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<head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/><meta name="generator" content="ABBYY FineReader 11"/><meta name="author" content="Foreign Service Institute"/><meta name="description" content="Standard Chinese"/><title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Optional Module MBD - Student Text</title>
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<body><h1>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</h1><h2>OPTIONAL MODULE: Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death</h2>
<p>SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</p>
<p>This publication is to be used primarily In support of training military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</p>
<p>Defense I^anguage Institute Foreign Language Center Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940</p>
<p>Topics in the areas of politics’ international relations, mores, etc., which may he considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute，or of the Department of Defense.</p>
<p>In DLIFLC publications, the wortU “he,&quot; “him,” and “his” denote both masculine and feminine genders. Thits statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</p>
<p>STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH</p>
<p>OPTIONAL MODULE: CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH</p>
<p>Before starting the MBD Module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module.</p>
<p>August 1979</p>
<p>PREFACE</p>
<p>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in Peking.</p>
<p>The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</p>
<p>A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department<sup>1</sup>s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder,工工I, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff,工工工（FSI);</p>
<p>Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T_ Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</p>
<p>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 19Th in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</p>
<p>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 0<sup>f</sup>Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 19了了， Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</p>
<p>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,</p>
<p>Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher<sup>1</sup>s guides. Lucille A, Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 19了8 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</p>
<p>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung~mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</p>
<p>Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</p>
<p>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu，Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,</p>
<p>Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis， Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</p>
<p>The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</p>
<p>Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and the University of Virginia.</p>
<p>The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.</p><img src="0310-FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/0310-FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-1.png" style="width:299pt;height:112pt;"/>
<p>CONTENTS</p>
<p>OBJECTIVES ...............................................i</p>
<p>UNIT 1</p>
<p>Part 工...............................................1</p>
<p>Part 工工 ..............................................7</p>
<p>Part工工工............................................13</p>
<p>Vocabulary ..........................................21</p>
<p>UNIT 2</p>
<p>Part 工..............................................23</p>
<p>Part 工工.............................................32</p>
<p>Vocabulary ..........................................k2</p>
<p>UNIT 3</p>
<p>Part I ..............................................hk</p>
<p>Part 工工.............................................52</p>
<p>Vocabulary ..........................................6l</p>
<p>UNIT k</p>
<p>Part I ..............................................63</p>
<p>Part 工工.............................................了2</p>
<p>Vocabulary ..........................................82</p>
<p>UNIT 5</p>
<p>Part I ..............................................8U</p>
<p>Part 工工.............................................9了</p>
<p>Vocabulary .........................................IOU</p>
<p>UNIT 6</p>
<p>Part 工.............................................1〇6</p>
<p>Part II ............................................116</p>
<p>Vocabulary .........................................12U</p>
<p>APPENDIX</p>
<p>Unit Vocabulary Characters .........................126</p>
<p>OBJECTIVES</p>
<p>General</p>
<p>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural background information you need to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</p>
<p>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the course.</p>
<p>Specific</p>
<p>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask about the age when most people get married.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in marriage practices between the city and the country.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births, and funerals.</p>
<p>k. Ask about the frequency of divorce.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day wedding.</p>
<p>了. Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when they have children.</p>
<p>8. Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant <sup>f</sup>s health,</p>
<p>appetite, and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</p>
<p>9• Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the mother<sup>1</sup>s health before and after giving birth.</p>
<p>10. Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and</p>
<p>express concern for that person.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death and the funeral.</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a funeral.</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 1</p>
<p>PART 工</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhōngguo zhěngfǔ shi bu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does the Chinese government advocate</p>
<p>tichāng niānqīng rěn wan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that young people marry late?</p>
<p><sub>t</sub>jiěhun?</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhěngfǔ tichāng vǎnlian vǎnhun. The government advocates late</p>
<p>involvement and late marriage.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Něige qīngniān, gSngzuo hen null. That young person is very hardworking.</p>
<p>k. Nongcūn niānqing rěn yě shixlng Do the young people in the country-wǎnhūn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;side also practice late marriage?</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wǎnhūn yǐjlng chěngle yīzhǒng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Late marriage has already become a</p>
<p>fēngqi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common practice for young people.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Lǐ he_tā lian<sup>f</sup>āi hen jiǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Li has been in love with her for</p>
<p>le， kěshi yīzhi bū yao jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a long time, but he<sup>f</sup>s never wanted</p>
<p>to get married.</p>
<p>Zhěge xiǎo chěngshi kě piao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Boy, is this little town pretty!</p>
<p>liang le!</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART I</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>tlchang: <sup>f</sup>to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Zhe shi shěi tichāngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who advocates this?</p>
<p>niānqing: <sup>f</sup>to be young<sup>1</sup> (literally, <sup>f</sup>yea*rs-light<sup>1</sup> or 'years-green<sup>1</sup>• There are two different characters with the same sound used for the second syllable.)</p>
<p>Tā zhěnme niānqing, zhěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>f</sup>s so young and so beautiful! piaoliang!</p>
<p>Wo nianqingde shihou, bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When 工 was young, I didn<sup>f</sup>t like</p>
<p>xǐhuan kan shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to read.</p>
<p>Zhěixiē niānqing rěn dōu ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These young people all love to go</p>
<p>kān diānyǐng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the movies.</p>
<p>Něige nianqingde ZhSngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That young Chinese person speaks</p>
<p>rěn, Yīngwěn shuSde bū cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pretty good English.</p>
<p>•jiěhūn: 'to get married<sup>1</sup>, also pronounced .jiēhun. Notice that in Chinese you talk of 'getting married<sup>1</sup>, while in English we talk of 'being married<sup>1</sup>. And it follows grammatically that jiěhūn is a process verb, not a state verb. Jiěhūn will always *be seen with an aspect marker such as le_ or will be negated with měi.</p>
<p>Tāmen j iěhūnle měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have they gotten married yet? (This</p>
<p>is the equivalent of <sup>1</sup>Are they married?)</p>
<p>Wǐ jiěhūn duo jiǔ le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How long have you been married?</p>
<p>Jiěhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning 'to knot marriage<sup>1</sup>. Jiě and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de_ or £uo_.</p>
<p>Nǐ shi shěnme shihou jiěde hūn? When did you get married? or Nǐ shi shěnme shihou jiěhūnde?</p>
<p>Wang Xiānsheng jiěguo sānci &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Wang has been married three</p>
<p>hūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;times.</p>
<p>To say <sup>1</sup> get married to someone* use the pattern gen ... .liěhun.</p>
<p>Tā gēn shěi jiěhūn le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To whom did he get married?</p>
<p>Note on No. 2</p>
<p>vanlian vanhun: 'late involvement and late marriage<sup>1</sup>. Wǎnlian is an abbreviation for van lian<sup>f</sup>āi, 'mature love<sup>1</sup>, (lian<sup>f</sup>ai means 'romantic love, courtship<sup>1</sup>), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for van jiěhūn, <sup>1</sup>late marriage<sup>1</sup>. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only actively enforced since the 19了Os- It is difficult to generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and might &quot;be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has &quot;been progressively raised over the years, until 19了8 when the rules were eased a &quot;bit. In general, if the comlDined ages of the couple exceeds fifty years (or the female<sup>1</sup> s age exceeds the male's), then the marriage is allowable.</p>
<p>Note on No. 3</p>
<p>qingniān: Wouth, young person<sup>1</sup>. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb niānqing, <sup>f</sup>to be young<sup>1</sup>. (See Notes on No. 1)</p>
<p>Zhěiwěi qingniS.n laoshi yinggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This young teacher should go to a</p>
<p>dāo daxuě qū jiao shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;university to teach•</p>
<p>In this sentence, the noun qingnian is used to modify the noun laoshi,</p>
<p>*teacher•.</p>
<p>A: Wo jide sānshiniān yiqiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 rememlDer that thirty years ago</p>
<p>ni těbiě āi chī tang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you especially loved to eat candy.</p>
<p>B: Shi a, něi shihou women dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Back then we were all young</p>
<p>hāishi qīngniān, Xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people. Now I<sup>f</sup>m old, and my</p>
<p>lǎo le， yā bū xing le• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teeth aren’t good any more.</p>
<p>null: <sup>!</sup>to be hardworking, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diligent<sup>1</sup>, or as an adverb, •diligently, hard<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā suīrān hen null, kěshi tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although he<sup>1</sup>s very hardworking, his</p>
<p>Yīngwen hāishi bu xing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English is still not good enough.</p>
<p>Wo děi null xuě ZhSngwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have to study Chinese very hard.</p>
<p>Notes on No• b</p>
<p>nongcūn: •rural areas, countryside, village<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Nongcūnde kSngqi bǐ chěngli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The air in the country is much</p>
<p>hǎoduS le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;better than in the city.</p>
<p>Tāmen jiā zāi nongcūn zhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Their family lives in the country.</p>
<p>shixing: <sup>f</sup>to practice, to carry &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out (a method, policy, plan, reform)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Nī zhěige jihua hen hǎo, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This plan of yours is very good, &quot;but</p>
<p>wo xiǎng &quot;bū neng shixing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t think it can be carried out.</p>
<p>Zhěige banfa yǐjlng shixingle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This method has been in practice for</p>
<p>sānge xīngqīle, kěshi jieguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three weeks, &quot;but the results aren’t</p>
<p>&quot;bu hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good.</p>
<p>Notes on No. $</p>
<p>chěng: <sup>f</sup>to constitute, to make, to ■become<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Tāde xuěxi yizhi hen hao, *biyě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His studies have &quot;been good all along,</p>
<p>yǐhou ānpai gōngzuo *bū chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so after he graduates, setting up</p>
<p>wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a job for him wor^t constitute a</p>
<p>problem.</p>
<p>Wǒde nǐiěr xiānzāi chěngle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My daughter has Ijecoiae an older</p>
<p>jiějie， tā zhēn xǐhuan tade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sister. She really likes her</p>
<p>xiǎo měimei. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little sister.</p>
<p>fēngqi: •established practice, custom; general mood<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Xiānzāi you *bū shao qingnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of young people now</p>
<p>bu yāo zāi shāngdiānli māi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who don’t want to sell things in</p>
<p>dSngxi, zhěizhǒng fēngqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shops. This practice is really</p>
<p>zhěn *bu hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*bad.</p>
<p>Xiānzāi zāi Zhōngguo, you yǒule Now in China there is again a general niān shūde fēngqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;atmosphere of study.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>he: Vith<sup>1</sup> . You have seen he_ used &quot;between two nouns or pronouns as a conjunction meaning <sup>1</sup> and<sup>1</sup>. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb meaning ^ith<sup>1</sup> . The word gēn, which you have seen, also has &quot;both meanings,</p>
<p><sup>1</sup> and<sup>1</sup> and Vith<sup>1</sup> ,</p>
<p>Formerly, f^en was the most frequently used word for Vith<sup>1</sup> or <sup>,</sup>and<sup>l</sup> in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But he has come into wide conversational use in pǔt5nghua. In addition to this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say hān instead of he, which is the same character with another pronunciation.</p>
<p>Generally speaking, if you use he_ or gēn you should not have any problem &quot;being understood &quot;by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</p>
<p>lian<sup>f</sup>ai: <sup>f</sup>to fall in love, to &quot;be in love; romantic love, courtship<sup>1</sup>. This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship ■between two people. Notice that liar^ai can &quot;be used both as noun and as a verb. (Liar^ai is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: lian ai， not lia nai•)</p>
<p>Tāmen liān*āile hǎojiniān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>1</sup> ve &quot;been in love for quite a few</p>
<p>years now.</p>
<p>Tāmen xiānzāi kāishī liān*āi le. They<sup>1</sup>ve just started to fall in love.</p>
<p>Wǒmende liān'āi zhǐ you sāntiān, Our love is only three days old and jiu bu xing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;already it<sup>1</sup>s over.</p>
<p>The noun lian* ai is often used in the phrase tan lian<sup>1</sup> ai <sub>%</sub> <sup>1</sup> to be romantically involved<sup>1</sup> or more literally * to talk of love<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Tāmen liāngge tan lian<sup>1</sup> āi yǐjīng The two of them have been in love for tānle hen jiǔ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a while now.</p>
<p>Wo měiyou he tā tan liān’ai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m not in love with her.</p>
<p>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious intentions for the future.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>kě: <sup>1</sup> really, certainly<sup>1</sup>. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs. Kě_ can be used before a negative.</p>
<p>Tāmen liāngge kě hao le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The two of them are very good friends.</p>
<p>Ke bū shi ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Isn’t that so! (Really! or_ No kidding!)</p>
<p>Nā kě bū xing! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That really won<sup>f</sup>t do!</p>
<p>Nā kě bu shi yijiān hǎo shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s really not a good thing.</p>
<p>Nī kě yāo xiǎoxīn! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>ve got to be careful!</p>
<p>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě， to other Chinese it may sound too full of local color with which they do not identify.</p>
<p>Peking:</p>
<p>An American exchange student talks &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with her language teacher. They are both in their late twenties.</p>
<p>A: Wo jide shāngci nǐ shu5 nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 remember last time you told me</p>
<p>ěrshibasui Is, hai měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that you're twenty-eight years old</p>
<p>jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and you're not married yet.</p>
<p>B: Dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right*</p>
<p>A: Wo yizhi xiǎng wěnwen ni， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>!</sup>ve been meaning to ask you all</p>
<p>ZhSngguo niānqing rěn hǎoxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;along, it seems as if young people</p>
<p>sānshisui zuoyou cai jiěhūn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in China don't get married until</p>
<p>shi bu shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they're about thirty, is that so?</p>
<p>B: Dui le. Women qingnian you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right. We young people have a lot</p>
<p>hen duo shi yāo zuo - Yāo null &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of things we have to do. We have to</p>
<p>gSngzuo, null xuěxi, bu yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work hard and study hard; we</p>
<p>zǎ〇 jiěhūn! Zhěngfǔ yě tichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shouldn't get married early! The</p>
<p>vanlian wǎnhūn. Zai chěngshi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government also promotes late</p>
<p>li nianqīng rěn d5u zai ěrshi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;involvement and late marriage. In</p>
<p>wliusui yǐhou cai jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the city, young people don't get</p>
<p>married before the age of twenty-five or twenty-six.</p>
<p>A: Nongcūnlīde nianqīng rěn yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do the young people in the rural</p>
<p>shixing wǎnhūn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;areas practice late marriage too?</p>
<p>B: Dui， tāmen yě shixing wǎnhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes, they do too. In the rural</p>
<p>Zāi nongcūn, wan lian<sup>1</sup>āi wan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;areas, late involvement and late</p>
<p>jiěhūn yǐjīng chěngle yizhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage have already become a new</p>
<p>xīn fēngqi. Wo you yige zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common practice. I have a friend who</p>
<p>Běijīng jiāoqū gongzuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;works in the suburbs of Peking who<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>pěngyou xia lǐbai jiěhūn, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;getting married next week. Do you want</p>
<p>yao bu yao he wo yiqǐ qu kān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go see it with me? 1*11 arrange it</p>
<p>kan? Wo gěi ni ānpai yixiar. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for you.</p>
<p>A: Haojlie. Nā kě zhěn you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Great. That would really be</p>
<p>yisi, gang dāo zhěr jiu you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting. And such a good</p>
<p>zhěnme yige hao jīhui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opportunity so soon after getting</p>
<p>here.</p>
<p>NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>...zai ěrshiwǔliusui yǐhou cai jiěhūn: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</p>
<p>PART工工</p>
<p>8. Xiānzāi Zhongguo rěn jiěhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of ceremony do the Chinese</p>
<p>you shěnme yishi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have when they get married now?</p>
<p>9- A: Nī jiěhūn de shihou nǐde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What gifts did your relatives give</p>
<p>qīnqi songgei ni shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you when you got married? livu?</p>
<p>B: Tāmen songgei wo yixiē xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They gave me a few small presents as</p>
<p>liwu zuo jiniān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mementos.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Xuduo nan qingnian jiěhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many young men now go and live with</p>
<p>yǐhou zhūdao nū,1iār qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the wife's family after they get</p>
<p>married.</p>
<p>A: Zhě gēn yǐqiānde fēngsū you This is very different from the hen dade qūbiě• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;customs of the past.</p>
<p>B: Ke bū shi ma! Zhēnshi gǎi- I'11 say! It<sup>1</sup>s really changed a bianle bu shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lot.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ērqiě zāi nongcūn yě shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Furthermore, late marriage is also</p>
<p>wǎnhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;practiced in rural areas.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART II Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>ylshi: <sup>f</sup>ceremony, function' This can be used to refer to a range of different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of marital vows.</p>
<p>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon to find families going into debt &quot;because of the joyous occasion, which marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual served to strengthen familial &quot;bonds and the newlyweds<sup>1</sup> feeling of obligation owed to the family.</p>
<p>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the celebration often to procedural formality alone--registration with the local police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside ,where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</p>
<p>Notes on No• 9</p>
<p>qīnqi: Relatives<sup>1</sup> Qinqi is slightly different from the English word <sup>1</sup> relatives<sup>1</sup> in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is</p>
<p>parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One<sup>1</sup> s immediate family are called ,1 iāli rěn.)</p>
<p>Nimen jiā qīnqi du5 ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have a lot of relatives</p>
<p>in your family?</p>
<p>Women Jiā qīnqi kě du5 le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have lots of relatives in</p>
<p>our family.</p>
<p>songgei: <sup>T</sup>give (a gift) to ...<sup>1</sup> The verb song has several meanings.</p>
<p>One is <sup>T</sup>to send*, as in Wo ~ba nǐde xlngli son^shangqu le， ’工 sent your luggage upstairs.<sup>1</sup> Another is to give someone something as a present.</p>
<p>Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi <sup>1</sup> for, to<sup>T</sup> after it.</p>
<p>You have also seen jiāogei，<sup>1</sup>to hand over to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to submit to... <sup>1</sup>. When</p>
<p>gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must &quot;be followed &quot;by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with <sup>f</sup>to send<sup>T</sup>, and mai <sup>1</sup> to sell<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo &quot;bǎ zhěijiān yifu jigei wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I sent this piece of clothing to my</p>
<p>měimei le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;younger sister.</p>
<p>/</p>
<p>Tā &quot;bǎ fangzi māigei wo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He sold his house to me.</p>
<p>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house<sub>5</sub> is up front in the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object is specific and the ba^ construction is preferred. When song is followed by an indirect object<sub>?</sub> however, the gěi is usually optional.</p>
<p>Wo yāo song ta yige xiǎo lǐwu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present.</p>
<p>Wo yāo songgei ta yige xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present.</p>
<p>liwu.</p>
<p>•••songgei ni shěnme lǐmi?: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in the PRC are generally &quot;useful” items. Common among these are nuanping, hot water jugs; huāping, vases; taidēng， table lamps; ~bǐ，pens; lianpěn, wash &quot;basins; or cānju, kitchen items.</p>
<p>zuo: <sup>1</sup> to act as，to serve as<sup>1</sup>. Tāmen songgei vo yixiē xiǎo lǐmi zuo Jinian. is literally <sup>1</sup> They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Zhěige xuěxiao &quot;biyede xuesheng, A lot of students who graduated from hen du5 dou zuo laoshi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this school have &quot;become teachers.</p>
<p>Yong zhěiběn xin shū zuo lǐwu, Would it &quot;be okay to use this new hao bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;book as a present?</p>
<p>Zuo, <sup>f</sup>to act as, to serve as<sup>1</sup> is often seen used with yong, <sup>f</sup>to use<sup>f</sup> as in the example above, yong • • • zuo …,<sup>f</sup>to use (something) as (something) else、</p>
<p>jinian: •memento, remembrance; to commemorate<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo gěi ta yizhāng zhāopian zuo 1*11 give him a photo as a memento, jinian.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 10</p>
<p>xǔdu5: <sup>f</sup>many; a great deal (of), lots (of)<sup>1</sup>. Xuduō is used as a number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.</p>
<p>A: Hāi you duoshao qian? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How much money is there left?</p>
<p>B: Hai you xuduō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s still a lot left. or</p>
<p>There<sup>1</sup>s a lot more.</p>
<p>Tā maile xudu5 (zhāng) huār. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He bought a lot of paintings.</p>
<p>Xudu5 has several &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things in common with hen duo, in addition to</p>
<p>similarity of meaning. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both xǔduS and hen duo can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with de, and (3) be</p>
<p>followed by a counter, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but not usually -ge•</p>
<p>Tā rěnshi xudu5 rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He knows a lot of people.</p>
<p>Tā rěnshi hen du5 rěn.</p>
<p>Tā jianle xuduō(de) rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He saw (met with) a lot of people.</p>
<p>Tā jianle hen du5(de) rěn.</p>
<p>Bichuli you hen du5 (jian) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dayī. There are a lot of overcoats in the</p>
<p>closet.</p>
<p>Tā xiěle xuduō (ben) shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He wrote a lot of books -</p>
<p>Hen du5 is probably more common than xudu5• Some speakers feel that they do not use xuduō in conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about using it in conversation, k/</p>
<p>...zhudao nū.jiār qu: <sup>1</sup> to go live with the wife<sup>!</sup> s family* You've seen the prepositional verb dao used after main verbs, as in nadao loushang qu, <sup>f</sup>take it upstairs<sup>1</sup>. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of dao is fairly straight forward. But in the above example from the Reference List, dao is used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, zhu, <sup>1</sup> to live, to inhabit<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Here is another example of zhu used in a phrase expressing motion:</p>
<p>Tā shi zuotiān zhujinlaide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He moved in yesterday.</p>
<p>The verbs zhan <sup>f</sup>to stand<sup>f</sup> and zuo <sup>f</sup>to sit<sup>f</sup> can also be used in phrases expressing motion.</p>
<p>Qǐng ni zhandao něibianr qu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you please go stand over</p>
<p>hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there.</p>
<p>Qǐng ni zuodao qianbianr qu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you please go sit up</p>
<p>hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;front.</p>
<p>Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former tradition, which stated that the woman &quot;became part of the man<sup>1</sup> s family, and of course, moved into his family<sup>1</sup>s house.</p>
<p>In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new &quot;bride carried special significance. It was called ru zhui and might take place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his daughter<sup>1</sup>s husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family line.</p>
<p>qūbiě: <sup>1</sup> difference<sup>1</sup> When expressing the difference between two things, use « &gt;&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;§Gn ■ ■ ■ you qūbiě.</p>
<p>Zhěiběn zidiǎn gēn něi&quot;běn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a &quot;big difference &quot;between</p>
<p>you hen dāde qīTbiě, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this dictionary and that one.</p>
<p>Zhěige xuěxiao gen něige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the difference between</p>
<p>xuěxiao you shěnme qīTbiě? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this school and that one?</p>
<p>Zhěiliǎngge banfǎde qū&quot;biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is the difference &quot;between</p>
<p>zāi nǎr? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these two methods?</p>
<p>Kě ~bu shī ma! : <sup>1</sup> Yes, indeed! , 1*11 say! <sup>1</sup> , or more literally, ’Isn’t it so! <sup>1</sup> Ke ~bu shi ma! is often used in northern China to indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the speaker, something like English Well, of course!<sup>1</sup> or Really!<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>~bu shǎo: Literally 'not a little<sup>1</sup> , in other words, <sup>1</sup> quite a lot<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Tā you bu shǎo hua yao gēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has a lot he wants to say to</p>
<p>ni shuō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you.</p>
<p>Zai Měiguo &quot;bū shǎo rěn you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In America a lot of people have</p>
<p>qichē. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cars.</p>
<p>erqiě: ，furthermore, moreover<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Jīntiān tiānqi &quot;bu hǎo, ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The weather is &quot;bad today, and</p>
<p>hǎoxiāng yao xia xuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore it looks as if it’s</p>
<p>going to snow.</p>
<p>Ěrqiě is often used in the pattern ~bu dan. . .ěrqiě. . .， <sup>1</sup> not only... but also...<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>not only.•.moreover...<sup>f</sup>:</p>
<p>Zhěizhǒng huār bū dan hǎo kan, This kind of flower is not only</p>
<p>ěrqiě fēichāng xiang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pretty, but it <sup>f</sup>s also very fragrant.</p>
<p>Wo bu dan ai chi tang, ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 not only like to eat candy,</p>
<p>shennae tian dSngxi dōu ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(moreover) I like to eat anything</p>
<p>chi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sweet.</p>
<p>Tā bu dan xuěguo Zhongwěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not only has he studied Chinese,</p>
<p>erqiě xuěde bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but moreover he has learned it</p>
<p>q_uite well.</p>
<p>Wo bu dān měiyou he tā tan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not only am I not in love with her,</p>
<p>liān<sup>f</sup>ai, ěrqiě wo yě bu da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moreover I don’t like her very</p>
<p>xǐhuan ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;much.</p>
<p>Peking:</p>
<p>The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their</p>
<p>conversation:</p>
<p>A: Zh5ngguo rěn jiěhūnde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of ceremony is there</p>
<p>you shěnmeyangde yishi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when the Chinese get married?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou shěnme yishi, jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is no ceremony, ve just invite</p>
<p>qing qīnqi pěngyou lai he dianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends and relatives to come and</p>
<p>chā, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have some tea, candy, snacks, and so</p>
<p>shenmede. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;on.</p>
<p>A: Qīnqi pěngyou song bu song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do the friends and relatives give</p>
<p>līwu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gifts?</p>
<p>B: Youde rěn song yidianr xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people give small gifts as</p>
<p>līwu zuo jinian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a memento.</p>
<p>A: tingshuo yǐqiān nongcūnli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve heard that it used to be that</p>
<p>nūhāizi jiěhūnde shihou, nānjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the country, when a girl got</p>
<p>yāo song xuduō liwu. Zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married, the man’s family would have</p>
<p>fēngsu shi bu shi ye gǎibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give a lot of gifts. Has this</p>
<p>le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom changed too?</p>
<p>B: Shi a! Zhěizhǒng shiqing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes! In many regions, this kind of</p>
<p>zāi bu shǎo diqū dou měiyou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thing doesn’t exist any more.</p>
<p>Ērqiě xianzai yě youde nan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Furthermore, now there are also young</p>
<p>qingnian jiěhūn yihou zhudao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;men who go to live with the wife’s</p>
<p>niijiār qu. Zhěi gēn yǐqiānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family after they get married. This</p>
<p>fengsu ye you hen dade qū&quot;biě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is also very different from the</p>
<p>customs of the past.</p>
<p>A: Ke &quot;bu shi ma! Zhēn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll say! It has really changed</p>
<p>gaibianle bū shao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot.</p>
<p>PART工工工</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐmen jiěhūn yǐqian shuāngfang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before you were married, did you both</p>
<p>dōu hen liao.jie ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know each other very veil?</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiānzāi ZhSngguo lihūnde bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There aren’t many people getting</p>
<p>tai duo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;divorced in China now.</p>
<p>1总. Něidui fūfū bu zai yige diqū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That married, couple doesn<sup>f</sup>t work in</p>
<p>gōngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the same region.</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā meinian you duoshao tiānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many days of leave does he get</p>
<p>tānqin<sub>t</sub>jia? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;every year to visit family?</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fūfū zSngshi něnggou zāi yiqǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s always better if married, couples</p>
<p>bī.jiao hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can be together.</p>
<p>1了. A: Tāmen shi. ,jingguo xiāngdāng- They gave it quite a bit of consi-</p>
<p>de kǎolū yihou cai jiě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deration before they got married, hūnde.</p>
<p>A: Danshi bu zhidao weishěnme, But for some reason or other they</p>
<p>tāmen hāishi you hen duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still had a lot of problems, wěnti.</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>18. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nānnū yingdāng bǐcǐ liaojiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A man and woman should know each</p>
<p>yǐhou zai jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;other well before they get</p>
<p>married.</p>
<p>19. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ni xiang tā hui bu hui bang wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think he will help me solve</p>
<p>jiejue zhěige wěnti? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this problem?</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工工工</p>
<p>Notes on No. 12</p>
<p>shuǎngfāng: <sup>f</sup>both sides, both parties <sup>f</sup></p>
<p>Zhěijiān shiqing shi Zhongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This matter is knovn to both</p>
<p>he Meiguo shuāngfāng dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America and China, zhīdaode.</p>
<p>bicǐ: <sup>r</sup>the one and the other; each other, mutually<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Suīran women měiyou shuo hua, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although we didn<sup>f</sup>t say anything, we</p>
<p>keshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both knew. There was nothing</p>
<p>tāde bing měiyou banfa le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that could be done for his illness.</p>
<p>Youde daxueshēng xihuan zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some college students like to</p>
<p>biyěde shihou bǐcǐ song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give each other gifts when</p>
<p>lǐwu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;graduating.</p>
<p>A: Zhoumo hǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have a nice weekend!</p>
<p>B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You too!</p>
<p>liǎojiě: <sup>T</sup>to understand; to acquaint oneself with, to try to understand/.</p>
<p>Zhěijiān shi, wo bu dong, hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 don*t understand this,工 have to</p>
<p>děi qū liāojiě yixiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go back and try to understand it</p>
<p>again.</p>
<p>Wo liǎojiě ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 understand her.</p>
<p>Tā juěde tā měiyou yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He feels that he doesn’t have a</p>
<p>pěngyou zhēnde liǎoj iě tā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;single friend who really knows him.</p>
<p>Notice that when you want to say <sup>T</sup>to know someone<sup>f</sup> meaning <sup>f</sup>to understand someone<sup>f</sup> , the Chinese word to use is liǎo.jiě, not rěnshi (which simply means to have made someone<sup>f</sup>s acquaintance).</p>
<p>Note on No. 13</p>
<p>...lihūnde bū tai du5: <sup>f</sup>There aren<sup>f</sup>t many people getting divorced ...<sup>1</sup> Lihunde， <sup>f</sup>those (people) who get divorced<sup>f</sup>， is a noun phrase in which lihūn is nominalized by -de•</p>
<p>Notes on No. Ik</p>
<p>fūfū: <sup>f</sup>husband and wife, married couple<sup>r</sup>.</p>
<p>Tāmen fūfu liāngge dōu fēichāng Those two (that couple) are both hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very nice.</p>
<p>bū zai yige diqū gōngzuo: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;’d〇 not work in the same region*. Yige,</p>
<p><sup>T</sup>one<sup>r</sup>, is frequently used to mean <sup>T</sup>one and the same<sup>1</sup>. Here are some more examples:</p>
<p>Women dōu zai yige xuěxiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All of us go to the same school, nian shū.</p>
<p>Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They are both the product of the</p>
<p>lǎoshī j iāochulaide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;same teacher.</p>
<p>Note on No. 1$</p>
<p>tanqlnjia: <sup>T</sup>leave for visiting family*. Tan qīn means to visit one<sup>r</sup>s</p>
<p>closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.</p>
<p>Mingtiān tā jiii qū Shanghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow he<sup>1</sup> s going to Shanghai to</p>
<p>tan qīn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visit his family.</p>
<p>Note on No. 16</p>
<p>zǒngshi: <sup>1</sup> always, all the time’. This advert may also occur as zong.</p>
<p>Tā zǒngshi ai qū Huāmei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He always loves to go to the</p>
<p>kāfēitīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Huaměi Coffeehouse.</p>
<p>něnggou: <sup>f</sup>can, to &quot;be able to’. This is a synonym of něng.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 1了</p>
<p>jingguo: <sup>!</sup>to pass &quot;by or through, to go through<sup>1</sup>. Jing^uo can mean 1) to pass &quot;by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an experience.</p>
<p>Jīngguo zhěici xuěxi yihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As a result of this study, I</p>
<p>wo kě qingchu du5 le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see things a lot more clearly.</p>
<p>Wo měitiǎn xia &quot;ban hui jiāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every day on my way home from work</p>
<p>shihou, dou jīngguo Bǎihuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I pass &quot;by the Bǎihuo Dalou.</p>
<p>Dālou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.•.dōu</p>
<p>jīngguo Bǎihuo Dāl6u.)</p>
<p>Nǐ jīngguo zhěige vuzide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you passed &quot;by this room,</p>
<p>shihou, ni měiyou kanjian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn't you see us working inside?</p>
<p>women zai litou gongzuo ma?</p>
<p>xiāngdāng: <sup>1</sup> quite, pretty (good, etc .); considerable, a consideralDle degree of<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tāde shēntī xiāngdāng hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His health is quite good.</p>
<p>\</p>
<p>kǎolu: <sup>1</sup> to consider; consideration<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo yijīng kaoluguo le， tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have already given it consideration,</p>
<p>hāishi yīnggāi shang dāxuě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he should still go to college•</p>
<p>danshi: <sup>l-</sup>but<sup>1</sup> , a synonym of kěshi •</p>
<p>Wo yijīng quguo le, danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I already went there, &quot;but I didn’t</p>
<p>wo měiyou kāndao ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see her.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 18</p>
<p>nannu: <sup>f</sup>male and female<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Nānnūde shiqing zui nan shuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Matters &quot;between men and women are</p>
<p>the hardest to judge•</p>
<p>yingdāng: •should, ought to<sup>1</sup>. Yingdāng is a less-frequently heard word for yinggai• These two words share in common the following meanings:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> should<sup>1</sup> in the sense of obligation or duty,</p>
<p>Zanmen shi tongzhi, yingdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We two are comrades, we should help</p>
<p>(or yīnggāi) Idǐcǐ tangmang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other,</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> ought to<sup>1</sup> in the sense of <sup>1</sup> it would be suitable to<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Wāitou leng, nǐ yīnggāi (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s cold out, you should put on</p>
<p>yingdāng) duo chuān yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some more clothing.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>,</sup>should<sup>l</sup> in the sense of <sup>1</sup> it would be desirable to<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Nǐ yīnggāi (or yingdāng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should try this, it<sup>f</sup>s fun.</p>
<p>shiyishi, zhēn hao wānr.</p>
<p>(4) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> should<sup>1</sup> in the sense of <sup>1</sup> it is expected<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Shidian zhong le， tā yīnggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s ten o<sup>1</sup>clock, he should be here</p>
<p>(or yingdāng) kuāi dāo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;soon.</p>
<p>Tā xuě ZhSngwěn xuěle sānnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been studying Chinese for three</p>
<p>le，yīnggāi xuěde &quot;bū cuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years, he should &quot;be pretty good</p>
<p>&quot;by now.</p>
<p>bǐ.liao: <sup>1</sup> relatively, comparatively, &quot;by comparison<sup>1</sup> . Also pronounced bǐjiao.</p>
<p>Jīntiān &quot;bijiao re. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s hotter today.</p>
<p>Zhěijiān yifu gaile yǐhou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After this article of clothing is</p>
<p>1dijiao hao yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;altered, it will &quot;be tetter.</p>
<p>Zhěi liangtiān tā tijiao shūfu The past couple of days he<sup>1</sup> s &quot;been yidianr, &quot;bu zenme fa shao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feeling better, he doesn’t have</p>
<p>such a high fever any more.</p>
<p>You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use ~bǐjiao &quot;before other adverbial expressions like bu tai <sup>f</sup>not too<sup>1</sup>，Iju zenme <sup>1</sup> not so<sup>1</sup>，~bu name <sup>1</sup> not so<sup>1</sup> or hen <sup>1</sup> very<sup>1</sup> . Careful speakers, however, feel that tǐjiao should not &quot;be used in such cases.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 19</p>
<p>hui: <sup>f</sup>will; might; be likely &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to*. The auxiliary ver&quot;b hui is used to express likelihood here.</p>
<p>Mingtiān tā huī bu hui lāi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Will he come tomorrow?</p>
<p>Wo qu &quot;ba men guānhao, nī hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If I go close the door, will you</p>
<p>&quot;bu hui juěde tai re? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feel too hot?</p>
<p>Jiějuě: <sup>f</sup>to solve, to settle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)<sup>?</sup>.</p>
<p>Nī &quot;bu yao , qiānde went! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t get anxious, the problem of</p>
<p>yījīng jiějuě le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money has already been solved.</p>
<p>Washington <sub>%</sub> D. C.</p>
<p>A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student</p>
<p>from Peking.</p>
<p>A: Women rěnshi zhǐ you liāngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>f</sup>ve only knovn each other for two</p>
<p>duo xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;weeks or so， but we<sup>f</sup>re old friends</p>
<p>lǎo pěngyou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;already.</p>
<p>B: Dui. Women tiāntiān zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. We’re together every day; it</p>
<p>ylkuair, zhēn hǎoxiāng shi lǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really is as if we<sup>1</sup>re old friends. pěngyou le.</p>
<p>A: Wo yizhi xiǎng wěnwen ni nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve been meaning to ask you all</p>
<p>shi shěnme shlhour jiěhūnde ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;along when you were married.</p>
<p>B: 0! Wo shi qiānniān jiěhūnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh. I was married the year before</p>
<p>last.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ ěrshibāsui le. Nǐ airen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re twenty-eight years old. How</p>
<p>ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about your spouse?</p>
<p>B: Tā sānshiěr le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup>s thirty-two.</p>
<p>A: Nǐmen jiěhūnde shihou kě bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You certainly werenyoung when</p>
<p>xiǎo le! Zhōngguo nianqīng rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you were married! Is it this way</p>
<p>dōu shi zhěige yangzi ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for all Chinese young people?</p>
<p>B: Dui le. Zhěngfǔ tichāng wan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. The government promotes late</p>
<p>lian wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rěn yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;involvement and late marriage - Also,</p>
<p>d5u yao null xuěxi, null gong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all young people should study hard</p>
<p>zuo, bū yao zǎo jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and work hard, and shouldn<sup>?</sup>t get</p>
<p>married early.</p>
<p>A: Chěngshili nude duo da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At what age do most women get</p>
<p>jiěhūn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married in the cities?</p>
<p>B: Chabuduō ěrshiwǔsui zuoyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After about twenty-five.</p>
<p>A: Nande ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And men?</p>
<p>B: Dagai ěrshibāsui zuoyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After about twenty-eight.</p>
<p>A: Jiěhūnde shlhour you shěnme- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What kind of ceremony is there when</p>
<p>yangde yishi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone gets married?</p>
<p>B: Měiyou shěnme yishi. Buguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is no ceremony. But on the</p>
<p>jiēhǔn něitiān qǐng qīnqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;day of the marriage relatives and</p>
<p>pěngyou lāi hēhe chā, chī diǎnr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends are invited to come and drink</p>
<p>tang, diānxin shenmede. Yě you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tea, eat a little candy, snacks and</p>
<p>rěn song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so forth. Some people also give a</p>
<p>jinian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;small gift as a memento.</p>
<p>A: Nongcūnlǐde nianqīng rěn yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do the young people in rural areas</p>
<p>shixing wǎnhūn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;also practice late marriage?</p>
<p>B: Dui. Zai nongcurili wan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes - Late involvement and late</p>
<p>lian<sup>1</sup>ai wan jiěhūn yě yǐjlng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage have already become a common</p>
<p>chěngle yizhong fēngqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;practice in the rural areas.</p>
<p>A: Nongcūnli nuhaizi jiěhūnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the farm villages does the</p>
<p>shihou nānjia hai yāo song xǔduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family of the husband still have to</p>
<p>lǐwu ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give a lot of presents when a girl</p>
<p>gets married?</p>
<p>B: Bū yao le. Ērqiě xianzai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not any more. Furthermore now</p>
<p>xiē nan qingnian jiēhǔn yīhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are even young men vho live</p>
<p>hai zhudao nūjiār qu. Zhě gēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vith the wife<sup>1</sup> s family after they get</p>
<p>yǐqiānde fēngsu you hen dade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married. This is very different 'from</p>
<p>qūbiě. • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the customs of the past.</p>
<p>A: Kě bū shi ma! Zhēn shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ll say!工t<sup>f</sup>s really changed a</p>
<p>gaibianle bū shǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lot.</p>
<p>Xiānzāi Zhōngguo lihūnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are there many people who get</p>
<p>duo bu du5? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;divorced in China now?</p>
<p>B: You, keshi bijiǎo shǎo.^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes <sub>9</sub> there are, but relatively few.</p>
<p>Yīnwei jiěhūn yǐqian nānnu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The man and the voman knov each other</p>
<p>shuāngfāng Idǐci bǐjiǎo liǎo jiě, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rather veil before they get married,</p>
<p>you jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and they give the matter quite a bit</p>
<p>su6yi lihūnde bu tai duo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of consideration, so not too many</p>
<p>people get divorced.</p>
<p>A； Wo tingshuo ZhSngguo you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hear there are some couples in</p>
<p>yixiē fūfu IdŪ zai yige diqū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China who don<sup>f</sup>t vork in the same</p>
<p>gōngzuo, bū zhuzai yige difang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;place. Do problems ever come about</p>
<p>zhě hui bu hui you wěnti ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;because of this?</p>
<p>B： Fūfu bu zāi yige difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the husband and wife don’t work</p>
<p>gSngzuo <sub>5</sub> suīrān me ini an you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the sajne place, even though they</p>
<p>bānge yuěde tanqīnjia, danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get half a months leave every year</p>
<p>hai you hen du5 bu fāngbian, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit family members, it<sup>1</sup>s still</p>
<p>Suoyi wěile rang tamen gěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very inconvenient. So in order to</p>
<p>hǎode gōngzuo he xuěxi<sub>5</sub> yīng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;let them work and study even better,</p>
<p>dang bang tamen jiějuě zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we should help them solve this</p>
<p>wěnti• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problem.</p>
<p>A: Duijlie. Fūfu zSngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re so right. It<sup>1</sup>s always</p>
<p>něnggou zāi yiqǐ bǐjiāo hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better if the husband and wife can</p>
<p>be together.</p>
<p>NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. .nan.jia hai yao son只 xǔdu5 lǐvu ma?: In traditional China, the groom<sup>1</sup>s family gave gifts to the bride<sup>1</sup>s family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man<sup>1</sup>s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no longer exist.</p>
<p>Xianzai ZhSngguo lihūnde du5 bu du5?: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group criticism.</p>
<p>•••yǒu yixiē fūfu bū zai yige difang gōngzuo: Many couples still have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other<sup>1</sup>s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs• The partner left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.</p>
<p>• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.. suiran měiniān you ban^e yuěde tanqīn,] ia: There are two types of leave for visiting one<sup>1</sup>s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for by one <sup>f</sup>s work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>bǐcǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other, mutually; you too, the</p>
<p>same to you</p>
<p>bǐjiao (bījiǎo) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;relatively, comparatively; fairly,</p>
<p>rather</p>
<p>&quot;bū dan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not only</p>
<p>&quot;bu shao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a lot, quite a few</p>
<p>chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to become, to constitute, to make</p>
<p>chěngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city</p>
<p>danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but</p>
<p>ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore</p>
<p>fēngqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common practice; general mood *</p>
<p>fēngsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom</p>
<p>fūfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married couple, hus&quot;band and wife</p>
<p>gaibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change</p>
<p>hě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with; and</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might, to &quot;be likely to, will</p>
<p>jiěhūn (jiěhūn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married</p>
<p>jiějue &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to solve</p>
<p>jīngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through, to pass &quot;by or through</p>
<p>jinian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;memento，memorial</p>
<p>kaolU &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consider; consideration</p>
<p>kě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indeed, really</p>
<p>kě bū shi ma! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工<sup>f</sup>ll say，yes indeed, that<sup>1</sup>s for sure</p>
<p>lian<sup>f</sup>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be romantically involved with;</p>
<p>love</p>
<p>liǎojiě (liSojie) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to understand; understanding</p>
<p>lihūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get divorced</p>
<p>lǐ\ni (lǐwu) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gift, present</p>
<p>nanjiā(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the husband^ family</p>
<p>nānnU &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;male and female</p>
<p>něnggou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can，to be able to</p>
<p>nianqīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be young</p>
<p>nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rural area, countryside</p>
<p>nūjiā(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the vife,s family</p>
<p>to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard</p>
<p>qingnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;youth, young person</p>
<p>qīnqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;relatives</p>
<p>qūbiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;difference, distinction</p>
<p>shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to practice, to carry out (a method，</p>
<p>policy, plan, 'reform, etc.)</p>
<p>shuāngfāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both sides, both parties</p>
<p>song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give (something as a gift)</p>
<p>tan qīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit family</p>
<p>tānqīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit relatives (usually means</p>
<p>immediate family)</p>
<p>tanqīnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave for visiting family</p>
<p>tichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to advocate, to promote, to initiate</p>
<p>vanlian wǎnhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;late involvement and late marriage</p>
<p>xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite, pretty, very</p>
<p>xǔduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many; a great deal (of)， a lot (of)</p>
<p>yingdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought, to</p>
<p>yishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ceremony</p>
<p>yizhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all along， all the time (up until</p>
<p>a certain point)</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government</p>
<p>zhūdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to move to, to go live at</p>
<p>zǒngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alvays</p>
<p>zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to serve as, to act as; as</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth， and Death: Unit 2</p>
<p>PART 工</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Houtiān shi nimen xiao,jie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The day after tomorrow is your</p>
<p>daxǐde rizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter<sup>f</sup>s wedding day.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xīnlāng zai Taiwan Yinhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The bridegroom works at the Bank of</p>
<p>gōngzuo, rěn hen laoshi, yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan. He’s very honest and very</p>
<p>hen shang.jin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ambitious,</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Women Xiuyun gēn tā .jiaovang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our Xiuyūn has been seeing him for</p>
<p>yǐjīng yīnianduS le, dui tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over a year now, and she's very</p>
<p>hen imnyx. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pleased with him.</p>
<p>h. A: Nǐmen gěn nanfangde fumǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you know the groom’s parents</p>
<p>shou bu shou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very well before?</p>
<p>B: Bu tai shou. Kěshi zǎo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not too well. But we<sup>1</sup>d heard of</p>
<p>tīngshuōguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them long before.</p>
<p>B: Tāmen yi lai tiqin women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As soon as they came to propose the</p>
<p>jiu daying le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage we agreed to it.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Tāmen tanlāi tānqu tānle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They talked and talked for a long</p>
<p>hen jiǔ bu něng .juedinp;. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time and couldn't decide.</p>
<p>A: Kěshi honlai hāishi vo gao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But later it was 工 who told them</p>
<p>su tamen yīnggāi zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what they should do, after all. ban,</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo nuěrde hǔnlǐ zai Ěraěi Can- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My daughter’s wedding will be held</p>
<p>ting jǔxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at the Omei Restaurant.</p>
<p>T. Tlngshu5 ,1 iěhūn lǐfu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hear that the wedding gown was made</p>
<p>xinniāng ziji zuode, tā zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by the bride herself. She’s really</p>
<p>něnggan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;capable•</p>
<p>8. Wo zhu yīyuande shihou nǐmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When 工 was in the hospital you even</p>
<p>hai song huā lai， ai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sent flowers. Thanks so much, zhēn shi tai xiěxie le.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART I Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>xiāojie: ’daughter<sup>1</sup>. You have seen xiāo.jie meanirfg ’Miss<sup>1</sup> or ’young lady<sup>1</sup> . Here it is used to mean <sup>1</sup> daughter<sup>r</sup> . Note，however, that it is used only in referring to someone else<sup>1</sup>s daughter, not in referring to one’s own daughter(s).</p>
<p>Tā you jǐwěi xiāojie? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many daughters does he have?</p>
<p>Nǐmen xiāojie zhēn piāoliang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your daughter is really pretty.</p>
<p>Xiaojie, meaning either <sup>f</sup>Miss<sup>1</sup> or <sup>1</sup> daughter<sup>1</sup>, is not in current usage in the PRC.</p>
<p>da xǐde rizi: bedding day<sup>1</sup> , literally <sup>f</sup>big joyful day<sup>1</sup> . Xǐ_ <sup>1</sup> to be glad, joyful<sup>1</sup>, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings.</p>
<p>The character for xX is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two xǐ characters together are used as a decoration.</p>
<p>囍</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>rěn hen laoshi: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;s very honest<sup>1</sup>. Rěn, <sup>f</sup>person<sup>1</sup>，can be used to</p>
<p>refer to a person^ character. It can be used with a noun or pronoun before it， for example Tā rěn hen laoshi, literally <sup>f</sup>As for him, his person is very honest<sup>1</sup>. The wording Tā rěn •.. is often used to talk about the way someone truly is:</p>
<p>Tā rěn hen āi bāngzhu biě rěn. He (is the sort of person who) likes</p>
<p>to help others.</p>
<p>Liu Xiānsheng rěn hen těbiě, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mr. Liu is a different sort of</p>
<p>shěnme shiqing d5u yāo wen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person, he has to ask <sup>f</sup>why<sup>1</sup> about</p>
<p>yige wěishenme. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everything.</p>
<p>Tā rěn hen kěqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup>s a very polite sort of person.</p>
<p>Sometimes rěn refers to a person<sup>1</sup>s mental state of being:</p>
<p>Wo hēde tai duo, rěn hai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 had too much to drink and still</p>
<p>dianr b—u qingchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little foggy.</p>
<p>Ren also sometimes refers to a person<sup>1</sup>s physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like <sup>f</sup>And</p>
<p>as for the person himself, ...<sup>1</sup>. For example:</p>
<p>Wo yizhi zhǐshi he tā t5ng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All along 工 had only talked to her</p>
<p>diānhuā， jīntiān zǎoshang, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over the phone, &quot;but this morning</p>
<p>cai diyīci jiān miān, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 met her for the first time,</p>
<p>rěn fēichāng piaoliang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She，s very &quot;beautiful,</p>
<p>Tamen jiěhūn bu dao yige yuě, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They hadn’t even been married for</p>
<p>xiānsheng jiu dāo JiāzhSu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one month when her husband went to</p>
<p>nian shū qu le, rěn zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;California to go to school. He</p>
<p>Měiguo, xīn zāi Taiwan, shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was in America, &quot;but his heart was</p>
<p>zěnme niāndehǎo ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Taiwan, how could he possibly</p>
<p>study well?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p><sub>t</sub>]iāovǎng: <sup>1</sup> to associate with, to have dealings with<sup>1</sup> , often said of &quot;boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.</p>
<p>Wo he tā měiyou shěnme tě&quot;biěde There<sup>1</sup> s no special relationship jiāowǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;between him and me. (Said &quot;by a</p>
<p>daughter in explanation to her mother•)</p>
<p>In the PRC jiāovǎng is not used this way; use renshi， 'to know (a person)<sup>1</sup> or jiao pěngyou&gt; <sup>f</sup>to make friends<sup>1</sup> instead. In the PRC, you will hear jiaovang used in phrases such as ^lǐangguo rěnminde .jiaovang<sup>11</sup>, <sup>1</sup> the contact (association) &quot;between the peoples of these two countries’，</p>
<p>Notes on No. h</p>
<p>nānfang: &quot;the &quot;bridegroom’s side&quot;, a phrase which often refers to the ■bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the ■bridegroom<sup>1</sup> s family, relatives, and friends collectively. Nānfāng, <sup>,f</sup>the &quot;bridegroon^s side<sup>11</sup>, happens to &quot;be a homonym of nanfǎng, <sup>1</sup> the South<sup>1</sup> •</p>
<p>Zhongguo rěn jiěhūnde shihou， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When Chinese get married, the groom<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>nānfāng da qǐng kě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family hosts a &quot;big feast.</p>
<p>V</p>
<p>Jiěhūn yǐqiān nānfāng nufāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before a marriage, the groom<sup>1</sup>s side</p>
<p>Idici song lī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the &quot;bride<sup>1</sup> s side give each</p>
<p>other gifts.</p>
<p>CNiifang means <sup>,f</sup>the &quot;bride<sup>1</sup> s side, referring either to &quot;the 'bride<sup>11</sup> herself, or to <sup>1</sup> the &quot;bride <sup>f</sup>s family, relatives, and friends collectively<sup>1</sup> .1</p>
<p>shou: <sup>1</sup> to &quot;be familiar with •••’ Also pronounced shu. Shou is used with he_ for people and with dui for places.</p>
<p>Wo he tā hen shou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 know him very well.</p>
<p>Tā dui Tāiběi hen shou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She knows Taipei very well.</p>
<p>Shou also means <sup>1</sup> to be cooked sufficiently<sup>1</sup> and <sup>1</sup> to be ripe<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>zǎo: You<sup>1</sup>ve learned this as the verb <sup>1</sup> to be early<sup>1</sup>, now you see it used to mean 'long ago’. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
<p>Wo zǎo zhidao nǐ bu huilai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 knew long ago that you wouldn’t</p>
<p>come back.</p>
<p>Wo zǎo tīngshuS le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard about it long ago.</p>
<p>Zǎo is usually followed by jiu to stress the idea of <sup>1</sup> as early as that<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wǒ zao jiu gāosu tā něijiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 told him that long ago. (Said to</p>
<p>shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;correct an impression that he</p>
<p>didn<sup>1</sup>t actually know it so early.)</p>
<p>Wo zǎo jiu xiǎng lai kan ni, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve been meaning to come see you</p>
<p>yizhi měi shijiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a long time，but I never had</p>
<p>the time.</p>
<p>tiqin: <sup>!</sup>to bring up a proposal of marriage<sup>1</sup> Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.</p>
<p>dāying: <sup>1</sup> to agree (to something), to consent, to promise<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Tā dāying gěi wo něijiaji dongxi, He agreed to give me that thing, zěnme tā xianzai you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How is that now he von<sup>!</sup>t give it</p>
<p>bu gei le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to me?</p>
<p>Nǐ dāying ta le, dāngrān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You promised him, of course you</p>
<p>yīnggāi pěi ta qū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should go with him.</p>
<p>Nǐ dāying zuode shi, yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must do what you promise to do. yāo zuSdāo.</p>
<p>Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wěishěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why don<sup>1</sup>t you do this thing that you</p>
<p>bū zuo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have promised?</p>
<p>Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You ought to do things that you</p>
<p>yinggāi zuodāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;promise.</p>
<p>Wo měi dāying gěi ni yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 didn't promise to give you a</p>
<p>huzhāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passport.</p>
<p>Dāyijng can also mean <sup>1</sup> to answer<sup>1</sup> •</p>
<p>Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme měi dāying? He called you, how come you</p>
<p>didn<sup>f</sup>t answer?</p>
<p>Notes on No, $</p>
<p>tanlai tanqū: <sup>f</sup>to talk over'.</p>
<p>Tānlai tānqū, yě &quot;bū něng jiějuě We discussed it for a long time, but zhěige wenti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still couldn’t solve the problem.</p>
<p>Tānlai tānqū, tande hen you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It got very interesting, conversing</p>
<p>yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back and forth.</p>
<p>.jueding: <sup>f</sup>to decide<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>WS juěding yāo qū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I <sup>f</sup>ve decided that I<sup>f</sup>m going.</p>
<p>Wo yǐjīng juěding jiu zhěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1<sup>1</sup> ve already decided that it<sup>f</sup> 11 &quot;be</p>
<p>&quot;ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this way.</p>
<p>Wǒ hāi měi Juěding gāi zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I haven’t yet decided what should &quot;be</p>
<p>ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done.</p>
<p>Notice that when you want to say can't decide whether (to do something)<sup>f</sup> or <sup>1</sup>1 haven<sup>1</sup>1 decided whether (to do something)<sup>1</sup> , the object of .iuědins is a choice-type question.</p>
<p>Wǒ hai měi juěding qu bu qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I haven<sup>f</sup>t yet decided whether to</p>
<p>go or not.</p>
<p>WS bu něng juěding wǒ qū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 can’t decide whether to go</p>
<p>bu qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or not.</p>
<p>Wǒ hen nān juěding rang bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m having a hard time deciding</p>
<p>rang ta qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;whether to let him to or not.</p>
<p>Wǒ shi &quot;bu shi gāi hulqu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It*s hard to decide whether or</p>
<p>hen nan juěding. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not I should go back.</p>
<p>houl^i: <sup>f</sup>afterwards, later*. You have already learned another word which can be translated as <sup>tf</sup>afterwards<sup>tf</sup> or &quot;later&quot;: yǐhou. Yǐhou and houlāi are &quot;both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.</p>
<p>(1) Yīhou can either follow another element <sup>f</sup> in which case it is translated as ’’after . ..<sup>tf</sup>) or it can &quot;be used &quot;by itself.</p>
<p>Tā laile yǐhou, women jiu zǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After he came, we left.</p>
<p>le.</p>
<p>Yǐhou, tā měiyou zāi laiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, he never came back again.</p>
<p>Houlai can only be used by itself.</p>
<p>Houlāi， tā shui jiao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards, he went to sleep.</p>
<p>(2) Both yīhou and houlāi may be used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence, yǐhou may be substituted for houlāi. But if you want to say ”afterwards” or &quot;later<sup>11</sup> referring to the future, you can only use yǐhou. When it refers to the future time, yǐhou can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:</p>
<p>Yǐhoude shiqing, děng yǐhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>1</sup>s wait until the future to see</p>
<p>zāi shu5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about future matters.</p>
<p>Yǐhou nǐ you kong, qǐng chāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future when you have the time,</p>
<p>lāi wan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;please come over more often.</p>
<p>Wo yǐhou zai gāosu ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll tell you later on.</p>
<p>Tāde hāizi shu5le， yǐhou tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His child said that someday, he wants</p>
<p>yāo gēn yige Riběn rěn jiěhūn. to marry a Japanese.</p>
<p>Usage Note: Yǐhou has the meaning of &quot;after that&quot;. It can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time boundary, and yǐhou refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is often translated as <sup>l!</sup>since<sup>!l</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā zhǐ xiěle yīběn shū, yīhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He only wrote one book, and hasn't</p>
<p>zai měi xiěguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;written any since.</p>
<p>Ranhou stresses the succession of one event upon the completion of a prior event.</p>
<p>Wo shāngwu zhǐ you liǎngjiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have only two classes in the</p>
<p>ke, ranhou jiu měi shī le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;morning, and after that 工 don’t</p>
<p>women kěyi chuqū wānr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have anything else to do, so we</p>
<p>haishi: <sup>!</sup>in the end, after all<sup>1</sup> You have seen haishi meaning <sup>1</sup> still<sup>1</sup> , that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here haishi is used to mean that the speaker feels that， all things considered, something is the case after all.</p>
<p>Haishi tā dui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is right, after all.</p>
<p>Note on No. 6</p>
<p>juxlng: <sup>!</sup>to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony，etc. )<sup>1</sup> For this example you need to know that diǎnlǐ means <sup>1</sup> ceremony<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Mingtiān jǔxlng bīyě dianlǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow the graduation ceremony</p>
<p>will be held.</p>
<p>Hotes on Ho. 8</p>
<p>h氐i: <sup>1</sup> even, (to go) so far as to<sup>1</sup> You have seen hai meaning 'still<sup>1</sup>•as in Nǐ hai zai zhěr!, <sup>1</sup> You're still here!<sup>1</sup>. You've also seen hai meaning 'also, additionally<sup>1</sup>, as in Wo hai yao mai yiping qishuǐ., *1 also want to buy a bottle of soda.<sup>1</sup> Here you see hai meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence Nǐmen hai song huar lai, h£i expresses the speaker<sup>1</sup>s feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or necessary.</p>
<p>zhēn shi tai xiěxie le: *1 really thank you so much!<sup>1</sup> You have seen tai used to mean 'very, extremely<sup>1</sup> <sub>9</sub> as in Tai hao le!, 'Wonderful!<sup>1</sup> . Notice that here it is used with xiěxie.</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>A woman goes to visit her old friend &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and to present her with a gift for</p>
<p>her daughter and future son-in-law.</p>
<p>A: G5ngxǐ, g5ngxǐ! Zhěge Xīng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congratulations! This Sunday is</p>
<p>qītiān jiu shi nimen ěr xiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your second daughter’s big day!</p>
<p>jiede daxǐde rizi! Zhěli shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Here’s a present for the &quot;bride and</p>
<p>songgei xīnlāng xinniāngde lǐwu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;groom.</p>
<p>B: Xiěxie! Xiěxie! Nǐ tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you! That<sup>1</sup>s so nice of</p>
<p>kěqi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you.</p>
<p>A: Yidian xiǎo yisi. Nǐ yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s just a little something. You</p>
<p>hen mang bal Hūnlǐ dou ahǔnběi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;must be busy! Is everything all</p>
<p>hǎo le měiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ready for the wedding?</p>
<p>B: Zui māngde shihou yǐjlng guo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The &quot;busiest time has already</p>
<p>le, xianzai chābuduS d5u zhǔn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed; almost everything is ready</p>
<p>běihāo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now.</p>
<p>A: Xīnlang shi nāli rěn a? Zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is the groom<sup>?</sup>s family from?</p>
<p>nāli g5ngzuo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where does he work?</p>
<p>B: Xīnlang shi Hebei rěn, zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The groom<sup>1</sup>s family is from Hopei.</p>
<p>Taiwan Yinhāng gōngzuo. Tā rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He<sup>?</sup>s</p>
<p>hen laoshi， yě hen shang j in. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very honest and anibitious,</p>
<p>A: Xiuyūn gēn tā shi tieren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Were Xiuyun and he introduced</p>
<p>jiěshao rěnshide hāishi zijǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someone else or did they meet &quot;by</p>
<p>rěnshide? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;themselves?</p>
<p>B: Shi Xiuyunde laoshi jiěshaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They were introduced &quot;by Xiuyun<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>Xiuyūn gēn tā jiāowang dāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;teacher. Xiuyun and he have been</p>
<p>xianzai yijīng liangniān le, dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seeing each other for two years now,</p>
<p>ta hen mǎnyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and she<sup>1</sup> s very pleased with him.</p>
<p>A: Nimen gēn nanfangde fumǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you know the groom<sup>1</sup> s parents</p>
<p>yǐqian sh6u bu shou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well before?</p>
<p>B: Bu shou, kěshi women zǎo jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No，&quot;but we had heard of them long</p>
<p>tingshuSguo tamen le. Tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;before. They both teach at Taiwan</p>
<p>liǎngwěi d5u zai TaiDā jiāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;University. As soon as they came to</p>
<p>shū. Taiuen yi lāi tlqin women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;propose the marriage, we agreed to</p>
<p>jiu dāying le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ kanjian qingtiēshang xiězhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I saw on the invitation that the</p>
<p>hūnlǐ zai Guobīn Dafandiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding is being held at the</p>
<p>jǔxlng. Nāli difang you da you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;AmlDassador Hotel. It<sup>1</sup> s very spacious</p>
<p>piāoliang. Zhen hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and &quot;beautiful there. That<sup>1</sup> s great.</p>
<p>B: Shi a! Women gēn nanfangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. We discussed it back and</p>
<p>fumu tānlai tanqu tanle hǎo jiǔ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forth for a long time with his</p>
<p>bu zhīdao zāi nali jǔxlng hūnlǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parents. We didn’t know where it</p>
<p>zui hǎo• Houlāi hāishi wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would be best to hold the wedding,</p>
<p>juěding zai Guobīn Dafandian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Afterwards I was the one who decided</p>
<p>jǔxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that we would have it at the</p>
<p>Ambassador Hotel.</p>
<p>A: Ňg! Guobīn Dafandiān bu zhǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! Not only is the Ambassador</p>
<p>shi difang piāoliang, nalide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hotel a beautiful place, but the food</p>
<p>cai yě těbiě hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there is especially good too.</p>
<p>B: Dui le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s right.</p>
<p>A: Xinniāngde jiěhūn lǐfu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where did you buy the bride’s</p>
<p>nāli mǎide? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding gown?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi maide, shi Xiuyun zijǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it</p>
<p>zuode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;herself.</p>
<p>A: Nīmen er xiāojie zhēn něnggan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your second daughter sure is</p>
<p>capable.</p>
<p>Tiān &quot;bu zǎo le, wo gāi zou le. It's getting late, I ought to &quot;be</p>
<p>going.</p>
<p>B: Ni hai aijǐ song lǐwu lai, zhěn You even &quot;brought the gifts your-shi xiěxie! Xīngqitiān yiding self. Thank you so much. Be sure lāi, ā! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to come on Sunday!</p>
<p>NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>Guobīn Dafandiān bu zhǐ shi difang piaoliang, nalide cai yě těbiě hǎo. Traditional vedding foods included huāshēng, peanuts; lianzǐ， lotus seeds; and zǎozi， dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that shēng(zǐ) means &quot;give birth to<sup>!!</sup> (a son); lianzǐ sounds like part of the phrase lianshēng guizǐ, ’’have sons consecutively<sup>11</sup>; and zǎozi sounds like part of zǎoshēng guī~ zǐ，<sup>n</sup>have an early son.<sup>11</sup> The wedding marked the beginning of that generation<sup>1</sup> s carrying on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family preference.</p>
<p>Bū shi mǎide， shi Xiuyun- zi.jǐ zuode: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items • Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.</p>
<p>PAET II</p>
<p>9. Xīnlang jiā xīn Jīdū.1iao<sub>&gt;</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The family of the bridegroom are</p>
<p>fumǔ xīwang tāmen zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christians and the parents hope</p>
<p>.liaotāng jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they will be married in church.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xinniāng jiā xīn F$, fumǔ bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The family of the bride are Buddhists,</p>
<p>rang tamen zai jiaotāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and -her parents won<sup>f</sup>t let them be</p>
<p>jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married in church.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tāmen yao zai fǎyuan gSngzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are they going to have a civil</p>
<p>.jiěhūn ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage in court?</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hūnlǐ yǐhou badiǎn zhong ru xi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the wedding ceremony the</p>
<p>banquet will start at eight.</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhěge went! hen fuza. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This question is very complicated.</p>
<p>Ik. Wǒde yi,1ian shi děng liāngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My opinion is that we should wait</p>
<p>xīngqī women zāi tantan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tvo weeks and talk about it again.</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tāmen qǐng shěi zhěnghun? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whom did they ask to witness the</p>
<p>marriage?</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Hūnlǐ yǐhou tāmen mǎshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the wedding are they going to</p>
<p>jiu qu dīi mīyuě ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave right away to go on their</p>
<p>honeymoon?</p>
<p>B: Bu, yāo děng hui men yǐhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No，they<sup>1</sup> re going to wait until</p>
<p>cai qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after the bride<sup>1</sup>s first visit to</p>
<p>her family before they go.</p>
<p>1了. Houtiān yiding lai chī xǐ.liǔ! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be sure to come to the wedding</p>
<p>banquet the day after tomorrow.</p>
<p>18. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐmen xiaojie hūnlishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who are the two people who are going</p>
<p>.jieshaorěn shi naliǎngwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be the introducers at your</p>
<p>a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter<sup>1</sup>s wedding?</p>
<p>B: Ylwei shi lai zuo měide Lǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One is Professor Li who was the go-</p>
<p>Jiāoshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;between.</p>
<p>19. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nawěi youzhěngjū Jūzhǎng shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That postmaster is a friend of our</p>
<p>women jia du5niande lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family from many years back, pěngyou.</p>
<p>20. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tandao jiēhǔn, nǐ 垣 yīnggāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Speaking of the wedding, you really</p>
<p>kuāi diǎn qu zu jiān jiěhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ought to hurry up and go rent a</p>
<p>lǐfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding gown.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART II Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>xin Jidū,jiao: <sup>f</sup>to believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is one way of saying <sup>f</sup>to be a (Protestant) Christian'.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 10</p>
<p>xīn Fo: <sup>f</sup>to believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying <sup>f</sup>to be a Buddhist<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 11</p>
<p>zai fǎyuan: <sup>f</sup>in court<sup>f</sup> Zai is the verb <sup>f</sup>to be in, at, or on<sup>1</sup>, in other words <sup>f</sup>to be located (someplace). Zai must be followed by a place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be difficult for the non—native speaker to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending such as -li or —shang added to them. (Ni zai chēshang mai piao.，<sup>f</sup>You buy the ticket on the bus.<sup>f</sup> )</p>
<p>The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words. The phrase <sup>f</sup>in court<sup>f</sup> does not need a locational ending, zai fǎyuan• Here are some other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as -shi (shi) 'house, apartment<sup>f</sup>, -ju <sup>!</sup>office, shop，，-dian <sup>1</sup> inn, shop*, -chǎng * field, open ground<sup>1</sup>, -ting 'hall， room<sup>1</sup>, -suo 'place, room', -jian 'house, rooms<sup>1</sup>, guan 'public office, hall<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Jīntiān xiavu zai bangongshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See you at the office this afternoon!</p>
<p>jiān!</p>
<p>Zāi běnshi you vuge youzhěng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are five post offices in this</p>
<p>ju! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city.</p>
<p>Nī zai cāifěngdian zuode ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must have had that made at a</p>
<p>tailor<sup>f</sup> s.</p>
<p>NĪ zai canting kāndao ta le ma? Did you see him in the dining room?</p>
<p>Other words which behave in a similar way are:</p>
<p>caishichang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;market &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fūjīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;area</p>
<p>cěsuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;toilet &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fūvutāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;service desk</p>
<p>dafandian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hotel &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;GSngānju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bureau of Public Security</p>
<p>shāngdiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;store &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gSngsī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;company</p>
<p>dalou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;building &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gSngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apartment</p>
<p>dāshiguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;embassy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gōngyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;park</p>
<p>diqū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;region &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;huikěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;;reception room</p>
<p>fandiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;restaurant &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;huochēzhān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;railroad station</p>
<p>fangjiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;room &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jǐngchaju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;police station</p>
<p>fānguǎnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;restaurant &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kāfēitīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;coffeehouse</p>
<p>fānting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dining room &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lǎojiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hometown</p>
<p>fēijichang airport &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and many more...including proper</p>
<p>names of Restaurants , &quot;buildings , associations, organizations, etc.</p>
<p>g5ngzheng: ’notarization，government witness<sup>1</sup> . A gongzheng rěn is a notary public.</p>
<p>Note on No. 12</p>
<p>ru xi: <sup>1</sup> to take one<sup>1</sup> s seat at a banquet<sup>1</sup> » literally <sup>1</sup> to eirter the mat(ted area)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Women kuāi dianr zhǔnběi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>1</sup>s get ready a little faster,</p>
<p>tāmen liudian zhong jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the banquet starts at 6:00.</p>
<p>yāo ru xi le.</p>
<p>Note on No, 13</p>
<p>filza: <sup>1</sup> to be complicated, to be complex<sup>1</sup> . Questions, problems, or situations can be fuzā if there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use fuza to imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden•</p>
<p>Tāmen jiāde qingkuang tai fuza, Their family situation is too wo gǎobuqīngchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;complicated, I can’t make heads</p>
<p>or tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)</p>
<p>Zhěige wěnti tai fuzā, hen ndn This question is so complicated, it<sup>1</sup>s shuo qingchu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very hard to explain it clearly.</p>
<p>Zhěige juzi tai fuza, zui hao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This sentence is too complicated，</p>
<p>bu zheiyangr xiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it would be best not to write it</p>
<p>this way.</p>
<p>Fuza can also &quot;be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that sixiǎng; means <sup>1</sup> thinking, thought<sup>1</sup> .)</p>
<p>Tāde sixiang hen fuza. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His thinking is very complex.</p>
<p>This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of fuza in this</p>
<p>case would te .jiandān <sup>1</sup> to be simple<sup>1</sup> , as in <sup>1</sup> simple-minded<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Fuza is also pronounced, fuza.</p>
<p>yījian: <sup>1</sup> idea, view, opinion, suggestion<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Gāngcai tā tanle dui zhěiben &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He just told us his opinions on this</p>
<p>shūde yījian, wo juěde dui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;book, and 工 feel that they<sup>1</sup> re</p>
<p>women hen you bāngzhu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really helpful to us.</p>
<p>Wo hen xiǎng zhīdao, zai zhěige I*d very much like to know what the wěntishang, ZhSngguo zhěng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese government<sup>1</sup>s view is on</p>
<p>fǔde yijian shi shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this question.</p>
<p>Wǒ xiǎng xiān q.u Shanghai, zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I <sup>f</sup>d like to go to Shanghai first and</p>
<p>dāo Wǔhān, nǐde yij ian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then to Wuhan, what<sup>1</sup>s your opinion? zěnmeyang?</p>
<p>Wǒde yxjian shi xiān q.u Wuhan, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My opinion is to first go to Wuhan,</p>
<p>zāi dāo Shanghai qu. Yīnwei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then to Shanghai, because after</p>
<p>zai guo yige yuě, Wuhan fēi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a month, Wuhan will be extremely</p>
<p>chang rele. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hot.</p>
<p>Note on No, 1$</p>
<p>2hěnghūn: <sup>!</sup>to witness a marriage<sup>1</sup>. Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.</p>
<p>Notes on No &gt;&nbsp;16</p>
<p>du miyuě: <sup>f</sup>to spend one<sup>f</sup>s honeymoon<sup>1</sup>. Du is the verb <sup>f</sup>to spend， to pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). Miyuě is literally 'honey-moon*.</p>
<p>huiměn: ’the bride<sup>1</sup>s first visit to her own family on the third day after the wedding<sup>1</sup>, literally Return to the door*• When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom’s family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</p><h3>Note on No. 1了</h3>
<p>xǐjiǔ: ’wedding banquet<sup>1</sup> . Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase lai chi xǐ.jiǔ is translated as <sup>1</sup> to come to the wedding banquet<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>A more literal translation might be <sup>1</sup> come to eat a wedding feast!. The verb chi could also be rendered into English by <sup>1</sup> attend<sup>1</sup> or <sup>1</sup> take part<sup>1</sup>, as in <sup>1</sup> Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 18</p>
<p>hūnlǐshans： ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at the wedding<sup>1</sup> while in Chinese you say hunlǐshāng, literally ’on the wedding<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>-Shang would also be the locative ending to use for <sup>f</sup>at the meeting (hulshang)•</p>
<p>.jieshaoren: introducer<sup>1</sup> . This is one person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the &quot;introducer” functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The ’’introducers’’，however, still have a ceremonial function.</p>
<p>They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for the groom).</p>
<p>zuo měi: <sup>f</sup>to act as the go-between for two families whose children are to be married<sup>1</sup>. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often the zuo měide was also the ,1iěshaorěn. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.</p>
<p>Wo gěi ni zuo měi， hǎo bu hǎo? I<sup>f</sup>ll act as go-between for you,</p>
<p>all right?</p>
<p>Zhāng Tāitai qǐng wo tǐ tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go-</p>
<p>nuěr zuo měi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;between for her daughter.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 19</p>
<p>•juzhǎng: <sup>f</sup>head of an office or bureau<sup>1</sup> • Jūzhǎng is only used when the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable -Ju, as in y$uzhěngjū, <sup>f</sup>post office<sup>1</sup>. You<sup>f</sup>ve also seen būzhǎng, Minister of a bureau<sup>1</sup> and kēzhǎng, <sup>f</sup>section chief<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>duoniān: <sup>f</sup>many years<sup>1</sup>. Here are some examples:</p>
<p>Women duōnian bu jiān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We haven<sup>f</sup>t seen each other for many</p>
<p>years.</p>
<p>Women zai yiqǐ gSngzuole &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We've been working together for many</p>
<p>duSniān le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years.</p>
<p>Wo zhu zai zhěr duSnian le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve been living here for many years,</p>
<p>keshi měi tīngshuōguo zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but I<sup>f</sup>ve never heard of this</p>
<p>rěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 20</p>
<p>tandao: <sup>f</sup>to talk about, to speak of<sup>1</sup>• This is used to refer to something that was just brought up in conversation. You have seen dao used as a main verb meaning <sup>f</sup>to go to， to arrive at*， and as a prepositional verb meaning <sup>f</sup>to towards<sup>1</sup>. Now you see that dao is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to， up to<sup>1</sup>， but its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with tan, <sup>f</sup>to talk，to chat<sup>1</sup>, -dao can be translated as <sup>1</sup> about<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>of<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Here are some other examples of -dao used with verbs you've already studied:</p>
<p>Women gāngcāi hdi shuo dao nǐ， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We were even talking of you just now,</p>
<p>nǐ jiu lĚ.i le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and here you are!</p>
<p>Jīntiān nǐ gin ta jiangdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Did you talk about me with him today?</p>
<p>wo měiyou?</p>
<p>Wo changchang xiǎngdao wode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I often think of my child,</p>
<p>haizi.</p>
<p>Notice that in the Reference List sentence, tandao is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use <sup>1</sup> speaking of ...<sup>1</sup> in English. Here are some other examples:</p>
<p>Tandao jiěhūnde shi, wo hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to talking about</p>
<p>děi xiangyixiang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage, I have to think it over.</p>
<p>Tandao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When we talk about writing Chinese</p>
<p>tā bǐ wo zhīdaode du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;characters, he knows a lot more</p>
<p>than I do.</p>
<p>yě: ’really, after all<sup>1</sup>. You have seen ^ meaning 'too, also<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Another common meaning of 适 is <sup>9</sup>(even though) ••• nevertheless, still*•</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<p>Wo suīrān shi ZhSngguorěn wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although I am Chinese, I can still</p>
<p>yě hui shuo yidian Yingwěn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;speak a little English.</p>
<p>A: Zhěige diānyǐng zěnmeyang? How was the movie?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi hen hao, danshi yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It wasn’t great， but it was pretty</p>
<p>hai kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good nevertheless.</p>
<p>Wo suiran měi daoguo Tiān Ān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although I’ve never been to Tian An</p>
<p>Men, yě zāi diānshishang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Men, I<sup>f</sup>ve seen it on television,</p>
<p>kanjianguo.</p>
<p>In addition, often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: <sup>Tl</sup>in spite of anything which' might be believed to the contrary, indeed what 工 am saying _is_ true.&quot; Sometimes, however, is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more than ,Ve really ought to agree that what 工 am saying is true/’</p>
<p>There are many different possible ways to translate this into English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of meaning and some of its possible translations.</p>
<p>Xiānzāi shiyidiān ban le, vo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup>s eleven-thirty. 工 really have</p>
<p>yě yāo shang kě le, wǒmende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be going to class. Let<sup>!</sup>s talk</p>
<p>wěnti mingtiān zāi tan ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about our question tomorrow, okay?</p>
<p>Zhōngguo rěnkǒu tai du5, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The population of China is too large,</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ tichāng wǎnlian van- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it really is right for the govern-</p>
<p>hūn yě shi yinggāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ment to promote late marriage and</p>
<p>late involvement.</p>
<p>Tāmen wěishěnme yāo lihūn, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why they wanted to get a divorce,工</p>
<p>yě bū zhidao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really don<sup>1</sup>t know.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zěnme hai mei bǎ zhěxiē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How come you still haven<sup>1</sup>1 finished</p>
<p>yifu xǐwān? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;washing these clothes?</p>
<p>B: Wo yě bu shi nǐde yongren, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m not your servant, after all; I</p>
<p>bāitiān wǒ yě shang ban, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work during the day too， and 工</p>
<p>wo měiyou zhěnme duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t have all that much time, shijiān.</p>
<p>Nǐ xianzai yě gāi mingbai le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Now you (really) ought to understand,</p>
<p>ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t you?</p>
<p>Women liāngge rěnshi yě you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have known each other for several</p>
<p>jǐniān le, nǐ yinggāi liǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years, after all; you ought to</p>
<p>jiě vo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand me.</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>The day &quot;before a young couple is to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;be married, a friend pays a visit to</p>
<p>the mother of the &quot;bride:</p>
<p>A: Gōngxǐ, gSngxǐ! Mingtiān shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congratulations! Tomorrow*s your</p>
<p>nǐmen xiāojie daxǐde rizi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter<sup>1</sup>s big day! Who <sup>f</sup> s the</p>
<p>Xīnlāng shi shěnme rěn a? Tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bridegroom? How did they meet? shi zěnme rěnshide?</p>
<p>B: Shi pěngyou jiěshāode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They were introduced by friends.</p>
<p>Nanfangde fuqin gēn wǒ xiān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The father of the groom is a</p>
<p>sheng zai youzhěngjū shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colleague of my hustand<sup>f</sup> s at the post</p>
<p>tongshi, būguo yǐqian &quot;bū tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;office, but they didn’t know each</p>
<p>shou. Houlāi lingvai yige xing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very well before. Afterwards,</p>
<p>Lǐde tongshi jiu lai zuo měi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;another colleague &quot;by the name of Li</p>
<p>jiěshao tamen rěnshi. Tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;came to act as the go-&quot;between and</p>
<p>jiāowang dāo xiaxLzāi yě yiniān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;introduced them. They have &quot;been</p>
<p>duo le. Nage nānhaizi xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seeing each other for over a year</p>
<p>ěrshibāsui, rěn hen laoshi， yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now. The young man is twenty-eight</p>
<p>hen shangjin. Xianzai zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years old now. He<sup>f</sup>s very honest and</p>
<p>Taiwan Yinhāng gSngzuo. Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;amlDitious. He works at the Bank of</p>
<p>&quot;bangongshilide rěn d5u shu5 tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan. The people at his office all</p>
<p>něnggan. Xiuyun dui ta hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;say he<sup>f</sup> s very capable. Xiuyun is</p>
<p>mǎnyi, ěrqiě Xiuyun yǐjīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very pleased with him, and besides,</p>
<p>ershisisui le, yě daole gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>1</sup>s twenty-four years old; she has</p>
<p>jiěhūnde shihou le, suoyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reached the time when she should get</p>
<p>nānfāng yi lāi tlqīn women jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married. So as soon as his family</p>
<p>dāying le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;came to propose the marriage, we</p>
<p>agreed to it.</p>
<p>A: Wǒ kan qingtiēshang shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 see it says on the invitation</p>
<p>wǔdiǎn zhōng zāi Guotin Da- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that the ceremony will be held at the</p>
<p>fandiān jǔxing hūnlǐ, liudian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock， and</p>
<p>zhong ru xi. Na dīfang hen da, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that the banquet starts at six.</p>
<p>cai yě hen hǎo, mingtiān yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s a very big place, and the food</p>
<p>hen rěnao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is very good. It should &quot;be very</p>
<p>lively tomorrow.</p>
<p>B: Tandao jǔxlng hūnlǐ a, yījian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As far as the wedding ceremony is</p>
<p>du5 le. Zhēn fuzā. Xiān shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;concerned, there were a lot of</p>
<p>liāngge haizi yao dao fǎyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;different opinions. It was really</p>
<p>gSngzhěng jiěhūn, kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;complicated. At first the two</p>
<p>nanfangde fumǔ &quot;bu dāying. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children wanted to go to court and</p>
<p>Tāmen xin Jīdūjiao, yiding yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have a civil marriage, but the parents</p>
<p>dāo jiaotāng qū. Women jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the groom didn’t agree to that.</p>
<p>xin Fo, zěnme kěyi rang tamen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They*re Christians, and insisted on</p>
<p>dao jiaotāng qū jǔxlng hūnlǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to a church- Our family is</p>
<p>ne! Houlāi, liǎngjiā tānlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Buddhist; how could we let them go to</p>
<p>tanqu, zuihou cai juěding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a church to hold the wedding! Later,</p>
<p>hāishi zai Guobīn Dafandian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our two families discussed it back and</p>
<p>jǔxing hūnlǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forth, and finally we decided it would</p>
<p>&quot;be &quot;best to hold the wedding at the Amliassador Hotel.</p>
<p>A: Shi qǐng shěnme rěn zhěnghūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Whom did you ask to witness the</p>
<p>a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage?</p>
<p>B: Zhěnghūnrěn shi Youzhěngjū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The witness is Postmaster Zhang.</p>
<p>Zhāng Jūzhǎng. Tā gēn nanfangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup>s an old friend of many years of</p>
<p>fuqin shi duSniande lǎo pěngyou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the groom's father, so as soon as we</p>
<p>suoyi yī qǐng ta, tā mashang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;went to ask him, he agreed right away, jiu dāying le.</p>
<p>A: You měiyou jieshaorěn? Jiě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are there any introducers? Who are</p>
<p>shaorěn shi shěi ya? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they?</p>
<p>B: Nanfangde jieshaorěn jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The introducer for the groom's side</p>
<p>lāi zuo měide nawěi Lǐ Xiān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is the Mr. Li who was the go-lietween,</p>
<p>sheng. Women zhě&quot;biān jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For our side we asked Professor Zhang</p>
<p>qǐngle Zhāng Zǐming Jiāoshou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ziming. He was a teacher of Xiuyun<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>Tā shi Xiuyun niān daxuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when she was in college. shihoude lǎoshī.</p>
<p>A: Xinniāngde jiěhūn lǐfu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where was the &quot;bride<sup>1</sup> s wedding gown</p>
<p>zai shěnme difang zuode? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;made?</p>
<p>B: Bu shi zuode, shi zūde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It wasn<sup>f</sup>t (specially) made， it’s</p>
<p>rented.</p>
<p>A: Tāmen jiehun yīhou yao dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After they're married, where are</p>
<p>nali qu du miyuě? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they going to spend their honeymoon?</p>
<p>B: Tāmen jihua yao dao Ālǐ Shān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They<sup>1</sup> re planning to go to Mt. Ali</p>
<p>qu wan yige xīngqī, &quot;buguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a week, but they can<sup>f</sup>t leave right</p>
<p>tāmen j iěhūn yǐhou &quot;bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after the wedding. They have to wait</p>
<p>mǎshang zou, yāo děng hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;until after the &quot;bride's first visit</p>
<p>men yǐhou cai qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to her new parents<sup>1</sup> home &quot;before they</p>
<p>go.</p>
<p>A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wo xiǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, okay. Well，you must &quot;be very</p>
<p>nimen yiding hen māng. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;busy, so 工 should &quot;be leaving now. yīnggāi zou le.</p>
<p>B: Nǐ name kěqi, hai zijǐ lāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re so polite, you even &quot;brought</p>
<p>song lǐwu lai. Xiěxie, xiexie! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;presents over in person. Thank you!</p>
<p>Mingtiān yiding lāi chi xǐjiǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be sure to come to the &quot;banquet</p>
<p>tomorrow.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo, mingtiān jiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay, see you tomorrow.</p>
<p>NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>...liāngge haizi yao dao fǎyuan g5ngzhěng jiehun: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are likely to &quot;be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.</p>
<p>Tāmen .iihua yao dao Ālī Shan qū: Ālī Shān and Riyuě Tan (Sun—Moon Lake) are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan• An average honeymoon stay might last one veek.</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>āi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sound of sighing)</p>
<p>dāxǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great rejoicing</p>
<p>daxǐde rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vedding day</p>
<p>dāying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to agree (to something), to consent,</p>
<p>to promise</p>
<p>dū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass</p>
<p>du mīyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go on a honeymoon, to spend one<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>honeymoon</p>
<p>duōnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many years</p>
<p>fǎyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;court of lav</p>
<p>Fo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Buddha</p>
<p>fuzā (fuzā) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be complicated</p>
<p>gongzhěng jiěhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;civil marriage</p>
<p>hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;even， (to go) so far as to</p>
<p>hāishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after all</p>
<p>houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later, afterwards</p>
<p>hui men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the return of the bride to her</p>
<p>parents<sup>1</sup> home (usually on the third day after the vedding) hǔnli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vedding</p>
<p>jiaotāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;church</p>
<p>jiāovāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to associate with, to have dealings</p>
<p>with</p>
<p>Jīdūjiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christianity</p>
<p>j iěhun lǐfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vedding gown</p>
<p>jiěshaorěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;introducer</p>
<p>juěding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to decide</p>
<p>jǔxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)</p>
<p>Juzhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head of an office or bureau (of</p>
<p>which the last syllable is ,jū)</p>
<p>...-lāi•..-qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(indicates repeating the action</p>
<p>over and over again) laoshi (laoshi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be honest</p>
<p>Liǎnyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be pleased</p>
<p>miyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honeymoon</p>
<p>nānfāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the groom<sup>1</sup>s side, the groom<sup>1</sup>s family</p>
<p>něnggan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be capable</p>
<p>ren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person, self, body</p>
<p>ru xi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take one's seat (at a gathering,</p>
<p>meeting, or banquet)</p>
<p>shāngjin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be ambitious</p>
<p>shou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to iDe familiar (with), to know well</p>
<p>tandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk alDOut; speaking of</p>
<p>tānlai tānqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk back and forth</p>
<p>tlqīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bring up a proposal of marriage</p>
<p>xiāojiě (xiāojie) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter (referring to someone</p>
<p>else<sup>1</sup>s daughter)</p>
<p>xijiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding banquet; wedding wine</p>
<p>xin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe (in)</p>
<p>xin Fo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be a Buddhist</p>
<p>xīnlāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bridegroom</p>
<p>xinniāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bride</p>
<p>ye &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indeed, in fact， admittedly</p>
<p>yijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opinion</p>
<p>zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long ago</p>
<p>zhěnghūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to witness a marriage</p>
<p>zhěnghūnrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chief witness at a wedding ceremony</p>
<p>zū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rent</p>
<p><sub>zu</sub>§ <sub>m</sub>ei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to act as go-between (for the</p>
<p>families of a man and woman considering marriage)</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3</p>
<p>PART I</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo tingshuo Zhōngguo kongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hear that population control work</p>
<p>rěnkǒude gōngzuo zuode hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has been done very successfully in</p>
<p>chenggong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;China.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zāi chěngshili zhude rěn yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;People who live in the city, if they</p>
<p>you yige hāizi děi zuodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;want to have a child, must have</p>
<p>sān t5ngguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>f</sup>the three approvals <sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sān tSngguode yisi yě j_rushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>f</sup> The three approvals<sup>f</sup> means that a</p>
<p>shuō děi you sānge difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;woman must have the consent of</p>
<p>tongyi zhěwěi fīlnū shēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three places in order to have a</p>
<p>haizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child.</p>
<p>U. A: Něi sānge dānvěi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Which three units?</p>
<p>B: Zhěwei funude gongzuo dan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The woman’s work unit, the neighbor-</p>
<p>wěi, tā zhude difangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hood committee of the place she</p>
<p>.iūmin věiyuanhui, he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lives, and the local police</p>
<p>paichusuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;station.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ZhSngguo zhěngfǔ gěnju shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what basis does the Chinese</p>
<p>pi zhǔn filnumen shēng xiǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government give official per-</p>
<p>hāir? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mission for women to give birth?</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Gegě chěngshi meinian zhǐ kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The various cities can only increase</p>
<p>zēngjiā yiding shumude hāizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by a specific number of children</p>
<p>every year.</p>
<p>了. Women shiqū jīnniānde chushēng- The birth rate in our municipal area</p>
<p>lu bu gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this year isn<sup>f</sup>t very high.</p>
<p>8. Wǒ zhǐ něng fēnpěigei nǐmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 can only assign a quota of eight</p>
<p>zhěiyiqū bābǎige ming<sup>f</sup>ě• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hundred to your area.</p>
<p>9<sub>#</sub> ZhSngguo rěnkǒu tai duō, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The population of China is too large,</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ tichāng rěnmin shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so the government encourages the</p>
<p>xing biyun. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people to practice birth control.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Biyun gongju dou shi miǎnfěide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All contraceptive devices are free.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ yǐjlng dědao pīzhǔn, kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have already received permission</p>
<p>you yijian xin fangzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get a new room.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工 Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>kongzhi: <sup>f</sup>to control; control<sup>1</sup>. This can also be translated as <sup>f</sup>to dominate; to command*•</p>
<p>Zhěige fangjiānde wendū kong- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The temperature in this room isn<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>zhude bu hao, yihuīr leng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well regulated. 工t<sup>f</sup>s cold one</p>
<p>yihuǐr re. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minute and hot the next.</p>
<p>Shijiān měi banfa kongzhi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is no way to control time; no</p>
<p>shěi ye banbudao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one can do it.</p>
<p>Tāde bing yǐjlng kongzhizhu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His illness is under control now;</p>
<p>le, yěxǔ jǐtiān yǐhou, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maybe in another few days he will</p>
<p>huī haoqilai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;start to get better.</p>
<p><sup>v</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You yixiē rěn kongzhile zhěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Some people have taken control of</p>
<p>jia fēijī, bu rang ta qǐfēi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this airplane and won't let it</p>
<p>take off.</p>
<p>chěnggong: <sup>f</sup>to succeed; to be successful'.</p>
<p>Zhěiběn shū chěnggSng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This book was a success.</p>
<p>Zhěiben shū xiěde hen chěnggSng. His book was written very successfully.</p>
<p>(i.e.，His book came off very well.)</p>
<p>Zhěige tāng chěnggong le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This soup is a success, everyone</p>
<p>dajiā dōu āi chī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;loves it.</p>
<p>Zhǐ ysto nǐ null, nǐde shiqing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So long as you work hard at it, your</p>
<p>yiding něng chěnggSng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;effort is sure to succeed.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 2</p>
<p>zuo dao: <sup>f</sup>to achieve, to make (a goal) V. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw tandao <sup>1</sup> to talk about, to speak of<sup>1</sup> , with the ending -dao meaning literally 'to, up to<sup>1</sup> . Here you see -dao used as an ending after the verb zuo <sup>f</sup>to make<sup>f</sup>. You may think of -dao in zuodao as conveying the meaning of reaching a goal.</p>
<p>Zhěijiān shi, wo yǐjīng zuodāo 工 have already succeeded in doing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this.</p>
<p>Ni shuōguo, zuotiān nǐ yāo qu, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuodāo le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday. Did you do so?</p>
<p>sān tSn^guo: <sup>f</sup>the three approvals<sup>1</sup>. The <sup>1</sup> three approvals<sup>1</sup> have been in effect since 19了3/了1. At that time, the minimuin marriage age was pushed upward, &quot;but most recently it has &quot;been relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The sāntonRKUo guiding for city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without food rations. (A government slogan is Yi^e zui hǎo, liāngge goule, &quot;One is best, two is enough.’’） Applications to have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one<sup>f</sup>s work unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families - In the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they of course could not easily move to the city.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>ye jiūshi shuō: <sup>f</sup>to mean； in other words, that is to say<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Jīhuā shengyu yě jiūshi shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Planned parenthood means having</p>
<p>yao you jihuade shēng xiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children in a planned way. hair.</p>
<p><sup>f</sup>Hěbi<sup>1</sup> ye jiūshi shu5 <sup>f</sup>wei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>Hěbi<sup>1</sup> means <sup>1</sup>why must<sup>1</sup>. shěnme xūyao<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā bu něng zāi shēng xiaohāizi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She can<sup>1</sup>1 have children any more;</p>
<p>ye jiushi shuō women juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that is to say, we feel that she</p>
<p>tā zhibuhao le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cannot be cured.</p>
<p>Tā bū gei ni da dianhua hao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The fact that he doesn<sup>f</sup>t telephone</p>
<p>xiang ye jiūshi shu5 tā bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you would seem to imply that he</p>
<p>xīhuan ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doesn’t like you.</p>
<p>Dāifu shu5 tā bū něng chi rou, The doctor said that he couldn <sup>f</sup>t eat ye jiushi shu5 chī rou duī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meat, in other words, eating meat</p>
<p>tāde shēntī bu hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;isn<sup>f</sup>t good for his health.</p>
<p>When what follows is a more pointed explanation of what has just been said, .jiushi shu5 can be used in place of ye jiushi shu5， e.g.</p>
<p>Tā bū kěyi shēng hāizi, jiūshi She cannot have a child; that is to shuō tā hai měiyou zuodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;say, she has not yet gotten the</p>
<p>sān tSngguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three approvals.</p>
<p>tōngyi: <sup>f</sup>consent, agreement; to agree, to agree with (what someone says or thinks)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>A: Tongyi bu tongyi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you agree?</p><h3>B: Wǒ bū tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 don’t agree.</h3>
<p>Wo &quot;bu tongyi nǐde hua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don，t agree with what you say.</p>
<p>Although in English we can say <sup>1</sup>1 agree with you<sup>1</sup> , in Chinese it is wrong to say either Wo ^ēn nǐ tongyi or W5 t6ngyi ni. Tongyi can be used in two ways: without an object, or with an object like tā shuōde <sup>?</sup>what he said<sup>1</sup>, tāde huě, <sup>f</sup>what he said<sup>1</sup> , tāde /jihua <sup>1</sup> his plan<sup>1</sup> , tāde yi,jian <sup>1</sup> his opinion<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>If you want to say <sup>1</sup>1 don<sup>1</sup>1 agree with you<sup>1</sup> , you can say Wo ~bū tongyi, Nǐ shuode, vo bu tongyi, Wǒ &quot;bū tongyi nide hua. Wo &quot;bu tongyi nǐde yi.iian, etc.</p>
<p>Notes on No. U</p>
<p>dānvěi: <sup>1</sup>(work) unit<sup>1</sup>. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance, refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an army unit.</p>
<p>Nǐ zai něige dānvěi gōngzuo? is a common way of asking where someone works; compared with Nǐ zai nǎr gōngzuo?, the question Nǐ zāi něige dānvěi gōngzuo? sounds more official.</p>
<p>Women dānvěi you hen duo nu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of women teachers in</p>
<p>lǎoshī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our unit. (Here, dānvěi refers to</p>
<p>a school.)</p>
<p>To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say gōngzuo dānvěi, as in the Reference List sentence.</p>
<p>jumin věiyuanhui: * neighborhood committee<sup>1</sup>. The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain amMguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a committee<sup>1</sup>s elected delegates, there is no official connection &quot;between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.</p>
<p>paichusuo: <sup>1</sup>local police station<sup>1</sup>. The local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the paichusuo is familiar with the history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the gōngzuo dānvěi and the .iūmin věiyuanhui, it affects the daily life of each citizen.</p>
<p>Notes on No. ^</p>
<p>gēnju: <sup>1</sup> according to, on the &quot;basis of; &quot;basis<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Nǐ genju shěnme shu5 zhěige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what &quot;basis do you say this?</p>
<p>huā?</p>
<p>Nǐ shu5de hua you měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there a &quot;basis for what you're</p>
<p>gēnju? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saying?</p>
<p>pizhǔn: <sup>f</sup>to give official permission (to someone to do something)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Dānwěi pīzhǔn ta jiěhūn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her unit gave her permission to</p>
<p>marry.</p>
<p>Xuěxiao pīzhǔn ta qu Shanghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His school gave him permission to go</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Shanghai.</p>
<p>Wo mai zhěige diānshi shi dědao 工 got permission to &quot;buy this pizhǔnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;television.</p>
<p>funumen: <sup>1</sup>women<sup>1</sup>. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns.</p>
<p>You have seen it in the pronouns vomen, zanmen&gt; nǐmen&gt; and tāmen. After a noun, however, -men is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as well).</p>
<p>s/</p>
<p>Nūshimen, xiānshengmen. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ladies and gentlemen.</p>
<p>Note that the group referred to &quot;by a noun phrase with -men must be of unspecified numlDer; it is wrong to say liāngge funumen or sānge •liaoshoumen， etc.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>gěgě: <sup>1</sup> each and every, all of the various<sup>1</sup>. The first (a specifier like zhěi-) literally means <sup>1</sup> each...<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>the various, the different•••*•</p>
<p>The second is the counter ge, as in yige rěn <sup>f</sup>one person<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Jiǔyuěli, gěgě xuěxiao d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In September all the schools open, kāi xuě le.</p>
<p>Měiguode gěgě zh5u d5u you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each of the American states has its</p>
<p>zijǐde zhěngfǔ, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government.</p>
<p>zēnK.jiā: <sup>f</sup>to increase; to increase &quot;by (such-and-such an amount)<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Jīnnian women xuěxiaode xuě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The students in our school increased</p>
<p>sheng zēngjiā le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this year.</p>
<p>Zhěige yīyuande bingren bu neng The patients in this hospital cannot zai zēngjiā le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;increase any further.</p>
<p>Zhěijǐtiān nǐ mang &quot;bu māng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have you &quot;been busy the past few days?</p>
<p>zai gěi ni zēngjiā yidianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would it &quot;be okay if 工 give you</p>
<p>gōngzuo, hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some more work to do?</p>
<p>Women dānwěi you zēngjiāle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They added two more offices on to</p>
<p>liāngge bangongshi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our unit.</p>
<p>yiding: 'specific, certain, definite, set<sup>1</sup>. In addition to the meaning of yiding which you already know, namely <sup>1</sup> certainly, surely<sup>1</sup>, it can also mean <sup>f</sup>set (by regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,<sup>1</sup> as in</p>
<p>Tā ban shiqing you yiding banfa. He goes about doing things with a</p>
<p>definite method.</p>
<p>Měiniān zāi yidingde rizi, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Every year he goes back to see his</p>
<p>d5u huiqu kan māma. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother on a set date.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>shiqū: <sup>f</sup>city proper, municipal area<sup>1</sup>, the area within a chěngshi where population and buildings are relatively concentrated. Shiqu is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs E.1iāoqū!3 • It is an administratively more exact term than chěngshi• [The Peking municipal area, Běijīng shīq_ū, is made up of eight urban districts, chěngqū.]</p>
<p>chūshēnglū: <sup>f</sup>birth rate<sup>1</sup>. Chūshēng means <sup>1</sup> to be born<sup>1</sup>. The chūshēnglu is usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>fēnpěi: <sup>f</sup>distribute; allot; assign; distribution<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wǒ tīngshuō xiāge yuě jiu kěyi I<sup>1</sup>ve heard that you<sup>1</sup>11 be assigned gěi ni fēnpei gSngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work next month.</p>
<p>Wǒ xīwang něng zǎo yidian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hope that housing can be assigned</p>
<p>fenpěidāo fangzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;soon,</p>
<p>TīngshuS tā fēnpěi dāo DSngběi 工*ve heard that he has been assigned qu gSngzuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go work in Manchuria.</p>
<p>ming^: <sup>1</sup> the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people<sup>1</sup> . Ming<sup>T</sup>e does not exactly correspond to <sup>1</sup> quota<sup>1</sup>. <sup>1</sup> Quota<sup>1</sup> is a fixed number of places which must be filled. Mlng<sup>t</sup> ě is (1) a fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. Bābǎige ming^ is literally <sup>1</sup>800 name given—numbers<sup>f</sup>， i.e. <sup>1</sup> a quota of 800 names.<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Note on No. 9</p>
<p>biyun: Literally, <sup>f</sup>avoid-pregnancy<sup>1</sup>, i.e. <sup>f</sup>contraception<sup>f</sup>• Shixing</p>
<p>biyun <sup>f</sup>t〇 carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth control<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Note on No. 10</p>
<p>miǎnfēide: Literally <sup>f</sup>exempt from charge<sup>1</sup>, i.e. <sup>f</sup>free (of charge”•</p>
<p>Zhěige zhanlǎn kěyi miǎnfei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You can visit &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this exhibit for free. cānguān.</p>
<p>Sānyuě Bahāo, fīinu he haizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On March 8th, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;women and children can</p>
<p>dao g5ngyuān qu d5u shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;go to parks &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;free of charge. miǎnfēide.</p>
<p>Lūxing bū pianyi a! Fēijīpiāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Travelling is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not cheap. Plane</p>
<p>kě &quot;bu shi miǎnfēide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tickets are &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;certainly not free!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 11</p>
<p>dědao: <sup>f</sup>to receive, to get<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā dědao huzhāo yǐhou mashang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He left immediately after getting his</p>
<p>jiu zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passport.</p>
<p>Tā dědao pīzhǔn kěyi liuzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has gotten permission to stay in</p>
<p>Běijīng gSngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peking to work.</p>
<p>yijian xin fangzi: <sup>1</sup> a new room<sup>1</sup>. Notice that although you have seen fangzi meaning <sup>f</sup>house<sup>f</sup>, it is being used here in the wider sense of <sup>f</sup>a place to live*. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house, jiān. Thus the whole phrase means <sup>f</sup>a new room，，not <sup>f</sup>a new house<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce. (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths, toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to live in the same size room.</p>
<p>Peking:</p>
<p>A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</p>
<p>A: Wǒ zai Jiānadade shihou jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When 工 was in Canada I heard that</p>
<p>tingshuo Zhōngguo kongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;population control work is being</p>
<p>rěnkǒude gSngzuo zuode hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;done very successfully in China,</p>
<p>chěnggōng. Nǐ kěyi bu kěyi gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Could you tell me about it? wo jiǎngyijiǎng?</p>
<p>B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay. First I’ll talk about how</p>
<p>chěngshili shi zenme zuode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>r</sup> s being done in the cities. In</p>
<p>Zai chěngshili rūguo you rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the city if there<sup>r</sup>s someone who wants</p>
<p>yao yǒu yige hāizi, děi zuodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have a child, they have to get</p>
<p>sān tōngguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the <sup>1</sup> three approvals<sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>A： Shěnme shi sān tōngguo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are the 'three approvals<sup>1</sup> ?</p>
<p>B: Jiūshi děi you nǐ gSngzuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It means that you must have the</p>
<p>dānwěi, nǐ zhude difangde jūmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;consent of your work unit, the neigh-</p>
<p>wěiyuānhui, he paichūsuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;borhood committee of the place you</p>
<p>tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;live, and the local police station,</p>
<p>A: Zhěi sānge dānwěi gēnju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what basis do these three units</p>
<p>shěnme pīzhǔn funiimen shēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give official permission to women to</p>
<p>xiǎohair? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have children?</p>
<p>B: Gěgě chěngshi meinian yǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each year the various cities have</p>
<p>yidingde chūshēnglū, yě jiushi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;specific birth rates; that is to say,</p>
<p>shuō meinian zhǐ keyi zēngjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each year they can only increase by</p>
<p>yiding shumude haizi. Zhěixiē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a specific number of children. These</p>
<p>ining<sup>r</sup>ě jiu an rěnkǒu fēnpěigei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quotas are distributed among the</p>
<p>gěgě shiqū. Gěgě shiqū zai <sub>w</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various cities according to population,</p>
<p>fēnpěigei yao shēng haizide nū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The various cities then distribute</p>
<p>tongzhi , suoyi funu dōu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them to women comrades who want to</p>
<p>dědao pīzhǔn yǐhou cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have children. So women don't get</p>
<p>huaiyunde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pregnant until they receive official</p>
<p>permission,</p>
<p>A: Zai nongcūn, rěnmen yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do the people in the country also</p>
<p>shixing biyun ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;practice birth control?</p>
<p>B: Yě shixing biyun, kěshi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;They practice birth control too,</p>
<p>xiang chěngshili zuode name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but it isn’t as successful as in the</p>
<p>chěnggōng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city.</p>
<p>A: Biyun g5ngju gui bu gui? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are contraceptive devices expensive?</p>
<p>B: Zhěngfǔ tichāng rěnmin shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The government encourages people to</p>
<p>biyun, suoyi biyun yao he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;practice birth control, so all</p>
<p>biyun gSngju dōu shi miǎnfēide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contraceptive medicines and devices</p>
<p>are free•</p>
<p>PART工工</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zāi Zhōngguo, yǒu g5ngzuode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In China working women get maternity</p>
<p>funu sheng haizi yǒu chǎnjiā, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave when they have a child and</p>
<p>hai yǒu gōngzi■ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they still receive their pay.</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hen du5 ZhSngguo fūnū yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many Chinese women use various kinds</p>
<p>^ězhǒng biyun gSngjū shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of contraceptive devices to carry</p>
<p>.jihua shēngyu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;out family planning.</p>
<p>Ik. ZhSngguo ren zuo ,juěyu shoushu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are there many Chinese people who</p>
<p>de duō bu du5? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have contraceptive surgery</p>
<p>performed on them?</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Biyun shibāide rěn kěyi dāc &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A person who fails at &quot;birth control</p>
<p>yiyuan qu zuo rěng5ng liu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can go to the hospital to have</p>
<p>chan, hai kěyi. you liāngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an abortion performed, and they</p>
<p>xīngqide jia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can also have two weeks of leave,</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zai shǎoshu minzu diqu rěnkǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The population is relatively small</p>
<p>bǐjiǎo shao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the national minority areas.</p>
<p>1了. Zh5ngguo rěn xiāngxin hongtāng Chinese believe that brown sugar is dui chǎnfu shi yizhong hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a very nutritional food for women</p>
<p>hǎode yingyǎngpǐn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who have given birth within the</p>
<p>last month.</p>
<p>18. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā he &quot;bieren ~bū tong, tā shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>1</sup> s different from other people,</p><h4>wǒ zui qin<sub>t</sub>jinde pěngyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>f</sup>s my closest friend.</h4>
<p>19. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shǒuxiān yāo qu gěi Māma mai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First 工 have to go buy fresh flowers</p>
<p>xiānhuā, ranhou hai yāo gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for your mother, and then I have</p>
<p>ni bǎ wān.jū xiūlihǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fix your toy for you too.</p>
<p>20. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tandao ZhSngguode nongcūn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As for the rural areas of China, the</p>
<p>gědide qingkuang dōu bu tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation is different in various</p>
<p>places.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工工 Notes on No. 12</p>
<p>chǎnjiā: •maternity leave<sup>1</sup>. The syllable chan, literally <sup>1</sup> to give birth to<sup>1</sup> is used in compounds meaning •maternity, delivery, birth<sup>1</sup>. It can also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning •to produce, production<sup>1</sup>, as in chǎnpīn •product<sup>1</sup>.1</p>
<p>g5ngzi: <sup>1</sup>wages, pay<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>1</sup>labor-capital<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>...you chǎnjia, hai yǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;: For a normal birth， a woman is given</p>
<p>fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 13</p>
<p>gězhǒng: <sup>1</sup> various kinds, every kind<sup>1</sup>. Ge_ <sup>1</sup> each<sup>1</sup> is a specifier like zhěi- <sup>f</sup>this<sup>f</sup> or něi- <sup>f</sup>that<sup>1</sup>. As a specifier, it can be followed by counters. Here you see ge- used with the counter 一zhong <sup>1</sup>types, kinds, sort, species <sup>1</sup>. Here are some other ways gě- is used:</p>
<p>w</p>
<p>Tā něng dāo gěguo qu lūxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s great that he can go to all</p>
<p>zhēn bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sorts of countries.</p>
<p>Xuěshengmen yīnggāi yǒu gěrěn- Students should each have their own de xuěxi jihua. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plan of study.</p>
<p>Mingtiānde dianyīngr piao gěgě Each and every unit has movie tickets dānwěi d5u you. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for tomorrow.</p>
<p>Sometimes ge- is followed directly by the noun.</p>
<p>Jīntiān xiavu gě dānwěi d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This afternoon every unit is having</p>
<p>kāi hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a meeting.</p>
<p>biyun gōng.ju: * contraceptive devices<sup>1</sup> . This does not refer to birth control pills. EBiyunpǐn •birth control products<sup>1</sup> includes both biyūnyao <sup>f</sup>birth control pills<sup>1</sup> and biyun gSngju.1</p>
<p>jīhua shēngyu: <sup>1</sup> family planning, planned parenthood<sup>1</sup>. Jihua means <sup>1</sup>plan; to plan<sup>1</sup>. Shēngyu literally means <sup>1</sup> to give birth to and raise<sup>1</sup>-</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1总</p>
<p>.jueyu: <sup>1</sup> sterilization,<sup>1</sup> or <sup>1</sup> to sterilize, to be sterilized,<sup>1</sup> applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the countryside.</p>
<p>Tā juěding juěyu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has decided on sterilization.</p>
<p>Juěyu shi jiějuě ZhSngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sterilization is one good way to</p>
<p>rěnkǒu wěntide yige hǎo banfa. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;solve China<sup>1</sup>s population problem.</p>
<p>shǒushu: <sup>1</sup> surgery<sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>Dāifu gěi ta zuode shǒushu hen The surgery the doctor performed on chěnggong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him was very successful.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1$</p>
<p>shibai: <sup>f</sup>to fail<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā zuo maimai shībāi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He failed in business.</p>
<p>Nǐ genju shěnme shuō tā shibai On what basis do you say that he le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failed?</p>
<p>rěng5ng liuchǎn: <sup>1</sup> abortion<sup>1</sup>, more literally, ^artificial miscarriage<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>dao yiyuan qu zuo reng5ng liuchǎn: ,go to the hospital to have an abortion performed<sup>1</sup>. Zuo rengong liuchǎn here means 'to have an abortion done*, not of course <sup>f</sup>to do an abortion*. Compare the following two sentences:</p>
<p>Yīsheng gěi ta zuole rengong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor performed an abortion on</p>
<p>litichǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her.</p>
<p>Tā zuole rěngSng liuchǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She had an abortion.</p>
<p>In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (yīsheng) performed the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā) had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either * to do something* or <sup>f</sup>to have something done *. Here are some more examples:</p>
<p>Zhěnme hāode yifu, shěi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you? zuode?</p>
<p>Zai Měiguo zuo yifu hen gui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s really expensive to have clothes</p>
<p>made in America.</p>
<p>•jia: * leave, vacation* . You have seen this as part of the word chǎnjia 'maternity leave'. Here you see it used by itself.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 16</p>
<p>shǎoshū minzū: <sup>1</sup>minority natiionalities<sup>1</sup>, often translated as ’national minorities'. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the Něi Měn^ǔ Zizhiqū, ’Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region<sup>1</sup>), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighurs (in the Xln.jiāng Weivu-ěr Zizhiqū, ’Xinxiang Uighur Autonomous Region<sup>1</sup>), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).</p>
<p>Shǎoshu minzūde yīfu d5u hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The clothing of the national minorities</p>
<p>hǎo kān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is very beautiful.</p>
<p>ZhSngguo you wǔshijige shǎoshū- China has fifty—odd minority minzu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nationalities.</p>
<p>Kotes on Ko. 1了</p>
<p>xiāngxin: <sup>f</sup>to believe (that), &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to trust (someone), to believe in, to have faith in<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo xiāngxin， women liangguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 believe that the friendship between</p>
<p>rěnminde youyī yiding hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the people of our two countries</p>
<p>būduan fāzhān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will constantly grow.</p>
<p>Compare xiāngxin to the verb xin， which you learned in the last unit.</p>
<p>For the second example you need to know you is a verb meaning <sup>f</sup>it <sup>f</sup>s up to...<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Biě xin tāde huā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>1</sup>1 believe what he says.</p>
<p>Xin bu xin you nǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Believe it or not, as you like.</p>
<p>hongtang: <sup>1</sup>brown sugar<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>f</sup>red sugar<sup>1</sup>. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water [jiāngtāng]， or simply brown sugar water [tāngshuǐ].</p>
<p>chǎnfu: <sup>1</sup>a woman who has given birth within the last month<sup>1</sup>. [Contrast this word with yunfu <sup>9</sup> a pregnant woman<sup>1</sup>.3 The birth of a child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of life.</p>
<p>ylngyangpǐn: <sup>f</sup>a nutritional food item<sup>1</sup> . Yingyǎng means <sup>1</sup> nutrition<sup>1</sup>, for example:</p>
<p>Doujiāng hen you yingyang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Soy bean milk is very nitritious.</p>
<p>-Pin is a syllable used in many words to mean <sup>1</sup> item, article, product<sup>1</sup>,</p>
<p>[for example .iinianpīn <sup>f</sup> souvenir<sup>1</sup> , yongpǐn <sup>1</sup> item of use<sup>1</sup>，chǎnpīn 'produce<sup>1</sup>, gōngyěpǐn <sup>1</sup> industrial product<sup>1</sup>3.</p>
<p>As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother<sup>1</sup>s health continues to be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother<sup>1</sup>s and baby<sup>1</sup>s health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine emphasizes the mother<sup>1</sup>s health only as long as she is carrying the child.</p>
<p>邳otes on I^o • 18</p>
<p>bu tong: <sup>f</sup>to be not the same, to be different<sup>1</sup> . This is often used in</p>
<p>the pattern ...he ••• bū tong<sub>a</sub> <sup>1</sup>... is different from ...<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Huzhāo he lūxingzhěng wanquān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A passport and a travel permit are</p>
<p>bū tong, nǐ bū yao nongcuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;completely different. Don<sup>f</sup>t mistake</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them.</p>
<p>Zhěige g5ngchǎng jīnnian he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The situation in the factory this</p>
<p>qūniānde qingkuang hen bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;year is very different from last</p>
<p>tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;year.</p>
<p>Bu tong can also be used as a noun as in</p>
<p>Tāde dānwěi he nǐde you hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a big difference between</p>
<p>dade bu tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his work unit and yours.</p>
<p>You should be aware that tong <sup>1</sup> same<sup>1</sup>, cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean <sup>f</sup>to be the same'. To say, 'These two things are the same'， you must say Zhěiliǎngge dōn^xi shi yiyangde.</p>
<p>qin.jin: <sup>f</sup> to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)<sup>f</sup> .</p>
<p>Zhěiliǎngge rěn hen qīnjin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These two are on intimate terms•</p>
<p>Dājiā dōu yuānyi qīnjin ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone wants to be friends with him.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 19</p>
<p>shSuxiān: <sup>f</sup>first (of all), in the first place, first; first, before anyone/anything else、</p>
<p>Jīntiān dājiā kāi huī shǒuxiān The first thing we want to do at shi yao jiějuě women chǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today<sup>1</sup>s meeting is to solve our</p>
<p>shēngchǎnshāngde wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;factory<sup>f</sup>s problems in production.</p>
<p>Zāi fandianli shǒuxiān yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A hotel must first of all pay attention</p>
<p>zhuyi jiějuěhao kěrenmende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to solving the dining and rest</p>
<p>chī fan he xiūxi wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems of the guests.</p>
<p>Zuijin wāiguo pěngyou hen du5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Recently there have been many foreign</p>
<p>Women shǒuxiān yao jiějuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;friends. We must first of all</p>
<p>zhūde wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;solve the lodging problems.</p>
<p>xiānhuā: 'fresh flowers<sup>1</sup>, as opposed to dried or artificial flowers, which the Chinese are also fond of.</p>
<p>vanjū: <sup>f</sup>(children's) toy<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Mingtiān ěrzi guo shēngri, gěi Tomorrow is our boy’s birthday, ta mai ge wānjū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;let’s buy him a toy.</p>
<p>Note on No. 20</p>
<p>gedi: <sup>1</sup> each place； various places<sup>T</sup>. Here you see the specifier -gě <sup>T</sup>each<sup>f</sup> used in another compound. Here are some more examples:</p>
<p>Wǒ hen xiǎng dao Měiguo gědi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’d very much like to go visit lots</p>
<p>qu kanyikān, Měiguo shi ge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of places in America. America is</p>
<p>wěidade guojiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a great country.</p>
<p>Zai ZhSngguo gědi cānguān you- I<sup>f</sup>ve visited and sightseen lots of lǎnle sānge xīngqī， wǒ gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;places in China for three weeks,</p>
<p>hui guo le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>1</sup>s time to go back home.</p>
<p>Peking:</p>
<p>A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:</p>
<p>A: Wo zāi Jiānadade shihou jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When 工 was in Canada 工 heard that</p>
<p>tīngshu5 ZhSngguo kongzhi rěn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;population control* work is being done</p>
<p>koude gāngzuo zuode hen chěng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very successfully in China. Could</p>
<p>gong. Nī něng bu něng gei wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you explain to me what you do? jiangyijiǎng nǐmen shi zenme zuode?</p>
<p>C: Shǒuxiān， zhěngfǔ tichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;First, the government promotes late</p>
<p>wǎnhūn. Ērqiě, yibānde shuō, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;marriage. Furthermore, generally</p>
<p>zai chěngli jiěle hūnde rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;speaking, in the city, married people</p>
<p>liangniān yihou cai yao haizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t have children until after two</p>
<p>Tāmen yāo xiǎohair yǐqian yīng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years. Before they have a child they</p>
<p>gāi zuodao sān tōngguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should have the <sup>1</sup>three approvals <sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>A: <sup>1</sup>Sān tōngguo<sup>1</sup> shi shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What does the <sup>1</sup>three approvals<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>yisi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mean?</p>
<p>C: 'Sān tongguo<sup>1</sup> ye jiūshi shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The <sup>1</sup> three approvals<sup>1</sup> means that</p>
<p>yīnggāi dědao nǐ gSngzuo dan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you should have the consent of your</p>
<p>wěi, nǐ zhude difangde jijinin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;work unit, the neighborhood committee</p>
<p>wěiyuānhui he paichusuo zhěi— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of the place you live, and the local</p>
<p>sānge difangde tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;police station.</p>
<p>A: Ge dānwěi gēn^u shěnme biāo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;According to what criteria do the</p>
<p>zhǔn pīzhǔn funumen shēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various units give official permission</p>
<p>xiǎohair ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to women to have children?</p>
<p>C: Gě chěngshi d5u you yidingde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All the various cities have set</p>
<p>rěnkǒu chūshēnglū, meinian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;population birth rates, and each year</p>
<p>meige chěngshi zhǐ kěyi zēngjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they can only increase &quot;by a certain</p>
<p>yiding shumude hāizi. Zhěixie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;number of children. These quotas are</p>
<p>mlng*ě jiu fēnpěigei gěgě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apportioned among women comrades in</p>
<p>shiqūde xiǎng shēng haizide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the various cities who want to</p>
<p>nutongzhi. Funu d5u shi dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have children. Women do not &quot;become</p>
<p>pīzhǔn yǐhou cai huaiyunde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pregnant until they receive official</p>
<p>permission.</p>
<p>Bū xiǎng yāo haizide kěyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Those who do not want to have</p>
<p>shixing &quot;biyun; &quot;biyun gongju he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children can practice birth control;</p>
<p>biyun yao dōu shi miǎnfeide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all contraceptive medicines and</p>
<p>contraceptive devices are free.</p>
<p>A: Ruguo biyun shlbaile zěrrnie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What is done if birth control</p>
<p>ban? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fails?</p>
<p>C: Kěyi dāo yiyuan zuo rengong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;One can go to the hospital to have</p>
<p>liuchǎn, shoushu bubi zi j ī gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an abortion. A person doesn<sup>!</sup>t have</p>
<p>qian， hai you liāngge xīngqīde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pay for the operation herself, and</p>
<p>jia, you you gōngzī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there is tvo veeks<sup>1</sup> leave vith pay.</p>
<p>A: Wo hǎoxiāng tīngshu5 Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It seems to me I*ve heard that when</p>
<p>funu shēng haizide shihou you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese women have children they get</p>
<p>wushi1iutiānde chǎnjiā， ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;56 days <sup>1</sup> maternity leave, and they</p>
<p>kěyi du5 mai yixiē yingyǎngpǐn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can also buy extra nutritional food</p>
<p>shi bu shi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;items. Is that so?</p>
<p>C: Dui le, chanjia you gSngzī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That<sup>1</sup>s right. The maternity leave</p>
<p>Chǎnfu hai kěyi māi yiliangjīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is paid. In the month after</p>
<p>hongtāng, du5 mǎi yiliangjīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;delivery, a woman can also buy one</p>
<p>jīdan. ZhSngguo rěn dōu xiǎng- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or two catties of brovn sugar, and</p>
<p>xin hongtāng dui chǎnfu hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one or two extra catties of eggs.</p>
<p>hao, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese believe that brovn sugar is</p>
<p>very good for women during the month after delivery.</p>
<p>A: Rěnmen shēng haizide shihou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When someone has a baby, do</p>
<p>qīnqi pěngyou song bu song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;relatives and friends give presents? lǐwu?</p>
<p>C: Qīnqi he qīnjinde pěngyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Relatives and close friends will</p>
<p>haishi hui song yixiē xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still give a few small gifts, like</p>
<p>lǐwu, xiang xiāohāizide yifu la, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;clothes for the baby, little blankets,</p>
<p>xiao tǎnzi la, xiao maozi la, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little hats, toys, and so forth,</p>
<p>vānju shenmede. Ye yǒu rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are also people who will give</p>
<p>hui song yixiē shuǐguǒ huozhě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little fruit or fresh flovers. xiānhuā.</p>
<p>A: Yige jiāting kěyi you jǐge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many children can one family</p>
<p>xiǎohair? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have?</p>
<p>C: Zāi chěngshili nianqīng fūfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the city young couples have two</p>
<p>zui duō yāo liāngge hāizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children at the most.</p>
<p>A: Nongcūnde qingkuang zěnmeyang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What<sup>1</sup>s the situation like in the</p>
<p>rural areas?</p>
<p>C: Gědi nongcūnde qingkuang &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The situation in rural areas is</p>
<p>tong. Rěnkǒu duōde difang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;different in different places. Where</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ tichāng jihua shēngyu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there<sup>1</sup>s a large population the</p>
<p>Nongcūnlide rěn ye yong ge- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government promotes family planning,</p>
<p>zhong biyun g5ngju. Bū shǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;People in the rural areas also use</p>
<p>rěn youle liāngge hāizi yǐhou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all the various kinds of contraceptive</p>
<p>jiu zuo juěyū shǒushu, nānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;devices. Quite a few people undergo</p>
<p>zuo, nude zuo, dōu kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contraceptive surgery after they've</p>
<p>Nongmin juěde zuo jueyū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;had two children. Either men or</p>
<p>shoushu bǐ yong biyun gōngju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;women may have this done. The</p>
<p>fāngbiande duō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;peasants feel that having contraceptive</p>
<p>surgery performed is much more convenient than using contraceptive devices.</p>
<p>Keshi zai shao shu minzu diqū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But in the areas populated &quot;by</p>
<p>yīnwei rěnkǒu shao, zhěngfǔ &quot;bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minority nationalities, &quot;because the</p>
<p>tichāng jihua shēngyu, suoyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;population is smaller, the government</p>
<p>yi&quot;bānde j iāting kěyi duo you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doesn’t advocate family planning, so</p>
<p>jige xiǎohair. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the average family can have a few</p>
<p>more children.</p>
<p>NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>Rěnmen shēng haizide shihou, qīnqi pěngyou song ~bu song lǐvu?: As stated in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for the &quot;baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>biyun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contraception</p>
<p>bu tong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be different</p>
<p>chǎnfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a woman who has given birth within</p>
<p>the last month</p>
<p>chǎnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maternity leave</p>
<p>chěngg5ng<sub>s</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to succeed, to be successful</p>
<p>chūshenglu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;birth rate</p>
<p>dānwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unit</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(indicates successful accomplishment</p>
<p>of something)</p>
<p>dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to receive, to get</p>
<p>fēnpěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to assign, to apportion, to allot</p>
<p>gědī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the various places, each place</p>
<p>gěgě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various</p>
<p>gēnju (genju) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;according to, based on</p>
<p>gězhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various kinds, types</p>
<p>gSngzī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wages, pay</p>
<p>hongtang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brown sugar</p>
<p>jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vacation, leave</p>
<p>jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family</p>
<p>jihua shēngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;planned parenthood, family planning</p>
<p>juěyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sterilization</p>
<p>jūmin věiyuanhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neighborhood committee</p>
<p>kongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to control</p>
<p>-men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plural suffix</p>
<p>miǎnfei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be free of charge</p>
<p>ming’ě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the number of people assigned or</p>
<p>allowed, quota (of people)</p>
<p>nongmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;peasant</p>
<p>nu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female</p>
<p>paichusuo(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the local police station</p>
<p>pīzhǔn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give official permission</p>
<p>qingkuang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;situation</p>
<p>qīnjin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be close (to a person)</p>
<p>rěngōng liūchān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;abortion</p>
<p>sān tōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;the three approvals<sup>M</sup></p>
<p>shaoshu minzu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minority nationality, national</p>
<p>^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;minority</p>
<p>shēngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give birth to and raise</p>
<p>shibai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fail</p>
<p>shiqū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;urban area or district</p>
<p>shoushu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;operation, surgery</p>
<p>shǒuxiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first</p>
<p>shumu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;number</p>
<p>tongguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass, to approve</p>
<p>tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consent, to agree</p>
<p>wanju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;toy</p>
<p>xiāngxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe</p>
<p>xiānhuā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fresh flowers</p>
<p>xiaohair &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child, children</p>
<p>ye jiu shi shuō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to mean; in other words</p>
<p>yībān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ordinary, general， common</p>
<p>yibānde shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;generally speaking</p>
<p>yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be specific</p>
<p>yingyangpǐn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food items of special nutritional</p>
<p>value</p>
<p>zēngjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to increase</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U</p>
<p>PART 工</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐde fuqi zhēn hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You are really blessed with good</p>
<p>fortune.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhāng Taitaide xifu touyitāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mrs. Zhang<sup>f</sup>s daughter-in-law in her</p>
<p>jiu gei ta shengle yige da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first pregnancy presented her with</p>
<p>sūnzi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a fine grandson.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo zhěli you yige hongbāo shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have a ”red envelope&quot; for the</p>
<p>gei xiǎo baobaode• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby•</p>
<p>h. Bū gan dāng! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m flattered. You shouldn’t have!</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐ zhēnshi tai kěqi le. Hebi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re too polite.' Why should you</p>
<p>pofei ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spend so much money?</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐde nūer shēngxialaide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How much did your daughter weigh</p>
<p>shihou you duo zhon^? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when she was &quot;born?</p>
<p>B: Qibāng ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seven and a half pounds.</p>
<p>7. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Wo gang veile ta bu jiǔ, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 just fed him not long ago，and</p>
<p>you kū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now he’s crying again.</p>
<p>B: Dāgāi you yāo chi nai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He probably wants to nurse again.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā zhǎngde hen piāoliang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is very pretty.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nǐ zhěge hāizi hen you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This child of yours has a lucky</p>
<p>fuxiang^ ěrduo zhangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;physiognomy• His ears are really</p>
<p>zhēn da. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;big.</p>
<p>B： Tu5 ninde fu! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s because of your lucky influence. NOTES ON PART 工</p>
<p>Note on No. 1</p>
<p>fūqi: blessings, good fortune, luck<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo hen you fuqi, ěrzi bang wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m very fortunate, my son helps me</p>
<p>bu shǎo māng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot.</p>
<p>Ni zhēn mei fuqi, gang chū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You really have bad luck. You just</p>
<p>men jiu xia yǔ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave on a trip and then it rains.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>xifu: <sup>f</sup>daughter-in-law, son’s wife*.</p>
<p>Tā xifu hao piaoliang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!</p>
<p>Wo xifu g5ngzuo māngjlie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My daughter-in-law is very busy,</p>
<p>tou-: <sup>f</sup>first<sup>f</sup>, (literally *head” as in touyitiān, <sup>f</sup>the first day*.</p>
<p>Tou- is used much like di-: before a number and a counter, which may or may not be followed by a noun.</p>
<p>touyicī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first time</p>
<p>touyige rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first person</p>
<p>touliāngge rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first two people</p>
<p>tousānben &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first three volumes</p>
<p>In touyige, tou- is stressed and is in the neutral tone. Also notice that the word for <sup>1</sup> two<sup>1</sup> is lian^- (not er_ as is usually the case when a counter follows).</p>
<p>Now here is a comparison of tou- and di~:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Touyige rěn and dīyige rěn are both translated as <sup>1</sup> the first person*， and touyige is for the most part interchangeable with diyige.</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although the ^i_ in tōuyige is unstressed and written without a tone mark over it, the ^i_ in diyige is stressed and said with a second tone (or sometimes with a first tone)•</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The word for <sup>f</sup>two<sup>f</sup> is liǎng after tou-, but er_ after di~• Dierge means <sup>f</sup>the second one<sup>1</sup>, while touliāngge means <sup>f</sup>the first two*.</p>
<p>(h) Tou- must be used with a counter， but di- can be used with just a number after it. Here are some examples of di- used with a number but no counter after it:</p>
<p>Wo yāo māi zhěge dōngxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going to buy this. First, it<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>Diyī, zuode hen hǎo; diěr, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very well made; second, it<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>hen pianyi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;inexpensive.</p>
<p>Tā shi diyī, wǒ shi diěr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is first, I*m second.</p>
<p>But touyi-, touliǎng-, tousān- always have a counter word after the number•</p>
<p>tāi: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or not• Literally tāi means * embryo*• The expression touyitāi can also be said toutāi.</p><h5>Tousāntāi dōu shi nude, dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The first three babies were all girls;</h5>
<p>disitāi cai shengle ge ěrzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it wasn’t until the fourth that</p>
<p>she had a boy.</p>
<p>Tā shēng t6utāide shihou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When she had her first baby, she</p>
<p>shēntī bū cuo. Sheng diěr- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was still in pretty good health,</p>
<p>tāide shihou jiu bu xing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;But when she had her second, it</p>
<p>• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wasn<sup>f</sup>t good any more.</p>
<p>shēng: <sup>f</sup>to give birth to...<sup>1</sup> Notice that the Chinese verb shēng is used in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English.</p>
<p>Compare the various translations of shēng in the Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.</p>
<p>sunzi: <sup>1</sup> grandson<sup>1</sup>. This only refers to the son of one<sup>1</sup>s son. The son of one<sup>1</sup>s daughter and son-in-law is called vaisūnzi• Here is a chart showing how these terms relate to each other.</p>
<p>ěrzi xifu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nuer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nūxu</p>
<p>(son daughter-in-law) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(daughter son-in-law)</p>
<p>sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sūnnū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vaisūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;waisūnnu</p>
<p>(grandson) (granddaughter) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(grandson) (granddaughter)</p>
<p>Notes on No. 3</p>
<p>hongbāo: <sup>1</sup> a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe<sup>1</sup>. These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one thing to remember: 'Do not give an amount with the number four in it! The number four, si, closely resembles the verb &quot;to die ,<sup>f!</sup> sǐ, and is therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up for.</p>
<p>xiao bǎobao: Literally -<sup>f</sup>little treasure<sup>1</sup>, in other words ’the little darling<sup>1</sup> or <sup>1</sup> the baby<sup>1</sup>. This word is usually used by women. Some people use the word bǎobao (with or without xiǎo) in addressing or speaking about babies or children.</p>
<p>The second bǎo in bǎobao is neutral tone; even though it was originally also third tone, it does not make the first bao change to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. nali). The first bǎo in bǎobao is pronounced low,</p>
<p>without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say bǎobao and xiao baobao•)</p>
<p>LThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms used by both men and women include (xiǎo) bēibi, (xiǎo) guāiguai， xiao jialiuo.</p>
<p>Some terms used mostly by men include xiao bēibei and xiǎo budiǎnr,]</p>
<p>Note on No. k</p>
<p>bu gan dāng: flfrn flattered* . Literally, this means ’I dare not assume (the honor you pay me)*. This is a polite response to a compliment (such as <sup>1</sup> You speak Chinese very well*), to a respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their coat)， or to a respectful phrase (like ^īngjiao’),</p>
<p>Note on No. 5</p>
<p>pofei: <sup>1</sup> spend money (on someone)<sup>1</sup>, also sometimes translated as <sup>T</sup>to spend recklessly<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Rang nin pofei. or^ Jiao nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have caused you to spend a lob of</p>
<p>pofei. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money. (i.e. , <sup>f</sup>you shouldn’t have</p>
<p>spent all that money on me<sup>1</sup>)</p>
<p>Tā shi wo sūnzi, wěi ta pofei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He<sup>1</sup> s my grandson, it<sup>1</sup> s only riglit</p>
<p>liāngge qian shi yīnggāide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that 工 should spend a ].i tzle money</p>
<p>on him.</p>
<p>Tā shēngride shihou, Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For his birthday, Mr. Wang really</p>
<p>Xiānsheng pofeide zhēn bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spent quite a bit of money on him.</p>
<p>shǎo.</p>
<p>Notes on No, 6</p>
<p>you duo zhong: ^ow heavy?<sup>1</sup> Zhong is the adjectival verb <sup>1</sup> to be heavy<sup>1</sup>. Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the pattern is literally <sup>f</sup>have how much (of some quality)*.</p>
<p>Ni you duo da? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you?</p>
<p>Něizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhong? How heavy is that table?</p>
<p>Tā you duo gāo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How tall is she?</p>
<p>This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.</p>
<p>bang: <sup>1</sup>pound (unit of weight)<sup>1</sup>. In addition to the tradibional Chinese units of weight such as dan <sup>1</sup> picul (1〇〇 liters approximately)<sup>1</sup>, jin <sup>1</sup> catty (l 1/3 lbs.)<sup>1</sup>&gt; liang Hael (105 grams approximately)<sup>1</sup>, and the metric system of weights, such as ^ongliǎng <sup>!</sup>100 grams<sup>1</sup> and gong,j in ' kilogram * ,also find customary American units such as <sup>1</sup> pound* used。</p>
<p>Notes on No._ 7</p>
<p>gang veile tā bu jiu: This means <sup>T</sup>It*s only been a short while SINCE I fed hirru , <sub>5</sub> NOT <sup>!</sup>工 fed him for only a short while. <sup>1</sup> Chinese can distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the duration of something not happening by putting these two types of duration phrases in different places in the sentence.</p>
<p>Let<sup>f</sup>s review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn’t happen and TIME ELAPSED since something happened.</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases telling the time when something happened, which come before the vero.</p>
<p>Simp1e duration</p>
<p>Tā zāi Xianggang zhu liang— He<sup>1</sup>s staying in Hong Kong for two tiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;days.</p>
<p>Tā zuole wufēn zhāng, jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He sat for five minutes and then</p>
<p>zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left.</p>
<p>Time when</p>
<p>Tā shi zuotiān daode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She arrived yesterday.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in negative sentences with time phrases before the vert).</p>
<p>Time Within -with a Negative Verb</p>
<p>WSmen yinian měi jian le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We haven<sup>f</sup>t seen each other for a</p>
<p>year.</p>
<p>Wo yījīng yige yuě měi qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;been going there for a</p><h3>nar le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month now.</h3>
<p>3- To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the duration phrase is again placed after the verb.</p>
<p>Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence</p>
<p>Wo zuowānle yǐjīng yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve been done for an hour already, zhōngtou le.</p>
<p>Tā cai zoule yige xīngqi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>f</sup> s been only a week since he left,</p>
<p>Wo gang likāi zhěige vuzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve been out of the room only a</p>
<p>bu jiǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;short while.</p>
<p>Note on No. T</p>
<p>chī nai: <sup>f</sup>to eat (mother<sup>1</sup> s) milk<sup>1</sup>, in other words, <sup>,f</sup>to breastfeed<sup>11</sup> and by extension <sup>f</sup>to drink milk<sup>1</sup> , even from a bottle. Similarly, věi nai can mean <sup>f</sup>to feed milk (to a baby) <sup>1</sup> without specifying mother<sup>f</sup>s milk or otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say chi māmade nai，<sup>f</sup>to eat mother<sup>1</sup>s milk<sup>1</sup>. And from the mother<sup>1</sup>s point of view, one can say māma zi,1i gěi haizi věi nai, <sup>1</sup> the mother nurses the child herself.<sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Note on No. 8</p>
<p>Tā zhǎngde hen piaoliang: <sup>1</sup> She<sup>f</sup>s very pretty.<sup>f</sup> Zhǎngde piaoliang literally means <sup>f</sup>grow pretty*, but it should be translated simply as <sup>f</sup>is pretty<sup>1</sup>. Zhangde ... is often used in descriptions of the appearance of living things. In these cases, zhǎngde ... is absent of any meaning such as <sup>f</sup>has grown . . .<sup>1</sup> , <sup>1</sup> has come to be ...<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>has become . . . <sup>1</sup> ; it simply means <sup>f</sup>is, are<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā zhǎngde hen haokan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is very beautiful.</p>
<p>Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yiyāng gāo• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is just as tall as I am.</p>
<p>Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo měi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her face looks just like my little</p>
<p>mei ylyāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sister.</p>
<p>There is almost no difference in meaning between Ta hen piaoliang and Tā zhangde hen piaoliang• Both are used frequently. But there is a difference in meaning between Tā zhangde hen gāo and Ta zhǎnggāo le: the former means <sup>f</sup>He is very tall<sup>1</sup>, and the latter <sup>1</sup> He has grown tall<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 9</p>
<p>fuxiang: <sup>1</sup> auspicious physiognomy<sup>1</sup>. This phrase implies something more than <sup>1</sup>lucky face<sup>1</sup>. The word fu expresses the destiny of a person to enjoy a life of good fortune• Xiang is a person<sup>f</sup>s looks considered from the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was believed that a person's destiny could be determined from the individual variations of his hands, bones, face， ears, hair， and so forth. The xian^ includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.</p>
<p>...erduo zhǎngde zhen da: Portraits of some of the most admired men in Chinese history depict them with long ears, (Long ears are thought to indicate wisdom. ) It was thought that rulers in particular were so endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>Mrs. Song*s daughter-in-law, Baolān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has just recently had a baby. A</p>
<p>friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:</p>
<p>Z: Song Taitai, nin xifu shingle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law</p>
<p>meiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;had the baby yet?</p>
<p>S: Sheng le. Shengle ge nanhaizi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. It’s a boy.</p>
<p>Z: ōu! Nin fuqi zhēn hao. Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! Hov lucky you are. She had</p>
<p>touyitāi jiu gei nin shengle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a nice big grandson for youand it</p>
<p>yige da sunzi. G5ngxī, gōngxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was her first! Congratulations.</p>
<p>S: Xiěxie, xiěxie! Lai kānkan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you. Come see my daughter-</p>
<p>wo xifu gēn xiao baobao ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in-law and the baby!</p>
<p>Z: Hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay.</p>
<p>Baolan! Gǒngxǐ, gongxǐ! Nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congratulations, Baolan! How are</p>
<p>hao ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you?</p>
<p>B: Wǒ hen hao. Zhāng Bomǔ, nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks. lai le.</p>
<p>Z: ōu! Ni zhě haizi hen you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! He<sup>f</sup> s got a very lucky</p>
<p>fūxiang, erduo zhǎngde name da! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;physiognomy. Such big earsj</p>
<p>B: Xiěxie! Tu5 ninde fū! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you! It’s because of your</p>
<p>lucky influence!</p>
<p>Z: Tā shēngxialaide shihou you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How much did he weigh at birth? duo zhong a?</p>
<p>B: Qībang ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Seven and a half pounds.</p>
<p>Z: fig, zhēn bū xiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hm. That<sup>f</sup> s really pretty big.</p>
<p>S: Tā zhēn něng chī. Baolān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He eats like a horse. Baolān just</p>
<p>gang wěile ta bu j iu, xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fed him a little while ago, and now</p>
<p>you kū le. Dagai you yao chi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he<sup>f</sup>s crying again. He probably wants</p>
<p>nai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to nurse again.</p>
<p>Z: Tā kūde shěngyin hen da. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He cries so loudly. He must be</p>
<p>Shēntǐ yiding hen jiankāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very healthy.</p>
<p>B: Dui! Tā cong yiyuan huilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes! In the week after he came back</p>
<p>yige lībāi j iu zhǎngle ylbāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from the hospital， he gained a pound.</p>
<p>Z: Wo lě.± yīqiān xiangzhe nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before 工 came 工 thought you should</p>
<p>yinggāi shengle, suoyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have had the baby by now, so 工 got a</p>
<p>zhunběile yige hongbāo. Shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>!</sup>red envelope<sup>1</sup> ready. It<sup>1</sup>s for the</p>
<p>gěi xiǎo bǎobaode. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby.</p>
<p>B; Bu gān dang. Nin tai kěqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You shouldn<sup>1</sup>1 have. That<sup>1</sup>s too</p>
<p>le. Hěbi pofei ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;polite of you. Why should you spend</p>
<p>money?</p>
<p>Z: Bū shi kěqi• Zhǐ shi yidian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm not being polite. This is just</p>
<p>xiao yisi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a little something to express my</p>
<p>feelings.</p>
<p>B: Xiěxie! Xiěxie! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you!</p>
<p>PART II</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ZhSngguo ren xiāngxin chǎnfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese people believe that women</p>
<p>manyuě yīqiān *bu keyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who have just given birth should</p>
<p>chul fēng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stay out of drafts until the child</p>
<p>is a full month old.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chǎnfu zuo yuězide shihou yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Women who have just given birth</p>
<p>těbiě xiaoxin • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should *be especially careful during</p>
<p>the month after delivery.</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ZhSngguo rěn dou shu5 chī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese people say that when you</p>
<p>Zhongyāode shihou, *bu yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t</p>
<p>chī shēnglěn^. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eat raw or cold things•</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yīshēng shuo wo dele fēngshi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor says I<sup>f</sup>ve got rheumatism</p>
<p>zui hao *bu yao pěng lěngshuī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and that it would *be *best for me</p>
<p>not to come in contact with cold water.</p>
<p>lH. Ni yinggāi duō tǎngzhe, zhuyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should lie down more and pay</p>
<p>xiūxi, zhěyang cai něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attention to your rest; that’s</p>
<p>huifude kuai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the only way you<sup>1</sup>11 recover quickly.</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jiāndao Wang BuzhSngde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you see Secretary Wang, *be sure</p>
<p>qiānvān dāngxin, *biě suibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to watch yourself, don<sup>f</sup>t *be care-</p>
<p>shu5 huā, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;less in what you say.</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā jiěhūn yīqiān dui tā xiān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before she got married she didn’t</p>
<p>sheng liaojiěde *bugou, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand her husband well enough</p>
<p>•1iěgu5 jiěhūn yǐhou hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and as a result she suffered a lot</p>
<p>tongku. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after the marriage.</p>
<p>1了. Nǐ kan tā duo kuai，yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look at how fast he is, he got dinner</p>
<p>jiu *bā fan zuohāo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ready in no time at all.</p>
<p>18. Nā shi Wān^.jiāde xifu, zhěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That is the Wang family’s daughter-</p>
<p>pang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in-law, she<sup>f</sup> s so fat!</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工工</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>mǎnyuě: ’thirtieth day after a child is 'born<sup>1</sup> , literally, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•</p>
<p>(It also means <sup>f</sup> full moon<sup>f</sup> .) This refers to a &quot;baby’s completion of the first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.</p>
<p>Wāngjiā haizi kuai mǎnyuě le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Wang<sup>f</sup>s baby is about to be a</p>
<p>qǐng dajiā qu chī mǎnyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month old, and they<sup>1</sup> re asking</p>
<p>jiǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everyone to go take part in the</p>
<p><sup>1</sup> full month<sup>1</sup> banquet.</p>
<p>chul fēng: Literally, <sup>f</sup>to blow vind<sup>1</sup>, but actually <sup>f</sup>to be in a current of air, a draft, the wind<sup>1</sup>. Although what blows is the wind, fēn^： <sup>f</sup>wind<sup>f</sup> seems to be in the object position in this phrase. Chǎnfu bu kěyi chuī fēng does not mean &quot;Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow wind&quot;, but rather, <sup>fl</sup>Women recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.” Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country, and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.</p>
<p>Nǐde bing gang hao, bū yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You’re just over your illness,</p>
<p>chūqu chuī fēng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don<sup>f</sup>t go out in a draft.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 11</p>
<p>zuo yuězi: Literally, <sup>f</sup>to sit the yuězi<sup>1</sup>， yuězi being the month after giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom. Woman<sup>1</sup>s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special precautions for her own -health so that she would nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was that a woman<sup>1</sup> s body at this time vas <sup>11</sup> dirty<sup>11</sup> and to avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.</p>
<p>Tā zuo yuězide shihou, kě xiao- During the first month after delivery xīn， měi chūguo yitiān men. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she was extremely careful. She</p>
<p>didn<sup>f</sup>t go out once,</p>
<p>xiaoxin: <sup>f</sup>to &quot;be careful<sup>1</sup> , literally, <sup>1</sup> small-heart<sup>1</sup>. Xiaoxin is an adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.</p>
<p>Tā zhěige rěn bu zemneyāng, he This guy is nothing special, you<sup>f</sup>d tā zuo pěngyou yao xiāoxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better be careful making friends</p>
<p>with him,</p>
<p>Xiaoxin! Qiān'bianr shi hongdēng. Careful! There<sup>f</sup>s a red light up</p>
<p>ahead,</p>
<p>Xiaoxin něige rěn! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful of that person!</p>
<p>Xiaoxin guo mǎlu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful crossing the street.</p>
<p>Note on No. 12</p>
<p>shēngleng: <sup>1</sup> raw or cold foods<sup>1</sup>. Traditional Chinese medicine divides foods into yin and yang Yin are ’’cool” (liangxingde) foods, that is，foods that make the system cool; yan^ foods are ”hot<sup>T</sup>’ (rěxingde)， that is，they ir.ake the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on the degree temperature at which the food is eatery but are rather inherent in the food. For example crab， white sugar, and most vegetables and fruits are yin or cool, while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar, and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all particularly yan^ or hot• Generally speaking, yang foods harmonize with body temperature while yin foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much yang food can cause the body<sup>1</sup> s <sup>t!</sup>heat<sup>fī</sup> to rise too much (shang huo)， minor symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the tongue, and constipation. On the other hand, too much yin food is &quot;bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.</p>
<p>The body<sup>1</sup>s ”heat” (huo) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the huo naturally rises, one should eat ’’cool” foods to lower the huo (qing huo)，and in the winter one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating of one kind of food, or the other: one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods to build up one<sup>1</sup>s strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the &quot;hot<sup>11</sup> type of foods.</p>
<p>Shēngleng, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth• Given sanitary conditions in traditional China, this is oinderstanda'ble•</p>
<p>Chī shēnglengde dongxi yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When eating raw things, be sure to</p>
<p>yāo xǐgānjing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wash them well.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 13</p>
<p>dě: 'to get，a catch (a disease)<sup>1</sup>. De bin^ means 'to get an illness<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo dě bing yihou, měi banfa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After I got sick, I couldn't study</p>
<p>niān shū le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any more.</p>
<p>Tā dě bing yiqian, shěntǐ hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before she got ill, her health was</p>
<p>hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very good.</p>
<p>Tā děde shi shěnme bing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What illness was it that she got?</p>
<p>Here are some examples of d£ followed &quot;by the name of an illness:</p>
<p>Ta dě ganmāo yǐhou, jiu měiyou He didn't go out after he got a cold, chūlaiguo.</p>
<p>Qunian dSngtiān, tā dele xuěyā Last winter, he got high blood gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pressure.</p>
<p>Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of dě:</p>
<p>Jīnnian guo shēngri wo dele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 got a new book on my birthday this</p>
<p>yiben xīn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;year.</p>
<p>Xiǎodi jīntiān neng dě haojǐ- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Little brother will be able to get</p>
<p>ge hongbāo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of &quot;red envelopes,, today!</p>
<p>Of course, d£ cannot be used in all cases when ve would say <sup>f</sup>get<sup>f</sup> in English. For one thing， de_only means to receive passively, whereas English <sup>f</sup>get<sup>f</sup> sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in <sup>f</sup>I<sup>f</sup>m going to the supply room to get some paper and pens<sup>1</sup>, or <sup>1</sup>1 got a package of cereal at the supermarket<sup>1</sup>. In these cases, d£ would not be appropriate in Chinese.</p>
<p>To show you some other ways in which the English word <sup>f</sup>get<sup>1</sup> is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences which do not use de_ although the English translation uses <sup>f</sup>get<sup>f</sup>:</p>
<p>Zuotiān lāi nide diānhuā le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday you got a phone call (but</p>
<p>you weren’t here to get it.)</p>
<p>Zuotiān wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him (and was there to receive it.)</p>
<p>Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He got a raise in wages.</p>
<p>Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He got a raise in salary.</p>
<p>Wo sh5udāole yige zhāngdān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I got a bill.</p>
<p>Wo cong tā nār ba jiěgei tade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 got the book back which I lent him. něiben shū nāhuilai le.</p>
<p>Yě gěi wo na yige lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Get one for me too.</p>
<p>Cong shěnme difang wo něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where can I get (buy) one of those?</p>
<p>maidao yige xiang zhěiyangrde?</p>
<p>fēngshi: <sup>1</sup> rheumatism<sup>f</sup>, literally <sup>1</sup>wind-humid<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā you fēngshī, tiān yi leng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets</p>
<p>tuǐ těngde lihai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cold, his leg hurts severely.</p>
<p>pěng: <sup>1</sup> to touch* , only in the sense of one object coining into contact vith another. The verb pěng can also mean to come into contact with something in a violent way, <sup>f</sup>to hit, to bump into<sup>f</sup>. Whether pěng means merely <sup>f</sup>to touch<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>to bump into* must be determined by context.</p><h5>Nǐ biě pěng zhěige zhuSzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t touch this table.</h5>
<p>Tāde chē kě budeliao. Biěrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His car is terrific! Other people</p>
<p>pěng dōu bu neng pěng, gěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can*t even touch it, not to mention</p>
<p>bti yao shuo jiequ kāi le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;borrowing it to drive!</p>
<p>[Some other words meaning <sup>f</sup>to touch<sup>1</sup> are āi^ <sup>f</sup>to be close to, to be next to, to be touching*</p>
<p>Tā zui pa da zhēn. Zhen hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is extremely afraid of getting</p>
<p>měi āidao ta, tā jiu da jiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shots. She cries out before the</p>
<p>needle has even touched her.</p>
<p>dong: <sup>f</sup>to touch, to handle*</p>
<p>Nǐ biě dong wo zhuozishangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>r</sup>t touch the things on my desk,</p>
<p>dongxi, děng yihuǐr wo hui— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in a while when I come back 1*11</p>
<p>laile zījǐ shōushi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;straighten them up myself.</p>
<p>mo: <sup>f</sup>to feel, to rub, to touch* Here you also need to know that ruǎn means <sup>f</sup>to be soft, yielding to the touch<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Zhěijiān yīfu zhēn hǎo, moshang- This piece of clothing is really nice, qu ruānruǎnde; chuānzhe yiding very soft to the touch; it must be hen shūfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very comfortable to wear.D</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1^</p>
<p>tang: <sup>f</sup>to lie down<sup>1</sup>. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances , it requires some kind of complement: either a zai phrase telling where the subject ended up in a lying position, as in</p>
<p>Tā tǎngzai chuāngshang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He lay down on the bed.</p>
<p>or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in</p>
<p>Tā zāi chuāngshang tangzhe. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is/was lying on the bed.</p>
<p>or the directional ending -xia(lai)， as in</p>
<p>Daifu jiao wo tāngxia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor told me to lie down,</p>
<p>or the completion le， as in</p>
<p>Tangle bāntiān, haishi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 lay down for quite a long time，</p>
<p>shūfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but still felt ill.</p>
<p>Tā tangle yihuǐr, jiu Juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After I laid down for a while,工 felt</p>
<p>hǎo yidianr le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better-</p><h6>huǐfu: ’to restore; to return to (an original state); to recover (one,s health)<sup>1</sup>.</h6>
<p>Zhěige gSngchǎng yǐjīng huīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This factory has already restored</p>
<p>shēngchan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;production. (Production in many</p>
<p>areas was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)</p>
<p>Tā qiěnjǐnian dao nongcūn qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She went to the countryside several</p>
<p>le. Zuijin cai huīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;years ago. Only recently did she</p>
<p>gSngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return to work.</p>
<p>A: Wo shāngge yuě sheng bing- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I was sick last month and only this</p>
<p>le, zhěige xīngqi cai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;week am feeling like myself again, huīfu yidianr.</p>
<p>B: Kan nǐde yangzi, huīfude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Looking at your appearance I<sup>1</sup>d say</p>
<p>bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you<sup>f</sup>re pretty well recovered.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 15</p>
<p>qiānvan: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all means, for sure<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>1</sup> thousand ten-thousands<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Něitiāo jiēshang chē tai du5, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are too many cars on that</p>
<p>nǐ qiānwan biě qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;street, you are absolutely not to</p>
<p>go there.</p>
<p>Nǐ gang xuě kāi che, qiānwan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>1</sup>ve only just learned to drive a</p>
<p>xiāoxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;car, be sure to be careful.</p>
<p>Qiānwan zhuyi, bu yao xiěcuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be sure to be careful, don’t write</p>
<p>le, xiěcuole kě mafan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this incorrectly, if you do it’ll</p>
<p>be so much trouble.</p>
<p>dangxin: <sup>1</sup> to watch out, to watch oneself, to &quot;be cautious<sup>1</sup> . Not to &quot;be confused with dānxin, <sup>f</sup>to worry<sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>Gang xiale xuě, chū men dāngxin! It’s just snowed, watch yourself when</p>
<p>you go out,</p>
<p>Kāi chē shang jiě dāngxīn yi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Watch yourself when you go out</p>
<p>diǎnr a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;driving downtown!</p>
<p>Notes on Uo. l6</p>
<p>jieguS: <sup>f</sup>as a result, and so . ..<sup>f</sup> . One of the uses of this word is to connect the thought of one sentence with the next• (Another is as the noun <sup>1</sup> result(s)<sup>1</sup>.) It provides a transition from one sentence to another, as in</p>
<p>'As a result，then …Below is a monologue which takes place in Peking, in which the apeaker uses the word .iieguo in this way several times. (This is not meant to be an example of eloquence; in fact, you should not use .iieguo as repetitively as this speaker.)</p>
<p>Wo tīngshuS Xiao Wang he Xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard that Xiǎo Wang and Xiao Lī</p>
<p>Lǐ tan lian<sup>1</sup>ai le• Tande zenme yang are in love. How serious? Really ne? Tande bu cuo. Liāngge rěn d5u serious. The two of them had no měiyou yijian. Jiěguo Xiǎo Wangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problems with the idea (of getting</p>
<p>fňqin &quot;bū tongyi. Zhěijiān shi kě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married). But then Xiao Wang<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>jiu Idu hǎo Id各n le. Xiǎngle lDantian, father didn’t agree. The whole thing jiěguo hāishi Xiao Wang qu zhǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;liecame difficult to arrange. They</p>
<p>jūmin věiyuanhui. Jūwěihuide gantu thought for a long time， and as a he Xiao Wang tānle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jiěguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;result it was Xiǎo Wang who went to</p>
<p>hai Idu xing. Zenme &quot;ban? Xiǎo Wang seek out the neighlDorhood committee, you qu zhǎo paichusuo. Paichūsuode The neighborhood committee cadres you lāi he Lǎo Wang tānle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talked with Old Wang (Xiǎo Wang<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>■bāntiān, hāishi měiyou jiěguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;father) for a long time. But then</p>
<p>Zuihou nǐ xiǎng zěnineyāng, Xiǎo Lǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it still didn't go over. What to do?</p>
<p>ziji lāi he Lǎo Wang tānle, shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wang then went to seek out the</p>
<p>jiěhūn yǐhou 'bu iDanchuqu zhu, ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;local police station. And the police</p>
<p>zhāogu laorěnjiā. Zhěihuǐr Lao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;station cadres went to talk with Old</p>
<p>Wang mǎnyi le. Jiěguo Xiǎo Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wang too, &quot;but still no result. Well</p>
<p>Xiao Li gāogāoxingxīng jiěhūn le_ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what do you think happened in the end?</p>
<p>Xiǎo Lǐ vent herself to talk with Old Wang. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out, that she would take care of the old gentleman. That<sup>1</sup>s when Old Wang iDecame satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wang and Xiao Lī were happily married.</p>
<p>tongkǔ: <sup>1</sup> to &quot;be in pain, to &quot;be suffering<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Tā něi shihou hen tongkǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She was in a great deal of pain at</p>
<p>that time.</p>
<p>Lian<sup>1</sup> āi shitaile tā hen tongkǔ. It was very hard on him when they</p>
<p>&quot;broke up.</p>
<p>Zhěijiān shiqing rang ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This matter pained him a great deal,</p>
<p>fēichāng tongkǔ.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1了</p>
<p>duo kuāi: <sup>f</sup>how fast\* Duo or the alternate form duome is used in exclamatory sentences to mean •how •••!’ Here are some more examples:</p><h5>Nǐ kan cai shuole liǎngju hua, You see you only have to say two tā jiu Idu gāo xing le. Duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sentences and she gets unhappy.</h5>
<p>rang rěn bū hao yīsi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It really makes a person embarrassed!</p>
<p>Zhěi kūzi zhěnme duan, chuān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These pants are so short, when you</p>
<p>shang duo nanshou! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wear them they<sup>f</sup>11 be so</p>
<p>uncomfortable.</p>
<p>Zhěiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This book is so well written!</p>
<p>Wo bǎ chē yāoshi fangzi chuāng- 工 left the car keys on the bed. How shang. Duo ben! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;stupid!</p>
<p>yixiazi: <sup>f</sup>in a flash，at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once， in no time<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wǒ huā hai měi shuSwan, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hadn<sup>f</sup>t yet finished speaking when</p>
<p>yixiazi jiu shēngqi le_ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he got angry all of a sudden. Who</p>
<p>Shěi zhīdao wěishěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;knows why?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 18</p>
<p>Wangjiā: ’the Wang family<sup>1</sup>, referring either to the people, the social unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).</p>
<p>pang: <sup>f</sup>to be fat, to get fat<sup>f</sup>. The verb pang can be used in two ways: one as an adjectival verb <sup>f</sup>to be fat<sup>1</sup>, the other as a process verb ’to get fat<sup>1</sup> . To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in babies and children.</p>
<p>Adjectival verb (state)</p>
<p>Tā hen pang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is fat.</p>
<p>Tā xiǎo shihou bu pang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She vasn<sup>f</sup>t fat vhen she vas little.</p>
<p>Wǒ hen pā pang, shěnme dou bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m afraid of being fat, I don* dare</p>
<p>gān chī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eat anything.</p>
<p>Process verb</p>
<p>Zuijin shēntǐ hǎole, tā pang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lately his health got better and he</p>
<p>duō le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got very fat.</p>
<p>Nǐ shi bu shi pāngle yidiǎndiǎn, Haven*t you put on just a little bit Ērgē a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of weight, Older Brother?</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and her daughter—in-law to see the</p>
<p>daughter-in-law's new baby:</p>
<p>F: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you're</p>
<p>nin zhēn you fuqi, nlnde xifu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so lucky! Your daught er-in-law had a</p>
<p>touyitāi jiu gěi nin shengle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;big fat grandson for you~and it was</p>
<p>yige da pang sūnzi. Ninde xifu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just her first! Have your daughter-</p>
<p>he xiao baobao cong yiyuan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in-law and the little darling come</p>
<p>huilaile měiyou? Tāmen dou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back from the hospital yet? They're</p>
<p>hǎo ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both doing well, I hope?</p>
<p>Z ： Xiěxie, xiěxie! Tāmen dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you! They're both fine. They</p>
<p>hǎo, jīntiān zǎoshang gang cong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just came back from the hospital</p>
<p>yīyuaji huilai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this morning.</p>
<p>F: Wo zhěli you yige hongbāo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have a ’red envelope<sup>1</sup> for the</p>
<p>shi gěi xiǎo baobaode• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby here•</p>
<p>Z: Ai! Bū gan dāng, nin zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! You shouldn't have. You're</p>
<p>shi tai kěqi le, hěbi pofei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really too kind. Why should you</p>
<p>ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spend all this money?</p>
<p>F: Nāli, nāli! Zhǐ shi yidian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t be silly. This is just a</p>
<p>xiǎo yxsi. Haizi you duo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;little something to express my</p>
<p>zhong a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feelings. How much does the baty</p>
<p>weigh?</p>
<p>Z: Hāizi shēngxialaide shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was eight pounds seven ounces</p>
<p>shi babāng qī. Zhěge haizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at birth. He<sup>1</sup>s really a healthy</p>
<p>shēntǐ zhen hao, zhēn něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby, and he eats a lot. Right after</p>
<p>chī. Gang wěibǎo, yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his feeding, in no time he<sup>f</sup>s hungry</p>
<p>you ě le. Ni ting, ta you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again. Listen, he's crying again.</p>
<p>kū le, shěngyin zhēn da, dagai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What a loud voice! He probably</p>
<p>you yao chī nai le. Women qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wants to nurse again. Let's go see. kajikan.</p>
<p>C: 0! Fāng Bomu, nin ye lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh! Auntie Fang, you've come</p>
<p>le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too!</p>
<p>F： Gōngxǐ, gōngxi\ Wo lāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Congratulations! I've come to see</p>
<p>kan ni ěrzi lai le! Zhěge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;your son! He looks so good! What</p>
<p>hāizi zhangde zhēn hao, du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lucky physiognomy! you fuxiang!</p>
<p>C: Xiěxie, xiěxie! Tuo ninde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thank you! It*s all thanks to your</p>
<p>fu! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lucky influence!</p>
<p>F: Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How are you feeling? You have to</p>
<p>Yuězili yao xiaoxin, bu yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be careful for the first month after</p>
<p>chī shēnglengde dSngxi, bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;giving birth. Don<sup>f</sup>t eat raw or cold</p>
<p>yāo chuī fēng, bu yāo peng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foods, stay out of drafts, avoid cold</p>
<p>leng shuǐ， yě bu yao chu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;water, and don’t leave the house•</p>
<p>men. Ni kān, Liujia nāge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look at Mrs. Liu who didn’t pay</p>
<p>xifu zuo yuězi bu zhuyi, chang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;attention during the first month after</p>
<p>kāi diān bīngxiāng, yong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;giving birth; she opened the refrig-</p>
<p>leng shuǐ, jiěguo dele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;erator a lot and used cold water, and</p>
<p>fēngshī， tongkǔde hen. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ended up getting rheumatism. She</p>
<p>Xianzai hai yao tiāntiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suffered so much. Nov she still has</p>
<p>chi Zhōngyāo. Nǐ qiānwan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take Chinese medicine every day,</p>
<p>yāo dāngxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be absolutely sure you watch out.</p>
<p>Z: Shi a! Wo yijīng gaosu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right! I<sup>f</sup>ve already told her. You</p>
<p>ta le, yuězili shěnme shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shouldn’t do anything at all during</p>
<p>d5u bu yao zuo, du5 tangzhe, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first month after giving birth,</p>
<p>duō xiūxi, du5 chi haode, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You should lie dovn a lot, get a lot</p>
<p>shēntǐ jiu huifude kuai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of rest, eat a lot of good food, and</p>
<p>yidian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;then your health will come back</p>
<p>faster.</p>
<p>F: Wo zou le， guo jǐtiān zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>m going to leave now. I<sup>1</sup>11 come</p>
<p>lai kaji nī gin xiǎo bǎobao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;back in a few days to see you and the</p>
<p>baby.</p>
<p>C: Deng ylxia. Ni dai jīge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wait a second. Take a few red eggs</p>
<p>hongdaji qu, manyuěde shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with you. We’ll invite you to the</p>
<p>zai qǐng ni chī mǎnyuě j iǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;celebration dinner when the &quot;baby is</p>
<p>one month old.</p>
<p>F: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wo yiding lai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All right, I '11 be sure to come.</p>
<p>NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>hongdan: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and prosperity to the farmer. HSngdan are sometimes also used as gifts from a nevly-engaged couple to their friends.</p><h6>Vocabulary</h6>
<p>-bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pound (unit of weight)</p>
<p>bǎobao (bǎobao) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby, darling (term of endearment</p>
<p>for a young child) bīngxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;refrigerator, ice box</p>
<p>bu gǎn dāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m flattered, You shouldn't have,</p>
<p>工 don，t deserve this</p>
<p>chi nai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to nurse, to suckle</p>
<p>chuī fēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have air blow on oneself, to be</p>
<p>in a draft</p>
<p>dāngxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to watch out</p>
<p>dě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get</p>
<p>duo kuāi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how fast!</p>
<p>ěrduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ear</p>
<p>fēngshī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rheumatism</p>
<p>fuqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blessings, luck</p>
<p>fiaxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lucky physiognomy</p>
<p>hongbāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a red envelope with a gift or bribe</p>
<p>of money in it</p>
<p>hongdan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eggs dyed red</p>
<p>huīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to recover</p>
<p>jiěguo (jiēguǒ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as a result; result, results</p>
<p>manyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a full month after the &quot;birth of a</p>
<p>baby</p>
<p>manyuějiǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;celebration meal one month after a</p>
<p>baby is &quot;born</p>
<p>pang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be fat</p>
<p>pěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to touch</p>
<p>pofei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to spend a lot of money (on someone),</p>
<p>to go to some expense</p>
<p>qiānwan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;by all means, be sure to; (in com</p>
<p>bination with a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances</p>
<p>shēnglěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;raw or cold foods</p>
<p>shēngxialai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be born</p>
<p>sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandson</p>
<p>-tāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;birth</p>
<p>tang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to lie,to recline</p>
<p>tongkǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be painful</p>
<p>touyige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first</p>
<p>touyitāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first pregnancy, the first baby</p>
<p>tu5 ninde fu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thanks to your lucky influence, many</p>
<p>thanks</p>
<p>Wangjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Wang family</p>
<p>wěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to feed</p>
<p>xiao bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobao) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby, darling (term of endearment</p>
<p>fcr a young child) xiaoxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be careful</p>
<p>xifu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law</p>
<p>yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an instant, a moment, a while</p>
<p>yuězi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month of confinement after giving</p>
<p>birth to a child</p>
<p>zhāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</p>
<p>zhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be heavy</p>
<p>zuo yuězi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through the month of confinement</p>
<p>and special care after childbirth</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth， and Death: Unit 5</p>
<p>PART 工</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ zui,iin chūchāi qu le, měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I We &quot;been out of town on business</p>
<p>něng cān.jiā zhěge hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lately, so 工 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;able to</p>
<p>participate in this meeting.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ zāi shang Xīngqīěr jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last Tuesday I heard the news that</p>
<p>tīngdao tā zǔmǔ qushide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his grandmother had passed away,</p>
<p>xiāoxi.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mingtiān wǒ yāo qū diaosāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow going to present my</p>
<p>condolences at the funeral.</p>
<p>鸟.Mingtiān wo yāo bang tāmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow I <sup>f</sup>m going to help them take</p>
<p>ban sānglǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of the funeral.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ fuqin yixiang xǐhuan he &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father alvays liked to drink, but</p>
<p>jiǔ, shāngge yuě hūran &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last month he decided all of a</p>
<p>juěding zāi yě bu he le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sudden that he would never drink</p>
<p>again.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo fuqin fanle xīnzan^in^. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father had .a heart attack.</p>
<p>了. Women Ranjǐn bǎ tā laorěnjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We rushed him to Taiwan University</p>
<p>songdao TaiDā Yiyuan qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hospital.</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yīshēng shu5 jīngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor said that she had been</p>
<p>yǐjīng jiuguolai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saved through emergency treatment.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐ zǔmǔ yixiang hen bǎozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your grandmother always took good</p>
<p>shēntǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;care of herself.</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā guoqude shihou, nian.ji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She must have &quot;been quite old when</p>
<p>yiding hen da le &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she passed away.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo tīngwānle yǐhou xīnli hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After I listened to it I couldn't</p>
<p>jiǔ bu něng ping.jingxialai• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calm dovn for quite a while.</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hen bāoqian, wǒ měi něng gǎnhui- I<sup>f</sup>m sorry 工 couldn<sup>f</sup>t rush back in</p>
<p>lai diaosāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time for the funeral.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工 Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>zui.jin: <sup>f</sup>lately, recently; in the near future<sup>1</sup>. This word can either refer to the near past or the near future,</p>
<p>A: Ta zuijin zěnmeyāng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How has she been lately?</p>
<p>B: Zuijin tā hen hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lately she<sup>1</sup>s. been very well.</p>
<p>Wo zuijin zai nian shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve been studying lately.</p>
<p>Wo zui j in yao dao Jiāzhou qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to &quot;be going to California</p>
<p>in the near future.</p>
<p>chūchāi： <sup>f</sup>to go away on official business<sup>f</sup>.</p>
<p>Mingtiān chūchāi, jīntiān hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow I<sup>f</sup>m going away on business,</p>
<p>māng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so today is a busy day.</p>
<p>Zhěci chūchāi, qū shenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where are you going on this business</p>
<p>difang? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trip?</p>
<p>Zhejian shi, děng wo chūle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ll get to this matter after my</p>
<p>chāi yihou zāi ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;business trip.</p>
<p>Zhěci chūchāi huilai, kěyi dai When 工 come &quot;back from this &quot;business diǎn dongxi gěi ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;trip, I’ll be able to bring you</p>
<p>back a little something.</p>
<p>can.jiā: <sup>f</sup>to participate in; to attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering, performance, etc.); to join、</p>
<p>Wo jihua xia Xingq.īyi yao dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m planning to go to New York next</p>
<p>Niǔ Yue qu war. Nī xiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;week to relax. Do you want to</p>
<p>bu xiǎng can jiā? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;join in?</p>
<p>Wo yao cānjiā mingtiān xiavude I<sup>f</sup>m going to attend the meeting hui. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow afternoon.</p>
<p>Zuotiān women gěi Zhāng Taitai Yesterday vhen we gave the going—away songxing, nǐ yě cānjiā le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;party for Mrs. Zhang, did you come</p>
<p>ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too?</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>zai shang Xingq_īěr: <sup>f</sup>on last Tuesday<sup>1</sup> . Notice that zai is used here with an expression stating a time when something occurs. In this sentence, zai is optional. Here are some more examples:</p>
<p>Zhěge hui zāi xiāge yuě kāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This meeting will be held next month.</p>
<p>Zhěge haizi zāi qunian qiūtiān This child began studying at home kāishǐ zāi jiā nian shū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last fall.</p>
<p>Wǒ zāi shāngge lǐbāi mǎile &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last week I bought a wedding gown,</p>
<p>yijian jiěhūn lǐfu.</p><h6>Zāi Yī j iǔliīisānnian wǒ rěnshi- 工 met him in 1963-le ta.</h6>
<p>Zāi Yī j iǔvulingnian wǒ jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 read this book back in 1950 -</p>
<p>kānguo zhěběn shū.</p>
<p>zǔmǔ: <sup>1</sup>(paternal) grandmother<sup>1</sup>. Remember that this refers exclusively to the father<sup>1</sup> s mother. The mother<sup>1</sup> s mother is waizǔmǔ. [A grandmother is usually addressed by her son’s children as nainai.] Here is a chart showing these terms:</p>
<p>w &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;w w &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v . w „ v &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v . w w</p>
<p>zufu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zumu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;waizufu_ waizumu</p>
<p>(yěye) (nainai) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(vaigōng) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(waipo)</p>
<p>fuqin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mǔqin</p>
<p>(baba) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(māma)</p>
<p>wo -----</p>
<p>qushi: <sup>f</sup>to pass away<sup>1</sup>• Literally, this means <sup>1</sup> to go (from this) world<sup>1</sup>. It is a euphemism for <sup>1</sup> to die<sup>1</sup>, which is introduced in Unit 6.</p>
<p>Xiǎo Wangde fuqin qūshi yǐjīng It<sup>f</sup>s been two years since Xiǎo Wang<sup>1</sup>s liǎngnian le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;father died.</p>
<p>xiāoxi: <sup>1</sup> news, information, tidings <sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Zhěiliǎngtiān bāozhǐshang yǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The past couple of days there<sup>1</sup>s been</p>
<p>hen duo guanyu ZhSngguode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of news about China in the</p>
<p>xiāoxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;newspaper.</p>
<p>Jīntiān bāozhǐshang you shěnme What news is there in the newspaper xīn xiāoxi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today?</p>
<p>Women jiā liāngge yuě měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Our family hasn<sup>f</sup>t sent a letter in</p>
<p>xin le, shěnme xiāoxi d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;two months, there<sup>f</sup>s no news at all.</p>
<p>měiyou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Said &quot;by one family memlDer who is</p>
<p>separated from the rest.)</p>
<p>Xiāoxi can &quot;be used with the counter -ge to mean <sup>1</sup> a piece of news, an item of news<sup>1</sup> :</p>
<p>Wo you yige hǎo xiāoxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 have a piece of good news.</p>
<p>Note on No. 3</p>
<p>diaosāng: <sup>1</sup>to present one<sup>1</sup>s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral<sup>1</sup>. At a traditional funeral, the guests, &quot;by groups, present their condolences to the family of the deceased in a &quot;brief formal ceremony.</p>
<p>Jīntiān wo qu diaosāng, jiāndao Today when 工 was at the funeral 工 nin jia laotāitai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saw your grandmother.</p>
<p>Note on No. ^</p>
<p>sānglǐ: <sup>1</sup> the funeral ceremony<sup>1</sup>. [Sang- in some comMnations means <sup>1</sup> funeral<sup>1</sup>, for example, sāngfu <sup>1</sup> funeral clothing<sup>1</sup>, or sāngshi <sup>1</sup> funeral<sup>1</sup>.1 On a volunteer &quot;basis, family, friends, and villagers help with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.</p>
<p>Notes on No. $</p>
<p>yixiang: <sup>1</sup> always (up to now)<sup>1</sup>. This advert indicates that something has &quot;been so all along up until now (and may either continue the same way or else change).</p>
<p>Wo yixiang ai chī tiān dianxin. I<sup>f</sup>ve always like to eat sweet snacks.</p>
<p>Tā yixiang nian shū niānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has always done very well in his</p>
<p>hen hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;studies.</p>
<p>Wū Laoshi yixiang xihuan haizi. Teacher Wū has always liked children.</p>
<p>Xia Xiānsheng yixiang hen kěqi. Mr, Xia has always &quot;been very polite•</p>
<p>hūran: Suddenly<sup>1</sup> . This is a time word. It may go &quot;before the verb, or at the front of the sentence.</p>
<p>Wo hūrān xiangqilai, wode xin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 suddenly rememlDered that I hadn’t</p>
<p>hai měiyou ji. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mailed my letter yet.</p>
<p>Hūrān, tā pǎolai le, hǎoxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Suddenly, he came running in, as if</p>
<p>you shěnme shi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there were something wrong.</p>
<p>Hūrān tiān xia yǔ le, xiade &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Suddenly it started raining, raining</p>
<p>hao da. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very hard.</p>
<p>Tā jinlai zuole yihuǐr, hūrān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He came in and sat dovn for a while,</p>
<p>jiu zou le_ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and then left all of a sudden.</p>
<p>zai ye ~bu he le: ’will never drink again<sup>1</sup>. Sometimes people ask what is the word for <sup>1</sup> never<sup>1</sup> in Chinese. The answer is that <sup>1</sup> never<sup>1</sup> is not expressed by one word, &quot;but rather &quot;by a combination of adverbs and negative. Not only is <sup>1</sup> never<sup>1</sup> rendered into Chinese by several words, but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need to know that yongyuǎn is the word for <sup>1</sup> forever<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo conglai měi chīguo ZhSngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cai.</p>
<p>Wo conglai bu kān něiyangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve never read those kinds of books.</p>
<p>shū.</p>
<p>Tāde wenti yongyuǎn &quot;bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His problems can never be solved,</p>
<p>jiejue.</p>
<p>Wo zāi yě bu qu nāli le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll never go there again.</p>
<p>The adverb zāi and a negative, such as měiyou, can be used to express the idea of not doing something anymore.</p>
<p>Bing hǎole yǐhou, tā měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After he got well, he didn't drink</p>
<p>zai he jiǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anymore.</p>
<p>Yǐhou vo &quot;bu zai zuo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future I von't do it again.</p>
<p>Bu yao zāi da ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>1</sup>1 hit him any more.</p>
<p>If zai is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is more emphatic.</p>
<p>Wo zai bu huilai le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m never coming &quot;back here again!</p>
<p>If is added &quot;between zai and the negative, the meaning is approximately the same.</p>
<p>Wǒ zāi yě &quot;bu chī tāng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m never going to eat candy again.</p>
<p>Neitiao lu bu hǎo zou, nǐ zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That road is hard to go on, don’t</p><h3>yě &quot;biě zǒu něitiāo lu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever take it again.</h3>
<p>Nǐ zai yě biě kan zhě zhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don* t ever read this kind of book</p>
<p>shū le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again.</p>
<p>Nage fandiande cai tai guī, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That restaurant is too expensive;</p>
<p>wo zhǐ qule yici, jiu zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 only went there once and then</p>
<p>yě měi quguo le• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I never went back again•</p>
<p>Women shi tongxuě, kěshi likāi We were schoolmates, but after we xuěxiao yǐhou, wǒ jiu zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;left the school,工 never saw him</p>
<p>yě měi kanjian ta le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again.</p>
<p>Sānge yuě yǐqiān xiāguo yichǎng Three months ago it rained once, and yǔ, yīhou jiu zāi yě měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;since then it hasn’t rained again,</p>
<p>xiāguo le.</p>
<p>More on * Again<sup>1</sup> : Up until now you<sup>f</sup>ve seen zai <sup>f</sup> again<sup>1</sup> used in sentences which did not express a completed event and you used in sentences which did.</p>
<p>Mingtiān zāi lai ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come again tomorrow!</p>
<p>ou, ni you lai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oh, you*ve come again!</p>
<p>But there are further qualifications on the use of <sup>1</sup> again* in Chinese. While zai always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that is future activities or events, you is not totally limited to activities or events which are completed or past. You may be used in present or future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it may be treated like something which has actually happened.</p>
<p>Mingtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And tomorrow is Monday again.</p>
<p>Zhě you yao duSshao qian a? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And how much money is needed again</p>
<p>for this?</p>
<p>Zhěi yītiān you yāo wan le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;And this day is about to end too.</p>
<p>(Said at the end of a long busy day with many things left to do.)</p>
<p>Xianzai wo you you gSngzuo le. Now I have a job again.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 6</p>
<p>fan: <sup>1</sup>to have an attack (of a disease), to have a recurrence of， to revert to (an old habit)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā you fan lǎo māobing le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That old problem of his is acting</p>
<p>zhějītiān hen bu shūfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;up again. He hasn<sup>1</sup>t been feeling</p>
<p>well the last few days.</p>
<p>Shāngge yuě tā fan bing le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Last month he had a recurrence; and</p>
<p>xuěyā hǎo gāo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his blood pressure was really</p>
<p>high!</p>
<p>Biě fan nǐde lao māobing le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don't fall back into your old habit</p>
<p>kuai qu shang xuě qu ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(of skipping sthool), get yourself</p>
<p>to school.</p>
<p>xinzangbing: <sup>f</sup>heart disease*. Xinzāng is 'heart<sup>1</sup>^</p>
<p>Notes on No. 了</p>
<p>gǎnjǐn: <sup>f</sup>in a hurry*. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up and start doing something. It can often be translated as ’to hurry up and<sup>1</sup> , or <sup>!</sup>to rush, to (do something)' . Here are some examples:</p>
<p>Nabiān chū chēhuo le, nǐ gǎn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>f</sup>s been a car accident over</p>
<p>jǐn qīi kānkan I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there, hurry up and go look!</p>
<p>Jīntiān xiavu, tā zou le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was leaving this afternoon, so at</p>
<p>zh5nguǔ vo gǎnjǐn pěi ta qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;noontime I hurried to go out to</p>
<p>chi wufan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lunch with him.</p>
<p>Kuai jiudian le, wo yāo gǎnjǐn It*s almost nine o*clock, I have to zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hurry up and leave.</p>
<p>Gǎnjǐn means only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say <sup>f</sup>He made dinner in a hurry, so it didn't come out well<sup>1</sup>, meaning that he finished cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use gǎn<sub>t</sub>jǐn; you could say Yīnwei tā zuo fan zuode tai kuai， suoyi zuode bu hǎo.</p>
<p>tā lǎorěn.liā: Lǎorěn.jiǎ is a respectful way of referring to or addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost always preceded by ni_ or nin<sub>a</sub> as in</p>
<p>Qǐngwěn nin lāorěnjia, dāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Excuse me， sir, how do I get to</p>
<p>Zhongshān Lu zěnme zou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhongshan Road?</p>
<p>Nǐ lǎorěnjia, zuijin zěnmeyang? How have you been lately? Have you Shēntǐ hao &quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;been in good health, I hope?</p>
<p>A third party can &quot;be referred to as tā lǎorěn.jiǎ:</p>
<p>Tā lǎorěnjia shuō le, zhě jiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He said that we don<sup>f</sup>t need to be in</p>
<p>shi būbi jizhe ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a rush to do this.</p>
<p>Wo gěi tā lǎorěnjia song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;come to give him some pastries.</p>
<p>yidian dianxin lai.</p>
<p>Wo wěnguo wǒ zǔfu le， tā lǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 asked my grandfather, and he said</p>
<p>rěnjia shuō mingniān zanmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our whole family is going to</p>
<p>quanjia q.īi Shanghai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shanghai next year.</p>
<p>Here are two examples of lǎorěn.lia &quot;being used as a respectful word for ’old people<sup>1</sup>:</p>
<p>Jīntiān, liǎngwěi lǎorěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today those two (old people) had a</p>
<p>tande hen gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very pleasant conversation.</p>
<p>Lǎorěnjiamen d5u xǐhuan chi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Older people like to eat soft foods.</p>
<p>ruǎnde dōngxi.</p>
<p>In Peking, the syllable lǎo in lǎorěnjia receives the heaviest stress of the three syllables, and jia is in the neutral tone.</p>
<p>song: <sup>1</sup> to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to see someone off or out<sup>1</sup>. The &quot;basic meaning of this word is to accompany someone who is leaving, &quot;but as you can see from the various translations given, song can &quot;be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are some examples:</p>
<p>Wo qū &quot;bǎ kěren songdao daměn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going to show the guests out the</p>
<p>waitou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;front door,</p>
<p>Nǐ song ta hui jiā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Escort her home, or^Walk her home.</p>
<p>or Take her home.</p>
<p>Tā mingtiān zou, women dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>1</sup>s leaving tomorrow and ve<sup>1</sup> re</p>
<p>jīchǎng qu song ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to the airport to see her</p>
<p>off.</p>
<p>Wo song ta dao xuěxiao q_u. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 took him to school. (E.g.,工 drove</p>
<p>him there or I walked there with him.)</p>
<p>To specify that you are taking someone in a car, you can phrase your sentence this way:</p>
<p>Wo kāi chē song ta dao xuěxiao I drove her to school. qu.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 8</p>
<p>.1 ingguo: You have seen jīngguo meaning <sup>1</sup> to go thru<sup>1</sup> . Here it is used to mean •though<sup>1</sup> in the sense of <sup>f-</sup>by means of<sup>1</sup> . It can also &quot;be translated •as a result of,， ,after,， ,through,， or ,via,•</p>
<p>Tā shēntī yizhi bu hǎo, danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His health has been bad.all along,</p>
<p>wǒ xiǎng jīngguo ylduān shi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but 工 think after a short period</p>
<p>jiānde bǎoyǎng, kěněng hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of taking care of himself, he</p>
<p>hǎo yidian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might get a little &quot;better,</p>
<p>\</p>
<p>Jīngguo sāntiānde kǎolū, wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After three days of consideration,</p>
<p>juěding he tā jiěhūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I*ve decided to marry him.</p>
<p>Jīngguo dajiāde null, zhějian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As a result of everyone<sup>1</sup>s hard work,</p>
<p>shiqing chěnggSng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this matter has succeeded.</p>
<p>Zhěge jihua bixii jīngguo tǎo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This plan must go through discussion,</p>
<p>lun.</p>
<p><sup>1</sup> emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to receive emergency treatment<sup>1</sup> . Notice that &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can mean to give or get</p>
<p>emergency treatment.</p>
<p>Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jijiude &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today is already the third day of</p>
<p>disāntiān le, bu zhīdao yǒu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emergency (intensive care) treat-</p>
<p>měiyou xīwang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ment. 工 don’t know if there’s .</p>
<p>any hope.</p>
<p>Tāde chēzi yǐjlng wanle, rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His car is finished (totalled), and</p>
<p>zāi jijiū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he himself is undergoing emergency</p>
<p>treatment.</p>
<p>Gāngcai chū chēhuo, you jǐge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There’s just been a car accident, and</p>
<p>rěn shoushāng le, yīshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;several people were injured. The</p>
<p>zhěngzai jijiū, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doctor is administering first-aid.</p>
<p>Ji.jiu refers only to aid given in incidents of a relatively serious nature, usually those where life is in danger; for example, cases of severe injury or acute attacks of an illness -</p>
<p>.jiuffliolai: <sup>f</sup>to save、literally <sup>1</sup> to save over<sup>1</sup> . The directional verb ending guolai ^ver* sometimes shows the recovery of an original desirable or normal state. For example, in ,jiu^uolai it implies the change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the patient can be expected to' live.</p>
<p>Daren qingkuang hai hǎo, haizi The adult * s condition is all right, jiubuguolai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but the child cannot be saved.</p>
<p>Zhěge juzi xiěcuo le, wǒ yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This sentence is wrong,工 have to</p>
<p>bǎ ta gǎiguolai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;correct it.</p>
<p>Zhěge dizhǐ xiěde &quot;bu dui, nin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This address is wrong, you have to</p>
<p>děi gǎiguolai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;correct it.</p>
<p>Zuo huochē zuole s anti an lei- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After three days on the train, iPm</p>
<p>huai le, yāo shui yidā jiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;exhausted, 工 *11 have to have a</p>
<p>cai něng xiūxiguolai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good long sleep before 工 can be</p>
<p>well rested.</p>
<p>Shāngwu mangle sivǔge zhongtou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the morning I ran around for four</p>
<p>zhāngwǔ shui ge wǔjiāo, ren &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or five hours， but then after a</p>
<p>•jiu xiūxiguolai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nap at noon, I felt very rested.</p>
<p>Tiān tai leng, he kou jiǔ jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The weather is too cold, a sip of</p>
<p>nuānhuoguolai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wine will warm you up.</p>
<p>Wo hǎoxiāng bing le， chuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 seem to be sick, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;got on all</p>
<p>zhěnme du5 yīfu d5u měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;these clothes and 工 still can<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>banfa nuānhuoguolai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;get warm.</p>
<p>Note on No, 9</p>
<p>&quot;baozhong: <sup>f</sup>to take care of oneself, to take care of (one's health)<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Hǎohao baozhong shēntī, biě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Take good care of your health, don<sup>f</sup>t</p>
<p>lěihuai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wear yourself out.</p>
<p>In telling someone to &quot;be sure to take care of himself, bao zhong is usually-preceded by du5 or du5du5 <sup>f</sup>more (than usual)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Yilu ping<sup>1</sup>an, duō baozhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have a good trip, and take good care</p>
<p>of yourself.</p>
<p>Nǐde bing gang hao, duōduS &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You just got over your illness, take</p>
<p>baozhong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;real good care of yourself.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 10</p>
<p>guoqu: 'to pass away<sup>1</sup>. Like English 'pass away<sup>1</sup>, this is a euphemism for 'to die<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tāde zǔfu zuotiān wanshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His grandfather passed away last</p>
<p>guoqu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;night.</p>
<p>Nī muqin shi shěnme shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When did your mother pass away? guoqude?</p>
<p>Wo mǔqin guoqude shihou, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 was still very young when my hai hen xiǎo. mother passed away.</p>
<p>nianji: <sup>1</sup>(a person<sup>1</sup>s) age<sup>1</sup>. Here are some frequently used patterns you should learn by heart:</p>
<p>Nin duo da niānji le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you? (polite way of</p>
<p>asking an adult<sup>f</sup> s age)</p>
<p>Tā nianji &quot;bu xiǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She<sup>}</sup> s not young any more.</p>
<p>Tā nianji da le. or Tā shāngle He<sup>1</sup> s getting on in years. niānji le.</p>
<p>[Although the adjectival verb da <sup>1</sup> to be big<sup>1</sup> is used after nian.ji to mean <sup>1</sup> to be old<sup>1</sup> , when you want to say <sup>1</sup> to be young<sup>1</sup> , you should use the adjectival verb qing <sup>f</sup>to be light<sup>1</sup> rather than xiǎo <sup>1</sup>to be small<sup>1</sup>; for example,</p>
<p>Tā niān<sub>t</sub>1i hai qīng，bū yinggāi rang ta qū gōngzuo, <sup>f</sup>He<sup>f</sup>s still young, you shouldn<sup>1</sup>t make him go get a job.<sup>1</sup>^</p>
<p>Note on No. 11</p>
<p>pin^jin^: <sup>f</sup> to be calm<sup>1</sup> . Ping.lingxialai， <sup>1</sup> to calm down*.</p>
<p>Shuishāng yizhī chuan dōu měi- There wasn<sup>f</sup>t a single boat on the .you, ye měiyou fēng, hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;water, and there was no wind. It</p>
<p>pingjing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was very calm.</p>
<p>Kanjian jiāli rěn dōu hen hǎo, When I saw that everyone in the xīnli pingjingdeduō le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family was all right, I felt much</p>
<p>calmer.</p>
<p>As in the last example above, plng,jing is often used with xīnli <sup>1</sup> in the heart<sup>1</sup> to describe one<sup>1</sup>s emotional state.</p>
<p>Jīntiān tā hen shēngqi, wo měi He got very angry today and there banfa rāng ta pingj ingxiālai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was no way I could get him to calm</p>
<p>down.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 12</p>
<p>mei něng: <sup>f</sup>was not able to<sup>1</sup>. Here you see the auxiliary verb něng used with the negative měi• You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bū, (bu hǎo, bu zhīdao) not with měi • Here, however, you see měi něng instead of bū něng. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always negated with bu. Actually, either bū něng or mei něng would be acceptable in this sentence.</p>
<p>Some speakers, however, feel that there is a subtle difference between bū něng and měi něng vhen referring to an event in the past. For example, one can say Wo zuotiān měi něng qū as well as Wo zuotiān bū něns qu.</p>
<p>Wo zu$tiān měi něng qu hints at the fact that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go, whereas Wo zuotiān bū něng qū merely describes the state of being unable to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference</p>
<p>in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some significance. (For the first example sentence， you need to knov that mīmi means •secret<sup>1</sup>.)</p>
<p>Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wo &quot;bu něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday when you asked me， I</p>
<p>gāosu ni， yīnwei zhě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;couldn’t tell you, because it<sup>1</sup>s a</p>
<p>*mimi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;secret.</p>
<p>Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, vo měi něng Yesterday vhen you asked me， I gaosu ni, yīnwei Zhāng Sān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng</p>
<p>zhān zai pangbiān, wo bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sān was standing there, and I</p>
<p>xiǎng rang ta zhīdao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;didn’t want to let him know about</p>
<p>it.</p>
<p>gǎnhuilai: <sup>T</sup>to rush back<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>D5u liudian zhōng le，wo xiǎng It’s six o<sup>1</sup> clock already, I think tā dāgāi ganbuhuilai le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she probably won’t make it back</p>
<p>in time.</p>
<p>Xiāwil wǔdiǎn zhāng, women you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;At five in the afternoon we have a</p>
<p>ge huī, ni gǎndehuilai gǎn— &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meeting. Can you make it back in</p>
<p>buhuilai?</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father<sup>1</sup>s death:</p>
<p>A: Wǒ zuijin chūchāi qu le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I vent away on &quot;business lately and</p>
<p>jīngguo Tainande shihou tīngdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard the news of your father<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>nǐ fuqin qushide xiāoxi• Zhēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;death when I was passing through</p>
<p>■baoqian, wǒ mei něng gǎnhuilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tainan. I'm so sorry I couldn’t make</p>
<p>diaosāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it &quot;back in time to go to the funeral.</p>
<p>B: Wǒ fuqin dele &quot;bing, hen kuai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father passed away very soon after</p>
<p>jiu guoqu le. Women you xie &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he &quot;became ill. We even have relatives</p>
<p>zāi waidide qīnqi dou měi něng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;outside the area who couldn’t make</p>
<p>laidejl cānjiā sānglǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it to the funeral.</p>
<p>A: Wo jide nǐ fuqin shēntǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As 工 recall your father<sup>1</sup> s health was</p>
<p>yixiang &quot;bū cuo, zhěci dele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always pretty good, what illness did</p>
<p>shěnme bing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he get this time?</p>
<p>B: 0, wo fuqin shēntǐ shi &quot;bū cuo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, my father<sup>1</sup> s health vas pretty</p>
<p>jiūshi xīnzaxig &quot;bu tai hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good, only his heart wasn<sup>1</sup>1 so good,</p>
<p>zhěci hūran fanle xinzangting, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This time he had a sudden heart attack,</p>
<p>women gǎnjǐn bǎ tā lǎorěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and ve rushed him to Taiwan University</p>
<p>songdao TaiDā Yiyuan qu. Kěshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hospital. But even the emergency</p>
<p>jīngguo jljiu, hāishi měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;treatment didn’t save him. jiuguolai.</p>
<p>A: Wo zǔmǔ yě shi xinzangtiing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My grandmother also died of heart</p>
<p>qushide. Hao xiang nianji dalede &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;disease. Older people seem to &quot;be</p>
<p>rěn dele xinzanglDing yǐhou, hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very hard to cure after they get</p>
<p>nan zhihǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart disease. When your father</p>
<p>guoqude shihou &quot;bū tāi tongkǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed away he wasn<sup>f</sup>t in much pain,</p>
<p>&quot;ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I hope?</p>
<p>B: Shide. Tā guoqude shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No. He was rather calm when he</p>
<p>&quot;bijiao plngjing, haoxiang &quot;bū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed away. He didn’t seem to &quot;be</p>
<p>tai tongkǔ* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in too much pain.</p>
<p>A: Nǐ zhěxiē tiān yiding mangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must &quot;be very tired from &quot;being</p>
<p>hen lei le. Nǐ yao &quot;baozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so &quot;busy these past few days. You</p>
<p>shēntǐ. Guo xiē shihou wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have to take good care of yourself,</p>
<p>zai lai kan ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 &quot;be &quot;back to see you again soon.</p>
<p>B: Xiěxie ni. Yǐhou you g5ngfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Thanks. When you have time come</p>
<p>zāi guolai zuozuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over again and sit awhile.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo. Zāi jian! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay. Good-'bye!</p>
<p>B: Zaijian! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Good-bye!</p>
<p>PART II</p>
<p>13. Wo da chan^tū dianhua gaosu ta. 工 called him long distance to tell</p>
<p>him.</p>
<p>lU. Tā lǎo pěngyoude mǔqin shāngge His old friend<sup>f</sup>s mother passed away xīngqī guoshi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;last week.</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tā shāngxinjlie. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He was terribly broken up.</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐ fuqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsui, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Your father was already 75 years old.</p>
<p>kěyi shu5 shi chan呙shou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That’s quite a long life, actually.</p>
<p>1了. Zai shuo ta guoshide shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Besides that, he wasn't in too much</p>
<p>ye &quot;bū tāi tongkǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pain when he died.</p>
<p>l8. Nǐ &quot;bu &quot;bi tāi nānguo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You don<sup>f</sup>t have to feel too sad.</p>
<p>19 _ Wo mǔqin ^benlai xīwang ěrnumen Originally ray mother hoped that her yibeizi d5u zai tā shenbian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children would stay with her all</p>
<p>her life.</p>
<p>20. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo dage jīnnian qubnliao Xiāng- My oldest brother can<sup>f</sup>t go to Hong</p>
<p>gang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kong this year any more.</p>
<p>21. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;JiǎnRlai you jīhui zai qu &quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Go sometime in the future if you get</p>
<p>the chance.</p>
<p>22. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo mǔqin chang shuō tā bū yuanyi My mother often said that when the</p>
<p>jiānglai zangzai guowai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time came she didn<sup>?</sup>t want to be</p>
<p>buried abroad.</p>
<p>23. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rang ta zai jiā ānxin xiūxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let her rest without worry in her</p>
<p>home.</p>
<p>2U, A: Tā shuo tā qīishi yǐhou yao He says that after he passes away he huozang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wants to &quot;be cremated.</p>
<p>B: Bingqie xiwajig tade hāizimen Moreover he hopes his children will něng bǎ tāde gǔhui songhui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be able to take his ashes back to</p>
<p>guoněi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his home country.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART II Note on No, 13</p>
<p>dǎ changtū dianhua: * to make a long-distance telephone call *.</p>
<p>Qǐng nǐmen shěngyin xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Would you all be a little quieter,</p>
<p>yidian, wo zāi da changtū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. please? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;making a long-distance</p>
<p>dianhua ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call!</p>
<p>You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that dianhua can also be used with the meaning *a telephone call<sup>1</sup> as in You nǐde dianhua, *There<sup>1</sup>s a telephone call for you*. Chāngbū dianhua can be used in the same way:</p>
<p>Wěi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Sānr! There<sup>1</sup>s a long-distance</p>
<p>changtū diānhuā! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;phone call for you!</p>
<p>In the Meeting Module you saw the expression lai dianhua <sup>1</sup> a telephone call is received<sup>1</sup> or ’make a telephone call here<sup>1</sup>. Here is changtū dianhua used in the same pattern:</p>
<p>Jīntiān zǎoshang you rěn gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This morning someone called long-</p>
<p>ni lāi changtū diānhuā le， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;distance for you, but you weren^</p>
<p>nī bu zāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here.</p>
<p>Note on No. 1总</p>
<p>guoshi: <sup>!</sup>to pass away, to die<sup>1</sup>. You have now seen 'to die<sup>1</sup> expressed three different ways: guoqu, qushi， and Ruoshi. All may be used in conversation, although guoqu is probably the most common.</p>
<p>Note on No. 1^</p>
<p>shāngxin: Literally, <sup>1</sup> to wound the heart’• ’To be grieved, to be hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>A: Tā zhěnme shāngxīn, wěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Why is he so broken-hearted? shenme?</p>
<p>B: Tā nūpěngyou zou le， zěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His girlfriend left, how can he not</p>
<p>něng bu shāngxīn? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be broken-hearted?</p>
<p>Women jiāde gou sǐle, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;After the family dog died, I was</p>
<p>shāngxīnle hǎo chang shijiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;broken-hearted for a real long time.</p>
<p>Name hǎode yige haizi sǐle, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It really grieves one for such a</p>
<p>zhěn rang rěn shāngxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good child to die.</p>
<p>Note on No. l6</p>
<p>chāngshou: ’long life， longevity; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to live a long life<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Yāo xiang changshou, jiu bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you want to live a long life，</p>
<p>yīnggāi dūo he jiǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you shouldn<sup>1</sup>t drink excessively.</p>
<p>Beifāng changshoude ren bǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are more people who live long</p>
<p>Nānfāng duō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in the North than in the South.</p>
<p>Note on No• 1了</p>
<p>zai shu5: <sup>f</sup>furthermore, moreover, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in addition, besides<sup>1</sup>. Often following a clause with zai shu5，one of the adverbs 应 <sup>1</sup> also<sup>1</sup> or you <sup>1</sup> also<sup>1</sup> is used.</p>
<p>A: Zenmeyāng? Jīntiān nī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How about it? Can you come today? neng lai ma?</p>
<p>B: Zhěiliǎngtiān xia xuě, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s snowed these two days, and I</p>
<p>ganmāo le， tiānqi you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;caught a cold， and the weather is</p>
<p>zhěnine bu hao, zāi shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so bad. Moreover the child is too</p>
<p>hāizi tai xiǎo, bā tā yige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;small to leave alone at home. I</p>
<p>rěn fangzai jiāli， wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;would worry. 1^11 come for sure</p>
<p>bu fangxīn. Gaitiān, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;another day, okay? yiding lāi, hao bu hao?</p>
<p>Tā hen něnggan, zāi shu5 you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She*s very capable, and what<sup>f</sup>s more,</p>
<p>name piāoliang, nī jiu tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>1</sup>s so beautiful too. So you</p>
<p>le ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will agree (to marry her), won<sup>1</sup>t</p>
<p>you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)</p>
<p>A: Wo děng ni bāntiān le, wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>f</sup>ve been waiting for you for ages.</p>
<p>yāo he ni tan yixia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I want to have a talk with you.</p>
<p>B: Wo gang xia kě. Zai shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I just got out of class. And further-</p>
<p>wo hai měi chī fan ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more I haven<sup>1</sup>t eaten yet! Let’s</p>
<p>Gaitiān zāi shu5 ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;talk some other day!</p>
<p>Note on No. 18</p>
<p>nānguo: <sup>1</sup>to be sad， to be distressed, to feel bad<sup>1</sup>. This adjectival verb can be used to refer to either physical or emotional distress.</p>
<p>Yīshēng shu5 tā muqinde bing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor said his mother<sup>1</sup>s illness</p>
<p>hen lihai, women dōu hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;was very serious, and we were all</p>
<p>nānguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very sad.</p>
<p>Jīntiān 七a chile hao duō &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He ate a lot of raw vegetables today,</p>
<p>shēngcāi， xianzai dūzili &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so now his stomach hurts (he feels</p>
<p>nānguo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bad).</p>
<p>Bie nānguo le，rěn yījing sile Don<sup>1</sup>1 be sad, he<sup>1</sup>s already dead, and nānguo yě měiyou yong le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it<sup>f</sup>s no use being sad.</p>
<p>Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hen nānguo. Teacher Song is very sad today.</p>
<p>Xiǎo Wangde jiāli you name du5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There<sup>1</sup>s so much trouble in Xiao</p>
<p>mafan. Zhēn rang rěn nānguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wang<sup>1</sup>s family, it really makes a</p>
<p>person sad.</p>
<p>Notes on Mo. 19</p>
<p>běnlai: <sup>1</sup>originally, at first, in the first place<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Běnlāi wo xiang jīntiān xiawu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Originally I ■wanted to go see a movie</p>
<p>qu kān diānying. Houlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this afternoon. Later 工 heard</p>
<p>tingshuo kāi hui. Suanle, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there vas a meeting. So I’ll</p>
<p>wo yihou zāi qu ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;forget it and go another time.</p>
<p>Běnlāi wo jīntiān qū Guangzhou<sub>9</sub> Originally 工 was going to Canton tiānqi bu hao, dagai děi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;today， but the weather is bad</p>
<p>mingtiān cai něng zou le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so I<sup>f</sup>ll probably have to wait</p>
<p>until tomorrow before X can leave.</p>
<p>yibeizi: ’all one<sup>1</sup>s life, in one<sup>1</sup>s (whole) life, throughout one<sup>1</sup>s life, as long as one lives, a lifetime<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Zhěngfǔ bang tā ba zāi wāiguo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The government helped her get back</p>
<p>de qian zhaohuilai le. Tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;money she had outside the country,</p>
<p>yibēizi yě měiyou jiānguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She had never seen so much money</p>
<p>zhenme duō qian, hao gāoxing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in her whole life. She was really</p>
<p>happy•</p>
<p>Tā you sānge ěrzi, wěi zhěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She has three sons and for these</p>
<p>sānge ěrzi mangle yiběizi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three sons she was busy her whole</p>
<p>Xianzai lāole， gāi xiūxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;life. Now she is old and should</p>
<p>xiūxi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;take it easy.</p>
<p>shēnbiān: <sup>1</sup> at/by one<sup>1</sup> s side*, (have something) on one, with one<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Wo you yige haizi zai nongcūn, 工 have one child out in the country yige haizi zāi shinbiān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and one child here with me•</p>
<p>Rūguo tā shēnbiān you hao jǐge If she has several children at her hāizi jiu měiyou banfa chū- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feet, then she just can<sup>1</sup>t go out</p>
<p>lai gōngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and work.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 20</p>
<p>dagē: *oldest brother<sup>1</sup>. Remember that <sup>1</sup> older brother<sup>1</sup> is 莒ēge，but the oldest of several children is dagē■ In addition dāgē can be used between men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.</p>
<p>qubuliǎo: <sup>1</sup> cannot go<sup>1</sup>. This is a compound verb or result, like kanbu.jian <sup>1</sup> cannot see<sup>1</sup> or chibubǎo <sup>1</sup> cannot eat one<sup>1</sup> s fill<sup>1</sup> . The ending -liao is in compounds of potential result (those with -de- or -bu- between the main verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of <sup>f</sup>be able to*. You may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by the use of -de- or -bu-. This has led some people to label -liao as a *dummy* resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional information like other more specific endings do (e.g, van <sup>1</sup> finish<sup>1</sup>).</p>
<p>Wāimian shěngyin hao da. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s so noisy outside, 工 really</p>
<p>Shizai shuibuliao jiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can*t sleep at all.</p>
<p>Jīntiān ting diān, kanbuliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today they<sup>1</sup> re turning off the</p>
<p>dianyīngr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;electricity, so we can<sup>1</sup>t watch the</p>
<p>movie•</p>
<p>Wo zuijin duzi bu shūfu, chī- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My stomach has been uncomfortable</p>
<p>buliāo shēngcāi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lately,工 can*t eat lettuce.</p>
<p>Zhěnme du5 cai, chībuliao le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So many dishes, we won<sup>1</sup>1 be able to</p>
<p>eat them!</p>
<p>Xiāwu wo you shi， qubuliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This afternoon I’m busy,工 can*t go</p>
<p>tūshūguanle, mingtiān zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the library, let’s talk about</p>
<p>shu5 ba, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it tomorrow.</p>
<p>Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xia ban, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You get off work at 9:00， can you go</p>
<p>jīntiān wanhui nǐ qudeliǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the evening meeting? qubuliao?</p>
<p>Nī bu yao dāo jīchǎng lai song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don<sup>f</sup>t come to the airport to see me</p>
<p>wo, nǐ yi kū wǒ jiu zoubu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;off; as soon as you start to cry,</p>
<p>liǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 won’t be able to leave.</p>
<p>Note on No. 21</p>
<p>.liānglāi: <sup>1</sup> in the future<sup>1</sup> . Like other time words, jiānglai can be used between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before the subject.</p>
<p>Jiānglai ZhSngMěi guānxi yuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future as Sino—American lāi yuě hǎo, women zai Měiguo relations get better and better, jiu bijiao rongyi mǎidao it will be easier for us to buy ZhSngguode dSngxi. Chinese goods in America.</p>
<p>Wo jiānglai yao dao Shanghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future 工 want to work in the</p>
<p>līngshiguān qu gōngzuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;consulate in Shanghai.</p>
<p>Note on No. 23</p>
<p>ānxin: 'to feel at ease, to set o*ne*s mind at ease, to be at peace;</p>
<p>to keep one<sup>1</sup>s mind (on something)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Tā xiānsheng null zuo shi, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;With her husband working hard at</p>
<p>keyi ānxīn du shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his job, she could keep her mind</p>
<p>on her studying.</p>
<p>Wǒde hāizi gongzuode hen hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My child is doing veil at work, and</p>
<p>vo yě jiū. ānxīn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 can now feel at ease.</p>
<p>Note on No. 2k</p>
<p>bingqiě: <sup>f</sup>furthermore， moreover, and， besides'.</p>
<p>Wo yāo bǎ gSngzuo zuo hǎo, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 want to do a good job at work and</p>
<p>bingqiě yāo bǎ Zhōngwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and do a good job studying Chinese. xuehao.</p>
<p>Zhěige hāizi hen null bingqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This child is very industrious and</p>
<p>hen cōngmīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;intelligent too.</p>
<p>Wǒ jihua zhěige xīngqī bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 plan to finish writing this essay</p>
<p>zhěipiān věnzhāng xiěwān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this week and furthermore translate</p>
<p>bingqiě fānyicheng Zhōngwěn- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it into Chinese.</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>After the funeral of an elderly man &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;who came to Taiwan from the mainland,</p>
<p>a friend comes to visit the family:</p>
<p>A: Wo zuijin chūchāi qu le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;been away on &quot;business lately,</p>
<p>zuotiān huilai cai zhīdao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and I didn*t find out until I got</p>
<p>lǎo xiānsheng guoshide xiāoxi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back yesterday that your father had</p>
<p>ěrqiě tīngshuā sānglǐ yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passed away. And 工 hear that the</p>
<p>&quot;banguo le, wǒ měi něng gān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral has already &quot;been held. I*m</p>
<p>huilai diaosāng, zhen shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really sorry I didn*t make it &quot;back</p>
<p>&quot;baoqian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in time to attend the funeral•</p>
<p>B: Wo fuqin xīnzaxig yixiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father *s heart was never too</p>
<p>&quot;bū tai hǎo, zuijin liangniān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;good. The past two years, the doctor</p>
<p>yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;told him to take medicine every day,</p>
<p>yāo, jiěguo wěnti hǎoxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and there didn’t seem to &quot;be so much</p>
<p>shāole yidian, kěshi liāngge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of a problem any more, &quot;but two weeks</p>
<p>xīngqī yǐqiān hūran fanle lǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ago he had a sudden attack of his old</p>
<p>&quot;bing, wǒ dagē jiu gǎnjǐn &quot;bǎ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;illness. My oldest &quot;brother rushed him</p>
<p>tā lǎorěnjia songdao TāiDa &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Taiwan University Hospital for</p>
<p>Yīyuān jijiū, &quot;bingqiě da &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emergency treatment. He also called</p>
<p>changtū dianhua &quot;bǎ wo jiao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;me long distance to get me to come</p>
<p>huilai. Tā nianji da le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;back. He was quite old, and even</p>
<p>suīrān jīngguo jǐtiān jijiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after several days of emergency</p>
<p>hāishi měi jiuguolai, zai shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;treatment they still weren<sup>f</sup>t able to</p>
<p>Xīngqīěr qūshi le; &quot;buguo tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;save him. He passed away last Tuesday,</p>
<p>qushide shihou &quot;bǐjiao plngjing, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;but at the time he was rather calm,</p>
<p>hǎoxiāng &quot;bū tai tongkǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and he didn’t seem to &quot;be in too much</p>
<p>pain.</p>
<p>V</p>
<p>A: Fuqin qūshi, ěrnū yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When a father passes away, the</p>
<p>hen shāngxīn. Buguo lǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children always feel very grieved. But</p>
<p>xiānsheng qīshiduSsui qūshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for your father to pass away at over</p>
<p>yě suan shi chāngshou le. Zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;seventy is really quite a long life.</p>
<p>shu5 tā guěqude shihou &quot;bū tai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Besides，he wasn’t in too much pain</p>
<p>tongkǔ, nīmen xiōngdi jiěměi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when he passed away, and all you</p>
<p>yě dōu zāi tā shentian, tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;brothers and sisters were at his side,</p>
<p>yě jiu ānxīn le，nǐ yě &quot;bu yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so he could set his mind at ease; so</p>
<p>tai nānguo. Lǎo xiānsheng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t &quot;be too sad. Where will he &quot;be</p>
<p>zangzai nali? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;buried?</p>
<p>B： Wǒ fuqin shuōguo, ya£&gt; huo- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My father had said he wanted to &quot;be</p>
<p>zang. Tā shuō tā zheyiteizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cremated. He said that he protatly</p>
<p>kǒngpa hufbuliǎo lǎojiā le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wouldn’t &quot;be able to return to his home-</p>
<p>jiao women jiānglai &quot;bǎ gǔhuī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;town in his lifetime, and he told us</p>
<p>songhui lǎojiā qu, suoyi women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take his ashes &quot;back to his hometown</p>
<p>jiu zhuntei zhao tā shuōde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;someday. So we*re planning to do as</p>
<p>■ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he asked.</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>ānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be without worry, to feel at ease,</p>
<p>to feel relieved</p>
<p>baozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take good care (of oneself)</p>
<p>běnlāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;originally</p>
<p>&quot;bingqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moreover， and</p>
<p>cānjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take part in; to attend</p>
<p>chāngshou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long life, longevity; to live a long</p>
<p>time</p>
<p>chūchāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be out of town on &quot;business</p>
<p>dǎ changtū dianhua &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make a long-distance phone call</p>
<p>dagē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oldest &quot;brother</p>
<p>diaosāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to present one<sup>1</sup>s condolences at a</p>
<p>funeral, to attend a funeral</p>
<p>ěrnū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have an attack (of an old</p>
<p>disease)</p>
<p>gāndeshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be able to catch up, to &quot;be able</p>
<p>to make it in time gǎnhuilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rush &quot;back</p>
<p>gǎnjin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quickly</p>
<p>gǔhuī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bone ashes</p>
<p>guoqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away, to die</p>
<p>guo shī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away, to die</p>
<p>huozāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cremate; cremation</p>
<p>hūran &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suddenly</p>
<p>jiānglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the future, someday</p>
<p>jijiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first aid; to administer emergency</p>
<p>treatment</p>
<p>jiuguolai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to save</p>
<p>lǎorěnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;polite way of addressing or</p>
<p>referring to an old person (ni lǎorěnjia, tā lǎorěnjia)</p>
<p>-liao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can, to &quot;be a&quot;ble to</p>
<p>nānguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be sad</p>
<p>nianji (niajiji) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;age</p>
<p>pingjing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be calm</p>
<p>qutuliao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cannot go</p>
<p>qushī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away, to die</p>
<p>sānglǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral</p>
<p>shāngxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be grieved, to &quot;be sorrowful,</p>
<p>to be heartbroken</p>
<p>shinbiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one<sup>T</sup>s vicinity, one<sup>T</sup>s immediate</p>
<p>surroundings</p>
<p>song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to escort, to take (someone to a</p>
<p>place)</p>
<p>xiāoxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news</p>
<p>xīnzang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart</p>
<p>xinzanglDing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart disease</p>
<p>yitěizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all one’s life</p>
<p>yixiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(have) always, (had) always,</p>
<p>consistently, all along</p>
<p>zai shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore, &quot;besides</p>
<p>zang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bury</p>
<p>zuijin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recently; soon</p>
<p>zǔmu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother (on the father<sup>T</sup>s side)</p>
<p>106</p>
<p>Customs Surrounding Marriage&gt; Birth, and Death: Unit 6</p>
<p>PAET I</p>
<p>1. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Lǐde māma si le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Li<sup>1</sup> s mother died.</p>
<p>2. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A: Nī shu5 women shi fǒu gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think we should go to the</p>
<p>cānjiā tāde sāngli? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral?</p>
<p>B: Women yingdāng qu yixia. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We should go.</p>
<p>3. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān chū bin. The funeral procession for Xiao Li<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>mother is today.</p>
<p>k. Yibān rěnde sānglǐ měiyou name Most people<sup>!</sup>s funerals don’t have so duōde gui.ju le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many special customs anymore.</p>
<p>5. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yibān cānjiā sānglǐde rěn dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Most people who attend a funeral</p>
<p>song vǎnlian huo huāquān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;send a funeral scroll or a flover</p>
<p>wreath.</p>
<p>6. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiě wǎnlian fǎnzhe^g laibuji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It<sup>1</sup>s too late to write a funeral</p>
<p>le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scroll anyway.</p>
<p>了. Women qu mai yige huāquān ruhě? How about if we go buy a flower</p>
<p>wreath?</p>
<p>8. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nianqīng funu xǐhuan chuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Young women like to vear multicolored</p>
<p>huā yīfu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;clothing.</p>
<p>9. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nā něng rang ni pofei? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How could I make you spend money?</p>
<p>10. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo qu gei ta māi diān xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I<sup>1</sup>11 just go and buy her a little</p>
<p>lǐwu .j iu shi le • &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;present.</p>
<p>11. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhi yao bū tai gui， wo hāishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as it's not too expensive,</p>
<p>dā jichěngchē qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it would be best if 工 took a taxi.</p>
<p>12. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ni shuō women liāngge rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you say the two of us give</p>
<p>hěqilai song ta yitao panzi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him a set of dishes together? wan zěnmeyang?</p>
<p>13. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐ xiǎode Yangmingshān Gongmu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you know where Yangmingshan Public</p>
<p>zai nali ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cemetery is?</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART I Notes on No. 1</p>
<p>māma: Mother, mom* Although this can &quot;be used as a term of address, like English ^om<sup>1</sup> or <sup>1</sup> Mommy<sup>1</sup> , it can also be used in informal conversation to refer to one<sup>f</sup>s own or someone else*s mother, as in wo maina <sup>f</sup>my mother<sup>1</sup> , or tā māma* his mother<sup>f</sup>. For the term of direct address <sup>f</sup>Mom<sup>f</sup> , Mā is probably more commonly used than Mama.</p>
<p>Wo māma shang ban qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My mother has left for work.</p>
<p>Xiawǔ, Māma jiu zuo huǒche lai This afternoon, Mom came &quot;by train kan wo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit me.</p>
<p>sǐ: <sup>f</sup>to die<sup>1</sup> This is a process verb, like ~bīng <sup>f</sup>to become ill, to get sick、and therefore corresponds more closely to the English <sup>f</sup>to &quot;become dead<sup>1</sup> than it does <sup>f</sup>to &quot;be dead<sup>1</sup>. In English one can talk about a person who has a terminal illness, saying <sup>f</sup>He is dying<sup>f</sup>, &quot;but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say Tā kuai (yao) sǐle, <sup>f</sup>He is about to die,<sup>1</sup> or Tā huo~buliǎo duo .jiǔ le， <sup>f</sup>He won<sup>1</sup>1 live much longer. <sup>1</sup></p>
<p>Tingshuo Lao Liūde fuqin sǐ le. I heard that Lao Liū<sup>f</sup>s father has</p>
<p>died.</p>
<p>Sǐ can &quot;be used directly &quot;before a noun as an adjective, meaning <sup>1</sup> dead*. Shi side may &quot;be used to mean <sup>1</sup> is dead<sup>f</sup> •</p>
<p>Zhě shi yitiao sǐ yu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a dead fish.</p>
<p>Zhěitiao yu shi side. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This fish is (a) dead (one).</p>
<p>Notes on No. 2</p>
<p>shi fou: <sup>f</sup>is it (true) or isn<sup>1</sup>1 it (true that) •••* This phrase is a more formal-sounding equivalent of shi ~bu shi; fǒu in literary Chinese means <sup>f</sup>or not<sup>1</sup>• In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of shi fou is more restricted than shi ~bu shi. First of all, shi f5u has a more educated, formal ring to it than shi ~bu shi • Secondly, shī fou is usually used only &quot;before another verbal expression, as in the following examples:</p>
<p>Zhězhong tiān shi fou hui xia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is (this weather) going to rain? yǔ?</p>
<p>Jīnnian d5ngtiān，nǐ shi fou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are you hoping to go to Miami this</p>
<p>xiǎng dao Māi ami qu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;winter?</p>
<p>Nǐ shi fou zhunbei an zhao zhěge Are you planning to act according to jihua qīi zuo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this plan?</p>
<p>Nǐ yīnggāi xiangyixiang, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You ought to think about whether you</p>
<p>dui zhěge rěn shi fou liǎojiě. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;understand this person or not.</p>
<p>Nǐ nianji bū xiǎo le, nǐ shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You<sup>f</sup>re not young anymore, have you</p>
<p>fou kaoluguo jiěhūnde wenti? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;considered the question of marriage?</p>
<p>Jīnnian, nǐmen xuěxiaode xuě- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This year did the (number of) students</p>
<p>shēng shi fou zēngjiā le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in your school increase?</p>
<p>Wo bu zhīdao wode yijian shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 doVt know whether my opinion will</p>
<p>fou něng dědao tongyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be agreed with or not.</p>
<p>Zhěizhǒng dōngxi zāi zhěli shi Can this sort of thing be bought fou mǎidedāo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here?</p>
<p>Note on No. 3</p>
<p>chū bin: <sup>f</sup>to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb<sup>1</sup> .</p>
<p>Literally, this means <sup>1</sup> take out the coffin<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Liujiā mingtiān chū bin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Liū<sup>f</sup>s have the funeral procession</p>
<p>tomorrow.</p>
<p>Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied</p>
<p>fuqin chūle &quot;bin yǐhou, hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his father<sup>1</sup> s coffin to the cemetery,</p>
<p>jiā jiu bing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he went home and then got sick.</p>
<p>Note on No. h</p>
<p>guiju: <sup>1</sup> fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs <sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Anzhao Zh5ngguode guīju, gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;According to Chinese custom, after</p>
<p>sǐrěn chūle bin yǐhou hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;accompanying the coffin of the</p>
<p>yāo zuo shěnme? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deceased to the cemetery, what</p>
<p>else should be done?</p>
<p>Kěren lāi le, zāi māng yě yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When a guest comes， no matter how</p>
<p>he bei chā, zhě shi womende &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;busy he is， he should have a cup</p>
<p>guīju, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cup of tea. This is our custom.</p>
<p>You guīju means <sup>1</sup> to have manners<sup>1</sup>:</p>
<p>Zhěge hāizi bu dong shi， měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This child does not understand about</p>
<p>guiju, zhēn rang rěn bū hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;things, he has no manners. It</p>
<p>yisi• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;really embarasses a person.</p>
<p>Wangjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, The Wang<sup>1</sup>s oldest son is good looking you you guiju, zhen hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and he is well mannered. He<sup>f</sup>s</p>
<p>really great.</p>
<p>Guīju as an adjectival verb means <sup>f</sup>to be proper, to be correct (of a person)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Lǎo Wangde nūěr rěn hen guīju. Lǎo Wang<sup>1</sup>s daughter is very proper. Notes on No, 5</p>
<p>dou: Some of the uses of d5u do not correspond to <sup>1</sup> all<sup>1</sup>. 'All<sup>1</sup> in English is often described as ’collective<sup>1</sup>, that is, referring to all the menibers in a group. D5u in Chinese is often described as 'distributive<sup>1</sup>, that is referring to the members of a group as individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as <sup>1</sup> each<sup>1</sup>. Notice that in the Reference List sentence d5u in com'bination with yi~bān and another noun produces this meaning.</p>
<p>Hen du5 ZhSngguo rěn dāole &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A lot of Chinese want to study after</p>
<p>Měiguo dou xiang niān shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they get to the United States.</p>
<p>Qiānjǐniān, xǔduS xuěshēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Several years ago many students went</p>
<p>bīyě yīhou d5u dāo nongcūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the countryside after they</p>
<p>qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;graduated.</p>
<p>Yībān ZhSngguo rěn dōu juěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The average Chinese thinks that</p>
<p>xuě Yingwěn &quot;bǐ xuě ZhSngwěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;English is harder to learn than</p>
<p>nan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese.</p>
<p>vǎnlian: <sup>1</sup> funeral scroll, scroll of condolence<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>1</sup> elegiac--couplet<sup>1</sup>. [Lian is short for duilian <sup>1</sup> a written or inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)<sup>1</sup>.1 Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the deceased &quot;by friends. More recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or wreaths bearing one character: dian, ’’to sacrifice Sending flowers has been brought in by Western custom.</p>
<p>Xiawǔ wǒ dāo Liujiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I <sup>f</sup>m going to the Liu<sup>1</sup> s, xiě ge wanliān hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could you write a funeral scroll</p>
<p>for them?</p>
<p>huo: <sup>1</sup> or<sup>1</sup> . You have learned huoshi and huo zhě for <sup>f</sup>or<sup>1</sup> . Huo is a more literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.</p>
<p>Jīntiān wǎnshang huo mingtiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Come over to my house tonight or</p>
<p>wǎnshang nǐ dāo wǒ zhěli lāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow night, okay?</p>
<p>yitang hǎo bu hǎo?</p>
<p>huāquan: <sup>1</sup>flower wreath<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>1</sup> flower circle<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I want to buy a flower wreath to send</p>
<p>Liujiā songqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the Liu<sup>1</sup>s.</p>
<p>Note on No. 6</p>
<p>fǎnzhěng: <sup>1</sup> anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same<sup>1</sup>. Fǎnzhěng may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.</p>
<p>Nǐ ji shenme, fǎnzhěng gǎnbu- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What are you so anxious for, we won’t</p>
<p>shang kāi hui le, manmān zou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make it in time for the meeting</p>
<p>ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway, so let’s just take our time!</p>
<p>Fǎnzhěng wo bu nai, měi qian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m not going to buy it anyway, so</p>
<p>mei guānxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it doesn’t matter that 工 don’t have</p>
<p>any money.</p>
<p>Wo fǎnzhěng měi shi，women jiu 工 don’t have anything to do anyway, tantan zhěige wěnti ba. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so let<sup>f</sup>s talk about this.</p>
<p>Fǎnzhěng wo yāo qu, nǐ bū qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going anyway; it<sup>1</sup>s okay if you</p>
<p>yě kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dor^t go or It’s okay if you</p>
<p>don’t go; anyvay, I’m going.</p>
<p>Fǎnzhěng is often prefaced by a clause beginning with bu guǎn ’no matter whether...*:</p>
<p>Bū guǎn nǐ qu bu qu, fǎnzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No matter whether you go or not, I’m</p>
<p>wo yāo qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going anyway.</p><h6>Note on No. 了</h6>
<p>ruhě: •how; how about; in what way*. This is a literary word which means about the same as zěnmeyang. In a more plain, colloquial style, the Reference List sentence could also be said as Women qu mǎi yige huāquān zěnmeyang? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might consider Women mǎi yige huāquān ruhě to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You should be able to understand ruhě， but use it yourself only in speaking vith people who use it, or in writing.</p>
<p>Mingtiān Lao Zhāng qǐng women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all</p>
<p>dajiā chī fan, nǐ juěde rūhā? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of us to eat, what do you think?</p>
<p>Zhějiān shide jiěguo ruhě? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the outcome of this matter?</p>
<p><sup>M</sup>Jiao wo ruhě bu xiǎng ta?” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;”(It malces me so that) How could 工</p>
<p>not miss her?’’ (name of famous popular song of the 30<sup>f</sup>s)</p>
<p>Note on No. 8</p>
<p>huā: 'to be multicolored'•</p>
<p>Jīntiān tā chuānle yijian huā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Today she’s wearing a multicolored</p>
<p>yīfu, hǎo piāoliang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dress. It’s gorgeous!</p>
<p>Note on No. 9</p>
<p>Nǎ něng rang ni pofei: Na or nar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Peking) is used in rhetorical questions.</p>
<p>Tā měi qian, nǎ něng jiěhūn! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has no money, how can he get</p>
<p>married?</p>
<p>Zāi Yěye nali nǎ(r) něng name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How can you talk like that in front</p>
<p>shuō huāl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Grandpa?</p>
<p>Nī shi women jiāde rěn, na(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You're family, how could we not let</p>
<p>něng bu rang ni zhīdao zanmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you know what's going on in our</p>
<p>jiāde shi ne? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family?</p>
<p>Wo shuōde shi jǐbǎiniānqiānde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m talking about something several</p>
<p>shi, nā shihoude Měiguo nǎ(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hundred years ago, how could</p>
<p>you shenme chěngshi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America have had any cities at that</p>
<p>time?</p>
<p>A: Wǒ nā(r) mingbai: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Like heck I understand!</p>
<p>B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rěn, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You're such a smart person, how could</p>
<p>nǎ(r) hui bū mingbai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you not understand?</p>
<p>Nǐ kān, na(r) you zhěyang ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Look, how can you go about things</p>
<p>shide, bu jīngguo jūmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like this? You want to have a</p>
<p>wěiyuānhui, jiu xiang shēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child without going through your</p>
<p>hāizi, nā nǎ(r) xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;neighborhood committee, how can</p>
<p>that be okay?</p>
<p>Tā yizhi zāi chěngli zhūzhe, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When has he ever been to the country-</p>
<p>nǎ(r) daoguo nSngcūn ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;side I He，s always lived in the city!</p>
<p>A: Zenmeyang? Xiao Zhāng kuāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How's it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going</p>
<p>jiěhūn le ba? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married soon?</p>
<p>B: Nar a! Nujiā fumu bu yuan- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You must be kidding! The girl’s</p>
<p>yi, mafan dā le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parents don't want it. There's</p>
<p>a lot of trouble.</p>
<p>Note on No. 10</p>
<p>.jiu shi le: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean '&quot;.that's all'. It can have several different implications, depending on the context:</p>
<p>(1) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;Don't worry, this matter can simply be taken care of like this•” (something is virtually taken care of)</p>
<p>Wo you wangle bǎ shū dailai, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 forgot to bring the book again,</p>
<p>būguo wǒ yiding jiěgei ni &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but I'm going to lend it to you</p>
<p>jiu shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for sure, don’t worry.</p>
<p>Wo zhao nin shuSde ban jiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll simply do as you say,</p>
<p>shi le.</p>
<p>Děng yixia gěi ni ban jiu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*11 take care of it for you in a</p>
<p>le, nǐ ji shenme! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moment, don’t worry, why are you</p>
<p>so anxious?</p>
<p>Anzhao zhěge jihua zuo jiu shi Do it according to this plan le, you shěnme hǎo tande?! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and that’s all there is to it!</p>
<p>What else is there to discuss?</p>
<p>(2) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>1</sup> Only, just this, nothing more than this <sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>Zhěliǎngge haizi chabuduS, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These two children are about the</p>
<p>būguo Lǎo Da cSngming yidianr &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;same, but the older one is a little</p>
<p>jiu shī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;more intelligent, that's all,</p>
<p>Tā lai, měiyou shěnme shi， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When he came he wasn't up to anything</p>
<p>būguo xiǎng yao naběn shū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;special, he just wanted that book,</p>
<p>jiu shī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;that's all.</p>
<p>(3) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'that<sup>1</sup> s all that can be done about it*.</p>
<p>Fǎnzhěng wo gēn ni shu5guo jiu In any case, I*ve told you, and that<sup>1</sup> s shī le- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all 工 can do.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 11</p>
<p>zhǐ yao: 'as long as, so long as, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;if only<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Zhǐ yao wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as 工 have time tonight,工 can you kong, jiu kěyi ba zhěběn finish reading this book, shū kanwan•</p>
<p>dā: <sup>f</sup>to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)<sup>f</sup></p>
<p>Wo yě yao dao xuěxiao qu, dā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;going to school too， can 工 get</p>
<p>ninde chē xing bu xing? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a ride with you?</p>
<p>Wo dācuole chē, jiěguo paodao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 got on the wrong bus, and ended up</p>
<p>Beitou qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Běitou.</p>
<p>Meitiān wo dā silu chē shang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 take the Route k bus to work every</p>
<p>ban. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;day.</p>
<p>Note on No. 12</p>
<p>hěqilai: <sup>f</sup>to combine, to put together, to unite<sup>f</sup>. H£ is a verb meaning 'to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge<sup>1</sup>. You should learn to use he in the following combinations: hězai yiqT <sup>1</sup> to combine (two or more things together)<sup>1</sup>, hěqilai <sup>f</sup>to combine (forces)， to come together, to put together<sup>1</sup>, hěchěng <sup>f</sup>to combine into, to merge into<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Women liǎngjiā hěqilai maixiale Our two families bought these six zhě liujiān fangzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rooms together.</p>
<p>Zhěliǎngge juzi hěcheng yige, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If you combine these two sentences</p>
<p>r6ngyi shu5 yidianr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into one, it<sup>1</sup>s easier to say.</p>
<p>Zhěliǎngbān hězai yiqi, zhī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If these two classes are combined,</p>
<p>you shige xuesheng, hai bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are only ten students; that<sup>1</sup>s</p>
<p>suan tāi duō. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still not too many.</p>
<p>Notes on No« 13</p>
<p>xiǎode: <sup>f</sup>know<sup>f</sup>• This is a synonym of zhidao, and can be used in most of the same ways that zhidao can be used. Xiaode is not, however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.</p>
<p>g5ngmu: <sup>1</sup> public cemetery<sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>Gāngcai tā you dao gSngmu qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just now she went to the cemetery</p>
<p>le， gěi tā māma song yiba &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again and left a- bunch of flowers</p>
<p>huā, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(on her mother<sup>1</sup>s grave).</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>Two friends who work together at the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:</p>
<p>A: Tingshuo Xiǎo Lǐde Māma sǐle. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ<sup>1</sup>s mother died.</p>
<p>Ni xiǎng women shi fou gāi qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you think ve should go to the</p>
<p>cānjiā tāde sānglǐ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral?</p>
<p>B: Women gēn Xiao Li yǐjīng shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We<sup>1</sup> ve been friends vith Xiǎo Lǐ for</p>
<p>shljǐniānde lǎo pěngyou le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;over ten years, hov could ve not go! na něng bū qu!</p>
<p>A: Sāngli you měiyou shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Are there any apecial customs at</p>
<p>tebiě guīju? Wo zhǎngde zhenme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funerals? I<sup>f</sup>ve reached this age</p>
<p>dā le, hai měi cǎnjiāguo sānglǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;without ever having been to a funeral! ne!</p>
<p>B: Zhǐ yao bu chuān hua yīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as you don<sup>f</sup>t wear multi-</p>
<p>dagai jiu kěyi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colored clothes it should be okay.</p>
<p>A: Women gāi song diǎn shěnme &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Should we send some kind of gift? dongxi ma?</p>
<p>B: Yibān rěn dōu song vǎnlian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Most people send a funeral scroll</p>
<p>huo huāquān. Women liāngge rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or a flower wreath. The tvo of us</p>
<p>kěyi hěqilai song yige huāquān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can send a flower wreath together.</p>
<p>Ni kan ruhě? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What do you think?</p>
<p>A: Dāngrān hǎo....Ni zhīdao bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Of course that would be good.... Do</p>
<p>zhidao tā mama nǎtiān chū bin? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you know what day his mother<sup>1</sup> s funeral</p>
<p>procession will be?</p>
<p>B: Xia Libaisān xiavm sāndiǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.</p>
<p>A: Yāo zangzai nali? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is she going to be buried?</p>
<p>B: Yangmingshan Diyī Gōngmīi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Yangmingshan Public Cemetery No.</p><h4>1.</h4>
<p>A: Zenme qīi? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How do you get there?</p>
<p>B: Wo yě bu xiǎode. Fǎnzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don<sup>f</sup>t know either. Anyvay,</p>
<p>dāo shihou women dā jichěngchē &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;when the time comes we<sup>f</sup>ll just take</p>
<p>q_u jiu shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cab there.</p>
<p>A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xianzai qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ</p>
<p>kankan Xiǎo Lǐ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;now?</p>
<p>B: Bu xing. Wǒ jīntiān wanshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I can’t. I’m busy tonight. you shiqing.</p>
<p>A: Najne mingtiān jian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Then 1,11 see you tomorrow,</p>
<p>B: Mingtiān jian. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;See you tomorrow.</p>
<p>PART工工</p>
<p>lk. Zāi Taiběi yǒu rěn rěnvei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Taipei there are people who</p>
<p>Yangmingshan gongmu fēngshuǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;believe that the feng—shui in</p>
<p>hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yangmingshan Cfemetery is good.</p>
<p>15. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shěi dōu xīwang tāde zǐsǔn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone hopes that his descendants</p>
<p>houdai fǎda. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will &quot;be prosperous.</p>
<p>16. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jiǎng.jiu fēngshuǐ hǎo &quot;bu hǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To &quot;be particular about whether the</p>
<p>haishi jiu ^uānnian• &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fengshui is good or not is an old</p>
<p>way of thinking.</p>
<p>17. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo mǔqin bu mi xin, tā shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My mother isn<sup>1</sup>1 superstitious; she</p>
<p>tǔzang, huo zang dōu kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;says that either &quot;burial or</p>
<p>cremation is okay.</p>
<p>18. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Women yidao qu Jilě Binylguǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let<sup>f</sup>s go to the Paradise Funeral</p>
<p>&quot;ba! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Home together, okay?</p>
<p>19. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo kandao chū &quot;binde rěn dadōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 saw that most of the people in the</p>
<p>zhǐ zāi shoubishang dai xiao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral procession were only</p>
<p>wearing mourning on their arm.</p>
<p>20. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wo conglai Idu chuān hui yifu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 never wear gray clothing.</p>
<p>21'. Kěren dōu yao zai qiānming&quot;bu~ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The guests are all supposed to sign</p>
<p>shang qiān ming, zhě shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their name in a guest &quot;book. This</p>
<p>womende xihuan. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is our custom.</p>
<p>NOTES ON PART 工工 Notes on No. Ik</p>
<p>renvěi: <sup>f</sup>to think (that)， to consider (that)， to &quot;believe (that)<sup>1</sup>• This is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion or made a judgment about a person or thing.</p>
<p>Wo rěnwěi zhě shi yige hen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think this is a very important</p>
<p>zhongyāode wěnti. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;question.</p>
<p>W5 &quot;bu rěnwěi nǐ yīnggāi zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 don*t think you should do this.</p>
<p>zhějiān shi.</p>
<p>fēngshuǐ: Literally <sup>!</sup>vind and water<sup>1</sup>， this means the geographical outlay of something to be built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house. The traditional Chinese science of fengshui, or geomancy, is concerned with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for it’s family grave.</p>
<p>Zhěge fāngzide fengshui bu hao. The fengshui of this house is no good.</p>
<p>Zhělide fēngshuǐ bu cuo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The fengshui here is pretty good.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1^</p>
<p>zǐsūn： <sup>1</sup> sons and grandsons<sup>1</sup>, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring, descendants<sup>1</sup>. For this example, you have to know that Huāngdi means ’the Yellow Emperor<sup>1</sup>, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese civilization.</p>
<p>Zhōngguo rěn dōu shi Huāngdi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Chinese are all descendants of</p>
<p>de zisūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Yellow Emperor.</p>
<p>houdai: •descendants, posterity, later generations <sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Womende houdai d5u yīnggāi jizhu Our descendants should all remember zhěijian shi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this!</p>
<p>Tā měiyou houdai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is without descendants.</p>
<p>fādā: <sup>f</sup>to be prosperous, to be flourishing;-to be developed, to be well-developed*. For the first example, you need to know that gSngshāngyě means <sup>1</sup> industry and commerce<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Meiguode gSngshāngyě fēichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;America*s industry and commerce are</p>
<p>fādā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very developed.</p>
<p>Zhěijiā rěnjiā hen fāda. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This family is prosperous.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 16 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,</p>
<p>,1 ian呙jiu: <sup>f</sup>to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay attention to, to strive for<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Zhěge rěn hen jiangjiu chī， hen This person is particular about what jiangjiu chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he eats and what he wears.</p>
<p>Něige haizi tai jiangjiu chuān. That kid pays too much attention to</p>
<p>what she wears.</p>
<p>Jiǎngjiu can also mean * to be elegant*•</p>
<p>Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiangjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.</p>
<p>guānnian: <sup>f</sup>way of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality (of). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
<p>Meiguo rěnde guānniān gēn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sometimes the American way of thinking</p>
<p>Zhongguo rěnde guānniān youde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the Chinese way is the same,</p>
<p>yiyang, youde bū yiyāng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sometimes not.</p>
<p>Nǐ kān &quot;ba, zai guo jǐniān niān- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You watch, in more few years, it will qīngrěn yīnggāi wǎnlian wan- have become an accepted notion that hūn jiu hui biancheng yizhong young people should get involved guānniān. late and marry late.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 1了</p>
<p>mixin: <sup>f</sup>to be superstitious (about); superstition*.</p>
<p>Shāngchāode shihou Zhongguo rěn During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese bǐjiāo mixin, xiānzāi bǐj iao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;were relatively superstitious, now</p>
<p>bū mixin le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they aren<sup>f</sup>t so much any more.</p>
<p>Youde Zhōngguo rěn mixin fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about shuǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fengshui•</p>
<p>tǔzang: <sup>1</sup>to bury (a dead person)<sup>1</sup>, literally <sup>f</sup>ground-bury*. This word is used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for example cremation or burial at sea. 匚工f no contrast with other forms of disposal is implied, then the word for <sup>f</sup>to bury<sup>1</sup> is simply zang (for formal burials), mai (for informal burials), māizang, or anzang (literally <sup>f</sup>peacefully bury<sup>1</sup> , a respectful term). II</p>
<p>Ēguo rěn shuōguo tāmen yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Russians said they wanted to</p>
<p>maizang Měiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bury Americans.</p>
<p>huozang: *to cremate; cremation<sup>1</sup>. In this word, you may think of zang <sup>1</sup> to bury<sup>1</sup> as extended to mean <sup>1</sup> to dispose of (a dead body) * . Huo means <sup>1</sup>fire<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Note on No. 18</p>
<p>yidao: <sup>f</sup>together<sup>1</sup>. You have already learned yiqǐ and ylkuair for <sup>1</sup>together<sup>1</sup>. Yidao is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is little used by northerners.</p>
<p>Yāohuā he tāde nupěngyou yidao Yao hua and his girlfriend went to kan dianyīngr qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see a movie.</p>
<p>Hāizimen zāi yidao wānr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The children are playing together.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 19</p>
<p>dad5u: <sup>f</sup>for the most part, mostly<sup>1</sup>. Another word with the same meaning which is probably used by more people than dad5u is daduō•</p>
<p>Zāi Yindu rěnmin dad5u (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In India the people are mostly Hindu.</p>
<p>dadu5) xin Yindujiao.</p>
<p>ZhSngguo rěn dāduS shi nongmin. Chinese for the most part are rural</p>
<p>people.</p>
<p>shoubi: <sup>f</sup>arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)，. Other words for used in different regions are gēbei and gēbo (Peking gēbe)_</p>
<p>Xiao Li gēbo shoule shāng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also</p>
<p>Xiǎo Wangde tui yě shoule &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiao Wang was hurt in the leg. shang.</p>
<p>Gāngcai，wo bu xiaoxin pěngdao- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just now 工 was careless and &quot;bumped</p>
<p>le měnshang, dao xianzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into the.door, and my arm still</p>
<p>shǒubī hai těng ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hurts now.</p>
<p>daixiao: <sup>f</sup>to wear mourning<sup>1</sup>. Formerly, people wore certain types of clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot). Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black armband.</p>
<p>Tā fuqin sile kuai sānnian le, Her father has been dead for almost tā hai daixiao ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three years and she is still wearing</p>
<p>mourning!</p>
<p>Notes on No. 20</p>
<p>conglai bu: <sup>1</sup> never, never does&quot;.、 In the last unit, you saw the pattern conglai měi(you)，meaning <sup>f</sup>have never...<sup>1</sup> or <sup>f</sup>had never.■•，• Conglai means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this way)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Wo conglai bū yuanyi zǎoshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 never want to study in the morning,</p>
<p>nian shū.</p>
<p>hui : 'to &quot;be gray<sup>!</sup>.</p>
<p>Zāi ZhSngguo daduōshu rěn dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The great majority of people in China</p>
<p>xihuan chuān lansě he huīsěde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;like to wear blue or gray clothing,</p>
<p>yīfu.</p>
<p>Notes on No. 21</p>
<p>qiānmingbū; <sup>1</sup> guest book<sup>1</sup>, literally, <sup>1</sup>sign-name record book<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>qiān ming: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>f</sup>to sign one<sup>1</sup>s name<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<p>Qǐng ni zai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;zhěli qiān ming. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Please sign here.</p>
<p>xiguan: <sup>f</sup>custom, habit<sup>1</sup>. The definition of xiguan in a Chinese dictionary reads: <sup>f</sup>behavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly<sup>1</sup>. Compare this with fēngsu <sup>f</sup>custom<sup>1</sup>， which you learned in Unit 1: <sup>1</sup>the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society<sup>1</sup>•</p>
<p>Notice that xiguan may refer to the way of an individual or of a community, whereas fēngsu only refers to the way of a community.</p>
<p>Taipei:</p>
<p>An American student attending Taiwan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;National University is talking</p>
<p>with a Chinese classmate and friend:</p>
<p>A: Tīngshuā Wang Lāoshīde fuqin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 heard that Teacher Wang<sup>f</sup>s father</p>
<p>qūshi le• Nǐ xiāng women shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;died. Do you think we should attend</p>
<p>fou gāi q_u cānjiā. sānglǐ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the funeral?</p>
<p>B: Wo xiǎng women yingdāng qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think we ought to go.</p>
<p>A: TīngshuS sānglǐ zai Jilě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 hear that the funeral is going to</p>
<p>Binyiguǎn jǔxing. Nǐ xiǎode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be held at the Paradise Funeral Home.</p>
<p>Jilě Binyiguǎn zai nali ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you know where that is?</p>
<p>B: Xiaode. Jiu zai Nanjing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes• it’s on Nanking East Road.</p>
<p>Dōnglīi.</p>
<p>A: Wo conglai měi cānjiāguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never been to a Chinese funeral,</p>
<p>Zhongguo rěnde sānglǐ, bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so 工 don’t know what special practices</p>
<p>zhīdao nǐmen you nǎxii guīju. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;you have. Could you tell me about</p>
<p>Nǐ něng bu něng gēn wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;them? jiāngyijiǎng?</p>
<p>B: Kěyi. Xianzai yibān rěnde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay. These days the average person's</p>
<p>sānglǐ d5u hen jiandān, měiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral is very simple. There aren't</p>
<p>tāi duōde guīju. Būguo, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too many special customs. But you</p>
<p>bū yāo chuān h6ngde， lude, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shouldn't wear red, green, or multi-</p>
<p>huoshi huāde yīfu. Chuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;colored clothing. Black, gray, and</p>
<p>heide, huīde， iānde d5u kěyi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blue would all be okay to wear. Most</p>
<p>Qu cānjiā sānglǐde rěn dādōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;people who attend a funeral send a</p>
<p>song wǎnlian huo huāquān. Wo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a funeral scroll or a flower wreath,</p>
<p>xiǎng women kěyi hěqilai song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 think we could send a flower wreath</p>
<p>yige huāquān, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;together•</p>
<p>A: Hao. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay.</p>
<p>B: Dāo binyiguǎnde shihou, nǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When you get to the funeral home, as</p>
<p>yi jin men jiu hui kandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;soon as you go in the door you'll see</p>
<p>zhuSzishang fāngzhe qianmingbu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a guest book on the table. You should</p>
<p>nī yao zāi shāngmian qiān ming. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sign your name in it.</p>
<p>A: Ug. Wang Lāoshīde fuqin yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Uh huh. Have you heard whether</p>
<p>tǔzang hāishi huozang, ni ting- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Teacher Wang<sup>f</sup>s father is going to be</p>
<p>shu5 le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;buried or cremated?</p>
<p>B: Tīngshuō shi yao tǔzang. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 heard he<sup>f</sup>s going to be buried.</p>
<p>A: Yāo zangzai nali? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Where is he going to be buried?</p>
<p>B: Yao zangzai Yangmingshan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Yangmingshan Public Cemetery,</p>
<p>Gongmu, yīnwei tāmen rěnwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;because they believe that the</p>
<p>nalide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fengshui there is good， and that if</p>
<p>zangzai nali, tāde zǐsǔn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a person is buried there his</p>
<p>houdai jiu hui fādā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;descendants will be prosperous.</p>
<p>A: Taiwan xianzai yǒu xiē rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are still some people in</p>
<p>hai you diǎn mixin, shi bu shi? . Taiwan who are a little superstitious,</p>
<p>aren<sup>f</sup>t there?</p>
<p>B: Shide, būguo zhěxiē dōu shi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. But these are all old notions.</p>
<p>jiu guānniān. Nianqīng rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For the most part, young people don<sup>1</sup>t</p>
<p>dadōu bu jiangjiu zhěxiē le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pay much attention to this kind of</p>
<p>thing any more.</p>
<p>A: Taiwan xianzai hai you dai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Does the custom of wearing mourning</p>
<p>xiaode xlguān ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;still exist in Taiwan?</p>
<p>B: You. Nǐ měi kandao Wang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yes. Didn<sup>1</sup>t you see Teacher Wang,</p>
<p>tā shoubishang jiu daizhe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she<sup>f</sup>s wearing mourning on her arm.</p>
<p>xiao ne. Yiqiānde rěn dai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before, people had to wear mourning</p>
<p>xiao yao dai yiniān! Xianzaide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a year! Now most people only</p>
<p>rěn duobān zhi dai yibǎitiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wear it for a hundred days• le.</p>
<p>A: Mingtiān women shenme shihou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What time shall we go there</p>
<p>qu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow?</p>
<p>B: Xiawu yidian zhōng wǒ zāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工 <sup>f</sup>ll wait for you at the gate of</p>
<p>TāiDa měnkǒu děng ni, women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taiwan University at one o*clock， and</p>
<p>yidao qu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we can go together.</p>
<p>A: Hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Okay.</p>
<p>NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</p>
<p>Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land)， deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave，sang .1 ia.</p>
<p>The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit• Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a sǔhui cunfangchu, a building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased</p>
<p>but people sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the deceased’s home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of gladness vhen the deceased enters the world of the non-living. [A funeral is a &quot;white joyous event,” bai xīshi. A vedding is a &quot;red event.&quot; Together they are sometimes referred to as h$ngbai xīshi, red and white joyous events.]</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>binyiguǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral home</p>
<p>chū bin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold a funeral procession</p>
<p>conglai bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never</p>
<p>conglai dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always (in the past)</p>
<p>conglai měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have never</p>
<p>dā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;travel by, take (a taxi, bus , train,</p>
<p>airplane, etc,)</p>
<p>dadōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the most part</p>
<p>dai xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wear mourning</p>
<p>fāda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be developed&gt; to &quot;be prosperous</p>
<p>fǎnzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway, in any case</p>
<p>fēngshuǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Chinese science of geomancy</p>
<p>(that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes</p>
<p>gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to</p>
<p>gongmu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;public cemetery</p>
<p>guānniān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;concept， notion, view</p>
<p>guīju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;special customs， established rules</p>
<p>hěqilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to combine, to join together</p>
<p>houdai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;descendants</p>
<p>huā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be multicolored</p>
<p>huāquān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flower wreath</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be gray</p>
<p>huo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or</p>
<p>huozang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cremation</p>
<p>jiangjiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be particular about; to be</p>
<p>elegant, to be tasteful</p>
<p>Jilě Binyiguǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)</p>
<p>jiu shi le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•••， that’s all</p>
<p>māma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother, moni</p>
<p>mixin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be superstitious; superstition</p>
<p>nā (nāli, nǎr) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how (used in rhetorical questions to</p>
<p>deny something)</p>
<p>qiān ming &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sign one’s name</p>
<p>qiānmingbu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guest book</p>
<p>rěnwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think that, to believe that</p>
<p>ruhě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how, in what way; hov (someone or</p>
<p>something) is; how is it (literary form)</p>
<p>shi fou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(literary form meaning shi bu shi)</p>
<p>shoubi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arm</p>
<p>si &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to die</p>
<p>tǔzang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;burial (the word used in contrast to</p>
<p>cremation or burial at sea)</p>
<p>vanlian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral scroll</p>
<p>xiaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to know</p>
<p>xiguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit， custom</p>
<p>Yangmingshan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a mountain in suburban Taipei</p>
<p>yidao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;together</p>
<p>zhi yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as long as, if only</p>
<p><sub>z</sub> ǐsun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;descendants</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>bǐcǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other, mutually</p>
<p>&quot;bǐjiao (&quot;bǐjiao) 比较 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;relatively， comparatively</p>
<p>bū dan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not only</p>
<p>bu shǎo 不少 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot, many</p>
<p>chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to become, to constitute, to make</p>
<p>chěngshi 城市 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city</p>
<p>danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but</p>
<p>ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;而且 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore</p>
<p>fēngqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;凡气 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common practice</p>
<p>fēngsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom</p>
<p>fūfu 大U &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;married couple, husband and wife</p>
<p>gǎibian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to change</p>
<p>he *^CI &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with; and</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;might, to be likely to, will</p>
<p>jiěhūn (jiěhūn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married</p>
<p>jiějuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to solve</p>
<p>jīngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through, to pass by or through</p>
<p>jinian 乡已念^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;memento, memorial</p>
<p>kǎolu 考處 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consider; consideration</p>
<p>kě 呀 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indeed, really</p>
<p>kě &quot;bu shi ma! 可不是吗 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;工*11 say, yes indeed, that’s for sure</p>
<p>lian^i &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be romantically involved with</p>
<p>liǎojiě (liāojie) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;了鮮 to understand; understanding</p>
<p>lihūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to divorce</p>
<p>lǐwu (lǐwu) 札物 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gift, present</p>
<p>nānjiā(r) 男家 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the husband's family</p>
<p>nannu ^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;male and female</p>
<p>něnggou 能够 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can, to &quot;be able to</p>
<p>nianq.īng 年径 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be young</p>
<p>nongcūn 农村 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rural area， countryside</p>
<p>nūjiā(r) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the wife<sup>1</sup>s family</p>
<p>null &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;力 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be hardworking, to be diligent;</p>
<p>73 ^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diligently, hard</p>
<p>qingnian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;■年 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;youth, young person</p>
<p>qīnqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;$ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;relatives</p>
<p>qūbiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;区多<sup>1</sup>J &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;difference, distinction</p>
<p>shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to practice, to carry out (a method, ^ policy, plan, reform, etc.)</p>
<p>shuāngfāng 认方 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both sides, both parties</p>
<p>song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give (something as a gift)</p>
<p>tan qīn ^■系半 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit family</p>
<p>tanqīnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave for visiting family</p>
<p>tichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to advocate, to promote, to initiate</p>
<p>vǎnlian vanhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;late involvement and late marriage</p>
<p>xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite, pretty, very</p>
<p>xǔduo 午多 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many; a great deal (of)，a lot (of)</p>
<p>yingdāng 应当 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to</p>
<p>yishi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ceremony</p>
<p>yizhi 一 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all along, all the time (up until</p>
<p>a certain point)</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government</p>
<p>zhūdao 住到 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to move to, to go live at</p>
<p>zǒngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;灸 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always</p>
<p>zuo 政/f &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to serve as, to act as; as</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sound of sighing)</p>
<p>dāxide rizi 犬备的曰手 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding day</p>
<p>daying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to agree (to something), to consent,</p>
<p>自to promise</p>
<p>du &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass</p>
<p>du miyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^ 0 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go on a honeymoon, to spend one<sup>1</sup> s</p>
<p>入&quot;多 J &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honeymoon</p>
<p>duōnian 多年 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many years</p>
<p>fayuān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;court of law</p>
<p>FS佛 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Buddha</p>
<p>fuzā (fuza) rm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be complicated</p>
<p>gongzhěng jiěhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;civil marriage</p>
<p>hai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;even, (to go) so far as to</p>
<p>hāishi 遠足 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after all</p>
<p>houlāi 後來 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;later, afterwards</p>
<p>hui men &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the return of the bride to her</p>
<p>parents' home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</p>
<p>hūnlī mt &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding</p>
<p>jiaotang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;church</p>
<p>jiāowǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to associate with, to have dealings</p>
<p>丨 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;with</p>
<p>Jīdūjiao 凑督狄 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christianity</p>
<p>jiěhūn lǐfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding gown</p>
<p>jieshaorěn 介■、絲人 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;introducer</p>
<p>juěding 决定 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to decide</p>
<p>jǔxing 才十 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold (a meeting，ceremony, etc.)</p>
<p>Jūzhǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head of an office or bureau (of</p>
<p><sup>d</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;which the last syllable is jū)</p>
<p>laoshi (lǎoshī)老to &quot;be honest</p>
<p>nmnyx 滿意 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be pleased</p>
<p>miyuě 蜜 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;honeymoon</p>
<p>nānfāng ^ ^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the groom's side，the groom<sup>1</sup> s family</p>
<p>něnggan 能幹 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be capable</p>
<p>rěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;person, self, body</p>
<p>ru xi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take one<sup>f</sup>s seat (at a gathering，</p>
<p>' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;meeting, or banquet)</p>
<p>shāngjin 上遂 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be ambitious</p>
<p>shou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be familiar (with), to know well</p>
<p>tandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk about; speaking of ...</p>
<p>tānlai tanqu 談來跋去 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to discuss back and forth</p>
<p>tlqīn iAM &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bring up a proposal of marriage</p>
<p>xiaojiě (xiāojie) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;、士a way of referring to someone else *s</p>
<p>daughter</p>
<p>xǐjiǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding banquet</p>
<p>xin J言 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;believe (in)</p>
<p>xin Fo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be a Buddhist</p>
<p>xīnlāng 新郎 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bridegroom</p>
<p>xīnniang 新碌 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bride</p>
<p>yě 也 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indeed, in fact, admittedly</p>
<p>yijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opinion</p>
<p>zǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long ago</p>
<p>zhěnghūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to witness a marriage</p>
<p>zhěnghūnrěn fiS皆人 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a witness for a marriage</p>
<p>zū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rent</p>
<p>zuo měi 政媒 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to act as go-between (for the</p>
<p>families of a man and woman considering marriage)</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>biyun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contraception</p>
<p>bu tong 不同 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be different</p>
<p>chǎnfu 产文立 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a woman who has given birth within</p>
<p>the last month</p>
<p>chanjia 户攸 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maternity leave</p>
<p>chěnggong 成功 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to succeed, to be successful</p>
<p>.chūshenglu 出生率 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;birth rate</p>
<p>dānwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unit</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(indicates successful accomplishment</p>
<p><sup>J</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of something)</p>
<p>dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to receive, to get</p>
<p>fēnpěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to assign，to apportion</p>
<p>gědī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the various places, each place</p>
<p>gěgě 各乂f &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various</p>
<p>gēnju (gēnju) mk &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;according to， based on</p>
<p>gězhong Ht &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;various kinds， types</p>
<p>gōngzī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wages, pay</p>
<p>hongtang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brovn sugar</p>
<p>jia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vacation, leave</p>
<p>jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fami ly</p>
<p>jihua shēngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;planned parenthood, family planning</p>
<p>juěyu #^&gt;胃 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sterilization</p>
<p>jūmin wěiyuānhui 音氏娄员<sup>the</sup> neighborhood committee of the</p>
<p>place you live</p>
<p>kongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to control</p>
<p>-腦们 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plural suffix</p>
<p>miānfěi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>to be free of cha</sup>^ge</p>
<p>ming’ě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the number of people assigned or</p>
<p>allowed, q_uota (of people)</p>
<p>nongmin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;peasant</p>
<p>rm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female</p>
<p>pāichǔsuo(r) 浓ilj所 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the local police station</p>
<p>pīzhǔn 扣匕在 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give official permission</p>
<p>135</p>
<p>qingkuang 十青/j\^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>s</sup> ituat ion</p>
<p>qīnjin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be close (to a person)</p>
<p>rengong liuchǎn 人工流产 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;abortion</p>
<p>sān tSngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;the three approvals&quot;</p>
<p>shāoshu minzu 少麩嫌 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;national minority</p>
<p>shēngyu 生 f &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;give birth to and raise</p>
<p>shibai 失武 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fail</p>
<p>shiqū 辛Ě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;urban area or district</p>
<p>shoushu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;operation, surgery</p>
<p>shǒuxiān 考先 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first</p>
<p>shumu 麩S &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;number</p>
<p>tōngguo 通迷 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass, to approve</p>
<p>tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consent, to agree</p>
<p>wānju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;toy</p>
<p>xiāngxin 相竹 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe</p>
<p>xiānhuā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fresh flowers</p>
<p>xiǎohair 小孩儿/ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child, children</p>
<p>yě jiu shi shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to mean; in other words</p>
<p>yi&quot;ban &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ordinary, general, common</p>
<p>yibānde shuō 一數地说 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;generally speaking</p>
<p>yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be specific</p>
<p>yingyǎngpīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food items of special nutritional</p>
<p>value</p>
<p>zēngjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to increase</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>-&quot;bang 4旁 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pound (unit of weight)</p>
<p>bīngxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;• refrigerator，ice box</p>
<p>bu gǎn dāng ^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’<sup>m</sup> filtered! You. shouldn't have!</p>
<p>chī nai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to nurse, to suckle</p>
<p>chuī fěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have air blow on oneself; to be</p>
<p>in a draft</p>
<p>dāngxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;丨^1»、 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to watch out</p>
<p>de &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get</p>
<p>duo kuai! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how fast I</p>
<p>erduo At &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ear</p>
<p>fēngshī 風洛、 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rheumatism</p>
<p>fuqi ^$1^, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;blessings, luck</p>
<p>fūxiang il相 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lucky physiognomy</p>
<p>hongbāo 表i ^<sub>t</sub> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a red envelope with a gift or bribe</p>
<p>of money in it</p>
<p>hongdan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;eggs dyed red</p>
<p>huīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to recover</p>
<p>jiěguo (jieguǒ) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as a result</p>
<p>mǎnyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a full month after the birth of a</p>
<p>mǎnyuějiǔ 滿J湳 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;celebration meal one month after a</p>
<p>baby is born</p>
<p>pang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be fat</p>
<p>pěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to touch</p>
<p>pofei 破f &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to spend a lot of money on someone</p>
<p>qiānwan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;切 all means, be sure to; (in a ^ negative sentence) by no means,</p>
<p>under no circumstances</p>
<p>shěnglěng 生冷 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;raw or cold foods</p>
<p>shēngxialai 生下表 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be born</p>
<p>sūnzi m &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandson</p>
<p>-tāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;台 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fetus，embryo</p>
<p>tang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to lie down</p>
<p>tongkǔ 痛苦 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be painful</p>
<p>touyige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first</p>
<p>touyitāi 越-j抬 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first pregnancy, the first baby</p>
<p>tuō ninde fū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thanks to your lucky influence</p>
<p>Wang jiā 王f &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>the Wang f31111 ly</sup></p>
<p>wěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;乞。</p>
<p>xiao baobao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby</p>
<p>xiaoxin 小 &lt;、 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>to be</sup> careful</p>
<p>xi fu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;命 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law</p>
<p>yixiazi 一 7手 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an instant, a moment, a while</p>
<p>yuězi 月各 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month of confinement after giving</p>
<p>birth to a child</p>
<p>zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</p>
<p>zhong 重 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be heavy</p>
<p>zuo yuězi 里j手 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through the month of confinement</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>an xīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;iV^<sup>N</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be without worry, to feel at ease,</p>
<p>to feel relieved</p>
<p>bǎozhong ^to take good care (of oneself)</p>
<p>běnlai 麥束 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;originally</p>
<p>bingqiě iL且 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moreover</p>
<p>cānjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take part in; to attend</p>
<p>chāngshou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long life, longevity; to live a long</p>
<p>P、ī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;time</p>
<p>chūchāi 出差 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be out of town on business</p>
<p>dǎ changtū dianhua 打長遂4詁 to make a long-distance phone call dagē 大斧 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oldest brother</p>
<p>diaosāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to present one<sup>f</sup>s condolences at a</p>
<p>funeral, to attend a funeral</p>
<p>ěrnii ^*3^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have an attack (of a disease)</p>
<p>gandeshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be able to catch up, to be able</p>
<p>d &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to make it in time</p>
<p>gǎnhuilai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rush back</p>
<p>gǎnjǐn m &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quickly</p>
<p>gǔhuī 脅反 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;bone ashes</p>
<p>guoqu 逷去 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away</p>
<p>guoshi 通&amp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away</p>
<p>V ^</p>
<p>huo zang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cremate; cremation</p>
<p>hūran &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suddenly</p>
<p>jiānglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the future, someday</p>
<p>jijiu ,令、扣C &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first aid; to administer emergency</p>
<p>treatment</p>
<p>j iuguolai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>to save</sup></p>
<p>laorěnjia 老人家 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;polite way of referring to an older</p>
<p>person (nǐ lǎorěn.jiǎ^ tā lǎorěn.jiǎ)</p>
<p>-liao 了 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can, to be able to</p>
<p>nānguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be sad</p>
<p>nianji (nianji) 斗紀 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;age</p>
<p>pingjing 手辨 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be calm</p>
<p>qūbuliǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cannot go</p>
<p>qūshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass away</p>
<p>sānglǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral</p>
<p>shāngxīn 傷•&amp;、 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>to be</sup> grieved</p>
<p>shenbian Jn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one<sup>f</sup>s vicinity, one^ immediate</p>
<p>surroundings</p>
<p>song</p>
<p>to escort, to take (someone to a place)</p>
<p>xiāoxi 〉肖 I 良、 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news</p>
<p>xīnzang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart</p>
<p>xīnzang'bing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart disease</p>
<p>yiběizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>a11 onets life</sup></p>
<p>yixiang 一切 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(have) always, (had) always,</p>
<p>consistently, all along</p>
<p>zāi shu5 HXj &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore, besides</p>
<p>zang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bury</p>
<p>zuijin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recently</p>
<p>zumǔ 姐母 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother (on the father's side)</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>&quot;binyiguǎn 續4義fl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral home</p>
<p>chu bin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;七玄蓄 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold a funeral procession; a</p>
<p>^ !k &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral procession</p>
<p>conglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always (in the past)</p>
<p>conglai tu/mei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;人 never</p>
<p>dā 打 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;travel by, take (a taxi, &quot;bus, train,</p>
<p>airplane, etc.)</p>
<p>dadōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the most part</p>
<p>dai xiao 常孝 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wear mourning</p>
<p>fāda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be developed, to &quot;be prosperous</p>
<p>fǎnzhěng 义正 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway, in any case</p>
<p>fēngshuǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Chinese science of geomancy</p>
<p>(that is， the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</p>
<p>gāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to</p>
<p>g5ngmu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;public cemetery</p>
<p>guānniān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;concept, notion, view</p>
<p>gui ju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;special customs, established rules</p>
<p>hěqilai 姨束 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to combine, to join together</p>
<p>houdai 後代 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;descendants</p>
<p>huā 4JC &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be multicolored</p>
<p>huāquān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;flower wreath</p>
<p>hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be gray</p>
<p>huo 或 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or</p>
<p>huozāng 火葬 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cremation</p>
<p>jiangjiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be particular about</p>
<p>Jilě Binyiguǎn 極_. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)</p>
<p>jiu shi le 就足1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;...,that<sup>1</sup>s all</p>
<p>māma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mother, mom</p>
<p>mixin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be superstitious; superstition</p>
<p>nǎ (nali, nǎr)芳P (核 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;) <sup>how</sup> (<sup>used in</sup> rhetorical questions to</p>
<p>* &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;厂 I U &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;deny something)*</p>
<p>qiān ming &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to sign one's name</p>
<p>qiānmingbu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;guest book</p>
<p>rěnwěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to think that, to believe that</p>
<p>ruhě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be how, how is it; how, in what</p>
<p>way (literary form)</p>
<p>shī fou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;（literary form meaning shī bu shi)</p>
<p>shoubi 斗臂 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arm</p>
<p>sǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to die</p>
<p>tǔzang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;^6 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;burial (the word used in contrast to</p>
<p>cremation or burial at sea)</p>
<p>vanlian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral scroll</p>
<p>xiǎode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to know</p>
<p>xiguan 智 *1^ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit，custom</p>
<p>Yangmingshan 陽明山 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a mountain in suburban Taipei</p>
<p>yidao 一 讀 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;together</p>
<p>yingdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to</p>
<p>zhǐ yāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as long as, if only zǐsūn descendants</p>
<p>Vocabulary</p>
<p>ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sound of sighing) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>ānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be without worry, to feel at &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>ease, to feel relieved</p>
<p>-bang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pound (unit of weight) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>bǎobao (bǎobao) baby, darling (term of endear- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>ment for a young child)</p>
<p>bǎozhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take good care (of oneself) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>&quot;běnlai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;originally &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>bǐcǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other, mutually; you too, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>the same to you</p>
<p>bǐjiao (bǐjiǎo) relatively， comparatively; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>fairly, rather</p>
<p>bingqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;moreover, and &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>bīngxiāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;refrigerator, ice box &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>binyiguǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral home &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>biyun &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contraception &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>bu dan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not only &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>bu gǎn dāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m flattered, You shouldn’t &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>have,工 don’t deserve this</p>
<p>bu shǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a lot, quite a few &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>bu tong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be different &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>cānjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to take part in; to attend &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>chǎnfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a woman who has given birth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>within the last month</p>
<p>chāngshou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long life, longevity; to live &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>a long time</p>
<p>chanjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;maternity leave &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>chěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to become, to constitute, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>to make</p>
<p>chěnggōng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to succeed, to be successful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>chěngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;city &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>chī nai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to nurse, to suckle &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>chū bin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold a funeral procession &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>chūchāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be out of town on business &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>chuī fēng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have air blow on oneself; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>to be in a draft</p>
<p>chūshenglu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;birth rate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>conglai bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;never &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>conglai d5u &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always (in the past) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>conglai měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;have never &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>dā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;travel &quot;by, take (a taxi, &quot;bus, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>train, airplane, etc,)</p>
<p>dǎ chāngtu dianhua to make a long-distance &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>phone call</p>
<p>dādōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for the most part &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>dāgě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;oldest brother &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;MBD 5</p>
<p>dai xiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to wear mourning &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>dāngxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to watch out &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>danshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;but &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;.MBD 1</p>
<p>dānvěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unit &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3 〜</p>
<p>-dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(indicates successful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>accomplishment of something)</p>
<p>dāxǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;great rejoicing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>daxǐde rizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vedding day &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>dāying &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to agree (to something), to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>consent, to promise</p>
<p>dě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>dědao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to receive, to get &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>diaosāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to present one’s condolences &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>at a funeral</p>
<p>dū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>dū miyuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go on a honeymoon, to spend &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>one's honeymoon</p>
<p>duo kuāi! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;how fast! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>du5niān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many years &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>erduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<sup>v</sup> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ear &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD h</p>
<p>ěrnii &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;children &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>ěrqiě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>fāda &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to &quot;be developed, to &quot;be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>prosperous</p>
<p>fan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to have an attack (of an old &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>disease)</p>
<p>fǎnzhěng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;anyway, in any case &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>fǎyuaji &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;court of law &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>fēngqi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;common practice; general mood &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>fēngshī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rheumatism &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD h</p>
<p>fēngshuǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Chinese science of geomancy MBD 6</p>
<p>(that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</p>
<p>fēngsu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;custom &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>fēnpěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to assign, to apportion, to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>allot</p>
<p>Fo Buddha &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>fūfu married couple， husband &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>and wife</p>
<p>fuqi blessings, luck &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>fuxiang lucky physiognomy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>fuza (fuza) to be complicated &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>gāi should, ought to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>gaibian to change &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>gandeshang to be able to catch up， to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;be MBD 5</p>
<p>able to maJce it in time</p>
<p>ganhuilai to rush back &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>gǎnjǐn quickly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>gědi the various places, each place &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>gěgě various &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>gēnju (gēnju) according to， based on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>gězhong various kinds， types &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>gSngmu public cemetery &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>gSngzhěng jiěhūn civil marriage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>gSngzī wages, pay &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>guānniān concept, notion, view &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>gǔhuī bone ashes &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>guīju special customs, established &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>rules</p>
<p>guoqu to pass away, to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>guoshi to pass away, to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>hai even，(to go) so far as to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>hāishi after all &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>he with; and &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>hěqilai to combine, to join &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>together</p>
<p>hongbāo a red envelope with a gift &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or MBD k</p>
<p>bribe of money in it</p>
<p>hongdan eggs dyed red &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>hongtang brown sugar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>houdai descendants &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>houlai later, afterwards &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>huā to &quot;be multicolored &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>huāquān flower wreath &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>huī to be gray &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>hui might, to be likely to, will &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>hui men the return of the bride to her &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>parents<sup>f</sup> home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</p>
<p>huīfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to recover &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>hūnlī &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>huo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>huozang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to cremate; cremation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>huozāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cremation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>hūran &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;suddenly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;vacation, leave &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>jiangjiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be particular about; to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>elegant, to be tasteful</p>
<p>jiānglai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the future， someday &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>jiaotang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;church &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>jiāowǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to associate with, to have &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>dealings with</p>
<p>jiāting &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>Jīdūjiao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Christianity &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>jiěguo (jiěguo) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as a result; result, results &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD U</p>
<p>jiěhūn (jiēhǔn) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to get married &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>jiěhūn lǐfu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding gown &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>jiějuě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to solve &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>jieshaorěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;introducer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>jihua shēngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;planned parenthood, family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>planning</p>
<p>jijiu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first aid; to administer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>emergency treatment</p>
<p>Jilě Binyiguǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Paradise Funeral Home &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>(in Taipei)</p>
<p>jīngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through, to pass by or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>through</p>
<p>jinian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;memento, memorial &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>jiu shi le &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;•••，that<sup>1</sup> s all &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>jiuguolai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to save &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>juěding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to decide &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>juěyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sterilization &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>jumin wěiyuānhui neighborhood committee &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>jǔxing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to hold (a meeting, ceremony, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>etc.)</p>
<p>Jūzhǎng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;head of an office or bureau (of MBD 2</p>
<p>which the last syllable is jū)</p>
<p>kǎolū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consider; consideration &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>kě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indeed, really &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>kě bū shi ma &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1*11 say, yes indeed, that<sup>1</sup>s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>for sure</p>
<p>kongzhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to control &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>.&quot;-lāi .. .-qu (indicates repeating the action &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>over and over again)</p>
<p>lǎorěnjia polite way of addressing or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>referring to an old person ni lǎorěn.jiǎ, ta lǎorěnjia)</p>
<p>laoshi (laoshi) to be honest &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>liān<sup>f</sup>āi to be romantically involved &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>with; love</p>
<p>-liao can， to be able to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>liǎojiě (liāojie) to understand; understanding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>lihūn to get divorced &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>lǐwu (lǐwu) gift, present &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>māma mother, mom &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>manyī to be pleased &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>mǎnyuě a full month after the birth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>of a baby</p>
<p>mǎnyuějiǔ celebration meal one month &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>after a baby is born</p>
<p>-men plural suffix &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>miǎnfei to be free of charge &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>ming<sup>?</sup>ě the number of people assigned &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>or allowed, quota (of people)</p>
<p>mixin to be superstitious; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>superstition</p>
<p>miyuě honeymoon &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>nǎ (nāli, nǎr) how (used in rhetorical ques- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>tions to deny something)</p>
<p>nānfāng the groom<sup>?</sup>s side, the groc n<sup>?</sup>s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>family</p>
<p>nānguo to be sad &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>nānjiā(r) the husband<sup>?</sup>s family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>nānnu male and female &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>něnggan to be capable &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>něnggou can, to be able to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>nianji (nianji) age &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>nianqīng to be young &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>nongcūn rural area, countryside &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>nongmin peasant &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>nū female &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>nujiā(r) the wife<sup>1</sup> s family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>nǔli to be hardworking, to be &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>dilieent: diligently, hard</p>
<p>pāichūsuǒ(r) the local police station &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>pang to be fat &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>pěng to touch &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>pingjīng to be calm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>pizhǔn to give official permission &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>pofei to spend a lot of money (on &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IviBD U</p>
<p>someone), to go to some expense</p>
<p>qiān ming to sign one’s name &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>qiānmingbu guest book . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>qiānwan by all means, be sure to; (in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD U</p>
<p>combination with a negative vord) by no means, under no circumstances</p>
<p>qingkuang situation &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>qingnian youth, young person &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>qīnjin to be close (to a person) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>qīnqi relatives &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>qūbiě difference<sub>9</sub> distinction &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>qūbuliao cannot go &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>qushī to pass away, to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>rěn person, self, body &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>rěnF^ng liuchǎn abortion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>r^.iwěi to think that, to believe that &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>ru xi to take one’s seat (at a gather- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>ing, meeting, or banquet)</p>
<p>ruhě how, in what way; how (someone &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)</p>
<p>san tōngguo &quot;the three approvals&quot; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>sānglǐ funeral &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>shāngjin to be ambitious &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>shāngxīn to be grieved, to be sorrowful, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>to be broken-hearted</p>
<p>shǎoshu mlnzū minority nationality, national &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>minority</p>
<p>shēnbiān one’s vicinity, one’s immediate &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>surroundings</p>
<p>shēnglěng raw or cold foods &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 4</p>
<p>shēngxialai to be born &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>shēngyu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give &quot;birth to and raise &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>shi fou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(literary form meaning shi bu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>shi)</p>
<p>shibai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to fail &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>shiqū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;urban area or district &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>shixing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to practice, to carry out &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>(a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</p>
<p>shou (shu) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be familiar (with), to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>know well</p>
<p>shoubi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;arm &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>shoushu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;operation, surgery &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>shǒuxiān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>shū (shou) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be familiar (with), to know</p>
<p>well</p>
<p>shuāngfāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;both sides, both parties &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>shumu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;number &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>sǐ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to die &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to give (something as a gift)- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>song &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to escort, to take (someone to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>a place)</p>
<p>sūnzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandson &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>—tāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;birth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>tan qīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>tandao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk about; speaking of .. . &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>tang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to lie, to recline &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>tanlai tanqu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to talk back and forth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>tanqīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit relatives (usually &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>means immediate family)</p>
<p>tanqīnjia &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;leave for visiting family &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>tichāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to advocate, to promote, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>to initiate</p>
<p>tlqīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bring up a proposal of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>marriage</p>
<p>tSngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to pass, to approve &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>tongkǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be painful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>tongyi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to consent, to agree &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>touyige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>tou(yi )tāi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first pregnancy, the first &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>baby</p>
<p>tuō ninde fū &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;thanks to your lucky influence, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD k</p>
<p>many thanks</p>
<p>tǔzang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;burial (the word used in con- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>trast to cremation or burial at sea)</p>
<p>Wang jiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Wang family, the Wangs &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD U</p>
<p>wanju &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;toy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>wanliān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;funeral scroll &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>vanlian wǎnhūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;late involvement and late &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>marriage</p>
<p>věi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to feed &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*MBD k</p>
<p>xiānhuā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fresh flowers &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>xiāngdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite, pretty, very &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>xiāngxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>xiǎo bǎobao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;baby, darling (term of endear- MBD U</p>
<p>ment for a young child)</p>
<p>xiaode &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to know &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>xiǎohair &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;child, children &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>xiǎojiě (xiāojie) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter (referring to someone MBD 2</p>
<p>else<sup>1</sup>s daughter)</p>
<p>xiāoxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;news &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>xiaoxin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be careful &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD U</p>
<p>xifu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daughter-in-law &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD h</p>
<p>xiguan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;habit, custom &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>xǐ jiǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wedding banquet; vedding wine &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>xin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to believe (in) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>xin Fo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be a Buddhist &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>xīnlang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bridegroom &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>xīnniang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bride &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>xinzāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>xinzāngbing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;heart disease &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>xǔduo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;many, a great deal (of)， &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>a lot (of)</p>
<p>Yangmingshan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a mountain in surburban Taipei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>yě &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- indeed, in fact, admittedly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>yě jiu shi shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to mean; in other words &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>yibān &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ordinary, general, common &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>yibānde shuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;generally speaking &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>yiběizi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all one<sup>1</sup>s life &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>yidao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;together &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>yiding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be specific &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>yijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;opinion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>yingdāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should, ought to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>yingyǎngpīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;food items of special &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>nutritional value</p>
<p>ylshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ceremony &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>yixiang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(have) always, (had) always, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>consistently, all along</p>
<p>yixiazi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;an instant, a moment, a while &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD U</p>
<p>yizhi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all along， all the time (up &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>until a certain point)</p>
<p>yuězi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month of confinement after &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD b</p>
<p>giving birth to a child</p>
<p>zai shu5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furthermore, besides &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>zang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to bury &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>zāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;long ago &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>zēngjiā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to increase &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 3</p>
<p>zhang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to grov; to be (pretty, etc.) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD b</p>
<p>zhěngfǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>zhěnghūn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to witness a marriage &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>zhěnghūnrěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chief witness at a wedding &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>ceremony</p>
<p>zhǐ yao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;as long as, if only &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>zhong &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be heavy &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD h</p>
<p>zhu dao &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;, to move to, to go live at &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>zǐsǔn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;descendants &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 6</p>
<p>zǒngshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;always &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>zu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to rent &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>zuijin &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recently; soon &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>zǔmǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;grandmother (on the father<sup>T</sup>s &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 5</p>
<p>side)</p>
<p>zuo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to serve as, to act as; as &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 1</p>
<p>zuo měi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to act as go-between (for the &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</p>
<p>families of a man and woman considering marriage)</p>
<p>zuo yuězi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to go through the month of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD h</p>
<p>confinement and special care .after childbirth</p>
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