎo guānnian.
Notes on No. 2
     nannu: Mmale and female,M used only for humans.°
Nannūde shiqing zui nan shuo.	Matters between men and women are the
                                          hardest to judge.
                          w
Women xuěxiao nannū xuěshēng	There are both men and women students
  dou you.	at our school-
     Naji and nu may modify nouns referring to people, e.g. , nuxuěshēnR,
"woman student, ’’ nutongzhi， "woman comrade • ’’
     A: Chen Yingmlng dao nǎr qu le?	Where did Chen Yingmlng go?
     B: Tā he yige tongxuě chūqu le.	He went out with a classmate.
    A: Shi nāntongxuě shi	Was it a male classmate or a female nutongxuě? classmate?
Nānde and nude are sometimes used for ,,manM and "woman,M but when used to refer to an individual (e.g., neige nande) they are rather impolite. When used for MmenM and ”vomenM in general or to distinguish between the sexes， they are, however, acceptable.
     A: Wǒ mǎi zhěizhǒng xing bu xing? Should I buy this kind?
     B: Bu xing, zhěi shi nande yongde. No, this is for men’s use.
     A: Gāngcai you yige rěn da dian- Just now someone telephoned for you.
           hua lai zhao ni.
    B: Shi nānde shi nude?	Was it a man or a woman?
     nannū pingdeng: Mequality of the sexes，’’ literally ”man-voman equality.M The marriage law of May 1，1950, established a policy in the PRC which has
•For animals, ’’male” is g5ng (de) and "female” is mǔ(de), e.g., gōngniū,
”bull," mǔniu, ”cov."
     Tāde gou shi gSngde haishi mǔde? Is his dog a male or a female?
You rěn shuo kāi dao yǐhou bu	Some people say that after an opera-
yīnggāi chi gongjī, yīnggāi	tion one shouldnft eat rooster;
  chi mǔjī.	one should eat hen.
SOC, Unit 2
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remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade "bigamy, polygamy, and the traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later marrying her to one’s son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged the acceptance of remarriage of vidovs, allowed divorce "by mutual consent, and gave women the choice not to take their hus"bandfs surname at marriage. Today, although traditional attitudes toward vomen and marriage persist especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads tovard the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal work. (It is expected, however, that vomen doing heavy physical vork are not as strong or productive as men, and so their pay vill "be correspondingly lover.) In addition, the leadership of communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work, and personal relations.
     pingdeng: This vord is "both a noun and a vert): "to "be equal; equality”
    Congqian zai ZhSngguo nannū "bu Formerly men and vomen were unequal pingdeng, xianzai "bu tong le.	in China, Now it is different.
    Měiguo^rěn gēn Zhongguo rěn dui Americans and Chinese donft have nānnu pingdengde guānnian "bu	all that similar an idea of
    tai yiyang.	equality of the sexes.
     guānnian: fVay of thought， concept; sense (of)， mentality (of)” This is a vay of thinking about the larger issues of life, the way "things"
(values, responsibilities， and so on) should "be. One guānnian is only part of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and "beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an "idea" held "by a person or group ("but it does not mean nidean as in ffI have a good idean [this would "be zhuyiH ) • In a society, vays of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of xin guānnian, unev vays of thought，new ideas，” and lao guānnian，nold ways of thought，old ideas.n Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called ,1iu guānnian, "outmoded ways of thinking.n For instance, equality of the sexes is a xin guānnian; the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is a lǎo guannian; the idea of child "brides as acceptable and practical is a ,1iu ^uanniaru—Some guānnian are considered ”correct” and ”good” "by the majority, and some are considered "incorrect,, and ""bad•” Jiāting p^iānnian,
"a sense of family，” is usually considered good.° "Bad” concepts have names too [for example, siyǒu guānnian, nsense of personal ownership,,]. People are sometimes criticized "because their such-and-such guānnian is too weak or too strong, and they are told accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.
Měiguo rěnde guānnian gēn	Sometimes the American way of thinking
ZhSngguo rěnde guānnian yǒude	and the Chinese way is the same,
     yiyang, youde "bu yiyang.	sometimes not.
°〇ther ”good” concepts containing words that havenTt teen presented yet are daode guānnian, "sense of morality," zǔzhi guānnian, "sense of organization," and zhengce ffliānnian, "sense of official policy•”
SOC, Unit 2
                                          SO
     Nǐ ksln ba，zai guo jǐnian nian-	You watch，in a few more years，it
     qīngrěn yīnggāi wanlian wǎnhūn°	will have become an accepted idea
     jiu hui biancheng ° yizhong	that young people should get in-
   guānnian,	volved late and marry late.
3. A: Zhe ip i an věnzhāng bň. hao ma? Isnft this article any good?
     B: Bu shi zhěige yisi * Wěnzhāng That wasn’t what I meant. The article bu cub, jiu shi changle	is pretty good，itf s just that it rs
     yidiǎnr,	a bit long.
    B: Nǐ hai you shěnme biěde	Do you have any other articles?
           wenzhang ma?
Notes on No. 3
     -piān: This is a counter. First, -pian is the counter for whole short pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second, -piān can count single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them (compare yizhāng zhǐ vhich is a sheet of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, --piān(r) by itself means a leaf of a book; that is, yipiān(r) equals both sides of one page.
     věnzhāng: (1) na writing, literary composition, article， essay”
(counter: -pian);⑵，’prose style，’’ as in
    Tāde wěnzhāng bu cuo.	His (prose) writing is very good.
     Bu shi zheige yisi: "That wasn’t vhat I meant,” or more literally,
’’Not that meaning (the one you just said).’’
     .1iīi shi...: Jiu here means ’’merely，only, just.’’
     changle yidiǎnr: ’,a little bit too long.’’ The marker le_ following an adjectival verb, such as ’’to be long” can mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now a bit long, or 2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You’ve seen the second meaning in sentences such as Tai hǎo le，
"That’s wonderful”. Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article is overly long.
     biěde: "other， others” Distinguish in Chinese between biěde， "others in general,” and lingvrai，’fanother” or ’’the other.” Use biěde vhen you are not specifying "which others.” Use lingvrai + Number + Counter when you refer to a certain other” or certain ’’others. Contrast this pair of sentences ：
°vanlian vǎnhun: "late involvement and late marriage11 This refers to waiting until young people are in their late twenties "before they "becoine romantically involved or think of marriage•
P"biancheng: "to change into” (SOC Unit 3)
SOC, Unit 2
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Nǐ hai yāo kan biěde ma?	Would you like to look at some other
                                        ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)
     Nǐ hai yāo kān lingvai yige ma? Would you like to see the other one,
                                        too? (A CERTAIN ONE—"THE” OTHER)
Contrast also:
Zheiběnr zidiǎn bu hǎo, vo	This dictionary is no good. I want
yao lingwai yiběnr.	the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER
                                          ONE--e,g,y the other one vhich the sales clerk showed you)
     Zheiběnr zidiǎn bu hǎo, vo yao This dictionary is no good. I want biěde.	another. (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you
                                          don?t knov whether the store has any others， but you would like to see some)
Other examples:
     Tāmen liangge rěn, yige shi vo Of those two, one is my older brother, gēge， lingwai yige shi vo	and the other is my friend. (A
   pěngyou.	CERTAIN OTHER—"THE” OTHER)
     Women zhěixiē rěn libiānr, chule Of those of us here, only I am going wo dao Xianggang qu yǐwai,	to Hong Kong; all the others are
biěde rěn d5u dao Taiwan qu.	going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED--
                                        MY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE GROUP)
     Zuotiān laide rěn, vo zhǐ rěnshi Of the people who came yesterday, I Tang Huiyīng, lingwai sānge	only know Tang Huiyīng. I don't
rěn wo d5u bu rěnshi.	know any of the other three.
                                         (CERTAIN OTHERS—"THE” OTHER ONES)
If you do not specify the set of things you are talking about, biěde tends to mean any others in the whole world:
     Women zhi you zhěiyiběn, měiyou We only have this one volume. We biěde.	don't have any others•
    Women xuyao biěde shū.	We need (an)other book(s).
This last sentence can mean either 1) the content of the book(s) is bad and you want to change to another book entirely, or 2) you need other books to supplement the one you are using.
      hai. .,biěde: Now that you have seen how to say nothern in Chinese, you should note that the words lingwai and biěde are often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning additionally1 or ?tagain": hai，zai，and you. For now, concentrate on hai• As used in sentence 3B, it means literally "in addition to what has come before?’
SOC, Unit 2
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5
    Tā hai yāo biěde.	He wants more of them.
    Tā hai zuole biěde cai.	He made other dishes as well.
     Ni hai zhīdao biěde hao fanguǎnr Do you know any other good restaurants? ma?
     shěnme: "any” The meaning of shěnme is changed from ”what1’ to ’’any’’ by the question word ma at the end of the sentence. (Without ma, the sentence would mean, ”What other articles do you have?”）
   Ni yao shěnme?	What do you want?
    Ni yao shěnme ma?	Do you want anything?
     Ni d5u zhīdao shěnme hao fan-	What good restaurants do you know? guanr?
     Ni zhīdao shěnme hao fan-	Do you know of any good restaurants? guanr ma?
k. A: Nǐ jiehūn yīqian yizhi dou	Before you got married did you
         gen fumu yiqǐ zhu ma?	live vith your parents all along?
     B: Bu shi, vo měi jiēhūn jiu	No, I left home before I got married
          likai jiā dull shēnghuole	and lived independently for seven
      qī-bā nian.	or eight years.
Notes on No* k
     jiěhūn: "to get married" Also pronounced jiēhūn. Jiěhūn is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often seen with an aspect marker such as le， or negated vith měi*
    Tāmen jiěhūnle měiyou?	Have they gotten married yet? (This
                                          is the equivalent of ”Are they married?11)
    Tāmen měi jiěhūn.	They have not gotten married. (Equi-
                                          valent to "They are not married」’）
    Tāmen bu jiěhūn.	They are not going to get married.
    Ni jiěhūn duo jiu le?	Have long have you been married?
Jiěhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning ”to knot marriage,f' Jiě and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as -de or -guo,
     Ni shi shenme shihou jiěde hūn? When did you get married? or Ni shi shenme shihou jiěhūnde?
     Liu Xiānsheng jiěguo sānci hūn. Mr. Liū has been married three times.
SOC, Unit 2
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To say "get married TO SOMEONE11 use the pattern gēn. . .jiěhūn or he. . •jiěhūn.
    Tǎ gēn shěi jiěhūn le?	To whom did he get married?
     yizhi: ”all along, continuously, alwaysn You have seen yizh£， ’’straight，’1 used to refer to direction, as in yizhi zou. Here yizhi is used to refer to time.
    Women yizhi zai zhěli gongzuo. We1ve always worked here.
    Tā yizhi zai Taida nian shu.	He studied all along at Taiwan
                                           University*
Yizhl can be used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (sannian, "three years，’’ or jiěhūn yǐq,ian, ’’before getting married”）to say ?lall during (that time).n
Yǔ yizhi xiale sāntiān.	It rained for three days straight•
Often the time phrase and yizhi are followed by dou.
Tā wǔtiān yizhi dou měi xiuxi.	He didn’t rest for five days on end.
     vo měi jiēhūn jiu likai jia.>.: This might look like ”1 didn’t get married and left home,’1 but is actually "when I wasn’t yet married, I already left home.11 The order of events is made explicit by měi... (hadnH yet...) and jiu... (already,••)•
    Tā měi xuě siwǔge yuě Yīngwěn	Before he had studied even three
jiu shuōde bu cuo le.	or four months of English, he
                                           could speak it pretty well#
    Ta bing měi hao jiu lai shang	She came back to work before
    ban le.	she had recovered from her illness.
    Wo gaosu nǐ měi jǐtiān, nī	I told you just a few days ago
    you wang le!	and youfve forgotten again.
     Měi duō jiu, tā jiu shuizhao le. He fell asleep before long.
     Yǔ xiale měi duo jiu jiu ting le. It hadn’t rained long when it
                                             stopped.
     dull: ?lto be independent5 to be on one1 s own; independence,11 literally "singly stand.11
     Měiguo shi yīqīqīliunian dulide. America became independent in 1 了了6，
     Zui jin jǐniān you jǐge xīn dulide There have been several newly inde-guojiā.	pendent countries in the last
                                            few years.
SOC, Unit 2
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5
     Neige haizi hěn xǐhuan dull	That child really likes to be inde-
     shēnghuo, tā zai zhSngxuěde	pendent. He started to work vhen
     shihou yǐjing kāishǐ gongzuo le. he was in high school.
     Tā zheme da, jīngji hai měiyou He?s so old and still not econom-dull.	ically independent.
     shēnghu$: ”to live; life; livelihood" Shēng- is stressed and -huo is unstressed or neutral tone. A zai phrase may come either "before or after the ver"b shenghuo.
     Xiongmao cha"budu5 dou shenghuo Almost all panda "bears live in zai gāoshanshang.	the high mountains.
     Tā zai shēnghuoshang dui wo hěn She takes good care of me in my zhaogu,	daily life.
     Tā xiao shihou shenghuo qingxing When he vas a child, he lived in hěn "bu hǎo.	very "bad circumstances.
5. A: Ni kan, zhěr you yipiān	Look, here’s a nevs article on
         guanyu tongjude xīnvěn.	"living together."
     B: Suanle t>a. Zhěizhǒng	Forget it. What? s interesting about
         xīnvěn you shenme yisi?	that kind of nevs?
Notes on No. 5
     tongjǔ: "to live together, to cohabit" Jū is a literary word for ,fto live.^—Although some dictionaries define tongju simply as "to live together，” giving examples such as an uncle and nephew living together, tňngjū almost always implies sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter durations, whether or not a household was set up. Youf11 notice that in some dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase nannu ton^ū in order to be explicit.
      xīnvěn: ，’nevs” This is the word for ’’nevs” as in ’’the evening news，” "the nevs in the paper today," "official nevs." It is not the word for nevs between friends, unless one is joking about the importance of what is about to be said. [The word for news between people is xiaoxi，’’tidings/’（MBD，
Unit 5) which has a second meaning of ’’official news. U
     Nǐ kan dianshi xīnvěn le ma?	Did you see the television news?
     Jīntiān "baoshangde xīnvěn hěn	The news in the paper today is very
     you yisi, yīnggāi hǎohāor	interesting; you should read it
  kankan.	carefully.
°According to those pandas who answered our surveys.
SOC, Unit 2
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    A: Jīntian tā gaosu wǒ yige	Today she told me some real news.
         xinwen, shuō Xiǎo Wang	She said that Xiǎo Wang and Xiǎo
he Xiǎo Lǐ "Shiyī11 jiēhūn. Lǐ are getting married on October 1
                                           (National Day).
    B: Zhende? Zhěi zhēn shi ge da Really? Boy, that really is_ big nevs. xīnvěn.
     suan le: "Forget it." Suan is the verb l?to calculate, to figure, to compute.11 The idiom suan le is translated as "let it be,11 "let it pass,11 !ldrop the matter,’1 "let it go at that,
    Suan le, bu yao zai wen tā le.	Forget it，don*t ask him about it
                                            any more.
    Rang tā zijǐ ban, jiu suan le.	Let him do it himself, and the heck
                                           with it.
    A: Zanmen chūqu chī fan ba?	How about going out to eat?
    B: W5 jiu xiǎng zai jiāli	I just vant to eat a little bit
suibian chī yidiǎnr	at home and leave it at that,
           suan le.
   Dou gěi ni, suan le.	Go ahead and take them all.
    Nǐ yao qu jiu qu, bu qu jiu	If you vant to go, then go. If you
suan le.	don’t vant to go, then forget it.
6. A: Nǐ jiějie yīxuě fangmiande Your sister is getting more and more shū yuě lai yuě duo le!	medical books I
    B: Shi a，tā zai piming xuě	Yes, shefs studying medicine with all
    yī ne.	her energy.
Notes on No. 6
     nǐ ,1iě.1ie yīxuě fangmiande shu: ”your sisterfs medical "books” To say just T?your sisterfs books" you put a -de on jiějie: Ni jiě,1iede shu. But -de is not used after jiě.lie in 6A. This is "because of the modifying phrase yixuě fāngmiande，vhich ends in -de. To have tvo -de phrases in a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is to keep only the last ~de. Other examples:
   Běijīng [-de] zui hǎo -de fanguǎnr
   Zh5u Xiānsheng [-de] taitai -de pěngyou
     yue lai yuě du5 le: ”more and more...?l The pattern yuě. • *yuě. • • is used to express the idea ?lthe more.. .the more...11 Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or action).
                yue duo _yue hao
                            "the more the better11
SOC, Unit 2
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                  [yue kan__yue bu dong
                         ffthe more one reads, the more confused one gets”
    Pěngyou yuě duo yuě hao.	The more friends you have, the better.
    Ditū yue da yuě qingchu.	The larger a map is， the clearer
it is.
     Ta bu xǐhuan qīng ke, juěde	She doesn rt like to invite guests;
    kěren yue duō yuě mafan.	she feels that the more guests
                                          there are, the more trouble it is.
    Wǒ yue xiang yuě pa.	The more I thought about it， the more
                                           frightened I got.
    Tā yue shuo yuě shengqi.	The more he talked, the madder he
                                                got.
     Neipiān věnzhāng xiěde hěn bu	The article is very unclear. The
     qīngchu, nǐ yue kan yuě bu dong, more you read it, the less you
                                           understand.
When the verb lai is used in the first blank of this pattern, the whole phrase expresses the idea of ^increasingly. . .,r or	and . . .-er,f:
                 yue laī | yue ^5o fTto become taller and taller"
     Huang Taitaide nuěr yuě lai yue Mrs. Huangf s daughter is getting piaoliang le.	prettier all the time.
    Dongxi yue lai yuě gui le.	Things are getting more and more
                                            expensive.
     zai: Zai is the marker of ongoing action vhich you learned in the Meeting module, Unit 2: Tā xianzai zai kāi hui， "She is attending a meeting nov.M Note that zai is used in sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right vhen this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school. Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say Wo zai kan yiběn xiǎoshu5 even if you have put it aside for a day or tvo.
     zai...ne: Sentences vith zai， the marker of ongoing action， often end in ne, the marker of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit U of this module.)
     pinming: "exerting the utmost strength, vith all one’s might, for all one is worth， desperately, like mad” PTnming means literally "to risk one’s lifeM or Tlto defy death.M One translation vhich capttires the spirit of pīnming is Mknocking oneself out.
SOC, Unit 2
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     Shiqing tāi du5， tā pīnmingde	There?s too much to do. Shefs working
   zuō yě zuotuwan.	like mad and still wonft "be a.'ble
                                           to finish.
     Xiǎohair yi kan jian lǎoshǔ* jiu As soon as the child saw the rat，he pinming pǎo hui jia qu le.	ran like mad for home.
了. A: Liū Xiānshengde kě shizai	Mr. Liūfs class is really "boring, měi yisi.
     B: Nǐ tingxiaqu^ manmānr hui	If you keep attending it, gradually
       you xingqude.	you111 "become interested.
Notes On No. 了
     shizai: ”really，indeed, honestly; to "be true, to "be real” This is an adjectival verb which is most often used as an advert) meaning ’’really, actually •”
     Tā shizai yonggong°°, meitiān	He is really industrious; every
     wǎnshang nian hao J?ge	night he studies several hours
    zh5ngt6u Yīngwěn.	of English•
    Wo shizai "bu zhīdao.	I really (OR honestly) donft know,
     WS shizai gaosu nī "ba, vo "bū	I111 tell you the truth: I donft
   xiSng qu.	vant to go*
     Yaoshi nǐ shizai měi "banfa, na If you really can11 do it, then Jiu suan le.	Just forget it.
Shizai can also "be used in speaking of people; when so used it carries the connotation of dependability.
     Ta zhěige rěn hěn shizai.	He is very sincere and dependable.
     měi yisi: This phrase, meaning literally f?has no meaning,M has an abundance of uses: (1) uninteresting， "boring; (2) pointless, meaningless; (3) to "be a drag; (U) without value, not worthy of respect， cheap.
(1)	Zheiben shu zhen měi yisi.	This "book is really "boring,
     Wǒ kan nǐ "bū "bi qū něige difang, I donft think you need to go there.
měi shenme yisi.	Itfs not particularly fun (interesting)
(2)	Jīntiān kai hui, shěnme dou měi We didn’t get anything done at todayfs
     zuo, zhen měi yisi.	meeting. How pointless.
     Tā "bu dong, zai Jiǎng ye měi	He doesn*t understand. Itfs pointless
   yisi.	to try to explain it any more.
vlǎoshS: ^rat“ (LIC 2) •°yongg5ng: "to "be industrious" (SOC 3)
SOC, Unit 2
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5
     Tā bu zai, zanmen qu yě měi yisi, Since he’s not there, it would be
shěnme d5u bu něng zuo.	pointless for us to go. We wouldn’t
                                          be able to do anything.
(3) Tā zai Měiguo, tā āiren zai	He’s in America and his love is in
     Děguo， zhēn měi yisi.	Germany. What a drag!
(U) Zai tā běihou° shu5 zhěiyangrde Talking like that behind her back huā, zhēn měi yisi!	is really low.
     tingxiaqu: "to go on listening" You’ve seen the action verb ting，
’’to listen” and the directional ending -xiaqu ’’to go down” before. Here xiaqu is not used as a directional ending, but rather a resultative ending "to continue, to go on.’’ As a resultative verb, tīngxiaqu may take de_ and bu as middle syllables to make verbs vhich say "can and cannot.M
   Zhěiben shu tai měi yisi, wo	This book is too boring. I can11
    kajibuxiaqu le.	read on.
   Nǐ shuSde dui, jiangxiaqu.	That’s right. Go on (speaking).
   A: Gaosu wo, houlai zenme le? Tell me, vhat happens later?
     B: Gaosu ni měi yisi. Nǐ kan- It vould be no fun to tell you. Go xiaqu jiu hui zhīdao le.	on reading and you111 find out.
     Shuōxiaqu a， women d5u ai	Go on talking. We all love to
  ting.	listen.
Ni zhěiyang děngxiaqu zěnme	How can you go on waiting like this?
       xing ne?
     you xingqu: "to be interested” Use the prepositional verb dui to say what you are interested in.
   Wo dui něijian shi yidiǎnr	I have no interest at all in that
    xingqu ye měiyou.	matter.
     Ni dui shěnmeyangrde shū zui	What kind of books are you most
   you xingqu?	interested in?
8. A: Xiang Wang Jiaoshou zhěi-	There really aren't many teachers
          yangde lǎoshī zhěnshi bū	like Professor Wang. du5*
   B: Ni shuSdui le. Ruguo bu	You’re right. If it verenft for
   shi tā bāngzhu vo, wo	the help hefs given me， I
         zhēn bu xiang xuě le.	vouldnft want to study anymore.
Notes on No. 8
     xiang: "to be similar to, to resemble" Xiang may be used as a full "beihou" "behind the back"
SOC, Unit 2
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verb or as a prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:
     Tā xiang fuqin, bū xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his
                                            mother.
As a prepositional ver"b, xiang is used in making comparisons. Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with xiang and those with you and gēn.
     Tā xiang tā gege name congming. She's as intelligent as her brother.
    Nǐ you tā name gāo.	You1re as tall as he is.
    Nǐ gēn tā yiyang gāo.	You1re the same height as he.
     Comparison sentences with xiang must have either yiyang， zhěme (zenme), or name before the main verb. Xiang makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is，after all, resemTDle11 or ’’like，’’ not exact equality.*
     Nǐ xiang wo zhěme na kuaizi.	You hold chopsticks like 工 do.
     Xiang huar name haokān.	(I*t，s) as "beautiful as a painting.
     Zhěiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiang	The weather the past couple of days
     chūntian name shūfu.	has been as nice as spring.
     Tāde yǎnjing xiang haishuǐ	Her eyes are as blue as sea water,
       yiyang lan.
The negative comes "before the prepositional verb xiang.
     Tā bū xiang ta měimei name	Hefs not as intelligent as his
   cōngming.	little sister.
     Něi shihou shenghuo bu xiang	Life was not as good then as it
    xianzai zhěme hao.	is now.
     Xiang.••zhěiyang: Zhěiyang(r) or něiyang(r) are sometimes used after a noun or pronoun in phrases vith xianga for example:
    xiang tā zhěiyangde rěn	people like him (lit., "like him this
                                             kind of people11)
     xiang Wang Jiāoshou zhěiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit., lǎoshī	’’like Professor Wang this kind of
                                               teachers’，）
You, as used in the second example above, can be thought of as meaning "comes up to (a certain level).’’ Gēn, which is usually used with yiyang as in the example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is usually better to use ...gēn.•.yiyang.••• For example, Nǐ gēn tā yiyanR gāo states explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use xiang there.
SOC, Unit 2
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In such sentences, the zhěiyang(r) or něiyang(r) are hard to translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out of the translation.
     Meitiān d5u xiang jīntiān zhěi- If every day were like today, we yang Jiu shūfu le.	would have it easy.
     Běijīng kao yā zhěiyangde cai, It would be too expensive to eat tiāntiān chī tai gui le.	dishes like Běijīng roast duck
                                            every day.
9. A: Sannian yīqian vo jiu bu	I stopped depending on my parents
kao fumǔ shenghuo le.	for a living three years ago.
     B: Ni něng zijǐ guan zijǐ,	It1s really great that you can take
        zhēn bu cuo.	care of yourself (be your own boss).
Notes on No* 9
     jiu: The adverb jiu is often used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations may vary; this use of jiu has the flavor of "as soon as that" or "as early as that," but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example, "He1s coming TODAY!" (Ta jīntian jiu lai le?). When used this way, jiu is always unstressed or neutral tone.
     As in sentence 9A, new-situation le^ is often (but not always) used at the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb jiu.
     Nǐde yīfu yihuǐr Jiu xǐhao le. Your clothes will be all washed in
                                           Just a while (that soon).
     Mingtian vo Jiu you gōngfu,	工*11 have time to go tomorrow
  kěyi qu le.	(that soon).
     Nǐ zai děng yihuīr, yidiǎn-	Wait a while longer, there will
     zhSng Jiu you dixia huochē le. he a subway train at one o'clock
                                            (that soon).
     Jīntiān zaoshang wo wǔdian zh5ng I got up at five this morning (that jiu qilai le.	early).
     kao: This verb has several commonly used meanings: (l) to lean against， to lay back on, (2) to depend/rely on, and (3) to be near/next to.
    Biě kao cheměn.	Donft lean against the door of the
                                               car.
    Wode Yīngwěn bu hao, xiě	My English isn’t good. When 工 write
     wěnzhāng wanquan kao zidiǎn•	essays,工 depend completely on a
                                           dictionary.
SOC, Unit 2
6l
     Tā zongshi kao zai chuāngshang* He1 s always laying "back in "bed kan shǔ.	reading.
     Mai1 ami shi yige kao haide	Miami is a city on the sea.
      chěngshi.
     guan: ’’to tend/take care of/look after/manage/run/"be in charge of'1
     Nǐmen liangge chūqu wanr, shěi If you two go out (for fun), guan haizi?	who111 look after the kids?
     Lǐ Xuěměi guan jiā guande hao. Lǐ Xuěměi runs the house very well.
Liu Xiānsheng shi guan kao-	Mr. Liu is in charge of testing,
      shide.°
Another meaning is ’’to care, to "bother about, to concern oneself with.’，
Tā bu xǐhuan guǎn biěrěnde shi. He doesn’t like to mind others 1
                                                "business.
     Wo yao zuo shěnme, wo zijǐ	I know what I want to do, would
    zhīdao, nǐ shao guan wode	you please not interfere with
    shi, hǎo "bu hao?	my affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)
    Wo bu guǎn， suibian nī.	I don*t care. Whatever you like.
The ending -zhao, "succeed (in connecting with or touching),’’ can also "be used with guǎn. Guanlpuzhao means ’’can "be no concern of..., to "be none of onefs "business.’，
     Zhěi shi women zijǐde shi,	This is our own affair; itfs none
    nǐmen guǎn"buzhao.	of your "business.
The colloquial Guǎn ta (ne)! expresses "brusqoie dismissal: "Who cares about him!” or "Who cares about that!”
     A: Nǐ jīntiān wǎnshang ruguo	If you donft go tonight hefll be bu qu, tā hui hěn "bu gāoxing. very unhappy•
     B: Guan ta ne! Wo yāo nian	Who gives a damn about him! Ifve got shū, měi shijiān qu. to study; I don’t have time to go.
     zijǐ.. .zijǐ: "oneself” Use the pronoun wo for "I，me, my, mine，" "but use ziji or vo ziji for ’’myself.M Depending on the context, zijǐ can mean ’’myself, yourself, him/herself, ourselves, themselves.fl Sometimes zijǐ is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence 9B.
    Wo bu xǐhuan wo zijǐ.	I don’t like myself, (as said
                                            "by a confused teenager)
"chuang": ??bedft
° kaoshi: Mtest, exam; testing’，
SOC, Unit 2
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    Nǐ bu xiSo le, yīnggāi zhīdao	You1 re not a child anymore; you
zijǐ zhaogu* zijǐ.	should knov hov to take care
                                           of yourself.
    Nī bū yao zijǐ gěi zijī zhao	DonH go asking for trouble
  mafan.	for yourself.
 Tā zhěiyangr zuo, zijǐ pian°°	By doing this, hefs only fooling
  zijǐ.	himself.
10.	A: Tā xiěde jīběn xiǎoshuō	The novels he wrote are all very
         xianzai dou hěn liuxing.	popular nov.
    B: Na dangran, xiang tā neiyang	Of course. Novels written by
you divei ySu zhishide rěn,	someone vith his position and
          xiěde xiaoshuS yiding y5u	knowledge are sure to be inter-
   yisi.	esting.
11.	you bāxigzhu	to be helpful
12.	you daolǐ	to make sense
Notes on Nos* 10 through 12
 liuxing: ’’to be popular, prevalent, current, widespread, common.11
This is an adjectival verb. Make it negative with bu.
 Zhěizhǒng hua xianzai hěn	This kind of talk is very popular
 liuxing, kěshi v5 xiǎng zhe	these days, but I donft think
    hua bu tai dux.	itfs very true.
Xianzai chuān duan qunzi bu	It fs not popular to wear long skirts
   liuxing le.	anymore.
You can also use liuxing vith a phrase following it to mean flto be popular to
(do something).n
    Xianzai liuxing chuān chang	It is popular to vear long
  qunzi.	skirts nov.
 Zai hěn duō difang, yue lai	In a lot of places, it is getting
yuě liuxing nannu tongjū le.	more and more common for men and
                                          vomen to live together.
Liuxing is also used in compound nouns, such as liuxlnKbing, "epidemic,"
 Zhe yige xingqī ySu liuxing-	This past veek there has been an
 bing, nǐmen jiāde hāizi	epidemic; it vould be best if
 zui hǎo biě chū men.	your children didn’t go out.
*zhaogu: ”to take care of, to care for” (Society, Unit 5)
° pi an: ’’to fool, to deceive”
SOC, Unit 2
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     divei: "position，place or status (in an organization or society)11
    Tāde divei hěn gāo.	He has a very high position.
     Nī cai gōngzuole shijinian jiu Having vorked only ten or so years， youle jīntiānde divei hen	it wasnft easy to get the position
  bu rongyi.	you have today.
     Tāmen yao you dulide jīngji he They want independent economic and shěhui diwei.	social status.
      you zhi shi: ’’to be knowledgeable,ff literally ’’to have knowledge11 you daoli: ,fto make sense/1 literally nto have reason” you bāngzhu: ”to be helpful,” literally "to have help”
Here you see three more examples of how you,，，to exist, to have，’’ and a noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. You xingqu is ”to be interested (in something)，’’ vhile you yisi is ”to be interesting.11 Here are some of the others you have already learned.
    you guānxi to be related to ySu mfng	to be famous
    you yanj iǔ to "be expert	you y5ng	to "be useful
13. ziyou	to "be free; freedom
Ik. -běizi	all one*s life， lifetime
15.	Xīnvěn Zhoukān	Nevsveek
16.	funu	woman; women, womankind Notes on Nos. 13 through 16
     -beizi: This word is usually used vith yi-，as in
     Wo gongzuole y£běizi, xiSjizai	Ifve vorked all my life and am now
  liushisui le, kěyi xiuxi xiuxi	sixty years old. I can take a
   le.	little rest now.
     Jiěhūn shi yibeizide shi, děi	Marriage is a lifetime thing; you
 hǎohāor xiǎngxiang.	should think it over carefully.
 w	w
     funu: In Tai van, a funu is generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations about marital status. Funu is also used in a collective sense, ”women11 or "womankind.
SOC, Unit 2
6h
Unit 2, Tape 1% Reviev Dialogue
     At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ Ping
(B) encounters Tom (A).
B: Ěi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hSo a!	Hey! Hi，Tom!
A: Nǐ hǎo, Lī Ping! Lai kan	Hi，Lǐ Ping. Did you come here to
  shū ma?	do some reading?
B: Chile vǎnfan, chūlai zǒuzou,	After dinner I went out for a walk
    dao tushūguǎn kankan xīn daode	and came to the library to read
   zazhi •	through some of the new magazines.
A: Nǐ zui xǐhuande Yīngwěn zazhi	What1s your favorite English
  shi shěnme?	magazine?
B: Ng, Xīnvěn Zhoukān.	Um, Nevsveek •
A: Weishenme ne?	Why?
B: Xīnvěn Zhōukan hěn hǎo, dui	Nevsveek is very good. It1 s a
    xuě Yīngwěn hěn you "bāngzhu.	big help in learning English.
A: Dui, kan zhěige zazhi, yifāng-	Right. When you read it，you can
     miaji kěyi xuě Yīngwěn, yifang-	study English at the same time you
     mi an kěyi zhīdao Měiguo shěhuide	learn about conditions in American
    qingkuang, shi bu cu5. Zhěige	society; it is_ good. Are there any
    xīngqī you shěnme ySu yiside	interesting articles in it this week? wěnzhāng ma?
B: You, ySu yipiān guanyu nannu	Yes, there fs an article about
    pingdengde wěnzhāng hěn you	equality of the sexes that1 s very
  yisi.	interesting.
A: Ou, ,fnannu pingdeng11.. .wSde	Oh, "equality of the sexes”.. .1^
    nupěngyou dui zhěige timu* hěn	girl friend is an expert on the sub-
    ySu yanjiū. Zěnme? Nī ye dui	ject. Don’t tell me~are you in-
    zhěige wěnti you xingqu ma?	terested in that issue too?
B: You, wo you xingqu, ěrqiě	Yes,工 am， and I*d also like to
    xiang zhīdao nǐmende kanfa.	know your views on it. Can I ask a
    Wo kěyi wen jǐge wěnti ma?	few questions?
A: Dangran, qīng wen "ba!	Sure. What would you like to know?
B: Zheipiān wěnzhāng shu5, zai	The article says that in a lot of
     hěn duo difang yue lai yuě liu-	places cohabitation is getting
    xing nānnu tongjū le. E， dui-	more and more common. Uh, excuse
       ”subject， topic” (see Unit 5)
SOC, Unit 2
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6
 buqi•••	me•••
A: Měi shenme, nǐ shuoxiaqu.	Not at all， go on.
B: Zheipiān wěnzhāng hai shuō	It also said in the article that
zhěizhǒng shi he fiinude diwei	this is related to the status of
 you guānxi. Zhěi yidiSn wo	women. I really donft understand
zhěnshi bu dong le. Zhongguo	that point. The traditional Chinese
rěnde chuantong guannian shi,	idea is that a woman should not live
  funu měiyou jiehūn, bīi yīnggāi	vith her boyfriend before they get
     he tāde nanpěngyou zhu zai yiqǐ.	married.
A; Womende guānnian bu tai y£-	We have a somewhat different con-
 yang. Yixiē funu, těbiě shi	cept. Some women, especially vomen
zhīshi funu, tāmen bu yao kao	intellectuals, donft want to depend on
xiānsheng shenghuo, tāmen yao	their husbands in order to live; they
you dulide jīngji he shěhui	want to have independent economic and
diwei. Xiang wode nupěngyou,	social status. Like my girlfriend--
    tā jiu you zhěiyangde kanfa.	that1s the way her view is. But
  Erqiě w5 xiǎng, tongjūde went!	also，工 think that living together
he hěn duō shiqing you guānxi,	has to do vith a lot of things. It1 s
bīi zhǐ shi fiinude diwei věnti.	not just a question of the status of
women•
B: Ruguo kěyi tande hua, nǐ gěi	If it1 s all right to talk about it，
    wo jiSngjiang zěnmeyāng?	would you tell me more?
A: Hao, zhěiyangr ba, w5 gSi ni	Okay, how about this. I’ll tell you
tantan wode shi, ni jiu zhīdao	about situation, and then you111
women zěnme xiSng le. Wode	know the way we think. Ity girlfriend
    nupěngyou, tǎ shi xuě yīde. Xuě	is studying medicine. Studying
  yī bu shi yljian rongyide shir.	medicine isnft the easiest thing.
    Tā hai yao zai daxuě xuěxl	She still has six more years of
  liuniān•	university.
B: Na nǐmen shěnme shihou Jiēhūn	Then when are you getting married? ne?
A: Xianzai women hai bu xiǎng	We don’t want to get married just
 jiěhūn,	yet.
B: Weishenme? Nǐmen juěde Jiele	Why not? You think that once you
hūn, youle haizi hui hěn mafan,	get married and have children it’ll
   shi bu shi?	be a lot of troubley rigjrt?
A: Bū shi zhěige yisi. Jiushi	That1s not the point. Even if we
 women Jiehūnle, yě bu yiding	get married, ve wonft necessarily
    mashang yao haizi. Zhongyaode	have children right away The impor-
  shi women zhěi yiběizi yao zuo	tant thing is that we haven11 even
shěnme, hai měiyou hǎohāor xiǎng-	thought out well what we want to do
guo ne, yinggai xiān xiǎng něige	in our lives. We should think about
°The reason Lī Ping is "being so careful here is that he knows Tom and his
girlfriend are living together.
SOC, Unit 2
66
venti. Erqiě women dou yuanyi	that problem first. What’s more， we
zai jiēhūn yīqian qīngchǔde	each want to have a clear idea of
zhīdao zijǐ xǐhuande něige rěn	of what kind of person the other is
    shi yige shěnmeyangrde rěn.	before we get married. And that
   Zhěi yě xuyao shijiān.	takes time.
B: Kěshi you rěn hui juěde	But some people vill think you are
nīmen zhěiyang zuo shi yīnwei	doing this because you feel that liv-
    nīmen juěde tongjū bī jiēhūn	ing together is freer than marriage, ziyou.
A: You rěn zhěme shuō, kěshi w5	Some people say that, but I don*t
xiang tāmen měi dong womende	think they have understood what our
   ziyou shi shěnme.	freedom is.
B: Shi shenme ne?	What is it， then?
A: Měiguo rěn juěde zijī kěyi	Americans feel that to be able to
jihua zijǐde shenghuo shi zui	plan their own life is the most impor-
zhongyaode ziyou. Ruguo Měiguo	tant freedom. If America didn ft have
měiyou zhěizhǒng ziyou, ji这 bu	that kind of freedom, there wouldn’t
hui you name du5 rěn xiǎng lai	be so many people who want to come
     Měiguo le, nǐ shu5 wo shuSde dui	here. Don’t you think Ifin right? bu dui?
B: Nǐ shuōde you diǎnr daoli.	There1s something to what you say.
    Ou . . . Wo hai wangle wen ni,	Oh ... I forgot to ask you something
jīnnian xiatiān, nǐde nupěngyou	else: Will your girlfriend be able to
něng pěi ni dao Xianggang qu ma?	come with you to Hong Kong this summer?
A: Bu xing. Tā jihua dao Děguo	No. Shefs planning to go to school
qu nian shū. Shǔjiade shihou tǎ	in Germany. During summer vacation
yao z'kl Děguo zhu sānge yuě, na	shefs going to live in Germany for
dui tāde Děwěn yiding hěn you	three months. Ifm sure that will
  bāngzhu.	help her German a lot.
B: Dui.	That’s right•
A: Zěnmeyāng, ni dui Xīnvěn Zh5u-	So what about it, do you have any
kan zheipiān wěnzhāng hai you	other opinions about that article in
   shěnme biěde kanfa ma?	Nevsveek?
B: Kanfa you. Zhěige timu hěn	Yes, I have other opinions about
da, women yǐhou manman zai tan.	it. But it1 s a big topic. Ve can
                                        talk all about it later.
A: Hao, yǐhou zai tan.	Okay, wefll talk about it later.
SOC, Unit 2
6 了
Unit 2， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English，followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Běijīng talks vith a middle-aged man about a problem.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you111 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions "below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:
  hushu5	to talk nonsense; drivel
   xiangbuchū	car^t think up, canft come up vith
   Xiao Lin tamen	Xiao Lin and the others
  shēnqǐng	to apply for
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.
1.	Propose a reason why Xiao Mlngzi is no longer in school. (Hint:
        What are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in China on careers for youth?)
     2.	Is Xiao Mingzi looking for a Job? Why or why not?
     3.	What kind of Job does his middle-aged friend suggest?
     U. To whom must Xiao Mingzi apply before he goes out to take pictures?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
SOC, Unit 2
68
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
Exercise 3
     In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
   Na hai yong shu5	That goes without saying
  duo hSo!	How great that is!
  qiguai	to be strange
   Zhōngguo Cgngnian	China Youth (a periodical)
 houlai	afterwards
  daodě	morality, morals, ethics
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.
     1.	What was the status of women before liberation?
     2.	What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue of China Youth?
     3- What is her grandmother1s reaction?
     U. What things does a Msense of morality11 probably include for the grandmother?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to ta a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to li to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you hav prepared.
SOC, Unit 2
Exercise “
     In this exercise， as a mother and son finish dinner, they discuss his future.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You will need the following new words and phrases:
  shuSshi	Masterfs degree
 boshl	Ph.D.
  zhaobudko	to be unable to find
Zhōngxuěshēng	High School Student (a periodical)
  gaozhong	senior high school
  fāda	to be developed
Questions for Exercise U
     1.	What is Xiǎo Linfs mother1s major concern about his future?
     2.	Why doesnft he want to go to college anymore?
     3.	Who does Xiao Lin use as an example of why a college education is useless?
     k. What is his mother1s position on the advantages of college education in Hong Kong?
     5. Does Xiao Llnfs mother act as an advisor or does she expect her son to obey her wishes on this matter?
After you have answered these questions yourself，you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
SOC, Unit 2
70
   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
Conversation between a middle—aged man (A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.
A: Xiǎo Mingzi, jīntiān zěnme you Xiǎo Mingzi, hov is it that you shijiān zai jiā?	have time to be at home today?
B: Zěnme měi shijiān? Likai	How would I not have time? Since
xuěxiao yīhou, shijiān duo duo	I left school, īfve had lots more
 le.	time.
A: Biě hushu5• Nǐ you gSngzub	Cut it out. Do you have a Job
  le meiyou?	yet?
B: You gongzuo! Yǒule gōngzuo	Have a job! If I had a job would
   hāi zai zhěr zuozhe! Nǐ zhēn	I still be sitting here! Youfre
  you yisi!	something else!
A: Ao! W5 zhīdao le, nī hai měi	Oh! I see, you still donft have
  gōngzuo na!	a job!
B: Ng. Lǎoshi*° shu5 wo kěyi	Uh-huh. teachers said I can
  děngyiděng.	wait a vhile.
A: Nǐ zhěiyang děngxiaqu zěnme	How will it do for you to go on
xing ne? Yitian měi gōngzuo,	waiting like this? Every day you
    yitiān jiu děi kao fīimǔ a.	don*t have a job, you have to
                                         depend on your parents.
B: Hai, vǒ yě zhidao, zhěiyang	(Sigh), I know that it vonft do
    xiS.qu "bu xing, kěshi wo shizai	to go on like this, but I really
    xiangbuchu shenme hǎo banfa ya!	can’t think of any good solution!
    Nī shuo w8 zěnme ban?	What do you think I should do?
A: Nī hui shenme?	What do you know how to do?
B: Wo shenme dou bu hui. Xiang	I donft know how to do anything.
XiSo Lin tamen hui zuo zhuōzi	Like Xiao Lin and the others，who can
yīzi shenmede, yě dou you gong-	make tables, chairs, and so on, all
  zub le.	have jobs already.
A: Ei, nī hui bu hui zhao xiang?	Say, can you take photographs?
B: Bu hui.	No.
•Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of the city district 5 under coordination of the cityvide office.
••Teachers， while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high school or university vho make specific recommendations to city offices which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the country.
SOC, Unit 2
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A: Nǐ dui zhao xiang you měiyou	Are you interested in photography? xingqu?
B: You a!	Sure!
A:	Zhěiyang ba! Wo you yige Riběn How about this: I have a Japanese
     zhaoxiangjī, wo jiao ni zěnmeyang camera. I111 teach you how to -take
zhao xiang, nǐ jiu kěyi you	pictures， and then you can have a
  gōngzuo le.	job.
B: Suan le ba, hui zhao xiang	Come on! How can I have a job by
    zěnme hui you gōngzuo ne!	knowing how to take pictures!
A: Hai, nǐ zhen "bu cōngming.	Tsk，youfre really not on the ball.
 Měitiān dou you bu shǎo rěn	Every day there are lots of people
 lai Běijīng, shěi bu xiang zai	who come to Běijīng; who doesnft
 Tianfānměn qian zhao zhang	want to get their picture taken in
xiang! Nǐ zai zhǎo liǎngge	front of Tiānfānměn! If you find a
 tongxuě, you guǎn zhaoxiangde,	couple of classmates, and have one
you guǎn shou qiande, bu ji\i	in charge of taking the pictures and
xing le ma?	one in charge of collecting the money,
                                         then you1 re all set, right?
B: Nin shuōde you daolǐ, jiu	What you say makes sense; that1 s
 zěnme ban! Dui le, yao chūqu	Just what IT11 do! Oh yes--if you
 zhao xiang, hai xūyao shēnqǐng	want to go out and take pictures，
 ba?	you have to apply, too, don't you?
A: Na rongyi. Mingtiān, nf q\i	That’s easy. Tomorrow, go see
zhao lǎoshī , tamen hui "bangzhu	your teachers. Theyf 11 help you do
 ni bande.	it.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
     Conversation between a grandmother (B) and her granddaughter (A) in
Běijīng.
A: Nǎinai, nin shu5, xīn ZhSngguo, Grandma，donTt you think that in
nannu pingděng, funude diwei	new China，with equality of the sexes,
gāoduō le, dui bu dui?	the status of women is much higher?
B: Na hai yong shuo. Women	That goes without saying. When we
 nianqīngde shihou, funū zai	were young, women didn’t have much
jiāli, zai shěhuishang d5u	status in the family or in society,
 meiyou shenme diwei, zhǐ you	Only a very few girls had a chance
 hen shǎode nūhāizi you Jīhui	to study. It wasn’t like the way
 nian shū. Bu xiang nǐmen, gen	it is for you, who study and work
 nanhaizi yiyang, nian shū, zuo	Just the same as boys. How great
  shi, duo hǎo?	that is!
A: Nǎinai, na nǐ shuo, tongjǔ	Then what do you think, Grandma,
    zhěijian shir shi bu shi dui	is cohabitation a bad thing for
  funu bu hǎo?	women?
SOC, Unit 2
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B: Ni zěnme yuě shuo yuě qiguai	What fs with these odd topics
le? Zai xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you	you*re bringing up? Where is there
tongjūde shir?	such a thing as cohabitation in new
                                          China?
A: Zěnme měiyou? Wo gāngcai	There isn’t， huh? Well in the
kande Zhōngguo Qīngnianshang jiu	China Youth that I just read there's
   you yipiān wěnzhāng, zhěipiān	an article that said there was a
    wěnzhāng shuo, you yige nanhaizi	young man who was living with a
    he yige nuhaizi tongjū le.	young woman -
B: Tamen wěishěnme bu jiēhūn?	Why didnft they get married?
A: Něige nande xiang shang daxuě.	The man wanted to go to college.
B: Ou, dui le， jiēle hūn jiu bu	Oh, right， you canft go to college
něng shang daxuě le. Na houlai	after you1 re married. So what hap-
  ne?	pened afterwards?
A: Houlai, něige nande zhēn shāng	Afterwards, the man really went to
  daxuě le*	college.
B: Nianwanle shū tamen jiēhūn le	And after he finished school they
  ba?	got married, I suppose?
A: Měiyou. Nianwan shū, něige	No. After he finished school, the
   nande xiang, něi nuhaizi měi	guy thought， she didn’t have any
diwei, yě měi qian, tamen jiu	status or any money, so they should
  suan le.	call it quits.
B: Suan le?! Na shi shenme hua!	Call it quits! What kind of
   Tā hai you měiyou yidianr daodě	thing is that to say! Didnft he
   guannian!	have any sense of morality!
A: Daodě guānnian?I Hňg，xianzai	Sense of morality?I Ha, thatrs Just
shehuishang jiu you zhěizhong	the sort of thing that society is full
shir! Nin shuo zhěi shi wěi-	of these days 1 Why do you think that
 shenme?	is?!
B: Ai! Zhěi shijīnian qiqiguai-	(Sigh) The last decade or so there
guaide xīnwěn zhēn du5! Shenme	sure has been a lot of strange news!
    shihou cāi něng hao yidianr ne?	When will it get better?
A: Shěi zhīdao! Wo xiang kuai	I think it will be soon! Itfs
    le! Kuai hao yidianr le!	going to get better soon!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
     In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son	(B) have just finished dinner.
A: Xiǎo Lin, chile fan bu yao	Xiǎo Lin, donft study any more
    nian shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba!	after dinner, just relax a bit!
SOC, Unit 2
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B: Hao. Nin yao he cha ma? Wo	Do you want to drink some tea?
  qīi dao.	I'll go pour it.
A: Deng yixia, rang wo kankan,	Wait a second, let me see, is
nǐde maoyī shi bu shi po le?	your sweater torn? Tomorrow I'll
    Mingtiān wo děi qīi gěi ni mai	have to go buy you a new one. jian xīnde.
B: Mā, wo bu yao xīnde, zhěijian	Mom, I donft want a new one. I
   hai kěyi chuān ne.	can still wear this one.
A: Tiān lěng le, nī xūyao yijian	The weatherfs getting cold, you
xīn maoyi, wo hui gěi ni yīibei-	need a new sweater. If 11 get one
hao. Mingnian nī shang daxuěde	ready for you. Next year when you
shihou, wo hui du5 gěi ni yīibei	go to college I'll get a few more
jǐjian xīn yīfu.	new things ready for you to wear.
B: Bu yong le, wo bu xiang shang	You don't need to, I donft want
  daxuě le.	to go to college anymore.
A: Weishěnme? Nǐ bu shi yao	Why not? Donft you want to study
  xuě yi ma?	medicine?
B: Bu shǎo rěn shu5 bu shang	A lot of people say that you can
daxuě yě kěyi gSngzuo, yě yiyang	work and live just the same without
kěyi shēnghuo. Wěishěnme yiding	going to college. Why is it necessary
   yao shang daxuě ne?	to go to college?
A: Zhěizhong hua xianzai hen	This kind of talk is very popular
liuxing, kěshi wo xiang zhě hua	these days, but 工 don*t think itfs
  bu tai dui.	very true,
B: Weishěnme? Yǒude rěn zai	Why not? Some people study like
daxuěli pīnming nian shū, xiang	mad at a university, like Mr. Zh5u
women jiā duimiande Zh5u Xian-	who lives across from us; he's such
sheng, dui shuxuě name you yan-	an expert in mathematics, he’s got
jiū， dele shuoshi， boshi, hai	a Masterfs degree and a Ph.D., and
bu shi zhaobudao gōngzuo!	isnft he still unable to find a job!
A: Zh5u Xianshengde qingxing	Mr. Zh5uf s situation is different
gen biěrěn bu tong, suiran tā	from other people1s. Although he
xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā	is quite knowledgeable, he wonft
bu xihuande gSngzuo tā jiu bu	taJte a job he doesnft like. So of
zuo, na dāngran bu rongyi zhǎo-	course it isnft easy for him to find
  dao gōngzuo.	a job.
B: Dui le, tā bu xǐhuan zuo	Right. He doesnft like to be a
    laoshi, tā jiu xǐhuan xiě wen-	teacher，he t1ust likes to write
    zhāng， zai ZhSngxueshēng zh5u-	articles. Ifve even seen his
kānshang wo hai kanjianguo tāde	articles in the weekly High School
  wěnzhāng ne!	Student ?
SOC, Unit 2
                                        lb
A: Tāde wěnzhāng hao bu hǎo?	Are his articles good?
B: Hǎo, kěshi bu rongyi dong,	Yes, but they're not easy to
zhSngxuěshěng kan zhěiyangde	understand. They1 re too hard for
    wěnzhāng tai nan le.	high school students to read.
A: Suoyi, nī bu něng shuo Zh5u	So you can’t say that Mr. Zh5u*s
Xianshengde qingxing Jiu shi	situation is everyone fs situation,
dajiāde qingxing. Wo xiang,	I think you might say this: someone
kěyi zhěiyang shuo: nianguo	who has had a lot of education doesn't
hen duo shūde rěn bu yiding you	necessarily get a very good Job. But
hen haode gSngzuo. Keshi duo	getting more education will certainly
    nian yidianr shǔ dui zhao gong-	be helpful in looking for a job. zuo yiding you bāngzhu.
B: Keshi, wǒde jīge tongxuě	But several classmates of mine
Rāozhongy měiyou nianwan jiu	started working before they had fin-
zuo shi le, xianzai tamende	ished high school, and now they don* t
shēnghuo dou bu yong kao fīimǔ	have to depend on their parents to
le, tamen d5u dull le.	support them; they1 re all independent.
A: Danshi wo xiǎng, shehui haishi	But I think that society still
xuyao you zhīshide rěn, shehui	needs knowledgeable people. The more
yuě fada yuě xūyao you zhīshi.	developed society is， the more it
Nǐ shuo dui bu dui?	needs knowledge. Donft you think so?
B: Dui!	Right!
A: Name hǎo le, nǐ nian daxuěde	All right then， what about the
shi zěnmeyang?	matter of your going to college?
B: Mm ... wo zai xiǎngyixiǎng.	Mm . • . I111 think it over some
more.
A: Hǎo, women mingtiān zai	Okay, we’ll talk more about it
 tantan.	tomorrow•
soc
       UNIT 3 Family Values
5
T
                               INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	The vert ending -qilai showing the start of an action or condition.
2.	The pattern (měi)you shenme (Adjectival Verl)),
3 • Conglai "bu/měit "never •"
h. The advert cai, 11 only,11 "before amounts.
5.	The marker -zhe showing the manner of an action.
6.	The ver"b ending -dao for (1) successful reaching/o"btaining/finding,
                             (2)	"of," "about” (with certain verbs)»
(3)	successful perceiving (e.g.， kandao, nto see").
了. The advert zai, ”anymore."
8.	Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb dāo% ’’to,’’ ’’up to，’’ ’’until.”
9.	The use of suoy8ude> ’’all.”
Functioned. Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Narrating a "brief story about a person.
2.	Expressing approval and disapproval of someone1 s attitude or way of thinking.
3.	Expressing puzzlement at a situation*
U. Stressing how understeindal) 1 e a situation is.
SOC, Unit 3
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 Unit 3, Reference List
1.	A: Ni jiějie xianzai zěnme dui	How is it that your older sister has
         zhěngzhi wěnti rexīnqilai	"become so interested and enthu-
     le?	siastic about political questions
now?
B: Zhěi měiyou shenme qiguai，	There1s nothing strange about that,
        ta jīnnian kaishi xuě	she started studying political
      zhěngzhixuě le.	science this year.
2.	A: Ni zěnme "bu chi le?	Why aren't you eating?
B: Wǒde wěi hen nānshou, chī~bu-	Ify stomach is uncomfortable，工 can’t
     xiaqu le.	eat anymore.
   A: Na wo gěi ni nong dianr tang	1*11 go get you some soup then. lai.
3.	A: Wo qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan	I'm going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to
     liāo tiānr.	have a chat.
B: Ni "biě qu le, tā yitiān dao	Don't go，she works hard all day long
        van yon^5ng, mei shijiān	and doesn't have the time to chat
      pěi ni liāo tiānr.	with you.
U. A: Wang jia Xiǎo Lan conglai	Hasn't the Wang family's Xiǎo Lan
        měiyou nanpěngyou ma?	ever had a "boy friend?
B: Tā cai shijiǔsui, mangzhe	She's only nineteen years old, "busy
        nian shū, hai měiyou	studying, and hasn't thought of
         xieLngdao zhěixie shir ne!	these things yet 1
5.	A: Wǒde xiǎo nuěr liangsānsuide	youngest daughter cried a lot
        shihou chang kū, xianzai	when she was two or three years
zhangda le, "bu zai kū le.	old, "but now she has grown up
                                          and doesn't cry anymore.
6.	A: Zuo fumǔde bu yinggāi	Those who are parents shouldn’t
zhong nan q.īng nu.	regard males as superior to
                                            females.
B: Dui. Zuo haizide yě yinggāi	Right. And those who are children
       xiaosh\in fumu.	should show filial obedience to
                                          their parents.
SOC, Unit 3
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了. A: Nī didi bāitian zai jia ma?	Is your younger brother at home
                                           during the day?
B: Bu zai, ni děng dao vanshang	No， vait until the evening and then
        zai da dianhua lai ba.	call him.
8.	A: ZhSngguo rěn conglāi bu	Didn’t the Chinese ever stress
         jiang nannii pingděng ma?	equality betveen men and vomen?
B: Shuodao nannu pingděng, na	As for equality of the sexes, thatfs
         shi zui.lin JishlniāncLe	a nev concept of the last fev
     xīn guannian.	decades•
9.	A: Da .liatln^ you shenme hao?	Whatfs good about large families?
B: Zenme bu hǎo? Rěn duo,	What could be bad about them? After
         zhuan qiande rěn yě duo ma!	all, if there are more people,
                                          there are also more people earning money!
A: Yaoshi suoyoude ren dou	If everyone thought the way you do,
         xiang nin zhěiyang xiang,	vho knovs hov many hundreds of
Zhongguo xianzai bū zhīdao	millions of people there vould be
       you duSshao rěn le!	in China nov!
10.	A: Nǐ zhěici hui guo kandao nǐ	Did you see the people in your
lǎojiāde rěn le ma?	hometown on this visit back
                                          to your country?
B: Kandao le. Tamen sheng-	Yes. They1re living pretty veil,
         huode bu cuo4 vo laojia	and my hometown has become quite
        yě biancheng yige hen	a "bustling place, rěnaode difangr le.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
11.	you yong	to be useful
12.	heiyě	(darkness of) night, nighttime
13.	xīn	heart
SOC, Unit 3
78
                            VOCABULARY
bāitian	daytime
Man	to change, to become different
bianchěng	to turn into, to become
cāi	only (before an amount)
-chěng	into
chībuxiaau	cannot eat (cannot get down)
conglai	ever (up till now), always
                                      (up till now) conglāi bu/měi	never
-dao	(resultative ending used for per-
                                     ception by one of the senses: jiandao, kandao， tingdao, etc.)
-dao	(resultative ending used to indicate
                                    reaching: xiǎn^dao, shuōdao， tan-dao，etc. , often translated as "about")
děng dao	to wait until; when, by the time
hěiyě	(darkness of) night, nighttime
jiang	to stress, to pay attention to,
                                     to be particular about jiāting	family
kandao	to see
ku	to cry
liao	to chat
liao tian(r)	to chat
ma	(marker of obviousness of reasoning)
nānshou	to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,
                                     to feel unhappy
nong (něng)	to do; to fool with; to get
nonglai	to get and bring
qiguai	to be strange, to be odd, to be
                                     surprising
-qilai	(resultative ending which indicates
                                      starting)
rexīn	to be enthusiastic and interested;
                                     to be warmhearted; to be earnest rexīnqilai	to become enthusiastic and interested
shuōdao	to speak of; as for
suoyoude.••dou	all
SOC, Unit 3
79
xiǎngdao	to think of
xiāoshun	to be filial; filial obedience
-xiaqu	down (directional ending used for
                                     eating or drinking down)
xin	heart; mind
-yi	hundred million
yi tiān dao van	all day long
yonggong	to be industrious, to be hardworking
                                      (in onefs studies)
you yong	to be useful
zhǎng	to grow
zhǎngda	w	to grov up
zhong nan qīng nu	to regard males as superior to females
zhuan qiān	to earn money, to make money
zuiJin	recently; soon
zuo	to be, to act as
SOC, Unit 3
80
                            Unit 3, Reference Notes
1. A: Nǐ jiějie xianzai zěnme dui	How is that your older sister has
         zhěngzhi wěnti rexīnqilai	become so interested and enthu-
     le?	siastic about political questions
                                            now?
    B: Zhěi měiyou shenme qiguai，	There1s nothing strange about that,
        tā jīnnian kāishǐ xuě	she started studying political
      zhěngzhixuě le.	science this year.
Notes on No. 1
     rexin: "to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted, to be earnest”There are two meanings for this adjectival verb. It can be used to describe a positive feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other people.
     Like many adjectival verbs, rexīn may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb (that is， modifying another verb).
As main verb
    Ta dui xuě Zhongwěn hěn rěxin.	Hefs very enthusiastic about studying
                                            Chinese.
    Ta dui rěn hěn rěxīn, shenme	He*s very warmhearted towards
shihou d5u xǐhuan bang rěn	people. He always likes to help
  mang.	people out.
As an adverb
    Ta hěn rexīn yanjiū dalude	She studies the mainland situa-
    qingkuang.	tion very enthusiastically.
    Hǎo haizi， nǐ zěnme rexīn	Good child. It *s good that you1re
     bāngzhu biěrěn, hěn hǎo.	so eager to help others.
    -qilai: As a verb by itself, qǐlai means ”to rise up.M As part of a compound verb, -qilai has several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative ending meaning "go up, rise up (physically)n:
   Ta zhanqilai le.	He stood up.
   Tā tiaoqilai le.°	She jumped up.
    Zhěige zhuōzi women tāibuqilai, We can^t lift this table up. nǐ lai bāngbang mang hǎo bu	Come and help us， okay?
       hǎo?
°tiao, "to jump, to leap，’
SOC, Unit 3
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In addition to meaning literally ’’to go up/’ -qilai can be used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to shov the start of the action or condition.11 In the example in the Reference List above, -qilai indicates that older sisterfs enthusiasm has nevly started up. Other examples:
(WITH AN ACTION VERB)
Haizi kǔqilai le.	The child began (has begun) to cry,
(WITH AW ADJECTIVAL VERB)
    Tianqi rěqilai le.	The veather has vanned up.
As vith many other compound verbs，the object of the verb may be inserted betveen the tvo parts of the verb ending:
     Bu zhīdao věishenme, tā xianzai I donft knov vhy, but he has started hēqi jiǔ lai le.	to drink nov.
     Wo liuge yue měi xiangguo Jiā， I haven ft thought of home for kěshi jīntiān xiǎngqi jiā	six months, but today I started
  lai le.	to feel homesick.
Another function of the ending -qilai is to make generalized statements which are sometimes translated using TVhen •. .ing，ff or "when it comes to .. .ingff:
    Zhěige yǐzide yangzi hěn	This kind of chair is very
hao kan, kěshi zuoqilai	attractive, but when you sit
   bu shǔfu.	in it， itfs uncomfortable.
Tā shuoqi Zhongwěn lai zhēn	It sounds terrible when he speaks
  nantīng.	Chinese.
     Zuoqi shi lai, tā bǐ shěi	When it comes to vorking, he
   dou kuai.	is faster than anyone else.
     Shuōqilai rongyi, zuoqi lai nan. Itfs easy to talk about，but hard to
                                                 do.
When -qilai is used this vay vith verbs of perception, the additional meaning of 11 it seems11 is communicated:
     Kanqilai tā zhīdao zhěijian shi. It looks as if he knovs about
                                           this matter*
    Tā kanqilai hěn nianqīng.	He looks very young.
    Tīngqilai hěn you daolī.	It sounds reasonable.
-Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions vhere its meaning is harder to pinpoint，e.g., xiǎngqilai, ffto think of，to remember,11 vhere -qilai seems to indicate the coming ”up” into consciousness of an idea.
     Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mai. Nov I remem'ber, his surname is
                                              Mai.
SOC, Unit 3
82
     qiguai: nto be strange, to be surprising, to be odd”
     Zhēn qiguai, tā tiāntiān lai,	Hov strange. He comes every day.
    jīntian zěnme měi lai ne?	Hov is it he didnft come today?
     Neige shihou, shenme qiguaide	Back then, there vere all kinds
    shi dou you, biě shuo le.	of strange things; don’t talk
                                           about it any more.
     Tāmende guānxi vǒ juěde hěn	I find their relationship very
  qiguai.	strange.
In colloquial style, the verb qiguai is also used to mean "to find it strange that. . . , can’t understand (vhy) .7., canft imagine (how)... ,!f e.g.，
     Wo zhēn qiguai ta věishenme yao I really canft understand vhy he zěnme zuo.	vanted (OR wants ) to do that.
     Wo zhēn qiguai zhěijian shi tā I really canft imagine hov he can zěnme kěyi bandedao.	(OR could) do it.
     Zhei měiyou shenme qiguai: "There’s nothing strange about that.” You shenme is used before an adjectival verb, as in
    Na	you shenme hao?	f,Whatf s so good about that?”
    Na	měiyou shenme hao.	”There’s nothing good about that.”
     Gaosu ta you shenme bu dui? "Whatf s wrong vith telling him?"
     A: Tā dui ZhSngguode qingkuang	He knovs so much about China! zhidaode bu shǎoI
     B: Na you shenme qiguai, tā	Whatf s strange about that, he lived zai Zhongguo zhuguo shinian. in China for ten years!
2, A: Nǐ zěnme bu chi le?	Why arenft you eating?
     B: Wǒde vei hěn nanshou, chibu- My stomach is uncomfortable,工 can’t xiaqu le.	eat anymore•
     A: Na wo gěi ni nong dianr tang If11 go get you some soup then, lai.
Notes on No* 2
     nanshou: "to feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy，” literally ,"to find something hard to "bear” This adjectival vert can "be used to describe physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.
     Zai fěijīshang zuole ershige	Twenty hours on an airplane. Hov
    xiǎo shi, tai nanshou le!	uncomforta'ble!
    Zhēn rang rěn nanshou.	It really makes one feel "bad-
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 Zanmen dou shi zuo yīshěngde,	We1 re both in medicine; seeing sick
 kanjian tingren° měi yao chī,	people without medicine to take
   zhen nanshou.	was really upsetting.
To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain, you can use the phrase xīnli hěn nanshou (xīn, No. 13 on this reference list, "being the equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).
     TTngdaole zhěiyangrde hua, tā	He was very sad after hearing
    xīnli hěn nanshou.	that kind of talk.
     chi'buxiaqu: ”unable to eat (it all) up，，Here you see an example of -xiaq^ used for its meaning as a directional ending. While in English we might say 11 eat it UP,” the Chinese, more analytically, say ”eat it dovn.11 Using the vert he_, ”to drink," you can also say hexiaqu, "to drink dovn.11 The meaning of chixiaqu and hexiagu might "be "better conveyed as ’’to take in” or ’’to get down food or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of eating.
     As a resultative ver"b, chixiaqu and hēxiaqu may take -de- or -bu- as a middle syllable for the additional meaning of "can’1 or tfcannot.ft In chide-xiaqu/chī'buxiaciu and hedexiaqu/hē'biaxiaqu, the syllables -xia and -qu are still somewhat stressed (you can still hear their falling tones)， whereas they are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words chixiaqu and hēxiaqu.
 chīdexiaqu	able to eat it down
 chrbnxiaqu._unable to eat it dovn
                    měi chixiaqu didnft eat it down chixiaqu le_ate it dovn_
     Wo chide tai *bao le, chi"btixiaqu	I’m too full, I canH eat any more, le.
     Zhěige yao chixiaqu Jiu hui hǎo	You111 feel "better after you take
  le.	this medicine.
     A: Zhěige yao zhēn kǔ, wo	This medicine is really "bitter. 工 hetnxiaqu. canft get it down.
     B: Měiyou guānxi, kuai diǎnr	Sure you can. Just drink it down hēxiaqu Jiu kěyi le. real fast.
     nong: This is a very common ver"b vith several especially useful meanings. First of all it means "to do, to make，’ in a "broad, vague sense:
     Zanmen kāishǐ nong fan, hǎo "bu	Letfs start to make dinner, okay? hǎo?
     Tā "bu zhīdao zěnme nongle hǎoduS	Somehow he made himself a lot of
 qian.	money.
°~bingren: ’’sick person, patient1’
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     Wo xiǎng nǐ bu bi guan zhěijian I don’t think you should try to take shi, nongde bu hǎo dou shi	charge of this. If you handled it
    nǐde cuo.	badly it would "be all your fault.
     Shiqing yuě nong yuě da, zhēn bu This matter is getting blown up
zhīdao zěnme ban cāi hao.	bigger and bigger. I really donft
                                          know what to do.
     Tǎ zheme shu5 nongde wo zhēn bu His saying that really embarrassed hǎo yisi.	me.
Nong can mean ”to play with, to fool with, to monkey vith11:
    Biě nong wǒde "biao.	Don ft fool vith my vat ch.
Nong can be followed by another verb which shows the result of some action, e.g., nongzang, ”to make (something) dirty11; nongpo， "to break something" (lit. , nto make [something] break11); nongsǐ, ”to kill11 (lit. , flto make 匸some-thing] die11). Examples :
Shi shěi ba wode yusan	Who was it who broke my umbrella?
nonghuai le?	(literally, flmade it so that it
                                           broke”）
     Wo qu ba zSofan nonghao.	īf11 go get breakfast ready.
  Zheige wěnti hěn yaojǐn, dei	This question is very important,
    nongqingchu.	we must get it clear.
     Biě nongzangle nǐde yīfu.	Donrt get your clothes dirty.
     Nǐ nongcub le ba, tā qunian cai You1re mistaken， I think. He didn’t cong dalu chǔlai.	leave the mainland until last year.
Zhěige wěnti, nǐ zuotiān gěi wo	Yesterday you explained this question
jiangguo le, jīntiān wo you	to me, but today I can’t understand
nongbudong le, nǐ kě bu kěyi	it again. Could you explain it to
     zai gěi wo jiǎng yici?	me once again?
     nonglai: flto get and bring (here)11 Compare the use of the directional ending -lai in nonglai to its use in Wo gěi ni dao bēi cha lai， which you learned in Unit 1.
    Nǐ cong nǎr nonglaide?	Where did you get this from?
SOC, Unit 3
3. A: Wo qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan	I,m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to
     liao tianr.	have a chat.
    B: Nǐ biě qu le, tā yitiān dao Donft go， she works hard all day long van yonggōnp：, měi shijian	and doesnft have the time to chat
      pěi ni liao tianr.	vith you.
Notes on No. 3
     liao tian(r): ” to chat11 Liao means ” to chat,，，and tiān(r) acts as its object^ Tiān(r)~may also be omitted.
    Women liaole yige zhSngtou.	We chatted for an hour.
    Nǐ shenme shihou you gSngfu,	When you have time, we111 go find
      women zhǎo ge difang liaoliao	a place and chat a while,
       tiānr.
     Nǐ ~biě qu le: ’’don’t golf The English translation here can’t really "be adequate without getting cumbersome* The one syllable le_tells you that not going is a change from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker le_ for new situation, the translation might be ,fChange your plans and donft go.fl
    yitian dao van: ”all day long” The syllable 江（"one”） is sometimes used to mean "the whole, the entire/1 Yitiān dao van can "be literally translated as flthe whole day until late,lf but is also often used to mean "all the time, always. You can use the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., .jintian)，or you can split it up vith a verb, as in yitian mang dao van, "busy the whole day until late,fl or lfbusy all day long.11
    Tā yitian dao wan dou zai mang. He1 s busy all day long*
    Tā yitiān dao wǎn shuo tāde	Shefs always saying from morning
  qian bu gou yong.	to night that she doesn’t have
                                              enough money *
     yonggSng: "to be diligent, to be hardworking11 in one1 s studies
    Nǐ bu yonggong jiu bu rang ni	If you donft work hard, I wonft let
    nian daxuě le.	you go to college.
    Women zhěrde xuěsheng d5u hěn	All our students here axe very
   yonggong•	hardworking.
    pěi: ”to accompany; to keep somebody company11 In the Transportation module, you saw the verb pěi meaning^flto accompany, to go along with1，in the sentence Ta qǐng vo pěi ta yiqǐ qu liixing^ "She asked me to accompany her on her trip.Here you see pěi used in another sense, "to keep someone company.11
    Mingtiān wo yao pěi wo mǔqin qu Tomorrow Ifm going along with my kaji bing.	mother to see the doctor.
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     Měi rěn pěi wo qu, wo jiu "bu qu If no one goes along with me, I le.	wonft go.
    Women lai pěipei nǐ.	We’ll keep you company.
     Lao rěn changchang xǐhuan you	Older people often like to have
rěn pěizhe ta shu5 hua.	someone to keep them company and
                                          talk with them.
U. A: Wang jiā Xiǎo Lan conglai	Hasn’t the Wang familyfs Xiǎo Lan
        měiyou nanpěngyou ma?	ever had a "boyfriend?
     B: Tā cai shijiǔsui, mangzhe	Shefs only nineteen years old，"busy
        nian shu，hāi měiyou	studying, and hasn’t thought of
        xiǎngdao zhěixie shir ne!	these things yet!
Notes on No. U
     conglai: "ever (up till now), always (up till now)” Conglai means that something remains the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed "by an advert--jiū^ dou, or the negatives tu or měi • The two most common combinations are conglai ~bu and conglai měi. Bu and měi， of course， have different uses; roughly speaking, conglai ~bū means "(habitually) never (do X)” and conglai měi means "have never (done X in the past).’’ With conglai měi，the ver"b of the sentence usually takes the aspect marker -guo (experience at any previous time).
     Tā conglai "bu dao wo jiā lai.	She never comes to my house.
     Tā conglai měi dao wo jiā	She has never "been to my house
  laiguo.	("before).
     Wo conglai měiyou xiǎngdao	I never imagined that there were
xianzai hai you zhěiyangde	still families and parents like
     jiāting, zhěiyangde fumǔ.	this these days.
     cai: In the Transportation Module, you saw the advert cāi used to mean "then and only then" or "not until then. It was used to talk about something that happened later than expected, for example, Ta shi zuotiān cai laide， "He didnft get here until yesterday.ff In sentence “B，you see cai (still an advert) used to mean "only” a certain amount.
Cai means ffonlyff in the sense of "as little as, ffso little." It stresses that the amount is less than expected, less than normal, etc.
You already know two other adverts which mean "only”： zhǐ and jiu. Cai is used with the meaning "only” strictly "before amounts, while zhǐ and jiu are also used for "only” in the sense of "no other way?f or "no others":
    Zhǐ/Jiu něng zěnme zuo.	(We) can only do it this way.
     Women jǐge rěn, zhǐ/jiu you wo I am the only one of us who can speak hui shu5 Faguo hua.	French.
(Cai may not "be used in such sentences.)
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(That is，it could have been, should have been, or might later become more.)
Ta cai xuěle sānniān, jiu	He’s only studied three years and
shuōde name hao.	speaks so veil. (AS LITTLE AS
                                           THREE YEARS)
     Tā yigong cai kanle sānpian věn- He only read three articles zhāng.	altogether- (SO FEW)
Although adverbs normally come only before a verb, cai may stand directly before an amount:
   Cāi wuge rěn?	Only five people? (SO FEW?)
A: Tāde fangzi yinian cāi	His house costs only three hundred
sānbai kuai.	dollars a year- (SO LITTLE!)
    B: Cai zenme yidianr?	Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)
Sentence UB illustrates that vhen speaking about a person’s age, cai should be used for ’’only” rather than jiu. It is also much better to use cai for ’’only’’ when speaking about the time of day, the date, etc.:
     Cai yidiǎn zh5ng, hai laideji. It*s only one o*clock, ve can still
                                           make it.
     Jīntiān cai shisānhao, hai zao Today is only the thirteenth (of the nel	month). It’s still earlyI
Cai is not used in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences expressing intention. In these sentences, use jiu or zh?， e.g.:
Nǐ .jiu gěi ta yidianr ba, ’’Just give him a little"; Wo zh? yao chi y^vǎn fan, "I only vant to eat one bovl of rice•”
     mangzhe nian shu: ’’to be busy studying’’ Mang here is not the state verb "to be busy," but an action verb, ’’to busily engage in (something).
Here are other examples:
    Nǐ zai mang shenme ne?	What are you busy vith?
Wo mangle yitiān le.	I have been busily working all day.
Tā yitiān dao van mang zheige	He is busy with all sorts of things
   mang něige.	all day long.
     -zhe: In sentence UB， you see the marker -zhe used in a sentence vith word order like that of one in the Directions module: Zǒuzhe qu kěyi ma?
’’Can you get there by walking?" -Zhe is the marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The combination action verb plus -zhe refers to the duration of the action, that is, the action has started and is continuing, e.g., Tā pǎozhe ne, ’’He is running.M The combination process verb plus -zhe refers to the duration of the nev state entered into through the process (remember that ’’process” here means a change from one state to
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another), for example, Tā ~bingzhe ne, nHe is ill ,ff or Men kāizhe ne， nThe door is open.
     Often you see the combination verb plus -zhe followed by another verb, as in mangzhe nian shū. In this case, the verb plus -zhe describes the means or manner of the following verb.
   Women zǒuzhe qu.	Let’s go on foot.
    Tā pǎozhe xia lou qu le.	He went running downstairs.
    Ta kāizhe che lai le.	He came driving a car.
     Tā nazhe dongxi shang chē le.	Carrying the things, he "boarded the
                                                         "bus.
     Tā zhei jǐtiān mangzhe kāi hui. The last few days he has been "busy
                                          with meetings.
     Tā jizhe zǒu, "bǎ yaoshi wang zai He was in a hurry to leave, and jiali le.	left the keys at home.
    Women zǒuzhe liāo tiān.	We talked while walking.
     xiǎngdao: ffto think of" -Dao here is not the prepositional verb f,ton "but the ending for compound verbs of result which you have so far seen in jiedao, nto successfully "borrow" and shuodao, nto talk about. The verb ending -dao means ,fto successfully reach/ottain/find.ff In the compound ver"b xiǎngdao, the verb xiǎng expresses the action of thinking about it, and -dao says that your thought "reached toff the idea--came into your head.
     Another verb like xiǎng in referring to mental activity is kaolū, ”to consider，" which you learned in Unit 1, and just as vith xiǎng, you can use -dao vith kǎolu. Here are examples of xiǎngdao and kǎoludao• Notice the different translations possible for měi xiǎngdao and xiǎng~budao.
     Wo hai xiǎngdao lingvai yidiǎn. Ifve thought of another point.
     Wo xiǎng dagai jiu nǐ yige rěn I thought you would protatly be the lai, shěi xiǎngdao nǐmen dou	only one coming. Who would have
   lai le!	thought all of you would come!
     Wo měi xiǎngdao hui you zhei-	I didn’t expect this kind of situa-
    zhǒng qingkuang.	tion. (Lit. , ,fI didnft think there
                                           would be this kind of situation.fT)
     Xiangtudao tamen hui zenme kuai I was surprised they got married so jiēhūn.	soon.
     A: Nǐ měi kǎoludao zhěi yidiǎn	You didn’t consider that point, did
  ba?	you?
     B: Zěnme kǎoludedao name du5	How could I take so many things into
     shiqing!	consideration!
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5. A: Wode xiao nuěr liangsānsuide My youngest daughter cried a lot shihou chang ku, xianzai	when she vas two or three years
zhǎngda le, bū zai kū le.	old, but now she has grown up
                                           and doesnft cry anymore.
Notes on No. $
     xiao nuěr: Not "little daughter，n as you might have thought, but "youngest daughter.tT Xiǎo and da^ are used, respectively, for the ny°ungest11 and "oldest” of brothers and sisters. The ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her da ěrzi, er ěrzi, sān ěrzi, and xiǎo ěrzi.
     zhǎngda: nto grov upTf This is a compound verb of result made of zhǎng ”to grov” and da "to be big."
     Nǐ zhǎngdale xiǎng zuo shenme? What do you want to do when you
                                           grow up?
     Sānge yue bu jian, zhěige haizi Itfs been just three months since I zhǎngdale bu shao.	last saw this youngster and he has
                                           grown quite a bit.
     bū zai kū le: ”doesVt cry anymore” Zai is the adverb which you learned meaning "again•” Here it means ffanymore," referring to the continuing of a situation.
   Wo tai lei le, měiyou banfa zai	too tired. I canf七 write any
  xiě le•	more•
     Wo "bu něng zai chī le, zai chī I canft eat any more. If I eat more jiu bu shūfu le.	I won,t feel well.
     Bu yao zai xiǎng zheixiē shiqing Stop thinking about these things. le.
     Bu yao zai shu5 le, hao bu hǎo? Donft talk about it anymore, okay?
   Yǐhou wo bu zai name man le.	In the future， I won’t be so slow
                                             anymore•
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6. A: Zuo fumǔde bu yinggāi	Those who are parents shouldn’t
 zhong nan qīng nu.	regard males as superior to
                                            females.
    B: Dui. Zuo haizide yě yinggāi Right. And those who are children xiaoshun fumǔ.	should show filial obedience to
                                           their parents.
Notes on No. 6
    zuo: ”to be, to act as” As you are well aware， there are times when you C£Lnft use shi to translate English ftto be.11 One of these is when nto beft means that a person takes on a certain role， position， or occupation. An example is "to be president" as in ftI want to be president" or "He was president for eight years.tf In such cases you use the same verb ftto doft，zuo:
     Wo xiǎode shihou changchang xiǎng When I was young I often thought jianglāi yao zuo yige yīsheng,	I wanted to be a doctor when
      kěshi xianzai zhīdao zuo yīsheng I grew up， but now I know that tai nan le.	it1s too hard to be a doctor.
     Tā congqian zuoguo Jīngji Buzhǎng. He was once the Minister of Finance.
                                          (You could also say Tā congqian shi Jingji Buzhǎng.)
    Zhei shi wo diylci zuo zhǔrěn° This is the first time I am to be qing ke, xīnli h§n jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. Ifm
                                            nervous.
     Phrases like zuo fumǔde and zuo haizide in the reference list sentence are used to talk about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position, occupation, etc.
    Zhěizhong shiqing, zuo fumǔde	Those in the position of parents
yinggāi xiān xiǎngdao.	should foresee things like this.
    Kandao xuěshengde ZhSngwěn	When we see that our students have
xuěde name hǎo, women zuo	learned their Chinese so well, it
 lǎoshide zhēn gāoxing.	makes us teachers very happy.
     zhong nan qing nu: ”to treat men as important and women as unimportant ,Tt Zhong is the verb to be heavy," with the additional meaning, in literary style, of ftto stress，to put importance on•” Qing is the verb "to be light (in weight), vith an extended meaning in literary Chinese of Ttto regard lightly, to attach little importance to.
     In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason was that sons assured the family^ continuity, something which every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the family representative after the father1s death or retirement. A daughter， on the other hand，was expected to leave the family and "become part of her
。zhǔrěn，TThost, master11	ǐnzhānp：, ffto be nervous , to be tense11
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husbandTs household, so her importance vas considerably less than that of a son. A voman vas alvays subject to a man^s authority: a daughter had to obey her father, a vife had to obey her husband, and a vidow had to o"bey her son.° Of course, individual vomen, by their strength, intelligence, and personality, vere able to exert great influence on the family, but this was often accomplished indirectly.
     xiaoshun: This can be used either as a ver"b with an object，"to "be filial tovard (someone) ,TT as in the Reference List sentence above，or as an adjectival verb meaning TTto be filial":
    Zhěige haizi hěn xiaoshun.	This child is very filial.
     In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect for one’s parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one * s parents * vill, consideration and care for their daily welfare, continuation of the family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of good conduct, filial obedience vas also an attitude of warmth, founded in the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of a Chinese, It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would probably not fulfill the duties of a good huslDand, a faithful friend, or a loyal citizen.
了. A: Nǐ didi baitiān zai jiā ma? Is your younger "brother at home
                                           during the day?
    B: Bu zai, nǐ děng dao vanshang No, wait until the evening and then zai dǎ dianhua lai "ba.	call him.
Notes on No. 了
     "baitiān: "daytime; during daylight," literally "white-day" In the sense of "daylightthe opposite of ~baitiān is hēiye， ”dark of night," literally, ""black-night.n In the sense of daytime, working hours," the opposite of baitiān is vanshang, ”evening， night•”
    Tā "baitiān zuo shi, wǎnshang	She works during the day and
   nian shū.	studies at night.
     děng dao: ”wait until” Here you see the prepositional verb dao "to, up to” used after another vert. (Contrast this with xiǎngdao ”to think of” vhere -dao is used as a ver"b ending showing result and is written as part of the vert). ) You now know two meanings for the prepositional verb dao, one having to do with location and the other with time:
°This is from an old saying called the San Cong, "the Three Follows，” i.e., the three paths to "be followed. The saying is usually quoted in its original classical style: Zai jiā cong fu, chu ,1ia con^ fu, fu sǐ cong zǐ, "When at home obey your father, when married obey your husband, when your husband dies obey your son.
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     (1)	location: T，to, up to"
     (2)	time: ”until”
     What is the difference between putting your dao phrase after the verb or before it?
Dao phrase after verb
If the dao phrase tells where or at what time you end up as a result of the action, then it comes after the verb:
     Wo zou dao shūfang waibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the study jian tamen zai libian shu5 hua. and heard them inside talking.
     Wo yījīng kan dao diyibailingyī	I1ve already read up to page 101. yě le.
Wo zuotiān vanshang kan shū	Last night I read until past three
    kan dao sāndianduS zhong.	o1 clock (in the morning).
In sentences which show that something changes location, lai Tfto this place" or qu TTto that place" will usually come at the end of the whole clause:
MAIN VERB dao TIME OR PLACE lai OR qū~
     Ta zou dao wo qianmian qu le.	He walked in front of me.
     ^Lng ba neijiben shū na dao	Please bring those books here.
     zhěli lai.
Dao phrase before the verb
a.	Put the dao phrase before lai or when they are the main verb of the sentence:
    Tā dao Chongqing qu le.	He has gone to Chongqing.
    Tā yao dao wo zher lai.	He is coming to my place.
b.	If another verb phrase follows the dao phrase, may sometimes be omitted, making the dao phrase appear to modify the second verb phrase:
    A: Women dao nar chi fan?	Where shall we go to eat?
B: Dao fanting chī fan.	We’ll go to the dining room to eat.
(Literally, these mean TfTo where shall we eat?" and "WeT11 to the dining room eat.”）
c.	A dao phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached prior to the action or condition:
°Ze, "page"
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   Dao xiawu zai tan.	Letfs vait until the afternoon and
                                        then talk. (Contrast tan dao xiawu, "talk until the afternoon.)
8. A: ZhSngguo rěn conglai bu	Didn’t the Chinese ever stress
         jiǎng nannu pingděng ma?	equality betveen men and vomen?
    B: Shuōdao nannu pingděng, na	As for equality of the sexes, that1s
        shi zui,1in jǐshiniande	a new concept of the last few
     xin guannian.	decades.
Notes on No. 8
     c$nglāi ~bu: "never, never does...11 Earlier in this unit (No. h ), you saw the phrase conglai měi ’’have never, had never".” C$n^lai itself means "at any time in the past up until nov.11
    Wo conglai bu xiǎng zaoshang	I never feel like studying in the
   nian shū.	morning.
Whether you choose c$nglai ~bu or conglai měi depends on vhat kind of verb you are using and hov it is normally negated. To summarize vhat you learned back in the Biographic Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and auxiliary verts) are alvays negated with bīi. PROCESS verbs are alvays negated with měi vhen referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verts can be negated with bu or měi depending on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing tu or měi to negate your verb, there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific instance?
STATE VERBS (Use bu.)
    Wǒde qian conglai dou tu gou.	I have never had enough money.
    Tā conglai bu xiǎng zuo zhei-	He never wants/has never vanted to do
    yangde gongzuo.	this kind of work.
    Wo conglai bu xihuan qu Nitt	I never like/have never liked going
  Yuě.	to New York.
PROCESS VERBS (Use mei.)
    Tā c$nglai měi jiēguo hūn.	She has never gotten married.
    Tā conglai měi "bingguo.	He has never gotten sick.
    Zheige dianshi conglāi měi huai- This television has never broken, guo.
ACTION VERBS (Bu and měi make a difference in meaning.)
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  (1)	Wo conglai měi kanguo zhěi- I have never read a book like this.
      yangrde shū.	(PAST EXPERIENCE)
  (2)	Wo cōnglai bu kan zheiyangrde I never read (present) this kind of
      shū.	book OR I never used to read this
                                        kind of book. (HABITUAL)
      Conglai vs• congqiaxi: Con^qian, "the past，’’ is a noun, a time word.
It may, for example, be the object of the prepositional verb zai， e.g., Zai cňngqian you rěn zenme zuo» TTIn the past, some people did it that way.TT Conglāi may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which case it can "be translated ”in the past, before, formerly”： Wo c$ngqiaji (OR Cňngqian vǒ) měiyou chē, xianzai you le, ”Before I didn’t have a car, but now I do.
     Conglii，T,alvays(in the past)，from the beginning，” is not a noun; it cannot， for example, be the object of the prepositional verb zai. It is used adverbially, always "betveen the subject and the verb. Both congqi&i měi and conglāi měi may sometimes be translated as ”never，” but cňnglai měi makes a stronger statement.
     Wo congq.ian měi chīguo Zhongguo I haven’t eaten Chinese food before. cai.	(There wasn’t one time when I ate
                                           Chinese food.)
     Wo conglāi měi chīguo Zhongguo 工 have never eaten Chinese food cai.	(from the very "beginning).
     jiǎng: ’’to be particular about, to stress, to pay attention toTT [Also jiǎngjiu.J
     Zheige rěn hěn jiǎng chi, hěn	This person is fastidious about
 jiǎng chuān.	what he eats and what he wears.
 Tāmen jiā tai jiǎng guīju.°	Their family is overly particular
 Women Xiǎo Lan yīnggai	about manners. Our Xiǎo Lan
   xiǎoxin.	should be careful.
     shuodao: "to speak of; as for" In this unit, you have seen dao used as a resultative ending ’’to sucessfully reach/obtain/find,Tl as in xiǎngdao ,
”to think of." You also saw it as a prepositional verb in děng dao, !,wait until." Here you see another example of -dao as a resultative ending. IsTnen -dao is used with verbs of speech，such as shuo, tan or jiǎng, they are translated as T’to speak ofTT or T’to talk about." (In this meaning, -dao is not interchangeable with -zhao.)
     Women gāngcai hai shuodao nǐ,	We were talking about you just
   nǐ jiu lai le.	now, and here you are!
     Jīntiān nǐ gen ta jiǎngdao wo	Did you talk about me with him
  měiyou?	today?
     Wo changchang xiǎngdao wǒde	I often think of my child,
      haizi.
°guT(1u: "manners” (see Unit h)
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Notice that in sentence 8B，shuōdao is used at the "beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic，as we use ’Vhen it comes to’’ or ’’speaking of!f in English. Here are some other examples.
     Shuodao jiěhǔnde shi， wo hai	When it comes to the marriage, I
    děi xiǎngyixiǎng.	have to think it over some more.
     Tandao Zhongguo wěnhua,	When it comes to Chinese culture,
     tā "bǐ wo zhidaode du5.	he knows a lot more than 工 do,
     ShuSdao Li Xiānsheng, wo jiu	Speaking of Mr. Lǐ, it occurs to me
     xiǎngqilai le，hǎo jiǔ měi	that we havenft "been to see him in
   qu kan ta le.	quite a while.
zui.iin: ”recently，lately; recent, last” Zui.jin may "be used as a time vord, coming either before or after the subject, but always before the verb.
     Zuijin, women gōngsi you paile Recently, our company sent another yige rěn qu Xianggang.	person to Hong Kong.
     Wo zuijin tai mang, měi shijiān	"been very "busy lately, and
    gēn ta shuo.	havenft had time to tell him.
In sentence 8B ( . ..na shi zui.lin .jishiniande xin guannian) ^ zui,1 in is used as an adjective modifying a Nuniber-Counter-Noun. Other examples:
     Zuijin yige yuě, tā dou měiyou She hasnft written for the last month, lai xin.
     Tā shi zui jin jǐtiān cai laide. She just arrived within the last few
                                              days.
Besides referring to the near past，zuit1in can also refer to the near future一 "soon":
     Ta zui jin yao chū guo.	He vill "be going abroad soon.
To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past, use zui,jin in combination with auxiliary ver"bs like yao, xiǎng, dǎsuan，zhǔn~bei， jihuk，etc.
9. A: Da ,1iāting ySu shenme hǎo? Whatf s good a"bout large families?
     B: Zěnme "bu hǎo? Rěn duo%	What could "be "bad a"bout them? After
          zhuan qiande rěn yě duo ma! all, if there are more people
                                          there are also more people earning money!
     A: Yaoshi suoyoude rěn d5u	If everyone thought they vay you do，
          xiang nin zhěiyang xiǎng,	who knows how many hundreds of
           Zhōngguo xiajizai "bu zhīdao millions of people there would "be you duSshao 么 rěn le!	in China now!
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Notes on No. 9
     da .liating: "large family; extended family" The phrases da ^iāting and xiǎo jiating, literally "large family” and ”small family," are often used in a specific sense. In traditional Chinese society, da .jiāting referred not merely to the number of people in the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living together to be considered a da jiāting■-an "extended family”--and each generation must be several people "deep•” Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother, all their sons and their wives, their sonsf sons and their wives, and all their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example of a da	like the Jia family in
the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, might include over 130 people all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.
     Do not misuse .listing, which refers to the family as an entity, for jiā rěn or .jialide rěn, which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word "family”：
     Wo dao Niǔ Yuě qu kan wo jiā rěn Ifm going to New York to see my (OR wo jialide rěn).	family.
     zěnme bu hao: ”Hov could they be bad?" or, more idiomatically，tfWhat could be bad about them?,f Use zěnme to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone elsefs position.
A: Bu dui, bu dui.	That’s not right, that’s not right.
   B: Zěnme bū dui!	What do you mean itfs wrong!
     A: Women bu kěyi zhěiyangr zuo. We can’t do it this way.
    B: Zěnme bu kěyi?! Zhěi měiyou Why not?! There1s nothing wrong with shenme bu kěyide.	it.
     ma: This little marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as "you know1’ or "after all，" or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one1s statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need to know dao lat11, "to take out [lit.，fdumpf 1 the garbage.")
    Husband: Weishenme zong děi wo Why do I always have to do the
     zuo fan ne?	cooking?
    Wife: Nannu pingděng ma!	Equality of the sexes!
H: Na hao, yīhou nǐ guan dao	Okay, then from now on, you take care
  lāji.	of taking out the garbage.
  W： Weishenme?	Why?
    H: Nannu pingděng ma!	Equality of the sexes!
suoyoude: "all” This is the word for	used to modify nouns. (The
adverb d5u is used to modify verbs.) Suoyoude is mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is，subjects or objects in topic position).
In sentences with suoyoude， d5u is almost always used, too.
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     Suoyoude cai dou hěn hǎo chi.	All the food is delicious.
     Suoyoude cai wo dou chīwān le.	I finished all the food.
Suoyoude can be used with the bǎ construction, in which case dou goes before the main verb, not before the prepositional verb ba.
     WS bǎ suoyoude cai dou chīwan le. I finished all the food.
Suoyoude can also be used without a noun folloving it, as long as the context makes it clear what things suoyoude refers to:
     Wo xǐhuan gongyuān, Huāshěngdun I like parks. Ifve been to all the suoyoude wo d5u qīiguo le.	ones in Washington.
Here are some more example sentences vith suoyoude• Notice that the -de is sometimes omitted.
     Suoyoude kāfěitīng wo dou quguo. Ifve been to all the coffeehouses.
     Ruguo wo you qian wo jiu yao	If 工 had money, Ifd like to buy
      mǎi suǒyou zhěixie Han-Ying	all of these Chinese-English
   zidiǎn.	dictionaries.
     Tā daoguo Meiguo suSyǒu(de) you He has been to all the interesting yiside difang.	places in the U.S.
     yi: ’’hundred million” After qian, ”1000，” and van, ”10，000，” the next single syllable to represent a higher nturiber in Chinese is yi, "100,000,000"’
                      1,000	yiqiān
                      10，000	yiwan
                      100，000	shiwan
                      1,000,000	yibǎi wan ("one million”）
                     10，000，000	yiqian wan
                    100，000，000	ylyi
1，000，000，000	shiyi (”one billion11)
10. A: Nǐ zhěici hui guo kandao nǐ	Did you see the people in your
lǎojiāde rěn le ma?	hometown on this visit back
                                           to your country?
B: Kandao le. Tamen shēng-	Yes, they*re living pretty well, and
          huode bu cuo, wo lǎojiā	my hometown has become quite a
         yě bianchěng yige hěn	bustling place, rěnaode difangr le.
Notes on No. 10
     kandao: ,fto see, to perceive by sight” This is another example of the ending -dao used as part of a compound verb of result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1) ”to successfully reach/obtain/findu and (2) nabout•n With verbs~
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of perception, the meaning of -dao can be thought of as ’’sucessfully reach1’ by means of the senses, or "to successfully perceive." Another instance of this is tingdao，，to hear, to perceive by listening-n
     Běijīng speakers prefer kanjian and tīngjian in many contexts, but kandao and tingdao are used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.
     bian: ’’to change, to become different, to transform, to alter"
     Zhěige rěn zhēnde bian le, yǐqian This fellow has really changed, he tā bu shi zhěiyangrde.	wasn’t this way before.
     Zhěijian maoyī xǐle jǐci， bian After this sweater was washed a few yansě le.	times, it changed color.
Jǐnian bu jian, ta yǐjīng bian I hadn’t seen him for	a few years;
   lao le.	he had aged a lot.	(refers to his
                                          appearance)
You can also use bian in the pattern bian—de--STATE VERB, as	in:
     Cong qunian dao xianzai， tā	He has become a lot healthier
    biande jiankangduS le.	since last year.
Wo shijǐnian měi jiajidao ta,	I haven’t seen him in over ten years.
bu zhīdao tā biande zěnme-	I wonder what he is like now?
      yang le?
     -chěng: ’’become，’T ’’into’’ This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound: gǎichěng, "to change (one thing) into (another)’’； fanyichěng,
’’to translate into”； zuochěng, ’’to make into”； zhǎngchěng， ’’to grow into.
     Wo ba tāde chenshān gaichěng	I took his shirt and altered it
yijian xiǎohaizide yīfu le.	into an article of clothing for
                                            a child.
Qīng ni bǎ zhěipiān wěnzhāng	Please translate this article into
   fānyichěng Riwěn.	Japanese.
     Zhěige haizi yǐjīng zhǎngchěng This child has already grown into daren le.	an adult.
11.	you yong	to be useful
12.	hēiyě	(darkness of) night， nighttime
13.	xīn	heart; mind Notes on Nos. 12 and 13
     heive: This is mostly used in sentences where baitiān, "(light of) day, daytime, is contrasted with its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit). The normal word for ”nighttime” is vanshang.
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     xin: The abstract concept "heart,or, in many contexts, flmindff:
   Tā(de) xīn hǎo.	He has a good heart (i.e. , he is
                                            kind).
    Tā zuole zhěijian shi， xīnli	He felt very bad after he did
  hěn nanguo.	that.
     Tā xievanle zhěipiān xiǎoshuo, He vas very happy after he finished xīnli hěn gāoxing.	writing this short story.
    Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuode	He acts differently than he
  bu yiyang.	thinks•
(For the organ ’’heart/1 use xinzang, literally, ffheart-organ.ff)
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 Unit 3， Review	Dialogue
     On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and Anchorage),
Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.
A: Zai feijishang zuole zhěme yi-	How do you feel after "being on a
    tiān, gǎnjuě zěnmeyang?	plane all day like this?
B: Zhēn bu shūfu, měici zuo fei-	I don’t feel well at all. Every
ji d5u xiang shēng ting yiyang.	time 工 take a plane it’s like getting
Tetiie shi zai feijishang huanle	ill. Especially with the time change
shijiān, "baitian "bianchengle	on the plane, daylight turning into
heiyě, hēiyě "bianchengle "bai-	night and night turning back into
    tian, tai nānshou le!	daylight, how uncomforta'ble!
A: Dui le, bu shūfude shihou	Right; You should have some ice
yinggāi he dianr "bingshuir. Wo	water when you don’t feel well. I’ll
    qu gěi ni nong diǎnr "bingshuir	go get you some ice water, okay? lai, hao "bu hǎo?
B: Hao shi hao,* kěshi wo shizai	Well, okay, "but 工 really couldn’t
  hetiuxiaqu le. . . . Suan le "ba,	drink any. . . . Forget it, let’s
 women liaoliao tiānr, yěxǔ hui	just chat and maybe it’ll get a
  hao yidianr.	little "better.
A: Zai guo jǐge zhSngtou nǐ jiu	Just another few hours and you111
    dao jiā le, xiang jiā ma?	be home. Are you homesick?
B: Xiang. Zai Měiguo liǎngnian	Yes. The whole two years 工 was in
le, yitiān mang dao wan, měiyou	America, I vas "busy all day long and
xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xianzai	never got homesick, "but now here I
xiǎngqi jiā lai le. Nǐ shuo qi-	am feeling homesick. Don’t you think
   guai "bu qiguai?	that1 s strange?
A: Na měiyou shenme qiguai. Hen	There’s nothing strange about that.
 ma, zong yao you dianr jiātlng	People are people! They have to
guannian. Tetiě shi Zhōngguo	have a sense of attachment to their
rěn; ZhSngguo rěn shi jiǎng	family. Especially Chinese people;
xiaoshunde.	the Chinese put a lot of importance
                                         on filial obedience.
B: Wo juěde zuo fumǔ shi hěn "bu	工 think that it’s very difficult
rongyide^ haizi yinggāi xiaoshun	to "be parents, so children ought to
 fumǔ.	"be filial toward their parents.
A: Zheige xiangfa shi nǐ fumǔ	Did your parents teach you that
   jiāo nide ma?	way of thinking?
B: Bu shi, shi shehui jiāo wode.	No, society taught it to me. My
•hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi.*. means literally,	nas for "being all right, it is all
right，"but…” This means ”It i£ okay, "but…” or in more idiomatic English,
”Well, okay, "but."”
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 Wo mǔqin conglāi bu he vo tan	mother never talks to me about filial
  xiaoshun.	obedience.
A: Zhende?	Really?
B: Zhēnde. Wo diyici zhuan qian-	Really. The first time I made
    de shihou, cai shiwǔsui. Hui	money I was only fifteen. When I
 dao jiāli， jiu bǎ kǒudaili suǒ-	got home, I gave all the money I had
     youde qian d5u gěi wo mǔqin le,	in my pocket to my mother, and I
    hai shu5 vo yǐhou yao xiaoshun	said that in the future I must be
  mama.	filial toward her.
A: Nǐ mama zěnme shu5?	What did she say?
B: Tā ku le. Tā shu5 vǒ něng	She cried. She said that if I
 dull, něng zai shehui shang zuo	could be independent and be a useful
 ge you yongde rěn jiu shi zui	person in society that would be the
    hǎode xiaoshun. Wo gěi tāde	best way to show filial obedience,
 qian, tā d5u gěi wo maicheng shǔ.	She used all the money I gave her to
    Yǐhou, vo jiu gěng yonggong le.	buy books for me. After that， I
                                        vorked even harder•
A: Zhēn shi yivěi hǎo mama.	She's really a good mother.
B: Shi. . . . Wo xiě xin gěi tā,	Yes, she is, • . . She was very
     gaosu ta vǒ yao he yivěi Měi guo	happy when I vrote her telling her
     pěngyou yiqǐ hullai guo shǔjia，	that I was going to come back with
     tā hěn gaoxing. Tā hěn huanying	an American friend for the summer
   ni lai.	vacation. She's very glad to have
                                        you at (velcomes you to) our house.
C: Duibuqi, liǎngwěi xiānsěn,	Excuse me， vhat would you tvo gen-
    nimen yao he dian sěnme?*	tlemen like to drink?
B: Wo bu da shūfu, bu yao shenme.	not feeling too well, I don*t
                                         vant anything.
C: Ou, bū da sūfu, yibei zě cā，	Oh, you don't feel veil? Hov about
  hao bu hǎo?	a cup of hot tea?
B: Haode, xiěxie ni.	All right, thank you.
A: Wo lai yiping pijiǔ. Nimen	I1d like a beer. Do you have Heine-
   yǒu měiyou Heineken?	ken?
C: You.	Yes.
A: Xiěxie.	Thank you.
C: Bu kěqi. Zěivěi xiansen, nǐ	You1 re velcome. Sir, if you want
 hai yao sěnme, qǐng gaosu vǒ.	anything else, please let me knov.
*We have altered the spelling to shov	the stewardess*s non-standard pronunciation.
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B: Hǎode, xiěxie ni.	All right. Thank you.
A: Women shuo dao nar le? Dui le,	Nov, where were we? Oh yes: Is
nimen jiāli chūle ni fumǔ he zumǔ	there anyone else in your family "be-
 yīvai hai you shenme rěn ma?	sides your parents and your grand-
                                         mother?
B: Nǐ wangle, vo hai you yige	Youfve forgotten that I also have a
 meimei, zai yinhang zuo shide.	younger sister vho vorks in a bank.
A: Ou, dui le, ni gēn vo shuoguo,	Oh, of course. You told me "before,
   vo zěnme vangle ne!	Hov could I have forgotten!
B: Shu5dao vo iněimei, jiū xiǎngdao	Mentioning my sister reminds me of
wo mǔqin. Nǐ zhīdao zai Zh5ng-	my mother again. You know, in China
 guo, zhong nan qīng nude guannian	people still have the concept that
haishi youde- Kěshi vo meimei	men are superior to women. But after
shi likāi daxuě yǐhou you zai	my sister graduated from college, she
Yīngguo nianle liǎngnian shū cai	studied for tvo more years in England
zuo shide. Zhěi yě yao ganxie*	before she started working. That vas
  wo muqin.	also thanks to my mother.
A: Nǐ meimei xianzai zhi zuo shi,	Does your sister just vork nov, or
    haishi yě nian diǎnr shū?	does she also take some classes?
B: Ta zhl zuo shi. Buguo tā hěn	She’s Just vorking，"but she studies
 rěxīn yanjiu dalude qingxings	the mainland situation very enthu-
chang kan hěn du5 guānyu dalude	siastically. She reads a lot of "books
shū. Tā chang shuo, TtWo shi	about the mainland. She often says,
    ZhSngguo rěn, dalushang you shi-	"I’m Chinese, and there are one
yi Zhōngguo rěn, wo zěnme kěyi	billion Chinese on the mainland. How
 bu zhidao tāmende shēnghuo, g5ng-	can I "be ignorant of the vay they
    zuo, he xuěxide qingkuang ne?	live, vork， and study?”
A: Tāde hua hěn you daolǐ.	What she says is quite right.
B: Tā you hěn du5 dalu laide	She has a lot of friends from the
pěngyou; nǐ he tā tantan, yě	mainland; you’ll find it very inter-
    hui juěde hěn you yisi.	esting to talk vith her.
A: Tā dui dalude qingxing zěnme	Does your mother have anything to
rěxīn, ni mǔqin you shenme kanfa	say about her enthusiastic interest
ma?	in the situation on the mainland?
B: Ta chang shuo: T,Haizi zhǎng-	She often says, "When children grov
dale, tāmen yao zou shenme lu	up, they should decide for themselves
    yinggāi zijǐ kǎolu.Tt	vhat road they vant to take.”
A: Zhēn hǎo, shizai shi tai hao	That1 s great! That1 s really
 le.	vonderful.
*ganxie, ”to be grateful/thankful to”
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B: Deng dao nǐ jiajidao tade shihou，	When you meet her Ifm sure you111
    nǐ yiding hui xǐhuan ta， yě hui	like her， and our home， too, xihuan vomen jiade.
A: Yiding!	Ifm sure I vill, too!
SOC, Unit 3
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 Unit 3， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise is a conversation betveen a Chinese student and an American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the U.S.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you111 probably vant to revlnd the tape and answer the questions belov as you listen a second time.
     Here are the nev words you vill need to understand this conversation:
  Kekoukělě	Coca Cola
  -ban	(counter for a class of students)
      w
  nūsheng	coeds, vomen students
  zao	a long time ago
   diao yǎnlěi	to cry (lit. , ’’fall tears")
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.
     1.	What is the Chinese student1s girlfriend studying? Why is he worried about her?
     2.	What vas the traditional Chinese attitude tovard educating vomen?
     3.	How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?
     U. Why do you suppose she vould let herself cry in the library?
         What vas her boyfriend’s reaction?
     5. Hov vas she able to come to college?
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     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese-
Exercise 3
     In this conversation a mother and son in Běijīng talk after a day of work.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look "below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new words you will need to understand this conversation:
  kělian	to "be pitiful
 sǐ	to die
  *bū fangxīn	to worry
 rizi	days
  jingshen	energy, spirits
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill *be a*ble to give them orally in class.
     1.	What is Wang Li1s problem?
     2.	How does the son propose to help her?
     3.	What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What does the son volunteer to do?
     U. What is the mother1s reaction to her son1s suggestion?
     5. What two other things vould lift Wang Lifs spirits?
     After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
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Exercise ^
     In this conversation, a husband and wife talk in their home in Běijīng.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You will need the following new words:
   迈nghai	(a province in Western China)
   bingrěn	sick person, patient
   fanzhěng	anyway, in any case
    chěngli rěn yě hao,	whether it!s city people or country
   xiāngxia rěn yě hao	people
  yīyuan	hospital
Questions for Exercise h
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can give them orally in class-
     1.	Why was Xiuyun late coming home?
     2.	Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason does she insist he teLke the medicine?
     3.	What did they see in Qinghai ten years ago? h. What are their professions?
     5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never have again?
After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to teLke a look at the translation for this conversation- You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
SOC, Unit 3
10 了
   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
     Conversation "between an American student and a Chinese student in
their college dormitory in America.
A: Nǐ zěnme yige rěn zai zhěli?	Hov come you1re all alone here?
   Nǐde nupěngyou ne?	Where1s your girlfriend?
B: Zai tushūguan nian tāde	She’s in the library studying her
  jīngjixuě.	economics.
A: Tā zhēn yonggSng! Zhěme hǎode	She really vorks hard! The veather
tianqi， hāi zai pīnming nian shū!	is so nice, and she1s still knocking
                                         herself out studying.
B: Shi a! Gāngcai, wo qu gěi	Thatf s right! Just nov, I vent to
ta songle yidiǎn Kekoukěle, vǒ	take her a Coke, and I told her she
gēn ta shu5， zhěiyang nianxiaqu	vas going to get sick if she kept on
shi yao shēng "bingde, kěshi tā bīi	studying like this, but she vouldnft
ting, haishi zai nar nian.	listen. She just vent on studying.
                          w
A: Vǒ xiǎng nǐde nupěngyou you	I think your girlfriend is a little
diǎnr tebiě, women banlide jǐge	unusual. Several of the women students
nūsheng zao jiu pǎo dao hǎi-	in our class took off for the "beach a
   biānr qu vanr le.	long time ago.
B: Zhě he tāde jiāting you guānxi.	It has to do with her family.
A: Zěnme ne?	What do you mean?
B: Tāde fumǔ you zhong nan qīng	Her parents have the old idea of
nude lǎo guannian. Tāmen xiǎng	regarding men as superior to vomen.
ěrzi shi zijǐde， nuěr zhǎngdale	They think that a son is theirs, "but
zong yao jiēhunde, jiele hūn jiu	a daughter gets married sooner or
shi "biěrěn jiāde rěn le, nian	later vhen she grovs up, and after
shū you shenme yong?	she1 s married she "belongs to another
                                        family, so vhat use is it for her to get an education?
A: Vǒ conglai měiyou xiǎngdao,	I never imagined that there vere
     xianzai hai you zhěiyangde jiā-	still families and parents like
    ting, zhěiyangde fumǔ.	that these days -
B: Zhe měiyou shenme qiguai, "bǎ	There1 s nothing so strange about
    lǎo guannian "bianchěng xīn	that; it’s not an easy thing to
     guannian "bu shi yijian rongyide	change one1 s old ideas into nev ideas. shi.
A: Na, nǐde nupěngyou you xiong-	Then, does your girl friend have
   di jiěmei ma?	any brothers and sisters?
B: You, jiu you yige gēge.	Yes, just one older "brother.
A: Tā nian shū niande hao "bu hǎo?	Hov does he do in school?
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B: Mamahuhū, wo xiang tā "bu shi	Just so-so, I don't think he's a
    yige hěn yonggōngde xueshēng.	very hard worker.
A: Nī renshi ta?	You know him?
B: Renshi. Wo he tāmen shi	Yes. We were classmates in high
zhSngxuě tongxuě, tā gěge zhīdao	school• Her "brother knew that after
tā nianwanle zhōngxuě jiu kěyi	he finished high school he could go
shang daxuě, kěshi tā fumǔ "bu	to college, "but her parents wouldnft
rang meimei nian daxuě. Wo	let her go. I used to see her alone
kandao tā changchang yige ren	in the library, crying, and 工 asked
z各i tushǔguǎn diao yǎnlei, jiu	her why. Gradually, I found out
    wen ta weishenme, manmande, wo	about her situation, jiu zhīdao tāde qingxing le.
A: 0, shi zhěiyang! Na tā shi	Oh, so thatf s the story! So then,
zěnme lai daxuě nian shūde ne?	how was it that she came to college?
B: Wo fumǔ "bāngzhu ta. Qunian,	My parents helped her out. Also，
ta zijǐ yě zhuanle diǎn qian.	last year she earned some money on
Wo mǔqin shu5 zheige haizi	her own. My mother said she wanted
zenme xiǎng nian shu, women	so "badly to study, that we should
du5 "bāngzhu ta yidianr, rang	help her out and let her do it prop-
ta hǎohao nian shǔ "ba! Zhěi-	erly! This way she can just study
     yang tā jiu "bū zuo shi, zhǐ nian	without having to work, shū le.
A: Shi zhěiyang! Women qu	Oh, is that so! Letf s go see her，
    kankan ta, rang ta xiūxi-	and make her take a "break, xiuxi.
B: Hǎo, zou!	Good, letfs go!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
     In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.
A: Mā, nin dao nǎr qu le?	Where have you "been, Mom?
B: Zai Lǎo Wang jia zuole yihuǐr.	I was over at Lǎo Wangfs for a
                                          while.
A: Wang Lide qingkuang hǎo	Is Wang Lifs situation "better now? yidianr ma?
B: Hǎo yidianr, "bu kū le, kěshi	Somewhat "better. She isn’t crying
haishi yitiān dao wan měiyou	anymore, "but she still doesnft say a
  yiju hua,	thing all day long.
A: Zhēn rang rěn nānshou.	It really makes one feel "bad.
B: Kě "bu shi ma, shizai shi	Doesn’t it，though? Itfs really
kSlian, Wang Li fuqin sile cai	pitiful: first Wang Lifs father
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bannian mǔqin you sǐ le. Bai-	dies, and then less than half a year
tian hǎo yidianr, dajia kěyi	later her mother dies, too. During
qu pěipei ta. Wǎnshang, nu-	the daytime it1s not so bad, every-
hāizi yige rěn zai jiāli， zhēn	body goes and keeps her company. But
rang rěn bu fan^xin.	in the evening the girl is alone at
                                       home. It really makes one worry.
A: Mā, wo xiǎngdao yige hǎo	Mom, īfve thought of a good way
banfa, rang Wang Li ban dao	(to solve the problem). Have Wang
zanmen jiā lai ba! Nin gen	Li move to our house! If you can
    ta liaoliao tiānr, yěxǔ hui	chat vith her, maybe that vill help, hao yidianr.
B: Mm, zhěige banfa hǎo shi hǎo,	That is_ a good idea, but our place
    kěshi zanmen jiā jiu zhe	only has these two small rooms.
    liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, vǒ bǎ nǐ	Where vould I put you? fang zai nǎr ne?
A: Wo xiǎng Wang Li bānlai yǐhou	I think 工 could go live at the
     vo kěyi zai Wang jiā zhu jǐtiān,	Wang1 s house. When Wang Lifs
děng Wang Lide qingkuang hǎo yi-	condition is a little better, I111
    diǎnr, vǒ zai bānhuilai ma!	move back here 1
B: Hǎo haizi, nǐ zheme rěxīn	Good boy. It1 s good that
bāngzhu biěrěn, hěn hǎo. • • •	you1 re so eager to help others. , • •
Wang Li hěn xiaoshun, zheixiē	Wang Li is very filial, and she111
rizi，tā hui changchang xiǎng	miss her parents a lot during this
tāde fumu, duo he tā tantan,	time. If ve talk vith her a lot,
    manmānrde, tā hui hǎo yidianr.	gradually, she111 get better.
A: Wo zai qu zhǎozhao tā cong-	I111 go call on some of her former
qiande tongxuě, rang tamen dou	classmates and have them come talk
lai he ta tantan, pěi ta chūqu	vith her and go out for walks with
 zǒuzou.	her.
B: Dui le, děngdao tā shang	Right. When she starts vork, every-
ban le，jiu hǎo le. Rěn mangde	thing vill be all right. When a per-
shihou .līngshěn hui hǎo yixiē.	son is busy, their spirits improve.
A: Dui. Na zanmen xianzai jiu	Right. Well, let’s go get her
  qu jiē ta ba!	right nov!
B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi sh5ushi-	Wait. Let1s straighten up the room
  hǎo zai qu.	before ve go.
A: Wo gēn nin yikuair shōushi.	I111 straighten it up vith you.
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   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
     A husband and vife talk in Běijīng.
A: Xiuyun, nǐ huilai le. Jīntiān	Hi Xiuyun, you’re back. How come
   zěnme zenme wan?	you1re so late tonight?
B: Xiale bānr, wo you qu mǎi	After work I vent to buy some
  diǎnr yao.	medicine.
A: Wǒ xiǎng vǒ yǐjīng hǎo le,	I think I’ve already recovered,
hai mǎi shenme yao?	What are you buying medicine for?
B: Nǐ cai yitiān bu fa shāo，jiu	Your fever has only been crone for
shu5 hao le? Kuai yidianr bǎ	one day and you say youTve recovered?
     zhěi liǎngzhong yao d5u chī-	Come on and take these two medicines. xiaqu.
A: Wǒ nǎr xuyao zěnme duo yao!	As if I needed all this medicine!
B: Zhěizhong ganmao bu shi	This kind of cold doesn’t get
     yitiān liǎngtiān jiu hui hǎode,	better in just a day or two.
     nǐ yiding děi bǎ zhěi jǐzhong	You have to take all of these
   yao d5u chile.	medicines.
A: Hao hǎo hǎo, wǒ chī.	Okay, okay, I'll take them.
B: Wǒ gěi ni dao bēi rěshuǐ lai,	1*11 get you a cup of hot water,
   xianzai jiu chī.	and you take them right now.
A: Ei°, shuSdao chī yao, wǒ jiu	Say, speaking of taking medicine
xiǎngqilai le， nǐ hai jide shi-	reminds me， do you remember what we
niaji qiaji, zanmen zai Qinghai	saw out in the country of Qinghǎi
     xiāngxia kanjiande neijian shi	ten years ago? ma?
B: Zenme bū jide, zanmen dou shi	How could I forget. WeTre both
zuo yīshěngde, kanjian bingren	doctors; seeing sick people without
měi yao chī, zhēn nanshou.	medicine to take was really upsetting.
A: Keshi, hai you rěn shuo	But you know what some people say?
zhěizhong qingxing měi guānxi,	They say that this sort of situation
fanzheng ZhSngguo rěn duo, zhēn	doesn’t matter, that there are plenty
    shi "bu jiǎng daolǐ!	of Chinese anyway. Hov crazy!
B; Hai! Něige shihou, shenme	(Sigh). Back then, there vere all
qiguaide shir d5u you, "biě	sorts of strange things ; don’t talk
  shu5 le.	about it any more.
A: Keyi "bu shuo, kěshi "bū hui	We donft have to tals\	it, "but
vang. ZhSngguo you jǐyi rěn,	we won' t forge* it. :: are sev-
chengli rěn yě hǎo, xiāngxia	eral hundred millior： poor-ie in China.
Ei is an interjection vhich tells that the speaker just thought of something.
SOC, Unit 3
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rěn yě hǎo, you bing bu něng	Whether it1 s people in the city or
kan yīsheng, you bing měi	people in the country, we CEinft have
yao chide shi， zai ye "bu něng	any more situations where people are
you le.	sick and yet unable to see a doctor
                                         or get medicine.
B: Nǐ shuōde dui. Hao le, hǎo le,	Youfre right. Okay, your illness
nǐde bing cai hǎo yidianr, nǐ	is only a little better, after you
chile yao zao dianr xiuxi ba.	take your medicine go to bed early.
A: Vo xiān bǎ yao chile, děng	I'll take the medicine nov, but
yihuǐr, vo hai děi chūqu	I have to go out again in a while,
yitang, yiyuanli hai you	I still have a few things 工 have
jǐjian shi děi ban, wo qil kan	to take care of at the hospital,
yixia jiu hui lai.	I’ll be back right after 工 go take
                                         a look there.
B: Zao dianr huilai!	Don’t come back too late.1
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                                            UNIT i+
                              A Family History
                                INTRODUCTION Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	More on ne, marker of absence of change/lack of completion,
2.	The adverb duo (duo), "how.••!"
3.	More on indefinite pronouns (ffany/noft expressions).
U. Review of you (Noun) phrases.
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.
2.	Reassuring someone that they need not worry.
3.	Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just said. U. Commenting on other1s good fortune.
SOC, Unit h
113
 Unit U% Reference List
1.	A: Nǐ zhěme zǎo jiu	Your father got up so early!
          qǐlai le!
   B: Ta nian.li da le, měitian	He,s getting on in years, and
      shuide zǎo.	he goes to bed early.
2.	A: Xiǎo Wajigde yeye you he	Xiǎo Wangfs grandfather is
 něixie xiǎo pěngyou	talking vith those kids
     liao tiānr ne!	again!
   B: Tā rěn hěn hǎo，hěn	He * s a very good person， and
 xǐhuan haizi.	he likes children a lot.
3.	A: Zhěi liǎngnian nǐ nǎinai	Has your grandmother1 s health been
       shēntǐ hao ma?	good the past couple of years?
   B: Hai hǎo, you shihou hai	Fairly good; sometimes she
        něng qǐlai shSushi	can still get up and straighten
      shoushi wūzi.	up the room.
U. A: Zhāng jiade ěrxifu h§n	The Zhang family’s daughter-
       you gui.ju,	in-law is a proper young voman•
  B: Shi a，Zhāng jia nǎinai	Yes，the Zhang family fs grand-
       zhēn you fuq.i.	mother is really blessed with
                                           good fortune•
5.	A: Guoqu, ZhSngguo ren	In the past how difficult it
        chū guo nian shu duo	was for Chinese to go abroad
   nanJ	to study!
  B: Xianzai hao le, zou dao	Now it fs better, no matter where
        nar yě měi rěn kanbuq.1	they go，no one looks dovn on
   le.	them anymore.
6.	A: Rěn.1ia dou juěde Xiǎo Wang	Everyone feels Xiǎo Wang is a very
        shi ge hěn you lǐmaode	well-mannered child• haizi.
SOC, Unit h
lli+
了. A: Zhei yxjiā ren dou nianguo	This whole family has had
bīi shǎo shū.	quite a good education.
B: Tingshu5 tāmende sūnzi	I understand that their grandsons
       sūnnu xianzai dou	and granddaughters are (all)
       nian Si Shū ne!	studying the Four Books now!
8.	A: Tāmen Jiā guoqǐi shi you	Their family used to be rich.
qian rěn, you bu shǎo	They had quite a lot of
    caichǎn.	property.
   B: Nǐ shu5de cāichǎn shi	The property you're talking
tǔdi ba?	about is land， isn't it?
9.	A: Nǐ zhīixialai ba, yě kěyi	Stay (live) here and you can help
       gěi women bang dianr	us a bit. mang.
B: Wo baitiān you kě, zhǐ hao	I have classes during the day;
wǎnshang zuo dianr shi.	I can only work at night.
10.	A: Wǒ mǔqin zong dānxin wǒ gege	My mother is always worried
zai waibianr chī kǔ.	that my older brother is having
                                           a rough time away from home.
   B: Tāmen jǐge xiǎo pěngyou	His bunch of friends help
        huxiāng bang mang, bū	each other out. They don't
hui chī kǔde.	have such a rough time.
SOC, Unit b
                            VOCABULARY
baba	father, dad, papa
bang mang	to help; help
bu shǎo	to be quite a lot， to be much,
                                     to be many
caichǎn	property
chi kǔ	to suffer, to undergo hardship
dānxīn	to be worried, to be uneasy
duo (duō)	how...!
ěrxifu(r) (ěrxifer)	daughter-in-law
fuqi	blessings, good fortune
guīju	rules of proper behavior, social
                                     etiquette, manners; rule (of a community or organization), established practice, custom guoqu	the past
hai	fairly, passably
huxiāng	mutually
-jiā	(counter for families)
kanbuqǐ	to look down on, to scorn, to despise
lǐmao	manners, politeness
nǎinai	grandmother (on fatherfs side)
niānji	age
qǐlai	to get up (in several senses)
rěn	person; body; self
rěnjia	people; they; he, she;工
shēntǐ	body; health
shōushi	to straighten up; to get one’s
                                     things ready
Si Shū	the Four Books (Daxuě， Zh5ngy5ng， Lunyǔ,
                                      Mengzǐ)
sūnnii	granddaughter (through onefs son)
sūnzi	grandson (through onefs son)
tǔdi	land
xiǎo pěngyou	little friend; kids
115
SOC, Unit h
yěye	grandfather (on the father1s side)
you	also
you guiju	to have manners，to be proper
you lǐmao	to "be well mannered, to "be polite
you qian	to be rich
zhǐ hao	can only, to have to，to be forced to
zhuxialai	to move and stay (in a place)，to
                                     settle down
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SOC, Unit h
11 了
Unit h, Reference Notes
1. A: Nǐ baba zhěme zǎo jiu	Your father got up so early, qǐlai le.
    B: Tā nian.li da le, měitiān	He *s getting on in years, and
      shuide zǎo.	he goes to bed early.
Notes on No. 1
     zheme zǎo jiu qǐlai le: The adverb jit is used to stress the earliness (zheme zǎo) of father1 s getting up. On this use of	review Unit 2，Notes
on No. 9. Here are more examples:
    Tā wǔdiǎn zhSng jiu qīlai le.	He got up at five (that early).
   Wǒ mǎshang iiu lai.	工*11 be there in a minute.
    Bu jiu, tā Jiu likāi le.	Shortly afterwards, he left.
   qǐlai: "to get up,n from a bed or just	from a sitting position. In
an abstract sense it means "to arise，” e.g.,	"to arise and revolt" Cqǐlai £emin£] •
   Nǐ tiāntiān shenme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every day?
     Ta nian.ji da le: Literally，”As for him, the age is now big.rf Le^ is used here to indicate change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person’s age (Ta sanshi sui le).
     You should learn the folloving typical examples of hov to use niānji:
Tā (you) duo da niānji le?	How old is he? (USED ONLY OF ADULTS)
   Tā niānji da le.	He*s advanced in years.
   Tā nianji bu xiǎo le.	She?s not young any more.
Use Nin duo da nian.ji le? to ask an adult1 s age. To ask a child1 s age，though, say Nǐ duo da le? or Nǐ you duo da? or Nǐ tjǐsui (le)?
     The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are. It is not considered impolite to ask someonefs age, even women and old people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to let you know it.
     Měitian shuide zǎo: Literally, ’’every day goes to bed early." Měitian is needed in Chinese to express the idea of "habitual" which in English is conveyed simply "by the present tense of "goes.M Without měitiān, the Chinese sentence might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that grandfather vent to bed early the night before.
SOC, Unit h
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     shui，which you may know from the Welfare module，means "to sleep,11 tut also "to go to ted, to retire." It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an action (trying to sleep, i.e. 5 going to bed). In the folloving examples, the pair of translations show the am'biguity. In real conversation, of course， the ambiguity rarely causes problems "because the listener interprets one way or the other according to the context:
                                       {Has he gone to "bed?
                                      Did he sleep (and then get up)?
                                      {Has it started to rain?
                                      Did it rain (and then stop)?
                                      fHas the tell gone off?
   Dianling xiangle* ma?	<
                                       I Did the tell ring (and then stop)?
To remove this am'biguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example s the aspect marker ne_ specifies absence of change, lack of completion，and so rules out the second translation for each of the atove three sentences:
Ta shui ne，"He is sleeping，” Xia yǔ ne, ”Itfs raining，” Dianling xiǎng ne, "The "bell is ringing." To "be even more specific you could use -zhe，the marker of duration (usually used in combination with ne): Tā shui zhe ne, Xiazhe yǔ ne，Dianling xiǎngzhe ne. Or you could use the marker zai for ongoing action: Ta zai shui, ’’He is (in the midst of) sleeping，’’ etc. To "be the most specific of all, you can use zai，-zhe，and ne_ all in the same sentence: Ta zai shuizhe ne, etc.
     Shui can also "be used to mean "to lie down,” regardless of whether the person sleeps or not. (The meaning "lie down1’ for shui is only accepted some speakers; others always use the verti tǎng, "to lie down，" which you learned in the Welfare module.)
     Ta shui zai dishang kan dianshi. He lies on the floor and watches
                                          television.
     Nǐ kan tā shui dao zhuozishang Look at him lying on the tatle! lai le；
     shuide zao is another example of a manner expression following a ver"b plus -de，a structure which was introduced tack in the Transport at ion module (Nǐ kāide tai kuai le, "You are driving too fast”）. Shuide van means either "to go to "bed late’1 or "to sleep late,
°xiǎng: ，’to sound, to make a sound”
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2. A: Xiǎo Wangde yěye you he	Xiǎo Wangfs grandfather is
       neixie xiǎo pěngyou	talking with those kids
     liāo tiānr ne!	again!
    B: Tā rěn hěn hǎo, hěn	Hefs a very good person, and
      xǐhuan haizi.	he likes children a lot.
Notes on No. 2
     yěye: ’’grandfather,’’ only for the father fs father. Back in the Biographic Information module you learned zǔfu for ”paternal grandfather.n Yěye is the same person, but is the word you would use when addressing him directly or vhen talking about him informally. See the diagram under nǎinai below (Notes on No. 3). [One's mother's father is lǎoyě or vaigong.3
     Xiǎo pěngyou, ’’little friends，" is a warm term for young children. It may be used either to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The host of a children's television show, for example, would address the young viewers as xiǎo pěngyou(men)• You may someday need to use this word to address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that you meet on the street. And, of course, xiǎo pěngyou is also used in its literal sense to refer to the "young friends’’ of a child.
     Xiǎo pěngyou! Tiān hēi le, kuai Little boy/girl, it1s getting dark hui jiā qu ba.f	out. You1 d better go back home.
    Neixiē xiǎo pěngyou dou zai	Those kids are playing outdoors•
       waitou vanr ne.
     liao tianr ne: Ne, which you first learned in the sentence Hai měi ne, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF COMPLETION• (it is, in a way, the opposite of le, which marks CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION -) In what specific situations can or should you use ne? We can note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change ne^ often appears:
(1)	Continued State， e.g.,
   Hai you ne.	There is still some more.
  Hai měiyou ne.	Not yet.
(2)	Ongoing Action, e.g.，
  Tā chī fan ne.	He1s eating.
   Nǎinai zuo fan ne.	Grandma is cooking.
Remember also that ne^ is often used in sentences which contain -zhe， the marker of DURATION (something like continued state)，or zai，the marker of ONGOING ACTION.
   Tā shui jiao ne. (NO CHANGE)	1
    Tā shuizhe ne. (DURATION + NO CHANGE) / He is sleeping.
    Tā zai shui ne. (ONGOING + NO CHANGE) J
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     There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action sentences that end in atsence-of-change ne_. In one of its many versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words you don't know):
  Xiǎo haozir	A little mouse
   Shang dengtair	Went up the lampstand
   T5u you he	To steal oil to drink
   Xiatulai	But he couldn’t get down
  Jiao Yěye	He called Grandpa
     Yěye za suan ne_ ^(ONGOING ACTION) But Grandpa was crushing garlic
   Jiao Nǎinai ，He called Grandma
   Nǎinai zhǔ fan ne	But Grandma was cooking
   Jiao Niūer	He called Granddaughter
   Bao mao lai	Who "brought the cat
    Zēr! Za! Děi zhao le!	Squeak! Scratch! Got him!
     rěn: Besides the meaning of "man, person，11 rěn can also "be used to refer more specifically to someonefs (1) character, (2) mental state of "being, or (3) physical self.
(1)	character
    Tā rěn hěn rěxīn, changchang	He is a very warmhearted person,
   "bāngzhu "biěrěn.	He often helps others -
     Tā rěn zuo shi hǎo you xiǎoxīn. He does things well and carefully.
    Tā rěn zhēn "bu cuo.	He is a very nice person.
(2)	mental state
     Tā heduo le, rěn ySu diǎnr "bu	He had too much to drink and is tai qīngchu. a little foggy.
(3)	physical self
    Nǐ rěn hǎo diǎnr le ma?	Are you better today? (i.e., your
                                           health)
     A: Cao Yǔshěng "bū shi shu5 wǔ-	Didnft Cāo Yǔshēng say there would
          diǎn zhong kai hui ma?	"be a meeting at five of clock?
  B: Shi a!	Thatfs right!
   A: Tā rěn ne?	So where is he?
    Tā gāngcai hai zai zhěr, zěnme	He was just here a minute ago, how
    yihuǐr rěn bu jian le?	could he have disappeared so fast?
    Ren lǎo xin bu lǎo.	(saying) The person is old, "but
                                          his heart is not old, (lfyoung at heart”）
SOC, Unit b
(Northern)
(Southern)
     shēntǐ: "body" OR "health’ Tāde shēntǐ zhēn bang.°
He is in great shape.
■bang， nto be great/fantastic/terrific1
121
    Ren yi zǒu， cha jiu liang.	(saying) As soon as the person has
                                         left， the tea gets cold. (describes someone who forgets a friendship no sooner than he has left—often used to describe Americans)
3. A: Zhěi liǎngniān nǐ nǎinai	Has your grandmother1s health been
shēntǐ hǎo ma?	good the past couple of years?
    B: Hai hǎo, you shihou hāi	Fairly good; sometimes she
        něng qǐlai shōushi	can still get up and straighten
      shoushi vuzi.	up the room.
Notes on No. 3
    zhei liǎngnian: "the last couple of years" Zhěi before an amount of time often means "the last" or ’’the past." Liǎng does not necessarily mean exactly "two" but can mean "a couplean indefinite small number.
    Guo liǎngtiān women jiu qu.	We are going there in a couple of
                                             days.
    nǎinai: "paternal grandmother" For "grandma and grandpa，" the Chinese order is almost always yěye nǎinai. [A maternal grandmother is called lǎolao or waipo.U Here is a tree showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO; these are not used in addressing onefs grandparents directly. (The labels "Northern" and "Southern，" are generalizations; many more terms exist， but these are widely encountered.)
SOC, Unit h
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Biě zongshi pīnming nian shū,	Donft always be knocking yourself
děi du5 zhuyi shēntǐ.	out studying; you should look after
                                          your health more.
     hai hǎo: ’’fairly good” You first learned the adverb hai as meaning ”still•” When used "before a state ver"b, hāi can also mean that the quality expressed *by that verb may still *be said to apply, although just "barely.
Often it may *be translated as airly, passably”：
Zheige dianyǐng hai *bu cuo,	The movie was fairly good. Although
suīran chang yidiǎn, kěshi	it was a little long, it was
     dui wode ZhSngvěn you bāngzhu.	good for my Chinese.
Sometimes, however, you will need to find other translations:
     Neige fanguǎnr hai kěyi, you jǐge That restaurant isn’t too "bad. They cai nǐ kěyi shishi.	have a few dishes you might try.
    A: Nǐ zuijin zěnmeyang?	How have you been lately?
     B: Hai mamahūhū, jiu shi mang	Enh，all right，just a little *busy. yidianr.
A: ZhSngguo you yiqiānniānde	China has one thousand years of
    lishǐ.•.	history..•
B: A, nǐ shuo shenme? Yiqiān-	What? How1s that? One thousand
   nian?!	years?!
A: ōu, "bū shi, sanqiānnian.	Oh, I mean three thousand years.
    B: Na hai cha*budu5.	That1 s more like it.
      shSushi : ’’to straighten up’’
     Nǐ yinggāi *ba nǐde wuzi shSushi You ought to straighten up your room, shoushi le.	(Le indicates f,It1 s gotten to that
                                                      point •ff)
     Wǒ xiānsheng zongshi shuo wǒ wuzi My husband always says I donft keep shSushide *bu ganjing.	my room neat.
     Zhěijian shi yi kāishǐ jiu zuode This thing was handled poorly right bu hǎo, xianzai měi banfa sh5u- from the start. Now there 1 s no shi le.	way it can be remedied.
ShSushi xingli means f’to pack one’s baggage,
h. A: Zhāng jiāde ěrxifu hěn	The Zhāng familyfs daughter-
       you guī^u.	in-law is a proper young voman.
    B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai	Yes, the Zhāng familyfs grand-
       zhen you fuqi •	mother is really blessed with
                                           good fortune.
SOC, Unit u
123
Notes on No. ^
      Zhang t]iā: ”the Zhāng family" In Běijīng pronunciation, the jiā is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a suffix: Zhāngjia.
      ěrxifu: !tdaughter-in-law!! In Běijīng, this word is often pronounced ěrxifur or ěrxifer (note the vowel change).
      guiju: A definite standard， regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of a group of people (e.g.， a community, a company, a gang, etc.)
     Zhao Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qing It is an old Chinese custom that kěde shihou kěren yinggāi xiān when you have guests, the guests kāishi chī.	should start eating first.
     Zai qu neige guojiā yiqiān, zui Before going to that country it would hao wo něng zhīdao yixiē nerde best if I could find out about some guiju.	of their customs.
      Jǔnrěn you hěn du5 těbiěde guiju. Military people have a lot of special
                                           regulations.
     Zhe shi womende guīju.	That’s the way we do things here.
    Zhěme duo guīju!	All this formality!
You guīju， as you see in exchange 紅，means ”to have manners, to be proper (in "benavior).n Mei guīju is ”to be "badly behaved，” said, for example, of a child. (Bu	may be used to imply unfaithfulness of a wife.)
     Zhāng Taitai jiāo haizi jiāode	Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children well,
     hao, tāde haizi d5u hěn you	they are all very well-behaved, guīju.
     Xiao Sānr! Biě zhěiyangr, Ke-	Cut it out, Xiao Sānr, What will the
     ren kanjian nǐ zenme měi	guests think when they see you mis-
    guīju, zenme hǎo yisi?	"behaving so?
      fūgi: This is a traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is different from the Western idea of luck Cwhich is closer to Chinese yunq.iH • Luck refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while fuqi refers to one's whole life situation. Some people have more fūqi and some less. In practice, fuqi is measured "by a personTs wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family situation. In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had fuqi. In exchange 厶，the grandmother is said to have fuqi because her daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.
      Tā zhēn you fūqi, "budan you yige He is really blessed with good for-hǎo jiāting, you you yige hǎo	tune. Not only does he have a nice
   gōngzuo.	family, but a good job, too.
SOC, Unit h
12h
     Nǐ fuqi zhēn hao, da ěrzi ji	You are really blessed with good for-
    qian, xiao nuěr song huār!	tune. Your oldest son sent you
                                          money and your little girl gave you flowers!
     PauRhters-in-lav: The relationship betveen the husbandfs wife and his mother is different in traditional China from in the Vest. A wife, after all, is considered to become a member of her husband1 s family, so she is supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the same filial obedience. The husbandfs mother, for her part, tries to find for her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will vork hard for the family and around the house.
5- A: Guoqu, Zhongguo rěn	In the past how difficult it
        chū guo nian shū duo	was for Chinese to go abroad
   nan-1	to study!
    B: Xianzai hǎo le, zou dao	Now itfs better, no matter vhere
        nǎr yě měi rěn kanbuqǐ	they go， no one looks down on
   le.	them anymore.
Notes on No. ^
     guoqu: ffthe pastff Distinguish this noun from the verb ”to pass 广 which in Běijīng has a neutral-tone gu: guoqu. Since it is a time word, the noun guoqu may go either before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the subject:
     Guoqu, tā zai Xiānggangde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong tā jiāo shū.	Kong, he taught school-
     Guoqu, tā bāngguo vo hěn duo mang. In the past he has been a great help
                                            to me.
Guoqu may also be used to modify a noun phrase:
    Na dou shi guoqude shi le!	Those are all things of the past!
     duo nan: nhow difficult•"* Duo, in Běijīng often pronounced duo，is used before a state verb to express a high degree, like ffhovtf in English:
    Jīntiān tianqi du5 hao.	How nice the weather is today.
     Nǐ bu zhīdao zai zhěr mai dian- You donft know how hard it is to buy yǐng piao you duo nan!	a movie ticket here!
    Duo piaoliangde haizi a!	What a beautiful child!
     Tā zěnme kěyi zhěme shuo? Duo How can he say such a thing? How rang rěn shengqi!	infuriating!
     Nǐ kan tā duo xǐhuan nian shū.	Look at how he loves to study.
SOC, Unit U
125
     zǒu dao nǎr ye měi rěn kan~buqǐ: Nar here is used as an indefinite pronoun, "anywhere, no matter where.11 You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the sentence Mingtiān xiavu shenme shihou dou kěyi. A question word, such as shěi， shenme, něige or nǎr followed by the adverb dou before the verb expresses the idea of any.11 When the verb has bu or mei before it，the pattern expresses the ideas of ”nobody，nothing, neither，nowhere，11 etc •
   Shěi dou keyi qu.	Anyone may go.
   Shěi d5u bu kěyi qu.	No one may go.
    Shenme dou kěyi yong.	You may use anything.
    Shenme d5u bu kěyi yong.	You may not use anything.
   Něige dou yiyang.	Any of them vould "be the same.
    Něige dou bu qīngchu.	None of them is clear.
   Nar d5u keyi qu.	You can go anywhere.
    Nar d5u měi zhěr hǎo.	No place is as good as here.
When bu or měi is used before the verb, the advert 垣 can "be used in place of dou:
   Shěi ye bu kěyi qu.	No one can go.
    Shenme yě bu kěyi yong.	You may not use anything.
    Něige yě "bu qīngchu.	None of them is clear.
    Nǎr yě měi zhěr hǎo.	No place is as good as here.
The ”any/no1，expression may be the subject or object of the sentence，or as in exchange 5，it may be the object of a prepositional vert):
    Mai gěi shěi dou kěyi.	It1 s okay to sell it to anyone.
    Mai gěi shěi dou bu kěyi.	It1s not okay to sell it to any-Mai gěi shěi yě "bu kěyi. J one.
    Fang zai nǎr d5u yiyang.	It1s the same vherever you put it.
    Fang zai nǎr dou bu yiyang.	It1s different every place you put it.
     Dao něige youju qu ji d5u kěyi. It would "be all right to go to any
                                           post office to mail it.
    Gēn shěi shuo dou (OR yě) mei	It doesnft matter who you tell it to.
        guānxi•
     kanbuqǐ: A resultative compound verb meaning "to look dovn on，to scorn, to despise.n Unlike other resultative ver"b compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or -bu-. (Měi kanqǐ and kanqǐ le are very rare.)
    Biě kanlDuqi zhěixie xiǎo shi.	Don't look dovn on these little
                                           matters.
SOC, Unit b
126
     Wǒ zui kanlDuqǐ zhěiyangde rěn.	I despise this kind of person most.
                               w
     Bu yinggāi kantuqi funu, nanrěn Don’t look down on women. Anything něng zuode shi, nurěn yě něng	a man can do a woman can do.
       zuo.
The positive form kandeq.ǐ means to treat someone or something seriously "because you "believe them/it to "be capable，important, vorthy, etc. It may "be translated as "to think a lot of," "to think highly of，’：
     Wǒ kandeqǐ ni cai rang nǐ guǎn It fs only because I think a lot of zhěijian shi.	you that Ifm letting you have
                                          charge of this matter.
      Nǐ yaoshi xiǎng rang "bieren kan- If you want to have others think deqi ni, ni děi "bī "biěrěn zuo- highly of you, you have to do de hao.	"better than they.
6. A: Rěntjia dou juěde Xiǎo Wang	Everyone feels Xiǎo Wang is a very
        shi ge hěn you lǐmaode	well-mannered child,
          haizi.
Notes on No. 6
     rěnjia: This pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means "everyone, people (in general)， they":
     Rěnjia dou shuo něige difang hěn People say that place is very pretty. hǎo kan.
It can also mean "other people" or "someone else":
      Zheitenr shū dagai kěyi jiě gěi I can protalDly lend you this "book, nī, "buguo shi rěnjiade, wo dei "but itfs someone else1 s. I have xiān wěnwen.	to ask them first.
Besides referring to unspecified people, rěnjia can also refer to specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, ’’he," ’’she,” or "they":
     Ren jia "bu jiě, suan le "ba!	If he doesnft want to lend it，then
                                          just forget it!
     A: Ni nuěr you haizi le meiyou? Has your daughter had any children yet?
     B: Měiyou--rěn jia "bu yao!	No--she doesn’t want any!
     Wǒ gěi rěnjia, rěn jia "bū yao.	工 tried to give it to her, "but she
    Zenme "ban?	didnft want it • What can you do?
     Nǐ kan rěnjia Xiǎo Hua xuěde	Look at how well Xiǎo Hua does in her
   duo hǎo, nǐ ne!	studies，tut you!
SOC, Unit h
12 了
Ren.iia may also refer to the speaker, in other words, nI.tf In such a case, the speaker is being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:
     Nǐ yao zěnme du5?! Gěi rěnjia You want so much?! Come on, give vidianr ma!	me a little!
     Renjia bu xǐhuan zhěizhong	I don’t like this kind of movie!
     dianyīng! Wěishěnme yiding	Why do I have to go see it? yao qu kan?
      Renjia deng nī yige zhSngtou le.	Ifve "been waiting for you for an hour.
     Jīntiān shi Xingqītiān, rang	Today1s Sunday, Let me sleep a little
    renjia du5 shui yihuǐr mal	later!
      1 ǐmao: "manners , etiquette/’ the expression in speech and "behavior of modesty and respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things at the right times, table manners， and so on, HLǏ is "ritual." Mao is ’’appearance.*’]
     Congqian zai ZhSngguo līmao hen Etiquette used to "be very important yaojin.	in China.
You lǐmao means t!to be veil—mannered，n měiyou lǐmao flto "be ill-mannered.If
7- A: Zhěi yi.jia rěn dou nianguo	This whole family has had
      "bu shao shǔ.	quite a good education,
     B: TīngshuS tamende sunzi	I understand that their grandsons
sūnnū xiaxizai dou	and granddaughters are (all)
n: an Si Shū ne!	studying the Four Books now!
Notes on No. 了
      Zhei yi.jiā rěn: "this family" You already knov that jia can "be used as a noun meaning "family/1 for example, vomen_J_iā_, "our family.n But .jiā can also be used as a counter. It may be used alone or with the noun rěn following . The translation is still "family.If
     Nei yijiā， rěnrěn dou gongzuo, Everyone in that family vorks.
     yitiān dao van měi rěn zai jiā. There1s no one home all day long.
     Cong zhěi sānjiā rěnde qingxing, From the situations of these three nǐ kěyi zhīdao yixiē guānyū	families, you can learn something
     Zh5ngguo rěnde shēnghuo,	about the life of the Chinese.
      nianguo bu shǎo shū: Literally, "studied a lot of "books.11 This is the GENERAL OBJECT shū vhich you first learned "back in the Biographic Information module. It doesnft really mean "books ,!t but anything at all vhich is studied. Nian shū just means ”to study, to be in school,n so ve translate nianguo ~bu shǎo shū as ”to be very veil educated" or ”to have a good education•”
SOC, Unit k
128
     Sūnzi，’’grandson，’’ and sūnnu，’’granddaughter” include only the children of one’s son. [The children of onefs daughter are called vaisūnzi and vai-sūnnū.H Sūnnu may also have an -r_ ending: sūnnur (the real Běijīng pronunciation of -nur is kind of tricky; ask a native Běijīng speaker to say sūnnǔr for you).
     Si Shū: ,fthe Four Books,” which are Daxuě，!,The Great Learning，，； Zhong-y5ng， "The Doctrine of the Mean”； Lun^ǔ, "The Analects of Confucius”； and Mengzǐ, ” Mencius.” Daxuě and Zhongy5ng axe chapters from Lǐ Ji，’’The Book of Rites，’’ vhich were raised to the status of separate "books f by the Southern Song Dynasty philosopher Zhū XI. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books vhen they vere children.
8. A: Tāmen jiā guoqu shi you qiaji Their family used to be rich.
rěn, you bu shǎo caichǎn.	They had quite a lot of property.
    B: Nǐ shuode caichǎn shi	The property you're talking
      tǔdi ba?	about is land, isnft it?
Notes on No. 8
    you qiān: ’’to be rich," literally, ”to have money. You have nov seen quite a few phrases built around the state verb you:
      you yisi	to be interesting, to be fun
     you bāngzhu	to be helpful
you daolǐ	to be reasonable，to be logical
     you xingqu	to be interested
     you yanjiū	to be expert
     Like other state verbs (such as hao, nto be good，” ai, ”to love，” hui，
"to be able to, to know how to，”），you can be modified by adverbs such as hen, "very11; fēichang, fVery，extremely”； zhen，”really”； tai，"too”； etc.
   Tā	hěn	you qian.	ffHe is very rich.ff
    Neiběn shǔ zhēn	you yisi.	"That book is really interesting.n
    Lī Ping	zui	měi xingqu.	ffLī Ping is the least interested.fl
    Zenine shuō	shizai	měiyou daolǐ.	"To say that is really unreasonable.
You，of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made negative with měi instead of bu. Bu may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding y5u:
   Tā bu tai you qian.	He isnft too rich.
You cannot use měi in this sentence because the negation goes with tai， not with yǒu> In fact, switching around the order of negative and adverb results in a big difference in meaning:
   Bu tai you yisi.	Not too interesting.
   Tai meiyou yisi!	So boring!
SOC, Unit h
129
    you qian ren: "wealthy people"	This is a sort of compound noun, so -de is not used.
9. A: Nī zhuxialai "ba, yě kěyi	Stay (live) here and you can help
       gei women bang dianr	us a "bit. māng.
    B: Wo "baitian you kě, zhǐ hǎo	I have classes during the day;
  wanshang zuo diǎnr shi.	I can only work at night.
Notes on No, 9
     zhuxialai: ’’to stay; to settle down” in a place, Zhu can either mean "to live, to reside” or just "to stay” temporarily in a place. The ending -xialai adds the meaning of coming to rest, not going away.
    Gang lāide shihou "bu zhīdao,	When you first get here you donTt zhuxialai yīhou cai zhīdao know, it1s only after youTve lived věishěnme měi rěn xǐhuan dao here for a while that you realize zheige difang lai. why nobody likes to come here.
    A: Wo^xianzai qu zhǎo yige	Ifm going to go look for a hotel now. luguǎn qu.
B: Měi guānxi, nī jiu zai wo	That Ts all right, why donTt you just
       jia zhuxi alai "ba!	stay at my house?
     bang mang: TTto help; help" You first saw this in the Welfare module, Unit 6. Then in Unit 2 of this module, you learned bāngzhu. Both are very common. Bāngzhu is a little more formal than bang mang, which is purely conversational.
     Bāng mang is a verb-object phrase (literally, ??help-busy,n--”help me in my lDusy-ness,T). For example, you can say
    Bang wo yi dianr māng.	Help me a little •
  Wo zai Měiguode shihou, ta	He helped me a lot when I was in
     "bangle wo "bu shao mang.	America.
Bāngzhu, however， is just a vert. The word order is therefore simpler with ~bangzhu than with bǎn^mang.
        Tā	"bāngzhu wo.
BUT	Tā	bang	wǒde mang.
        or Tā gěi wo "bang mang.
               ’’He helps me.
You can see that vhen bānp; mang is used, the person helped is expressed either
(1) in a phrase modifying mang or (2) in a prepositional phrase vith gei•
SOC, Unit h
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     zhǐ hǎo: "can only, have no choice but toff
     Xia zhěme dade yǔ, vomen zhǐ hǎo Since itfs raining so hard, ve have bu qu le.	no choice but not to go.
     Da jiā d5u bu yuanyi pěi wo qu, Nobody wants to go with me. All I wo zhǐ hǎo yige rěn qu le.	can do is go by myself.
     O^you yuě lai yuě gui, hěn du5 With gasoline getting more and more rěn zhǐ hǎo zuo gonggong	expensive, many people have no
   qichē le.	choice but to take the bus.
10. A: Wo mǔqin zong danxin vo gēge My mother is always worried
        zai waibianr chi kǔ>	that my older brother is having
                                          a rough time away from home.
    B: Tāmen jǐge xiaopěngyou	His bunch of friends help
huxiang bang mang, bu	each other out. They don’t
      hui chi kǔde.	have such a rough time.
Notes on No. 10
     danxin: ’’to be worried (that)”
Yǐjīng shiyīdiǎn le, Xiao Ping	Itfs eleven o’clock already and Xiao
     hāi měi hualai, tade fumǔ hěn	Ping hasn*t gotten back home yet.
dānxīn.	His parents are very worried.
Nǐ bu bi danxin, haizi dale,	You don’t need to worry. When the
ta zijǐ hui dǒngde.	child grows up he*11 understand.
    Wo dānxīn tade xuěxi.	Ifm worried about his studies.
Wo dānxīn wo nǎinaide shentǐ.	Ifm worried about my grandmotherfs
                                            health.
Wo dānxīn tā you shěnme wěnti,	Ifm worried that he has some problem.
Tā dānxīn tā zuobuhǎo něijian	Hefs worried he won ft be able to do
 shi.	it well.
     zai vaibianr: Literally, ,fon the outside," a common way of saying ffavay from home” or "away from one1 s hometown.” The Chinese have an expression (in literary style), Zai ,1iā qiān ri hǎo, chū vai yi shi nan, "At home one thousand days are good, but when one is on the outside (away from onefs hometown) even one moment is difficult.”
     chi kǔ: ,fto have a rough time, to suffer hardshipsff Kǔ，""bitter,ff vhen referring to life or an experience, means "hardship, suffering, pain.”
     Tā chile bu shao kǔ cai cong da- He went through some rough times xuě "biyě.	"before he graduated from college.
SOC, Unit b
°2hanzhēnga "var”
131
Měiyou chiguo zhanzhēngde° ku，	If you haven11 experienced the suffer-
      jiu "bu zhīdao jintiānde shēng-	ing of var, you don^t knov that our
huo laide "bu rongyi.	life today didn’t come easily•
Neng chi ku means "to "be able to take hardships，” ” to have fortitude -n
ZhSngguo hen duo rěnde kanfa shi	In China many people think that young
nianqīng rěn yīnggāi něng chī	people ought to "be able to taJce
  kǔ.	hardship.
Tā neige rěn hěn něng chī ku,	He can take a lot of hardship. Don^t
   "bū yong dānxīn.	vorry.
     hīixiān^： "mutually，reciprocally,	with each other” This is an adverb, so it must go after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.
Women kěyi huxiāng xuěxi. Nǐ	We can learn from each other. You
      jiāo vo Yingwěn, vǒ jiāo ni	teach me English and If11 teach you
  Zhongwěn.	Chinese.
SOC, Unit b
132
Unit U, Reviev Dialogue
Early in the morning the day after	Li Ping (B) and Tom (A) arrive in
Hong Kong, Lī Ping's grandmother (C) is	straightening up the living room,
when Lǐ Ping walks in.
B: Nainai, nin zhēn zao. Wo mā	YouTre up so early, Grandma,
  ne? *	Wheref s Mom?
C: Tā ya, chūqu mǎi cai le. Erzi Oh, she went out to "buy some
hui lai le, zong yao duo mǎi	groceries. When a son comes "back,
diǎnr cai mal Nǐde pěngyou	you’ve always got to "buy some extra
ne? Tā hai měiyou qǐlai "ba?	food. Where’s your friend? HeTs
                                        not up yet, is he?
B:	Qǐlai le, xǐ lian ne.	Yes, he Ts up. He Ts washing his
                                                      face •
C: Xiao Ping a，nǐde pěngyou	Xiao Ping, whatTs your friendfs
    jiao shěnme mingzi, wo you wang name?	forgotten it again,
      le.
B: Jiao "Tāngmǔ.”	"Tom.11
C: 5，"Tāngmǐi，” hāi hǎo ji. Nǐ he Hm，”Tom，” that’s fairly easy to tā shu5, daole zanmen jiā, jiu remem'ber. You tell him that in our shi yijiā rěn, shěnme shir dou house hefs just part of the family biě kěqi. Tā yi kěqi, wo jiu	and he shouldn’t "be polite about
bu zhīdao zěnme "ban hǎo le.	anything. Once he starts in with the
politeness, I wonTt know what to do.
B: Women huilai yǐqian zai Tāngmu Before we came "back we stayed at
jia zhule liǎngtian, tā baba	Torn1 s house for a couple of days.
māma dui wo hěn hǎo. Tangmu	His parents were very nice to me.
rěn yě hěn hǎo, zai Měiguode	Tom is also a very good person; when
shihou, tā gěi wo "bu shao bang-	we were in America, he helped me a
 zhu.	lot.
C: 0, zheiyang hǎo, nianqīng rěn	Mm. That's good. Young people
yīnggāi huxiāng "bang māng. Ai!	ought to help each other out. (Sigh)
Jide nī yěye zai Ri'běn něi	I remem'ber when your grandfather was
shihou，pinming nian shū, renjia	in Japan, he studied like crazy, "but
Ri'běn rěn hai shi kanlDuqi ya, nar	those Japanese still looked down on
you shěnme Ri'běn pěngyou. Zhǐ	him. He didn’t have any Japanese
hǎo jige 7ih5ngguo xuěsheng zhu	friends to speak of. The Chinese
zai yiqǐ. Ai!	students just had to live together.
                                            (Sigh)
B: Nainai, guoqude shi jiu "biě qu	Grandma, donft go thinking a"bout
xiǎng ta le.	things from "bygone days anymore.
Questions ending in ne often ask the vherealDouts of someone or something,
hence the translation "Where1 s Mom?11
SOC, Unit h
133
C: Xianzai hǎodeduō le, nǐ zai	These days , it1 s much "better. I
vaitianr nian shū, vǒ "bu name	don’t worry so much about you out
   danxin le. ...	there studying.
        (Tom enters.)
A: Lǐ Nainai*，nin zao!	Good morning, Grandma Lǐ!
C: Zǎo， Tāngmu, zuole yitiān fēijī	Good morning, Tom. After a day on
  bu duo shui yihuǐr?	the airplane don’t you vant to get
                                        some more sleep?
A: Shuigou le. Lǐ Nainai, nin	No, Ifve gotten enough sleep.
    zuozhe "ba，women "bang nin	Grandma Lǐ, you sit down, ve’ll
   shōushi.	straighten up for you.
C: Duo you lǐmaode haizi!	What a veil-mannered child!
A: Lǐ Nainai, nin he ěrzi, ěrxifur	Grandma Lǐ, you1 re so fortunate to
zhu zai yiqǐ, sunzi, sūnnū yě	live with your son and daughter-in-
  chang lai, ninde fūqi zhēn	lav, and to have your grandson and
  hǎo.	grandaughter come often.
C: Shěi shuō bū shi ne? Wo chang	That’s for sure. I often say that
  shuō, women jiāde fūqi dou shi	the good fortune of our family vas
    vǒ na xiaoshunde ěrxifur	all "brought to us "by that filial
   dailaide.	daughter-in-lav of mine.
B: Wo nainai you gāi°° shuō women	Here goes Grandma telling our family
   jiāde lishǐ le.	history again.
A: Lǐ Nainai, zhěixiē shir nxn	Grandma Lx，could you tell me about
     gěi vǒ jiǎngjiang xing "bu xing?	these things?
C: Hǎo va. Shuōqilai hua jiu	Sure! It’s a long story. Xiao
  chang le. °°° Wo he Xiao Ping	Ping’s grandfather and I are "both
  yěye dou shi Shenyang rěn.	from Shenyang (Mukden). When the
Riben rěn laile yīhou, caichǎn	Japanese came, ve couldn’t bother vith
  ya, tǔdi ya, dou bu něng guan	our property or land any more; ve
le, likāi jiā pǎo daole Nanfāng.	left our home and fled to the South..
   Xiǎo Ping balDa zai Shanghai nian	Xiǎo Ping?s father didn’t meet our
  shū cai rěnshile women zheige	daughter-in-lav until he vas
   ěrxifu.	going to school in Shanghai.
   °Tom knows that this vay of addressing Grandma is proper for a
friend of her grandson. He intentionally calls her Lǐ Nainai as soon as
he sees her in order to establish the relationship.
     °°gāi: "vill probably"
       °More literally, "When it comes	to telling it， the talk is long." °00°Notice that grandmafs phrasing shows that the woman is first a
daughter-in-lav, then a vife.
SOC, Unit k
13h
A: Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da-	Were there many women who went
   xuěde du5 "bu du5?	to college in those days?
C: Měiyou xianzai zhěme du5.	Not as many as there are now. My
 Women ěrxifu jiā xiangdāng you	daughter-in-law's family was quite
     qian, ěrqiě yidajiā rěn you qī-	rich， and there were seventy or
tāshigě, zai SūzhSu shěi d5u	eighty people in that one big family,
   zhīdao tāmen jiā.	Everyone in Sūzh5u knew them.
A: Zheiyangrde jiāting' guiju	A family like that must have had a
   yiding bu shǎo.	strict code of behavior.
C: Shěi shuō "bu shi ne! Tāmen	You bet they did! Their young
jiāde xiaojie "bu něng zai wai-	ladies couldn't go to school outside
    bianr nian shū, zhi něng qǐng	the home: they could only hire a
    lǎoshl dao jiāli jiāo diǎnr	teacher to come to the house and
Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping	teach them a little of the Four Books
 mǔqin juěde yige funu yao zai	and so forth. Xiǎo Ping’s mother
 shěhuishang dull, yiding děi	felt that if a woman wanted to "be
 chūqu nian shū. Jiu zheiyang,	independent in society, she had to
tā cai pǎo dao Shanghai nian shū	leave home to study. That's why she
qu le.	ran away to Shanghai to go to school.
A: Zai něi shihou, zhen bu rongyi.	That must have been really hard
                                             "back then.
C: Zai daxuěde shihou, Xiǎo	When they were in college, Xiǎo
    Pingde fumǔ shi hěn hǎode	Ping's parents were very good
    pěngyou, kěshi zěnme tan ne?	friends, but what were we to do?
Women shěnme dou měiyou le, yě	We didn’t have a thing left, and we
 měiyou qian, zijǐde ěrzi zenme	didn't have any money - How could
něng he zheiyangr yiwei xiaojie	our (own) son marry a young lady like
jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā bu	that? But Xiǎo Ping's mother didn’t
   name xiǎng. * . •	think so. • • •
A: Tā zěnme xiǎng?	What did she think?
C: Tā shu5 tā yao zhǎo yige zijǐ	She said she wanted to find a person
xǐhuande rěn jiēhūn, diwei he	she herself liked to get married to，
 qian d5u bu zhongyao, Ai，tā	and that status and money weren't
 chile duSshao ku cai likaile	important. (Sigh) What she went
 neige da jiāting.	through to leave that big family.
A: Na, nǐmen zěnme dao Xianggang	Well then, how did you come to
  lai le ne?	Hong Kong?
C: Tāmen zai YTngguo nianwan shū	When they finished school in
 jiu lai Xianggang zuo shi,	England they came to Hong Kong to
 yiniān yǐhou you bǎ women jiē-	work; a year later they "brought us
. lai le， zheiyangr yijiā rěn cai	out, and then our whole family set-
zai Xianggang zhuxialai le.	tied here. Now that I'm getting on
 Xianzai wo niānji da le， jiāli	in years, Xiǎo Ping’s mother takes
da shir xiǎo shir dou shi Xiǎo	care of all the big and small matters
SOC, Unit b
5
3
1
Ping mǔqin guan. Nī shuo vo	here at home. So vhen you say Ifm
fuqi hāo， zhēn shi yidiǎnr ye	blessed with good fortune， youfre
  bū cuo-	absolutely right.
B: Nainai, vo mā kuāi huilai le	Grandma, Mom will be home soon,
 ba?	wonft she?
C:	Kuai huilai le, women qu ba	Yes. Let1s go get breakfast
   zǎofan nonghǎo ba.	ready,
A, B: Hao, zSu ba.	Okay, letfs go.
SOC, Unit U
136
Unit U， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English， followed "by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in their courtyard in Běijīng.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you111 protatly vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions "below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:
   Dajiě	"Older Sister，” a familiar way of
                                           addressing a woman about oneT s own age or older
    shang "bānde shang "ban,	They1 re either at the office or
shang xuěde shang xuě	at school; some are at the office
                                          and others at school
  zuobuliao	unable to do
 yi	as soon as
  gai	to "build，to construct
  zhengfǔ	government
 gāi	should
Questions for Exercise	2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will "be able to give them orally in class.
     1.	Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?
     2.	What does she think of her daughter-in-law?
SOC5 Unit b
137
     3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older Sister Lin1s neighborhood?
     U. From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-lav is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her responsibilities.
     After you have answered these questions yourself5 you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
Exercise 3
     In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for dinner.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through， look below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new vords and phrases you vill need to understand this
conversation:
 pa	to be afraid
  shǒuchāode	handwritten
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be able to give them orally in class.
     1.	Why is Xiǎo Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend1s home for dinner?
     2.	Why does Xiǎo Lan think large families are difficult?
     3.	Where vould the couple live if they got married? Why must they wait for a place of their own to live?
     k. What does Xiǎo Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend1s home that evening? Why?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also vant to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers vhich you have prepared.
SOC, Unit h
138
Exercise h
     In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You will need the following new words and phrases :
  quānjia rěn	the whole family
  xingkui	fortunately, luckily
  guo rizi	to live; to get along
   rizi bu hǎo guo	hard to get along
  qiāo men	to knock at the door
Questions for Exercise U
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be able to give them orally in class.
1.	What does Grandma think of the new generation of daughters-in-law?
     2.	How does Grandma remember her own experience as a newlyved?
     3- What is the difference between "standards of conductTt and "manners"?
    U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was justified?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
SOC, Unit k
139
   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
In Beijing, tvo old neighbors meet in their courtyard.
A: Lin Dajie, xī yifu na!	Older Sister Lin, doing your
                                         laundry?
B: Bu xī zěnme ban, shang bānde	If I didnft do it what would we do;
shang ban, shang xuěde shang	everyone is either at the office or
xuě, jiālide shir hai bu shi dou	at school， don，t I have to do all
   děi vo zuo!	the house work in the end!
A: Haizimen d5u mang, you nin zai	Your children are all busy, but
jiā, gěi tamen bang bu shao	you1 re at home helping them out a
 mangr.	lot.
B: Ai, niānji da le, zuobuliao	(Sigh)，I’m getting old, I can’t
   duoshao shir le!	do very much any more!
A: Wo kan, nin ěrxifur zai jiade	I see that when your daughter-in-
shihour, yě bang nin zuo bu shao	law is home she helps you do a lot
  shi a.	of things too.
B: Nǐ shuode yidianr yě bu cuo,	You1re absolutely right. That
     vo neige ěrxifur bǐ wo ěrzi hǎo-	daughter-in-law of mine is much,
duo le, dao jiā, you zuo	better than my son. As soon as she
    fan, you xī yifu, you shōushi	gets to the house, she cooks and wūzi, ai! Kěxi vo bu něng shěnme washes and straightens up the room,
shir dou kao ta ya.	(Sigh)，it1 s too bad I canft depend
                                         on her for everything.
A: Weishěmne ne?	Why not?
B: Renjia du5 mang! Yige yuě cai	She’s so busy! She can only come
   něng hui jiā ylci.	home once a month.
A: Na tā bu něng zai nin jiāli	Well, can’t she move in with you? zhuxialai ma?
B: Bu xing a! Wǔzi tai xiǎo!	That wouldn’t do! The house is too
Ěrxifur huilaile, rang ta zhu	small! If my daughter-in-law came
zai nar?	back, where would I have her stay?
A: Shi a! Yaoshi you fangzi,	Yes! If you had enough housing,
yij iā rěn zhu zai ylkuair,	how nice it would be to have the
huxiāng bāngmangr, na you du5	whole family living together and
hao! Dui le, ting wo nuěr	helping each other. Oh yes--I hear
shuo, tāmen xuěxiao neibiānr	from my daughter that a lot of new
^aile hao duo xīn fangzi.	buildings have been built over by
                                         their school.
soc
Unit b
  lUo
B: Fangzi věnti shi ge da shir,	The housing problem is a big thing;
    zhengfǔ "bu hui "bu guan. Youle the government vouldn?t ignore it. xīn fangzi, zanmen jiu hǎo le.	After ve get some nev housing [in
                                         this area] ve ?11 be all right.
A:	Kě bu shi ma! Daole neige	That’s for sure! When that time
 shihour, nin jiu bū yong dānxīn	comes you von?t have to vorry any
 le. Nin gen nin ěrxifur yiding	more. īfm sure you and your daugh-
 něng bǎ zheige jiā nongde	ter-in-lav will be able to make a
   shūshufufude•	very comfortable home.
B: Shi a! Na jiu hǎo le!	Yes I Then everything vill be all
                                          rightJ
A: Hao, Lin Dajiě, bu zǎo le,	All right, Older Sister Lin, it?s
    vǒ yě gāi hui jiā zuo fan qu getting late, and I should really le. You shijiān zai liao a.	be going back home to fix dinner.
                                         We ?11 chat some more when we have time.
B: Měi shir jiu lai zuozuo.	Stop in sometime when you're
  Man zou a!	not busy. Take care!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
     In Běijīng, a 2l-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman friend
(F). They have been close friends for a vhile.
M: Xiao Lan, jīntiān vǒ baba zai	Xiao Lan, my father is home today,
    jiā, vǎnshang dao women jiā chī why don’t you have dinner at our fan ba!	house tonight?
F: Wo bu qu.	īfm not going.
M:	Weishěnxne? Wo baba rěn hěn	Why? My fatherfs a very good per-
    hǎo, nǐ bu bi dānxīn.	son you donft have to worry.
F: Wo mā shu5 ...	My* mother said . • •
M: Nǐ mā shuo shěnme?	What did your mother say?
F: Wo ma shuo: n? jiā rěn duo, n? My* mother said that you have a "big yěye, nainai hāi zai, xiSngdi	family. Your grandparents are still
    jiěměi hǎojǐgě, jiāli guīju yě alive, you have so many brothers and bu shao,	qule yǐhou chī	sisters, and your family has such a
kǔ.	strict code of behavior, that she vas
                                        afraid I would have a rough time after I went [i.e., after I married you and vent to live with your family].
* shūshufufude, "very coInfortable,, *°yě gai , "really should”
SOC, Unit h
                                     lUl
M: Hai, nǐ xiāngde tai duo le, wo	Oh come on, you1 re thinking too
nainai guoqu zuo ěrxifude shihou	much. Back when my grandmother was
chīguo hěn duo kǔ, suoyǐ tā dui	a daughter-in-law she had quite a
wo mama těbiě hao, ni xiǎng wo	rough time, so she's particularly
nainai, wo mama tāmen zěnme hui	good to my mother • Really, how could
rang ni chī kǔ ne?	my grandmother and mother give you
                                         a hard time!
F: Xianzai dāngran hāi hao, yīhou	Of course it1 s okay now, "but hov
     ne? Yidajiā rěn zhu zai yikuair, a"bout later on? When a large family
shijiān changle zong shi hěn	lives together, it always gets dif-
  mafande.	ficult after a while.
M: Zhěi yidian wo yě xiangdaole,	I've thought of that too. When
nianji dale, xiǎngfa youde	people get older， their way of think-
shihou he nianqīng rěn "bu tai	ing is sometimes kind of different
yiyang, yǐhou youle fangzi	from young people. Afterwards when we
women bānchulai jiu xing le.	get a place 匸of our own] ve'11 move
                                         out, and then it vill "be all right.
F: Shěnme shihour cai něng you	And when will we "be able to get a
  fangzi ne?	place to live?
M: Biě ji, wo xiǎng "bu hui děng	Don't worry, I don't think we'll
   hěn chang shijiānde.	have to wait too long.
F: Ēng.	Mm.
M: Name, jīntiān wanshang dao	Then, how about going to our house
   women jiā qu, hǎo ma?	tonight?
F: Mm . . . Jīntiān wanshang dou	Mm . • • Who's going to "be there
  you shěi?	tonight?
M: Zhi you wo "balDa, mama, he vo,	Just my father, mother， and I.
xiSngdi jiěměi d5u "bu zai.	None of my "brothers and sisters will
                                              "be there.
F: Na, yěye, nainai ne?	What about your grandparents?
M: Yěye nainai he chade shihou	They111 come out and sit for a while
guolai zuo yixiar, ranhou jiu	when we have tea，and then they111
    hui tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le.	go "back to their room to rest.
F: Touyici qu, wo dai dianr	What should I "bring, since this is
  shěnme hao a?	W first visit?
M: Shěnme d5u Tdu yao dai.	Don't "bring anything at all.
"^Fanszi here refers to any type of housing, including an apartment or just~
a room. The housing situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple will
protatly have to wait months to get one room.
SOC, Unit h
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F: Ka zěnme xing? TīngshuS nǐ	How can I do that? I hear your
yěyede zi xiěde hěn hǎo a?	grandfather is very good at writing
                                         characters?
M: Shi a， zěnme la?	That’s right. Why?
F: Wo "balia you yltao shǒuchāode	My father has a handwritten copy of
    Si Shū, song gěi nǐ yěye hao	the Four Books. How about if I
  "bu hǎo?	give it to your grandfather?
M: Na tai hǎo le.	That vould "be great.
F: Vǒ hui jiā shōushi yixiar jiu	I?m going to go home now to straighten
lai.	up a Mt and then I'll be right there.
M: Děng yihuǐr wo lai jiē ni a!	I'll come and get you in a while!
B: Ei!	Okay!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise ^
    Conversation "between a grandmother	and granddaughter in Běijīng.
A: Xiao Yun na! Bādiǎn "ban le，	Xiǎo Yun! Itfs half past eight,
   hāi "bu qǐlai!	aren?t you getting up!
B: Nainai， jīntiān shi Xingqītian,	Grandma, today's Sunday. Let me
    rang renjia duo shui yihuǐr ma!	sleep a little later!
A: Xianzaide nianqīng rěn zhēn	Young people today are so fortunate.
     you fuqi, shui dao "badiSn "ban hai	They sleep until eight-thirty and
"bu xiǎng qǐ. Women zuo ěrxifu-	still don’t want to get up. When we
de shihou, wǔdian zh5ng jiu děi	were daughters-in-law, we had to get
qǐlai, zuo quan.jia rěnde zaofan	up at five o? clock and make "breakfast
    le, nǎr něng shui dao "badian	for the whole family. Who could
  ban?!	sleep until eight-thirty!
B: Na dou shi guoqude shir le!	Those are all things of the past!
A: Shi a. Guoqude shi， zhēn shi	Yes. The things of the past are
měi "banfar shuō. Wo gēn ni yeye	really sad to recall. When I married
jiēhunde shihou, nǐ yěye jiā hěn	your grandfather, his family was rich
   you qiān, yě you "bu shǎo tudi，	and had a lot of land- Our family
   woinen Jiāli měi shemne caichǎn,	didn't have much property. When I
   daole renjia jiali， yidajia rěn	arrived in his household, everyone
dou kanzhe wo zheige xīn lāide	in that huge family stared at me, the
   ěrxifu. Zěnme "ban ne? Wo zhī-	new daughter-in-law. What could I
hǎo zuole zheiyangr zuo něi-	do? Just keep slaving away. I didn't
    yangr", yitiān dao wan měiyou	stop the whole day long. (Sigh)
   tingde shihcu. Ai! XingkuT nǐ	Itfs a good thing your grandfather
°zuole zheiyangr zuo neiyangr: nAfter	having done this thing, do that thing,"
i.e., "do one task after another.”
SOC, Unit h
•Hai，’’still" is used in rhetorical questions; here it implies ’’The answer to your question is so obvious, why are you still asking?” Shěnme, here in the neutral tone, means ”vhy，what for” rather than "vhat.”
°°Hai bu shi is used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means，"Is it not still (a case of.")，” or in more colloquial English, "Could it be anything but....11 Here, it is best translated as ?fof course.?f
O°°hǎo nǎinai: A rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of address, "dear grandma.11 The girl uses this term in order to get her grandmother to do her the favor of answering the front door.
1U3
yěye shi ge hao rěn, wǒde rizi	was a good man; that1 s the only thing
    cai hao guo yidianr.	that made life a little easier.
B: Xianzai bu tong le, xiaaizai	Things are different now. Now
    nianqīng rěn Jiehūn yīhou bu	young people donft have to worry
   yong zai dānxīn zhěixiē le.	about that sort of thing after they
                                         get married.
A: Kěshi guīju hāishi děi you a!	But you still have to have stan-
   Děi you lǐmao, jiali lǎorěn d5u	dards of conduct! You have to have
  qīlai le, nǐ hāi shui zai	manners. If the old people in the
chuajigshang, na zěnme xing?	family are up and you1 re still in bed
                                        sleeping, is that any way to act?
B: Hao le, hao le，nainai, wo mǎ-	Okay, okay, grandma. If 11 get up
   shang jiu qǐlai le. Nī ting,	right away. Listen, whofs knocking
   shěi zai qiao men na?!	at the door?!
A: Hai wen shenme?* Hai bu shi	You have to ask? Itfs your friend,
   nīde pěngyou lai le.	of course•
B: Laojia, lāojia， hao nainai,°°°	Oh, please, please, vould you go get
nin qu kai men ba, wo kuai ba	the door, dear grandma? If 11 straighten
   wūzi shōushi yixiar.	the room real quickly.
A: Hao hao hao, wo jiu qu, kuai	Okay, I111 get it right away. You
   shSushi ba!	hurry and straighten up.
soc
                                   UNIT 5
                            Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes
                                INTRODUCTION
Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	The pattern yě hǎo， ... ye hao， ’’whether. • .or."
2.	The adverb cai marking necessary condition.
3- Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase. b. Wěile> ftin order to,
5. Comparison of two words for ’’afterwards，’’ yǐhou and houlai •
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Inquiring about customs in the culture.
2.	Expressing that you donTt understand something and asking another1s interpretation of it.
3.	Expressing that you donTt see the value of something and asking anotherr s point of view on it•
h. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one1s reservations.
Ihh
SOC, Unit 5
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                          Unit Reference List
1.	A: Zhěi liǎngniān, nǐmende	What has your income "been like
shōurū zěnmeyang?	the past couple of years?
 B: Zhěi liǎngniān, nongyě	The past couple of years, agricul-
        shēngchǎn qingkuāng bu	tural production conditions have
         cuo, shōurū yě hai hǎo.	been pretty good, and our income
                                            has "been all right, too.
2.	A: Tāde shu5fǎ vǒ měi ting-	I didn’t understand the way he said
        dong, nǐ tīngmingbai_	that. Did you understand it? le ma?
 B: Měiyou, wo yě měi tīngmingbai,	No, I didnft understand it either,
         ěrqiě zheige timu yě tai	Moreover this topic is too hard, nan le.
3.	A: Xuě pīnyīn ye hao, "bū xuě	Whether you study romanization
         pīnyīn yě hǎo, ZhSngguo zi	or not, you*11 always have to
zong děi xue.	study Chinese characters.
 B: Shi a, zheiyang Zhōngguo	Yes，this is the only way Chinese
 wěnhua cai něng Ipǎochixiaqu.	culture can continue to "be
                                            preserved.
U. A: Jioli laodongli duo, shěnghuo	If a family has more manpower,
         ye jiu hui hSo yidiǎnr.	then it follows that life will "be
                                             a little "better.
 B: Kěshi xianzai rěnkǒu du5	But now it1 s not necessarily an
bu yiding you shěnme	advantage to have a lot of
   hSochu.	people•
5.	A: Zai nar xiě zide neige rěn	Is that person writing over there
        shi bu shi ta zhangfu?	her husband?
  B: Zheng shi ta!	That’s him all right!
6.	A: Gōngshāngyě fāda you shěnme	What benefit is there in having a
haochu? Nali d5u name	flourishing industry and commerce?
zang!	Itfs so dirty everywhere!
B: Zhěi yidian wo "bū tongyi,	I donft agree vith that. There are
         gSngshangyě fada you "bu	a lot of "benefits to having a
shǎo haochū.	flourishing industry and commerce.
SOC, Unit 5
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7.	A: Tā věishěnme zǎohūn?	Why did she get married early?
B: Qunian tā fuqin le，měi	Last year her father died and there
         rěn zhaoffli ta, zhǐ hǎo	vas no one to take care of her.
       jiehūn le.	All she could do vas get married.
8.	A: Duoshu rěn dou xǐhuan ziyou.	Most people like freedom.
    B: K!eshi, bu shi hěn duo rěn něng	But not many people can obtain
     dědao ziyou.	freedom.
9.	Weile něng huxiāng zhaogu，	All three generations live together
    tāmen yijiā sandai zhu zai	so that they can take care of each
 yiqǐ.	other.
10.	A: TīngshuS congqian, nǐmen	Ifve heard that in the past you had
         zhěli you hěn duo you	a lot of interesting customs here, yiside fēngsu.
    B: Shi a. Houlai gSngshangyě	Yes. Later, vhen industry and
fādā le, fēngsu yě gaibian	commerce developed, customs
    le.	changed, too.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
11.	laodong	to labor; labor
12.	laoli	labor force, labor
13.	gongye	industry
lk. shāngyě	business, commerce
15.	dadu5shu(r)	the great majority
16.	huo	to live; to become alive; to survive;
                                          to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving
17.	xīguSn	habit, custom, usual practice; to be
                                          accustomed to， to be used to
18.	ting	to heed, to obey (someone’s orders)
SOC, Unit 5
                            VOCABULARY
baochi	to keep, to preserve, to maintain
cai	only in that case, only under this
                                      condition
daduōshu(r)	the great majority
-dai	generation (counter); era, (histor-
                                     ical) period dě	to get
dědao	to get
du5shu(r)	the majority of， most of
fādā	to be (highly) developed, to be
                                     flourishing, to be prosperous fēngsu	custom(s)
gaibian	to change
gōngyě	industry
gSngshāngye	industry and commerce
haochu	benefit, advantage
houlai	later, afterwards
huo	to live; to become alive; to survive;
                                     to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving
laodong	to labor
laodongli	labor force, labor; able-bodied persor
laoli	labor force, labor
mingbai	to understand, to be clear on, to
                                     comprehend; to be clear, to be obvious
nongye	agriculture
shāngyě	commerce， business
shēngchǎn	to produce; production
shōuru	income, earnings
shuSfa	way of saying a thing; statement,
                                     version, argument sǐ	to die
timu (tlmu)	topic， subject; title; (test)
                                     question, problem
ting	to heed, to obey (someone1s orders)
tongyi	to agree, to consent; agreement,
                                      consent
weile	in order to; for the purpose of;
                                     for the sake of
1“T
SOC, Unit 5
1U8
xiguan	habit, custom, usual practice; to
                                     be accustomed to, to be used to
...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo	whether...or... ; both.•.and.••
yě jiu	accordingly, correspondingly， so
you hǎochū	to be beneficial, to be good (for)
zǎohūn	early marriage; child marriage; to
                                     marry as a child, to marry early zhangfu	husband
zhaogu	to take of; care
zhěng	just, precisely, right
SOC, Unit 5
1U9
Unit 彡，Reference Notes
1.	A: Zhěi liǎngniān, nīmende	What has your income been like
       shōuru zěnmeyang?	the past couple of years?
    B: Zhei liǎngniān, nongye	These past couple of years agricul-
shēngchǎn qingkuāng "bu	tural production conditions have
cuo, shouru yě hai hao.	been pretty good, and income is
                                           all right, too.
Notes on No. 1
     zheiliangnian: See Unit U, Notes on No. 3.
     shouru: ’’income，earnings” While in English you say ’’income” is ’’large” or ”small，” in Chinese you say "much” (duo) or "little” (shao)•
Tāde sh5uru bu shao.	Her income isn’t small. (lit.， "little”）
    Tade shouru bu tai du5.	His income isn’t very high.
     shēngchǎn: "to produce (agricultural or industrial products), to mami-facture (industrial products); production, operation (of a plant)’，
    Nǐmen d5u shēngchǎn shěnme?	What (all) do you produce?
     You rěn shuo xiangxiade shēngchǎn Some people say that production and he shěnghuo qingkuāng hǎo yi-	living conditions in the country-
diSn le,	side have gotten somewhat better.
    A: Wo zhǎo Lǐ Guoqiang.	Ifm looking for Li Guoqiang.
B: Duibuqǐ, xianzai shi shēng-	Ifm sorry, it fs production time now.
         chan shijiān, bu něng zhǎo	You canft visit people, rěn-
2.	A: Tade shuSfǎ wo měi ting-	I didn’t understand the way he said
        dong, nǐ tīngmingbai	that. Did you understand it? le ma?
    B: Měiyou, wo yě měi tīngmingbai,	No, I didnft understand it either.
         ěrqiě zheige timu yě tai	Moreover, this topic is too hard, nan le.
Notes on No. 2
     mfngbai: ，’to be clear on, to understand,，，literally, ’’"bright-white，，
This is an adjectival verb which may or may not be followed by an object:
   Xianzai wo mingbai le.	Now I see.
   Wo mngbai nǐde yisi.	I understand what you mean.
SOC, Unit 5
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Gāngcai nī you gei vǒ jiǎngle	Nov that you've just explained it to
     yici, vǒ tiijiao mingbai le.	me again, I understand it better.
Mingbai can also be used to mean ”t〇 be clear, to be obvious,TT as in:
     Zhěijian shiqing hen mingbai.	This matter is very clear/obvious.
     tīngmingbai: ”to hear and understand" This is a compound verb of result vith an adjectival verb, mingbai indicating the result• As just stated, mingbai can mean either，’to understand’ or ”to be clear，” but tīngmingbai means only "to understand by listening," NOT "to hear clearly.tf Use tīngqīng-chu to !nean ffto hear clearly.ff
     Zuotiānde ke vo vidianr dou	I couldn’t understand a thing in
    tingoioir.ingbai .	yesterdayf s class .
     Gāngcai laoshi shu5de vo měi	I didnft hear (clearly) vhat the
   tīngqingchu.	teacher just said.
Another verb of perception vhich can take mingbai to shov the result is kan，
"to see, to read.M
     Nǐ kan měi kanmingbai zheige	Did you understand the (test) question
  timu?	(when you read it)?
As a compound verb of result, tingminglpai can take the syllables -de- and -bu- to add the meaning of "can” and ”can’t.” (For the following example you need to knov waivěn， ”foreign language,M and bu guan， ”n〇 matter.”)
      Gang xuě yizhcng vaiwěnde shihou?	When you’re just tieginning to study bu guan tingdemingtiai tingbu- a foreign language, it1 s good for mingbai, duo ting dui nǐ yiding you to listen a lot whether you you hacchu. understand or not.
timu： This noun has three commonly used meanings: (l) "topic, subject (2) fTtit.le and (2) "question, problem” (e.g. , on a test or in an exercise).
      VJomen Jīntiān "nuan yige tāri huade Today let1 s change the topic of con— timu, tanyitan shěnghuo fang-	versation and chat about things
•	miande shi.	from daily life.
     Zheiben shūde timu shi Zhongguo- The title of this book is Chinese de Shehui.”	Society.
     Zuotiān kaoshide timu name duo, There were so many problems on yes— vo zhēn bu zhīdao xiān zuo	terday rs test, I didn’t know vhich
   neige hao.	to do first.
     Zheiyangde timu wo zai gāozhong° ī did this sort of problems vhen I de shihou dSu zucguo, xianzai	vas in senior high school, but
    d5u wangle.	nov I have forgotten all about them.
°gāozh5ng, "senior high，” short for gāoji zhongxuě
SOC, Unit 5
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3. A: Xuě pinyin yě hǎo, bu xuě	Whether you study romanization
 pīnyīn yě hǎo，Zhōngguo zi	or not，you111 always have to
      zong děi xuě.	study Chinese characters.
    B: Shi a, zheiyang Zhōngguo	Yes, this is the only way Chinese
         wěnhua cai něng bǎochixiaqu. culture can continue to be
                                           preserved.
Notes on No. 3
     ...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo: This pattern can mean either (1) "whether.•.or.••n or (2) "both...and.••.”
     Ni qu yě hao, bu qu yě hao, wo Whether or not you are going, I’m yiding qu.	going for sure.
     Ta ting yě hǎo, bu ting yě hao,	Whether he listens or not, there1U
     zong you yitiān ta hui	be a day when he understands. mlngbaide.
     Tā lai yě hǎo, bu lāi yě hǎo,	Whether or not he comes, let’s
     zanmen xian chī fan ba.	start eating.
     Nǐ qu yě hǎo, huoshi wo qu yě	Whether you go or I go, somebody has
      hǎo, zong děi you yige rěn qu. to go.
In the review dialogue, you will see an example of the second meaning, "both", and...ff:
     Buguo wS xiǎng, dalu yě hǎo，Tai- But I think that both the mainland wan yě hSo， Jǐshinian lai dou	and Taiwan have undergone big
 youle hěn dade gaibian.	changes in the past few decades•
     ZhSngguo rěn yě h5o, Měiguo rěn Chinese people and American people yě hǎo, dou yīnggāi baochi	should both preserve their cultural
     tamende wěnhua chuantong.	heritage.
     cai: You've already seen cai in talking about TIME ("not until") as in Ta zuotian cai laidet "He didn't come until yesterday." Here you see another use of cai，"not unless.11 It points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.
          Zheijikn shi, ta guǎn	cāi xfng.
As for this	(if) he takes	only in that case
          matter,	care of it,	will it be okay.
                "It won't be okay unless he takes care of this matter.11 Here are other examples:
SOC, Unit 5
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   Shige	cai gou.	"No fever them ten is enough•11
    Zheiyang	cai hǎo.	’’Only in this vay is it good.11
Pianyi	vǒ cai mǎi.	’’工 vor^t "buy it unless itf s cheap.11
   Nǐ qu	vo cai qu.	”1 vonrt go unless you do.”
   Zhěitao pan zi van	don’t use this set of dishes
    you kěren lai	vǒ cai yong. unless 工 have guests.11
     ~bǎochi: Mto keep, to preserve,	to maintain11
Yaoshi nǐ něng baochi měitiān	If you can keep on memorizing four
ji° sige xīn zi, yinian kěyi	nev characters a day, you111 be
ji yiqiān du5 ge zi le.	able to memorize over a thousand
                                            a year.
Zh5ngguo shěhui hěn du5 difang	There are a lot of places in Chinese
    dou "baochizhe lǎode fēngsu	society vhich are still holding on
   xiguan.	to old customs and ha"bits .
h. A: Jiāli laodongli duo, shěnghuo If a family has more manpover,
        yě jiu hui hao yidiǎnr.	then it follows that life vill "be
                                             a little "better.
    B: Kěshi xianzai rěnkǒu du5	But nov it fs not necessarily an
"bu yiding you shěnme	advantage to have a lot of
   haochu.	people.
Notes on No. b
     laodongli: ”vork force,” literally ’’labor-pover”
     Funū zai nongcūn shi xiangdāng In rural areas, vomen are a very zhongyaode laodongli.	important source of labor-
Laodongli may also "be used to refer to able-bodied individuals vho do manual labor:
     A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge laodongli? Hov many able-bodied persons are there
                                          in their family?
B: You sige "ban laodongli.	There are four and a half, (The half
                                           may "be a child or an older person vho cannot do as much vork-)
-li ~by itself means "pover” or flability,11 and is used in combinations:
  něngli ability	rěnli	manpover
   dianli electric pover	tīngli	hearing ability
    huoli	firepover; thermal	shuili	vater pover, hydraulic
   dongli motivating pover, force,	pover
                 impetus， driving force
°Ji，”to rememlDer,fl can also mean Mto commit to memory.11
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yě ,1iu: ’’accordingly，’’ literally ’’also then11 Other translations for this are ’’correspondingly,’’ "so." The tone of jiu is often neutral.
     Tǎ dui wo hěn "bu kěqi，wo yě	He was very rude to me, so I
      jiu Idu gēn tā shuo hua le.	wonft talk with him anymore.
Wo jiao ta bu yao bang wo xī	I told him not to help me wash the
      wan, tā yiding yao xǐ, wo yě	dishes, but he insisted, so I let
    jiu rang ta xǐ le.	him wash them.
Wo shi liǎngniān yǐqian xuěde	I studied Chinese two years ago, "but
      ZhSngwěn kěshi yizhi měi jīhui I never had the chance to speak it, shu5， yě jiu wang le.	so I forgot it.
Wo xiǎng qu, kěshi měi biěrěn	I wanted to go， but nobody else did,
     yao qu, yě jiu suan le.	so I said the heck with it.
     Wo gang xuě Zhongwěnde shihou, When I first started studying Chinese， hen zhuyi fāyīn, shijiān	I payed a lot of attention to pro—
      changle yě jiu bu guan le.	nunciation， but as time went on, I
                                          stopped paying attention to it.
haochu: "benefit， advantage” You may also hear hǎochu (Neutral-tone -chu) • The phrase you hǎochu means "to be advantageous, to be beneficial."
Nǐ tiantian dou he jiǔ you	What good does it do you to drink
   shěnme hǎochu!	every day!
Use the pattern dui• • «yǒu hǎochu for ffto be good for..., to be of benefit to.••":
A: You rěn shuō he pijiu dui	Some people say that it is good for
         shentl you hǎochu.	the health (body) to drink beer.
B: Bu yiding ba, wo you xuěyā	Not necessarily! I have high blood
         gāo, dui wo mei shenme	pressure. It’s not good for me. hǎochu.
Women yikuair nian shū dui	It would be advantageous to both of
      liǎngge rěn dou you hǎochu.	us to study together.
SOC, Unit 5
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5
1
5.	A: Zai nar xiě zide neige rěn	Is that person writing over there
        shi "bu shi tā zhangfu?	her husband?
   B: Zheng shi tā!	That1 s him all right!
Notes on No. 3
    zai nar xiě zide neige rěn: ,,the person writing over there" Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-n-umber-counter "between the modifying phrase and the noun.
                                  Specifier-Number-Modifyins phrase_Counter_Noun
    xie zide	neige	rěn
      hěn hao kande	něi sānge	nuhair
It is also possible to put the neige or zheige at the head of the phrase (nei^e xiě zide rěn) "but especially in longer phrases it sounds "better to keep neige or zheige close to the noun, as in the Reference List sentence above.
    zheng: "just, right, exactly, precisely" Like other adverbs, zheng is placed in front of a verb.
    Wo zhěng yao zhao nǐ shāngliang I was just looking for you to talk zhěijian shiqing.	about this matter.
    Ni chuān zheige yānsě zhěng	This color is just right for you
  hěshi.	(to wear).
    Wo yao kande zhěng shi zheiben This is just the "book I want shū.	to read.
    Zuotiān lai kaji nǐde zhěng shi This is precisely the person who zheige rěn.	came to see you yesterday.
    Zheng shi yinwei zheige, tā	ThatT s precisely why he left, cai zou le.
Jiu shi is more colloquial than zheng	shi. For 5B, you could also say Jiu shi tā?
6.	A: GSngshāngye fāda you shěnme	What "benefit is there in having a
haochu? Mali dou name	flourishing industry and commerce?
zāng!	It1s so dirty everywhere!
    B: Zhěi yidian wo "bu tongyi，	I donft agree with that. There are
         gSngshāngye fada you "bu	a lot of "benefits to having a
shǎo hǎochu.	flourishing industry and commerce.
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Notes on No. 6
    gSngshāngye: "industry and commerce" This is a compound of gon^e "industry and shāngyě， "commerce." GSngyě and nongyě can also combine as gSngnongye, as in gongnongye shēngchǎn, "industrial and agricultural produc-ǐioň•”
     fāda: nto be developed, to be veil-developed; to "be prosperous, to be flourishing’’ This is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: ’’(For) industry-coinmerce to be flourishing, there is vhat benefit?" In addition to describing industry, fāda can "be used to describe a person1 s muscular build or a developed country•
    Zheige guojiā hěn fāda.	This country is very prosperous.
    Tāmen narde věnhua hěn fada.	The culture there is very developed.
Don’t confuse the state verb fāda vith the action verb fāzhǎn, vhich can take an object, e.g.9 fāzhǎn nongye, "to develop agricultureT^
     nali d5u..•: "everywhere” Here you see another example of a question word (here nali "vhere") used to mean ’’every•••’’ or ’’any".’’ In order to get such a meaning, you must use nali (or shěi，shěnme，etc.) "before dou or yě. Notice that the question vord can come in various places in the sentence.
    Q: Tā xiatiān xiǎng qu shěnme Where is he going this summer? difang?
     B: Ta shěnme di fang dou "bu qu. He is not going anywhere.
     Q: Shěi yko qu neilDiānr kāi hui? Who is going to the meeting there?
   A: Shěi dou qu.	Everybody is going.
    Zěnme zuo dōu "bu xing.	Any vay you do it，it Just doesn’t
                                            vork.
     tongyi: ’’to agree, to consent; agreement, consent’’ As a verb, the meaning of tongyi is the same as in English. But there is a difference in hov you say WHO it is you agree with. In Chinese, you don’t agree with a person; you agree vith an idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence 6B, the object zhěi yidian is up front in the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences belov.
    Tāde xiǎngfa nǐ tongyi ma?	Do you agree with his opinion?
    Wo tongyi tāde kanfa.	I agree with him (his ideas)•
CAUTION: Often speakers of English vant to say gēn> • .tōngyi "because ve say ’’agree vith".’’ in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above. Tongyi may also "be directly followed "by a clause, as in
    Ta "bu tongyi tāmen jiēhūn.	He doesnft approve of (OR vonft agree
                                           to) their getting married.
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As a noun, tongyi means "agreementff or ”consent.
     Women xūyao tamende tongyi cai We need their consent "before we can něng zuo zhěijian shi.	do this.
7. A: Tā weishěniīie zǎohūn?	Why did she get married early?
     B: Qunian tā fuqin si_ le, měi	Last year her father died and there
        rěn zhaogu ta, zhǐ hao	was no one to take care of her, so
      jiēhūn le.	all she could do was get married.
Notes on No. 了
     This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are self-sufficient ,great variations in social and economic conditions are starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.
     zǎohūn: ’’early marriage” This can refer to two different things，sometimes causing confusion.
     First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long before she was an adult in order to "bring some money into her parentsf home and to add to the number of able-bodied vorkers in her in-lavsf home.
Her ’’husltand’’ vas also very young--as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and often younger than she.
     Second, these days zǎohūn can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange 了.
     Ērshisisui jiēhūn zěnme něng	Hov can you say getting married at
    shuō shi zǎohūn?	twenty-four is early marriage?
     ZhSngguo guoqu daduoshu rěn dōu In the past most people in China zǎohūn.	married at an early age.
     sǐ: ’’to die’’ This is a process verb, like bing ’’to become ill, to get sick," and therefore corresponds to the English "to become deadn rather than "to be dead." Si_ is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one can say of a person with a terminal illness that he ’’is dying，’’ but this cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say Tā kuai (yao) sǐ le， "He is about to die,” or Tā huobnliao duo jiǔ le，’’He •won’t live much longer，,f or Tā huobuchang le, "He hasnft long to live.
     TTngshuō Lao Liūde fuqin sǐ le. I heard that Lao Liūfs father has
                                              died.
The verb si_ is not usually negated with bu, but rather with měi or hai měi (even when it corresponds to English ’’to be dead”）.
     Nei shihou, tā fuqin mei si,	At that time, his father was alive,
    kěyi changchāng zhaogu ta.	and was able to take care of him.
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Sǐ can be used directly before a noun as an adjective meaning ’’dead.” Shi side may be used to mean Mis dead -11
    Zhěi shi yitiao sǐ yu.	This is a dead fish.
Zhěitiāo yu shi side.	This fish is a dead one OR This
                                           fish is dead.
Sǐ may be considered blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people.
To be respectful, use guoqu le, ’’passed away,M or qush玍 le, ’’left the world.11 Sometimes you can avoid saying sǐ_ "by using hai zai or hai hu6zhe, Mstill living，” e.g.，Nei shihou ta yěye hai zai/hai huozhe, ,TAt that time, his grandfather was still living. (See Notes on No. 15.)
      In some parts of traditional China, the usage of si_ was affected by superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering sī，’’to die,” lest they be plagued by bad luck and death in the clan for the next twelve months. In Taiwan，the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word si， "four.11 Some hospitals have no fourth floor; silou, "fourth floor,11 could too easily become sǐlou, "death floor,11 in rapid speech. For a similar reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates bearing the number h. And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain the number h, or the donor vould be guilty of wishing death on the couple.
     zhaogu: "to look after, to take care of; care" You zhaogu can mean "to be veil taken care of, to receive good treatment.M (For the first example, you need to know that youěryuan means "kindergarten.M)
     Haizimen zai Jiāli "bǐ zai youěr- The children get "better care at home yuanli you zhaogu.	than they would at kindergarten.
     Ta yige rěn zai jiā, měiyou zhao- With his "being all alone at home，it gu bai xing.	von^ do for him to "be without care.
     Ta bingde hěn lihai, xūyko těbiě- He is very ill and needs special caxe. (de) zhaogu.
     Tade haizi dui tā h§n hao, tade His children are very good to him; shěnghuo you zhelogu.	his daily needs are well taken caxe
                                               of.
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5
1
8. A: Duoshu rěn dōu xǐhuan ziyou. Most people like freedom.
     B: Kěshi, "bū shi hěn duo rěn něng But not many people can obtain dědao ziyou.	freedom.
Notes on No. 8
     duoshu(r): "majority, most，” literally, "the larger nuniber” Daduoshu(r) is ”the great majority.?t In many instances, there isn’t much difference in meaning "between duSshu and daduoshu. Duo shu can "be used to modify a noun, as in duoshudǎng^ "the majority party, or duoshu minzu^ "majority nationalities •” [The opposite of duoshīi is shǎoshu, "minority.” See Traveling in China module, Unit 1.J
     ~bū shi: "it is not the case that” To translate the subject "not many people” into Chinese, you need to use a verb (shi or you)• You can’t put tu directly before hěn duo rěn. Other examples:
     Neige difang, ~bu shi nǐ xiǎng qīi You can*t go there any time you vant. jiu kěyi qīi(de), nǐ děi xiān	You need to get approval first.
       dědao tongyi.
     Bū shi vǒ "bu yuanyi gēn ni jiē- It *s not that I don’t vant to marry hūn, shi vǒ fumǔ "bīi tongyi.	you; it *s that my parents don’t
                                            approve•
     dě: "to get, to receive" De_ is much more limited than English nto get.n Use de_ only for passively receiving a prize, a degree，a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you need to knov kaoshi，"test"; y5u, "excellent?? [used in mainland schools like the grade ?tAn in the U.S.]; fen, "points"; jiǎng，?tpri zen; shuoshi，"Master * s degree.11)
    Zuotiānde kǎoshi vǒ dele ge	I got an nA” on yesterday*s test.
             •”
   Ta dele yi"bǎi fēn.	He got 100 (points).
   Shěi dě jiǎng le?	Vho won the prize?
    Tā shi něinian děde shuoshi?	What year did he receive his Masterfs
                                            degree?
De is also used for "contracting”	diseases. ( 3h the second example, lanvěiyan is "appendicitis,n)
    Tā dě bing le, "bu něng qu le.	He came down vith something and
                                           cannot go.
    Tā dele lanvěiyan, děi mǎshang He got appendicitis and had to "be kāi dao.	operated on immediately.
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     dědao: "to receive, to get, to gain, to obtain” Add the ending -dao to the verb de_ to get the meaning of successful obtaining (cf • jiědao，"to successfully "borrow,lf in Unit 1).
   Tā dědao huzhao yīhou mǎshang	He left immediately after getting
   jiu zou le.	his passport.
     Ta gen ta jiehūn, jiu shi xiǎng He only married her to get her dědao tāde qian.	money.
     Hěn du5 rěn debudao ziyou.	Many people are unable to obtain
                                             freedom.
   Tā cong zhěli debudao shenme	He wonft "be able to gain anything
  hǎochu.	from this.
’’To get1’ in English often means to actively seek to obtain a thing. In those cases, do not use dě(dao). Use such verbs as na/nadao/nalai， zhSo/zhǎodao/ zhǎolai，nongdao/nonglai，or a more specific verb such as mǎi, yao (’’to ask for ), jie; and qing(lai) or .jiao(lai) for "getting” people.
9. Weile něng huxiāng zhaogu,	All three generations live together
tāmen yijia sandai zhu zai	so that they can take care of each
 yiqǐ.	other.
Notes on No. 9
     weile: ffin order to5 for the purpose of; for the sake of11 A phrase with weile may come at the very front of the sentence or after the subject.
Tā weile yao dao Zhōngguo qu	Because he wants to go to China to
     gSngzuo, suoyi xianzai zai xuě	work, he is studying Chinese now. ZhSngwěn ne.
Weile kan dianying, ta měi qti.	He didnft go to class so he could go
  shang kě.	see a movie.
Weile may also come after shi:
     Zhěijiaji shi dōu shi weile ta. This was done all for him.
This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling ■under the categories of (1) "benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed "by a particular sentence.
Benefit, sake
    Wo weile ta cai laide.	I came only for his sake.
Wo wanquan shi weile ni.	I am (doing this) entirely for your
                                              sake.
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Purpose， goal
      Weile qian, tā shenme dōu zuode- For money, he is liable to do anything, chūlai.
      Weile mǎi zhěi*běn shū, ta qule He vent to six "bookstores in order liuge shūdian.	to get this "book.
      Nǐ pǎo zhěme yuǎnde lu， jiu shi You came all this vay just to get weile nā zhěizhāng piao?	that ticket?
     Weile baochi nianqīng, tā yong She washes vith (cov’s) milk to niunǎi xǐzǎo.	preserve her youth.
      Weile yao is a common combination vhich often means the same as veile:
     Weile yao qu kan pěngyou, jin- In order to go visit a friend, I tiān vo dei zǎo yidiǎnr xia	have to leave vork a little early
 ban.	today.
     Weile yao nian shū, vo zheige	I'm not going out this Sunday so
     XTngqītiān bu chūqu le.	that I can study.
      Weile bu yao tai lei, vo měitiān In order not to get too tired, I dōu zuo chē shang ban.	take the "bus to vork every day.
      Weile něng dull shěnghuo, tā hěn In order to live independently, she zǎo jiu likāi fumǔ le.	left her parents very early.
Motive or reason for some act^ thoughta or feeling
      ^Jeile zhěijian shi, vo juěde hěn I feel very em'barrassed a"bout bu hao yisi.	("because of) this matter.
     Weile zhěijian shi, tā yiyě d5u He couldn’t get to sleep all night shuituzhao jiao.	on account of this matter.
     Wo jiu shi věi(le) zhěijian shi I have come precisely because of lāide.	this matter.
     Jiu vei(le) zhěme yidiǎnr shi， You got angry over such a small nǐ jiu shengqi la?	thing?
Even though you vill find that veile is sometimes idiomatically translated as ’’because," as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym of yinvei. When you want to say "because,” you should use yinvěi• When you vant to say ’’for the sake of” or ’’for the purpose of,” use veile•
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10. A: Tīngshuo congqian, nǐmen	heard that in the past you had
        zhěli you hěn duo you	a lot of interesting customs here,
          yiside fengsu,
     B: Shi a. Houlai gSngshāngye Yes. Later, when industry and fādale, fēngsu yě gaibian le. commerce developed, customs
                                           changed, too.
Notes on No. 10
     fēngsu: ”custom” The definition of fēngsu in a Chinese dictionary reads: the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc.， adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society.11 Compare this with xi^uan: "behavior, tendency or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly.11 Notice that xfguan may refer to the practices or habits of either an individual or a community, whereas fēngsu refers only to those of a community.
     Guoqu ZhSngguo you zaohūnde	In the past China had the custom
   fēngsu.	of early (child) marriage•
     houlai: ’’afterwards, later’’ Both houlai and yxhou are time nouns which can be translated as ’’afterwards，，or "later.11 But there are differences between them:
(1)	Differences in patterns: Yǐhou can either follov another element (trans-lated as "after. or it can be used by itself.
     Tā laile yīhou, women jiu zou le.	After he came，we left.
Yǐhou ta měiyou zai laiguo.	Afterwards, he never came back again.
Houlai can only be used by itself.
     Houlai ta jiu shui jiao le.	Afterwards he went to sleep.
(2)	Differences in meaning; Both jr^hou and houlai may be used to refer to the past. For example，either yǐhou or houlai may "be used in the sentence Kaishǐde shihou ta bu zhīdao zěnme ban% kěshi houlai/yǐhou xlangchule yfge hao banfa> flIn the beginning, he didnft know what to do，but later he thought up a good way.ff
     But if you want to say "afterwards” or ’’later11 referring to the future, you can only use yǐhou. When it refers to the future time, y^hou can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:
     Yihoude shiqing, děng yīhou zai Let fs vait until the future to see shuo.	about future matters.
   Yǐhou nǐ you kong, qJng chang	In the future when you have time,
   lai van.	please come over more often.
    Wo yǐhou zai gaosu ni.	I111 tell you later on.
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      Tāde haizi shuSle，yǐhou tā	His child said that someday, he wants
      yao gēn yige Ri'běn rěn jiēhūn.	to marry a Japanese.
 Usage Note: Yǐhou has the literal meaning of "after that. It implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, a sort of time "boundary. Yǐhou refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as "since,
  Tā zhǐ xiěle yi"běn shu, yǐhou	He only wrote one book, and hasnft
     zai měi xiěguo.	written any since (if he is still
                                        alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never vrote another. (if he is dead)
      gaibian: "to change; change"
       Wo "bu mingbai tā věishěnme haishi 工 donft understand vhy he still can’t "bu něng gai"bian tāde guānnian.	change his ideas (vay of thinking).
 Bian_, vhich you learned in Unit 3，can be used only as a ver"b, not as a noun. Bian and gǎi~bian may "be interchangeable in a small niamber of contexts, "but there is an essential difference "betveen them: Bian is a process verb, "to become different ,t! and ^ǎi~bian is an action plus process, t!to alter in such a vay as to "become different. ' This can cause English-speaking students confusion "because the English verb "change” covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:
Tade xiǎngfa bian le.	His vay of thinking changed (became
                                             different).
      Women yīnggāi gaibian zheige	We should change this state of
qingkuāng.	affairs (alter this state of affairs
                                            so that it becomes different).
 Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
       laodong: The verb "to do physical labor, to labor, to vork" or the noun "physical labor, manual labor.”
    shēngchǎn laodong	productive labor
    laodong shSuru	income from vork
      huo: "to live" Huo， shěnghuo， and zhu may all be translated as "to live" "but actually have different meanings. Huo basically refers to the "bodyfs having life or treath, and is the opposite of s?. Shěnghuo emphasizes 」day-to-day living; it is used mostly vhen describing the needs or quality of daily life. Zhu is used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as onefs home, or temporarily (zhu luguǎn， ”to stay at a hotel,” and zhu yuan, "to stay in the hospital").
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     Yu zai shuili cai něng huo.	Fish can live only in water.
     Neige difangde rěn kěyi huo dao The people there live to be very hěn lao.	old.
    Tā huode hěn chang.	He had a long life.
     Tā dagai huobuchang le.	He probably won1t live much longer.
Huo often means "to live” in the sense of "to survive”：
     Ta jin yīyuande shihou, shěi d5u When he went into the hospital, no one xiǎng ta bu něng huo le, kěshi thought he could live (survive)，but tā you huole yinian cai sǐ.	he lived another year before he died.
Huo can modify a noun directly, for example, huň yu, "live fish,’1 huo rěn, "living person.” But to say, "Is he alive?” you must use huo vith the ending -zhe: Ta huozhe ma?
      Huo can also mean "movable, moving，” as in: huozi，"movable type11; huoye，”loose-leaf ” ChuoyětH5zi is ”loose-leaf binderfTU; huoshuī, ”flowing water.ft
     xiguan: As a noun, this means "habit" or，in a more general sense, "custom, usual practice.ff
      Tang zai chuangshang" kan shū shi It1 s a bad habit to read in bed. yige bu hǎode xiguan.
    Wo you zǎo qīde xiguan.	Ifm an early riser. (Lit.，”1 have
                                            the habit of getting up early.’,）
     Tai tai bu xīhuan tā xiānsheng	The vife doesnft like her husband1 s
     banye yīhou cai hui jiāde	habit of not coming home until
  xiguan.	after midnight.
     Zheige juzi bu zhīdao wěishenme I don’t know vhy this sentence is said zěnme shu5， zhěi jiu shi wSmen- this way. Itfs just the way we say de xiguan.	it.
As a verb, xiguan means ” to get /be used to, to become/be accustomed to”：
     Jīntiān shi wo diyītiān dai yān-	Today is my first day wearing
     jing, wo hai měi xiguan. Wo	glasses and I’m not used to them
     xīwang hěn kuai jiu kěyi	yet. I hope I can get used to
   xiguan le.	them quickly.
     Wo hěn bu xiguan chī zhěrde fan. I?m not at all used to the food here.
     Wo yījīng xiguan zhěme zuo le,	I’m already used to doing it this way.
   hěn nan gai.	Itfs very hard to change.
°chuang, ’’bed"
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     ting: This vord, vhich you already knov as nto listen，” can also mean nto heed, to obeyn someone's suggestions， directions， or orders.
     Tā shuode you daolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense• You should ting tāde hua.	listen to him (do as he says).
     Wo gaosu tā yīnggāi zheiyang	I told him he should do this, but
   zuo, tā bu ting-	he vouldn ft listen-
    Hao ba, ting nǐde.	Okay, I’ll do as you say. (nǐde is
                                          short for nǐde hua.)
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  Unit 3 > Reviev Dialogue
      Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Pingfs classmate from Taiwan, Wang Cheng (D)， have just gone to the movie The Dream of the Red Chamber*. On their way home，they chat.
B: Tāngmǔ, nǐ zěnme bu shu5 hua?	How come you arenft talking, Tom?
A: Duibuqǐ, kan zheige dianying,	Ifm sorry. Watching this movie
shizai rang rěn bu shūfu, těbiě	was really distressing. Especially
  shi kan dao neige difangr • • •	when it got to that part ...
D: Nage difāng?	Which part?
A: Jiu shi Daiyu side shihou • • .	The part when Daiyīi dies ...
B: Ng, dui le, Daiyīi side shihou	Mm, right, Daiyīi dies just when
  zhěng shi Bǎoyii jiēhunde shihou.	Bǎoyii is getting married. At that
   Kan dao zhěli, zhēn shi rang rěn	point, I really felt uncomfortable. hěn bu shūfu.
D: Nǐmen you měiyou zhuyi dao, hěn	Did you notice, a lot of women
  du5 nude kan dao zhěge difang	started crying when it got to that
 d5u kū le.	part.
A: Wo kandao le. Ai， youde shihou,	Yes. (Sigh) Sometimes I really
wo zhende bu mingbai, wěishenme	donft understand why a lot of books
hěn duo shuli haishi shuō Zhong-	say that there were many advantages
   guo chuantǒngde da jiātlng you bīi	to the traditional Chinese large
  shao hǎochu，hǎochu zai nali?	family. What advantages? Just in
  Weile baochi da jiātingde chuan-	order to preserve the tradition of
tong, rang nianqīngde yidai huo-	the large family, the younger genera-
  zhě jǐdai chī name duo kǔ, zhe	tion or generations were made to
  jiu shi da jiātingde haochu ma?	suffer so much. Thatfs the advantage of the large family?
D: Da Jiātingde hǎochu xianzai bu	The large family doesn’t have many
du5 le. Nǐmen zhīdao Zhōngguode	advantages any more. You know, the
da jiāting gēn lishǐ you guanxi.	large family has to do with Chinese
Zhōngguo shi nongye shěhui, shēng-	history. China was an agricultural
chǎn d5u yao kao rěnli， shěi Jiāde	society, and production depended on
laoli du5, shěi jiāde shěnghuo Jiu	manpower. If a family had a larger
hui hǎo yidian. Ll Ping, nǐ xiSng	labor force they had a better life,
shi *bu shi zheyang ne?	Lǐ Ping, do you think that1 s right?
B: Shi, shi zhěiyangde.	Yes, that1s right.
A: Name, xianzai qingxing bu tong	But now the situation is different.
•This novel by Cao Xuěqin (1了2U?-1了6U) tells of the twilight years of the Jia family, grown wealthy in the service of 这ng Dynasty emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young man of the house, Jiǎ Bǎoyīi (Precious Jade), and his love for his cousin, Lin Daiyu (Black Jade).
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  le， xianzai gSngshangyě fādā le,	Nov that industry and commerce are
 věishenme hai you rěn shuo da	highly developed, vhy do some people
  jiāting hao ne?	still say that the large family is
                                          good?
D: Da jiātingde guānnian yījīng	The concept of the large family has
  you jǐqiānniande lishi le, yao	already existed for several thousand
  gaibian tā, xūyao bǐjiao changde	years. It111 take a rather long time
shijiān, Dalīide qingxing wo bu	to change it. I donft knov about the
  qīngchu, Taivǎnde qingxing shi	situation on the mainland. But on
  da jiāting yuě lai yuě shao le.	Taiwan, the situation is that there
  Suīran Zh5ngguo rěn xihuan da	are fewer and fewer large families.
jiāting, juěde dajiā zhu zai	Although the Chinese like big families
  yiqǐ, huxiāng you zhaogu, danshi	and think that if everyone lives to-
  gSngshāngyě fāda le, gSngzuode	gether they can take care of each
  jihui du5 le, xiǎo jiāting ye	other, industry and commerce are
 jiu yuě lai yue du5 ie.	flourishing and there are more job
                                        opportunities, so there are more and more small families.
B: Xianzai da jiāting yuě lai yuě	Now as large families grow fewer
  shao, zaohūnde fēngsu ye jiu	and fewer, the custom of child
 měiyou le.	marriage vill disappear.
A: Zǎohūn he da jiāting you shěnme	Is child marriage related to the
 guānxi ma?	large family?
D: You guānxi. Zhě zhǔyao° shi lao-	Yes. It1s mainly a question of
 lide věnti.	labor force.
B: Nǐ xiǎng, zǎohūn, zǎo you haizi,	After all, with child marriage,
  jiāli laodongli du5， lǎorěn ye jiu	children are born sooner, the family
  kěyi zǎo yidian dedao zhaogu.	has more work hands, and the old
                                        people can get taken care of sooner.
A: Kěshi zai gōngshāngyě shěhuili，	But in an industrial-commercial
 duSshu lǎorěn d5u you shSuru,	society, most of the old people have
  Xianzai Taivān yǐjīng shi gong-	an income. Today Taiwan is already
  shāngyě shehui, zheiyangde wenti	an industrial-commercial society, so
 yě jiu měiyou le.	that kind of problem doesnft exist
                                         there anymore.
B: Danshi, nǐ biě vangle, dalu hāi	But donft forget that the mainland
   shi nongye shěhui, zhaogu lǎorěn-	is still an agricultural society,
  de věnti hai shi da věnti, zǎo-	Caring for old people is still a big
  hūnde fēngsu yě haishi you.	problem, and the custom of child
                                        marriage still exists there.
A: Nǐ dagai nongcuole ba, dalude	You must be mistaken. How could
  zhengfǔ zěnme hui tongyi rěnmen	the government on the mainland agree
  zǎohūn ne?	to let people marry as children?
°zhǔyao, "mainly"
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B: Wǒ shuSde shi nongcǔn,^- shěnme	I’m talking about rural areas,
zǎohūn na, zhong nan qīng nu a,	Things like child marriage or regard-
   zhěizhong shi zong shi he j īngj i ing males as superior to females bu fāda you guānxide.	always have to do with an undeveloped
                                          economy.
D: Wǒ shizai bu xǐhuan zǎohūn. Wo	I really dor^t like child marriage,
   xiǎng duoshu zaohūnde rěn hbialai- I think that most people who are de shěnghuo dou you dian went!.	married as children have problems
                                         later on in life.
B: Těbiě shi funū.	Especially women.
A: Dui le, wǒ tīngshuōguo zheiyang	Right. I1 ve heard a saying to the
yizhong shuofǎ: Zhongguo funu	effect that before a Chinese voman gets
   měiyou jiēhūn yǐqian yao ting fiimu-	married she has to obey her parents，
de, jiěle hūn děi ting zhangfude,	after she gets married she has to obey
  zhangfu sǐle děi ting ěrzide.^	her husband, and after her husband
Qǐngwěn, ZhSngguo funu shěnme	dies she has to obey her son. I ask
shihou cai něng you tāmen zijīde	you, when vill Chinese women be able
  xiangfǎ, shěnme shihou cai něng	to think for themselves? When vill
you yidiǎnr ziyou ne?	they be able to have a little freedom?
B: Ou, xianzai měiyou rěn jiǎng	Nobody is strict about those customs
 zhěixiē le.	anymore.
A: Suīran měiyou rěn jiǎng, kěshi	Nobody is strict about them,
   zhěizhong chuantong sixiǎng^ hai- but the traditional thinking is still shi you a!	there!
D: Nī shuode yě you daoli, haishi	That’s right. It’s still the same
  naju hua, jīqiānniande lao	old story. Ideas which are several
  guānnian bū shi hěn kuai kěyi	thousand years old can’t be changed
 gaibiande •	very quickly•
B: 贺g，būguo wǒ xiǎng, dalu yě	Yeah, but I think that both the
  hǎo, Taiwan yě hSo, jǐshinian	mainland and Taiwan have undergone
lai dōu youle hěn dade gaibian,	big changes in the past few decades.
   funude diwei yě d5u youle tlgāo,^	The status of women has improved,
   chuantǒngde guānnian yě zai bian.	and traditional ideas are changing.
A: Ng, zhěyidian wo tongyi.	Mm, that I agree vith.
1nongcun, "rural area" (See Unit 6)
^Zhōngguo funu měiyou jiēhūn yǐqian yao ting fumǔde: (1) měiyou .liēhun
yǐqian is completely equivalent to jiēhūn yǐqian "before getting married”.
The meiyou does not change the meaning. (2) Ting f^amāe is equivalent to
ting fumǔde hua, "to obey onefs parents •”
^sīxiǎng, "thought, thinking11 (See Life in China module，Unit k)
^tigao, "raise，improve(ment)M (See Traveling in China module, Unit 2)
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B： Hǎo, vomen dao jiā le. Wang	Okay, ve are at my house. Come
Cheng jinqu zuo zuo ba!	in for a vhile, Wang Cheng, okay?
D: Hǎo, jinqu yixia.	Okay, I111 come in for a vhile.
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                                 Unit ^， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker vill confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her high-school-age granddaughter in Tiānjīn.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, youf 11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
Zhāng Li Shi	(an old vay of referring to a
                                          woman whose own surname is Li and whose husbandfs surname is Zhang)
  zai shuō	"besides, moreover
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies like birth control in China?
     2.	What does Grandma think of the new policy?
     3.	What is the difference between the old and the new custom vith regard to taking one’s husbandfs surname after marriage?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
SOC, Unit 5
.Exercise b
     In this exercise tvo classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, ansver the questions.
1了0
Exercise 3
     In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the situation on the mainland.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new vords you vill need to understand this conversation:
  shichang	market
  nongmin	peasant
     For this conversation, you also need to knov what "free markets" are. The Chinese term is ziyou shichǎng. These are government-controlled, negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (vith the exception of certain restricted products) may "be sold on the open market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline production， stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement state-operated commerce.
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Hov do free markets help peasants? How do they help agricultural production?
     2.	How do free markets improve life for people in the cities?
     3.	What other developments in the countryside do the classmates think will affect the mainland1s economic situation?
     h. For how long did classmate Bfs family live in the Jiāngxī countryside?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
.Exercise b
In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the family of a friend.
Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
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     You will need the	following words and phrases:
  lǎoxiānsheng	old gentleman
  gǔhuī	ashes (of a person)
  songhuiqu	to take back
Questions for Exercise	U
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Where will Mr. Wang's remains be buried?
     2.	What was the nature of family clashes between Mr, Wang and his five sons?
     3.	From Mr. ^Lng’s point of view, what vere the advantages in having his sons get married young?
     U. What did his sons think about early marriage?
     5.	What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him give up trying to have his sons marry early?
     6.	What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to suggest that you talk about a different topic?
     After you have answered these questions, you may vant to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
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   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
In Tianjin, a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.
A: Xiǎolān, kan "bao na!	Reading the paper, Xiǎolān?
B: Nainai, jīntiān "baoshang shuSle,	Grandma, today it says in the paper,
 "Yige zui hǎo, liǎngge gou le,	f?One is "best， two are enough, three
 sānge tai du5f?!	are too many”！
A: Shěnme? "Yige zui hǎo”？ Wǒ	What? "One is "best”？ I don’t
 měi tingmingtai.	understand.
B: Na shi shu5 shēng haizi, shēng	It’s about having children. Itfs
yige zui hǎo, liǎngge jiu gou	"best to have one，two are enough, and
  le, sānge tai du5.	three are too many.
A: "Shēng yige zui hǎo”？ Shēng ge	"It’s "best to have one"? What do
 nuhaizi zěnme "ban? Hai děi zai	you do if you have a girl? Then you
  shēng yige nande ma!	have to try to have a "boy!
B: Ei，nainai, nuhaizi you shěnme	But Grandma, whatf s wrong with
   "bu hǎo? Nanhāizi yě hǎo, nShāizi	girls? Boys or girls, theyfre all
  yě hǎo, d5u shi zijǐde haizi ya!	one1s own children!
                        w
A: Na "bu yiyang, nuhaizi jiěle hūn,	It1 s not the same thing. When a
  shěngle haizi, haizi děi xing	girl gets married and has a child,
 zhangfude xingr, nǐ xiǎng nanhaizi	the child has to take the hus"bandf s
he nuhaizi yiyang ma?	surname. You think "boys are the same
                                         as girls?
B: Na wǒ "bu tongyi. Nin yě shi	That I don’t agree with. You’re a
  nSde，nin wěishenme name kantmqǐ	woman too. Why do you look down on
 funu a?	women so much?
A: Bu shi kantuqi, shěhui de qing-	Itf s not that I look down on them,
  xing jiu shi zheiyangr. Nǐ yěye	Thatfs the way society is. Your
 xing Zhāng, wǒ zijǐ xing Lǐ, jiē-	grandfather1 s name is Zhāng and mine
 hūn yǐhou renjia jiao wo Zhāng Lǐ	is Lǐ. After we got married people
 Shi， zěnme měiyou rěn jiao wo Lǐ	called me Zhāng Lǐ Shi. Why didnft
 Zhāng Shi?	anyone call me Lǐ Zhāng Shi!
B: Zhěi shi jiu fēngsu, xianzai	That1s the old custom. Those terms
   měiyou zhěixiē shu5fǎr le. Wǒ shi	aren’t used anymore. Ifm Zhāng
Zhǎng Xiǎolan, jiēhūn yǐhou wǒ hai	Xiǎolan, and after I get married I’ll
  shi Zhāng Xiǎolan.	still be Zhāng XiSolan.
A: Yǐhou haizi yě xing Zhāng ma?	And will your children use the sur-
                                        name Zhāng too?
B: Zěnme "bu kěyi, nin kan duimianr-	Why not? Look at Auntie Wang across
 de Wang Āyi9 youle haizi jiao V/āng	the way. When she had her child it
Lin, yě měiyou rěn shu5 "bu kěyi	was called Wang Lin, and no one said
 ma! Zai shu5，du5 sheng haizi you	there was anything wrong with that.
SOC, Unit 5
1T3
   shěnme hǎochur，dajiā shouru d5u Besides, what1s the advantage in bu du5， haizi duōle, daren du5 kǔ! having a lot of children? Everyone
                                        has a small income, and if there axe a lot of children, how hard it is for the adults!
A: Haole，haole，jiu suan nī shuSde Okay, okay, let1s say you1re right. dui. Kuai chī fan ba! Chīwanle Hurry up and eat! You have to go to hai děi shang xuě qu na!	school after you finish eating!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.
A: Nī zui jin kan bao le meiyou?	Have you been reading the papers
                                         lately?
B: Shěnme bao?	What papers?
A: Dalu bao zhǐ. You yijian shiqing The mainland newspapers. I wonder hěn you yisi, bu zhīdao nǐ zhuyi if you1 ve noticed something very in-le meiyou?	teresting•
B: Shěnme shi?	What?
A: Ziyou shichǎng♦	Free markets•
B: Ng, wo yě kandao le, wo xiSng	Mm, I*ve seen that too. I think,
   zhěi shi yige bāngzhu nongmin	itfs a good way to help peasants
  zhuan qiande hao banfa.	make money•
A: Lingwai yidian, nongminde shSuru And another point is that it vill du5 le, dui nongyě shēngchǎn yě	be good for agricultural production
  you hSochu.	if the peasants* income goes up.
B: Dui, wǒ xiǎng weile rang xiǎng-	Right. I think, they ought to con-
xiade shēngchǎn he shěnghuo	tinue running these markets in order
qingkuāng hǎo yidian, zhěiyangde	to make production and living con-
  shichang yīnggāi banxiaqu.	ditions in the country better,
A: Erqiě, chěngli rěnde shěnghuo yě Whatfs more, life will be better
  hui hǎo yidiǎnr, tamen kěyi zai	for people in the cities. They can
ziyou shichǎng mǎi dao xīnxiande	buy fresh foods at the free markets .
  cai, zhěnshi bu cuo.	Itfs really pretty good.
B: Yǐhou ziyou shichǎng yuě ban	In the future, free markets will
yuě hǎo, xiangxiade xiǎo g5ng-	get better and better, small industry
shāngyě yě hui fādāqilai, dalude	and commerce in the countryside will
jīngji qingkuāng hui you hěn	begin to prosper, and there will be
  dade gaibian•	big changes in the mainland1 s
SOC, Unit 5
Uh
A: Wo jide nī lao jiā zai Jiangxi.	I remem'ber your family is from
                                          Jiāngxī.
B: Shi. Ting wo fuqin shuo, tāmen	Yes. My father tells me that they
jīdai rěn dou zhu zai Jiāngxī	lived in the Jiāngxī countryside for
 xiāngxia.	several generations•
A: Xianzai lao jiā hai you rěn "ba?	You still have family there, don ft
                                         you?
B: You, wo tīngshuo nerde qingkuāng Yes. I understand that the situa-xianzai "bū cuo le.	tion there is pretty good now.
A: Na hao, you jīhui xiang huiqu	That’s good， if you have the chance
kankan "ba?	do you want to go "back to visit?
B: Yiding!	Sure!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
Conversation "between two classmates in Hong Kong.
A: Wo tīngshuo Wang Tāode fuqin sǐ	I hear that Wang Tāo’s father died,
   le.
B: Shi• Wang Tāo he tā mǔqin xia	Yes. Wang Tāo and his mother are
Xingqiyī yao "ba lǎoxiānshengde	going to take the old gentleman’s
  gǔhui songhuiqu.	ashes "back next Monday.
A: Tāmen lao jiā zai nar?	Where fs their family from?
B: Zai Guangdong,	Guangdong.
A: Tīngshuo Wang Lǎoxiānsheng huo-	I understand that when Mr. Wang was
zhede shihou changchang xǐhuan	alive he often liked to talk about
tan lao jiāde shir?	the way things were "back in their old
                                        home, is that right?
B: Shi a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng rěn	Yes! Mr. Wang was a very good per-
hen hao, jiu shi you dianr lao	son, "but he was a "bit old-fashioned
guānnian, zong xiang "baochi da	in his way of thinking. He always
jiātingde chuantong, kěshi jiā-	wanted to keep the tradition of the
lide nianqīng rěn duoshu d5u "bu	large family, "but most of the young
ting tāde hua, you shihou tā yě	people in the family vouldn’t listen
hěn "bu gāoxing.	to him. So sometimes he was very
                                         displeased,
A: ' Nī něng "bu něng gěi wo jiǎng-	Can you tell me about it?
   jiang ne?
°It is the custom to take the remains "back to onefs hometown.
SOC, Unit 5
B: Xing a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng you	Sure! Mr. Wang had five sons• He
  wǔge ěrzi, tā yuanyi ěrzimen	wanted his sons to marry early,
   zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiehūn, zǎo	He thought that if [his sons] got
  you sūnzi, na duo hǎo!	married young, he vould get grandsons sooner, and how great that vould be.
A: Zǎohūn, lǎorěn yě kěyi zǎo	With early marriage, old people
  yidiǎnr you zhaogu, zhe bu cub.	can be cared for sooner; that1 s good
too.
B: Wang Lǎoxiānsheng zheng shi	Thatfs exactly what Mr.访ing had in
  zheige yisi, Keshi ěrzimen bu	mind. But his sons didn’t think
 name xiǎng.	think so.
A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng?	What did they think?
B: Tāmen shuō nei zhong ” zǎohūn，	They thought the idea that ” early
  jiali laodongli duo, shouru jiu	marriage brings the family more
  du5, shěnghuo jiu hǎo" de xiǎngfa	manpower, and therefore more income
shizai shi tai jiu le. Tāmen shi	and a better life” is really too old.
  nianqīng rěn, tamende guānnian	They1 re young people and all their
 dōu shi xīnde.	ideas are new ones.
A: Wang Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme ban ne?	What did Mr. Wang do?
B: Hoxzlai tā manmande yě mingbai	Later he gradually came to under—
xianzai gēn guoqu wanquan bu	stand that things are completely dif-
tong le, tā yě jiu bu shuō shenme	ferent now from the way they used to
  le. Suoyi yizhi dao Wang Xian-	be, so he stopped talking about it.
sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě měiyou shenme	So there weren’t any big problems in
  da wenti.	the family up until Mr. Wang died.
A: Hǎo le, women huan ge timu ba,	Okay，let’s change the subject and
t ant an nǐde qingxing. N? zui Jin	talk about your situation. How have
  zěnmeyang? Nian shū niande hao	you been lately? Are your studies
 "bu hǎo?	going well?
B: Bu cuo, jiīi shi mang. Jīntiān	Pretty well, its just that I’m busy,
you diǎn shijiān xiūxi xiuxi，	But today I have time to take a break,
  women qu he cha hǎo bu hǎo?	Let fs go have some tea，okay?
A: Hǎo, zou ba!	Okay, letfs go!
soc
UNIT 6 Politics and Culture
INTRODUCTION
Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	-de hua， ”if，” ”in case.”
2.	Choosing "between -guo and -le,
3.	More on zai，tfin the midst of,
U. Bu guǎn•••, ”no matter.”
5.	Nar used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.
6.	Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.
了.迪 and lai expressing purpose.
8.	(Amount of time) lai, ’’in the past.",” ’’over the past....11
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Requesting to speak vith someone.
2.	Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.
3.	Expressing that you are disturbed "by a troublesome circumstance. U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.
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                               Unit 6， Reference List
1.	A: Nx yaoshi xiang ting gushi-	If you want to listen to a story,
         de hua, wo gěi ni jiang	I111 tell you one. yige ya!
    B: Suan le. Women xia qi ba!	Forget it. Let1s play chess.
2.	A: TTngshuō .jiefang yǐhou,	I’ve heard that the Communist Party
Gongchǎndǎng zuole xiē	did some good things after
     hǎo shi,	liberation • °
B: Eng, you xie zhengce shi bu	Yes, some policies were all right,
cuo, you xiē "bu tai hǎo.	but some weren11 too good.
3.	A: Lao Wangde ěrzi ruguo	Did Lao Wang^ son ever join the
      Tuan ma?	Communist Youth League?
B: Měiyou, tīngshuo canjiāguo	No, but Ifve heard that he was in
      Hongveibxng.	the Red Guards•
k. A: Nǐ tīngshuS le ma, Lao	Have you heard? Lao Zhang1 s daughter
Zhāngde nuěr ai shang	has fallen in love vith Xiǎo
     Xiao Wang le.	Wang.
B: Zhě zhēn shi mafan shir,	This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng
         Lao Zhāng zui hěn Wang-	really hates the Wang family.
           Jiade rěn.
5.	A: Ruguo nǐ Tdu .Heyide hua,	If you don’t mind, I,d like to talk
         wǒ xiǎng he nǐde ndshu	with your secretary for a fev
       tan jifěn zhong.	minutes.
    B: Tā zai dǎ zi, mǎshang jiu	He1 s typing, he*11 be here in
   lai.	a moment.
6.	A: Zheige haizi ~bu xiang hua^	This child is too much. No matter
         bu guǎn zěnme shuo d5u	what you say, he just doesnft
    bu ting.	listen.
B: Dui ma, zhě nǎr xiang Xīn	Yes, he1s certainly no [not like
Zh5ngguode ěrtong!	any] child of "Nev China."
•The term "liberation” is used vith such frequency that we introduce it here despite the controversy over whether anything in fact was liberated or freed. For most people in China it is simply jargon for referring to 19“9» and the semantic content is of little importance.
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了. A: Zhěipiān duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō	What is this short story about? xiěde shi shěnme?
B: Xiěde shi yige nōngcūn	It’s the story of a cadre in a
       ganbude gushi.	rural area.
8.	A: Nǐ t]īmangmangde，zuo	What are you in such a hurry to
      shenme qu a?	go do?
   B: Shang xuě qu a!	I’m going to school!
9.	A: Zhengfǔ shi bu shi "bǎohu	Does the government protect people’s
        rěnmende caichǎn?	property?
B: Shi. Zhengfǔ shixing	Yes. The government is carrying
"bǎohu rěnmen caichǎnde	out a policy of protecting
      zhěngcě•	people1s property•
10.	Zai Gongchǎndǎng lǐn^dǎoxia,	Under the leadership of the Com-
ZhSngguo zai shijieshangde	munist Party, China1s position
      diwei youle hěn dade gaibian-	in the world has changed greatly.
11.	A: Shinian lai， zhěi liǎngge	In the past ten years industry and
chěngshide gSngshāngye	commerce in these two cities have
          yuě lai yuě fāda le.	"become more and more developed.
B: Zhe he zhěngfǔde lǐngdǎo	This can’t "be separated from the
shi fěrfbukaide-	government1 s leadership.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
12.	dǎng	political party; (capital D-) the
                                           (Communist) Party
13.	yuanyīn	reason， cause jiārīi	to join
SOC, Unit 6
                            VOCABULARY
ai	to love
ai shang	to fall in love with
bǎohu	to protect
bu guǎn	no matter (what, whether, etc.)
bu xiang hua	to be ridiculous, to be outrageous,
                                    to be absurd (talk，acts, etc.)
canjiā	to participate in, to take part in,
                                     to Join, to attend chěngshi	city; urban
dǎng	(political) party
dǎ zi	to type (on a typewriter)
-de hua	if; in case; supposing that
duǎnpiān	short (stories, articles)
ěrtong	child (formal word)
fen	to divide, to separate, to split
fenkāi	to separate, to split up
ganbu	cadre
Gongchǎndǎng	the Communist Party
gushi	story
hěn	to hate, to loathe, to detest
Hongwěibīng	(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards
Jiaru	to Join
jiěfang	to liberate, to emancipate; liberation
jiěyi	to mind, to take offense
jijimangmang	in a big hurry
jimāng	to be hasty，to be hurried
...lai	for the past••• (amount of time)
lǐngdǎo	to lead, to direct, to exercise
                                     leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre
nongcūn	country, rural area; rural; village
ru	to enter; to join
ru Tuan	to Join the Communist Youth League
                                      (Gongqīngtuān or Gongchǎnzhǔyi
                                     QīngniantuanT
-shang	(verb ending indicating starting and
                                      continuing)
shang xuě	to go to school; to attend school
179
180
shijie	world
shijiěshang	in the world, in the whole world
shixing	to practice, to carry out, to put into
                                     effect, to implement
-tuān	group， society
Tuaji	the (Communist Youth) League
-xia	under
xia qi	to play chess
yuajiyīn	reason, cause
zhěngcě	policy
zhengfǔ	government
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                               Unit 6, Reference Notes
1. A: Nǐ yaoshi xiǎng ting gushi- If you want to listen to a story, de hua, vǒ gěi ni Jiǎng	I'll tell you one,
           yige ya!
     B: Suan le. Women xia qi ba! Forget it. Let*s play chess.
Notes on No. 1
     Rushi: ’’story,’’ only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remem'ber that another vord you have learned, xiǎoshuō, can also "be used for ’’story’’ in the sense of a literary vork. Also take special note that a news ’’story’’ should "be translated as xinvěn (NOT gushi) •
     "To tell stories" is .1 iang (OR shuo) gushi (donft use the verb gaosu) •
Nǐmen zhěr you shěnme ěrtong	Do you have any children*s stories
   gushi ma?	here? (In a "bookstore)
 Zhěipiān gushi xiěde zhen hao. This story is very well written.
Gushi may take as a counter either -ge, -duan, or -pian (for written stories).
     -de hua: ’’if," "in case,’’ or ’’supposing that" Used at the end of a clause vhich tells a hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for ’’if’’ (yaoshi，ruguo, etc.) earlier in the same clause.
     Yaoshi nǐ bu qude hua, wo yě "bu	If you donft go, I wonft go, qu.
 Chi fan chīlDao le, yaoshi zai chi	If you eat more after you1 re already
     de hua, duzi Jiu "bu shūfu le.	full, your stomach won^ feel well.
     W5 qīlai tai zǎode hua, wo jiu If I get up too early I feel tired, hui juěde lei.
     Yao shi vǒde hua, vǒ "bu name zuo. If it had "been me, I wouldnft have
                                           done it that vay.
     xia qi: "play chess” This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess or other "board games. [Specific names do exist for each game: xieuigqi, ,f Chinese chess”； tiaoqi> "(the Chinese form of) checkers”； věiqi，"go” (a "board game); guo.1i xieuigqi「PRC) or xiyang ql (Taiwan), "international or Western chess"; etc.]
    Nǐ gēn shěi xia ql?	Who did you play chess with?
    Ta xia ql xiade hěn hao-	He plays chess very veil.
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2.	A: TTngshuō j_iěfan£ yīhou,	Ifve heard that the Communist Party
Gongchǎndǎng zuole xiē	did some good things after
     hāo shi.	liberation.
     B: Eng, you xiē zhěngcě shi "bu Yes, some policies were all right, cuo, you xiě "bu tai hao.	"but some werenft too good.
Notes on No. 2
     jiěfang: "to liberate, to emancipate; liberation，’ This word is applied in Communist ideology to the overthrow of vhat is considered "reactionary!f rule. In China today .jiěfang may "be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area "by Communist forces at any time from 19总5 up until 1950 (when the administrative authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the mainland and Hainan Island). For example, if someone says
     Women zheige difang jiěfangde	Our area was liberated late (in the
 wan.	revolution).
this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date (perhaps in late 19总9 or early 1950). Jiefang may also "be used to refer to the end of ’’China’s War of Liberation/’ marked "by the official proclamation of the Peoplefs Republic of China on October 1，19^+9• For example,
     Jiěfang yǐhoude jinian, vo zhu For the first fev years after liber-zai Shanghai.	ation I lived in Shanghai.
     Gongchǎndǎng: ’’the Communist party," literally nshare-property party"
In a mainland China context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as Dǎng， ”the Party.” The official name is ZhSngguo Gongchandang, "Chinese Communist Party (CCP)•”
     zhěngcě: ”policy” (especially of a government)
     Zuijinde zhěngcě gaibian le.	The (governmentf s) policy has changed
                                           recently.
3.	A: Lao Wangde ěrzi ruguo	Did Lao Wang1s son ever join the
Tuān ma?	Communist Youth League?
     B: Měiyou, tīngshuo canjiāguo No, "but I1 ve heard that he was in Hongvěi'bTng,	the Red Guards.
Notes on No. 3
     ru: "to enter” Ru is most often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of set phrases like ru xuě, "to enter school, to start school,” or ru yuan> ’’to "be hospitalized." Otherwise, ’’to enter” is expressed "by the verbs jin, j inlai，or jinqu.
     In the set phrases ru Tuan，nto join the Communist Youth League,!f and ru Dang, "to join the Communist Party,n ru is actually short for the verb jiaru (No. lb on the Reference List)， which means "to join" an organization.
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     Tuan: ,’the League,’’ short for Zhongguo Gongchǎnzhǔyi Qīngniantuan,
’’China Communist Youth League，’’ also attreviated as GongqTngtuan* This is a nationwide organization for working youth and students "between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate mem"bersf political awareness and their cultural and scientific knowledge. The Leaguefs history goes "back to 1922, "but its name, goals, and influence have changed over the years.
During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of the League were largely taken over "by the Red Guards (see note on next page), "but in 1973 the League "began to recover its former influence. Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as educational and recreational activities at schools, universities» factories, and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young Pioneers (Shaoxiandui), an organization for children from seven to fourteen.
     The connection "between the Communist Party and the League is a close one, although the League is independently organized and has its own central committee with a national congress that meets periodically. Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League mem"bers go on to "become Party mem"bers,
"but leadership experience in League activities makes many likely candidates for later Party memlDership.
     cānjia: ’’to join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend”
Can jia refers to the action of joining a group or Joining in an activity. It also means ”to participate” or ’’to take part in.u Canjia is also the word to use for，’to attend” a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other non-participatory event).
     Zhonggu6 cānjia Shijiě Yfnhang	China has Joined the World Bank, le.
   Women jihua xia xīngqī kai ge	Wefre planning to have an evening
wǎnhul, ° nǐ xiǎng "bu xiǎng	party next week. Would you like
  cānjia?	to join in?
    Dajiā dou yīnggāi canjia	Everyone should participate in
   laodong•	(physical) labor.
     Tā cānjiāle yige xunliānban. °° He is attending a training class OR
                                           He attended a training class.
                                           (depends on context)
     Wǒ yao qu cānjia mingtian xiāwude Ifm going to attend the meeting hui.	tomorrow afternoon•
     ruguo Tuan, cĒLn.1iāguo Hongwěibing: You were introduced to the marker -guo in the Biographic Information module, with sentences like Nǐ congqian lāi^uo ma?, ’’Have you ever been here before?” You also saw that -guo can provide "by itself the meaning of "ever”： Ta quguo Zhōngguo ma? > ’’Has he ever "been to China?” In exchange 3> the speakers use -guo with the meaning of ’’ever” having done something.
°vǎnhui’ "evening party，， **xunliānban, ”training class”
SOC, Unit 6
     Why use -guo and not -le in these sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -_guo in Chinese when you would say ’’ever’’ in English. But -guo and ’’ever’’ do not alvays correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B，the English does not contain the vord "ever." The reason speaker B decided to use -_guo there rather than 1^ is that he knows Lao Wang1 s son is no longer in the Red Guards• Using -£uo rather than le_ implies that the joining (canjia) was later undone一一that the son is not a Red Guard now.
     The verb cānjia tells an action that results in a new state: the action of joining results in the state of "being part of something. Similar verts include zuo，"to sit,’’ (the action of sitting results in the state of "being seated) and chuān (the action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being on). Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like ~b全ng (to go from wellness to sickness), dao (to go from not "being here to being here). When -£uo is used with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no longer in effect. °
     HongveilpTng： "the Red Guards lit.， "Red Guard-Soldiers" It was in Beijing in 1966 that middle school and college students first "began to form groups calling themselves H6ngvěi~bīng. At that time CCP Chairman Mao ZědSng had "been trying vith little success to stir up a mass movement against T,revi-sionist’’ elements in the Chinese Communist Party, and to infuse the country with a nev revolutionary spirit. The newly formed Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the schools• After Mao publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their inovement quickly grev into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their opposition to Liu Shāoqi, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, vas instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards vere crisscrossing China "by train, "bus, any means of transportation--many on foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs-altogether millions of young people--vere to be seen everywhere, bringing Běijīng1 s political movements to the rest of the country.
     After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power "began to wane. They remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in 19了8.
     Outside observers, as veil as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to join in the movements of the time is "beyond question. But the zealous excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards tovard people of "undesirable” political or family "backgrounds are equally veil known.
•-Guo may also "be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the state is still in effect. But do not use -guo vhen you know for sure that the state is_ still in effect. For example, if you know that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say Ta lai le.
18U
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A: Nǐ tīngshuo le ma, Lao	Have you heard? Lao Zhāngfs daughter
Zhāngde nuěr aishang	has fallen in love with Xiǎo
      Xiǎo Wang le.	Wajig.
B: Zhě zhēn shi mafan shir,	This is really trouble. Lao Zhang
Lǎo Zhāng zui hěn Wang	really hates the Wang family,
           jiade rěn.
Notes on No. ^
     ai: ’’to love” (state verb)
    Wǒ xiǎng ta shi zhende āi nǐ,	I think she really loves you.
     Tā you āi xuěxi, you ai lěodong, She loves study and loves physical shi ge hǎo tongzhi.	labor. She is a good comrade.
Ai can also mean ’’to like, to be fond of” a food, hobby, sport, activity, etc. It is usually used before a verb, as in the following examples:
Wǒ zui ai chī tāngcu pāigǔ le! I just love sweet and sour spareribs!
    Tā zhen ai jiǎng hua.	He really loves to talk.
A: Nǐ āi kan diānyǐng ma?	Do you like to go to the movies?
 B: Bū ai.	No.
Wǒ fuqin ai xia ql.	father is fond of (playing) chess.
     aishang: ’’to fall in love (vith	someone)’’
Zai zheige xuěxiao shang kě yige	After attending classes at this
yuě yǐhou, ta jiu aishang tāde	school for one month, he fell in
Zhongwěn lǎoshī le.	love with his Chinese teacher.
    Cong diyīci kanjian ta, wǒ jiu I fell in love with her right from aishang ta le.	the first time I saw her.
     Wǒ zhīdao nǐ bū ai wo le, xihuan- I know you donft love me anymore; shang Wang Cheng le.	youfve taken a liking to Wang
                                             Cheng•
Particularly in Běijīng speech, the ending -shang added to some verbs has the meaning of starting and then continuing, ffto set about (doing something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing something) •，’
Tāmen you xiashang qi le.	They have started to play chess
                                       again OR They1re back playing chess again.
    Nǐ you chōushang yan* le?!	You1re smoking again?!
•ch5u yan, ”to smoke”
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 Renjia shui jiao le, nǐ zěnme	There are people trying to sleep,
 changshang gē le?!	What are you doing singing?!
Kanshang means ’’to take a fancy to, to settle on":
     Wo kanshang něizhǒng chē le, děng I've taken a fancy to that kind of vǒ youle qiān wǒ yiding mǎi	car. When I have money I’ll cer-
  yiliang.	tainly "buy one.
     aishang Xiǎo Wan^ le： A new-situation le_ is extremely common vhen presenting an event as ’’hot nevs,” as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot nevs should, after all, "be presented to the listener as something he doesn’t already knov--as a nev situation. (For the second example you need to know zǒngtǒng， ’’president，” and fǎnRwěn, ’’to visit.")
     Wǒ zhāodao yige xīnde gongzuo	Ifve found a nev job! le：
 Jīntiān "baozhishang shuo Měiguo	It says in today * s paper that the
     zǒngtǒng yao dao Zhongguo lai	president of the U.S. is going to
   fǎngvěn le.	come visit China!
Of course, this le is sometimes optional- It may "be omitted in the above tvo examples, but not in sentence Ua.
     hěn: "to hate," only in the literal meaning of "to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill feelings tovard"
    Wǒ hěn něiyijiā rěn.	I hate that vhole family.
     Wǒ hěn ta gěi vo dāilaile name I hate him for "bringing me so much duo mafan.	trouble.
 Wǒ zui hěn zuo zhěizhong shi.	I detest doing this sort of thing
                                          most of all.
nTo hate” in the milder sense of，，to dislike，，or "to vish to avoid" is expressed in Chinese "by other words - (For the last example "belov you need to know tǎoyan> "to dislike，to "be disgusted vith.’’）
 Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn "bu yao qǐlai.	I hate to get up in the morning.
     Zheiyang mafan ni, vo zhēn "bu hǎo I hate to put you to all this yisi.	trouble.
     Xiang tā zhěiyangde rěn měiyou I hate to see someone like him yige hǎo gongzuo, tai kěxī le. without a good jo"b.
    Wǒ tǎoyan mǎi dongxi.	I hate shopping.
°chanR gē, "to sing (songs)” (a verb plus general object, like nian shū)
SOC, Unit 6
18 了
5. A: Ruguo nǐ bu .jiěyide hua,	If you donft mind, Ifd like to talk
         vǒ xiǎng he nide mishu	vith your secretary for a few
       tan jifen zhSng.	minutes.
     B: Tā zai dǎ zi， mashāng jiu	Hefs typing, he111 be here in
   lai.	a moment.
Notes on No. 5
     .jiěyi: ’’to take offense, to mind’’ This is mostly used when preceded by a negative word (bu or biě)•
     Wǒ shi shuSzhe wllnrde, xīvang nǐ I was kidding (when I said that). I bu yao jiěyl.	hope you doi^t take offense.
    A: Ni bil hui jiěyi ba?	You donft mind, do you?
   B: Bu hui.	No, that9 s all right.
Nǐ Jiěyi bu Jiěyi wo mingtian	Do you mind if I take a friend along
     dai ge pěngyou qu cānjia nide	to your party tomorrow night? wǎnhui*?
     dǎ zi: Mto type11 on a typewriter, literally wto hit characters.ff
    Tā dǎ zi dade hěn kuai.	He types very fast.
Zi here is a general object like hua in shuo hua. Speakers of English are
often tempted to say dǎ zi zheige for fftype this," but that is	incorrect. To
specify the thing vhich is typed, use dǎ without the vord zi_.	Some verb endings, especially -chulai, are often used with dǎ:
    Gei wo dǎ yixiar (zheige).	Type this for me.
     Qǐng ni bǎ zhěifeng xin dǎ yi-	Please type this letter, xiar.
    Wo děi qu dǎ yifeng xin.	I have to go type a letter.
Ni dawan něifēng xin le ma?	Have you finished typing that letter?
     Neifēng xin dǎchulai le meiyou?	Has that letter "been typed?
     Wo ba zheige dǎchulaile mǎshang I111 bring this over to you as soon gěi ni songguoqu.	as I finish typing it.
Used as a noun, da zi means ”typing*’ (like the school subject):
   Wǒ xuěguo dǎ zi.	I1ve studied typing.
     Tǎ zai yige zhōngxuě Jiao Yīngwěn She teaches English typing at a da zi.	middle school.
*vanhui, Mevening party"
SOC, Unit 6
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Zi，"by itself, may "be used as follows:
    Wǒ dacuole yige zi.	I typed a character (letter or word)
                                            wrong.
    Zhěi"běn shū, zi tai xiǎo.	The type is too small in this "book.
     zai da zi: "He’s (in the midst of) typing” You first learned zai, the marker of ongoing action, in Meeting, Unit 2: Ta zai kai hui, ”He is了in the midst of) attending a meeting. Use zai to specify that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.
     Because zai denotes ”continuing action，” it is used with action verbs, vhich indicate the event has duration. On the other hand, process verts, vhich indicate simply a change of state, are not compatible vith zai: sǐ,
”to die，” dao, ”to arrive，” ting, ”to (come to a) stop，" qu, "to go.” The verb sǐ, for example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a dead state- It makes no sense to speak of "being ’’in the midst of dying"; a person is either alive or dead.° Likewise, you have either arrived (daole) or not; are either stopped (tingle) or still moving; are either gone (qule) or still present.
     You can make zai negative vith either tu or měi • Questions are usually "best formed with shi ~bu shi zai; some speakers use you měiyou zai or zai ~bu zai.
     Sentences vith zai often end in ne, the emphatic marker of absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2)•
6. A: Zheige haizi ~bu xiang hua, This child is too much. No matter ~bu guan zěnme shuo dou	what you say, he just doesnTt
     "bu ting.	listen.
    B: Dui ma, zhě nǎr xiang Xīn	Yes, hefs certainly no [not like
  Zhongguode ěrtōng!	any] child of ”New China.n
Notes on No, 6
     ~bu xiang hua: ’’to "be outrageous, to "be ridiculous, to "be atsurd" Lit-erally this means "doesn^ resemtle speech•” As used today, ~bu xiang hua may "be applied not only to things which are said, "but also to situations and people.
    Zheiyang zhēn bu xiang hua, jiu This is outrageous! To just vant yao qian *bti zuo shi, zěnme	money "but not work. How can that
 xing!	do!
    Bu xiang hua, ba wūzi nongde	This is too much! He made the room
      zhěme luan, yě bu shSushi	such a mess and doesn’t even
   shōushi•	straighten up•
•In English ”He is dying” may look like an ongoing action, but it actually means "He is very near to passing from a living state to a dead state.11 The passing itself is instantaneous• So to translate MHe is dying” into Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g., Tā kuai yao sǐ le, "He is going to die soon,11 or Ta huobuchang le, ’’He won't live long.
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     Zheige haizi yitian dao wan wanr, This child plays all day long and bu nian shū, zhen bu xiang hua. doesnft study. He1 s really too
                                             much.
     bu guǎn: !lno matter."" The first half of a bū guǎn sentence contains either (l) an interrogative word, e.g.,
   Bu guǎn shěnme	No matter what
   shěi	who
      shěnme shihou	when
   nǎr	where
    wěishenme	why
   zěnme	how
     duSshao	how much
     duo lei	how tired
                                                                                    etc •
or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,
Bu guǎn tā qu bu qū	No matter whether he goes or not
          shi bu shi zhende	whether it1s true or not
          ta shi ZhSngguo rěn	whether he is Chinese
        haishi Měiguo rěn	or American
         Jīntiān (haishi)	whether itfs today or
        mlngtian	tomorrow
                                                                               etc.
The last half of a bu guǎn sentence usually (not always) has d5u or sometimes
zi-
     Bū guǎn nī gěi duōshSo qian, wǒ No matter how much money you offer, d5u (yě) bū mai.	Ifm not selling it.
     Bu guǎn ni xuyao shěnme, tā něr No matter what you need, he is sure yxdtng (d5u) you.	to have it at his place. (Dou is
optional and is not used here.)
     Bu guǎn xia bu xia yǔ, wǒ dou qu. Whether it rains or not, Ifm going.
     nǎr: Literally "where/* used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with Nali!，which you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny compliments.
     A: Zhěixiē fangzi	dou shi nǐde Do these houses all belong to you? ma?
  B: Nǎr a!	Heck no!
    A: TS dao nǎr qū le?	Where did he go?
B: Wo nǎr zhīdao!	How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)
   A: Wo qu wen ta.	If 11 go ask him.
B: TS nǎr zhīdao!	(stress He doesnft know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)
 —on	—
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     Sāndiǎn zhSng nar něng dao!	Hov could ve possibly arrive by
                                           three ofclock!
     ěrtong: ”child” This is the vord used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children under approximately ten years of age.
   ěrtong věnxuě	childrenrs literature
   ěrtong yiyuan	childrenfs hospital
了. A: Zhěipiān duǎnpiān xiaoshuS What is this short story about? xiede shi shěnme?
    B: Xiěde shi yige nongcūn	It*s the story of a cadre in a
       ganbude gushi.	rural area.
Notes on No. 7
     duǎnpiān: ”short,，，of written compositions. Duanpian xiaoshuo, "short storyT11 In China, the short story began to develop as a genre as early as the Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story writers vere greatly influenced by Western short stories.
     nongcūn: This has three main uses: (1)，，country，rural area"; (2) "rural，u vhen used to modify a noun; and (3) "rural community, farm village" (counter: ge) • In mainland China, this third use is no longer common "because of the reorganization of rural areas into comnrones, with village-sized units "becoming production brigades (shēngchǎn dadui)•
     In the Welfare module, you learned another vord for ”country, rural area，，： xian^xia. Xiāngxia and nongcūn are comparable in meaning. Xiāngxia is chiefly a conversational word, however, rarely used in formal contexts. Xiāngxia may even be used in a disparaging manner; nongcūn, "being more neutral in connotation, cannot•
    Tāmen jia zai nongcūn.	Their home is in the country.
 Nongcǔnde kongqi Idǐ chěngli	The air in the country is much better
   hao duo le.	than in the city.
 Tā māma cong nongcūn lai, dailai	His mother came from the country and
 hao duo xīnxian jidān.	brought lots of fresh eggs vith
                                             her.
     Tā zai yige nongcūn(de) yiyuan	She vorks in a rural hospital, gongzuo.
 Zheige xuěxiāode xuěsheng dou	The students of this school have all
 dao nongcūn cānjia laodong	gone to the country to participate
  qu le.	in labor.
°The expressions zheige cūnr, "this village," vomen cǔnr, "our village，” nimen cūnr， ”your village,” etc.， are nevertheless still used in the PRC.
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    Zheige nongcūn you duSshao	What is the population of this farm
   rěnkǒu?	village? (not mainland usage)
     ganbu: Usually translated into English "by the French vord ’’cadre，’’ this vord has tvo meanings in China.° First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually central) Party or government. Second--this is the sense of Ranlpu in sentence TB--it can have the "broader meaning of any person vho has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army, factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist. It is always clear who is a ganbu and vho is not; positions and people are well defined as cadre or not. Ganbu is contrasted vith qunzhong, ’’the masses.” For example, certain meetings may be attended by ’’cadres’’ but not by ’’the masses,11 and certain documents are distributed to ,’cadres’’ of a certain level but not to ’’the masses.’’
     Most cadres are ’’not engaged in production’’ CtuSchǎn le], but some are ’’half released from production’’ Cban tuōchǎnD. Very fev are ’’not released fron production’’ IIbu tuSchǎn]. In general, cadres’ salaries are higher than ordinary workers, and they have more privileges •
     Lǎo ganbu is translated as ’’veteran cadre，’’ that is, a cadre from before liberation.
     In the PRC, the English word ’’cadre” is usually pronounced "cah-der,” vith the first syllable stressed.
8. A: Nǐ ,11.1 īmangmangde zuo	What are you in such a hurry to
      shěnme qu a?	go do?
   B: Shang xuě qu a!	īfm going to school!
Notes on No. 8
     •11.1 Imangniang: "in a great hurry11 This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the adjectival verb Jlmang, which means "hasty, hurried.” Ji means "anxious" and mang, vhich you have learned as "busy,t? here means a rushed manner.’’
     Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For example:
    A: Něige shi Chen Bin?	Which (of those people) is Chen Bin?
   B: Gaogaode něige.	The tall one.
     A: Něige gāogāode? Nǐ shi shu5 Which tall one? You mean the dark, hēihēi shoushoude něige?	thin one?
    B: Bū shi. Baibai pangpangde No. The pale (light_complexioned)， něige.	fat one.
Baobaode means "very full":
   Wǒ chide bSobaode.	I'm very full.
•The vord ganbu is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government, the army, and large corporations.
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Adjectival verts of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern: repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable twice.
          gāoxing	"becoines	gāogāoxingxing
pingchang	"becomes	pingpingchangchang
        kěqi	"becomes	kěkeqiqi
Adjectival verts reduplicated this way can "be used to modify nouns，as in
    Tā Jiu shi yige pingpingchang- He is Just an ordinary fellow, changde rěn.
or to modify verts, as in
    Women kekeqiqide tantan.	Let’s talk it over politely.
    Tāmen gāogāoxingxingde zou le. They left happily.
These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a comparative sentence.
     zuo shěnme qu: Literally, "you are going in order to do what?11 Qu and lai may "be used at the end of a sentence to show purpose: ’’go in order to” or ’’come in order to” Whether you choose lai or gii depends, in many cases, on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards ’’here,” use lai, and if it is "away,11 use qu.
  Wen tā qu ~ba!	Go ask him!
    Nǐ kuāi mang qu "ba!	Go about your "business!
   Wǒ kan ni lai le.	Ifve come to see you.
     Putting 犯 or lai "before or after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng speech, they may "be used "both "before and after the verb phrase. The following three patterns are equivalent:
    Nǐ qu wen tā. 1
   Nǐ wen tā qu. >	You go ask him.
     Ni qu wen tā qu. J
    Tā lai na piao le. 1
Tā nā piao lai le. >	He came (has come) to get the tickets.
     Ta lai na piao lai le* J
Here are more examples:
   Tā zuo shěnme qu le?	What did he go to do?
   Shui jiao qu le.	He went to go to "bed.
   Hui jiā qu le.	He went to go home.
   Xi yīfu qu le.	He went to do some laundry.
   Nong fan qu le.	He went to get dinner ready.
   Mǎi dongxi qu le.	He went to do some shopping.
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Sometimes there can be ambiguity about whether 3x1 and lai axe "being used to express "purpose” or "direction•” For example, the phrase na piao lai means "bring the tickets here" if lai is a directional ending, but come here in order to get the tickets" if lai indicates purpose.
     shang xuě: This phrase means either ’’to go to school11 in the sense of "it's eight o'clock, the children have already gone to school，,，or "to attend school," as in "I attended high school in Chicago•” Xuě is a general object like shu in nian shū, "to study.11 You can replace it by a more specific object such as xiaoxuě，"elementary school，" or Jǐngshan Zhōngxuě^ MJlngshan Middle School.”
    Ta shang xuě qu le.	He has gone to school•
Suīran ta nianji da le, kěshi	Although hefs old，he still wants to
    tā hai xiang shang xuě.	go to school•
9. A: Zhengfǔ shi bu shi baohu	Does the government protect people1 s
        rěnmende caichan?	property?
   B: Shi. Zhěngfu shixing	Yes. The government is carrying
baohu rěnmen caichande	out a policy of protecting
      zhěngcě•	people1s property•
Notes on No. 9
      zhengfǔ: 11 government11 Zhěng originally meant "political affairs ,11 and fǔ was the word for ’’government offices.11
     Tā zai Měiguo zhěngfuli gSngzuo. He works in the U.S. government.
Distinguish zhengfǔ from guojiā, flthe state.11* In PRC terminology, guojiā is the entire organization by means of which the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons. Zhěngfu refers to the administrative bodies of the state--for example, the State Council.
     baohu: "to protectM from harm or loss, or "to safeguard11
   huanj ing baohū	environmental protection
    funu ěrtong baohū	woman and child protection
     Cong xiao jiu děi baohu yanjīng. One should protect one*s eyes from
                                           the time one is a child.
     Nī kan rěnjiade chē baohude duo Look at how well maintained his car hao, nīde ne?!	is! But yours!
Women yīnggāi baohū guojiā	We should protect state property•
      caichan.
•Here we are not talking about gu6jia,s other meaning, "country, nation.’，
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      Even "before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay wide-spread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private property "by proclaiming baohu rěnmin caichǎn as an official policy.
     shixing: "to carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement" an idea, plan， policy, system, or program.
     Zheige jihua něng bu něng shixing Whether or not this plan can be im-hāi shi ge věnti.	plemented is still a question.
Xiage yuě women yao kāishǐ shi-	Next month we are going to put a new
     xing yizhong xīnde kǎoshi	method for testing into practice, "banfa.
10. Zai Gongchǎndǎng līngdǎoxia,	Under the leadership of the Com-
Zhongguo zai shijiěshangde	munist Party, China1s position
diwei youle hěn dade gaibian•	in the world has changed greatly.
Notes on No. 10
     lǐngdǎo: nto lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre"
     Tāde lǐngdao něngli hěn qiang.° He has great leadership ability.
     Tā najne nianqīng jiu lǐngdǎo name He is in charge of so many people at duo rěn?	such a young age?
     A: Nīmende gSngzuo zuode bu cuo. You do your job well.
     B: Na dōu shi zhěngfu lǐngdǎode Itfs all thanks to the good leader-hǎo.	ship of the government. (Lit.，
                                           "That is all "because the government leads veil.”）
     Zhěijian shiqing women děi wen- We111 have to ask our leading wen lǐngdao.	cadres about this.
     Tā lingdǎo zheige gōngzuo, zhěi- If he directs this project, it jian shi yiding zuotuhao.	surely won’t be done well.
     Gongqingtuan lǐngdao Shaoxiān- The Communist Youth League exercises dui.	leadership over (provides guidance
                                          for) the Young Pioneers.
     -xia: "under,,，used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned so far in this course are lǐngdǎo, qingkuāng, "bāngzhu, zhaogu.
     Zai zhěizhong qingkuāngxia, zui In this kind of situation, it is hao shěnme dōu bu zuo.	best not to do anything.
°něngli， "ability”； qiang, "strong”
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      shi.jiě: ” world”
     Zheige difang dui ta lai shuo	To him, this place seemed like a new
     hǎoxiāng shi yige xīn shijiě.	world.
     Tā dui disān shijiě guojiāde	He is interested in the political
     zhěngzhi qingkuāng you xingqu. situation in third world countries.
To say ”in the world，’’ use shi.liěshang. This is often equivalent to English "in the whole world.”
     Shi jiěshang měiyou yige rěn	There is no one like him in the
   xiang tā zheiyang.	whole world.
     Ruishi biao zai shi jiěshang hěn Swiss watches are famous throughout you ming.	the world.
Shijiě can also be used to modify other nouns:
     ZhSngguo shi Shijiě Yinhangde	China is a member country of the
   chěngyuanguo.°	World Bank.
11. A: Shinian lai, zhěi liǎngge	In the past ten years, industry and
         chengshide gSngshāngye	commerce in these two cities have
         yuě lai yuě fāda le.	become more and more developed.
     B: Zhě he zhěngfǔde lǐngdǎo	This can*t be separated from the
 shi fenbukāide.	government1s leadership.
Notes on No. 11
     shinian lai: ”for the past ten years” or "over the past ten years”
     Shinian lai, wo xuěle hěn duo	Over the past ten years, Ifve learned
  Yīngwěn.	a lot of English.
     Jīniān lai wo dou měiyou shoudao I haven11 gotten any letters from her tāde xin le.	for the past few years.
Lai is usually used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years. There are no definite rules for how long is ’’long,” but you would not, for example, use lai to say ’’for the last half hour” (which would be zhěi bange zhSngtou)•
     The expression of time may be preceded by zhěi, Mthese，” for example, zhěi jǐniān lai, ’’for the past few years.M
     chěngshi: "city” or "(comparatively large) tovn” Originally chěng meant a city wall and shi a "market(Shi is now also an administrative unit，as in Běijīng shi, "Běijīng municipality.n)
"chěngyuanguo, "member country”
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     You have already learned the word chěng for "city, town." Cheng_, which originally meant "city walls，” is now mostly used in set phrases such as .jin chěng, "to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown" (to the part within the original city walls); or chěngli, "in the city," and chengvai_, "outside the city" (again using the walls to differentiate the two). Chěng is also used to translate "town" in foreign place names, e.g., Qiaozhichěn^, "Georgetown." The Chinese also use xiǎo chěng to translate ITtovnM vhen referring to foreign situations, as in
     Tā zhu zai li Niǔ Yuē "bu yuande He lives in a little town near New yige xiǎo chěngli.	York.
But xiǎo chěng is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say ”county" (xian) or "commune” (g5ngshě) or Just "place” (difang)•
     To translate ”city，” chěngshi is the word you will use most often.
     Lundun shi shijiě you mingde	London is a world-famous metropolis. da chěngshi.
Shanghai shi shijiěshang zui	Shanghai is the largest city in the
  dade chěngshi.	vorld.
     fērfbukāi: "cannot "be separated” A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B would "be, "This is directly related to the government's leadership•M
     The vert fēn means "to separate, to divide," as in
     Women fēn yige pingguo, hǎo "bu LetTs split (share) an apple, okay? hǎo?
     Ba něige pingguo fēn liangkuai. Divide the apple in two,
Pingguo fēn hao du5 zhong.	There are lots of different kinds
                                           of apples. (Lit., 11 Apples are divided into many kinds*’’）
     The vert ending -kai，which you have seen meaning "opentT as in dakai, here is something like English ”apart•”
    Bǎ haizimen fēnkāi.	Keep the children apart.
Bǎ hongde gēn lande fēnkāi.	Keep the red ones separate from the
                                           blue ones•
     Zhěi liangzhāng zhī shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can be kāide.	taken apart.
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•Ding is the same word you learned in the Meeting module for ftto reserve,
197
   Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
     yuanyīn: "reason, cause"
    Na shi shěnme yuanyīn?	Why is that?
     A: Shi shěnme yuanyīn ta jīn- Why is it he didnft come today? tiān měi lai?
     B: Shěi zhīdao, wen tā ziji qu Who knows? Go ask him! ba!
     Wo nian Zhongwěnde yuanyīn shi The reason Ifm studying Chinese is yīnwei wS yao dao ZhSngguo qu	that I am going to go work in
 gSngzuo.	China,
Wo ding* zhěme duo Zhongguo	There1 s a reason for my subscribing
bao zhǐ shi you yuānyīnde.	to so many Chinese newspapers.
     Ni zuo zheige jihua you měiyou Is there some special reason why you shěnme těbiěde yuanyīn?	are making this plan?
Meiyou shěnme těbiěde yuanyīn	Therefs no particular reason for
   yao zheiyangr zuo.	doing it this way.
     .1iāru: This is the formal word for "to join•” (You will recognize •Ua，”add," from can.lia and ru, Menter,M from ru Tuan•)
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                                  Unit 6， Reviev Dialogue
     On the balcony of Li Pingfs apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Pingfs sister
Li Wen (E) have a conversation.
A: Lǐ Wen, nǐ yige rěn zai zhěr	Are you playing chess all by your-
  xia qi?°	self out here, Li Wěn?°
E: Suibian wanrwanr, jintian Baba	Just fooling around. My father
bu zai jiā, pingchang zong shi	isnft home today. Usually he and I
 wo he Baba xia qi. Zenme， ni	play against each other. What’s up?
   yě xiǎng wanr ma?	Do you want to play too?
A: Bu, wo "bu tai hui xia; ruguo	No， Ifin not too good at chess. But
 ni you kong, wo xiang he ni	if you1ve got the time I1d like to
  liaoliao.	chat with you a bit.
E: Wo ye zhěng xiang he ni liao-	It just so happens I felt like
liao ne, qǐng zuo! Ruguo ni	talking with you myself. Have a seat.
 bu jiěyide hua, wo xiang wen nǐ	If you don’t mind, īfd like to ask
   liǎngge wěnti.	you a couple of questions.
A: Bu yao kěqi, qǐng wen ba!	Certainly, go right ahead.
E: Měinian shǔjiade shihou, nǐ	Do you leave home and go traveling
    dou likāi jiā, yige rěn qu	"by yourself every summer? luxing ma?
A: Chabuduō shi zheiyangr.	Just about.
Ē: Name, nǐde fumǔ hěn you qian	Then your parents must be very
 ba?	rich, I guess?
A： Tamen dou zai daxuě jiāo shū,	They both teach college， CsoJ they1 re
bu shi hěn you qiānde rěn, ěrqie	not very rich; "besides, I earn my own
wǒ luxingde qian dou shi wǒ zijǐ	travel money. During the school year
 zhuande. Pingchang shang xuěde	工 usually do some outside work like
 shihou, wo hāi zuo diǎnr shir,	typing, translating little articles,
    xiang da zi， fānyi dianr xiao	and so on. Then when I1ve earned the wěnzhāng shenmede. Zhuanle qian, money I go away to see the world dur-
    shǔjiade shihou chūqu zouzou,	ing summer vacation, kankan shijiě-
E: Zhen bū cub. Nǐ něng fānyi,	That1s great. If you1re able to
najne nǐde Zhongwěn hen hao le?	translate，your Chinese must be very
TTěng shuo yě něng kan?	good. You can speak and also read?
A: Něng kan yidiǎnr. Wo dui	I can read a little. Ifin very
 ZhSngguo wěnhua, ZhSngguo she—	interested in Chinese culture and
 hui hěn you xingqu, hěn xiǎng	society, and I’d like very much to
 yanjiū yanjiu. Suoyǐ, ruguǒ nǐ	study them. So, if you don’t mind,
°Lǐ Wen may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese chess (which
can "be done alone).
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     bu jiěyide hua, wo yě hen xiang	I*d like to ask you a few questions, ven ni_ Jige věnti.
E: Qjng!	Be my guest!
A: Ting Lī Ping shuo, ni zhidao	I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know
    xiē dalude qlngkuang,	a bit about the situation on the
                                         mainland.
E: Wo you hen duo tongxuě he	I have a lot of classmates and
 pěngyou, tamen d5u shi cong	friends who come from the mainland,
 dalu laide. Tāmen zai nar	They lived there for twenty or thirty
 shēnghuole ěrsānshinian, dang-	years, so naturally they know quite
 ran hen qīngchǔ. Wo he tamen	well what goes on there• I spend a
 changchang z&i yiqǐ, ye jiu	lot of time with them, so Ifve gotten
   zhīdaole yidianr.	to know something about it too.
A: Tingshuo, Zhōngguo zhěngfǔ	I understand that the Chinese
 shixing nannū pingděngde zhěng-	government carries out a policy of
 cě，suoyi ZhSngguo funude diwěi	equality of men and women，so the po-
 tlgaole hen du5, jiātlngde qlng-	sition of women has improved a great
    kuang yě he jiěfang yǐqiān bu	deal, and families are in quite a
yiyang le.	different way than before liberation.
E: Nī shuode dui, Zai Gongchan-	That’s right. Under the leadership
    dǎng lǐngdaoxia, bu guǎn shi	of the Communist Party» no matter
    nongcūn haishi chěngshi, nu-	whether in the countryside or the
 haizi he nanhāizi yiyang, dou	cities, girls can go to school just
 kěyi shang xuě, zhǎngdale yě	as "boys can, and when they grow up
 yiyang kěyi you gSngzuo. Jia-	they can also get Jobs Just the same,
    ting，funu he ěrtong, dou kěyi	Families, women and children all
    dědao shěhuide baohu.	receive societyfs protection,
A: Zhě bu shi hen hǎo ma?	That’s great, isn’t it?
E: Mm, yīnggai shi hen hǎo, kěshi	Yeah, it ouglrt to *be great, but in
 c6ng Liu Liu nian dao Ql Liu	the ten years from 966 to fT6, a lot
 nian, zai zhěi shinianlǐ, shěhui-	of social problems came about because
 shang yīnwei zhengzhide yuanyTn	of political reasons. I can tell you
    youle hen du5 went!. Wo kěyi	a story, gěi ni Jiang yige giishi-
A: Nx kuai shuoshuo *ba!	Oh, please do!
E: Nī tīngzhe, a. You yiwěi lao	Listen this. There was this old
gan*bu, zai Shanghai gongzuo. Ta	cadre who worked in Shanghai. She only
    zhī you yige nuěr. Keshi zai	had one daugher. But in ,6了 the
 Liu Qī niande shlhour, lǐngdǎo	the leadership said she had political
    shuo tā you zhěngzhi wěnti *	problems.
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A: Zaogāo! Na tā nūěr yě you	Uh-oh! Then her daughter was in for
  māfan le.	some trouble too.
E: Yidianr d5u bu cub. Zhěige	Absolutely right. This girl
nuhāizi "bu něng ru Tuan, bu něng	couldn’t join the (Communist Youth)，
    canjiā Hongvreiting- Pengyou,	League or the Red Guards. Her
tongxuě d5u likāile ta. Youde	friends and classmates all left her.
shihour, zai dajiēshang, hen	Sometimes when she was walking down
    shouxide rěn yě haoxiang "bū	the street, people she knew well
rěnshi ta yiyang.	would act as if they didn't knov her.
A: Na, tā zěnme "ban ne?	Well then, what did she do?
E: Neige shihou, tā juěde shēng-	At that time she felt that her life
huo zhěn shi yidianr xīvajig yě	was completely hopeless. She "began to
měiyou. Ta kāishǐ hen tāde mǔ-	hate her mother. She wanted to leave
    q±n. Tā yao likāi ta, tā yao	her. She wanted to leave her home. likāi tāde jiā.
A: Houlāi ne?	And after that?
E: Houlai, tāmen zhēnde fēnkai le.	Afterwards, they really did split
   Nuěr daole nongcūn.	up. The daughter went to the
                                         countryside.
A: Zhěiyang, tāde qingkuang hui	That way her situation got a little
   hao yidianr "ba?	better,工 guess?
E: Yidianr yě měiyou. Zai nongcūn	Not a bit. Although she worked
suīrān tā gōngzuode hen hao, ta	very well in the countryside, she
haishi měiyou shěnme zhěngzhi	still didn’t have any political life,
shěnghuo, lǐngdǎo he renmen yě	The leadership and the people didn ft
    měiyou yīnwei tā likaile mǔqin	change their opinion of her just
jiu gai"bian dui tāde kanfa.	because she left her mother, either.
A: Na, tā dagai bu hui you shěnme	Well then， she probably didn’t have
pengyou, ye bu rongyi aishang	any friends， and it probably wasn’t
shěnme rěn.	easy to fall in love vith anyone.
Ē: Shi. Tai nan le. Tā aishangle	Yes. It was really hard. She fell
yige nānhaizi, něige nānhaizi	in love with a boy, and he loved her.
yě ai tā, ěrqiě yīnvei tā, tu	But because of her， he couldn’t get
     ně^g you ge tǐjiao hǎode gongzuo.	a "better job.
A: Zhě shi zai tai "bū xiang hua le.	That1 s really absurd.
E: Jiǔnian yǐhou, lǐngdǎo nong-	Nine years later, the leadership
qīngchǔ le, tā mǔqin měiyou	got it straightened out that her
věnti. Zhěige nuhaizi jijimāng-	mother was (politically) okay. The
māng paohui Shanghai, keshi tā	girl rushed tack to Shanghai in a
zai ye jian'budao tāde mǔqin le.	flurry, but she was never to see her
Tā mǔqin yǐjīng sǐ zai yīyuanli	mother again. She had already died in
 le-	a hospital.
SOC, Unit 6
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A: Yige jiāting jiu zhěiyang wan	Just like that, a family was dele! Nǐ zěnme hui zhīdao zhěige	stroyed! How do you happen to know fnishi?	this story?
E: Yaoshi nǐ zhuyi yixiar 访该	If you watched the newspapers in
nian,迈 Bā niande ZhSngguo "bao-	1 了了 and *了8 you could see lots of
zhǐ, jiu kěyi kandao hěn du5	stories like that. Let me recommend
     zhěiyangde gushi. Wo zai gěi ni	a book to you, too. jiěshao yi*běn shū.
A: Shěnme shu?	What book?
E: ZhSngguo Yī Jiǔ ^ Qi nian dao	Chinese Short Stories of 19TT-
    Yi Jiǔ Bā nian Duanpian Xiao-	19了8. shuo.
E: Nǐ zhīdao, ruguo you rěn xiang	You know, if someone wants to
dǒngde ZhSngguo shěhui, Jiu yi-	understand Chinese society they have
ding yao yanjiū cong Liu Liu nian	to study the situation from 9 66 to
dao 读 Liu niHnde qlngkuang.	1 了6, Only after youfve studied it
Yanjiule yihbu cai něng mingbai	can you understand why today the Chi-
jīntiande ZhSngguo zhěngfǔ he	nese government and people are trying
Zhōngguo rěn weishenme yao gǎi-	to change the political and economic
     *bian zhe shinian lai zhěngzhi-	conditions of the past ten years
shang, jīngjishangde qingkuang,	and let the Chinese people really be
    rang ZhSngguo rěn zhěnde dědao	liberated, jiěfang.
A: Ni něng bang wo zhǎodao	Can you help me find that book? něi*běn shū ma?
E: Wo you zhěi*běn shū, kěyi song*	I have it, and I can give it to you.
gei ni. Kan shu hai bu gou, you	But reading isn’t enough. If you get
jīhui qu dalu kankan.	the chance, go visit the mainland.
A: Wo you jīhui ylding qu.	If I get the chance, I certainly
                                          will.
•S5ng here means "to give" something as a gift.
SOC, Unit 6
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 Unit 6， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once- You may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohua, who also works in a Shanghai factory, to talk vith her mother.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you111 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
  yěda	evening university
  pǎolai pǎoqu	to run around
  xuěhui	to learn, to master
  gongchǎng	factory Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	What kind of student is Xiǎohua?
     2.	What was Teacher Liūfs main concern in visiting Comrade Fang Bǎolān?
     3.	What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?
     h. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university, factory, or both? Hov do you know?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
SOC, Unit 6
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Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
Exercise 3
     In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast China talk at home.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look "below and answer the questions.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
   Xiǎo Ěr	(the couple1 s son, "Little No. Two/*
                                           so called "because he is their second child)
  zhǐ yao	as long as, provided that
  gāogan	senior cadres
  "benren	herself, himself, oneself,
                                          myself, etc.
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Where did Xiao Er go after work?
     2.	What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Ěrfs father anticipate?
     3.	What does Xiao Ěr’s mother think of his girlfriend?
     k. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble?
         Why?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
Exercise U
     In this exercise a student talks vith another student from mainland China in their dorm in Hong Kong.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
SOC, Unit 6
20b
     You will need the following new word:
  wěnxuějiā	writer, literary man
Questions for Exercise b
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class•
     1.	Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they decide to do instead?
     2.	Where did Chen Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose he was living there?
     3.	What was the countryside like during the Cultural Revolution? k. What did Chen Bin do "besides play chess?
     5. After Chen Bin1s experience, what does he think of the situation in mainland China?
After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
you, Unit b
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    Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
A young woman named Gao Xiaohua works at a factory in Shanghai and attends
the factoryfs evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A) at the university pays a visit to Gao Xiaohua1s mother, Fang Bǎol£n (B).
A: Nǐ shi Fang Baolan Tongzhi	Are you Comrade Fang Baolfin?
     ma?
B: Shi. Nin guixing?	Yes. May I ask your name?
A: Wo xing Liu, shi Gāo XiǎohuS	yiy name is Li1i. ī^m Comrade Gao
    Tongzhi zai yědade laoshi.	Xiaohua^ teacher at the evening
                                         university.
B: 6u, shi Xiaohuade laoshi.	Oh, Xiaohua1s teacher! Please
    Kuai qǐng jinlai zuo.	come in and sit down.
     (Gao sits down and Fang brings some tea.)
B: Liu Laoshi, XiaohuS zai yěda	How is XiǎohuS doing in the
   zěnmeyang a?	evening university, Teacher Liň?
A: Xiaohua hěn yonggong, xuěxide	XiaohuS is very hardworking and
hěn hao. Keshi wo zSng juěde	does very veil in her studies, but
Xiaohua shēntǐ bu gou hǎo. Měi-	it does seem to me that her health is
tian d5u haoxiang hěn lei, shi	not good enough. She seems tired
bu shi shuide bu gou?	every day. Is it because she doesnft
                                         get enough sleep?
B: Yidianr d5u Tdu cud, shi	Absolutely right. She doesn’t
xiūxide bu gou. Zhěi haizi	get enough rest. Every day the child
měitian hui lai nian shū dou děi	comes home and studies until tvo or
    nian dao 1iǎng-sāndian zhSng.	three o1clock,
A: Xianzaide nianqīng rěn zhěi-	There1s a (good) reason for the
     yang nian shū shi you yuěnyīnde. way young people study nov.
B: Shěi shu5 bu shi ne? ShlniSn	That1 s for sure! For the past
lai xuěxiaode qingxing tai Tdu	ten years conditions in the schools
xiang hua le. Nei shihou haizi-	have been unspeakable. During that
men nianttuliSo shū, cSnjiāle	time, students couldn*t study. They
HongwěilDĪng, yttiān dao wan zai	joined the Red Guards and were out
     wailDianr pǎolai pǎoqu, shěnme yě	running around from morning till
měi xuěhui• Xianzai canjiāle	night. They didnH learn a thing,
gSngzuo, zai Tdu nian shū, zěnme	Now that they are participating in
něng ba gSngzuo zuohao ne?	work, if they go on without studying,
                                        how can they do their work well?
A: Keshi, shiniande shū Tdu shi	But you canft complete ten years
     shitiān banyue kěyi nianwande. of study in ten days or half a month. *
°This is an idiom for "a short time."
SOC, Unit 6
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Women zuo lǎoshīde， zuo fumǔde	Those of use who are teachers and
hai děi "baohu tamende jiānkāng.	parents still must protect their
Bu něng rang tāmen tai lei le.	health. We canft let them get too
Nǐmen Xiaohua měitian yiding	tired. Your Xiaohua must go to "bed
   yao zao dianr xiūxi.	earlier.
B:	Zhěn xiěxie nin. Nin huiqu	Thank you very much. When you get
yǐhou yě ti women xiěxie	tack, thank the leadership at the
g5ngchang he yědade lǐngdǎo.	factory and the evening university.
A: Bu kěqi. Zhěixiē d5u shi women Not at all. All this is what we yīnggai zuode.	should "be doing.
B: Wo yě hui zhāogu Xiaohua， rang And I111 take care of Xiaohua, and tā haohāor gongzuo, hǎohāor	see that she works well and studies
 xuěxi•	well.
A: Hao, wo zou le. Zaijiān!	All right. I111 "be on my way.
                                              Good-bye -
B: Zaijiān! You kongr lai zuo a! Good-bye• When you have time,
                                        come over and sit a while.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
In the city of HarMn in northeast China，a mother (B) and father (A) talk
at home.
A: Ei， Xiǎo Er xiāle "ban, jiji-	Say, where did Xiǎo Ěr go off to
    māngmangde you dao nar qu le?	in such a rush after work?
B: Tā shuo, qu gen tāde yige tong- He said he was going to learn xuě xuě YTngwěn da zi.	English typing from a classmate.
A: Xuě Yīngwěn da zi? Shi nan-	To learn English typing? Was it
tongxuě haishi nutongxuě?	a male classmate or a female class-
                                         mate?
B: Jiu shi shāngci lāiguode něige It1s the female classmate who was nutongxuě.	over last time.
A: ^Xiǎo Er yaoshi aishang něige	If Xiao Er falls in love vith that
    nūhāizi jiu māfan le-	girl it1 s going to "be troutiie.
B: You shěnme mafan? Na haizi	What trouble? That girl is a
shi dāxuěshēng, you you lǐmāo,	college student, and well mannered,
laile hai tāng wo zuo fan shenme—	And when she came over she even
de- You shěnme "bu hao?	helped me cook and so oru What1 s
                                        wrong with that?
A: Nǐ zhīdao shěnme? Tā fuqin	What do you know? Her father
   you zhěngzhi věnti.	has political problems.
soc
Unit 6
20 了
B: Bu dui "ba?! Wo ting Xiao Er	You must "be wrong! Ifve heard
    shuo, jīnniān xiatian tā ru	from Xiǎo Er that she joined the
Tuan le. Yaoshi tā fūqin you	(Communist Youth) League this summer•
zhěngzhi wěntide hua, ta něng	If her father had political problems,
   ru Tuan ma?	could she Join the League?
A: Něng, xianzai you zhěngcě, zhi	Yes. Nov there1 s a policy that as
yao haizi hao, jiu kěyi ru Tuan,	long as the child is good，he or she
"bu guǎn tā fumǔde wěnti you duo	can enter the League, no matter hov
da.	great his or her parents1 problems
                                             are.
B: Zhě jiu dui le ma, wo shuo	There you have it, then! I said
    nei haizi shi hao haizi!	she was a good child.
A: Bu xing, haishi děi rang tamen	No, it vonft do. We should still
fēnkai, yǐhou mafan tai du5!	make them "break up. There will "be
                                        too much trouble later on.
B: Shěi měiyou mafan? Gaogande	Who doesn11 have trouble? Do you
haizi jiu měiyou mafan le? Lin	think the children of senior cadres
Biao congqian yě shi da gantur,	donft have any trouble? Lin Biāo vas
nǐ něng rang nǐ ěrzi gen ta nuěr	a "big cadre too, "but would you let
   jiēhūn ma?	your son marry his daughter?
A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, "biě shuo le.	Okay, okay. Donft say any more!
Haizide shi zhēn "bu hǎo "ban!	Children1 s matters are really hard
                                         to handle.
B: You shěnme "bu hǎo "bānde?! Zhx	What1 s hard to handle? As long
   yao nei haizi Ijěnrěn h5o, ta-	as the girl herself is good, and
   men you huxiang xǐhuan, Jiu	they like each other, it will "be
 xing le.	fine.
A: Hǎo hǎo hao! Ting nJde.	Okay. We*11 do as you say.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with another student from mainland China (B)
in their dorm.
A: Chen Bin, jintian vǎnshajig "bu	Chen Bin, aren11 you going out
  chūqu ma?	tonight?
B: Waimian zai xia yǔ, "bu xiang	It1 s raining outside. I don11
   chūqu le, nǐ ne?	want to go out. Hov about you?
A: Wo yě "bu chuqu, vomen xia qi	I donft vant to go out either.
   hǎo "bu hǎo?	How about playing chess?
B: Hǎo a!	Okay!
SOC, Unit 6
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A: Dui le, nǐ xia qi xiade zhěme	Say, you play chess so v^ll.
    hǎo, shi zai nar xuěde?	Where did you learn it?
B: Nnnn . • •	Mnnn • • •
A: Duibuqǐ, ruguo nǐ bū jiěyide	Excuse me， if you don’t mind, tell
    hua, jiu jiǎng gei wo tingting.	me about it.
B: Měiyou shenme, Nǐ zhīdao,	That’s all right. You know I lived
    wo zai nongcūn zhuguo shiniān.	in the country for ten years.
A: Wo zhīdao.	I know.
B: Wo zhude něige difang zai shān-	The place I lived was in the
li， měiyou gōnggong qichē， gěng	mountains. There were no buses, much
    měiyou huochē. Erqiě, něige	less trains. Also， at that time
    shihou wo jiālide rěn yě d5u cong	ray whole family had moved from the
     chěngshi ban dao xiāngxia qu le.	city to the country.
A: Na, nī yiniān sānbǎi liūshiwǔ-	Then you didn’t leave the place
    tiān bu likāi něige difang le?	365 days a year?
B: Jiu shi.	That’s right.
A: Nǐ měitian zuo shenme ne?	So what did you do every day?
B: Něige difang you ge xiǎo tū-	There was a small library there. shūguǎn.
A: Lǐbianr you shenme shū?	What kind of books did it have?
B: Ou， chule zhěngzhi shǔ yīvāi,	Oh, apart from political books,
jiu shi ěrtong gushi, měi	there were only children’s stories,
   shenme yisi.	which weren’t very interesting.
A: Na nǐ zěmne ban?	Well then， what did you do?
B: Tushūguǎnli yě you rěn xia qi，	There were people who played chess
wo gēn tāmen xuě, manmande, wo	in the library. I learned from them,
xia qi xiade bu cuo le.	By and by I began to play chess pretty
well.
A: Chūle xia qi nǐ hai zuo shěnme?	What did you do besides playing
chess?
B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān	Oh, I wrote a few short stories. xiǎoshuS.
A: Ou! Nǐ shi ge věnxuějiā! You	Oh, you1 re a writer! When you
    jīhui gěi wo kankan, xing bu	have a chance, let me read some，
 xing?	okay?
SOC, Unit 6
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B: Xiěde "bu hǎo.	TheyTre not very good.
A: Hai, "bu yao kěqi ma! Dui le,	Oh, donft "be polite! Oh yes，
you yige věnti, wo hěn zǎo Jiu	thereTs a question I1 ve "been wanting
   xiang věn ni.	to ask you for a long time.
B: Shěnme věnti?	What?
A: Xianzai nǐ dāole Xianggang,	Now that youfve come to Hong Kong
kandāole "bu tongde shijiě, nǐ	and seen a different world, what do
xiang shěnme? Nǐ bū hěn nei	you think? Arenft you bitter about
    shiniande shěnghuo ma?	life during those ten years?
B: Měi yici xiǎngdao nei shi-	īTm always sad whenever I think
niande shěnghuo, wo d5u hěn nan-	of those ten years of life. But I
shou, keshi nei "bu shi wo yige	am not alone in this, itfs a problem
rěnde shi, shi shěhuide wěnti-	of society. I think that the govern-
Wo xiang xianzai zhěngfǔde	merit’s policy has changed. I hope
zhěngcě youle gǎibiān. Wo xī-	that under the leadership of this
vang zai zhěige zhěngfǔ llngdSo-	government, what went on during those
xiade Zhongguo rěn bu yao zai	ten years will never happen to the
    you nei shiniande qingkueuig.	Chinese people again.
A: Wo yě xīwang. Hǎo, women	Me too. Okay, let1 s play chess, xia qi "ba.
soc
UNIT 了 Social Problems
INTRODUCTION
Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1• (Adjectival Verb)-duo le， "much more•••."
2.	(Verb) (Verb) k氐n, "try and (Verb)
3.	How to express ’’not anymore,’’ ’’never again.”
U. The pattern c$ng X (Verb)-qǐ, ”to start (Verb)-ing from X,”
5.	How to express billions.
6.	The pattern liān. . .dou. • , , ’’even.”
了. The pattern zh? yao. • ..liu. • •，’’provided that....’’
8.	Lai indicating that someone will perform a specified action.
9.	The pattern bu shi . . .tjiu shi *. . » ’’either. • .or. •
10.	Shǐ, ”to cause/make/enable.”
Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.
2.	Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.
3.	Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.
U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.
210
SOC, Unit 了
211
 Unit 了， Reference List
1.	A: Nǐ juěde zuijin shěhui shang	Do you think society has "been
        ānding yidianr ma?	calmer lately?
   B: Dāngran, youle xīn fǎlu>	Of course. Since there have "been
fan zuide rěn shǎoduS le,	new laws, there are far fever
                                          people committing crimes.
2.	A: Wo xiang kankan Jxntiān	Ifd like see what ads there are
        you shěnme guǎnggao•	today.
    B: Zhěr you yifěn Huashěngdun	Here1 s a copy of the Washington
          Youbao, nāqu zhǎozhǎo kan	Post. Take it and try to find
   "ba!	some.
3.	A: Zuijin Jīnian jiaoyn gSngzuo	There1 s "been a lot of progress in
you hěn dāde j_inbu.	work in education these past
                                           few years.
   B: Shi a, xuěxiaoli zai yě	Yes, schools arenft so messed up
          měiyou shěnme luanqibazao-	anymore, de qingkuāng le.
U. A: Nǐ shuo, z5ngjiaode zěren	What do you think the responsibility
      shi shěnme?	of religion is?
   B: Zhěi "bu shi yige .1 iǎndande	That1 s not a simple question. We
          wěnti, wSmen děi cong	have to "begin "by talking about
      lishǐ tanqǐ*	history.
5.	A: Zai dalude shiyi rěnkǒu-	Hov many of the one "billion people
         zhSng you duoshǎo shi	on the mainland have received
       shouguo Jiāoyude?	an education?
    B: Wǒ xiǎng xianzai lian lx	I think that now even villages
          chěngshi hěn yuǎnde nongcūn	far from the city have schools, so
d5u you xuexiāo, shouguo	there are probably a lot of
   jiaoyude rěn dagai "bu shǎo.	people who are educated.
6.	A: Ming Bao Tdu cuo, shi.jiexing-	The Ming Pao is not "bad. It has
         de xinwěn tā dou y5u.	all the world news.
B: Dui le. Ming Bao "bu cuo*	Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good. You
        "bu něng "bu kan.	have to read it.
SOC, Unit 了
212
了. A: Zhǐ yao nǐ lai tang mang	As long as you help out，weTll "be
        women jiu you tianfa.	able to do it.
     B: Zhě you shěnme? Yinggāide	This is nothing. Ttfs only right. ma.
8.	A: Nǐ kan, zhěipiān wěnzhāngli	Look, there1s nothing in this
         bū shi xT du> jiu shi	article but taking drugs and
    shā rěn.	killing•
B: Kan zhěizhǒng xīnwěn, zhǐ	Reading this kind of news will only
         něng shǐ rěn nanshou.	make you feel bad. Forget it,
         Suan le, "bu yao kan le.	donTt read it.
9.	Běnlai tāde ZhSngwěn bu cuo,	Originally, his Chinese was pretty
likāi ZhSngguo jiǔle, wangle	good, but he1s been away from
hěn du5.	China for a long time and hefs
                                           forgotten a lot,
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
10.	luan	to "be confused，to "be chaotic
11.	you xiao	to "be effective; to "be valid
SOC, Unit 了
213
                           VOCABULARY
ānding	to be stable/settled/quiet
běnlai	originally, in the beginning, at
                                     first; to begin with, in the first place
bu něng bu	to have to, must
cong...(Verb)-qǐ	to start (Verb)-ing from…
fǎlū	law
fan	to violate, to offend
fan zui	to commit a crime
guǎnggao	advert i s ement
Huashengdun Youbao	the Washington Post
J iǎndān	to be simple
Jiaoyu	to educate; education
Jinbu	to progress; progress
(V v) kan	try and (V), (V) and see how it is
lai	(used before a verb to express that
                                     something will be done) lian...dou/yě.••	even.••
luan	to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to
                                     be in a mess; indiscriminately, recklessly, arbitrarily, any old way
luanqībazao	in a mess，in confusion* in disorder;
                                     miscellaneous, Jumbled, all thrown in together
Ming Bao	Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)
sha	to kill (in general); to kill (spe-
                                     cifically with a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill shǐ	to cause, to enable (followed by a
                                      verb)
shiJiěxing	worldwide
shou Jiaoyu	to receive an education
xī du	to take drugs
-xing	nature, -ness, -ibility
you banfa, (dui. •.)	to be able to deal with (something)
you xiao	to be effective; to be valid
SOC, Unit 7
2lh
zai yě "bu/mei	never again
zeren	responsibility
zhǐ yāo	if only
-zhong	in; among
zōngjiāo	(organized) religion
zui	crime; guilt
SOC, Unit 了
215
 Unit 了， Reference Notes
1. A: Nǐ juěde zuijin shěhuishang Do you think society has "been a ānding yidianr ma?	little calmer lately?
B: Dāngran, yǒule xīn fǎlu,	Of course• Since there have "been
faji zuide rěn shaoduo le.	new lavs, there are far fewer
                                          people committing crimes.
Notes on No. 1
     ānding: "to "be stable/settled/quiet,ff used to describe lives, countries, political and social situations. An is "peaceful11 and ding is ,fsettled.ff
    Xianzai yěye nǎinai shēnghuo	Now grandpa and grandma have a
ānding, shěnme dōu hao.	settled life; everything is fine.
Wo xiang zhě he zhěngzhi "bu	I think this has to do with political
    anding you guānxi.	instability.
Zhěige guojiade zhěngfǔ zhěi	These past few years this country1s
      jiniān hen "bu anding.	government has "been very unstable.
Āndingxialai means "to settle down, to calm down,11 used in speaJting of a situation, a place, or a person's feelings*
Xianzai haizi dou you gongzuo	Now that the children all have jots,
      le, shēnghuo cai andingxialai	our life has finally settled down, le*
  Shěhuishang fan zulde went! tki	When there1 s too much of a crime
duo, dajiade shēnghuo jiu měi	problem in society, people1s life
     "banfa andingxialai.	cajift settle down,
     fǎlu: "law11
  Zhěi yījīng "bianchengle falu.	This has already "become the law.
     Zhěige wěnti you falu zai, fei- Laws exist (lit., ”there are laws chang qingchǔ.	there’” on this question. It1s
                                          very clear-cut.
You fǎlu guǎn zhějieui shi ma?	Is there a law dealing with this?
    Wǒmende falu "baohu ěrtong.	Our law protects children.
    Tā xianzai nian falu.	He is studying law now.
     xīn falu: In March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People1 s Congress, the Chinese government "began to adopt many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People1s Congress passed into effect twelve new legal codes, including a criminal code.
   on c
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•shou，’’to "be thin"
216
     fan: T!to violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes, errors)” Here are some other words commonly used with the verb fan:
    fan zui to commit crimes	fan fǎ to "break the law
     fan gui to violate regulations
     Zheige haizi měi xiwang le,	There is no more hope for this child,
     fanle you fan, zong shi "bu	He violates the rules time and again,
  gai.	and never reforms.
     zui: ”crime， guilt，” used in phrases like fan zui， "to commit a crime，” and you zui，’’to "be guilty (of a crime).
     Wo fanle shěnme zui, wěishěnme What crime have I committed? Why yao chi zheme du5 kǔ?	do I have to suffer so much?
     Tā shi "bu shi zhēnde you zux,	History will give us an answer as to
    lishǐ hui hulda womende.	whether he is really guilty or not.
     ...shaoduo le: ’’a lot less，far fewer" The adjectival verb duo, ’’to "be many, to "be much/’ can "be used after other adjectival verbs which can "be qual-fied "by degree, such as hǎoduō le, ”a lot "better，” duoduō le, ”a lot more.”
In such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb，showing a change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in le.
     Nx "bǐ yǐqian shouduS le, °	You1 re a lot thinner than "before.
     QTbānian yǐhou, dao Zhongguo	Since *了8， there have "been a lot more
    qīide jīhui duoduo le.	opportunities to go to China.
2. A: Wo xiǎng kankan jīntiān	Ifd like see vhat ads there are
        you shěnme ffliǎnggao.	today•
     B: Zhěr you yifěn Huashengdun Here1s a copy of the Washington Youbao, naqu zhǎozhǎo kan	Post， take it and try to find
   "ba!	some.
Notes on No. 2
     Youbao: tfPost，” in the name of a newspaper. The syllable you means "post" or ’’mail，” as in youjū, "post office•” CNames of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern，X-~bao: Shi~bao is "Times，” Ri~bao is ’’Daily,’’ Kuai~bao is "Express.”]
     naqu. • • : ”take away" This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you have seen have three syllables. But like daolai in Unit 1 of this module (daolai yibēi cha)， naqu has only two: the main action verb and the relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, dovn, in, out, etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)
SOC, Unit 了
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              Relative Motion Main Ver~b Direction Towards or Away
        na	f chū ，
         zSu I	Jin
          pǎo ) I xia \	I lai
           kāi I \ shang /	^ qīi
          "ban J	guo
                           J
°-qǐ- is used only with -lai，never with -qu.
     zhǎozhǎo kan: ’’try to find,, Zhao is the vert ,,to look for, to search.n It is reduplicated here， meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of time: ’’look a little "bit.,, Kan following a reduplicated verb means ,,and see (if it works, if itfs okay, if you can do it, etc.)?,
Nǐ shi shi kan "ba.	Give it a try and see (if you can do
                                          it， if he will cooperate, etc.).
    Nǐ zuozuo kan, zhěige shāfā	Sit down and try it out. This
    zhēn shūfu.	sofa is really comfortable.
A: Nǐ xiǎng tā kěn° jiě wo	Do you think hefd be willing to lend
       tāde dianshi ma?	me his television?
    B: Bu zhīdao, nǐ qu wěnwen kan. I donTt know. Go ask him and see.
    ^ A: Wo dui ni zhěipiān wěnzhāng I have a different point of view on you Tdu tongde kanfǎ.	(what you say in) your article.
   B: Nǐ shuSshuo kan.	LetTs hear what it is.
3. A: Zuijln jinian jiaoyu gongzuo There1s been a lot of progress in you hen dade •linbu.	work in education these past
                                           few years.
   B: Shi a， xuěxiaoli zai yě	Yes, schools arenTt so messed up
         měiyou shěnme luanqībazao	anymore.
           de qingkuang le.
Notes on No, 3
     .liaoyu: ”to educate; education” Jiao is the same character as ^iao,
,,to tēach，” but in .1 iaoyu is pronounced with a Falling tone. Yu means to cultivate, to raise. Jiaoyu has some different uses from English ,,to educate.n It is used not only for institutional education but also for parentsf education of their children, and in the PRC for ’’education,, of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first example, you need to know null，nto make efforts.M)
°kěn, ”to be willing to”
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     Fumǔ yīnggāi j iaoyu haizi null Parents should teach their children xuěxl.	to study hard.
Něige haizi měiyou jiaoyuhǎo.	That child vas poorly trained (in
                                          manners, morals, general knowledge).
     Women vao gěi haizi aide jiaoyu. We should give children a loving
                                        education. (Taiwan usage)
     Jiāting jiaoyu he xuěxiao jiao- Education in the home is just as im-yu yiyang zhongyao.	portant as school education. (Jia-
                                          ting Jiaoyu consists of parents acting as examples in morals, character , family relations, hygiene, etc.)
     Zheiben shū dui vo jiaoyu hen da. This "book has educated me a lot. (PRC
                                            usage)
     Kanle zhěige dianyǐng gěile vomen Seeing this movie has taught us hen dade jiaoyu.	a great deal. (PRC usage)
     Another sense of .jiaoyu is to try through reason to convince a person to do things according to certain rules， instructions, or demands:
     Nǐ děi jiaoyu jiaoyu nīde haizi, You have to try to straighten out tā yuě lai yuě huai.	your child. He is 'becoming more
                                          and more of a scoundrel.
Jiaoyu is commonly used in the phrase shou .1 iaoyu, ”to receive an education ,ft vhich is discussed in No. 5 "belov.
     Jinbu: ，,to make progress, to advancen or, as a noun, ’’progress.,. Literally ,,to put forward steps.,,
YTxuě jintude name kuai.	Medicine is advancing so rapidly.
Tāde Yingwěn you jintu le.	He has made some more progress vith
                                           his English.
Tade ZhSngwěn jintu tai man.	His Chinese is progressing too slovly.
Jin~bu is commonly used vith the verb you, especially you hen dade tjinbu.
     Zuijin jīge yuě vomende xuěshēng Our students have made great progress youle hen dade iinlDU.	these last fev months.
You ,1in~bu is used as an adjectival vert,，’to "be improved.
Neige xuěxiao hen you jinbu.	That school is greatly improved.
In the PRC, .jin~bu is used as an adjectival vert meaning "to "be (politically) progressive,n that is，suited to the needs of the times and stimulating the development of society.
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     zai yě měiyou. . .le: "not anymore". The advert zai and a negative, such as měiyou，can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word orders:
měiyou 1	「（yě) měiyou
      > zai	OR	zai (
  tu J	L (yě) til
For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5> *bll zai kū le， "doesn't cry anymore."
The second pattern is more emphatic. The word zai should "be given special stress in these sentences:
    Wo ZAI bu huilai le!	I'm never coming "back here again!
If 垣 is added "between zai and the negative, the meaning is about the same.
  Wo ZAI yě bu chi tang le.	I'm never going to eat candy again.
     Neitiāo lu hen wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI That road is very dangerous, don't yě *biě zou něitiao līi le.	ever take it again.
      luan: "to *be in disorder, to "be in a mess, to be chaotic11
  Zher tai luan, dao waimian qu	It1s too chaotic (noisy) in here,
   tantan.	Let's go outside to talk.
  Zhěi jǐniān něige guojiā you	That country has been a little "bit
   diSnr luan.	chaotic the last few years.
     Shijiě hao du5 difang hen luan. So many places in the world are in
                                            disorder.
     Tāde zhuozishang zong shi hen	His table top is always a mess.
      luan.
  Zhěr tai luan, jiao xiǎohāir	It1 s too noisy in here. Tell the
   chūqu wanr.	children to go out and play.
     Duibuqǐ* wo xiěde hěn luan> nǐ Ifm sorry I wrote this so messily. kandedong ma?	Can you read it?
As an adverb, luan means ffarbitrarily, any old way> at random，indiscriminately."	—
 Luan jiǎng!	Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)
    Bu yao luan xiě.	Donft write it just any old way.
     Nǐde dongxi bu yao daochu* luan Donft leave your things all over the fang.	place.
0daochu> ”everywhere”
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     Tāmen zuotiān luan chi luan he. They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.
     Něige rěn luan gǎo nannu guānxi. He/she is (sexually) loose.
    Bu yao luan pǎo.	Quit running all over the place.
     luanqībazao: ’’to be in disorder, to be in a mess,’1 literally "chaotic-seven-eight-rotten11 Some people have translated this as nat sixes and sevens.n It can refer to physical or moral messes.
     DuilDuqǐ, fangjiān luanqi"bāzāode, Ifm sorry, the room is a mess. I wo jintiān hai měiyou shijiān	havenft had the time to straighten
  shoushi.	up- yet today.
     Zhěi jian shiqing "benlai hěn hāo,	Everything was fine at first, "but then
     danshi něige rěn "bǎ ta gǎode	he came along and messed it up. luanqīlDāzāo.
     Tā gēn yige luanqitazaode nanrěn	She went out with a disreputable
   chūqu le•	(unsavory) character.
Luanqi~bāzǎo is not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.
i;. A: Nǐ shu5，zongjiaode zěren	What do you think the responsibility
      shi shěnme?	of religion is?
     B: Zhěi "bu shi yige .liǎndānde That1 s not a simple question. We went!, women děi cong	have to "begin "by talking about
     lishǐ tanqǐ.	history.
Notes on No. U
     Nǐ shu5: Followed "by a question, nǐ shuo is used to ask the listenerfs opinion. The forms nǐ shuo ne or nǐ shu5 shi "bu shi may "be used at the end of a statement to ask for confirmation.
     Nǐ shu5 wo yīnggāi zěnme "ban?	What do you think I should do?
     Wo xiǎng jiāting jiaoyu he she— I think that education in the home hui jiaoyu dōu "bǐ xuěxiao	and in society are more important
     jiaoyu zhongyao, nǐ shuo ne?	than school education• Do you
                                            agree?
     Neige guǎnggao hěn you yisi, nǐ Thatfs a great advertisement, donTt shuo shi "bu shi?	you think?
     zěren: "responsibility，duty’1 Also pronounced zěren.
     Rūguǒ zhěi jian shiqing zuode	If this thing isn’t done well, itf s
    "bu hǎo, vǒ you zěren.	ray responsibility.
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     Lǎoshīde zěren jiu shi bāngzhu	The teacherfs responsibility is to
xuěshěng hǎohāor xuěxi.	help the students apply themselves
                                          to their studies.
                                  w
    A: Jiaoyu haizi shi fīinude	Rearing (educating) children is the
      zěren ma!	responsibility of womenī
    B: Xianzai fīinu jiěfang le,	Women are liberated now. Men also
         nanrěn yě you zěren zuo	have the responsibility to do these
      zhěixiē shiqing.	things.
     Shiqing nong dao xianzai zhěi- It is not our responsibility that yangr, zěren bū zai women.	the situation was made the way it
                                             is now.
     cong lishǐ tanqǐ: "begin by talking about history" In Unit 3 of this module, you learned that the directional ending -qilai，besides indicating upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action (Nǐ Bjlě,1ie zěnme dui zhěngzhi vent! rěxīnqilai le?) • The ending —q^ in tanqi also means ’’to start, but is used only in the fixed pattern cong X Tverb)qy, to start (Verb)-ing from X.” While the English t rans lat ionforserrtence4B says "begin by talking about history," the Chinese says literally, "start talking from history.ff
    Zhěijian shi cong nǎr shuSqǐ?	Where should 工"begin? (when about
                                          to tell a story, etc.)
    Wo bu zhīdao cong nǎr xiěqǐ.	I don’t know where to begin writing.
    Women děi cong tour zuoqǐ.	We have to start from the beginning
                                         again. (Cong tour means "from the beginning.ff)
   cong ling zuoqǐ	to start from scratch (lit., Mstart
                                           from zero”）
5. A: Zai dalude shiyi rěnkouzhSng How many of the one billion people you duoshǎo shi shouguo	on the mainland have received an
     jiaoyude?	edueati on ?
    B: Wo xiǎng xianzai lian if	工 think that now even villages far chěngshi hěn yuǎnde nongcun from the city have schools, so d5u you xuěxiao, shouguo there are probably a lot of people jiaoyude rěn dagai bu shao. who are educated.
Notes on No. ^
     shiyi: "one billion,ff literally ”ten one-hundred-millions” Here are some more examples of how to express billions in Chinese:
       1	billion	1，000，000，000 shfyi
     1.1 billion	1，100，000，000 shfyīyi
        2	billion	2,000,000，000 ěrshiyi 10 billion 10，000，000，000 yibSiyi
      10.5 billion	10，500，000，000 yibǎilfngwǔyi
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      zai. . .rěnkSuzh5ng: ’’in the population, of the population" The syllable -zh5ng can be added to nouns, like the locational ending -lǐmian, to give the meaning ’’in” or ’’among•” It is often used vith the verb zai •
     Zai zheige jihuazhSng vomen hai There are still a couple of little you liǎngge xiǎo věnti xūyao	questions ve have to discuss in
  zai tan.	this plan.
     Xuěshēngzhong you bīi shǎo shi	Many of the students are from the
    cong nongcun lāide.	country.
     Zai disān shijiě guojiāzhōng,	Many of the countries of the third
    bu shǎo shi Yǎzh5u he	world are countries of Asia and
   Fēizh5ude guojiā.	Africa.
     Shehui shēnghuozhōngde věnti,	We can ?t very veil ignore the
     vomen yě bu něng bu zhuyi aI	problems of life in society.
      shou: ”to receive" The types of things vhich can "be "received" using the verb shou are limited. Shou is usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.
         (Receiver)	shou	(Action)
         Funū ěrtong	shou	falūde baohu.
              (Women and children receive the protection of the lav.)
     Zheige zhSukān zai Měiguo hěn	This veekly is very veil received
     shou huānying.	(popular) in the United States.
      shou .1 iaoyu: ’’to receive an education” Shouguo .jiaoyu means ’’educated’’ (because of -ruo, vhich indicates having experienced something).
     Tā shi (yige) shouguo jiaoyude	She is an educated person. Hov could
     rěn, zěnme hui zuo zhěizhong	she do such a thing? shi?
     Tā shouguo daxuě jiaoyu.	He has (received) a college education.
      lian. . .d5u: "even. . .t! Lian is a prepositional verb which literally means "including," but in the lian, . .d5u pattern, "even*ft A lian phrase always precedes the verb. Either the advert dōu or 这 is used in a sentence vith lian. Notice hov lian can be used vith subjects, objects, and verbs:
With subject
Lian (Subject)	d5u/yě • • • •
Lian xiǎohaizi	dou dong zhěi jian shi. !fEven children understand this •”
Lian shouguo jiao-	tfEven educated people can’t
yude rěn	d5u tīngbudǒng tāde hua. understand vhat he says.”
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Jīntiān tiānqi bu hǎo，lian tā	The weather is bad today. Even he，
zhěme ai vanrde rěn dōu bu chū-	vho likes to play so much, isn't
      qu le, nǐ věishenme yao qu?	going out. Why are you?
Nǐ hai shu5 měiyou zhěijian shi,	Hov can you say it fs not true. Not
bu zhǐ shi Xianggang baozhǐ,	only the Hong Kong papers reported
lian Běijīngde baozhǐ d5u xiěle	this piece of nevs， it was even in
    zhěitiao xīnvěn.	the Beijīng papers.
With object
    lian (Object)	d5u/yě ....
Tā lian zijǐde mingzi dōu bū hui	xiě. "He canft even write his own name
Tā lian guǎnggao d5u kan.	"He even reads the ads,
Tā jīntiān bu shūfu, lian fan	He isnft feeling well today. He
    ye bu xiǎng chī le.	wonft even eat.
     W5 lian yige zi dōu bū jide le.	I donft even remember one word.
Jīntiān lian yidiǎn fēng ye	There isnft the least bit of wind
  měiyou.	today.
With verb
     lian* (Verb) dōu/yě měi/bu (Verb)
Tā lian kan d5u měi kan	wo. 11 She didnft even look at me.'1
Tǎ lian ting d5u bii ting.	"He wouldnft even listen."
Ta (lian) věn dōu bu věn.	”He didn’t even ask."
*lian is often optional in this pattern.
A: Zhang San shi nǐde lao	Zhang San is an old friend of yours,
     pěngyou ba?	isnft he?
B: Wo lian jian dou měi jianguo	Ifve never even met him. How could
         ta, zěnme hui shi lǎo	he be an old friend of mine? pěngyou ne?
Nǐ lian chang d5u měi chang,	You didnft even taste the dish. How
zěnme zhīdao zhěige cai bu hao	could you know it doesn’t taste
  chī ne?	good?
6. A: Ming Bao bu cuo, shi.liěxing-	The Ming Pao is not bad. It has
         de xīnwěn tā d5u you.	all the world news.
B: Dui le. Ming Bao bū cuo,	Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good，you
       bu něng bu kan.	have to read it.
Notes on No. 6
Ming Bao: A Hong Kong newspaper	known for reporting without an overly
dominant political point of view.
SOC, Unit 了
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     shi.iiexing: The syllable -xing, ”character，nature, quality，" can "be used after a noun like the English endings 一ness，-ity，or -ce，as in ’Tone-sidedness"creativity，，，M importance.n The resulting abstract noun can "be used alone or is frequently used, followed "by -de，to modify another noun.
  kěněngxing	possibility， likelihood
  zhongyaoxing	importance
  dulixing	independent character
  xi guanxi ng	ha"b i t ual
  liuxingxing	epidemic
  lishǐxing	historical
  yaoxing	property of a medicine
 youxing	oiliness
    tā： You have learned asor，，she，M but sentence 6A is the first time in this course that tā_ has "been used as(The word tā_ may also "be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning. ) You know that Chinese most often does not use any word for ”it,” as in
  Wo qu na.	I?ll go get it_
   Zai zhuozishang.	It，s on the table.
Furthermore, ”it” is sometimes expressed in Chinese "by repeating the entire noun phrase, for example
    A: Nǐ něng "bang wo zhǎodao	Can you help me find that "book?
           zhěiběn shū ma?
B: Wo you zheiten shū, kěyi	工 have it， and 工 can give it to you.
           song gei ni.
Least often,is expressed "by the pronoun t£. ° There is no single rule vhich vill tell you when you can use tā_. It is often used as the object of "bǎ:
    Nǐ "bǎ ta na dao nǎr qu le? Wo Where did you take it to? How come zěnme zhaotudao?	工 can*t find it?
Hai you yige jiǎozi, nǐ "ba ta	There1 s one more dumpling left; you
  chile.	eat it.
     ~bu něng "bu: "cannot not，，--in other words，cannot "but; have no choice but to; must1 The second bu_ is unstressed and usually neutral tone.
Weile jiātingde guanxi, wǒ Idu	For the sake of my family, I have no
     něng trn zheiyang zuo.	choice "but to do this.
    Gēn zhěizhǒng rěn zai yiqǐde	When together vith this sort of
shihou, 'bu něng "bu xiǎoxīn	person, one must "be rather careful,
       yidiǎnr.
°One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that tā_ is used for ,Tit” much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was originally an imitation of the structure of Western languages.
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了. A: Zhǐ yao nǐ lai "bang mang	As long as you help out, vefll "be
        vǒmen Jiu you banfa.	able to do it.
     B: Zhě you shěnme? Yinggaide This is nothing. It1 s only right! ma!
Notes on No. 了
     zhǐ yao: "as long as, provided that11 This is used in the pattern zhǐ yao*. ..liu*
     Bu yao kǎolū tai duo, zhǐ yao nǐ Don’t think it over so much. If you xǐhuan jiu hǎo le.	like it, that1 s all that matters.
     Zhǐ yao wǒ jīntiān vǎnshang you	As long as I have time tonight, I
     kong, jiu kěyi "bǎ zhěi"běn shū	can finish reading this "book, kanvan.
     Nǐ zhǐ yao "bǎ shū nianhǎole,	As long as you do veil in your stud-
    zhǎo gongzuo jiu měiyou	ies, you vonft have any trouble
  wěnti le.	finding a Job.
     lai: In commands and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some action, and can usually go untranslated. When tediting about one1 s own intention, lai can "be translated as ’’let me” or "let’s.”
   Wǒ lai věn ni.	Let me ask you.
    Wo lai shuo liǎngju.	Let me say a fev vords.
     Women lai tantan zhěige věnti. Let’s discuss this question.
     A: Zhěige zi xiěde dui "bu dui? Is this character written correctly?
   B: Wo lai kankan.	Let me take a look.
     Xianzai qǐng Wang Anmin Tongzhi Nov let’s ask Comrade Wang Anmfn to lai gěi vǒmen jiǎngjiang hua.	speaJc to us.
     Nǐ kuai qu mang "ba! Women lai You go take care of vhat you have to shoushi.	do. Wefll straighten up,
     Chile fan vǒmen zai lai zuo	After dinner let’s make some coffee,
   kafēi.	(zai means ’’then” here.)
     WSmen yaqǐ lai "bān. Wo lai "ban Let1 s move this together. 1*11 take zhěr, nǐ dao něiManr	it from here, and you go over there.
     īK Zhěnhan, qǐng nǐ lai nian.	Lǐ Zhěnhan, vould you read aloud
                                           please?
     yinggaide: This is short for Wo "bangzhu ni shi yinggaide ^ 11 It is right that I help you.11 Use the phrase yinggaide to respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor vhich you consider natural under the circumstances.
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8. A: Ni kan, zhěipiān wěnzhāngli Look, there1s nothing in this bu shi xi du, jiu shi	article but taking drugs and
     shā rěn.	killing people.
     B: Kan zheizhong xīnwěn, zhǐ	Reading this kind of news vill only
        něng shǐ rěn nanshou.	make you feel bad. Forget it，
         Suan le, bū yao kan le.	don’t read it *
Notes on No. 8
     bu shi...jiu shi.••: "if it1s not ".then it1s..or "either•..or••."
     Bu shi tā, jiu shi nǐ, chule	It was either he or you. Who would
     nǐmen yǐwai hai you shěi hui	do something like that besides one
   zheiyang zuo?	of you?
     Lao Wang zuo cāi, bu shi tai	Lao Wang’s cooking is always either
    xian jiu shi tai la.	too salty or too hot.
     Tā bū shi zai jiā, jiu shi zai If he isn’t at home, then he1s at the bāngSngshi, biěde difang tā	office. He wouldn’t go anyplace
  bū hui qū.	else.
     Ta bū shi chī zhěige, jiu shi	Hefs always eating something or other.
     chi něige, zuǐ° měiyou tlngde	His mouth never stops going,
      shihou.
     xi dū: "to take drugs" Literally nto inhale poison," but used for any method of drug taking. (For the last example you need to know kěkǎyin, "cocaine," and hǎiluoyTn, "heroin.n)
     Tā yitiān mang dao wan, zěnme	He’s busy all day long. He wouldn’t
   hui qu xi du?	go and take drugs!
     Něige haizi xi dū xile hao ji- That kid has been taking drugs for niān le, shēnti yijing huāi le. years, and his health has gotten
                                              bad.
     Tā xT shěnme dū? Kěkāyin haishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine or hailuoyīn?	heroin?
      shǎ rěn: "to kill, to murder” or "to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder" The Chinese verbs for "kill" often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action (stab, shoot, "beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of grammar--you don’t have to memorize all these words):
          haisǐ (by scheming) zhāsǐ (by stalDbing) diānsǐ ("by electric shock) dusǐ ("by poisoning)
°zuǐ，"mouthTf
SOC, Unit 了
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          diaosl (by hanging)
          biēsl (by suffocation or drowning)
          leisl (by strangling with a cord)
          qiāsī (by strangling with the hands)
          yasī (by crushing or running over)
          zhuāngsl (by a collision)
          qisī (by making someone angry!)
          dǎsī (by a blow, beating, or gunshot)
and the most general term of all
          nongsl (by any means)
In classical Chinese, shā originally meant ”to kill with a knife” or "to slaughter (an animal).” Today, sha is still used for ’’to slaughter” or ’’kill’’ animals, as in
    Nǐ hui bu hui shā Jī?	Do you know how to kill
                                           a chicken?
In modern Chinese, sha can have (1) a general meaning or ⑵ a specific meaning.
     (1)	The general meaning of sha is the same as nongs? or the English ’’to kill, to murder.’’ This is the way sha is used when the method of killing is not stated or not known.
    Tā ba něige rěn shāsǐ le.	He killed that person, (method not
                                           considered)
     (2)	The specific meaning of sha is to kill vith a knife or knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning, sha contrasts vith all the other ways of killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say Ta yong qiang ba něige rěn shasǐ le. Instead，you should say
     Tā yong qiāng bǎ něige rěn dǎsǐ He killed that man vith a gun. le.
Sha takes on its specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of killing.
    A: Tā bǎ ta taitai shāsǐ le.	He killed his wife.
   B: Zěnme nongsǐde?	How did he kill her?
   A: Dlisǐde.	He poisoned her.
One last point: Shā may express the action of only trying to kill, vithout implying that the person or animal actually died*
     Tā sha ji shale liangdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but didnft měi bǎ ta shāsx.	kill it •
• • ■	tv tv
qiang, gun
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      shi:	!tto cause,	to make"
     shi	(Cbject)	(Vert) • . •
   shi	rěn	nanshou	"makes one sad”
zhēn shǐ	vo	gāoxing	”really makes me happy"
shi	vo	juěde you xīvang	"makes me feel that thereTs hope"
    shǐ	tā	wangle neijian
               shi	"made him forget that matter”
     Tā xiǎngle "bu shǎo "bānfa, yě měi He tried lots of different things, shi tā ěrzi dui shāng dāxuě	"but couldn’t interest his son in
   you xingau.	(going to) college.
     Kandao tā shǐ vo juěde hen gǎo- It made me very happy to see him. xing.
If there is an aspect marker, it goes vith the ver"b following shǐ, never vith shǐ itself:
     Shi shěnme yuanyin shi tāmen	What vas it that caused them to
  fenkāi le?	split up?
Shǐ sometimes means ”to enable,” particularly if followed "by něng or other vords of that meaning:
     Chile zheizhong xīnde yao, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the pa-"bingren hǎode hen kuai.	tient vas a"ble (enabled) to recover
                                           very quickly.
Although shǐ may sometimes "be translated "by ’’make," ’’make” may not always "be translated "by shǐ. When "make” means ”to compel” someone to do something, it can "be translated "by jiao:
Lǐ Xiānsheng jiao tā zai xiě	Mr. Lǐ made him write it over again.
      yici.
9- Běnlai tade Zh5ngwěn "bu cuo,	Originally, his Chinese vas pretty
 likāi Zhongguo Jiǔle，wangle	good, "but heT s "been away from,
hen duo.	China for a long time and has
                                           forgotten a lot.
Notes on No. 9
     "běnlai: "originally, in the "beginning, at first; to "begin vith, in the first place11 This is a moveatile advert; that is, it may come "before or after the subject, "but always "before the verb.
     Běnlai has tvo main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation vas originally one way but then it changed, and (2) to express that something has "been the case since the "beginning and is still the case. On the next page are examples of "both meanings.
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(1)	SITUATION HAS CHANGED
     Wǒ "běnlai "bu qu, xianzai qu le. Originally I wasn’t going to go, but
                                           now I vill.
     Wǒ "běnlai "bu xǐhuan ta, kěshi	Originally I didn’t like her, "but now
    xianzai xǐhuan ta le.	I do.
     Běnlai shuo shi yao dao Xīngqi-	Originally it was said that they
     wǔ cai něng zuowan, danshi	wouldnft be finished until Friday,
wǒ tīngshuō tāmen yao zǎo	but now I hear they1re going to
    yidiǎnr zuowan.	finish sooner.
     Běnlai vo xiǎng Jīntiān xiawu	Originally I wanted to go see a movie qu kan dianyǐng, houlāi ting- this afternoon. Later I heard shuo kai hui. Suan le, wǒ yǐ- there was a meeting. Oh well, hou zai qu "ba. I111 go another time.
     Běnlai wo Jīntiān yao qu Guǎng- Originally I was going to Guangzhou zhou, kěshi tiānqi bu hǎo, dagai today, "but the veather is "bad, so děi mingtiān cāi něng zou le.	now I probably vonft "be able to go
                                           until tomorrow.
     Zhěijian shi "běnlai shi kěyi	It could have been done，but who
      "bande， kěshi shěi xiangdao hui expected this to happen? you zhěige qingkuang?
(2)	SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START WITH AND STILL IS
     Translations for this meaning include Mto begin with11 and nin the first place/1 In this use，běnlai is often followed "by Jiu.
     Wǒ "běnlai Jiu bu xǐhuan ta, xian- I never did like her，and I still zai hai "bu xǐhuan ta.	donft like her.
    A: Nǐ biě qu něige difang!	Donft go there!
    B: Wo "běnlai Jiu bu qū.	I vasnft going to go there in the
                                           first place.
    A: Ni "biě zai qū le.	Don't ever go there again•
    B: Wo "běnlai Jiu. měi qu.	I never did go there.
     A: Wǒ haishi Juěde nī yīnggāi I still think you ought to go there, qu yitang.
    B: Wǒ běnlai Jiu yao qu.	I am going. (I was intending to go
                                          even before you told me to.)
     Běnlai Jiu gāi zheiyang "ban.	We should have done this in the first
                                            place.
     A: Zhěige kāfēi zěnme zěnme hēi? Why is this coffee so black?
     B: Kāfēi ma，běnlai Jiu shi	Coffee is supposed to be black!
           hēide.
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A clause vith běnlai is often related to another with dāngran:
Zhěige dSngxi běnlai jiu shi nǐ-	This thing belongs to you; of course
      de, vo dāngran yao huān gei ni!	I would return it to you.
Běnlai tā zai dāxuě niānde shi	She studied sociology in college,
      shěhuixuě, tā dāngran dui she-	so of course she1s interested in
     hui wěnti you xingqu.	social problems.
Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
     you xiao: Mto be effective; to be	valid11
Zhěige yao hen you xiao.	This medicine is very effective.
    Zhěizhāng piāo hai you xiao ma?	Is this ticket still valid?
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                         Unit 了， Review Dialogue Lǐ Ping (B)， Tom (A)， and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Lifs living room.
A: Nǐ zai kan shěnme baozhǐ?	What newspaper are you reading?
B: Ming Bao. Ming Bao bū cuo,	Ming Pao. It’s pretty good,
  hěn you yisi.	very interesting.
E: Zai Měiguo yě xiang Xianggang	In America is it the some as in
    zheiyang, shěnme luajiqībāzāode	Hong Kong: they put all kinds of
    xīnwěn dou wǎng baozhǐshang xiě	crazy nevs in the paper? ma?
A: Pingchang wǒ kan Huāshengdun	I usually read the Washington Post.
   Youbao. Zhěige baozhǐ bu cuo,	Itfs a pretty good paper• It has
    guoněi, guowaide xīnwěn d5u you,	domestic as well as international
 dangran guǎnggao yě bu shǎo.	news. Of course there are a lot of
  Zh5ngwěn baozhǐ, wǒ yě kan, něi	ads, too, I read Chinese newspapers
shangbianr yě you nǐ shuode	too, and they have "all kinds of crazy
   něizhǒng "luanqībāzāo" de	news” in them, as you put it. xīnwěn.
B: Nǐmen zheiyang shuo, wǒ bu	I don1t really agree vith what
  zěnme tongyi. Shěnme shi "luaji-	you are saying. What is "all kinds
  qibāzāo"? Shěhui shenghuo běn-	of crazy nevs”？ Thatf s exactly the
   lai jiu shi zheiyang ma!	way life in society Isl
E: Suan le ba! Jīntiān shi shā	Forget it! Today it’s killing,
  rěn, mingtiān shi xī du, wǒ bu	tomorrow it1 s drugs. I donft vant
 yao kan.	to read that.
A: Kan haishi xūyao kānde, yīnwei	We still need to read it，because
  shěhui shēnghuozhongde wěnti,	we canft very veil ignore the prob-
   wǒmen yě bu něng bu zhīiyi a!	lems of life in society.
E: Xianggǎngde shěhui věnti zhēn	Hong Kong sure has a lot of social
   du5! Shěnme difangrde rěn dou	problems. There are people from
    you, shěnmeyajigrde wěnti yě dōu	everywhere, and all kinds of problems. you.
A: Shěhui wěnti shi shijiěxingde,	Problems in society are worldwide,
 bu zhǐ shi Xianggang you.	Hong Kong isnft the only place that
                                          has them.
E: Ng, name, rěnmen dui zhěixie	Mm, then is there nothing people
    wěnti jiu měiyou shěnme banfǎr	can do about these problems? ma?
B: Banfǎ hěn du5, difang bu tong,	There are a lot of vays to deal
 banfǎ yě bu yiyang. Kěshi	with them. Different places have
zhěixiē banfǎ shi bu shi you	different ways of dealing with them,
 xiao jiu bū zhīdao le.	But whether these vays work or not
                                         is another question.
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A: You rěn shuo zSngjiao shi	Some people say that religion is
   yizhǒng baxifǎ, bu guǎn	one way. No matter what the
shěnme jiao, d5u shi jiāo rěn	religion, it always teaches people
zuo hǎo shirde. Kěshi wo xiǎng	to do good. But I think education
  jiaoyu hěn zhongyāo, shou jiao-	is important. The more educated
yude rěn yue du5， shehuide	people there are, the fewer social
  went! yuě shǎo.	problems there will be.
B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yao-	And also, a developed economy is
   jǐn. JTngji bu fādade difang,	important. In places where the
rěnmen fan zuide jIhui jiu geng	economy isn’t well-developed, there
 du5.	are more opportunities for people
                                         to commit crimes.
E: Jiu shi ma, rěn yao chī fan,	Exactly. People have to eat. If
lian fan d5u chibubao, tāmen	they can1t even get enough to eat,
zěnme něng bu fan zui ne?	how can you expect them not to commit
                                          crimes?
A: Wo xiǎng měi name jiǎndān.	I don’t think it’s so simple.
Fan zui he hěn du3 shi you	Crime is related to many different
    guanxi, těbiě shi he jiātlng you	things, especially to the family, guanxi•
E: Nǐ jiǎngjiang kan.	Would you explain what you mean?
A: Zai jingji fādade difang, xiao	Where the economy is developed,
jiāting yuě lai yuě duo, ěrqiě	there are more and more small fami-
    fumǔmen dōu you gSngzuo, dōu hěn	lies; also, both parents have
   mang, měiyou shljiān duo guǎn	jobs and are very busy, so they
  haizi. You xie nianqingde fumǔ	don1t have time to take good care
yě hěn shǎo xiangdao zijide zě-	of the children. Some young parents
ren, měiyou shěnme jiǎting	seldom think of their own responsi-
 guānniān.	bilities and donft have much of a
                                         sense of family attachment.
E: Nǐde huā you daolǐ, kěshi da-	That makes sense. But what
  lude qlngxing ne? Nǐmen zěnme	about the situation on the main—
  xiang?	land? What do you two think?
B: Shi a. Dalu jīngji bu fāda,	Yeah, the mainland1s economy isn，t
erqiě dajiā yě dou you jiāting	developed, and furthermore everyone
  guānnian. Kěshi, kankan baozhǐ,	has a sense of attachment to the
dālushang fan zuide rěn yě bu	family. But read the papers: there
shao.	are quite a few people committing
                                         crimes on the mainland too.
A: Wo xiǎng zhě he zhengzhi bu	I think this has to do with the
ānding you guanxi, tebiě shi	political instability, especially
   cong Liu Liu nian dao QT Liu	from 166 to ，了6. niān.
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B: Shi ma, něige shihou, shěnme	Yes. During that time there vasn’t
falu dōu měiyou. Lian fan zui	any law at all. If you canft even
"bu fan zui dou nongtuqingchu,	tell the difference "between committing
shěhui went! zěnme hui shao?	a crime and not committing one, how
                                         can social problems "be reduced?
A: Nǐde kanfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyi. Wǒ	I agree very much with your view,
xiǎng, zhǐ you shǐ zhengzhi	I think that society can only "be made
ānding, jīngji, wěnhua fāda,	to progress if the political situation
cai něng shī shěhui jinlDU.	is stabilized and the economy and
                                        culture are made to flourish.
      (Grandma Lǐ walks in.)
G: Nīmen zai tan shěnme, tande	What are you talking about so
  zhěme gāoxing?	cheerfully?
A: Li Nǎinai, women zai tan shěhui We're talking about social prob-wěntl.	lems, Grandma Li.
G: Hǎo le, nimen tangou le meiyou? Well, have you talked enough? How Chile fan zai tan xing "bu xing? about continuing the conversation
                                        after dinner?
A, B， E: Xing, chile fan zai tan.	Okay! We*11 talk more after dinner.
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                           Unit 了， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
    This exercise is a reviev of the Reference List sentences in this unit. The speaker vill say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.
    All sentences from the Reference List vill occur only once. You may want to revind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     This conversation begins when tvo young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the vest side of Beijing.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, you* 11 probably vant to rewind the tape and answer the questions belov as you listen a second time.
     Here are the nev vords and phrases you vill need to understand this conversation:
  bang	to be great, to be fantastic
bu jiān bu	don’t leave until ve’ve met up!
        sān!
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Where is Xiao Liu working and what is he doing there?
     2.	Hov does he keep up with his English?
     3.	What does the article say about education in the U.S.?
     U. What does Xiǎo Liu1s friend vant him to do?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
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Exercise 3
     In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington， D.C,
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look "below and answer the questions.
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class•
     1.	Why do they say that the Ming Pao is a good newspaper?
     2.	What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for one1s relatives in GuǎngzhSu?
     3.	Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this procedure? (Can1t their relatives in China "buy a television themselves?)
     k. To whom do the sisters want to send the television? Why?
     5. In what form will they make the payment?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which you have prepared.
Exercise k
     In this conversation a father and son in Beijīng talk about religion.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then revind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You vill need the following words	and phrases:
  xiǎngxin	to believe in
 jiaotang	church
zuo lǐbai	to worship, to attend religious
                                            services
  Nan Měi	South America
  tour	head, chief, boss
xuě hao	to learn from good examples, to
                                            learn to "be a good person
SOC, Unit 了
  gSngke	homework, schoolwork, classwork
Questions for Exercise h
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
    1.	What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his mind?
    2.	What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his reaction?
    3.	What does his father have to say atout religion? (There are four points.)
     k. Xuě hǎo is considered very important for teenagers in China.
         How does this fit into the son’s concept of religion?
     After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly.
236
SOC, Unit 7
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     Dialogue and Translation for Exercise	2
Two young friends run into each other	at a trolley stop on the west side of
Beijing.
A: Hei, Xiao Liu! Hao jiu bu jiān.	Hey, Xiao Liu! Long time no see.
   Nǐ xianzai zai nar gongzuo ne?	Where are you working now?
B: Jiu zai zhěr, Beijing Tūshūguan.	Right here, at the Beijing Library.
A: Hei, hao gongzuo! Zai tushǔguan	Hey, what a great job! What do you
 zuo shěnme?	do there?
B: Fǎnyi•	Translation.
A: YTngwěn fānyi?	English translation?
B: YTngwěn fānyi.	English translation.
A: Nǐ zhēn you bānfa! Xuěle jǐ-	You1re really something! Those few
niānde YTngwěn zhen you yong le.	years youfve spent studying English
Xianzai zai fānyi shěnme?	really turned out to be useful. What
                                        are you translating now?
B: Jīntiān fānyide shi Huāshěngdun	Today Ifm translating an article
Youbaode yipiān wěnzhāng, xiěde	from the Washington Post on the topic
  shi guānyu jiāoyude wěnti.	of education.
A: Zhēn bu jiandān°! Lian baozhǐ	Thatf s amazing! You can even
 dou něng fānyi le. Nǐ you shi-	translate newspapers now. Do you
jiān ma? Něng bu něng gěi wo	have some time? Can you tell me a
 jiǎng diǎnr?	little about it?
B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xuě Yīngwěn,	Tonight I have to study English,
 jiu něng gēn ni liao jǐfēn zhong.	so I can only chat with you for a
                                         few minutes.
A: Nǐ hai xuě Yingwěn?	Youfre still studying English?
B: Yīngwěn bu gou，bu něng bu xuě	My English isn’t good enough. I
 ya!	have to study!
A: Shěi jiao ni?	Who teaches you?
B: Wo gēge jTnnian xiātiān cong	Ity brother came back from the U.S.
 Měiguo hui lai le, tā jiāo wo.	this summer. He’s teaching me.
°bu .jiandan, "not simple/ordinary/commonplace," in other words, "amazing,
phenomenal.TT
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A: Zhēn bang! Dui le, kuai° shuo-	That1s fantastic! Oh yeah, tell
 shuo něipiān věnzhāng, vo tīngshuō	me about that article. 工 hear that
   zai Měiguo shouguo dāxuě jiaoyiide	there are a lot of people vith a
  rěn hen duo.	college education in the U.S.
B: Dui le, Měiguo shi daxuěshēng	Yes, the U,S# is the country vith the
 zui duode guojiā.	most college students (in the world).
A: Zhēnde?	Really?
B: Zhēnde, dajiā yifāngmian gongzuo,	Really. Everyone works and studies
 yifāngmiān xuěxi, you bu shao rěn	at the same time. There are quite a
dōu°° wǔshisui le, hai zai daxuě	few people who even at the age of fif-
nian shū ne.	ty are still studying at a university.
A: Wo xiang zhěi shi Měiguo jinbū-	工 think that1s also a reason why
 de yige yiiānyin! Zhěipiān wen-	America is so progressive! Have you
  zhāng nī fānvanle°°° ma?	finished translating the article?
B: Kuai fānwan le, dagai mingtiān	Almost. 工*11 probably finish
 jiu fānwan le.	tomorrow.
A: Něng bu něng gei wo kankan?	Could you give it to me to read?
 --ZhSngvěnde•	--the Chinese•
B: Wo wen yixia womende līngdao,	工*11 ask our leader. There pro-
  dagai měiyou shenine věnti.	bably won* t be any problem.
A: Na mingtiān vanshang liudian	Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty
  ban, vo hai zai zhěr deng ni,	I’ll wait for you here. And don’t
  bū .jian bū san a!	leave until we’ve met up!
B: Xing, "bu jian bu sān!	Okay, we wonft leave until ve’ve
                                         met up!
•kuai here should not be translated as "quickly" or "hurry up"; it simply
conveys the eagerness of the speaker to hear about the article, something
like the British, ”Do tell me about that article."
°°Dou here means ’’as much as, even,” so dou vushisui le means "as old as
fifty" or ”even fifty years old."
   °Fānvan le means the same as fānyivan le, "finished translating.M
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       Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington, D.C.
A: Erjiě, nī kan shěnme "bao ne?	What newspaper are you reading,
                                        Sister No. Two?
B: Ming_Bao, vo xǐhuan zhěige	Ming Pao. I like it; it's neither
  "baozhǐ, "bu zuo yě "bu you.	too left nor too right.
A: Erqiě, shijiěxingde xīnwěn ta	And it has all the world news.
   d5u you. Zhěige "bao zhēnde "bu cuo.	It’s really quite a good paper.
B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tade guǎnggao, dui	I like its advertisements too.
  women zhěixie zhu zai gu6wāide	They are very useful to us Chinese
  ZhSngguo rěn hěn you yong.	who live abroad.
A: Nī kānjian shěnme guǎnggao le,	What ad did you see that you1 re so
  zhěme you xingqu?	interested in?
B: Nǐ lai kan, zhěr you yige	Come look, there's an ad for a
  dianshi guǎnggao.	television here.
A: Zěnme shuode?	What does it say?
B: Zhěige guǎnggao shu5, zhǐ yao	It says that if we just send a
  women ji yizhāng zhīpiāo dao	check to Hong Kong, we can "buy a
   Xianggang, jiu kěyi gěi jiāli rěn	color television for our family, mai cǎisě dianshi le.
A: Shi ma? Dalu rěn mǎi dianshi	Oh? It's not easy for people on
   "bu rongyi. Women lai kankeui,	the mainland to "buy televisions .
kan něng "bu něng gěi yěye nǎinai	Let's look and see if we can "buy a
  mǎi ge dianshi.	T.V. for grandpa and grandma.
B: Banfa shi zhěiyangr: Women "bǎ	This is the way it works: We send
qiān he yěyede dizhǐ ji dao	the money and grandpa1s address to
Xianggang, Xianggǎngde gSngsī ji	Hong Kong, and the company in Kong
yizhāng dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen	Kong sends them a receipt,° and then
jiu kěyi zai GuǎngzhSude "baihuo	they can pick up the television at a
  gSngsT qǔ dianshi le.	department store in GuǎngzhSu.
A: RuguS něige dianshi "bu hǎo	What if the television has some-
 zěnme "ban?	thing wrong with it?
B: Na shi gongsTde zěren, tāmen	That1s the company1s responsibility,
yiding kěyi gěi°° huān yige	I1]!! sure they would exchange it for a
 hǎode.	good one.
Dānzi here refers to a tihuodan, "bill of lading," hence it may "be translated
loosely as "receipt." (The specific translation for "receipt" is shōuju or
fāpiao,)
“Gěi is a colloquial attreviation for	gěi tamen， "for them.11
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A: M, nā bu cuo, xianzai yěye	Mm, thatTs good. Now grandpa and
nǎinai shenghuo ānding， shenine	grandma have a settled life， and all
dou hǎo, jiu shi shǎo yige	is well for them; the only thing they
dianshi. Yǒule dianshi, tāmen	lack is a television. When they have
yiding hěn gāoxing.	a television ITm sure theyT11 be very
                                          happy•
B: Dui, women jīntiān jiu bǎ	Right. LetTs send out the check
 zhīpiāo jichuqu.	today.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.
A: Baba! Xianzai zenme you zěnme	Dad, how come there are so many
 duo rěn xiangxin zongjiāo le,	people who believe in religion now?
 zhěn qiguāi!	ItTs so strange!
B: Nǐ kanjian shěnme shi le?	Why, what have you seen?
A: Zai lukǒurshang něige ,1iaotang,	In that church on the corner, today
 jīntiān you hěn du5 rěn zai ner	there were a lot of people worship-
 zuo lǐbai, ye you nianqingde	ing. There were young people there
rěn!	too.
B: Womende falu shu5 ZhSngguo rěn	Our law does give the Chinese people
kěyi you zSngjiao ziyou, zhěi	freedom of religion. ThereTs nothing
  měiyou shěnme qiguāi ma!	strange about that!
A: Wǒ jide bāoshang shu5， zai Nan	I remember it said in the newspaper
Měide yige guojiā you yizhǒng	that there was some religion in South
 shěnme zSngjiao you hěn du5 rěn	America a lot of people believed in,
 xiǎngxin, zhěixiē rěn bǎ zijǐde	and the people gave all their money
 qian d5u gěile zhěige zSngjiao-	to the head of this religion, but he
 de tour， kěshi zhěige tour shi	was a bad person who took drugs and
   ge huairěn, xīdu, shā rěn, shěnme	killed people and did all sorts of
 luānqibāzāoae shir d5u zuo.	crazy things• So I donTt think that
  Suoyi wǒ juěde zSngjiao ziyou	freedom of religion is necessarily
 yě bu yiding hǎo.	good.
B: ZSngjiao bu shi yijiān jiāndān-	Religion isn’t a simple thing. It
 de shi. Z5ngjiāo he fan zui měi-	doesnTt have a definite relationship
 you yidingde guanxi. ZSngjiao	to crime• Religion has its indepen-
yǒu tāde dulixing, yǒude shihou	dent character; sometimes itT s related
  he zhengzhi, věnhua you guanxi,	to politics and culture, and some-
  yǒude shihou měiyou. Deng dao	times it isnTt• When you grov up,
 nǐ zhǎngdale yǐhou, ruguo nǐ you	if you're interested, you can study
  xingqu kěyi yanjiū yanjiu.	it.
°yizhonp; shěnme zon^,jiao, ”some religion" Shěnme here acts as an indefinite
pronoun modifying zSngjiao and means that the speaker does not know hov to
describe or specify the religion precisely.
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A: Wǒ tīngshuō shijiěshang you hěn	工 hear that there are many different
du5 'bn tongde zongjiāo, yě you	religions in the world and that there
 hěn du5 you yiside zongjiāo gūshi,	are a lot of interesting religious
 zai zhěixie gushili you xie shi	stories. Some of the stories have
 rang rěn xuě hǎo， shi dui rěn	the purpose of teaching people from
 you hǎochude.	good examples, so they1 re good for
                                          people•
B: Zhěi shi zhende. Yānjiū zSng-	That1s true. To study religion>
 jiao xuyāo hěn duode zhishi»	you need a lot of knowledge, espe-
tetie shi lishǐ zhīshi, shi hěn	cially a knowledge of history. Itfs
 you yiside. Hǎo le, zhěige wen-	very interesting. All right, ve’ll
 ti women yǐhou zai tan. Nide	talk about this question later. Is
  gSngkě zuowanle měiyou?	your homework done?
A: Hai you yidiǎnr, wǒ mashang	I still have a little. I111 go do
 jiu qu zuo.	it right away.
B: Hǎo, kuai qu ta! Zuowanle	Okay, hurry up! When you We fin-
gongkě zai tan.	ished your homework, we111 talk some
                                           more,
A: Hǎo!	Okay!
soc
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UNIT 8
Directions for the Future
INTRODUCTION
Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
1.	Action-Process compound verbs•
2.	The directional ending -hui，tt'back.n
3.	The patterns (Ver~b) dong (Ver~b) xT and dong (Ver~b) xT (Ver~b).
U.	The marker -de after phrases with a parallel structure.
5.	The advert you，nafter all，,1 ,,anyway,
6.	The advert phrase yě ~bu> ’’don't even，,，nwon't even，1, ’Wouldn't even.,. Functional Language Contained in This Unit
1.	Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives "behind a situation.
2.	Politely asking someone to quiet down.
3.	Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.
h.	Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a conversation.
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Unit 8， Reference List
1.	A: Mingtiān d5u you shěi	Whc^s taking the test tomorrow?
           kǎoshi?
    B: Deng yixia wǒ gěi ni xiě	I111 write you a list in a minute, yige danzi•
2.	A： Bomǔ shui vǔjiao ne "ba?	Is your mother taking a [noontime] nap?
    B: X， xiao shēng diǎnr. Biě	Sh! Keep it dovn. Donft
        bǎ ta chǎoxǐng le.	wake her up.
3.	A: Nǐ kan zhěicide shēngyi	How do you think "business vill
      zěnmeyang?	go this time?
 B: Bu zhīdao. Yao kan yunqi le.	I don11 know. It depends on luck.
U. A: Wo xiǎng qu mǎi xie	I want to go buy some handicrafts
          g5ngyip?n daihul Měiguo.	to take back to America.
     B: Wǒ zhěr zhěnghǎo you jǐjiěn,	I just happen to have some here,
        nǐ dou daishang ba.	Take them vith you.
5.	A: Hǎoxiang shi Xiao L? c6ng	That looked like Xiao L? who just
        měnkSur guoqu le.	passed "by the door.
    B: Ni haohaorde zai zhěr nian	You Just tend to your studies
          shu "ba! Biě xiǎng dong	[properly]! Donft "be thinking of
      xiǎng xide.	this and that.
6.	A: Qunian tade Yīngwěn hfii shuo-	Last year his English still sounded
          de name nantīng, jīnnian	so awful, "but this year it seems
         hǎoxiang hǎoduo le. Shi	a lot better. What happened? zěnme hui shi?
 B: Shi zěnme hui shi> ta mSqin	It1 s this way: his mother dotes on
těng ta, song ta qu	him and sent him to school in
          Yīngguo niānle yinian shu.	England for a year.
T, A: Ta hai qu zhǎo Xiǎo Lan	What is he going to see Xiao Lan for?
         gan shenme> rěnjia	After all, she doesn’t like him. you "bu xlhuan ta!
 B: Nǐ "biě Ji, w8 lai quanquan	Donft get upset, I111 try to per-
   ta.	suade him.
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8.	A: Nǐ shuo wǒ gāi "bu gai qu?	Do you think I should go?
    B: Nǐ kanzhe "ban "ba, tīngshuō You do as you see fit, "but I hear něige difangr kuai da	that there? s a"bout to "be a war
    zhang le.	there.
9.	A: Gangcai wǒ qu gěi Wang Daifu Just now vhen I vent to see Dr. Wang
         songxing, ta shuo ta	off，he said he vould "be willing
         yuanyi gěi nin kankan.	to see you [medically].
B: Zhěi yixiazi hǎo le.	(Nov) that1s great. I'll go see him
         Deng tā huilai v5 qu	when he gets "back, kan ta.
10.	A: Zhěige shǎ haizi, zěnme	What a stupid kid, vhy didn’t you
         dade shir yě "bu zǎo	tell me about this "before, since
        diǎnr gaosu wo!	it1s such an important thing.
    B: Wǒ yuanlai gen nin shuoguo, I did tell you, "but youfve forgotten. n£n vang le.
ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
11.	ganma	(colloquial) vhy on earth，vhat for;
                                          to do vhat
12.	lai	to do (something), to perform
                                          (something), to have (an event)， to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)
13.	"bofu	uncle (father’s elder "brother); term
                                          for the father of one's friend
SOC, Unit 8
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h.
CJ
                            VOCABULARY
bofu	uncle (fatherfs elder brother); term
                                     for the father of one’s friend bomǔ	aunt (wife of father1s elder brother);
                                     term for the mother of one1s friend
chǎo	to be noisy; to disturb by making
                                      noise
chǎoxǐng	to wake (someone) up by being noisy
daishang	to take along (Beijing)
dānzi	list; form
dǎ zhang	to fight a war, to go to war
děi kan (or yao kan)	to depend on
děng	when; by the time; till
děng yixia	wait a while; in a little while
gāi	should, ought to; to "be someone1 s turn
                                       to
ganmā	to do what; (colloquial) why on earth，
                                     what for
ganshenme	to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,
                                     what for
gSngyipǐn	handicrafts
guoqu	to pass
hǎohaor	well; properly; thoroughly
haoxiang	to seem as if
-hui	(counter for shi， "matter")
kan	to depend on
kanzhe	(followed by a verb) as one sees fit,
                                     as one deems reasonable kao	to take/give an exam, test, or quiz
kaoshi	to take/give an exam, test, or quiz ;
                                      exam, test
lai	to do (something), to perform
                                      (something), to have (an event)， to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)
nantīng	to be unpleasant to hear; to sound
                                     bad, to offend the ears; to be scandalous
quan	to advise, to urge, to try to
                                     persuade
shǎ	to be stupid, to be dumb, to be
                                     silly, to be naive
SOC, Unit 8
shěngyi (shēngyi)	"business , trade
songxing	to see (someone) off, to wish (some-
                                     one )a good trip; to give a going-away party
těng	to be (very) fond of， to "be attached
                                     to, to dote on
wujiao	noontime nap
yao kan (or dei kan)	to depend on
you	anyvay; after all (used in questions
                                     and negative statements) yuanlai	original, former; originally,
                                     formerly; (expresses finding out the true situation) yuanyi	to wish, vould like, to want to; to "be
                                     willing to yunr[i	luck
.-;er-r：e (yi )hui shi	what' s it all a"bout
z卜nr:e (yi )hui shi	like this
zhěi yixiazi	after this, as a result of this
zhěme hui shi	like this
■zhěnghāo(r)	it Just so happens that, to happen
                                     to, as it happens; just in time, just right, just enough
[)()Cy Unit 8
Unit B, Reference Notes
1. A: Mingtiān dōu you shěi	W\io1 n taking the test tomorrow? kǎorīhī ?
         Denf1： yfxia wS gěi ni xiě	1111 write you a list in a minute. yi//o danzi _
Noto,fi on No. 1
      kaonhi : "to take/^,ivo an f；xam, test, or quiz; teat, exam" This may be ar; n vc^rb-ob,]oct compound or an a noun. Kao as a verb may be uned alone if tho context makes it clear.
     Kaonhi yThou tā ]ei le.	Hho was tired after taking the test.
     '/.heicT kǎoshǐ tā kǎode biS cuo.	He did pretty well on the test this
                                              time.
     NT JTntiān kSode /ǒrirneyan^?	How did the test(s) ro today?
      NYde JTnp;Jixue kǎode zěnmeyan^? I low did you do on your econoinicEJ exam? Wǒ lai kǎokao nī.	het me quiz you.
     Kǎowan nh? yYhou (OH Kǎowanle	Lot1s go to the movies after we1 re
     yYhou), women qū kan dianyYng,	done taking the test.
      hǎo bu. hSo?
      āen^t yfxia may have its literal meaning, "wait a minute, wait a while ,n or it may moan "in a minute, in a while.,f
MWAIT 八 MINUTK, WAIT A WHILE"
     Dong ylxla, wS yao d5 pte dianhua, Wait a second, I want to make a phone dǎwanle women J iū zSu， h5o bu	call. We’ll go as soon as I’m
  hǎo?	finished, okay?
     NT	yfxia, wS lěi bangzhu ni. Wait a second, let me help you with
                                              that.
"TN 八 MTNUTK，IN 八 WHTLK”
     NT xian chT, den^ yixia wS	You go ahead and eat. T111 come
     xTwanlo yīfu Jiii 1 a1 .	aa noon an T*ve fininhed wunhinp：
                                               tho clotheti.
     NTrrion xi ān z?5u （]ǒnp; yfxl a	You fro uheMf】 and leavo. I111 pro
   w?I 7.aī qu.	I n a wM]o.
           yiy. i h y^n yi woi xTn^; Wari^do fn n while a Mr. Wan^ will b<* com1 I ui	wo，rjTriK n i rfin^ ta	to rw?o m(、 I*leu:>e 1 ot hi rn 1 n.
SOC, Unit 8
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2, A: Bomǔ shui vǔjiao ne ba?	Is your mother taking a CnoontimeU nap?
    B: X， xiao shěng dianr. Biě	Shi Keep it down. Don’t
        ba ta chǎoxǐng le.	wake her up.
Notes on No. 2
     bomǔ: "wife of father's older brother," but also a term for the mother of one1s friend. Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in terms similar to family relationships• Friends are like brothers and sisters, and therefore a friend1 s parents are addressed as aunt (~bomu) and uncle (bofu)•
     shui vǔjiao: "to take a nap," literally "to sleep the afternoon sleep"’ Wǔshui shi.lian is ”afternoon nap time," as in a school or organization.
    Wo jīntiān měi shi jiān shui	I didn’t have time to take my
  vǔjiao.	afternoon nap today.
    A: Jīntiān nǐmen you měiyou	Do you have an afternoon nap today? wǔshui shljiān?
     B: Měiyou. Zh5ngfan yǐhou Jiu	No. We have a meeting right after ' kai hui. lunch.
Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.
     X: ’’Sh!’’ This is the ’’word” you use to signal someone to keep quiet.
It is said with rounded lips--like whispering the syllable xu.
     chǎoxǐng: ’’to wake up by making noise" Chao can mean ’’to be noisy,’’ or as in chǎoxing， "to disturb by being noisy." [It can also mean ”to quarrel, to squabble, ] Xǐng (Welfare module, Unit U) is ”to wake up，” a process verb. The compound chǎoxǐng is therefore made up of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning nby performing the action, to cause the process (change of state) to occur.Tt You can use this pattern to make a lot of useful compound verbs:
     Nī zǒulěi le ba, zuoxia xiūxi	You must be tired (from walking)•
   yihuǐr.	Sit down and rest a while.
     A: Tā zěnme bing le? Shi bu shi	How come he got sick? Was it that he zuotiān hěde tai duo? had too much to drink yesterday?
    B: Bia shi hēde tai duo, shi	No, he didnft have too much to drink, chide tai duo chībing le. He got sick from eating too much.
   Ni shuigou le ma?	Did you get enough sleep?
    Tā bǎ yǎnjing kuhong le.	She cried her eyes red.
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3. A: Nī kan zheicide shēngyi	How do you think business will
      zěnmeyang?	go this time?
     B: Bu zhīdao. Yao kan yunqi le. I donft know. It depends on luck.
Notes on No. 3
     shēngyi: "business, trade” Also pronounced shēngyi•
     yao kan: ’’depends on...n By itself, kan (which you know as "to look at” axiā ,fto think, to have the opinion that") has another meaning, ’’to depend on, to be up to, to be determined by." Often yao or děi is added before it.
     A: NJ mingtiān shi qu haishi	Are you going tomorrov or not?
            bň qū?
 B: Ng, děi kaji tianqi.	to, that depends on the weather.
     A: Wo jīntiān kěyi zǎo diǎnr	Can I go home early today? hui jia ma?
 B: (Yao) kan nī zuodewan zuobu-	That depends on whether you can
        wan zhěixie shi.	finish these tasks.
     A: Nī něng gen women qu Jiazhou	Can you go to California with us? ma?
 B: Jiu kan shi jian le, yao shi	That only depends on the time. If
 xiatian jiu kěyi le.	itfs in the summer I can go.
   Kan nǐde le!	Itfs all up to you nov!
     yunqi: "luck; to be lucky” This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb. The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:
    Tade yunqi zhen bu cuo.	He really has good luck.
    Nǐ yunqi zhen hao!	You1re really lucky!
[To say "to be unlucky," use daoměi or bu zou yun.3
U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qu mǎi xie gongyi- I want to go "buy some handicrafts pin daihul Měigu6.	to take back to America,
     B: W5 zhěr zhěnghao ySu jJjian, I just happen to have some here, n? dou daishang ba.	Take them with you.
Notes on No. U
     daihui: "to bring/take back" You have seen hui used as a main verb meaning "to return to，" in hui jia, "to return home，” and hui_guo, "to return to one's country,’1 and with the endings -lai and -qu as in huilai，"to come back." Here you see it used as a directional ending. Daihui can only be
SOC, Unit 8
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used if it is followed by a place name, like Měiguo in sentence hA. Otherwise you should use daihuilai or daihuiqu> depending on whether the direction is toward or avay from the point of reference.
     Zhěixie cai vǒmen chībuvan, kěyi We canft finish these dishes (of food). daihui qu ma?	May ve take them back vith us?
A: Zěnme yuande lu, zoubuhuiqu	It1 s such a long vay. We canft valk
     le ba?	back, can ve?
B: Zoudehuiqu. Xianzai cāi wǔ-	Sure ve can. It1s only five o*clock
          diǎn zhōng, zouhuiqu zhī	nov. It vill only take an hour and
          yao yige ban zh5ngtou jiu	a half to valk back, gou le.
Nī ba pěngyou songqu yǐhou, děi	After youfve dropped your friend off,
     ba chi kaihuilai, vo yao yong.	you have to drive the car back here.
                                           I vant to use it.
      zhěnghǎo(r): (1) ’’just right; just in time; just enough”
      Nǐ zhěishuang xiě vo chuān zhěng- These shoes of yours fit me just hǎo(r).	right.
     Nī lāide zhěnghǎo(r)， van jifēn You came just in time. If you1d come zhōng vo jiu zou le.	a fev minutes later, I would have
                                           already left•
Zhěixiē qiān zhěnghǎo(r) mǎi	This money is just enough to buy that
   něige dianshi.	T.V.
(2)	ffto be opportune,f
Nī zai zhěr zhěnghǎo(r)，bang	It1 s a good thing (lit.， ,,opportune,t)
vo yige mang.	you1re here- You can help me out.
(3)	’’as it happens, it just so happens’1
     Jīntiān zhěnghǎo(r) pěngdao* Lǐ I just happened to run into Mr, Lǐ Xiānsheng, jiu ba shiqing ban	today, so I took care of that
  le,	matter.
Wǒ běnlāi xiǎng xiāge yuě mǎi	I vas originally going to buy a sofa
       shāfā**, jīntiān zhěnghǎo(r)	next month, but today I happened to
pěngdao hěshide， jiu mǎi le.	come across the right kind, so I
                                           bought it•
•pěngdao， ”to run into, to come across”
•*shafa, "sofa”
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     daishang: ”to take along with one” In the Beijīng dialect, the verb ending -shang is sometimes used to mean 11 along with" a person. (For the first example you need to know ti_, ’’to carry from the hand at the side of the body/1)
    Ta tishang shūbāo jiu zou le.	She picked up her schoolbag and left.
    Zhěige sǎn nǐ nashang ba.	Take this umbrella along with you.
    Ni baoshajig haizi, wo nazhe	You carry the child, and I’ll hold
  zhěige.	this.
Speakers who are not from Beijīng would use different endings in these cases， for example -zhe or -qu (depending on the meaning of the sentence).
5. A: Hǎoxiang shi Xiao Li cong	That looked like Xiao Lǐ who just
        měnkStir guoqu le.	passed by the door.
    B: Ni haohaorde zai zhěr nian You just tend to your studies
         shū bal Biě xiang done	匸properly]! Donft be thinking of
      xiang xīde.	this and that.
Notes on No. 5
     guoqu: ’’to pass, to go over11	Contrast guoqu (neutral-tone qu) with guoqu (Fcīlling-tone qu)，"the past” (see Unit h of this module).
     Gu5lai is ”to come over•”
   Ni guoqu kanksui.	Go over there and take a look.
    Menkou guoqu yige rěn.	Someone passed by the door,
    Nar guolai yige rěn.	Someone is coining over from there.
    Yihuǐr jiu guoqu le.	It will pass in just a while.
   Kuai guolai I	Come on over here!
    Guolai zuo yihuJr ba.	Come over (to my house) for a while.
                                           (Lit., ”Come over to sit awhile.")
   Guolai!	Cfmere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE
                                            IMPOLITE)
Guoqu is also a polite or respectful word for ’’to die," similar to English ，’to pass away." As mentioned in Unit 5，Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding s?.
     hǎohaor: "well; industriously; properly; thoroughly" In Unit 1 of this module，you learned manmanr ftslowly,tf which is a reduplication of the adjec-tival verb man ”to be slow.11 In Beijing conversation, the second mSn is said vith the first tone, and is added, making manmanr• In many other parts of China, it is said as manmaji* Likewise, Beijing haohāor is often heard as
SOC, Unit 8
phrases， especially ones with a parallel structure, -de means "that way，” describing a way of looking， acting， or just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need these three items: lǎo, "all the time, always1
252
haohao elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival ver"b to "be used "before a ver"b as a modifier, with or without -de，for example, manman(de) chi, "to eat slowly，" haohao(de) ting> ”to listen well."
      Haohaorde (hǎohǎode) has more specific meanings than Just "well.” It can mean "properly"thoroughlyor "nicely,or ftin perfectly good condition, with nothing the least "bit wrong.11
Xianzai haohaorde niān shū,	Study properly now, and do your jot
     yǐhou haohaorde gSngzuo.	properly later on.
      Gangcai hai haohaorde， xianzai Everything was fine just a minute "bu zhi zěnme hui shi you kū-	ago. Now I donft know what hap-
 qilai le.	pened, "but she’s crying again.
      Zhěngzhide shiqing gen xiǎohaizi	Politics is like children playing, wānr yiyang, liǎngtiān yǐqian First everything’s fine, and then hai haohaorde, liǎngtiān yǐhou a couple of days later they1 re jiu dǎqilai le. fighting.
      xiǎng dong xiang xi: ”to think of this and that, to let one1s mind wander11 D5ng,，’east，" and xi, "west，” are used in the patterns (Ver~b) d5np： (Ver~b) xi and dong (Ver~b) xī~Tver~b) to express that a person1 s action has no definite aim or that something is done haphazardly. More examples:
       kan dong kan xī	looking here and there
       xuě d5ng xuě xī	studying this and that
       zou dong zou xi	walking all about
        zhǎo dong zhǎo xī	searching here and there
You can also say dong xiǎng xi xiǎng, dong kan xT kan> etc. Here are some examples in sentences:
Guo malude shihou，"biě zhěme	Don11 let your eyes wander when you
     kan dong kan xide, du6 wěixiān cross the street. It's very dan-a!	gerous!
Tǎ zong shi xuě dong xuě xīde	He1 s "been studying this and that for
     yijing shinian le, hai měi	ten years, and still hasn't gradu-
    cong daxuě "biyě.	ated from college.
  Ni shenme dongxi diǔ le, zhǎo	You're hunting all over the place,
    dong zhǎo xīde.	What did you lose?
      Zhěi liǎngnian wǒ yizhi zou dong The past couple of years I1 ve "been zou xī, měi shi Jiān gen Jiāli	traipsing all over the place，and
    rěn zai yiqi •	haven11 had any time to "be vith my
                                             family.
      .••-de: Here you see a new use of the marker -de. After certain phrases， especially ones with a parallel structure, -de means "that way，” describing a way of looking， acting， or just a state of affairs. (For the
SOC, Unit 8
*kěai, "to be loveable/adorable*'
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bu huang bu mang, "calm，not the least bit flustered11; and dǎ zhen, T’to get an injection.11)
 Nǐ ganma lǎo zǒuchū zǒujinde?! How come you keep walking in and
                                             out?!
 Shi Jian kuai dao le, nǐ zěnme	It1 s almost time, how can you be so
    hai bu huāng "bu mangde?	calm?
 Zhěi bange du5 yuě, you dǎ	During the past half month or so,
 zhēn you chī yaode, tade	with all the injections and medi-
 tuǐ hǎoxiang yǐjlng hǎo le.	cations，her leg seems to have
                                          already recovered.
     Zhěi shi shěnme xiě! Yizhī da What kind of shoes are these, with yizhī xiǎode!	one bigger than the other!
6. A: Qunian tade Yīngvěn hai	Last year his English still sounded
          shuode name nantīng, Jīn-	so awful, but this year it seems
 nian hǎoxiang hǎoduo le.	a lot better- What happened?
           Shi zěnme hui shi?
     B: Shi zěnme hui shi, ta mǔqin It1 s this vay, his mother dotes on ~těng ta, song ta qu Yīng-	him and sent him to school in
         guo nianle yinian shū.	England for a year.
Notes on No. 6
      těng: "to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on”
     Zhěige haizi, bū guǎn nǐ zěnme This kid! No matter how fond of him těng ta, ta yě bu ting hua.	you are, he never does what you say.
 Nǎinai zhen těng wǒ didi!	Grandma is really attached to (OR
                                            dotes on) iny younger brother.
     Zhěi haizi zhen kěai*! Rang rěn This child is adorable; you can’t bu něng bu těng!	help but be fond of him!
     TS těbiě těng ěrzi, zong pa ta She is especially attached to her ch3TbuhSo.	son, and is always afraid that
                                          he wonft eat well.
      zěnme hui shi: "vhat happened; what1s it all about; vhat1s the story" Also said as zěnme yihul shi* Zěnme here means zěnmeyang, "vhat kind, of what nature, Hui is a counter for shi, as in You zhěihul shi ma?, "Is there such a thing?" or ’’Did such a thing (really) happen?，，In the phrase zěnme yihui shi, the niunber is often dropped from yihul Just as it can be dropped in phrases like chī (yl)ge plngguǒ, ”eat an apple/1
 Zhěi shi zěnme hui shi? Wǔli	What is this，anyway? Why is this
     zěnme name zSng?	room so dirty?
•kěai, ffto be loveable/adorable"
SOC, Unit Q
     二hei sh: rěr~.e hui shi? Dongxi What's going on， anyway? Things are yitiān "bǐ yitiān gui!	getting more and more expensive
                                            every day.
     zerj^e hui shi: Also zheue hui shi, This phrase has two main uses:
(1)	Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in sentence 6B. (2； Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event, e.g.,
    Yuanlai shi zhěme hui shi!	Oh, so that's the story!
     Yac zhīdao shi zhěr.e hui shi,	If I had known that was what it was
    vc j'iu "bu lai le.	all about, I wouldn't have come.
' A: Tā you qu zhao Xiao Lan	Uhat is he going to see Xiao Lan for?
         gan shenr.e, rěnjia you	After all，she doesn't like him. tu xǐhuar. ta!
     E: Nǐ "bie ji, wo lai quanquan	Don’t get upset， I111 try to per-
   ta.	suade him,
I^otes on Xo. 7
     zhao: Literally, ’’to look for,” but when the object is a person it can 二ear:, "to call on” a person. This is the way zhǎo is used in sentence 了A， hence the translation "going to see Xiǎo Lan,n rather than "going to look for Xiac Lan.n
     Xingaitian tā zongshi qu zhǎo	On Sundays, he always goes to see
  pěngyou.	his friends•
     Zheizhong wěnti zhao ta měi	When you have that kind of problem,
   cuo!	you won't go wrong if you go to
                                             him,
     Zhao vo měi yong, wǒ bu guan zhě It1s useless to come to me about shi.	this matter, I’m not in charge of
                                                  it.
     gan shenme: ''to do what; what for, vhy" Gan is the verb ” to do.” Gan shěnme and the similar ganma can be used (1) to ask what someone is doing;
(2)	like věishenme, except with a livelier, more conversational tone; or
(3)	rhetorically, to question the value or use of something.
   Nǐ ganma ne?	What are you doing?
    liǐ mingtiān gan shenine?	What are you doing tomorrov?
     Gan shenne lao gēnzhe* wo!?	What are you doing always following
                                            me?
•gěn，’’to follov”
SOC, Unit 8
5
5
2
     Ganma mǎi zhěige? Name gui!	What did you "buy this for? Itfs
                                            so expensive!
     Nǐ ganm£ zong ting tade?!	Hov come you always do what he^ says?!
     Hai zai zhěr gan shěnme? Kuai Why are you still here? Hurry up hui jia ba!	and go home!
     Zhěi shi xiǎo shiqing ma! Nǐ	This is such a small matter! Why
    ganma zhěme shēngqi?	should you get so angry?
    Zhěige dōngxi shi ganmāde?	Whatfs this thing for?
     A: Wǎnshang nǐ yiding dao ta	You have to go to her house tonight.
           jia qu yitang.
   B: Gan shenme?	What for?
    A: Bǎ zhěige songqu.	To take this to her.
     Lian dou hu qu, wǒ gan shenme If you aren’t even going, why should qu?~	_	I go?
     you: You have seen the adverb you meaning (1) 11 again,11 as in N? you lai le, ” You’re here again11 and (2) ”both. • .and. • •，” as in You hǎo you pi any i, ^oth good and inexpensive.11 In sentence 了A, you is used to stress that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should be otherwise. This you is usually used in sentences with the verb made negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is expected).
IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE
   Ta you "bu shǎ.	Hefs no dummy, after all.
     Wo you bu zhīdao jīntiān xia yǔ. After all, I didn’t know it vas going
                                           to rain today.
     Nǐ you měi kanjianguo ta, n5C	You’ve never seen him, after all;
    zěnme zhīdao ta "bu hǎo?	how could you know hefs no good?
     Ta you "bti shi wai Jiao guan, zěnme Hefs not a diplomat, after all; why zai dashiguǎn gongzuo?	is he working in the embassy?
IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
    Ta you zhīdao shěnme?	What does he know, anyvay? (Means，
                                            ”He doesn’t know anything.11)
     Shěi you něng kande name yuan	Who could have seen that far ahead,
   ne?	after all? (Means» ”No one could
                                          have seen that far/’）
    Buzhǎng you zěnmeyang?	So what if hefs a (government) minis-
                                         ter? (Means, ”The fact that hefs a government minister is unimpressive.11)
SOC, Unit 8
256
     Yaoshi tā "bū něng zuo, shěi you If he can’t do it，who can? (Means， něng zuo ne?	’’If he can’t，notody can/’）
quan: ’’to advise” or ’’to try to persuade’’ a person. This	describes the
action of talking to someone in order to "bring them around to a	certain way
of thinking. Sentence 了B might "be translated simply as, ’’Don’t	get upset，
IU talk to him."
Wǒ quan ni haishi "bu yao xuě	My advice to you is not	to study lit一
wěnxuě, "biyě yǐhou zhǎo gong-	erature. It would be	awfully hard
zuo nan na!	to find a Job after you graduate.
     Tāde shi nǐ "bu yao quan, tā hui You1 d "better not try to advise him gěi ni zhǎo māfande.	about his affairs, otherwise he’ll
                                           give you trouble.
8. A: Nǐ shuo wǒ ^ai ~bu gai qū?	Do you think I should go?
     B: Nǐ kanzhe "ban "ba, tīngshuō You do as you see fit, "but I hear něige difangr kuai dǎ	that there’s a/bout to "be a war
    zhang le,	there.
Notes on No. 8
     gai: ”should; ought to; to "be someone’s turn to (do something)” Gāi is an auxiliary ver"b very similar in meaning to yīnfigāi •
     Kuai qidiǎn "ban le, wǒ gāi shang It’s almost seven-thirty. I should "ban qu le.	"be leaving for work.
    Wǒ gai shu5 shenme ne?	What should I say?
Gai is frequently used "before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also mean ’’to "be (someone1 s) turn to (do something).n
     Mingtiān gāi tā qǐng kě le.	Tomorrow it1s his turn to treat.
     Zhěixiē shi "běnlai gāi wo zuode, It should have "been me who did these "bingle zhěi Jǐtian, tongshi-	things in the first place， "but with
men dou "bang mang zuowan le.	me "being sick the past few days ,
                                          my colleagues finished them all for me.
Zhěici gāi wǒ qǐng ni kan	This time itfs my turn to treat you
   dianyǐng le.	to a movie.
    Gāi nǐ zou le OR Gāi nǐ le.	Your move OR It’s your turn.
                                           (in playing a gane)
     kanzhe: In front of another vert, kanzhe means ’’（do something) as one sees fit.M The "locking” in kanzhe refers to looking at the situation in order to decide what one is able to do and what is "best to do. The most common phrase in which kanzhe appears is kanzhe "ban, ’’to do as one thinks "best.
SOC, Unit 8
T
5
2
A: Nī shuo wǒ shi qū hǎo ne?	Do you think it vould be best for me
        Haishi bu qu hǎo?	to go or not to go?
B: Zěnme shu5 ne? Nǐ kanzhe	What should I say? Do what you think
    ban ba!	best!
A: Nǐ yao mǎi shěnme yansěde	What color shirt do you vant to buy?
           chěnshan?
    B: Nǐ kanzhe mǎi ba.	Buy what you think best.
     dǎ zhang： nto fight a war, to go to war" This is a verb plus general object, like nian shu. Zhang is not used by itself (except in a construction like Zhěi yi zhang dale hǎojige yuě, "This battle/var was fought for many months，” in which zhang simply precedes dǎ instead of following it).
     If you want to say "war” by itself, you have to use another word, zhanzhēnR, which is taught in the next module.
9. A: Gangcai wǒ qu gěi Wang Daifu Just nov when I went to see Dr. Wang songxing, ta shuo ta	off，he said he would be willing
         yuanyi gěi nin kankan.	to see you [medically!3 •
    B: Zhěi yixiazi hao le. Děng (Now) thatfs great. If11 go see him ta huflai vo qu kan ta.	when he gets back.
Notes on No, 9
     songxing: (l) f,to see off，to wish (someone) a good trip”
     Xiawǔ liSngdiǎn wǒ dao Jīch&ng At two this afternoon Ifm going to gěi Zhang Xiānsheng, Zhang	the airport to see Mr. and Mrs,
    Taitai songxing.	Zhang off.
(2) "to give a going-away party11
    A: Nǐ jīntiān vSnshang ySu	Are you busy tonight? měiyou shi?
B: WSmen Jintian vǎnshang chūqu	Wefre going out for dinner tonight
          chī fan, gěi pěngyou song-	to have a going-away party for a
   xing.	friend.
     zhěi yixiazi: "as a result of this" This means that something has happened which brings a nev turn to the situation• It can often be translated into English simply by using the word "now•” （In sentence 9B，it may be best Just to omit it from the translation.)
     Qiin lai le, zhěi yixiazi kěyi The money has come. Now we can b\ay mǎi fangzi le!	the house!
    Zhěi yixiazi zaogao le, wSde	This is terrible! I don1t have
     qian "bu gou le.	enough money (e.g.，to pay for the
                                          things I just brought to the cashier).
SOC, Unit 8
     Bādian ban le, nǐ yě bu zao diǎnr It’s half past eight! VOiy didnTt you Jiao wo, wo xianzai lāibuji le. get me up before? Nov I vonft make
                                           it in time.
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děng: "vhen， by the time; till” This word, which you first	learned
as "to wait,n can have these other meanings in a dependent clause.	This use
is similar to that of deng_dao, which you learned in Unit 3 may be	used for uwhenn or nby the time/
Děng vo daole Beijing wǒ cai	It wasn't till I got to Beijing that
  zhīdao tā yě zai Běijīng.	I found out he was there too.
10. A: Zhěige shǎ haizi> zěnme	What a stupid kid, why didn't you
         dāde shir yě bu zǎo	tell me about this before, since
diǎnr gaosu vo!	it's such an important thing.
     B: Wo yuanlai gěn nin shuoguo, I did tell you, but you've forgotten, nin wāng le.
Notes on No. 10
     shǎ: ”to be stupid, to be silly, to be naive"
     Nǐ zhen shǎ! Qian fang zai yin- You're really silly. It's such a hangli duo hǎo! Fang zai jia- good idea to put your money in a li gan shěnme?	bank, what are you keeping it at
                                           home for?
     Sha haizi， biě zong wen něixie You silly kid, would you quit asking shS wěntf, hǎo bu hǎo?	such silly questions all the time?
     zǎo: Besides "early," zǎo can also mean ""before, sooner,n or "long ago." Here are more examples.
Tamen jǐge nutongxuě zǎo J iu	Those women students took off for the
      pao dao hǎibianr qu wanr le.	beach a long time ago.
  Hai! Wǒ zǎo lai yitiān jiu	(Sigh) If only I had come a day
  hao le,	earlier.
Sometimes zǎo only conveys the speaker's feeling of regret and irritation.
，，A long time ago，，might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases, zǎo can be translated by intonation alone:
     Nǐ zenme bu zǎo shuo! Xianzai Why didnft you say so (before)I Hov hai laidejl ma?	can ve make it in time nov?
Wǒ zǎo zhīdao ta shi zhěige	If I had knovn that he vas this vay,
  yangzi Jiu bu hui zhěme shǎ	I vouldnft have been so naive.
        le.
     yě bu: "don't even, von't even, vouldn't even” do something that one should do.
SOC, Unit 8
 *gen, "to follow, to go along with"
259
      Nī ye "bu kuai dianr shSushi, wo- Will you hurry up and get your things men d5u děngjf le.	ready? We1 re all getting itchy
                                            (from waiting).
Ta yě "bu kuai dianr lai, cai	What is keeping him ClfWonft he even
yījīng liang le!	come a little faster"]? The food
                                           is cold already!
      yuanlai: (1) "originally" In this meaning, it is usually interchangeable with běnlai• which you learned in Unit T.
      Ta yuanlai "bu chī rou, xianzai He didn’t used to eat meat. No he1 s bū zhīdao zenme chīqilai le.	started eating it for some reason.
      Wo yuanlai měi jihua qu Ouzhōu, I hadnft originally planned to go to houlai tā yfding yao qū, wo	Europe. Then she insisted on going,
      yě jiu gēnqu* wanrle yitang.	so I went along for the fun of it.
(2)	Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known, especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a puzzling situation. JThis can sometimes "be translated "by ”it turns out that" •” or "by ffSo. .. !lf
(Běnlai cannot "be used for this meaning.)
      Wo xiǎng shi ta xiěde, yuanlěi Oh, so you wrote this! I thought Jiu shi nī xiěde!	he wrote it.
      A! Yuanlai nī Jiu shi Xu Xian- Oh! So you*re Mr. X^i? Welcome! sheng? Huānyfng, tai huānying Welcome indeed! le!
      A, yuanlāi shi zhěme huf shi!	Oh! So that1 s what happened!
(3)	Yuanlaide may 'be used to modify a noun, with the meaning "original”：
      Women yuanlěide jihua shi xiage Our original plan was to go next XTngqīwǔ qu.	Friday.
Tāmen yuSnlaide fangzi zai	Their original house was outside the
chěngwaitou, xianzai ban dao	city, (but) now they We moved
    chěngli qu zhu le.	into the city.
SOC, Unit 8
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  Unit 8， Reviev Dialogue
    In Lǐ Ping and Tomfs	room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed, when Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.
B: Tāngmǔ, wo tīngshuō	ni yao qu	Tom, I hear you1 re going to the
 dalu le?	mainland?
A: Shx a, shāngwu wo dao lingshi-	Yeah! I went to the consulate
guǎn qu kaji yige pěngyou. Zhěng-	this morning to visit a friend, and
haor you yige gongsT dao dalu qu	there just happened to "be a company
tan shēngyi. Tāmen yao yige dǎ	going to the mainland on "business.
zi dāde kuai, you dong dianr	They wanted someone who could type
ZhSngwěnde rěn.	fast and who understood a little
                                          Chinese.
B: Nǐ yunqi zhēn "bu cuo. Yao	Youfre so lucky. How long are
  qu duo jiǔ ne?	you going for?
A: Yao kaji qingkuajig, dagai	We’ll have to see. ProTDalDly two
   "bange yuě dao yige yuě.	weeks to a month.
B: Wo yě dao Taiwan qu "bajige yuě.	And Ifm going to Taiwan for two
Vang Cheng qīng vo he Xiǎo Wen	weeks. Wang Cheng invited Xiǎo Wen
   dao ta jia qu wanr.	(Li Wen) and me to his house.
A: Āhā! Zhě yixiar zhen "bu cub,	That1 s great! Youfre going to
wo qu dalu, nǐ qu Taiwan, huilai	Taiwan and Ifm going to the mainland,
yǐhou women lai yige kaoshi, kaji-	When we get "back wef 11 have to have
kan shěi dui shěhui qingkuajig	a little contest and see whof s done
yanjiūde "bijiao hao.	a "better job of studying society,
B: Hǎo!	Okay.
    (Lī Pingfs grandmother (C) enters.)
C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nǐmen dou	Hi，Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom. * zai zhěr ne!
B: Nainai, nin zěnme "bu shui wǔ-	How come youfre not taking your
  jiao le?**	nap, grandma?**
A: Li Nǎinai, duilDuqi, women "bǎ	Ifm sorry Grandma Li, we woke you
  nin chaoxing le.	up,
•Notice that grandma says literally f?You are both here.,. This, however, is not a statement made after looking for the tvo and finally finding them.
Itfs simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation: you state the obvious.
**More literally, ffHow is it you are no longer taking your nap?,, (New-situation le)
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C: Měiyou, wo yě gai qǐlai le - *	No you didn*t. It was about
                                        time I got up anyway*
Tangmǔ a, nǐ dao dalu qu, bū	Tom, when you go to the mainland, it
  xiang zai Měiguo, zai Xianggang;	won’t be like America or Hong Kong;
   yao zhīdao du5 zhaogu zijī.	you’ll have to know how to look
  Xiǎo Ping mama chǔqu gěi ni mǎi	after yourself. Xiǎo Ping1 s mother
  diǎnr dSngxi daishang.	went out to get you some things to
                                         take with you.
A: Lǐ Nǎinai, wo shěnme dou you,	I have everything, Grandma Li, I
   bu yong dai le.	donft need to take anything else.
    (Xiǎo Wen (E) comes in quietly.)
E: Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ ma dou těng ni,	Ity grandmother and mother are fond
nǐ Jiu daishang ba!	of you, go ahead and take the things!
A: Lǐ Nainai, wo hui Měiguo	Grandma L5l» I have to come
    yjqiān, hai xiǎng zai lai yici,	back here once again before I go
  xīng bu xing?	to America. Will that be okay?
C: Zhěi haizi, zěnme bu xing ne?	Oh, this youngster! How could it
Zhěr Jiu shi nide Jia ya!	not be all right? This is your home!
A: Nin yao wo gěi nin dai diǎnr	Did you want me to bring you
  shěnme dongxi a?	back something?
C: Dui le, zhěr you yi zhāng	Yes, here1 s a list. *** It1 s some
  danzi,*** shi yixie gongyipǐn,	handicrafts. The money is in this
    qian Jiu zai zhěige xinfēngrli,	envelope. Buy what you can. nǐ kanzhe mSi ba!
E: Nainai, zanmen Jiā you name	We have so many handicrafts already,
    xie gongyipJn» hai mǎi t£ gan	why do you want to buy more of them? shěnme!
C: Sha haizi, děng dao nl Jiēhūnde	Silly girl! They111 come in handy
   shihou jiu you yong le.	when you get married.
E: Name nantīng!	Ugh! That sounds awful!
C: Na you shěnme nantīng, hǎo shir	What1 s so awful about that? That
  ma!	(marriage) is a happy event.
*In other words, they did wake her up	with their talking.
**Grandma is referring to living conditions--itTs not as comfortable on the
mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.
***This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended favors is
not shy to ask a favor in return.
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E: Nǐmen zai zhěr, * wo qu kajikan,	Don’t get up. * I think mom is
   hǎoxiang mama huilai le.	"back, Ifm going to go see.
     (Xiǎo Wen leaves.)
A: Nǎinai, Xiao Wen zhēnde yaov	Is Xiǎo Wen really getting married,
 jiěhun le?	grandma?
B: Shi zhěme hui shi, Xiao Wen	It’s like this: When Xiǎo Wen
   zai Yīngguo niaji shǔde shihou	was studying in England she met a
rěnshile yige Ri"běn rěn, xianzai	Japanese guy. Now he works at the
    ta he Xiǎo Wen zai yige yinhangli	same "bank as she does. Hef s very
   zuo shi, dui Xiǎo Wen "bu cuo.	nice to her, "but ...
   Kěshi ...
C: Yuanlai, wo he Xiǎo Wen tā	Originally, Xiǎo Wen’s father and
"bata d5u "bu tongyi. Ni xiǎng ma,	I were "both against it. After all,
Zhongguo rěn he Riběn rěn zěnme	there*s Just no way that Chinese and
yě měi "banfar "biancheng yijiazi	Japanese can "become part of the same
ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen he ta mama	family. But Xiǎo Wen and her mother
yuanyi, women yě Jiu "bu něng	wanted it, so there wasnft anything
  shuo shěnme le.	we could say about it.
A: Xiǎo Wen mama zěnme shu5 ne?	What did Xiǎo Wěn’s mother say
                                         about it?
C: Ta quanle wo hǎojici. Tade	She tried to persuade me many
huā you daoli. Ta shuo, Zhong-	times. What she said makes sense,
   guo rěn he Riten rěn shi dǎguo	She said that the Chinese and the
zhang. Kěshi xianzai, shiqing	Japanese did go to war, but now that
yijing guoqu jishlnian le, wěi-	it1 s all "been over for a few decades，
shenme hai yao rang hāizimen chT	why should the children still "be made
 kǔ ne?	to suffer for it?
A: Bomǔ shuode dui. Ei, wo lai	She’s right a"bout that. By the
Xianggang zěnme duo tian le, zěn-	way, I’ve "been here in Hong Kong for
me hai měi kanjian ta ne?	so many days nov, how is it that I
                                        haven’t seen him?
C: Tā hui Ri'běn kan tā mama qu le,	He went "back to Japan to visit his
něi shi ge xiaoshunde haizi. Děng	mother. Hefs a very filial "boy. He
ni cong dalu huilai de shihou, ta	should "be "back "by the time you come
   yě gai huilai le.	"back from the mainland.
A: Zhēn you yisi!	That1s so interesting!
•More literally, "You people are here•，’ Notice this simple way of leaving
a group. "You’re here，’ is the functional equivalent of ’’You stay here," i.e.,
"I*m going to leave. Please go on talking without me•” Another sentence you
can use when leaving a group is Nimen tantan, vo xian zǒu% ?,You go on talking,
I’m going to leave,n
••yijiazi means yijia rěn (one family).
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C: You yisi "ba,l Tāngmǔ, nǐ "bu zhī- Oh, itfs interesting all right dao, rěn lǎo le, guānnian yě lǎo You donft know, Tom, vhen a person le, yǒude shihour zhēnde yao gāi- gets old, their ideas get old too. gai le.	Sometimes one really has to change
                                                  a "bit.
    (Xiǎo Pingfs mother [F] comes in carrying some things.)
B: Mā, nǐ huilai le?	Hi mom, you1 re "back?
F: Huilai le.	Hi, yeah, Ifm back.
A: Bomǔ, vo shuo shěnme hao ne?	Auntie, what can I say? This is
   Nin shi zai tai kěqi le.	really too polite of you.
F: Zhěidiǎn chide, yongde,	dou	This food and these things are for
daiqu, zheliǎngjian yīfu	you to take with you. And these two
    děngyixia chuānchuan kan,	hěshi things to wear you can try on later "bu hěshi. and see if they fit you.
A: Bomǔ, na jiu xiěxie le.	Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.
F: Name yidiǎndiǎn dSngxi xiě	Why should you thank me for these
shenine. Lushang hǎohǎo zhaogu	odds and ends! You just look after
    zijī, shiqing vanle Jiu huilai, yourself very carefully vhile you1re xiūxi jītiān zai hui Měiguo.	traveling* and when the jo"b is fin-
                                         ished come "back here and rest up for a few days "before you go "back to America.
A: Ng, wo yiding huilai.	Okay, I111 "be sure and come back.
C: Guo liǎngtiān, Xiǎo Ping* Xiǎo	In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and
  Wen yě yao zou le. Xiǎo Ping	Xiǎo Wen vill "be leaving too. Mom,
ma>^ jīnr^ wǎnshang z&xr "bu zuo	letfs not make dinner tonight. When
  fan le. Děng huJr Xiǎo Ping	Xiǎo Plngfs father gets "back, ve’ll
baba huilai, yikuair chūqu chT	all go out to dinner and have a going-
   wǎnfan, gěi hāizimen songsong	away party for the kids, okay? xing, hao "bu hǎo?
F: Hǎode, hǎode.	All right.
^■Grandma1 s reply intimates that the experience of her granddaughter having a Japanese boyfriend put her through some difficult times and made her reflect deeply on her opinions.
^Grandma Lǐ here addresses her daughter-in-law as Xiǎo Ping aā% ”Xiǎo P!ng，s mother.11 Compare this with the way some grandparents in English-speaking countries call their grandchildren’s parents "Mom" and "Dad" even though they are their own children.
3jīnr: .llntian (Běijīng)
^zam： The slurred pronunciation of zanmen used in conversation. (Běijīng)
SOC, Unit 8
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                              Unit 8， Tape 2 Workbook
Exercise 1
     This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this unit• The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm your answer.
     All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may vant to revind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
Exercise 2
     In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in HangzhSu.
     The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely, youT11 probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below as you listen a second time.
     Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this conversation:
   xiǎo diǎnr shēngr	a little more quietly
 hao	to wrap
tan lianīai	to be in love, to be roing together
                                           (having a courtship)
Questions for Exercise 2
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking handicrafts?
     2.	What will happen in the evening?
     3.	What news does he learn about his sister?
    ^his mot,her seem nervous? Hov can vou tell?
     .\fter you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers.
Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese•
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Exercise 3
     In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng about her grandparents.
     Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second time through, look below and answer the questions.
     Here are the nev words for this conversation:
  qiānxie nian	a few years back
  zai shu5	besides, moreover
Questions for Exercise 3
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
    1.	What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?
     2.	What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun1s grandfather?
     3.	Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the company she talks about ?
     U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather1s attitude toward work?
     5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter to grandfather?
     After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers vhich you have prepared.
Exercise U
     This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in Běijīng where an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.
     Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions.
     You will need the following words and phrases:
  Lǎo Shīfu	old master
 gěming	revolution
SOC, Unit 8
266
   Zhu Laozong	(an affectionate name for Zhū De,
                                          a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army during the var of resistance against Japan.)
 jūndui	army
Questions for Exercise b
     Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can talk about them in class.
     1.	What did Wang Lao Shīfu do "before the var of resistance against Japan? Was it a secure jcTb?
     2.	What happened to his "business during the var of resistance against Japan?
    3.	What did "Zhū Laozong" (Zhu De) do at that time? What did Wang Lao Shīfu do for Zhǔ Laozong?
     After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers correctly•
SOC, Unit 8
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   Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.
A: Ma, wǒ jiějie shěnme shihou zou	Ma, vhen is older sister leaving? a?
B: Wǎnshang shiyīdiǎn zhongde	On the 11:00 train this evening•
huǒche. Ni xiǎo diǎnr shēngr	Speak a little more quietly. Dor^t
    shuo huā. Biě bǎ ta chaoxing	wake her, let her sleep a little
     le, rang ta zai duo shui yihuǐr.	while longer.
A: Ao, jiějie shui wǔjiāo na, vo	Oh, sister is taking a (noontime)
   xiǎo diǎnr shengr* Mā, jiějie	nap. 1,11 speak more softly. Ma,
yao daizǒude d5ngxi dou zhunbei-	have all the things older sister is
  hao le ma?	going to take along with her been
                                         gotten ready?
B: Chabuduo le, jiu shi hai you	Just about, there are just a fev
    yixiě gongyipǐn měiyou nonghǎo,	handicrafts not yet taken care of.
    nǐ hullaile, zhěnghǎo bangbang	Youfve come back just in time to
^ mang, bǎ zhěixiē dongxi baoqilai.	help by wrapping these things.
A: Jiějie shi dao Měiguo qu nian	Sister1s going to America to go to
shǔde, dai g5ngyipǐn gan shěnme? school; what is she taking handicrafts
for?
B: Zai daxuělǐ nian shū zong hui	In college you，re always going to
you ge hǎo pěngyou, wāiguo rěn	have a good friend. Foreigners like
xihuan Zhongguo gongyipǐn,	Chinese handicrafts. So isn，t it a
    daishang yidiǎnr, songsong rěn,	a good idea to take some along to
   bu shi hěn hǎo ma?	give people as gifts?
A: Hǎo, wǒ yihuir jiu baohǎo le.	Okay, Ifll have them wrapped in
                                          a minute.
B: Dui le, ni zai zhěr nong, wǒ	Oh~you take care of this here, and
dao chtifang kan yixia, kankan	1*11 go take a look in the kitchen to
   cāi hǎole měiyou.	see if the food is done.
A: Wǎnshang hai you kěren ma?	Are there guests coming tonight,
too?
B: You. Děng yixia Zhou Bomǔ he	Yes, in a little while Mrs. (Auntie)
     tā ěrzi lai gěi nǐ jiějie song- Zhou and her son are coining over to xing.	give your sister a send-off.
A: Mā, wǒ kan, wǒ jiějie gen Xiao Ma, I think older sister and Xiǎo Zh5u hǎoxiang bu cuo ma!	Zhou seem to be getting along pretty
well!
B: Shǎ haizi! Nǐ jiějie gen Xiǎo You	kid! Your sister and
     Zhou tan lianfai kuai yinian le, Xiao Zh5u have been in love for almost nǐ hai "bu zhīdao!	a year now. Didnft you know?!
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A: Ao! Yuanlai shi zěnme hui	Oh, so that1 s vhat1 s "been going
    shir! Hǎo, mā, nǐ kuai mang qu	on all along. Okay, mom, you go
    "ba! Zhěi diǎnr gōngyipǐn jiāo	ahead with your vork. Hand the
   gěi vo le.	handicrafts over to me.
B: Nǐ kuai "bao, "baovanle, dao	Get these wrapped quickly. When
chūfang lai "bang wo mang.	you1 re done, come to the kitchen and
                                          help me.
A: Xing, vo yihuǐr jiu lai.	Okay, I111 "be there in a minute.
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
In Beijing a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).
B: Xiao Yun na, zuotian kaoshi	Xiao Yun, your exams were over
kaovan le, jīntiān hai zai wūli	yesterday. What are you still working
   mang shěnme na?	on here today?
A: Xiě jīfēng xin, zhěixie xin	Writing a few letters. I should
     zǎo jiu gāi xie le, jīntiān you	have written them a long time ago.
     yidiǎnr shijiān, vo xiang ba ta-	I have a little time today, so I
   men xiěvān.	wanted to get them written.
B: Gěi yěyede xin xiěle měiyou?	Have you written grandfather? Hefs
    Yěye name těng ni, kuai gei tā	so fond of you, you really should
   xie fēng xin "ba!	write him a letter!
A: Shangci yěye lai xin shu5,	The last time grandfather wrote,
tāmen gōngsī qing tā qu "bang	he said that their company had asked
mang ne. Zhěijian shir, nin	him to go help out. What do you think
  zěnme xiang?	of that?
B: Tāmen gSngsī xiang gen vaiguo	Their company wants to do "business
rěn zuo shēngyi, qīng yěye qu	with foreigners, so they asked your
    "bang mang, zhěijian shīr, vo	grandfather to help out. I don't
    shěnme yě "bū yuanyi shu5.	vant to say anything about this.
A: Wěishěnme ne?	Why?
B: Qianxiē nian, tāmen gSngside	A fev years back, the people in the
rěn shuo nǐ yěye, shuode name	company were saying such avful things
nantīng. Xianzai tāmen you věnti	about your grandfather. But nov, they
le, you xiangdao ni yěye le.	go to him vith their problems. The hell
Suan le "ba, rang tāmen kanzhe ban	vith it! Let them do vhat they like.
ba. Wo bū xiǎng quan nǐ yěye qū	I donft vant to advise your grandfather
"bang zhěige mang. Niānji dale,	to help them. When a person gets old,
haohaorde zai jiāli xiūxixiūxi	it1s best for him to stay at home and
   bi shěnme dōu hao.	get a lot of relaxation,
•This means ”No comment. If I said anything about this, it vouldn’t "be
complimentary.
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A: Mā，v3 xiǎng yěye yiding bu	Ma， I*m sure that grandfather
tongyi ninde shuSfǎr. Guoqude	wouldn’t agree with that. What1s over
shir yǐjīng guoqu le. Xianzai	is over ("Past things are already past”）,
you rěn qīng ta bang mang, zai	Now someone asks him to help out， and
shu5 zhěixiē shir dui guojiā you	besides, these things are good for the
    hǎochu， tā yiding hui qu zuode.	country. Ifm sure he*11 do it.
B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, nǐ yěye něige	I know that too. Your grandfather
     rěn zhǐ yao you g5ngzuo, bu guǎn	is the kind of person who, as long
du5 nan, tā yě hui pīnming qu	there1 s a job, will knock himself out
zuode. Nǐ xiě xinde shihou, biě	to do it, no matter how hard it is.
wangle xiěshang, rang tā biě tai	When you write the letter, donft forget
lei le, měitiān shui ge xiao	to write that he mustn1t tire himself
   wǔjiao.	out too much, and to take a little
                                        noontime nap every day.
A: Hǎo. Xiěshang le. Nainai hui	Okay. Itfs written. Grandma will
hǎohaor zhaogu yěyede. Nin fang-	take good care of grandfather. Don’t
  xīn hǎo le.	you worry.
B: Ai! Hǎo le, wǒ yao chūqu mai	(Sigh) Okay, Ifve got to go out
dongxi, nǐde xin xiěwan le	to buy some things. Have you finished
    měiyou? Wǒ lai gěi nǐ ji.	writing your letters? I111 mail
                                         them for you.
A: Zhěi sānfēng xin xiěwan le,	These three are finished. Wait a
     děng yixiar, wǒ tieshang youpiāo.	second while I put stamps on them.
    Hǎo, xianzai hǎo le. Nin nazou	Okay, they1 re ready. Here they are. ba.
B: Wǒ zǒu le.	Ifm leaving.
A: Mā, nin zǎo diǎnr huilai!	Ma, don’t be gone long!
Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
In the office of a factory in Běijīng,	an older man (B) and a younger man (A)
are on the night shift:
A: Wang Lǎo Shīfu, nin xiūxi yi-	Old Master Wang, you rest a while.
huǐr ba. Wǒ zai zhěr kanzhe,	1*11 watch things here, don’t worry,
    nin biě dānxīn, wǒ bu hui shui	I wonft fall asleep, jiaode.
B: Ou, wǒ tiu lei, zanmen liǎ°	I’m not tired. Letfs us two have
   liāoliao tiānr ba!	a chat!
A: Wang Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuS,	Old Master Wang, I’ve heard that
nin jiěfang qian jiu cānjia	you joined the revolutionary ranks
    ming le, ninde gushi yiding bu	before liberation. You must have
    shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba!	a lot of stories; tell me one!
°liǎ: A colloquial word meaning liǎngge.
SOC, Unit 8
2了0
B: Nǐ zhīdao, jiěfang qiān vo shi	You knov, before liberation I vas zuo xiǎo mǎimaide, něi shihou zuo in small business. At that time, it
xiǎo mǎimai duo nan! Něng bu	vas so hard to do small business.
něng zhuān yidiǎnr qian dōu yao	Whether or not you could make a little
kan yunqi hǎo huāi.	money depended on whether your luck
                                        vas good or bad.
A: Houlai ne?	And later?
B: Houlai Riběn rěn lai le, Ri'běn	Later the Japanese came. After ren gēn zanmen dǎ zhāng, zhěi yi- the Japanese vent to var vith us，
    xiazi wode mǎimai • • •	my business • . •
A: Zuob^ixiāqu le.	You cou2dnTt carry it on.
B: Bu shi, vǒde mǎimai yuě zuo	No, it got bigger and bigger, yuě da le.
A: Zenme ne?	Hov was that?
B: Nǐ xuěguo lishǐ. Nǐ zhīdao něi You*ve studied history. You know
  shihou Zhu Laozong gēn Riběn ren	that at that time Zhū Laozong (Zhū
  dale yizhāng . . .	De) fought vith the Japanese • • •
A: Zhīdao, něi yizhang dale hǎo	Yes， they fought for many months.
    jǐge yuě. Něi shihou nin gan	What vere you doing at that time? shěnme ne?
B: Wo? Wǒ yitiān dao wan nazhe	Me? From morning to night T vas
  dānzi gěi Zhu Lǎozongde jǔndui	carrying a list buying things for
mai dongxi ya! Shenme chide,	Zhū DeTs army. Food, clothes, medi-
    chuānde, yao a, vo dou něng	cine, T could buy them all. maidao.
A: Ēi， zhēn you yisi, nin zai gěi	Gee, that1s fascinating, tell me
  wo jiǎngjiang•	more•
B: Ou, xianzai bu něng jiǎng le.	工 can’t now. It’s time ve vent
Zanmen gāi chūqu kankan le.	out and took a look. If there aren’t
  Yaoshi měiyou shěnme wěnti,	any problems, 1*11 tell you more
    huilai vo zai gěi nǐ jiǎng.	after we get back.
A: Nā zanmen zou ba!	Then let1s go!
2 了1
                                           VOCABULARY
                                                                        Module & Unit
ai to love	了.6
ai shang to fall in love vith	了.6
ānding to be peaceful and stable, to be	了•了
                         quiet and settled
"bata father, dad, papa	了.U
"bait iān daytime	了.3
-"ban (counter for class of students)	了.3*
"bang to "be great, to be fantastic，to be	了•&•，了•了*
                         terrific
"bang mang to help; help	了.U
"bangzhu to help; help; as a help to，for	了.2
"bao to wrap	了.8*
"bSochi to keep, to preserve, to maintain	了.5
bǎohu to protect	了.6
běihou "behind someone1 s "back	了 .2*
-běizi all one1s life, lifetime	了.2 "běnlai originally, in the "beginning, at first; 了•了
                         to begin with, in the first place
"benren herself, himself, oneself,野self，	了.6*
                            etc.
"bī to compare	了.1*
"bian to change，to become different	了.3
bianchěng to change into	了.2' 了.3
bJci each other, one another, both; the	了-5*
                         same to you
"bingren sick person，patient	了.3* b6mǔ aunt (wife of father1s elder brother); 了.8
                         (term for the mother of one1s friend)
"boshi Ph.D.	7.2*
"bii fangxīn to worry	了.3*
"bu guan no matter (vhat, whether, etc.)	了.5*，了.6
"bu huāng "bu mang calm, not the least "bit flustered	了 .8*
bū Jian "bū san donft leave until vefve met up	了•了*
"bu Jiandān	not ordinary，not commonplace; remark- 了•了*
                          able
"bu něng "bu to have to，must	了•了
"bu shǎo to "be quite a lot，to be much, to	了•紅
                         be many
"bii shi. •. Jiu shi." if it isnft.. .then it1 s; either...	了.了
                           or...
"bii xiang hua to be ridiculous, to be outrageous,	了.6
                         to be absurd (talk, acts， etc.)
SOC, Vocabulary
2了 2
                                                                Module & Unit
cāi	only (before an amount)	了.3
cai	only in that case， only under this	了.5
                         condition
cāichan	property	了 • U
canjiā	to participate in, to take part in;	了.6
                        to Join; to attend
chang	to "be long	了.1
chāng gě	to sing (songs)	了.6*
chao	to "be noisy; to disturb "by making	了.8
                         noise
chaoxing	to wake (someone) up "by "being noisy	了.8
-chěng	(verb ending) into	了.3
chěngshi	city; urtan	了.6
chěngyuanguo	member country	了.6*
chituxiaqu	to "be unatle to eat	了.3
chī ku	to suffer, to undergo hardship	T.U
chou yān	to smoke (totacco)	了.6
chuang	"bed	了-2*, 了.5*
chuāntong	tradition, traditional	了.1
conglai	ever (up till now)，always (up till	了.3
                          now)
conglai "bu/mei	never (up till now)	了.3
cong. .. (Ver"b)-qī	to "begin (Vert)-ing from".	了.了
cūnr	village	了 .6*
dāduoshu(r)	the great majority	了.5
-dai	generation; era， (historical) period	了.5
daishang	to take along (Běijīng)	了-8。
dājiě	"older sister” (a respectful term	了
                         of address for a woman atout one’s own age or older)
dalu	mainland, continent	了.1
dang	(political) party	了.6
dānxīn	to "be worried, to "be uneasy	了-U
dānzi	list; form	了.8
dao	to pour, to dump	了.1
-dao	(resultative ending used for percep-	了，3
                          tion ty one of the senses : .1 iandao, kandao， tīngdao, etc.)
-dao	(resultative ending used to indicate	了.3
                         reaching; in xiangdao， tandao， etc., translated as "atout" or ’’of’’5
daochu	everywhere	了•了 *
dāodě	morality, morals, ethics	了-2
dao lāji	to take out (dump) the garbage	了.3*
daolī	principle, truth» hows and whys;	了.2
                         reason, argument, sense
daxuěshēng	college student	了•1*
da zhang	to fight a war， to go to war	了.8
SOC, Vocabulary
gǎi	will probably	了.U
gai	should, ought to	了了.8
273
                                                                   Module & Unit
da zhen	to get an injection	了，8*
da zi	to type (on a typewriter)	了，6
dě	to get	了.5
dědao	to receive, to get	了.5
-de huā	if; in case; supposing that	了.6
děi kan	to depend on	了.8
děng	when; by the time; till	了.8
děng dao	wait until; when, by the time	了，3
děng yixia	wait a minute; in a little while	了.8
-dian	point	了.1
diao ySnlěi	to cry	7.3*
diwei	position，status	了.2
dǒngde	to understand, to grasp, to know	了.1
duanpian	short (stories, articles)	了.6
dull	to be independent; independence	了.2
duo (du5)	how (to what extent)	了.U
duo hao!	how great that is!	7.2*
duoshu(r)	the majority (of), most (of)	了.5
ěi	say! (interjection telling that the	了.3*
                         speaker Just thought of something)
ěrtong	child (formal word)	了.6
ěrxifu(r) (-fer)	daughter-in-law	了.U
fāda	to be (highly) developed, to be	了.2•，了.5 v flourishing, to be prosperous
fǎlū	law	了
fan	to translate	了•了*
fan	to violate, to offend, to commit; to	了•了
                         have an attack (of an old disease)
fandui	to oppose, to be against	了.1*
-fangmian (-mlan)	aspect，side, area, respect	了.1
fangwěn	to visit	了.6*
fǎnzhěng	anyvay, in any case	了.3*
fan zui	to commit a crime	了•了
fazhǎn	to develop, to expand, to grow	了.5
fen	points	7.5*
fen	to divide, to separate, to split	了，6
fengsu	custom(s)	了• 5
fenkai	to separate, to split up	了.6
funii	woman; women, womankind	了.2
fūqi	blessings, good fortune	了.h
gāi	will probably	了 • U *
cai	should, ouffht to	7.U° . 7.fl
SOC, Vocabulary
Module & Unit
gai to build, to construct	了.U*
gaibian to change; change(s)	了.1*， 了.5
gānbu cadre	了.6
gǎnjuě feeling, sensation; to feel, to	了.1
                         perceive
ganma to do what; (colloquial) why on	earth, 了.8
                        what for
gan shenme to do what; (colloquial) vhy on	earth， 了.8
                         what for
gǎnxiě to be thankful, to be grateful	了.3*
gaogān senior cadres	了 .6*
gaozhōng senior high school	了.1*， 了.2*， 了.5*
geguo various countries	7.1*
gěming revolution	了 • 8*
gēn to follow	7.8°
g5ng male (for animals)	了.2*
Gongchǎndǎng Communist Party	了.6
gongchǎng factory, mill, plant, works	了.6*
gonggong grandfather, grandpa (paternal)	了
gōngke homework	了 •了 *
Gongqingtuan Communist Youth League	了.6*
gōngshāngyě industry and commerce	了.5
gongye industry	7 • 5
gōngyipǐn handicrafts	了 • 8
guǎn to take care of; to mind, to bother	了.2
                          about
guǎnggao advertisement	7.7
guānnian concept, idea, notion	了.2
guānxīn to be concerned/care about	7.1*
guanyu as to, with regard to, concerning,	了，1
                          about
gǔhuī bone ashes, ashes (of a person)	了.5*
guīju rules of proper behavior, social	了.3*， 了
                         etiquette, manners; special customs,
                         established practice, rule (of	a community or organization)
guojiā country, state, nation; national	了.1
guoqu the past	了 • U
guoqu to pass; to pass away, to die	了.8
guo rizi to live; to get along	了.U°
gushi story	了 .6。
gǔshū ancient book	了.1°
hai fairly, passably	了
hǎiluoyīn heroin	了•了
hǎochu benefit， advantage	了•5
haohaor properly, carefully, thoroughly	了.1°， 了.8
hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi…well, okay, but…	了，3*
haoxiang to seem as if，to seem like	了.8
2jb
SOC, Vocabulary
275
                                                                 Module & Unit
hēiyě	(darkness of) night, nighttime	了.3
hěn	to hate, to loathe, to detest	了.6
Hongwěibīng	(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards	了.6
houlai	later, afterwards	7.2°, 7.5
Huashěngdun Youbao Washington Post	了•了
-hui	(counter for shi^ "matter”)	了•8
hui	might; to be likely to; will	了.1
huo	to live; to become alive; to survive;	了.5
                         to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving
hushuo	to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel	了.2*
huxiǎng	mutually	了.蚁
ji	to remember; to commit to memory	了，5*
-jiā	(counter for families)	了
j iSndan	to be simple	了.了
JiSng	to stress, to pay attention to, to	了.3
                         be particular about
Jiǎng	prize	7.5]
JiSng jiu	to be particular about; to be	了 .3*
                         elegant, to be tasteful
jiaotang	church, cathedral	了•了*
Jiaoyu	to educate; education	了•了
jiāru	to Join	了
jiāting	family	了 .3*
jīdong	to be agitated, to be worked up	7.1°
jiě	to borrow; to lend	了.1
jiědao	to successfully borrow	了.1
jiěfajig	to liberate, to emancipate; liberation 了.6
jiěhūn (jiēhūn)	to get married	了.2
jiěyi	to mind, to take offense	了.6
jijimangmang	in a hurry, extremely rushed	了.6
jfmang	to be hasty, to be hurried	了.6
jinbu	to progress; progress	了•了
jindaishī	modern history	了 .1*
Jīngshěn	energy, spirits	了.3*
jīnr	today (Běijīng)	7.8°
jlnzhāng	to be nervous, to be upset	了.3*
j i zhu	to remem'ber	了 • 1 *
-ju	sentence; (counter for sentences	or 了.1
                         utterances, often followed by hua, ’’speech”）
jundui	army	了
juzi shuǐ(r)	orange juice (Běijīng)	7.1*
(V V) kan	try and (v), (V) and see how it	is 了•了
kan	to depend on	了.8
SOC, Vocabulary
2 了6
                                                                Module & Unit
kanbuqǐ	to look down on, to scorn, to	了•“
                         despise
kandao	to see	了.3
kanzhe	(followed *by a verb) as one sees fit,	了.8
                         as one deems reasonable
kao	to take/give an exam, test, or quiz	了.8
kao	to depend on, to rely on; to lean	7.2
                         against; to be near, to be next to
kaolu	to consider， to think about; con-	了.1
                         sideration
kaoshi	to take/give an exam, test， or quiz;	了.8
                         exam, test
kěāi	to be loveable, to be adorable	7.8°
kěkāyin	cocaine	了•了
Kěkoukělě	Coca Cola	了.1。， 了.3
kělian	to be pitiful	7-3]
ken	to be willing to	了 •了*
kū	to cry	了.3
• •_lāi	for the past", (amount of time)	了.6
lai	(used before a verb to express that	了•了
                         something vill be done)
lai	to do (something), to perform	了.8
                         (something), to have (an event)， to help oneself to (food, etc.), to Join in (a game, etc.)
laji	garbage	了.3:
lanwěiyan	appendicitis	7.
lao	all the time, always	了.8*
laodong	to labor	了.5
laodongli	labor force, labor; able-bodied	了.5
                         person
laolao	grandmother，grandma (maternal)	了 • “ *
laoli	labor force; labor	T. 5
lao shīfu	old master	7.5
laoshǔ (laoshu)	mouse or rat	7.2^
lǎoxiānsheng	old gentlemen	7.5o
laoyě	grandfather, grandpa (maternal)	了
laozong	(used vith surname as an affectionate	7.8°
                         term for a high-ranking PLA commander)
liǎ	(Beijīng colloquial word meaning	7-8*
                         liangge, ”two”)
lian.•.dou/yě.••	even.••	了•了
liao	to chat	了.3
liao tiān(r)	to chat	了.3
lǐmao	manners, politeness	了 •!+
lǐngdao	to lead, to direct, to exercise lead-	J.6
                         ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre
SOC, Vocabulary
277
                                                                Module & Unit
liushi niandāi the decade of the sixties	7.1*
liūxia to leave	7.1*
liuxlng to be common, to "be popular, to be	了.2
                         prevalent
luān to "be in disorder, to "be in a mess，	了•了
                         to "be chaotic; arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way
luanqīlDazāo in a mess, in confusion, in dis-	了.了
                         order; miscellaneous, motley, all thrown in together
ma (marker for obviousness of	了.3
                         reasoning)
manmanr (manman) slowly; gradually, "by and "by; taking	了.1
                         one1s time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details
měi yisi to be uninteresting/boring; to "be	了.2
                         pointless/meaningless; to "be a drag; to "be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap
mlngbai to understand, to "be clear on, to	了.5
                          comprehend; to "be clear, to "be in-telligible
Ming Bao Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)	了•了
mǔ female (for animals)	了•2•
nSlnai grandmother (paternal)	7.1*
na hai yong shuo that goes vithout saying	了 .2*
Nan Měi South America	了.T*
nannu men and women, male-female	了.2
nanshou to "be uncomfortable; to feel "bad,	了.3
                         to feel unhappy
nantīng to "be unpleasant to hear; to sound	了.8
                          "bad, to offend the ears; to "be scandalous
ne (used in questions asking the where-	了.U*
                         abouts of someone/something)
něngli ability	7.6°
nianji (nianji) age	了
nianqing to "be young	7.1
nong (něng) to do; to fool with；- to get	7.3^
nongcūn country, rural area; rural	了•？*， 了.6
nonglai to get and "bring	了-3
nongmln peasant	了 • 5 *
nongyě agriculture	了*5
nyli to make efforts	7.7*
nūsheng coed, woman student	,7.3*
SOC, Vocabulary
278
                                                               Module & Unit
pa	to be afraid	了
pǎolai pǎoqu	to run around	7.6*
pěngdao	to run into, to come across	了.8*
-piān	(counter for sheets, articles or	了
                         pieces of writing)
piān	to fool, to deceive	了.2*
picha bing	pizza	7.1*
pingděng	equality; to be equal (of people)	了.2
pīnming	with all onefs might， for all one	7.2
                         is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk onefs life, to defy death
pīzhǔn	to give permission, to approve;	了.5*
                         approval, permission, sanction
popo	grandmother, grandma	了.4*
qiǎng	gun	了 •了：
qiang	to be strong	了.6*
qiānxie nian	a fev years back, in recent years	了.8
qiāo men	to knock at the door	了.4*
qiguai	to be strange, to be odd， to be	了.3
                         surprising
qǐlai	to get up (in several senses)	了.U
-qilai	(resultative ending which indicates	了.3
                          starting)
Qinghai	(a province in western China)	了.3*
qingkuāng	situation, circumstances, condition,	了•1
                         state of affairs
qingxing	situation, circumstances, condition,	7*1
                         state of affairs
quan	to advise, to urge, to try to	了.8
                         persuade
quan j ia rěn	the whole family	了
rang	to make (someone a certain vay)	了.1
rěn	person; self; body	了.U
rěnjia	people; other people; someone else;	了.U
                         they; he, she; I
rěxin	to be enthusiastic and interested,	了.3
                         to be varmhearted, to be earnest
rěxīnqilai	to become enthusiastic and interested	了.3
rizi	day; date; time	了.3*
ru	to enter; to join (an organization)	了.6
ru Tuān	to Join the Communist Youth League	了.6
                         (Gongqingtuan or Gongchǎnzhǔyi Qingniantuan)
SOC, Vocabulary
279
                                                                Module & Unit
sha to kill (means unspecified); to	了•了
                         kill (specifically, vith a knife or knifelike instrument); to try to kill
sha to be stupid, to be dumb, to be	7.8
                         silly, to be naive
shafa sofa	7.8*
-shang (verb ending indicating starting	7.6
                         and continuing)
shang xuě to go to school; to attend school	7,6
shangyě commerce, business	7.5
Shāoxiandui Young Pioneers	7.6*
shěhui society; social	7.1
shengchan to produce; production	7.5
shenghuo to live; life; daily life; livelihood	7.2
shengyl (shēngyi) business, trade	了.8
shenqǐng to apply (for)	7.2*
shěntī body; health	了.it
shi to cause (followed by a verb), to	了•了
                         make, to enable
shichang market	.了 • 5 •
shijiě vorld	7.6
shijiěshang in the vorld, in the whole world	7.6
shijiěxing vorldvide	7-7
shixing to practice* to carry out, to put	7.6
                         into effect, to implement (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)
shi zai really; to be real	7.2
shou to receive	7-7
shou to be thin	7.7*
shǒuchaode handwritten	7.^*
shou jiaoyu to receive an education	了•了
shourū income, earnings	T•5
shoushi to straighten up; to get one*s	了•紅
                         things ready
shujiā summer vacation	7.1
shuSbuqingchu can 丨 t explain clearly	7 • 1
shuodao to speak of; as for	7.3
shuofǎ vay of saying a thing; statement,	7.5
                         version, argument
shuoshi Master丨s degree	了7-5*
sī to die _	了.3*， 了.5
Si Shū the Four Books (Daxuě> Zh5ngy5ng>	了.li
                         Lunyǔ> Mengz?)
sixiang thought, vay of thinking	了.5*
songhuiqu to take/escort back	了.5*
songxing to see (someone off), to wish	了.8
                         (someone) a good trip; to give a going-avay party
SOC, Vocabulary
280
                                                                Module & Unit
suan le	forget it， letfs drop the matter,	了.2
                         let it go at that; come off it， come on
sūnnū	granddaughter (through onefs son)	了
sǔnzi	grandson (through onefs son)	了
suoyǒude. . . dou	all	了. 3
tan lianTai	to be in love, to be going together	了.8*
                          (courtship)
tǎoyān	to dislike, to be disgusted vith	了.6
těng	to be very fond of, to be attached to, 了.8
                         to dote on
ti	to carry (from the hand at the side	了.8*
                         of the body)
tiao	to Jump, to leap	了.3*
timu (-mu)	topic, subject; title; examination	了.5
                         question, test problem
ting	to heed (advice), to obey (orders)	了.5
tongjū	to cohabit; cohabitation	了.2
tongyi	to consent, to agree	了.5
tour	head, chief, boss	了•了*
-tuan	group, society	了.6
Tuān	(Communist Youth) League	了.6
tǔdi	land	了 • h
vāigong	grandfather, grandpa (maternal)	了.U*
wāipo	grandmother, grandma (maternal)	了
waiwěn	foreign language	了•5 *
wǎnhui	evening party	了 • 6 *
wǎnlian wǎnhūn	late involvement and late marriage	了.2*
wěile	in order to; for the purpose of; for	7.5
                         the sake of
věnhua	culture; schooling, education,	了.1
                         literacy
wěnxuěJiā	writer， literary man	了.6*
wěnzhāng	article, essay; prose (writing) style	了.2
vǒde tian na!	my God!	了.1
wǔjiao	noontime nap	了•8
-xia	under	了.6
xiāndai	to be modern; contemporary; modern	了-1"
                          times
xiǎng	to sound, to make a sound	了
xiang	to be like, to resemble; like;	了.2
                          such as
SOC, Vocabulary
?8i
                                                                  Module & Unit
xiangbuchǔ	canft think up, canft come up vith	了.2*
xiangdang	quite, pretty, considerably	了.2
xiangdao	to think of	了.3
xiǎngxin	to believe (in); to trust，to	了•了*
                         be convinced (that)
xiao	young	了 .1*
xiao dianr shēng(r) a little more quietly	了.8*
xiao pěngyou	little friend; kids	了.魟
xiaoshun	to be filial; filial obedience	了.3
xiaoshuS(r)	fiction, novel	7• 1
xia qi	to play chess	了.6
-xiaqu	(resultative ending which indicates	了.2
                         continuing an action)
-xiaqu	down (directional ending used for	了.3
                         eating or drinking dovn)
xī du	to take drugs; drug taking	了.了
xiguan	habit, custom, usual practice; to be	了.5
                         accustomed to, to be used to
xīn	heart	了.3
-xing	nature，-ness, -ity	了•了
xingkul	fortunately, luckily	了•“•
xingqu	interest	了.2
xīnli	in onefs heart， in onefs mind	T.l*
xīnshi	something weighing on onefs mind，	了.1*
                        worry
xīnwěn	news	了.2
Xīnwěn ZhSukan	Newsweek	了.2
xuě hao	to learn from good examples, to learn	了 •了*
                         to be a good person
xuěhui	to learn, to master	7*6*
xuěql	semester, term (of school)	了.1
xuěshēnghul	student association	7.1*
xuě yī	to study medicine	了.2
xunlianban	training class	了.6*
yan j iū (-jiu, -jiu) to study (in detail), to do	了.1
                         research on; research
yao kan	to depend on	了.8
Yazhou (YS-)	Asia	了
yěda	evening university	了.6*
ye gai	really should	了
...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo whether...or.••; both...and. • •	了.5
yě jiu	accordingly, correspondingly, so	了.5
yěye	grandfather (paternal)	了.1*， 了•紅
yī	medical science, medicine (used in	了.2
                         phrases like xuě yī)
yī	as soon as	了.1*， 了•“*
-yi	hundred million	了.3
SOC, Vocabulary
282
                                                                   Module & Unit
yi"biān(r). . .	doing. . .while doing. . .	了.1
yi"bian(r) • • •
yifāngmian..., yi- on the one hand...on the other hand;	了.2 fangmian... for one thing...， for another thing...
yijiāzi	one family; the whole family; the	了.8*
                         same family
yimian(r)...	doing...while doing...	了.1
yimian(r)...
yitiān dao wan	all day long	了.3
yīxuě	medical science，medicine	了.2
yīyuan	hospital	7.3*
yizhi	all along， continuously, all the	了.2
                         time (up until a certain point)
yonggSng	to "be hardworking, to be industrious	了.3
                         (in one’s studies)
you	excellent	了. 5
you	to come up to (a certain level)	了.2*
you	also	了.U
you	anyway; after all	了.8
you banfǎ, (dui... ) to be able to deal with (something)	了.了
you "bāngzhu	to be helpful	7.2
you daoli	to make sense	了.2
youěryuan	kindergarten	7.5*
you guīju	to have manners，to be proper	了.U
you hǎochu	to be beneficial, to be good (for)	了.5
you lJmāo	to "be well mannered, to be polite	了.U
you qiān	to be rich	了.U
you xiao	to be effective; to "be valid	了•了
you xingqu	to "be interested	了.2
you yan j iū	to have done research on; to know	了.2
                         a lot about
you yong	to be useful	了.3
yuanlai	original, former; originally,	了.8
                        formerly; it turns out that•"， so."! (expresses finding out the true situation)
yuanyi	to wish，would like，to want to;	了.8
                          to "be willing to
yuanyin	reason，cause	了，6
yue lai yuě...	more and more..., increasingly	7,2
yuě...yuě••.	the more...the more...	了，2
yunqi	luck	了 • 8
zai shu5	furthermore, "besides, moreover	了.5°， 了.8°
zai ye "bū/mei	never again	了•了
zǎo	a long time ago	了.3°
zǎohūn	early marriage; child marriage; to	了.5
                         marry as a child; to marry early
SOC, Vocabulary
283
                                                               Module & Unit
zěnme (yi)huf shi	whatfs it all about	7.8
zenme (yi)huf shi	like this	7.8
zěren (-rěn)	responsibility	7 • J
zhSng	to grow	7.3
zhSngda	to grow up	7.3
zhangfu	husband	7•5
zhānzhēng	war	T.U*
zhSobudao	canft find, to be unable to find	7.2#
zhaogu	to take care of; care	7.2#, 7.5
zhěi yixiazi	after this, as a result of this	7.8
zhěme (yi)huf shi	like this	7*8
zhěng	Just, precisely, right	7.5
zhěngcě	policy	7-5** 7*6
zhěngfu	government	了•&' 7*6
zhenghSo(r)	it Just so happens that, to happen	7.8
                         to, as it happens; just in time.
                         Just right, Just enough
zhengzhi	politics; political	7.1
zhi hSo	can only, to have to, to "be forced to	T.U
zhishi	knowledge	了.2
zhi yeLo	provided that, as long as	7*6#, 7.7
-zhong	in	了•了*
Zhongguo QTngniin	China Youth (a periodical)	了.2.
zhong n&n qīng nu	to regard males as superior	7*3
                         to females
2h5ngxuěsheng	High School Student (a periodical)	了.2.
zhoukan	weekly publication, weekly magazine	了.2
zhuan qiān	to earn money, to make money	了.3
zhurěn	host, master	7.3#
zhibdLalai	to move and stay (in a place)，to	T.U
                         settle down
zhǔyfiLo	mainly	7*5#
ziyou	freedom; to be free	7.2
ziyou shichSng	free market	7*5#
zSng	always; inevitably, vithout	了.1
                         exception; after all, in any case
zongjiSo	(organized) religion	T•T.
zSngtSng	president	7.6*
zui	mouth	了 .T.
zut	crime, guilt	7.7
zuiJin	lately, recently; the near future,	7*3
                          soon
zuS	to be, to act as	7.3
zuSbuliSo	to be unable to do	T.U*
zu5 irbai	to worship, to go to church	7.7#
zudxia	to sit down	7»1