FSI-Chinese-text/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText.txt

FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 01 ORN - Student Text
Foreign Service Institute

CM 0180 S

STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION

MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE

UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS

This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and
nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including
requests for copies, should be addressed to:

Defense Language Institute

Foreign Language Center

NonresidentTraining Division

Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006

Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc.,
which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are
sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since
military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear
understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will
be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial
statements-whether real ōr apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be
construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or
the Department of Defense.

Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is
it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses
not mentioned.

In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
translations of foreign language texts.

The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
without prior approval from the DLIFLC.

PREFACE

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training
community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect
current usage in Beijing and Taipei.

The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough
in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
government agencies and academic institutions.

A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute,
the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill,
John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C.
Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R.
Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T.
Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
(CFFLS).

The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197¹* in
space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S.
and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.

Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council
was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language
Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M.
Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center
and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on
the planning council and contributed material to the project. The
planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials
and met regularly to review their development.

Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation
with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign
Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the
comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the
communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides.
Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the
student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the
staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the
materials subsequent to Module 6.

All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao,
Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui
C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming
Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry
Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.

Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang,
Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.

The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the
Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was
voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr.
Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.

The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A.
Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning
Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois;
and the University of Virginia.

Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of
the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the
DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course
materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing,
typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out
these tasks.

James R. Frith, Chairman

Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction Section I:  About the Course

Section II:  Background Notes

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives ....................... .....

List of Tapes

Target Lists

UNIT 1 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28

Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills

UNIT 2 Introduction *

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Given names

Yes/no questions

Negative statements

Greetings Drills

UNIT 3 Introduction . .

Reference List ....

Vocabulary

Unit Map

Reference Notes

Nationality

Home state, province, and city Drills

UNIT U Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Unit Map

Reference Notes

Location of people and places Where people’s families are from

Drills

Criterion Test Sample

Appendices

-   I. Map of China

-   II. Map of Taiwan

-   III. Countries and Regions

-   IV. American States

-   V. Canadian Provinces

-   VI. Common Chinese Names

-   VII. Chinese Provinces

-   VIII.  Chinese Cities

MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives

List of Tapes

Target Lists

UNIT 1 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word něige
"which?" Drills...............  105

UNIT 2 Introduction ...

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes .

Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working Addresses The
marker de The marker ba The prepositional verb zài
Drills..........................120

UNIT 3 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Members of a family The plural ending -men The question word jl- "how
many"

The adverb dōu ’’all"

Several ways to express "and" Drills . . .

UNIT U Introduction

Reference List.....'

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Arrival and departure times

The marker le

The shi... de construction Drills

UNIT 5 Introduction

Reference List............

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Date and place of birth

Days of the week

Ages

The marker le for new situations Drills

UNIT 6 Introduction .....

Reference List .... .......... ..........

Vocabulary

Reference Notes ................ .......

Duration phrases

The marker le for completion

The "double le" construction

The marker guo

Action verbs

State verbs Drills

UNIT 7 Introduction..

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Where someone works

Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak
Auxiliary verbs General objects

Drills

UNIT 8 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

More on duration phrases The marker le for new situations in negative
sentences Military titles and branches of service The marker ne Process
verbs Drills............................223

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE .

This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken
Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it.
Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between
the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the
rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant
nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting
these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
Beijing and Taipei.

This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign
languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student,
of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should
expect:

The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the
obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be
communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not
always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be
purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.

This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of all your
conversational partner. Anything that forces him¹ back into the
traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to
interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the
language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.

Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course
activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are
for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much
additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.

The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new
material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you
have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time
listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes
or in class.

How the Course Is Organized

The subtitle of this course, "A Modular Approach,” refers to overall
organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular
situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice
as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant
features of the course, the subtitle could just as well have been "A
Situational Approach," "A Taped-Input Approach," or "A Communicative
Approach."

Ten situational modules form the

ORIENTATION (ORN)

BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)

MONEY (MON)

DIRECTIONS (DIR)

TRANSPORTATION (TRN)

ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)

SOCIETY (SOC)

TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)

LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)

TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)

Each core module consists of tapes,

core of the course:

Talking about who you are and where you are from.

Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about
your visit to China.

Making purchases and changing money.

Asking directions in a city or in a building.

Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule
information, buying tickets, and making reservations.

Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time
of an appointment, and declining an invitation.

Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in
traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.

Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall,
the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.

Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure
activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.

Talking about government and party policy changes described in
newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy, international
policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.

student textbook, and a workbook.

In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and
OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular systems in the
language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a
situational core module, you will occasionally take time out to study
part of a resource module. (You will begin the first’ three of these
while studying the Orientation Module.)

PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&R) The sound system of Chinese and the
Pinyin system of romanization.

NUMBERS (NUM)                          Numbers up to five digits.

CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)            Expressions basic to the classroom

learning situation.

TIME AND DATES (T&D)                   Dates, days of the week, clock
time,

parts of the day.

GRAMMAR                               Aspect and verb types, word order,

multisyllabic verbs and bǎ, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences,
adverbial expressions.

Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.

The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:

RESTAURANT (RST)

HOTEL (HTL)

PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)

POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)

CAR (CAR)

CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)

NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)

INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&O)

Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional
modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.

The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional modules, and
resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown
where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be
introduced.

STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

KEY

[]

Inside a Core Module

Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes

Objectives: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the
text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit
to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will
have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.

Target Lists: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize
the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and
answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in
roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List
before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull
together what is in the unit.

Review Tapes (R-l): The Target List sentences are given on these tapes.
Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each
module.

Criterion Test: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion
Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need
to work on before beginning to study another module.

Inside a Unit

Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work
through two tapes:

-   1. Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l): This tape introduces all the new
    words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the
    context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into
    other short conversations and longer passages for listening
    practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences.
    Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List
    sentences for the unit.

-   2. Production Tape 1 (P-1): This tape gives you practice in
    pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to
    understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to
    be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chine^(e)?
    when given the English equivalent.

The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are "portable" in
the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are
some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into
your study routine. A text Reference List at the beginning of each unit
contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the
Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text Reference
Notes restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes
concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.

After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class
activities:

-   3. Target List Review: In this first class activity of the unit, you
    find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher
    checks your understanding and production of the Target List
    sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary
    items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the
    C-l and P-1 tapes.

-   U. Structural Buildup: During this class activity, you work on your
    understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You
    respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated
    on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.

After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time
working on the drills for the unit.

-   5. Drill Tape: This tape takes you through various types of drills
    based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required
    vocabulary.

-   6. Drills: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the
    drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review
    the tape, or to replace it.

Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much
additional practice as possible outside of class.

-   7. Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2): This tape provides advanced listening
    practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully
    exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2
    Workbook you answer questions about the passages.

-   8. Production Tape 2 (P-2): This tape resembles the Structural
    Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in
    various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and
    displays of information for each exercise.

Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
activities:

-   9. Exercise Review: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2
    tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning
    you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning
    you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.

-   10. Communication Activities: Here you use what you have learned in
    the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious
    situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations
    involving you and your classmates (in "interviews”) are used.

    Materials and Activities for a Unit

    TAPED MATERIALS

    C-l, P-1 Tapes

    WRITTEN MATERIALS

    Target List Reference List Reference Notes

    D-l Tapes

    C-2, P-2 Tapes

    Drills

    Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks

    CLASS ACTIVITIES

    Target List Review

    Structural Buildup Drills

    Exercise Review

    Communication Activities

    []

    Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)

SECTION II  BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE

The Chinese Languages

We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called ’’Chinese.
’’ We say, for example, that the people of China speak different
dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of
Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the
people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one
language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that
language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.

Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to
home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The
language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like
Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a
spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China,
traditionally known as the "dialects," are the branches of the tree.
They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French,
Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.

The predominant language of China is now known as Putonghua, or
"Standard Chinese" (literally "the common speech"). The more traditional
term, still used in Taiwan, is Guoyǔ, or "Mandarin" (literally "the
national language"). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of
the country.

The term "Standard Chinese" is often used more narrowly to refer to the
true national language which is emerging. This language, which is
already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on
the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of
Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many
national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is
often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in
pronunciation.

The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in
pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes
Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is
that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.

The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter
of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below
the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the
"Shanghai dialect"; Hunanese (Xiāng); the "Kiangsi dialect" (Gan);
Cantonese (Yuè), the language of Guāngdōng, widely spoken in Chinese
communities in the United States; Fukienese (Min), a variant of which is
spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka
(Kèjiā). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a
minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely
spoken throughout Southeast Asia.

There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese
languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the
Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.

Some Characteristics of Chinese

To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of
variation in tone ("tones") to distinguish the different meanings of
syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese
is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole
sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising
pattern in "He’s gone?" tells us that the sentence is meant as a
question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They
belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An
inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four
distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the
syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only
difference between the verb "to buy," m&i, and the verb "to sell," mài,
is the Low tone (^(w)) and the Falling tone (-). And yet these words are
just as distinguishable as our words "buy" and "guy," or "buy" and
"boy." Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no
more different from English than French is.

Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing,
there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages.
Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as
many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and
often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons
Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might
think.

It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion
contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average,
every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word.
Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and
some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into
singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.

Written Chinese

Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet.
The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but
the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound,
more or less. Chinese, however, is written with "characters" which stand
for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular
meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically
distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand
Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each
single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the
same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as tiān,
"sky," X, and tiān, "to add," "to increase,"

Chinese characters are often referred to as "ideographs," which suggests
that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better
to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken
language.

Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand
characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading
vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing
some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time
needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the
People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character
simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per
character by half.

During the past century, various systems have been proposed for
representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet.
One of these romanizations, Hànyu Pinyin (literally "Chinese Language
Spelling," generally called "Pinyin" in English), has been adopted
officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students
the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is
the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This
is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have
uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being,
characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the
most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.

Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the
letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather
arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is
only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will
find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds,
depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four
tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral
tone by the absence of an accent mark:

High:     mā                     Falling:

Rising:   ma                     Neutral:

Low:

One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can
be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese
languages. Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the
characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and
connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken
language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard
Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn
several thousand characters.

Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written
representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly
responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are
taught separately.

BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS

Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There
are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed
direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written
with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in
printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the
stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted;
these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point
pen.

The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the
character for "mouth," pronounced kou. Here it is as normally written,
with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.

[]

If the character is written rapidly, in "running-style writing," one
stroke glides into the next, like this.

If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different
distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and
anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.

The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang
Dynasty "oracle bones" of about 1500 B.C., already included characters
that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some
characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for
"mouth." There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman
numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first
numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on
their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our
Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But the most common type of character is
complex, consisting of two parts: a "phonetic," which suggests the
pronunciation, and a "radical," which broadly characterizes the meaning.
Let’s take the following character as an example.

[]

This character means "ocean" and is pronounced yang. The left side of
the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a
character which means "water" and is pronounced shul. This is the
"radical." It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water." The right
side of the character above is a character which means "sheep" and is
pronounced yang. This is the "phonetic." It has been borrowed only for
its sound value, yang. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above
character for the first time could probably figure out that the only
Chinese word that sounds like yang and means something like "water" is
the word yang meaning "ocean." We, as speakers of English, might not be
able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as
neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of
these hints at sound and sense.

Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals.
According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6
radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand
phonetics.

Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of
the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that
the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays,
however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications,
and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.

BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES

A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given
name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname
first, given name last.

The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname
followed by a two-syllable given name:²

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)

Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)

Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)

Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)

It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
syllable:

Zhū De (Chu Teh)

Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)

Hú Shi (Hu Shih)

Jiāng Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)

There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by
single-syllable given names:

Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) ZhūgS Liang (Chu-ke
Liang)

But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given
names:

Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)

An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written
with a single character and several dozen written with two characters.
Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with
different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may
occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger
on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter
are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they
account for a good majority of China’s population.

Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited
list of characters. Men's names are often but not always distinguishable
from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of
the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student
with a limited knowledge of characters.

Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still
in use. These titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss."
Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full
name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.

The title "Mr." is Xiānsheng.

MS Xiānsheng

JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng

The title "Mrs." is Tàitai. It follows the husband’s full name or
surname alone.

MS Tàitai

MS Mínglī Tàitai

The title "Miss" is Xiǎojiě. The MS family’s grown daughter, Défēn,
would be

MS XiSojiě

Mǎ Défēn XiSojiě

Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does
not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss
Fāng Bǎolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at
the same time she remains Fāng BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán;
there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her
husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as MS Fāng
Bǎolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.

These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today
in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations,
however, when used in the PRC today: Tàitai should not be used because
it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. XiSojiě
should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a
rich family.

In the People’s Republic, the title "Comrade," Tóngzhì, is used in place
of the titles Xiānsheng, Tàitai, and XiSojiě. MS Mínglī would be

MS Tóngzhì

MS Mínglī Tóngzhì

The title ’’Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital
status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense.
MS Mínglī’s wife would be

Fāng Tóngzhì

Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì

Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at
birth. In some families one child has the father's surname, and another
child has the mother’s surname. MS Mínglī’s and Fāng Bǎolán*s grown
daughter could be

MS Tóngzhì

MS Défēn Tóngzhì

Their grown son could be

Fāng Tóngzhì

Fāng Zìqiáng Tóngzhì

Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and
titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed
here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.

The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special
consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese
phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often
not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of
appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations.
(An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with
attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at
all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of "David
Anderson" is Dàiwéi Āndésēn.

An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid
Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example,
"David Anderson" might be in Dàwèi.

Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese
surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness.
For example, Wáng, a common Chinese surname, means "king," so "Daniel
King" might be rendered Wáng Dànián.

Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic
equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION

The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the
linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The materials
also introduce the teaching procedures used in this course.

The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several
respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its own, but
rather leads into the situational topic of the following
module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese
grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules
(Pronunciation and Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together
with the Orientation Module, they are prerequisite to the rest of the
course.

OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated
resource modules, the student should

-   1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to be
    able to write the Hànyǔ Pinyin romanization for a syllable after
    hearing the syllable.

-   2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words
    of the Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read.
    (Although the entire sound system of Chinese is introduced in the
    module, the student is responsible for producing only sounds used in
    the Target Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is
    included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)

-   3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of
    China well enough to point out their locations on a map, and
    pronounce the names well enough to be understood by a Chinese.

-   U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them
    down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given
    English equivalents.

-   5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including
    the use of titles equivalent to "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Miss," and
    "Comrade."

-   6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where someone is
    from.

-   7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.

-   8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese
    expressions in the Target Lists.

-   9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists
    when cued with English equivalents.¹

-   10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on
    the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.

TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES

Orientation (ORN)

Unit 1:

Unit 2:

1 C-l

1 P-1

2

C-l

2 P-1

1&2 D-l

Unit 3:

3

C-l

3 P-1

3 D-l      3 C-2      3 P-2

Unit U:

1»

C-l

h P-1

h D-l      U C-2      U P-2

Pronunciation and Romanization (P&R)

  ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
  P&R 1   P&R 2   P&R 3   P&R U   P&R 5   P&R 6
  ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

Numbers (NUM)

  ----------------------- ------- -------
  NUM 1      NUM 2        NUM 3   NUM U
  Classroom Expressions   (CE)    
  CE 1                            
  ----------------------- ------- -------

UNIT 1 TARGET LIST

  ---- ---- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------
  1.   A:   NX shi shéi?                   Who are you?
       B:   WS shi Wang Dànián.            I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).
       A:   WS shi Hú Měilíng.             I am Hú Měilíng.
  2.   A:   Nī xìng shénme?                What is. your surname?
       B:   Wǒ xìng Wáng.                  My surname is Wáng (King).
       A:   WS xìng Hú.                    My surname is Hú.
  3.   A:   Tā shi shéi?                   Who is he/she?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglī.              He is Mǎ Mínglī.
       A:   Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.           He is Mr. MS.
       B:   Tā shi MS Tàitai.              She is Mrs. Mǎ.
       A:   Tā shi MS Xiǎojiě.             She is Miss Mǎ.
       B:   Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.             He/she is Comrade Mǎ.
  h.   A:   Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?   Mr. Wáng, who is he?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.    He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.
  5-   A:   Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?        Sir, who is she?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglī Tàitai.       She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglī.
  6.   A:   Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?          Comrade, who is she?
       B:   Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì.    She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.
  ---- ---- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------

UNIT 2 TARGET LIST

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 1. A:                 | Nī shi Wáng Xiānsheng | Are you Mr. Wáng? I   |
|                       | ma?                   | am Wang Dànián. I’m   |
| B:                    |                       | not Mr. Wang.         |
|                       | W5 shi Wang Dànián.   |                       |
| A:                    |                       |                       |
|                       | Wǒ bú shi Wáng        |                       |
|                       | Xiānsheng.            |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 2. A:                 | Nī xìng Wáng ma?      | Is your surname Wáng? |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| B:                    | Wǒ xìng Wáng.         | My surname is Wáng.   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| A:                    | Wo bú xìng Wáng.      | My surname isn't      |
|                       |                       | Wang,                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | NÍn guìxìng?    | Your surname?   |
|                 |                 |                 | (POLITE) My     |
|                 | B:              | Wǒ xìng Wang.   | surname is      |
|                 |                 |                 | Wang.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Nl Jiao shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | given name?     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ Jiao Dànián. | My given name   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Dànián       |
|                 |                 |                 | (Daniel).       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | A:              | Nl hǎo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?  | I’m fine. And   |
|                 |                 |                 | you?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | A:              | Hǎo. Xièxie.    | Fine, thank     |
|                 |                 |                 | you.            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

6. míngzi                               given name

UNIT 3 TARGET LIST

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?   | Are you an American?              |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Shì.                       | Yes (I am).                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Bú shi.                    | No (I'm not).                     |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? | Are you Chinese?                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.  | Yes, I'm Chinese.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo | No, I'm not Chinese.              |
|     rén.                          |                                   |
|                                   | What's your nationality? I'm an   |
| -   3. A:  Nī shi nǎlguo rén?     | American.                         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.         | I’m Chinese.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.       | I'm English.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Yingguo rén.        | Where are you from? I'm a         |
|                                   | Californian. I'm from Shanghai.   |
| h.  A:  Nī shi nārde rén?         |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| B:  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.           |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| B:  Wǒ shi Shànghāi rén.          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

  ---- --------------- ---------
  5.   Déguo           Germany
  6.   Eguō (Eguo)     Russia
  7.   Fàguō (Fāguó)   France
  8.   Rìběn           Japan
  ---- --------------- ---------

UNIT 4 TARGET LIST

-   1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?

B; Wǒ shi Dézhōu rén.

-   A: Andésén Fūren ne?

-   B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.

-   2. A: Tā shi Yīngguo rén ma?

-   B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yě bú shi Yīngguo rén.

-   3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nār?

-   B: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.

-   U. A: Qīngdāo zài zhèr ma?

-   B: Qīngdāo bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.

5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nār?

B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānádà.

Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?

I’m from Texas.

And Mrs. Anderson?

She is from Texas too.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?

She isn’t English either.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Shāndōng.

Is Qingdāo here? (pointing to a map)

Qīngdāo isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;

Where is your spouse now?

He/she is in Canada now.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities and five
provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.

[]

On a Běijīng street (courtesy of Pat Fox)

UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.

2. Titles and terms of address ("Mr.,” "Mrs.," etc.).

Prerequisites to the Unit

(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)

-   1. Background Notes.

-   2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
    Romanization), the tones.

-   3. P&R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
    Romanization), the tones.

Materials You Will Need 1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and
Reference Notes.

2. The drill tape (1D-1).

About the C-l and P-1 Tapes

The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and
structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and
practice on the new material. By the time you have worked through these
two tapes, you will be competent in understanding and producing the
expressions introduced in the unit.

With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures.
The material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with
English translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate.
Try to give a complete English translation for each Chinese expression.
Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the
words and structures as they are used in the sentences.

With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn
to pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded
instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out
loud. It is important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that
you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making
the effort to say the expression is a big part of learning it. It is one
thing to think about how a sentence should be put together or how it
should sound. It is another thing to put it together that way or make it
sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the
Target List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At
the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which you can go
over until you have mastered the expressions.

At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented
too fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working
out the meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to.
When this happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the
control buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you and
to get the most out of it.

About the Reference List and the Reference Notes

The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used
before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-1 tapes.

The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It contains
all sentences which introduce new material, showing you both the Chinese
sentences written in romanization and their English equivalents. You
will find that the list is printed so that either the Chinese or the
English can be covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension,
production, or romanization of the sentences.

The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation,
and cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear
on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other explanations contain new information.

You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For
example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape,
glancing at an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want
to. Or you may look through the Reference Notes before listening to a
tape, and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help you keep
track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a
unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely on the
translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue
cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop
listening and responding skills.

About the Drills

The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence.
You can go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the
teacher may take you through them in class as well.

Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will
usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get
full benefit from it.

The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable
pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can
handle the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun tā
whenever possible. Similar substitutions are often possible with place
names.

Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to
understand or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for
another try. Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will
find the pauses too short, and you will need to stop the tape to give
yourself more time. The performance you should aim for with these tapes,
however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production
while the tape rolls.

The five basic types of drills are described below.

Substitution Drills; The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence which the
student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word or phrase (a cue)
which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence.
The teacher follows immediately with a new cue.

Here is an English example of a substitution drill:

T: Are you an American?

S: Are you an American?

T: (cue) English

S: Are you English?

T: (cue) French

S: Are you French?

Transformation Drills: On the basis of a model provided at the beginning
of the drill, the student makes a certain change in each sentence the
teacher says.

Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which the
student is changing affirmative sentences into negative ones: '

T: I’m going to the bank.

S: I’m not going to the bank.

T: I’m going to the store.

S: I’m not going to the store.

Response Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the
drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the teacher as
cued by the teacher.

Here is an English example of-a response drill:

T: What is his name? (cue) Harris

S: His name is Harris.

T: What is her name? (cue) Noss

S: Her name is Noss.

Expansion Drills: The student adds something to a pattern sentence as
cued by the teacher.

Here is an English example of an expansion drill

(cue) Japanese He's Japanese.

(cue) French She's French.

T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t German. S: She
isn’t German.

Combination Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of
the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by the
teacher into a single utterance.

Here is an English example of a combination drill:

T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.

S: I am reading a book which John gave me.

T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.

S: Mary bought a picture which I like.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | Nī shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | W3 shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Danián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | W8 shi Hú       | I am Hu         |
|                 |                 | Měilíng.        | Měilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is MS        |
|                 |                 | Mínglī.         | Mínglī.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mǎ        |
|                 |                 | Mínglī.         | Mínglī.         |
|                 | B:              |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | Tā shi Hú       | She is Hu       |
|                 |                 | Měilíng.        | Měilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5-              | A:              | Nī xìng shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | surname? My     |
|                 | B:              | W8 xìng Wáng.   | surname is      |
|                 |                 |                 | Wang.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | A:              | Tā xìng shénme? | What is his     |
|                 |                 |                 | surname?        |
|                 | B:              | Tā xìng MS.     |                 |
|                 |                 |                 | His surname is  |
|                 |                 |                 | Mǎ.             |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mr. Ma.   |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Mǎ       | He is Mr. Mǎ    |
|                 |                 | Mínglī          | Mínglī.         |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wáng, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi?    | is he?          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mr. MS    |
|                 |                 | Mínglī          | Mínglī.         |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Xiānsheng, tā   | Sir, who is he? |
|                 |                 | shi shéi?       |                 |
|                 | B:              |                 | He is Mr. MS.   |
|                 |                 | Tā shi MS       |                 |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Xiānsheng, tā   | Sir, who is     |
|                 |                 | shi shéi?       | she?            |
|                 | B:              |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | Tā shi MS       | She is Mrs. Ma. |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wáng, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she?         |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Mínglī   |                 |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         | She is Mrs. MS  |
|                 |                 |                 | Mínglī.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she?         |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Xiǎojiě. |                 |
|                 |                 |                 | She is Miss Mǎ. |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1U.             | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Comrade   |
|                 |                 | Mínglī Tongzhì. | Mǎ Mínglī.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

15.  A:  Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?

B:  Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán.            She is Fang Bǎolán.

16.  A:  Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?

B:  Tā shi Fāng Bǎolán Tóngzhì. She is Comrade Fāng Bǎolán.

VOCABULARY

  ------------------- ---------------
  nl                  you
  shéi                who
  shénme              what
  shì                 to be
  tā                  he, she
  tàitai              Mrs.
  tóngzhì             Comrade
  wS                  I
  xiānsheng           Mr.; sir
  xiǎojiǎ (xiáojie)   Miss
  xìng                to be sumamed
  ------------------- ---------------

REFERENCE NOTES

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wang     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W5 shi Hú       | I am Hú         |
|                 |                 | MSilíng.        | MSilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is MS        |
|                 |                 | MínglX.         | MínglX.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Tā shi MS       | He is MS        |
|                 |                 | MínglX.         | Míngll.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Hú       | She is Hú       |
|                 |                 | MSilíng.        | MSilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 1-b

The verb shi means "to be" in the sense of "to be someone or something,"
as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses identity. (In Unit U you will
learn a verb which means "to be" in another sense, "to be somewhere," as
in "I am in BSijīng." That verb expresses location.) The verb shi is in
the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.

Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish
first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three
persons.

  ---- ----- -------------- -----------------------
  W8   shi   Wáng Dànián.   (I am Wang Dànián.)
  NX   shi   Hú MSilíng.    (You are Hú MSilíng.)
  Tā   shi   MS Míngll.     (He is MS MínglX.)
  ---- ----- -------------- -----------------------

Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and
plural, either, and that they dó not distinguish past, present, and
future as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb.

The pronoun tā is equivalent to both "he" and "she."

The question NX shi shéi? is actually too direct for most situations,
although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to
student. (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.)

Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in
statements.

  ---- ----- ------------ --------------------
  Tā   shi   shéi?        (Who is he?)
  Tā   shi   MS Mínglī?   (He is Mǎ Mínglī.)
  ---- ----- ------------ --------------------

When you answer a question containing a question word like shéi. "who,”
simply replace the question word with the information it asks for.

5.  A:  NX xìng shénme?

B:  Wǒ xìng Wáng.

6.  a:  Tā xìng shénme?

B:  Tā xìng MS.

What is your surname? My surname is Wang.

What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.

■Notes on Nos. 5-6

Xìng is a verb, "to be surnamed.” It is in the same position in the
sentence as shi, "to be."

  ---- ----- ---------------
  Wǒ   shi   Wang Dànián.
  (I   am    Wáng Dànián.)
  ---- ----- ---------------

  ---- ------------- --------
  Wǒ   xìng          Wáng.
  (I   am surnamed   Wang.)
  ---- ------------- --------

Notice that the question word shénme. "what," takes the same position as
the question word shéi, "who."

  ------ ----- -------
  Nī     shi   shéi?
  (You   are   who?)
  ------ ----- -------

  ------ -------------- ---------
  Nī     xìng           shénme?
  (You   are surnamed   what?)
  ------ -------------- ---------

Shénme is the official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if
it were spelled shémma, or even shéma (often with a single rise in pitch
extending over "both syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a
consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled shěm.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Mǎ       | He is Mr. Mǎ.   |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Mǎ       | He is Mr. Ma    |
|                 |                 | Mínglī          | MÍnglī          |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 7-8

After the verb shì you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
title, or the full name plus title.

  ---- ----- ---- --------- ------------
  Tā   shi   Mǎ   Mínglī.   
  Tā   shi   Mǎ             Xiānsheng.
  Tā   shi   Mǎ   Mínglī    Xiānsheng.
  ---- ----- ---- --------- ------------

Xiānsheng. literally ’’first-born," has more of a connotation of
respectfulness than "Mr." Xiānsheng is usually applied only to people
other than oneself. Do not use the title Xiānsheng (or any other
respectful title, such as Jiàoshòu, "Professor") when giving your own
name. If you want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you may say W5 xìng Jones.

When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name
which gets the heavy stress: WANG Xiānsheng. You will often hear the
title pronounced with no full tones: WĀNG Xiansheng.

9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?

Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.

Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.

B: Tā shi Mǎ Mínglī Xiānsheng.

10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Xiānsheng,- tā  | Sir, who is     |
|                 |                 | shi shéi? Tā    | she? She is     |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Tàitai.  | Mrs. MS.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi?    | is she?         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | She is Mrs. MS  |
|                 |                 | Míngll Tàitai.  | Míngll.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Note on Nos. 9-12

When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or
the title alone. Xiānsheng must be translated as "sir" when it is used
alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone. (Tàitai,
however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. MS
as MS TÌitai.)

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she? She is  |
|                 | B:              | shi MS XiSojiS. | Miss MS.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Ih.             | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Comrade   |
|                 |                 | Míngll Tóngzhì. | Mǎ Míngll.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 15.             | A:              | Tóngzhì, tā shi | Comrade, who is |
|                 |                 | shéi?           | she?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Fāng     | She is Fāng     |
|                 |                 | Baolán.         | Baolan.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 16.             | A:              | Tóngzhì, tā shi | Comrade, who is |
|                 |                 | shéi?           | she?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Fāng     | She is Comrade  |
|                 |                 | BSolán Tóngzhì. | Fāng Baolan.    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Note on Nos. 13-16

See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for
Tóngzhì, "Comrade," and the use of maiden names.

DRILLS

A. Substitution Drill

-   1. Speaker: MS Mínglī

-   2. Hú Měilíng

-   3. Wang Dànián

U. Li Shìmín

5. Liú Lìróng

6. Zhāng Bǎolán.

You: Tā shi MS Mínglī.

(He is Mǎ Mínglī.)

Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)

Tā shi Wáng Dànián.

(He is Wang Dànián.)

Tā shi LI Shìmín.

(He is Li Shìmín.)

Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)

Tā shi Zhāng Bǎolán.

(She is Zhāng BSolán.)

B. Response Drill

When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond.

When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should
respond.

-   1. Speaker: Nī shi shéi?

(cue) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)

OR Nī shi shéi?

(cue) Hú MSilíng

(Who are you?)

-   2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)

-   3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)

k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)

-   5. Nī shi shéi? Zhào Wǎnrú (Who are you?)

    You: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)

    Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)

    Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)

-   6. Nl shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)

-   7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)

C. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi shéi?

(cue) MS Xiānsheng

(Who is he?)

Wǒ shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)

Wǒ shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)

You: Tā shi MS Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. MS.)

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Hú Tàitai       | Tā shi Hú       |
|                 |                 |                 | Tàitai. (She is |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | Mrs. Hú.)       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Máo Xiānsheng   | Tā shi Máo      |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Xiānsheng. (He  |
|                 |                 |                 | is Mr. Máo.)    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Zhāng Tongzhì   | Tā shi Zhāng    |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Tóngzhì. (He is |
|                 |                 |                 | Comrade Zhāng.) |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Liú XiSojiS     | Tā shi Liú      |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | XiSojiS. (She   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Miss Liú.)   |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | Tā shi shéi?    | MS Xiānsheng    | Tā shi MS       |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Xiānsheng. (He  |
|                 |                 |                 | is Mr. Mǎ.)     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Zhào Tàitai     | Tā shi Zhào     |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | Tàitai. (She is |
|                 |                 |                 | Mrs. Zhàò.)     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

UNIT 2

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

-   1. Questions and answers about given names.

-   2. Yes/no questions.

-   3. Negative statements.

-   U. Greetings.

Prerequisites to the Unit

-   1. P&R 3 and P&R U (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on
    Pronunciation and Romanization).

Materials You Will Need

1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

2. The 2D-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | Tā shi Wáng     | IB SHE MRS.     |
|                 |                 | Tàitai ma?      | WANG? SHE IS    |
|                 | B:              |                 | MRS. WANG.      |
|                 |                 | Tā shi Wáng     |                 |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | Nī shi Wáng     | Are you Mr.     |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   | Wang?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Nī shi Mā       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Nī shi Mǎ       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú shi MS    | I’m not Mr. Mǎ. |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | A:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Danián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú shi Wáng  | I'm not Wáng    |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | A:              | Ní xìng Fāng    | Is your surname |
|                 |                 | ma?             | Fāng?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú xìng      | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Fāng.           | isn’t Fāng.     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | WS xìng Wáng.   | My surname is   |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú xìng      | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Wáng.           | isn't Wáng.     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Nī xìng MS ma?  | Is your surname |
|                 |                 |                 | Mǎ?             |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Bú xìng MS.     | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Xìng Wáng.      | isn't Mǎ. It's  |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Nín guìxìng?    | Your surname?   |
|                 |                 |                 | (POLITE)        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS xìng Wáng.   | My surname is   |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Nī jiào shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | given name?     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS jiào Dànián. | My given name   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Dànián.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Nī hSo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS hSo.         | I'm fine.       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Nī hSo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS hSo. Nī ne?  | I'm fine. And   |
|                 |                 |                 | you?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | A:              | HSo, xièxie.    | Fine, thanks.   |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

13* míngzi

given name

  -------------- ------------------------------
                 VOCABULARY
  a              (question marker)
  bù/bú bú shi   not not to be
  guìxìng        (honorable) surname
  hSo            to be fine, to be well
  Jiào           to be called
  ma míngzi      (question marker) given name
  ne             (question marker)
  xièxie         thank you
  -------------- ------------------------------

REFERENCE NOTES

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | At              | Tā shi Wáng     | Is she Mrs.     |
|                 |                 | Tàitai ma? Tā   | Wang? She is    |
|                 | B:              | shi Wáng        | Mrs. Wáng.      |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | Nī shi Wáng     | Are you Mr.     |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   | Wang?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Nī shi Mǎ       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes cn Nos. 1-3

".he marker ma may be added to any which may be answered ’’yes’’ or
’’no.’’

statement to turn it into a question

  ---- ----- -------------- ----- ---------------------
  Tā   shi   Wáng Tàitai.         (She is Mrs. Wáng.)
  Tā   shi   Wáng Tàitai    ma?   (Is she Mrs. Wáng?)
  ---- ----- -------------- ----- ---------------------

The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or
negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may
be stripped down considerably.

h. A: Nī shi Mǎ Xiānsheng ma?

Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Ma.

I am Wang Dànián.

I'm not Wang Dànián.

B: WS bú shi MS Xiānsheng.

5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.

B: Wǒ bú shi Wang Dànián.

Notes on Nos,

The negative of the verb shì, ’’to be,’’ is bú shi, ’’not to be.’’ The
equivalent of "not" is the syllable bù. The tone for the syllable bù
depends on the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a
syllable with a High, Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù).
When followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising
tone is used (bú).

bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù féi (not to slander) bú
fèi (not to waste)

Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling
tone, and so take bú. But remember that bù is the basic form. That is
the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short "no”
answer—Bù— and when it is discussed, as in "Bù means 'not'.”

Notice that even though shi, "to be,” is usually pronounced in the
Neutral tone in the phrase bú shi, the original Falling tone of shi
still causes bù to be pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.

-   6. A: NX xìng Fāng ma?

-   B: WS bú xìng Fāng.

-   7. A: WS xìng Wāng.

B: WS bú xìng Wang.

-   8. A: NX xìng MS ma?

-   B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.

Is your surname Fāng?

My surname isn't Fāng.

My surname is Wang.

My surname isn't Wang.

Is your surname Mǎ?

My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.

  ---- -- ----- -- ---------------
  WS      shi      Wang Dānián.
  (I      am       Wang Danián.)
  ---- -- ----- -- ---------------

  ---- ---- ----- ----- ---------------
  WS   bú   shi         MS Xiānsheng.
  (I        am    not   Mr. Mǎ.)
  ---- ---- ----- ----- ---------------

Note on No. 8

It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in English--to omit the
subject of a sentence when it is clear from the context.

9. A: Nín guìxìng?

B: Wo xìng Wáng.

Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.

Notea on No. 9

Nín is the polite equivalent of nī, "you."

Guìxìng is a polite noun, "surname." Guì means "honorable." Xìng, which
you have learned as the verb "to be sumamed," is in this case a noun,
"surname."

Literally, Nín guìxìng? is "Your surname?" The implied question is
understood, and the "sentence" consists of the subject alone.

10. A: Nī jiào shénme?

B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.

What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.

Note on No. 10

Jiào is a verb meaning "to be called." In a discussion of personal
names, we can say that it means "to be given-named."

11.

A:

B:

Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.

How are you? I’m fine.

Notes on No. 11

Notice that the Low tones of wo and nī change to Rising tones before the
Low tone of hǎo: NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo.

Hǎo is a verb—"to be good," "to be well," "to be fine." Since it
functions like the verb "to be" plus an adjective in English, we will
call it an adjectival verb.

  ---- -----------
  Wǒ   hǎo.
  (I   am fine.)
  ---- -----------

  ------ ---------- ----
  Nī     hǎo        a?
  (You   are fine   ?)
  ------ ---------- ----

12. A: Nī hào a?

How are you?

I’m fine. And you?

Fine, thanks.

B: W3 hSo. Nī ne?

A: H&o, xièxie.

Notes on No. 12

The marker ne makes a question out of the single word nī, ’’you": ’’And
you?” or ”How about you?"

Xiè is the verb "to thank." "I thank you" would be W8 xièxie nī.

Xièxie is often repeated: Xièxie, xièxie.

13. míngzi                             given name

Note on No. 13

One way to ask what someone’s given name is: Nī jiào shénme míngzi?

DRILLS

A. Transformation Drill

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)

-   2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.

(She is Mrs. Hu.)

-   3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.

(He is Comrade Liú.)

U. Tā shi Zhāng XiǎojiS.

(She is Miss Zhāng.)

J. Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.

(He is Mr. Ma.)

-   6. Tā shi Fāng XiSojiS.

(She is Miss Fāng.)

-   7. Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì.

(He is Comrade LÍn.)

You: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)

Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?

(Is she Mrs. Hú?)

Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?

(Is he Comrade Liú?)

Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?

(Is she Miss Zhāng?)

Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma?

(Is he Mr. Ma?)

Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?

(Is she Miss Fāng?)

Tā shi LÍn Tóngzhì ma?

(Is he Comrade LÍn?)

-   B. Response Drill

    -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wang?)

    -   2. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)

    -   3. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì ma?

    (Is she Comrade Chén?)

    -   U. Tā shi Liú XiǎojiS ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)

    -   5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?

    (Is he Mr. Song?)

    -   6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?

    (Is she Mrs. Sūn?)

    -   7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?

    (Is he Mr. Zhāng?)

    You: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)

    Shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)

    Shi. Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.

    (Yes. She is Comrade Chén.)

    Shi. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)

    Shi. Tā shi Sòng Xiānsheng.

    (Yes. He is Mr. Song.)

    Shi. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.

    (Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)

    Shi. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)

-   C. Response Drill

All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name according to
the cue.

1.

Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Liú (Is he Mr. Wang?)

You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.

(No. He is Mr. Liú,)

2.

Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)

Zhao

Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)

3.

Tā shi Huáng Tóngzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)

Wáng

Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tóngzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)

U.

Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)

Jiāng

Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)

5-

Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)

Máo

Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. >&o.)

6.

Tā shi Zhōu Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)

Zhào

Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)

7.

Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng

Bú shi. Tā shi JiSng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)

(Is he Mr. Jiāng?)

-   D. Response Drill

This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give an
affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Liú Tàitai | You: Shì. Tā shi Liú Tàitai.      |
|     ma? (cue) Liú                 | (Yes. She is Mrs. Liú.)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (is she Mrs. Liú?)                | Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.      |
|                                   |                                   |
| OR    Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?       | (No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)          |
|                                   |                                   |
| Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)          | Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. |
|                                   | He is Mr. Wáng.)                  |
| -   2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?  |                                   |
|     Wáng (is he Mr. Wang?)        | Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No.  |
|                                   | She is Mrs. Zhào.)                |
| -   3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào |                                   |
|     (Is she Mrs. Gāo?)            | Shì. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.         |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě ma? Táng   | (Yes. She is Miss Táng.)          |
| (Is she Miss Tang?)               |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?     | Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng.    |
|                                   | (No. He is Mr. Wáng.)             |
| Wang                              |                                   |
|                                   | Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. |
| (Is he Mr. Huáng?)                | She is Mrs. Jiāng.)               |
|                                   |                                   |
| 6. Tā shi Zhang Tàitai ma? Jiāng  | You: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?            |
| (Is she Mrs. Zhāng?)              |                                   |
|                                   | (Is your surname Zhāng?)          |
| E. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Zhào ma?                  |
| -   1. Speaker: Nī shi Zhāng      |                                   |
|     Xiānsheng ma?                 | (Is your surname Zhào?)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mr. Zhāng?)              | Nī xìng Jiāng ma?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?     | (Is your surname Jiāng?)          |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mrs. Zhào?)              | Nī xìng Liú ma?                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?   | (Is your surname Liú?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Miss Jiāng?)             | Nī xìng Sdng ma?                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?         | (Is your surname Sdng?)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Comrade Liú?)            | Nī xìng Lī ma?                    |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?   | (Is your surname LI?)             |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mrs. Song?)              | Nī xìng Sūn ma?                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?    | (Is your surname Sūn?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mr. Lī?)                 | You: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.            |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma?     | (My surname is not Zhāng.)        |
|     (Are you Comrade Sun?)        |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Chén.                  |
| F. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Huáng.                 |
| -   1. Speaker: WS king Zhāng.    |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Gāo.                   |
| (My surname is Zhāng.)            |                                   |
|                                   | W6 bú xìng Sūn.                   |
| -   2. W3 xìng Chén.              |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. W5 xìng Huáng.             |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   U. W3 xìng Gāo.               |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| 5. W3 xìng Sūn.                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 6. W3 xìng Zhāng.                 | Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| 7. WS xìng Zhōu.                  | WS bú xìng Zhōu.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   G. Transformation Drill       | You: WS bú xìng Li.               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: WS bú shi LI      | (My surname is not Li.)           |
|     Xiānsheng. (I am not Mr. LI.) |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Wang.                  |
| -   2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.     |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Chén.                  |
| -   3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.  |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng LÍn.                   |
| h. WS bú shi LÍn Tóngzhì.         |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Zhōu.                  |
| -   5. WS bú shi Zhōu Xiāojiā.    |                                   |
|                                   | Wo bú xìng Jiāng.                 |
| -   6. Wō bú shi Jiāng Xiānsheng. |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Sōng.                  |
| -   7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.     |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā |
| -   H. Expansion Drill            | xìng Huang.                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā bú shi Wang    | (He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname  |
|     Xiānsheng. (cue) Huang        | is Huáng.)                        |
|                                   |                                   |
| (He is not Mr. Wáng.)             | Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai, tā xìng   |
|                                   | Jiāng.                            |
| -   2. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tàitai.    |                                   |
|     Jiāng                         | Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng    |
|                                   | LÍn.                              |
| -   3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì.     |                                   |
|        LÍn                        | Tā bú shi Sōng Xiāojiā, tā xìng   |
|                                   | Sūn.                              |
| U. Tā bú shi Song XiāojiS. Sun    |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng |
| 5. Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu | Zhōu.                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| 6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.       | Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng  |
|                                   | Zhāng.                            |
| Zhāng.                            |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng     |
| 7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai.    Song  | Sōng.                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

I.

Expansion Drill

1.

Speaker: W3 bú xìng Fang.

(cue) Hú

(My surname is not Fang.)

You: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;

it’s Éú.)

2.

W8 bú xìng Sun.

Song

Wō

bú xìng Sun, xìng Sōng.

3-

Wō "bú xìng Yang.

Tang

Wō

bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.

U.

W8 bú xìng Jiāng.

Zhāng

Wō

bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.

5.

W8 bú xìng Zhōu.

Zhāo

Wō

bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhāo.

6.

W8 bú xìng Wáng.

Huang

Wō

bú xìng Wang, xìng Huáng.

7.

W8 bú xìng Jiāng.

Jiāng

wō

bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.

J. Response Drill

1.

Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng

You: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)

Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.

Tā xìng Huáng.

(He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)

OR

(is he Mr. Wáng?)

Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng

(Is he Mr. Wang?)

2.

Tā

shi

Liú Tàitai ma? Lin

Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.

3.

Tā

shi

Chen Xiāojiā ma?

Chen

Shì. Tā shi Chen Xiāojiā.

1*.

Tā

shi

Mao Xiānsheng ma?

Máo

Shì. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.

5-

Tā

shi

Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?

Zhāng

Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.

6.

Tā

shi

Sōng Tàitai ma?

Sōng

Shì. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.

7.

Tā

shi

Li Xiānsheng ma?

Wáng

Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.

K. Transformation Drill

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: W3 xìng Wang.     | Student 1: Tā xìng shénme?        |
|                                   |                                   |
| (My surname is Wang.)             | (What is his surname?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. W3 xìng Chén.              | Student 2; Tā xìng Wáng.          |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. WS xìng Liú.               | (His surname is Wang.)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. W3 xìng Huáng.                 | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. W8 xìng Song.              | S2: Tā xìng Chén.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. WS xìng Li.                | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. W3 xìng Wáng.              | S2: Tā xìng Liú.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| L. Transformation Drill           | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: W5 xìng Wáng jiao | S2: Tā xìng Huáng.                |
|     Dànián.                       |                                   |
|                                   | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
| (My surname is Wáng, and my given |                                   |
| name is Dànián.)                  | S2: Tā xìng Song.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. W3 xìng Hú jiao MSilíng.   | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. W3 xìng Lī jiao Shìyīng.   | S2: Tā xìng Lī.                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. W3 xìng Fang Jiao Baolán.      | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. W3 xìng Sun jiao Déxián.   | S2: Tā xìng Wáng.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. W3 xìng Chén jiao Huìrán.  | You: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?    |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. W5 xìng Zhang jiao         | (Your surname is Wáng, and what   |
|     Zhènhàn.                      | is your given name?)              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Speaker: Dànián.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (Dànián.)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme?           |
|                                   |     Milling.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme?           |
|                                   |     Shìyīng.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán. |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme?          |
|                                   |    Déxián.                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán. |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Zhang jiào shénme?        |
|                                   | Zhènhàn.                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

M.

Combination Drill

1.

Speaker: Tā xìng Chén. Tā Jiào Bāolán.

(Her surname is Chén*. Her given name is Baolan.)

You; Tā xìng Chén, Jiào Bāolán.

(Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)

2.

Tā

xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.

Tā

xìng LX, Jiào Mínglí.

3.

Tā

xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.

Tā

xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.

k.

Tā

xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.

Tā

xìng Jiāng, jiào Déxián.

5.

Tā

xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.

Tā

xìng Zhōu, Jiào Zīyàn.

6.

^(r).'ā

xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.

Tā

xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.

7.

Tā

xìng Chén. Tā jiào Huìrán.

Tā

xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.

UNIT 3

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Nationality.

2. Home state, province, and city.

Prerequisites to the Unit

1. PSR 5 and P&R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module on
Pronunciation and Romanization).

2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on Numbers),
the numbers from 1 to 10.

Materials You Will Need

-   1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

-   2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.

-   3. The 3D-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 1.                    | A:                    | Nl shi MSiguo rén ma? |
|                       |                       | Wō shi MSiguo rén.    |
|                       | B:                    |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 2.                    | A:                    | Nī shi Zhōngguo rén   |
|                       |                       | ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo   |
|                       | B:                    | rén.                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 3.                    | A:                    | Wang Xiānsheng, nī    |
|                       |                       | shi                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

Yingguo rén ma?

B: Wō bú shi Yingguo rén.

1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B. Bú shi.

-   A: Nī shi MSiguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì.

-   5. A: Mā Xiāojiā shi MSiguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.

-   A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.

-   6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?

-   B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.

-   7. A: Tā shi nSiguo rén?

-   B: Tā shi Yingguo rén.

-   8. A: Nī shi nārde rén?

-   B: Wō shi Shànghāi rén.

-   9. A: Tā shi Fang Bāolánde xiānsheng.

-   10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?

-   B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.

-   11. A: Nl shi nārde rén?

-   B: W5 shi Jiāzhōu rén.

Are you an American?

I’m an American.

Are you Chinese?

I’m Chinese.

Mr. Wáng, are you English?

I’m not English.

Are you Chinese? No.

Are you an American?

Yes, I am.

Is Miss MS an American?

No, she is not American.

Is she Chinese?

Yes, she is Chinese.

What is your nationality? I'm American.

What is his nationality?

He is English.

Where are you from? I'm from Shànghāi.

He is Fang Bāólān's husband.

Where is he from?

He's from Shāndōng.

Where are you from?

I'm a Californian.

12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi nSrde rén?

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

13. Déguó

1U. èguó (ègu6)

15. Fàgufi (F&guó)

16. Rìhén

Are you an American?

What’s your nationality?

Where are you from?

Germany Russia

France

Japan

VOCABULARY

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -de                               | (possessive marker) Germany       |
|                                   |                                   |
| Déguo                             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Eguó (Eguó)                       | Russia                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Fàguó (Faguó)                     | France                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -guō                              | country                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jiāzhōu                           | California                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| MSiguo                            | America, United States            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| nǎr nSi- * nSiguo                 | where?                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | which?                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | which country                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| rén RìbSn                         | person Japan                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Shāndōng Shànghǎi                 | (a province name) (a city name)   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Yīngguó                           | England                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Zhōngguo                          | China                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

[]

REFERENCE NOTES

-   1. A: Ní shi MSiguo rén ma?

    Are you an American?

    I’m an American.

    Are you Chinese?

    I'm Chinese.

    Mr. Wang, are you English?

    I'm not English.

-   B: W3 shi MSiguo rén.

-   2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B: W5 shi Zhōngguo rén.

-   3. A: Wang Xiānsheng, nl shi Yingguo rén ma?

-   B: W5 bú shi Yingguo rén.

Notes on Nos. 1-3

Rén is a noun, "person" or "persons"; so MSiguo rén is a noun phrase,
literally "America person." Sometimes, however, it is preferable or
necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives or
prepositional

  ---------------------------------------------------------
  phrases.
  Tā shi MSiguo rén.                  He is an American.
  (noun phrase)
  Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.                He is Chinese.
  (adjective)
  Tā shi Shāndōng rén.               He is from Shāndōng.
  (prepositional phrase)
  ---------------------------------------------------------

Although MSiguo rén is translated here as "an American," in other
contexts it may be translated as "the American," "American," or "the
Americans." Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese
whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.

The syllable -guō usually loses its tone in expressions like MSiguo rén.
(Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: MSiguo.)

h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

Are you Chinese?

No.

Are you an American?

Yes, I am.

Is Miss Mā an American?

No, she is not American

Is she Chinese?

Yes, she is Chinese.

B: Bú shi.

-   A: Nl shi MSiguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì.

-   5. A: MS XiaoJiS shi MSiguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi MSiguo rén.

-   A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.

Notes on Nos. U-5

The short "yes" answer shi is really the verb "am" of the longer, more
complete answer. The short "no" answer bú shi is really the "am not" of
the longer answer.

It is possible to reduce a "no" answer to bù (note the Falling tone),
but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete
answer. Both the short answers shi and bú shi are commonly followed by
complete answers.

6.  A:  Nī shi nSiguo rén?

B:  W8 shi MSiguo rén.

7.  A:  Tā shi nSiguo rén?

B:  Tā shi Yingguo rén.

What is your nationality? I'm American.

What is his nationality? He is English.

Notes on Nos. 6-7

NSi- is the question word "which." It is a bound word—a word which
cannot stand alone—not a free word.

  -------- --------- ---------
  nSi-     guo       rén
  (which   country   person)
  -------- --------- ---------

Notice that the syllable -guó, "country," in the phrase nSiguo rén may
lose its Rising tone.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Nī shi nǎrde    | Where are you   |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from? I'm from  |
|                 | B:              |                 | Shànghǎi.       |
|                 |                 | W3 shi Shànghǎi |                 |
|                 |                 | rén.            |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Tā shi Fāng     | He is Fāng      |
|                 |                 | Bǎolánde        | Bǎolán's        |
|                 |                 | xiānsheng.      | husband.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Tā shi nǎrde    | Where is he     |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Shāndōng | He's from       |
|                 |                 | rén.            | Shāndōng.       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Nī shi nǎrde    | Where are you   |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 shi Jiāzhōu  | I'm a           |
|                 |                 | rén.            | Californian.    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 8-11 .

Nār is the question word "where." The syllable -de is the possessive
marker; it functions like the English possessive ending -*£.

  -------- ----- ---------
  nār      -de   rén
  (where   *s    person)
  -------- ----- ---------

By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is
possible: "a person of where." The closest English equivalent is "a
person from where." To clarity the role of -de in this expression, the
tape gives the following example of -de functioning like the English
possessive ending -’s:

  -------------- ----- -----------
  Fang B&olán    -de   xiānsheng
  (Fang Bāolén   *8    husband)
  -------------- ----- -----------

12. A: NX shi MSiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi n&rde rén?

Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you from?

DRILLS

A.

Response Drill

All responses will be affirmative.

1.

Speakei

:: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)

You: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)

2.

Tā

shi

RibSn rén ma?

Tā

shi

RibSn rén.

3.

Tā

shi

Zhōngguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Zhōngguo rén.

U.

Tā

shi

MSiguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

MSiguo rén.

5.

Tā

shi

Déguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Déguo rén.

6.

Tā

shi

Jiānādà rén ma?

Tā

shi

Jiānādà rén.

7.

Tā

shi

Fàguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Fàguo rén.

B. Response Drill

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (cue) Yingguo

(Is he a Canadian?)

You: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.

Yingguo rén.

(He is not Canadian.

English.)

Shi

He is

-   2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo

-   3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō

h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà

-   5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō

-   6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō

-   7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo

Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.

Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.

Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.

Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.

Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.

Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.

C. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi něiguo rén?           You: Tā shi Fàguo rén.

(cue) Fàguō                      (He is French.)

(What is his nationality?)

  ---- ----------------- ------ ---------- -------- ---------------
  2.   Tā shi nSiguo     rén?   Zhōngguo   Tā shi   Zhōngguo rén.
  3.   Tā shi nSiguo     rén?   MSiguō     Tā shi   MSiguo rén.
  U.   Tā shi nSiguo     rén?   Jiānádā    Tā shi   Jiānádà rén.
  5.   Tā shi nSiguo     rén?   RìbSn      Tā shi   RìbSn rén.
  6.   Tā shi nSiguo     rén?   Eguo       Tā shi   èguo rén.
  7.   Tā s'.ii nSiguo   rén?   Déguó      Tā shi   Déguo rén.
  ---- ----------------- ------ ---------- -------- ---------------

D. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (cue) BSiJīng (Where is he from?)

You: Tā shi BSiJīng rén.

(He is from BSiJīng.)

  ---- ---- ---------------- ---------- ----------------------
  2.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   Shanghai   Tā shi ShānghSi rén.
  3.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   Chángshā   Tā shi Chángshā rén.
  U.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   Táizhōng   Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
  5.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   TáibSi     Tā shi TáibSi rén.
  6.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   Tiānjīng   Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.
  7.   Tā   shi nSrde rén?   BSiJīng    Tā shi BSiJīng rén.
  ---- ---- ---------------- ---------- ----------------------

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.            | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.             | Tā shi nārde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.           | Tā shi nārde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. Tā shi Ylngguo rén.        | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.         | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.       | Tā shi nǎrde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   F. Transformation Drill       | You: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Lī Tàitai. | (She is not Mrs. LI.)             |
|     (She is Mrs. Li.)             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú xìng Gāo.                   |
| -   2. Tā xìng Gāo.               |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Táiběi rén.             |
| -   3. Tā shi Táiběi rén.         |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú xìng Liú.                   |
| U. Tā xìng Liú.                   |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.             |
| 5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.            |
| 6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.            |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā xìng Hú ma?               |
| G. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | (is his surname Hú?)              |
| Ask the appropriate ma question.  |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Běijīng rén ma?            |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā xìng Hú.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Wáng Dànián ma?            |
| (His surname is Hú.)              |                                   |
|                                   | Tā xìng Lin ma?                   |
| -   2. Tā shi Běijīng rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?           |
| -   3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.        |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   U. Tā xìng LÍn.               |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| 5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.           |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

H. Transformation Brill

1. Speaker: Tā xìng Zhāng.                You: Tā xìng shénme?

(His surname is Zhāng.)            (What’s his surname?)

  ----- ---------------------- --------------------
  2.    Tā shi Běijīng rén.    Tā shi nārde rén?
  3.    Tā shi Wang Dānián.    Tā shi shéi?
  It.   Tā shi Rìběn rén.      Tā shi něiguo rén?
  5.    Tā shi Shāndōng rén.   Tā shi nārde rén?
  6.    Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.   Tā shi shéi?
  ----- ---------------------- --------------------

E. Transformation Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi BSiJīng rén. (He is from BSiJīng.)

OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)

You: Tā shi nSrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi nSiguo rén? (What's
his nationality?)

UNIT 4

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Location of people and places.

2. Where people's families are from.

Prerequisites to the Unit

1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Numbers).

2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.

Materials You Will Need

-   1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

-   2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.

-   3. The HD-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

(in Bǎijīng)

-   1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nǎrde rén?

-   B: W5 shi Dezhōu rén.

-   2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?

-   B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.

-   3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?

-   B: Bū shi, tā bū shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yé bū shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.

-   5. A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?

-   B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàlūè.

-   C: W5 lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.

-   6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?

-   B: Tā zài nàr.

-   7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Zài zhèr.

-   8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?

-   B: Wō àiren xiànzài zài Jiānédà.

May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.

May I ask, where is Mrs.

Anderson from?

She is from Texas too.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?’

She isn't English either.

May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Ontario.

My family is from Shāndōng.

Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín?

He's there.

Where is Qīngdǎo?

It's here.

Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

-   9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five cities and five
    provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.

    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    |                                   | VOCABULARY                        |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | àiren Āndàlūè                     | spouse Ontario                    |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Dezhōu                            | Texas                             |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | fūren                             | Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a    |
    |                                   | high-ranking person)              |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Jiānádà                           | Canada                            |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | iSojiā                            | "original home"                   |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | nàr (nèr)                         | there                             |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Qīngdào                           | (a city name) May I ask . . .     |
    |                                   |                                   |
    | Qingwèn . . .                     |                                   |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | xiànzài                           | now                               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | y«                                | also, too, either                 |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | zài zhèr                          | to be in/at/on here               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

    cn

    []

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén?        May I ask, where are you from?

B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén.                 I’m from Texas.

Note on No. 1

Qīngwèn: Literally, qīng means ’’request,” and wèn means "ask (for
information).’’ Qīngwèn is used as English speakers use "excuse me," to
get someone's attention in order to ask him a question.³

2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?

May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?

She is from Texas too.

B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.

Notes on No. 2

Names: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard
phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his
surname, which is followed by the appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson
will be called Dàiwéi Āndésēn Xiānsheng. In Taiwan, there is no set way
of giving names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic
equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no standard
versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based entirely on the surname.
Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be Ān Désēn Xiānsheng. The surname may
also be translated, as when "King" is translated into Wáng. It is also
common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of the original
surname, and the Chinese given name on something else (often the
original given name). In Taiwan, Dàwèi is a common phonetic equivalent
for "David." "Mr. David Anderson," therefore, might be Ān Dàwèi
Xiānsheng. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be
given to Mr. David Anderson.

  ------ -------- ------------------------
  PRC:   Dàiwéi   Āndésēn |    Xiānsheng
  ------ -------- ------------------------

TAIWAN:

Ān

Désēn

Xiānsheng

Ān

Dàwèi

Xiānsheng

Titles: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as Xiānsheng. and a
married woman as either Fūren or Tàitai, depending on her status. The
term fūren is an expecially respectful term used to address the wife of
a high-ranking official or businessman. Fūren is also used this way on
Taiwan. An unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as
Xiāojlě, ”Miss." Married or unmarried women may be addressed as Nushì,
’’Ms.” or "Ma’am.” Nushì will be introduced in BIO, Unit 1.

The term Tóngzhì, ’’Comrade," was originally used only by members of the
Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of
address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered,
though, that Tóngzhì does carry a distinct political implication.
Visitors in the People’s Republic, who are not citizens and who do not
take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed
as Tóngzhì and should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.

Yě is an adverb meaning "also" or "too." It always comes before the
verb.

-   3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?

She isn't English either

Notes on No. 3

Àiren, which originally meant "loved one," "sweetheart," or "lover," is
used in the PRC for either "husband" or "wife,” i.e., for "spouse."

The possessive phrase tā àiren. "his wife" (or "her husband"), is formed
by putting the words for "he" (or "she") and "spouse" together. The
marker -de (which you have seen in nārde rén) is not needed when the
possessive relationship is felt to be very close. (See also the notes on
No. 5.)

Yě in a negative sentence is usually translated as "either." In this
case, bù comes between yě and the verb. Possible English translations
for yě, in both affirmative and negative sentences, are

Tā yě shi Yingguo rén.                  She is English too.

She is also English.

Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.              She is not English either.

She is also not English.

U. A: Qíngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdāo zài Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.

Note on No. U

Zài is the verb "to be in/at/on," that is, "to be somewhere." Zài
involves location, while shi involves identity, "to be
someone/something."

identity

Wǒ

(I

shi am

Māiguo rén.

an American.)

location

Wǒ

(I

zài am in

Zhōngguo.

China.)

5. A: Qingwèn, nī laojiā zài nǎr?

B: Wǒ laojiā zài Āndàluè.

C: Wǒ lāojiā zài Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Ontario.

My family is from Shāndōng.

Notes on No. 5

Literally, lāojiā is "old home" ("original home," "ancestral home,"
"native place"), that is, the place you and your family are from. When a
Chinese asks you about your laojiā, he probably wants to know about your
hometown, the place where you grew up. When you ask a Chinese about his
lāojiā, however, he will tell you where his family came from originally.
A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will
give that as his lāojiā, even if he and his parents have spent all of
their lives in Sìchuān.

NI lāojiā zài nār? (literally "Where is your original home?") asks for

the LOCATION of the town you come from.  The question is answered with
zài

plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is located in:
 W5

lāojiā zài Dézhōu (Āndàluè, Shāndōng). Nl lāojiā shi nǎr? (translated
into English as "What is your original home?") asks about the IDENTITY
of the town you come from. That question is answered with shi plus the
name of the town (or city): Wǒ lāojiā shi JiùJInshān (Qīngdāo,
Shànghǎi). Compare:

Wǒ lāojiā zài Guāngdōng.               My original home is in Guāngdōng.

Wǒ lāojiā shi Guāngzhōu.              My original home is Guangzhou.

The possessive nī lǎojiā, like tā àiren, does not require a possessive
marker. However, if more than one word must be used to indicate the
possessor, -de is often inserted after the last word: nī àirende lǎojiā,
"your spouse’s original home" or "where your spouse’s family comes
from.”

-   6. A: Chén Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?

    Where is Comrade Chén Shìmín? He’s there.

    Where is Qīngdǎo?

    It’s here.

    Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.

-   B: Tā zài nàr.

-   7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Zài zhèr.

-   8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?

B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.

Notes on Nos. 6-8

You have learned three words for asking and telling about locations.

  ----------- ----------
  nǎr?        (where?)
  nàr (nèr)   (there)
  zhèr        (here)
  ----------- ----------

Notice that the question word nǎr is in the Low tone, while the answer
words nàr and zhèr are both in the Falling tone. Also notice that the
vowel sound in zhèr is different from that in nǎr and nàr. (Some
speakers prefer nèr to nàr.)

When you are talking about movable things and people that you presume
are not nearby ("nearby" being approximately within pointing range), you
usually ask where they are NOW. The "present time" word may be omitted
if the time has been established earlier in the conversation.

Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?             Where is your wife now?

Tā zài Bǎijīng.                        She's in Bǎijīng (now).

If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby (a pair
of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group across the
room), you do not use xiànzài.

In English, the words "here" and "there" are used to refer to locations
of any size. In Chinese, however, zhèr and nàr are usually not used for
cities, provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use
zhěr to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the name of
the place. Compare these two exchanges in Běijīng:

COUNTRY: Mǎdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Zhōngguo ma?

Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguo. (He’s here now.)

CITY:

MSdīng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Shànghǎi ma?

Tā bú zài Shànghǎi; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not there; he’s here.)

Jiānádà. "Canada": Although the middle syllable of this word is marked
with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear
Jiànādà.

DRILLS

-   A. Response Drill

Respond to the question "Where is he/she from?" according to the cue.

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi nārde rén?            You: Tā shi Hunan rén.

(cue) Hunan                      (He/she is from Hunan.)

(Where is he/she from?)

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| p •                   | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Shāndōng rén.  |
|                       |    Shāndōng           |                       |
|                       |                       | (He/she is from       |
|                       | (Where is he/she      | Shāndōng.)            |
|                       | from?)                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 3.                    | Tā sbi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Héběi rén.     |
|                       | Héběi (Where is       |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Héběi.)               |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| U.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.   |
|                       | Jiāngsū (Where is     |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Jiāngsū.)             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 5.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Guāngdōng rén. |
|                       | Guāngdōng (Where is   |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Guāngdōng.)           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 6.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Hūběi rén.     |
|                       | Hūběi (Where is       |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Huběi.)               |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 7.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Sìchuān rén.   |
|                       | Sìchuān (Where is     |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Sìchuān.)             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

-   B. Transformation Drill

Ask the appropriate "where" question

-   1. Speaker: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.

(Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Běijīng.)

-   2. Huang Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.

-   3. Wang Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjīng rén.

-   U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.

-   5. Zhāo Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.

    as in the example.

    You: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?

    (May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)

    Qīngwèn, Huang Fūren shi nārde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Wang Fūren shi nārde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Zhāo Fūren shi nārde rén?

-   6. Mao Tóngzhì Fūren shi Qingdǎo         Qingwèn, Máo Fūren shi
    nǎrde rén?

rén.

-   7. Chén Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng        Qīngwèn, Chén Fūren shi
    nǎrde

rén.                                    rén?

C. Transformation Drill

Change affirmative statements to negative statements.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi HébSi rén. | You: Tā bū shi Héběi rén.         |
|     (He/she is from Hebei.)       |                                   |
|                                   | (He/she isn’t from Héběi.)        |
| -   2. Tā shi Shandong rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Shāndōng rén.           |
| -   3. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Jiāngsū rén.            |
| U. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Fūjiàn rén.             |
| -   5. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Zhèjiāng rén.           |
| -   6. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.          |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Hūnǎn rén.              |
| -   7. Tā shi Sichuan rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bū shi Sìchuān rén.            |
| D. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.         |
| Add yě to the statements.         |                                   |
|                                   | (He/she is from Héběi too.)       |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Héběi rén. |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.           |
| (He/she is from Hebei.)           |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Fūjiàn rén.             |
| -   2. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Hūnǎn rén.              |
| -   3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.         |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.            |
| U. Tā shi Hūnǎn rén.              |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.           |
| -   5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Hénan rén.              |
| -   6. Tā shi Shandong rén.       |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Tā shi Henan rén.          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

E. Transformation Drill

Add yě to the statements.

-   1. Speaker: Zhao Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.

(Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan.)

-   2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from Taiběi.)

-   3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..

(Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)

U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.

(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)

-   5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.

(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)

-   6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong.)

-   7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.

(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)

You: Zhao Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.

(Mr. Zhao isn’t from Taiwan either.)

Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.

(Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)

Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.

(Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)

Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.

(Mr. Huang isn’t from Tainan either.)

Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.

(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)

Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. HÚ isn’t from Jīlong either.)

Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.

(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)

F. Response Drill

-   1. Speaker: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?

(Is Comrade Ma from Běijīng?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

You: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)

-   2. Zhāng Tóngzhì shi Shanghai rén ma?

(Is Comrade Zhāng from Shanghai?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng from
    Nanjing?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

U. Chen Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?

(Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   5. Sun Tongzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?

(Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdao rén ma? (Is Comrade Máo from Qīngdāo?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng from Beijing?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

Tā bú shi Shanghai rén.

(He/she isn’t from Shànghāi.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghāi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghāi either.)

Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)

Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.

(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)

Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.

(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)

Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.

(He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū either.)

Tā bú shi Qīngdāo rén.

(He/she isn't from Qīngdāo.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Qingdao rén.

(His/her spouse isn’t from

Qingdāo either.)

Tā bú shi Beijing rén.

(He/she isn't from Beijing.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Beijing rén.

(His/her spouse isn't from

Beijing either.)

G. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Qīngwèn, Qīngdāo zài nār? (cue) Shāndōng

(May I ask, where is Qīngdāo?)

You: Qīngdāo zài Shandong.

(Qīngdāo is in Shāndōng.)

2. Qīngwèn, Nánjīng zài nǎr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)

3. Qīngwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong

(May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)

U. Qīngwèn, Shanghai zài nǎr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)

-   5. Qīngwèn, Bǎijīng zài nǎr?

Hebei

(May I ask, where is Bǎijīng?)

-   6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

Shandong

(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)

-   7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Shanghai?)

Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.

(Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)

Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)

Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.

(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)⁴

Bǎijīng zài Hébǎi.

(BSijīng is in HébSi.)

Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.

(Qīngdǎo is in Shandong.)

Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.

(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   5. Li Tóngzhì shi Sìchuān     | Li Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Sìchuān.  |
|     rén.                          |                                   |
|                                   | (Comrade Li’s family is from      |
| (Comrade Li is from Sìchuān.)     | Sìchuān.)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhejiang  | Zhōu Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài         |
|     rén.                          | Zhèjiāng.                         |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Comrade Zhōu is from Zhejiang.)  | (Comrade Zhou's family is from    |
|                                   | Zhèjiāng.)                        |
| -   7. Mao Tongzhì shi Hunan rén. |                                   |
|     (Comrade Mao is from Hunan.)  | Mao Tóngzhìde lāojiā zài Húnán.   |
|                                   |                                   |
| I. Response Drill                 | (Comrade Mao's family is from     |
|                                   | Hunan.)                           |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā àiren zài nār? |                                   |
|     (cue) Měiguo                  | You: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in             |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        |                                   |
|                                   | America now.)                     |
| -   2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà  |                                   |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.     |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in Canada now. |
| -   3. Tā àiren zài nār? YIngguó  |                                   |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yīngguó.     |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   h. Tā àiren zài nār? Déguo    | (His/her spouse is in England     |
|                                   | now.)                             |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguo.       |
| -   5. Tā àiren zài nār? Měiguó   | (His/her spouse is in Germany     |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    | now.)                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Tā àiren zài nār? Fàguō    | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Faguó.       |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    |                                   |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in America     |
| -   7. Tā àiren zài nār?    Eguó  | now.)                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguó.       |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in France now. |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó.        |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in Russia now. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

CRITERION TEST SAMPLE

The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show
you not only how much of the material you have learned, hut also what
points you need to work on before beginning to study smother module.

Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of
Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and
produce tones, vowels, and consonants. Additionally, there are sections
which test your ability to comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through
99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal
names and titles and the romanization system is also tested. Read the
Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly
what the test covers. Note: Although the entire sound system is
introduced in the Pronunciation and Romanization Module, you will be
tested here only on those sounds which occur in the Target Sentences.
Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.

Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each
section of the test, with directions and a sample question, is
represented here so that you may know exactly what is expected of you
after studying the ORN Module.

Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving
thesescores means that you are adequately prepared for the next module.
If you fall below the minimum criterion on any section, you should
review relevant study materials.

You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written,
and you will complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test
(Diagnostics) indicates the passing score for each section and review
materials for each section.

-   H. Transformation Drill

-   1. Speaker: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbǎi rén.

(Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )

-   2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.

(Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)

-   3. Huang Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.

(Comrade Huang is from Shanxī.)

-   U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.

(Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)

You: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbǎi.

(Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)

Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.

(Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)

Huang Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is from
Shānxī.)

Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.

(Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)

Part I

-   1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In
    your test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The
    speaker will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them
    again. You are to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the
    appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in
    any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously
    in the module. The same syllable may occur more than once in this
    section.

For example, the speaker might say. fēi...fSi and then repeat fēi.

-   2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
    isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you
    add to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the
    syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which
    tone was used previously in the module.

For example, the speaker might say: fěi...fSi

a.

-   3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
    two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable
    item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the
    written syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is
    already marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones.

For example, the speaker might say: chábei...chábei

chabei

U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally
in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then
he will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the
syllables was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that
written syllable in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not
necessarily correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists.
They may vary in tone, for example.

For example, the speaker might say: fan...fang and then repeat fang.

a. fan

fang

-   5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables
    that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate
    vowel or consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability
    to recognize the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization
    system correctly. The speaker will say each syllable twice.

For example, the speaker might say: pang...pang; then you would write

[]

-   6. This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1
    through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number,
    and you write down the numerals for that number.

For example, you might hear: shí-sān

a- ____

-   7. This section tests your ability to understand questions and
    answers about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a
    conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade Zhao, who have Just
    met. You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you
    hear it, a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to
    fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You
    do not have to wait for the second repetition of the conversation
    to. fill in the answers, of course.)

For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to conversations you
heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!

  ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------
                            Home State or Province   Present Location
  Comrade Zhào                                       
  Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)                            
  Comrade Zhao’s husband                             
  Mrs. Johnson                                       
  ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------

-   8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances
    by asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the
    speaker will say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate
    your understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the
    English sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the
    Chinese sentence.

For example, you might hear: Nī shi shéi?...Nī shi shéi?

1. a. Who is she?

b. Who is he?

*cN Who are you?

Part II

-   9. This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese
    system of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in
    your test booklet, and answer the questions.

For example,

Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy Young,
now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:

1. (a} Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng

Part III

-   10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones.
    Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention
    may be given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable
    and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you
    choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to
    choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them in random
    order.

For example, you might say: ma

-   11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from
    the Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For
    each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put
    a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the
    syllable he hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as
    you go through this section of the test.

For example, you might say: nín

a. (nín

-   12. This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities
    and provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to
    your instructor five cities and five provinces and name them.
    Pronunciation is of secondary importance here.

-   13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese.
    Your instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists,
    and you translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must be
    correct both in grammar and in content.

1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the
material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this
conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation
which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any
conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a
sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so
much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being
tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.

CD o

[]

APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA

[]

APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

  -------------------- ------------------------ --------------- ---------------------
  Afghanistan          Āfùhàn                   Germany, West   Xldé
  Albania              Āěrbāníyà                Ghana           Jiānà
  Algeria              Āǎrjílìyà                Gibraltar       Zhíbùluótuó
  Andorra              Andàoěr                  Great Britain   Dà Búlièdiān
  Angola               Ān'gēlā                  Greece          Xílà
  Argentina            Agenting                 Greenland       Gélínglán
  Australia            Aodàlìyà^                Grenada         Gélínnàdá
  Austria              Aodìlì (Aoguó)           Guam            Guándǎo
  Bahama Is.           BāhāmS Qúndǎo            Guatemala       Guādìmǎlā
  Bahrain              Bālín(guá)               Guinea          Jīnèiyà
  Bangladesh           Mèngjiālā(guó)           Guinea-Bissau   Jīnèiyà Bīshào
  Barbados             Bābāduōsl                Guyana          Guīyànà
  Belgium              Bílìshí                  Haiti           Hǎidì
  Belize               Bólìzl                   Honduras        Hóngdūlǎsī
  Benin                Bèiníng                  Hungary.        Xiōngyálì
  Bermuda              Bǎimùdá                  Iceland         Bíngdǎo
  Bhutan               Bùdān                    India           Yìndù
  Bolivia              Bōllwéiyà                Indonesia       Yīnní (Yìndùníxīyà)
  Botswana             Bocíwǎnà                 Iran            Yīlǎng
  Brazil               Bāxí                     Iraq            Yīlākè
  Britain              Yīnggué                  Ireland         Àiérlǎn
  Bulgaria             Bǎojiālìyà               Israel          Yīsèliè
  Burma                Miǎndiàn                 Italy           Yīdàlì
  Burundi              Bùlóngdí                 Ivory Coast     Xiàngyá Hǎiàn
  Cabinda              Kǎbēndǎ                  Jamaica         Yámǎijiā
  Cameroun             Kāmǎiláng                Japan           Rfbǎn
  Canada               Jiānádà                  Java            Zhǎowā
  Cape Verde Is.       Fódé Jiao                Jordan          Yuēdàn
  Central Africa       Zhōngfēi                 Kampuchea       Jiǎnbǔzhài
  Chad                 Zhàdé                    Kenya           Kǎnníyà
  Chile                Zhìlì                    Korea           Chaoxian (Béijīng),
  China                Zhōngguó                                 Hánguó (Taiwan)
  Colombia             Gělúnbíyà                Kuwait          Kēwēitè
  Comoro Is.           Kēmóluó Qúndǎo           Laos            Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),
  Congo                Gāngguǒ                                  Liáoguo (Taiwan)
  Costa Rica           Gēsīdálíjiā              Latvia          Lātuōwéiyà
  Cuba                 Gǔbā                     Lebanon         Líbánèn
  Cyprus               Sàipǔlùsí                Lesotho         Láisuǒtuō
  Czechoslovakia       Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfíkè)   Liberia         Lìbīliyà
  Democratic Yemen     Mínzhǔ Yemen             Libya           Lìbiyà
  Denmark              Dānmài                   Liechtenstein   Lièzhīdūnshìdēng
  Djibouti             Jibuti                   Lithuania       Lìtáowǎn
  Dominican Republic   Duōmíníjiā (Gòngheguú)   Luxemburg       Lúsēnbǎo
  East Timor           Dong Dtwén               Madagascar      MǎdájiǎsTjiā,
  Ecuador              Eguāduōěr                                Mǎěrjiāshí
  Egypt                Āijí                     Malawi          Mǎlāwéi
  El Salvador          Sàǎrwǎduō                Malays}a        Mǎláixiyà
  England              Yīngguá                  Maldi’^e Is.    MǎSrdàirū
  Equatorial Guinea    Chìdào Jīnèiyà           Mali            Mali
  Estonia              Aishāníyà                Malta           Mǎěrtā
  Ethiopia             Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),    Mauritania      Máolitǎníyà
                       Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)       Mauritius       Máolīqiúsi
  Fiji                 Fěijì                    Mexico          Mòxlgē
  Finland              Fēnlán                   Monaco          Mónàgē
  France               Fǎguo, Fàguó             Mongolia        Měnggǔ
  French Polynesia     Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxīyè         Morocco         Móluògē
  Gabon                Jiāpéng                  Mozambique      Mòsāngblkè
  Gambia, The          Gāngbiyà                 Namibia         Nàmíbíyà
  Germany              Déguó                    Nauru           Nǎolǔ
  Germany, East        Dōngdé                   Nepal           Níbóěr
  -------------------- ------------------------ --------------- ---------------------

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Netherlands     | Hélán           | United States   | Méiguó          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Netherlands     | Āndīlièsī       | Upper Volta     | Shāng Wdārtā    |
| Antilles        | Qúnd&o          |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| New Zealand     | Xīn Xīlán       | Uruguay         | Wūlāguī         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Nicaragua       | Níjiālāguā      | Venezuela       | Wéinèiruìlā     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Niger           | Nírìér          | Vietnam         | Yuènén          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Nigeria         | Nírilìyà        | Virgin Is.      | Weiérjīng       |
|                 |                 |                 | QúndSo          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Norway          | Nuówēi          | Wales           | Wēiěrsī         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Okinawa         | Chōngshéng      | Western Sahara  | XI Sāhālā       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Oman            | Àmàn            | Western Samoa   | Xi Sāmóyā       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Pakistan        | BājīsītSn       | White Russia    | Bài Ěluósī      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Palestine       | BālēsitSn       | Yemen           | Yémén           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Panama          | BānámS          | Yugoslavia      | Nánsīlǎfū       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Papua New       | Bābùyà Xīn      | Zaire           | ZhāyīSr         |
| Guinea          | Jīnèiyà         |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Paraguay        | Bāliguī         | Zambia          | Zànbiyà         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Peru            | Mìlǔ            | Zimbabwe        | Jīnbābùwéi      |
| Philippines     |                 |                 |                 |
| Portugal Puerto | Fēilùbīn        |                 |                 |
| Rico Qatar      |                 |                 |                 |
| Réunion         | Pútáoyá         |                 |                 |
| Rhodesia        | Bōduōlígè       |                 |                 |
| Romania Russia  | KStSSr          |                 |                 |
| Rwanda San      | Liúníwāng(dSo)  |                 |                 |
| Marino SSo Tomé | Luódéxīyà       |                 |                 |
| and Príncipe    | LuómXníyà Éguó, |                 |                 |
| Saudi Arabia    | Eguó Lúwàngdà   |                 |                 |
|                 | Shèng MSlìnud   |                 |                 |
| Scotland        | Shèng Duōméi hé |                 |                 |
| Senegal         |                 |                 |                 |
| Seychelles Xs.  | Pǔlínxībí       |                 |                 |
| Siberia Sierra  |                 |                 |                 |
| Leone Sikkim    | Shātè Ālàbó     |                 |                 |
| Singapore       | (Bèijīng),      |                 |                 |
| Solomon Is.     | Shāwūdí Álābó   |                 |                 |
| Somalia South   | (Taiwan)        |                 |                 |
| Africa Soviet   |                 |                 |                 |
| Russia Soviet   | Sūgélán         |                 |                 |
| Union Spain Sri |                 |                 |                 |
| Lanka Sudan     | Sàinèijiāér     |                 |                 |
| Surinam         |                 |                 |                 |
| Swaziland       | Sàishéěr Qúndāo |                 |                 |
|                 | Xībólìyà        |                 |                 |
| Sweden          |                 |                 |                 |
| Switzerland     | Sàilā Liang XI  |                 |                 |
| Syria Tanzania  | jin Xīnjiāpō    |                 |                 |
| Thailand Togo   | Suóluómén       |                 |                 |
| Tonga Trinidad  | QúndSo SuSmSlī  |                 |                 |
| and Tobago      |                 |                 |                 |
| Tunisia Turkey  | Nánfēi          |                 |                 |
| Uganda Ukraine  |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Sūè (Taiwan)    |                 |                 |
| United Arab     | Sūlién Xibinyé  |                 |                 |
| Itairates       | SīlīlānkS Sudan |                 |                 |
|                 | Sūlinán         |                 |                 |
| United Kingdom  | Sīwèishìlán     |                 |                 |
|                 | (Béijīng),      |                 |                 |
|                 | Shīw&jilán      |                 |                 |
|                 | (Taiwan)        |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | RuìdiSn Ruìshi  |                 |                 |
|                 | Xùlìyà          |                 |                 |
|                 | Tlnsāngníyā     |                 |                 |
|                 | Tàiguó Duōgē    |                 |                 |
|                 | Tāngj iā        |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Tèlìnídá he     |                 |                 |
|                 | Duōbāgē Túnísī  |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá  |                 |                 |
|                 | Wūkèlán Alābó   |                 |                 |
|                 | Liànhé          |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | QiúzhSngguó     |                 |                 |
|                 | Liànhé Wàngguó  |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES

All the names of átates may be followed by the word zhōu "state,” for
example, Ālābāmā zhōu.

  ---------------- ------------------------------------
  Alabama          Alabama
  Alaska           Ālāsljiā
  Arizona          Yàlìsāngnà
  Arkansas         Ākènsè, Akānsàsí ⁵
  California       Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà
  Colorado         Kēluólāduō
  Connecticut      Kāngnièdígé, KāngnSidígé
  Delaware         Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)
  Florida          Fóluólídá
  Georgia          Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyà
  Hawaii           Xiàwēiyí
  Idaho            Àidáhé
  Illinois         YīlìnuS(sI)
  Indiana          Yìndìānnà
  Iowa             Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá
  Kansas           Kansas!
  Kentucky         KSntājī
  Louisiana        Lùytsīānnà
  Maine            MiSnyln
  Maryland         Mǎlílán
  Massachusetts    MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng
  Michigan         Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān
  Minnesota        Míngnísūdá
  Mississippi      Míxíxíbl
  Missouri         Mìsūlī
  Montana          Méngdànà
  Nebraska         Nèibùlāsījiā
  Nevada           Nèihuádá
  New Hampshire    Xín HānbushíSr, Xín Hānbùxià
  New Jersey       Xín Zéxí
  New Mexico       Xín Mdxīgē
  New York         Niǔyuē
  North Carolina   BSi KKluSláinà, Bēi Kāluólínnà
  North Dakota     Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá
  Ohio             ÉhàiS
  Oklahoma         èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā
  Oregon           èlègāng
  Pennsylvania     Bīnzhōu, Bínxífāníyà, Bīnxífánníyà
  Rhode Island     Luádé Dāo, Luōdéàilán
  South Carolina   Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán KSluólínnà
  South Dakota     Nan Dákētā
  Tennessee        Tiánnāx!
  Texas            Dézhōu, Děkèsàsi
  Utah             YSutā, Yōuta
  Vermont          Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè
  Virginia         Wéijíníyā, FSjíníyà
  Washington       Huáshèngdùn
  West Virginia    XI Fójíníyà
  Wisconsin        Wēislkāngxín(g)
  Wyoming          Huáiémíng
  ---------------- ------------------------------------

APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES

  ----------------------- ---------------------
  Alberta                 YSbódá
  British Columbia        Yíngshtt Gēlúriblyà
  Manitoba                Mànnítuōbā
  Nev Brunswick           Xín Bùlúnzīvéikè
  Newfoundland            Niǔfēnl&ndlo
  Northwest Territories   XíbèilíngdI
  Nova Scotia             Xin Sīkèshè
  Ontario                 Āndàluè
  Prince Edvard Island    Àidéhuádio
  Quebec                  KuíbSikè
  Saskatchewan            Sakèqíwàn
  Yukon                   Yùkōng
  ----------------------- ---------------------

APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES

Surnames

  -------------------- ----------
  Huang                Zhōu
  Wang                 Jiang
  Zhāng                JiSng
  II                   Gāo
  Zhao                 Lin
  Mao                  Sun
  Táng                 Song
  MS                   Fang
  Given Kames (male)   
  Dáll                 YSngpíng
  Mínglī               Ziqiáng
  Dànián               Jié
  Shìmín               ZhīyuSn
  Huá                  GuSquán
  Déxián               
  -------------------- ----------

Liú Chen Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú WG Liáng

Shàowén Shìyīng Tíngfēng

Cheng Zhènhàn

Given Kames (female)

  --------- --------
  Juān      Huìvén
  Liróng    Défēn
  W&nrG     Lù
  MSiling   BSolán
  Xiùfèng   Yùzhēn
  Qi&oyún   Méilì
  --------- --------

Mlnzhēn Huiran Bīngyíng Qīng Ziyàn

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Pinyin Spelling                   | Map Spelling                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Gu&ngdōng      | Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung     |
| GuSngxī Guizhou                   | Kwangsi Kweichou                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| Héběi                             | Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh    |
|                                   | Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi Kirin       |
| Heilongjiang Hénán                | Liaoning                          |
|                                   |                                   |
| Húběi Húnán Jiangsu Jiangxi Jílín | Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai   |
| Liáonfng Nèimínggǔ Níngxià        | Shantung Shansi Shensi Szechuan   |
| Qingh&i Shāndōng Shanxi Sh&ixí    | Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan      |
| Sichuan                           | Chekiang                          |
|                                   |                                   |
| Taiwan Xinjiang Xizàng Yunnán     |                                   |
| ZhèJiang                          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Pinyin Spelling

  ----------- ------------
  BSijīng     Peking
  Changsha    Ch'ang-sha
  Chengdu     Ch’eng-tu
  Dàtáng      Ta-t’ung
  Gāoxióng    Kao-hsiung
  GuSngzhōu   Canton
  Hangzhou    Hang-chou
  HànkSu      .Han-k’ou
  Huáinán     Huai-nan
  Jīlóng      Chi-lung
  Kāifēng     K’ai-feng
  Nánchāng    Nan-ch*ang
  Nánjīng     Nanking
  QIngdSo     Tsingtao
  ShànghXi    Shanghai
  TaibSi      Taipei
  Táidōng     T’ai-tung
  Tainan      T’ai-nan
  Táizhōng    T’ai-chung
  Tiānjīn     Tientsin
  Wǔchāng     Wu-ch’ang
  Wǔhàn       Wu-han
  Xiān        Sian
  ----------- ------------

Map Spelling

STANDARD CHINESE

A MODULAR APPROACH

STUDENT TEXT

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION

MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE

UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS

This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and
nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including
requests for copies, should be addressed to:

Defense Language Institute

Foreign Language Center

NonresidentTraining Division

Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006

Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc.,
which may be considered as controversial from some points of view, are
sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC students since
military personnel may find themselves in positions where a clear
understanding of conversations or written materials of this nature will
be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial
statements-whether real ōr apparent-in DLIFLC materials should not be
construed as representing the opinions of the writers, the DLIFLC, or
the Department of Defense.

Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor is
it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and businesses
not mentioned.

In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
translations of foreign language texts.

The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
Purchase by the customer does net constitute authorization for
reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
without prior approval from the DLIFLC.

PREFACE

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training
community for improving and updating Chinese materials, to reflect
current usage in Beijing and Taipei.

The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough
in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of
government agencies and academic institutions.

A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the
Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense
Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute,
the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S.
Office of Education, later Joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill,
John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C.
Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R.
Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T.
Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
(CFFLS).

The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197¹* in
space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S.
and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.

Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council
was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language
Institute, Patricia O'Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M.
Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown
University. In the fall of 1977* Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center
and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on
the planning council and contributed material to the project. The
planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials
and met regularly to review their development.

Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey,
Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation
with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign
Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the
comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the
communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides.
Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the
student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the
staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce the
materials subsequent to Module 6.

All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao,
Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui
C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming
Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry
Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.

Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T. C. Liang,
Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.

The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the
Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was
voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr.
Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry,
Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.

The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service
Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A.
Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.

Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning
Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois;
and the University of Virginia.

Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster, Commandants of
the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the
DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of this edition of the course
materials. This support included coordination, graphic arts, editing,
typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to carry out
these tasks.

James R. Frith, Chairman

Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board

CONTENTS

Preface

Introduction Section I:  About the Course

Section II:  Background Notes

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION Objectives ....................... .....

List of Tapes

Target Lists

UNIT 1 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes ......... . ......... ..... 28

Full names and surnames Titles and terms of address Drills

UNIT 2 Introduction *

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Given names

Yes/no questions

Negative statements

Greetings Drills

UNIT 3 Introduction . .

Reference List ....

Vocabulary

Unit Map

Reference Notes

Nationality

Home state, province, and city Drills

UNIT U Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Unit Map

Reference Notes

Location of people and places Where people’s families are from

Drills

Criterion Test Sample

Appendices

-   I. Map of China

-   II. Map of Taiwan

-   III. Countries and Regions

-   IV. American States

-   V. Canadian Provinces

-   VI. Common Chinese Names

-   VII. Chinese Provinces

-   VIII.  Chinese Cities

MODULE 2: BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Objectives

List of Tapes

Target Lists

UNIT 1 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Where people are staying (hotels) Short answers The question word něige
"which?" Drills...............  105

UNIT 2 Introduction ...

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes .

Where people are staying (houses) Where people are working Addresses The
marker de The marker ba The prepositional verb zài
Drills..........................120

UNIT 3 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Members of a family The plural ending -men The question word jl- "how
many"

The adverb dōu ’’all"

Several ways to express "and" Drills . . .

UNIT U Introduction

Reference List.....'

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Arrival and departure times

The marker le

The shi... de construction Drills

UNIT 5 Introduction

Reference List............

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Date and place of birth

Days of the week

Ages

The marker le for new situations Drills

UNIT 6 Introduction .....

Reference List .... .......... ..........

Vocabulary

Reference Notes ................ .......

Duration phrases

The marker le for completion

The "double le" construction

The marker guo

Action verbs

State verbs Drills

UNIT 7 Introduction..

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

Where someone works

Where and what someone has studied What languages someone can speak
Auxiliary verbs General objects

Drills

UNIT 8 Introduction

Reference List

Vocabulary

Reference Notes

More on duration phrases The marker le for new situations in negative
sentences Military titles and branches of service The marker ne Process
verbs Drills............................223

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I: ABOUT THE COURSE .

This course is designed to give you a practical command of spoken
Standard Chinese. You will learn both to understand and to speak it.
Although Standard Chinese is one language, there are differences between
the particular form it takes in Beijing and the form it takes in the
rest of the country. There are also, of course, significant
nonlinguistic differences between regions of the country. Reflecting
these regional differences, the settings for most conversations are
Beijing and Taipei.

This course represents a new approach to the teaching of foreign
languages. In many ways it redefines the roles of teacher and student,
of classwork and homework, and of text and tape. Here is what you should
expect:

The focus is on communicating in Chinese in practical situations—the
obvious ones you will encounter upon arriving in China. You will be
communicating in Chinese most of the time you are in class. You will not
always be talking about real situations, but you will almost always be
purposefully exchanging information in Chinese.

This focus on conimunicating means that the teacher is first of all your
conversational partner. Anything that forces him⁶ back into the
traditional roles of lecturer and drillmaster limits your opportunity to
interact with a speaker of the Chinese language and to experience the
language in its full spontaneity, flexibility, and responsiveness.

Using class time for communicating, you will complete other course
activities out of class whenever possible. This is what the tapes are
for. They introduce the new material of each unit and give you as much
additional practice as possible without a conversational partner.

The texts summarize and supplement the tapes, which take you through new
material step by step and then give you intensive practice on what you
have covered. In this course you will spend almost all your time
listening to Chinese and saying things in Chinese, either with the tapes
or in class.

How the Course Is Organized

The subtitle of this course, "A Modular Approach,” refers to overall
organization of the materials into MODULES which focus on particular
situations or language topics and which allow a certain amount of choice
as to what is taught and in what order. To highlight equally significant
features of the course, the subtitle could just as well have been "A
Situational Approach," "A Taped-Input Approach," or "A Communicative
Approach."

Ten situational modules form the

ORIENTATION (ORN)

BIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION (BIO)

MONEY (MON)

DIRECTIONS (DIR)

TRANSPORTATION (TRN)

ARRANGING A MEETING (MTG)

SOCIETY (SOC)

TRAVELING IN CHINA (TRL)

LIFE IN CHINA (LIC)

TALKING ABOUT THE NEWS (TAN)

Each core module consists of tapes,

core of the course:

Talking about who you are and where you are from.

Talking about your background, family, studies, and occupation and about
your visit to China.

Making purchases and changing money.

Asking directions in a city or in a building.

Taking buses, taxis, trains, and planes, including finding out schedule
information, buying tickets, and making reservations.

Arranging a business meeting or a social get-together, changing the time
of an appointment, and declining an invitation.

Talking about families, relationships between people, cultural roles in
traditional society, and cultural trends in modern society.

Making travel arrangements and visiting a kindergarten, the Great Wall,
the Ming Tombs, a commune, and a factory.

Talking about daily life in Beijing street committees, leisure
activities, traffic and transportation, buying and rationing, housing.

Talking about government and party policy changes described in
newspapers: the educational system,-agricultural policy, international
policy, ideological policy, and policy in the arts.

student textbook, and a workbook.

In addition to the ten CORE modules, there are also RESOURCE modules and
OPTIONAL modules’. Resource modules teach particular systems in the
language, such as numbers and dates. As you proceed through a
situational core module, you will occasionally take time out to study
part of a resource module. (You will begin the first’ three of these
while studying the Orientation Module.)

PRONUNCIATION AND ROMANIZATION (P&R) The sound system of Chinese and the
Pinyin system of romanization.

NUMBERS (NUM)                          Numbers up to five digits.

CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS (CE)            Expressions basic to the classroom

learning situation.

TIME AND DATES (T&D)                   Dates, days of the week, clock
time,

parts of the day.

GRAMMAR                               Aspect and verb types, word order,

multisyllabic verbs and bǎ, auxiliary verbs, complex sentences,
adverbial expressions.

Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook.

The eight optional modules focus on particular situations:

RESTAURANT (RST)

HOTEL (HTL)

PERSONAL WELFARE (WLF)

POST OFFICE AND TELEPHONE (PST/TEL)

CAR (CAR)

CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH, AND DEATH (MBD)

NEW YEAR’S CELEBRATION (NYR)

INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS (l&O)

Each module consists of tapes and a student textbook. These optional
modules may be used at any time after certain core modules.

The diagram on page shows how the core modules, optional modules, and
resource modules fit together in the course. Resource modules are shown
where study should begin. Optional modules are shown where they may be
introduced.

STANDARD CHINESE : A MODULAR APPROACH

[]

[]

[]

[]

[]

KEY

[]

Inside a Core Module

Each core module has from four to eight units. A module also includes

Objectives: The module objectives are listed at the beginning of the
text for each module. Read these before starting work on the first unit
to fix in your mind what you are trying to accomplish and what you will
have to do to pass the test at the end of the module.

Target Lists: These follow the objectives in the text. They summarize
the language content of each unit in the form of typical questions and
answers on the topic of that unit. Each sentence is given both in
roman-ized Chinese and in English. Turn to the appropriate Target List
before, during, or after your work on a unit, whenever you need to pull
together what is in the unit.

Review Tapes (R-l): The Target List sentences are given on these tapes.
Except in the short Orientation Module, there are two R-l tapes for each
module.

Criterion Test: After studying each module, you will take a Criterion
Test to find out which module objectives you have met and which you need
to work on before beginning to study another module.

Inside a Unit

Here is what you will be doing in each unit. First, you will work
through two tapes:

-   1. Comprehension Tape 1 (C-l): This tape introduces all the new
    words and structures in the unit and lets you hear them in the
    context of short conversational exchanges. It then works them into
    other short conversations and longer passages for listening
    practice, and finally reviews them in the Target List sentences.
    Your goal when using the tape is to understand all the Target List
    sentences for the unit.

-   2. Production Tape 1 (P-1): This tape gives you practice in
    pronouncing the new words and in saying the sentences you learned to
    understand on the C-l tape. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to
    be able to produce any of the Target List sentences in Chine^(e)?
    when given the English equivalent.

The C-l and P-1 tapes, not accompanied by workbooks, are "portable" in
the sense that they do not tie you down to your desk. However, there are
some written materials for each unit which you will need to work into
your study routine. A text Reference List at the beginning of each unit
contains the sentences from the C-l and P-1 tapes. It includes both the
Chinese sentences and their English equivalents. The text Reference
Notes restate and expand the comments made on the C-l and P-1 tapes
concerning grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, and culture.

After you have worked with the C-l and P-1 tapes, you go on to two class
activities:

-   3. Target List Review: In this first class activity of the unit, you
    find out how well you learned the C-l and P-1 sentences. The teacher
    checks your understanding and production of the Target List
    sentences. He also presents any additional required vocabulary
    items, found at the end of the Target List, which were not on the
    C-l and P-1 tapes.

-   U. Structural Buildup: During this class activity, you work on your
    understanding and control of the new structures in the unit. You
    respond to questions from your teacher about situations illustrated
    on a chalkboard or explained in other ways.

After these activities, your teacher may want you to spend some time
working on the drills for the unit.

-   5. Drill Tape: This tape takes you through various types of drills
    based on the Target List sentences and on the additional required
    vocabulary.

-   6. Drills: The teacher may have you go over some or all of the
    drills in class, either to prepare for work with the tape, to review
    the tape, or to replace it.

Next, you use two more tapes. These tapes will give you as much
additional practice as possible outside of class.

-   7. Comprehension Tape 2 (C-2): This tape provides advanced listening
    practice with exercises containing long, varied passages which fully
    exploit the possibilities of the material covered. In the C-2
    Workbook you answer questions about the passages.

-   8. Production Tape 2 (P-2): This tape resembles the Structural
    Buildup in that you practice using the new structures of the unit in
    various situations. The P-2 Workbook provides instructions and
    displays of information for each exercise.

Following work on these two tapes, you take part in two class
activities:

-   9. Exercise Review: The teacher reviews the exercises of the C-2
    tape by reading or playing passages from the tape and questioning
    you on them. He reviews the exercises of the P-2 tape by questioning
    you on information displays in the P-2 Workbook.

-   10. Communication Activities: Here you use what you have learned in
    the unit for the purposeful exchange of information. Both fictitious
    situations (in Communication Games) and real-world situations
    involving you and your classmates (in "interviews”) are used.

    Materials and Activities for a Unit

    TAPED MATERIALS

    C-l, P-1 Tapes

    WRITTEN MATERIALS

    Target List Reference List Reference Notes

    D-l Tapes

    C-2, P-2 Tapes

    Drills

    Reference Notes C-2, P-2 Workbooks

    CLASS ACTIVITIES

    Target List Review

    Structural Buildup Drills

    Exercise Review

    Communication Activities

    []

    Wen wǔ Temple in central Taiwan (courtesy of Thomas Madden)

SECTION II  BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE

The Chinese Languages

We find it perfectly natural to talk about a language called ’’Chinese.
’’ We say, for example, that the people of China speak different
dialects of Chinese, and that Confucius wrote in an ancient form of
Chinese. On the other hand, we would never think of saying that the
people of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal speak dialects of one
language, and that Julius Caesar wrote in an ancient form of that
language. But the facts are almost exactly parallel.

Therefore, in terms of what we think of as a language when closer to
home, ’’Chinese” is not one language, but a family of languages. The
language of Confucius is partway up the trunk of the family tree. Like
Latin, it lived on as a literary language long after its death as a
spoken language in popular use. The seven modern languages of China,
traditionally known as the "dialects," are the branches of the tree.
They share as strong a family resemblance as do Italian, French,
Spanish, and Portuguese, and are about as different from one another.

The predominant language of China is now known as Putonghua, or
"Standard Chinese" (literally "the common speech"). The more traditional
term, still used in Taiwan, is Guoyǔ, or "Mandarin" (literally "the
national language"). Standard Chinese is spoken natively by almost
two-thirds of the population of China and throughout the greater part of
the country.

The term "Standard Chinese" is often used more narrowly to refer to the
true national language which is emerging. This language, which is
already the language of all national broadcasting, is based primarily on
the 'Peking dialect, but takes in elements from other dialects of
Standard Chinese and even from other Chinese languages. Like many
national languages, it is more widely understood than spoken, and is
often spoken with some concessions to local speech, particularly in
pronunciation.

The Chinese languages and their dialects differ far more in
pronunciation than in grammar and vocabulary. What distinguishes
Standard Chinese most from the other Chinese languages, for example, is
that it has the fewest tones and the fewest final consonants.

The remaining six Chinese languages, spoken by approximately a quarter
of the population of China, are tightly grouped in the southeast, below
the Yangtze River. The six are: the Wu group (Wu), which includes the
"Shanghai dialect"; Hunanese (Xiāng); the "Kiangsi dialect" (Gan);
Cantonese (Yuè), the language of Guangdong, widely spoken in Chinese
communities in the United States; Fukienese (Min), a variant of which is
spoken by a majority on Taiwan and hence called Taiwanese; and Hakka
(Kèjiā). spoken in a belt above the Cantonese area, as well as by a
minority on Taiwan. Cantonese, Fukienese, and Hakka are also widely
spoken throughout Southeast Asia.

There are minority ethnic groups in China who speak non-Chinese
languages. Some of these, such as Tibetan, are distantly related to the
Chinese languages. Others, such as Mongolian, are entirely unrelated.

Some Characteristics of Chinese

To us, perhaps the most striking feature of spoken Chinese is the use of
variation in tone ("tones") to distinguish the different meanings of
syllables which would otherwise sound alike. All languages, and Chinese
is no exception, make use of sentence intonation to indicate how whole
sentences are to be understood. In English, for example, the rising
pattern in "He’s gone?" tells us that the sentence is meant as a
question. The Chinese tones, however, are quite a different matter. They
belong to individual syllables, not to the sentence as a whole. An
inherent part of each Standard Chinese syllable is one of four
distinctive tones. The tone does just as much to distinguish the
syllable as do the consonants and vowels. For example, the only
difference between the verb "to buy," m&i, and the verb "to sell," mài,
is the Low tone (^(w)) and the Falling tone (-). And yet these words are
just as distinguishable as our words "buy" and "guy," or "buy" and
"boy." Apart from the tones, the sound system of Standard Chinese is no
more different from English than French is.

Word formation in Standard Chinese is relatively simple. For one thing,
there are no conjugations such as are found in many European languages.
Chinese verbs have fewer forms than English verbs, and nowhere near as
many irregularities. Chinese grammar relies heavily on word order and
often the word order is the same as in English. For these reasons
Chinese is not as difficult for Americans to learn to speak as one might
think.

It is often said that Chinese is a monosyllabic language. This notion
contains a good deal of truth. It has been found that, on the average,
every other word in ordinary conversation is a single-syllable word.
Moreover, although most words in the dictionary have two syllables, and
some have more, these words can almost always be broken down into
singlesyllable units of meaning, many of which can stand alone as words.

Written Chinese

Most languages with which we are familiar are written with an alphabet.
The letters may be different from ours, as in the Greek alphabet, but
the principle is the same: one letter for each consonant or vowel sound,
more or less. Chinese, however, is written with "characters" which stand
for whole syllables—in fact, for whole syllables with particular
meanings. Although there are only about thirteen hundred phonetically
distitìct syllables in standard Chinese, there are several thousand
Chinese characters in everyday use, essentially one for each
single-syllable unit of meaning. This means that many words have the
same pronunciation but are written with different characters, as tiān,
"sky," X, and tiān, "to add," "to increase,"

Chinese characters are often referred to as "ideographs," which suggests
that they stand directly for ideas. But this is misleading. It is better
to think of them as standing for the meaningful syllables of the spoken
language.

Minimal literacy in Chinese calls for knowing about a thousand
characters. These thousand characters, in combination, give a reading
vocabulary of several thousand words. Full literacy calls for knowing
some three thousand characters. In order to reduce the amount of time
needed to learn characters, there has been a vast extension in the
People’s Republic of China (PRC) of the principle of character
simplification, which has reduced the average number of strokes per
character by half.

During the past century, various systems have been proposed for
representing the sounds of Chinese with letters of the Roman alphabet.
One of these romanizations, Hànyǔ Pinyin (literally "Chinese Language
Spelling," generally called "Pinyin" in English), has been adopted
officially in the PRC, with the short-term goal of teaching all students
the Standard Chinese pronunciation of characters. A long-range goal is
the use of Pinyin for written communication throughout the country. This
is not possible, of course, until speakers across the nation have
uniform pronunciations of Standard Chinese. For the time being,
characters, which represent meaning, not pronunciation, are still the
most widely accepted way of communicating in writing.

Pinyin uses all of the letters in our alphabet except v, and adds the
letter u. The spellings of some of the consonant sounds are rather
arbitrary from our point of view, but for every consonant sound there is
only one letter or one combination of letters, and vice versa. You will
find that each vowel letter can stand for different vowel sounds,
depending on what letters precede or follow it in the syllable. The four
tones are indicated by accent marks over the vowels, and the Neutral
tone by the absence of an accent mark:

High:     mā                     Falling:

Rising:   ma                     Neutral:

Low:

One reason often given for the retention of characters is that they can
be read, with the local pronunciation, by speakers of all the Chinese
languages. Probably a stronger reason for retaining them is that the
characters help keep alive distinctions of meaning between words, and
connections of meaning between words, which are fading in the spoken
language. On the other hand, a Cantonese could learn to speak Standard
Chinese, and read it alphabetically, at least as easily as he can learn
several thousand characters.

Pinyin is used throughout this course to provide a simple written
representation of pronunciation. The characters, which are chiefly
responsible for the reputation of Chinese as a difficult language, are
taught separately.

BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE CHARACTERS

Each Chinese character is written as a fixed sequence of strokes. There
are very few basic types of strokes, each with its own prescribed
direction, length, and contour. The dynamics of these strokes as written
with a brush, the classical writing instrument, show up clearly even in
printed characters. You can tell from the varying thickness of the
stroke how the brush met the paper, how it swooped, and how it lifted;
these effects are largely lost in characters written with a ball-point
pen.

The sequence of strokes is of particular importance. Let’s take the
character for "mouth," pronounced kou. Here it is as normally written,
with the order and directions of the strokes indicated.

[]

If the character is written rapidly, in "running-style writing," one
stroke glides into the next, like this.

If the strokes were written in any but the proper order, quite different
distortions would take place as each stroke reflected the last and
anticipated the next, and the character would be illegible.

The earliest surviving Chinese characters, inscribed on the Shang
Dynasty "oracle bones" of about 1500 B.C., already included characters
that went beyond simple pictorial representation. There are some
characters in use today which are pictorial, like the character for
"mouth." There are also some which are directly symbolic, like our Roman
numerals I, II, and III. (The characters for these numbers—the first
numbers you learn in this course—are like the Roman numerals turned on
their sides.) There are some which are indirectly symbolic, like our
Arabic numerals 1, 2, and 3. But the most common type of character is
complex, consisting of two parts: a "phonetic," which suggests the
pronunciation, and a "radical," which broadly characterizes the meaning.
Let’s take the following character as an example.

[]

This character means "ocean" and is pronounced yang. The left side of
the character, the three short strokes, is an abbreviation of a
character which means "water" and is pronounced shul. This is the
"radical." It has been borrowed only for its meaning, "water." The right
side of the character above is a character which means "sheep" and is
pronounced yang. This is the "phonetic." It has been borrowed only for
its sound value, yang. A speaker of Chinese encountering the above
character for the first time could probably figure out that the only
Chinese word that sounds like yang and means something like "water" is
the word yang meaning "ocean." We, as speakers of English, might not be
able to figure it out. Moreover, phonetics and radicals seldom work as
neatly as in this example. But we can still learn to make good use of
these hints at sound and sense.

Many dictionaries classify characters in terms of the radicals.
According to one of the two dictionary systems used, there are 1?6
radicals; in the other system, there are 21U. There are over a thousand
phonetics.

Chinese has traditionally been written vertically, from top to bottom of
the page, starting on the right-hand side, with the pages bound so that
the first page is where we would expect the last page to be. Nowadays,
however, many Chinese publications paginate like Western publications,
and the characters are written horizontally, from left to right.

BACKGROUND NOTES: ABOUT CHINESE PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES

A Chinese personal name consists of two parts: a surname and a given
name. There is no middle name. The order is the reverse of ours: surname
first, given name last.

The most common pattern for Chinese names is a single-syllable surname
followed by a two-syllable given name:⁷

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)

Zhōu Ēnlái (Chou En-lai)

Jiang Jièshí (Chiang Kai-shek)

Song Qìnglíng (Soong Ch’ing-ling—Mme Sun Yat-sen)

Song Měilíng (Soong Mei-ling—Mme Chiang Kai-shek)

It is not uncommon, however, for the given name to consist of a single
syllable:

Zhū De (Chu Teh)

Lin Biāo (Lin Piao)

Hu Shi (Hu Shih)

Jiang Qīng (Chiang Ch’ing—Mme Mao Tse-tung)

There are a few two-syllable surnames. These are usually followed by
single-syllable given names:

Sīmǎ Guāng (Ssu-ma Kuang) Ōuyáng Xiū (Ou-yang Hsiu) Zhūgě Liang (Chu-ke
Liang)

But two-syllable surnames may also be followed by two-syllable given
names:

Sīmǎ Xiāngrú (Ssu-ma Hsiang-Ju)

An exhaustive list of Chinese surnames includes several hundred written
with a single character and several dozen written with two characters.
Some single-syllable surnames sound exactly alike although written with
different characters, and to distinguish them, the Chinese may
occasionally have to describe the character or "write" it with a finger
on the palm of a hand. But the surnames that you are likely to encounter
are fewer than a hundred, and a handful of these are so common that they
account for a good majority of China’s population.

Given names, as opposed to surnames, are not restricted to a limited
list of characters. Men's names are often but not always distinguishable
from women’s; the difference, however, usually lies in the meaning of
the characters and so is not readily apparent to the beginning student
with a limited knowledge of characters.

Outside the People’s Republic the traditional system of titles is still
in use. These titles closely parallel our own "Mr.," "Mrs.," and "Miss."
Notice, however, that all Chinese titles follow the name—either the full
name or the surname alone—rather than preceding it.

The title "Mr." is Xiānsheng.

MS Xiānsheng

JIS Mínglī Xiānsheng

The title "Mrs." is Tàitai. It follows the husband’s full name or
surname alone.

MS Tàitai

MS Mínglī Tàitai

The title "Miss" is Xiǎojiě. The MS family’s grown daughter, Défēn,
would be

Mǎ Xiǎojiě

MS Défēn XiSojiě

Even traditionally, outside the People’s Republic, a married woman does
not take her husband’s name in the same sense as in our culture. If Miss
Fang BSolán marries Mr. MS Mínglī, she becomes Mrs. MS Mínglī, but at
the same time she remains Fāng BSolán. She does not become MS BSolán;
there is no equivalent of "Mrs. Mary Smith." She may, however, add her
husband’s surname to her own full name and refer to herself as Mǎ Fāng
BSolán. At work she is quite likely to continue as Miss Fāng.

These customs regarding names are still observed by many Chinese today
in various parts of the world. The titles carry certain connotations,
however, when used in the PRC today: Tàitai should not be used because
it designates that woman as a member of the leisure class. Xiǎojiě
should not be used because it carries the connotation of being from a
rich family.

In the People’s Republic, the title "Comrade," Tongzhì, is used in place
of the titles Xiānsheng, Tàitai, and Xiǎojiě. Mǎ Mínglī would be

MS Tongzhì

Mǎ Mínglī Tongzhì

The title ’’Comrade" is applied to all, regardless of sex or marital
status. A married'-woman does not take her husband’s name in any sense.
MS Mínglí’s wife would be

Fang Tóngzhì

Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì

Children may be given either the mother’s or the father’s surname at
birth. In some families one child has the father's surname, and another
child has the mother’s surname. MS MÍnglī’s and Fang BSolán's grown
daughter could be

MS Tóngzhì

MS Défēn Tóngzhì

Their grown son could be

Fang Tóngzhì

Fang Zìqiáng Tóngzhì

Both in the PRC and elsewhere, of course, there are official titles and
titles of respect in addition to the common titles we have discussed
here. Several of these will be introduced later in the course.

The question of adapting foreign names to Chinese calls for special
consideration. In the People’s Republic the policy is to assign Chinese
phonetic equivalents to foreign names. These approximations are often
not as close phonetically as they might be, since the choice of
appropriate written characters may bring in nonphonetic considerations.
(An attempt is usually made when transliterating to use characters with
attractive meanings.) For the most part, the resulting names do not at
all resemble Chinese names. For example, the official version of "David
Anderson" is Dàiwéi Andésēn.

An older approach, still in use outside the PRC, is to construct a valid
Chinese name that suggests the foreign name phonetically. For example,
"David Anderson" might be An Dàwèi.

Sometimes, when a foreign surname has the same meaning as a Chinese
surname, semantic suggestiveness is chosen over phonetic suggestiveness.
For example, Wang, a common Chinese surname, means "king," so "Daniel
King" might be rendered Wang Dànián.

Students in this course will be given both the official PRC phonetic
equivalents of their names and Chinese-style names.

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION

The Orientation Module and associated resource modules provide the
linguistic tools needed to begin the study of Chinese. The materials
also introduce the teaching procedures used in this course.

The Orientation Module is not a typical course module in several
respects. First, it does not have a situational topic of its own, but
rather leads into the situational topic of the following
module—Biographic Information. Second, it teaches only a little Chinese
grammar and vocabulary. Third, two of the associated resource modules
(Pronunciation and Romanization, Numbers) are not optional; together
with the Orientation Module, they are prerequisite to the rest of the
course.

OBJECTIVES

Upon successful completion of this module and the two associated
resource modules, the student should

-   1. Distinguish the sounds and tones of Chinese well enough to be
    able to write the Hànyǔ Pinyin romanization for a syllable after
    hearing the syllable.

-   2. Be able to pronounce any combination of sounds found in the words
    of the Target Lists when given a romanized syllable to read.
    (Although the entire sound system of Chinese is introduced in the
    module, the student is responsible for producing only sounds used in
    the Target Sentences for ORN. Producing the remaining sounds is
    included in the Objectives for Biographic Information.)

-   3. Know the names and locations of five cities and five provinces of
    China well enough to point out their locations on a map, and
    pronounce the names well enough to be understood by a Chinese.

-   U. Comprehend the numbers 1 through 99 well enough to write them
    down when dictated, and be able to say them in Chinese when given
    English equivalents.

-   5. Understand the Chinese system of using personal names, including
    the use of titles equivalent to "Mr.," "Mrs.," "Miss," and
    "Comrade."

-   6. Be able to ask. and understand questions about where someone is
    from.

-   7. Be able to ask and understand questions about where someone is.

-   8. Be able to give the English equivalents for all the Chinese
    expressions in the Target Lists.

-   9. Be able to say all the Chinese expressions in the Target Lists
    when cued with English equivalents.¹

-   10. Be able to take part in short Chinese conversations, based on
    the Target Lists, about how he is, who he is, and where he is from.

TAPES FOR ORN AND ASSOCIATED RESOURCE MODULES

Orientation (ORN)

Unit 1:

Unit 2:

1 C-l

1 P-1

2

C-l

2 P-1

1&2 D-l

Unit 3:

3

C-l

3 P-1

3 D-l      3 C-2      3 P-2

Unit U:

1»

C-l

h P-1

h D-l      U C-2      U P-2

Pronunciation and Romanization (P&R)

  ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
  P&R 1   P&R 2   P&R 3   P&R U   P&R 5   P&R 6
  ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

Numbers (NUM)

  ----------------------- ------- -------
  NUM 1      NUM 2        NUM 3   NUM U
  Classroom Expressions   (CE)    
  CE 1                            
  ----------------------- ------- -------

UNIT 1 TARGET LIST

  ---- ---- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------
  1.   A:   NX shi shéi?                   Who are you?
       B:   WS shi Wang Dànián.            I am Wang Dànián (Daniel King).
       A:   WS shi Hu Měilíng.             I am Hu Mailing.
  2.   A:   Nī xìng s he nine ?            What is. your surname?
       B:   Wó xìng Wang.                  My surname is Wang (King).
       A:   W3 xìng Hu.                    My surname is Hu.
  3.   A:   Tā shi shéi?                   Who is he/she?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglí.              He is Ma Mínglí.
       A:   Tā shi MS Xiānsheng.           He is Mr. MS.
       B:   Tā shi MS Tàitai.              She is Mrs. Mǎ.
       A:   Tā shi MS XiSojié.             She is Miss Mǎ.
       B:   Tā shi MS Tóngzhì.             He/she is Comrade Mā.
  h.   A:   Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?   Mr. Wang, who is he?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglí Xiānsheng.    He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglí.
  5-   A:   Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?        Sir, who is she?
       B:   Tā shi MS Mínglí Tàitai.       She is Mrs. Mǎ Mínglí.
  6.   A:   Tóngzhì, tā shi shéi?          Comrade, who is she?
       B:   Tā shi Fang Bǎolán Tóngzhì.    She is Comrade Fang Bǎolán.
  ---- ---- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------

UNIT 2 TARGET LIST

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 1. A:                 | Nl shi Wang Xiānsheng | Are you Mr. Wang? I   |
|                       | ma?                   | am Wang Dànián. I’m   |
| B:                    |                       | not Mr. Wang.         |
|                       | W5 shi Wang Dànián.   |                       |
| A:                    |                       |                       |
|                       | Wo bú shi Wang        |                       |
|                       | Xiānsheng.            |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 2. A:                 | Nī xìng Wáng ma?      | Is your surname Wáng? |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| B:                    | Wo xìng Wáng.         | My surname is Wáng.   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| A:                    | Wo bú xìng Wáng.      | My surname isn't      |
|                       |                       | Wang.                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | NÍn guìxìng?    | Your surname?   |
|                 |                 |                 | (POLITE) My     |
|                 | B:              | Wǒ xìng Wang.   | surname is      |
|                 |                 |                 | Wang.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Nī Jiao shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | given name?     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ Jiao Dàniǎn. | My given name   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Dàniǎn       |
|                 |                 |                 | (Daniel).       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | A:              | Nī hǎo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ hǎo. Nī ne?  | I’m fine. And   |
|                 |                 |                 | you?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | A:              | Hǎo. Xièxie.    | Fine, thank     |
|                 |                 |                 | you.            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

6. míngzi                               given name

UNIT 3 TARGET LIST

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. A: Nī shi Mǎiguo rén ma?   | Are you an American?              |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Shì.                       | Yes (I am).                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Bu shi.                    | No (I'm not).                     |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma? | Are you Chinese?                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Shì, wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.  | Yes, I'm Chinese.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Bú shi, wǒ bú shi Zhōngguo | No, I'm not Chinese.              |
|     rén.                          |                                   |
|                                   | What's your nationality? I'm an   |
| -   3. A:  Nī shi nǎlguo rén?     | American.                         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Mǎiguo rén.         | I’m Chinese.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Zhōngguo rén.       | I'm English.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   B: Wǒ shi Yīngguo rén.        | Where are you from? I'm a         |
|                                   | Californian. I'm from Shànghǎi.   |
| h.  A:  Nī shi nǎrde rén?         |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| B:  Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu rén.           |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| B:  Wǒ shi Shànghǎi rén.          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

  ---- --------------- ---------
  5.   Déguó           Germany
  6.   Eguo (Eguo)     Russia
  7.   Fàguō (Fāguó)   France
  8.   Rìběn           Japan
  ---- --------------- ---------

UNIT 4 TARGET LIST

-   1. A: Andésén Xiānsheng, nī shi nārde rén?

B; Wo shi Dézhōu rén.

-   A: Andésén Fūren ne?

-   B: Tā yé shi Dézhōu rén.

-   2. A: Tā shi YIngguo rén ma?

-   B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yé bú shi YIngguo rén.

-   3. A: Qīngwèn, nī lāojiā zài nǎr?

-   B: Wō lāojiā zài Shāndōng.

-   U. A: Qingdao zài zhèr ma?

-   B: Qingdao bú zài nàr, zài zhèr.

5. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?

B: Tā xiànzài zài Jiānādà.

Where are you from, Mr. Anderson?

I’m from Texas.

And Mrs. Anderson?

She is from Texas too.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?

She isn’t English either.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Shāndōng.

Is Qingdao here? (pointing to a map)

Qingdao isn't there; it’s here (pointing to a map;

Where is your spouse now?

He/she is in Canada now.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

6. Learn the pronunciation and .location of any five cities and five
provinces of China found on the maps on pages 30-81.

[]

On a Beijing street (courtesy of Pat Fox)

UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Questions and answers about full names and surnames.

2. Titles and terms of address ("Mr.,” "Mrs.," etc.).

Prerequisites to the Unit

(Be sure to complete these before starting the unit.)

-   1. Background Notes.

-   2. PiR 1 (Tape 1 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
    Romanization), the tones.

-   3. P&R 2 (Tape 2 of the resource module on Pronunciation and
    Romanization), the tones.

Materials You Will Need 1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and
Reference Notes.

2. The drill tape (1D-1).

About the C-l and P-1 Tapes

The C-l and P-1 tapes are your introduction to the Chinese words and
structures presented in each unit. The tapes give you explanations and
practice on the new material. By the time you have worked through these
two tapes, you will be competent in understanding and producing the
expressions introduced in the unit.

With the C-l tape, you learn to understand the new words and structures.
The material is presented in short conversational exchanges, first with
English translations and later with pauses which allow you to translate.
Try to give a complete English translation for each Chinese expression.
Your goal when using the C-l tape is to learn the meanings of all the
words and structures as they are used in the sentences.

With the P-1 tape, you learn to put together these sentences. You learn
to pronounce each new word and use each new structure. When the recorded
instructions direct you to pronounce a word or say a sentence, do so out
loud. It is important fop you to hear yourself speaking Chinese, so that
you will know whether you are pronouncing the words correctly. Making
the effort to say the expression is a big part of learning it. It is one
thing to think about how a sentence should be put together or how it
should sound. It is another thing to put it together that way or make it
sound that way. Your goal when using the P-1 tape is to produce the
Target List expressions in Chinese when given English equivalents. At
the end of each P-1 tape is a review of the Target List which you can go
over until you have mastered the expressions.

At times, you may feel that the material on a tape is being presented
too fast. You may find that there is not enough time allowed for working
out the meaning of a sentence or saying a sentence the way you want to.
When this happens, stop the tape. If you want to, rewind.' Use the
control buttons on your machine to make the tape manageable for you and
to get the most out of it.

About the Reference List and the Reference Notes

The Reference List and the Reference Notes are designed to be used
before, during, or directly after work with the C-l and P-1 tapes.

The Reference List is a summary of the C-l and P-1 tapes. It contains
all sentences which introduce new material, showing you both the Chinese
sentences written in romanization and their English equivalents. You
will find that the list is printed so that either the Chinese or the
English can be covered to allow you to test yourself on comprehension,
production, or romanization of the sentences.

The Reference Notes give you information about grammar, pronunciation,
and cultural usage. Some of these explanations duplicate what you hear
on the C-l and P-1 tapes. Other explanations contain new information.

You may use the Reference List and Reference Notes in various ways. For
example, you may follow the Reference Notes as you listen to a tape,
glancing at an exchange or stopping to read a comment whenever you want
to. Or you may look through the Reference Notes before listening to a
tape, and then use the Reference List while you listen, to help you keep
track of where you are. Whichever way you decide to use these parts of a
unit, remember that they are reference materials. Don’t rely on the
translations and romanizations as subtitles for the C-l tape or as cue
cards for the P-1 tape, for this would rob you of your chance to develop
listening and responding skills.

About the Drills

The drills help you develop fluency, ease of response, and confidence.
You can go through the drills on your own, with the drill tapes, and the
teacher may take you through them in class as well.

Allow more than half an hour for a half-hour drill tape, since you will
usually need to go over all or parts of the tape more than once to get
full benefit from it.

The drills include many personal names, providing you with valuable
pronunciation practice. However, if you find the names more than you can
handle the first time through the tape, replace them with the pronoun tā
whenever possible. Similar substitutions are often possible with place
names.

Some of the drills involve sentences which you may find too long to
understand or produce on your first try, and you will need to rewind for
another try. Often, particularly the first time through a tape, you will
find the pauses too short, and you will need to stop the tape to give
yourself more time. The performance you should aim for with these tapes,
however, is full comprehension and full, fluent, and accurate production
while the tape rolls.

The five basic types of drills are described below.

Substitution Drills; The teacher (T) gives a pattern sentence which the
student (S) repeats. Then the teacher gives a word or phrase (a cue)
which the student substitutes appropriately in the original sentence.
The teacher follows immediately with a new cue.

Here is an English example of a substitution drill:

T: Are you an American?

S: Are you an American?

T: (cue) English

S: Are you English?

T: (cue) French

S: Are you French?

Transformation Drills: On the basis of a model provided at the beginning
of the drill, the student makes a certain change in each sentence the
teacher says.

Here is an English example of a transformation drill, in which the
student is changing affirmative sentences into negative ones: '

T: I’m going to the bank.

S: I’m not going to the bank.

T: I’m going to the store.

S: I’m not going to the store.

Response Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of the
drill, the student responds to questions or remarks by the teacher as
cued by the teacher.

Here is an English example of-a response drill:

T: What is his name? (cue) Harris

S: His name is Harris.

T: What is her name? (cue) Noss

S: Her name is Noss.

Expansion Drills: The student adds something to a pattern sentence as
cued by the teacher.

Here is an English example of an expansion drill

(cue) Japanese He's Japanese.

(cue) French She's French.

T: He isn’t Chinese. S: He isn't Chinese. T: She isn’t German. S: She
isn’t German.

Combination Drills: On the basis of a model given at the beginning of
the drill, the student combines two phrases or sentences given by the
teacher into a single utterance.

Here is an English example of a combination drill:

T: I am reading a book. John gave me the book.

S: I am reading a book which John gave me.

T: Mary bought a picture. I like the picture.

S: Mary bought a picture which I like.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | Ni shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | W3 shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Danián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | W8 shi Hú       | I am Hu         |
|                 |                 | Mǎilíng.        | Měilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is MS        |
|                 |                 | Mínglí.         | Mínglí.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mǎ        |
|                 |                 | Mínglí.         | Mínglí.         |
|                 | B:              |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | Tā shi Hú       | She is Hu       |
|                 |                 | Mailing.        | Meilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5-              | A:              | Ní xìng shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | surname? My     |
|                 | B:              | W8 xìng Wáng.   | surname is      |
|                 |                 |                 | Wang.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | A:              | Tā xìng shénme? | What is his     |
|                 |                 |                 | surname? His    |
|                 | B:              | Tā xìng MS.     | surname is Mǎ.  |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mr. Ma.   |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Mǎ       | He is Mr. Mǎ    |
|                 |                 | Mínglí          | Mínglí.         |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wáng, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi?    | is he?          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mr. MS    |
|                 |                 | Mínglí          | Mínglí.         |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Xiānsheng, tā   | Sir, who is he? |
|                 |                 | shi shéi?       |                 |
|                 | B:              |                 | He is Mr. MS.   |
|                 |                 | Tā shi MS       |                 |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Xiānsheng, tā   | Sir, who is     |
|                 |                 | shi shéi?       | she?            |
|                 | B:              |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | Tā shi MS       | She is Mrs. Ma. |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wáng, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she?         |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Mínglí   |                 |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         | She is Mrs. MS  |
|                 |                 |                 | Mínglí.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she?         |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Xiǎojiě. |                 |
|                 |                 |                 | She is Miss Mǎ. |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1U.             | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Comrade   |
|                 |                 | Mínglí Tongzhì. | Mǎ Mínglí.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

15.  A:  Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?

B:  Tā shi Fāng BSolán.            She is Fāng Baolán.

16.  A:  Tongzhì, tā shi shéi?         Comrade, who is she?

B:  Tā shi Fāng Baolán Tongzhì. She is Comrade Fāng BSolán.

VOCABULARY

  ------------------- ---------------
  nī                  you
  shéi                who
  shénme              what
  shi                 to be
  tā                  he, she
  tàitai              Mrs.
  tongzhì             Comrade
  w5                  I
  xiānsheng           Mr.; sir
  xiSojié (xiáojie)   Miss
  xìng                to be sumamed
  ------------------- ---------------

REFERENCE NOTES

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wang     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | NX shi shéi?    | Who are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W5 shi Hú       | I am Hú         |
|                 |                 | MSilíng.        | MSilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mā        |
|                 |                 | MínglX.         | MínglX.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Tā shi Mā       | He is Mā        |
|                 |                 | MínglX.         | MínglX.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Hú       | She is Hú       |
|                 |                 | MSilíng.        | MSilíng.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 1-b

The verb shì means "to be" in the sense of "to be someone or something,"
as in "I am Daniel King." It expresses identity. (In Unit U you will
learn a verb which means "to be" in another sense, "to be somewhere," as
in "I am in BSijīng." That verb expresses location.) The verb shì is in
the Neutral tone (with no accent mark) except when emphasized.

Unlike verbs in European languages, Chinese verbs do not distinguish
first, second, and third persons. A single form serves for all three
persons.

  ---- ----- -------------- -----------------------
  W8   shi   Wang Dànián.   (I am Wang Dànián.)
  NX   shi   Hú MSilíng.    (You are Hú MSilíng.)
  Tā   shi   Mǎ MínglX.     (He is MS MínglX.)
  ---- ----- -------------- -----------------------

Later you will find that Chinese verbs do not distinguish singular and
plural, either, and that they dó not distinguish past, present, and
future as such. You need to learn only one form for each verb.

The pronoun tā is equivalent to both "he" and "she."

The question Nl shi shéi? is actually too direct for most situations,
although it is all right from teacher to student or from student to
student. (A more polite question is introduced in Unit 2.)

Unlike English, Chinese uses the same word order in questions as in
statements.

  ---- ----- ------------ --------------------
  Tā   shi   shéi?        (Who is he?)
  Tā   shi   MS Mínglī?   (He is Mǎ Mínglī.)
  ---- ----- ------------ --------------------

When you answer a question containing a question word like shéi. "who,”
simply replace the question word with the information it asks for.

5.  A:  NX xìng shénme?

B:  Wo xìng Wàng.

6.  a:  Tā xìng shénme?

B:  Tā xìng MS.

What is your surname? My surname is Wang.

What is his surname? His surname is Mǎ.

■Notes on Nos. 5-6

Xìng is a verb, "to be surnamed.” It is in the same position in the
sentence as shi, "to be."

  ---- ----- ---------------
  W8   shi   Wang Dàniān.
  (I   am    Wǎng Dànian.)
  ---- ----- ---------------

  ---- ------------- --------
  W8   xìng          Wang.
  (I   am surnamed   Wang.)
  ---- ------------- --------

Notice that the question word shénme. "what," takes the same position as
the question word shéi, "who."

  ------ ----- -------
  Nī     shi   shéi?
  (You   are   who?)
  ------ ----- -------

  ------ -------------- ---------
  Nī     xìng           shénme?
  (You   are surnamed   what?)
  ------ -------------- ---------

Shénme is the official spelling. However, the word is pronounced as if
it were spelled shémma, or even shéma (often with a single rise in pitch
extending over "both syllables'^ Before another word which begins with a
consonant sound, it is usually pronounced as if it were spelled shěm.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Mǎ       | He is Mr. Mǎ.   |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Mr. Ma    |
|                 |                 | Mínglī          | MÍnglī          |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 7-8

After the verb shì you may have the full name alone, the surname plus
title, or the full name plus title.

  ---- ----- ---- --------- ------------
  Tā   shi   Mǎ   Mínglī.   
  Tā   shi   Mǎ             Xiānsheng.
  Tā   shi   Mǎ   Mínglī    Xiānsheng.
  ---- ----- ---- --------- ------------

Xiānsheng. literally ’’first-born," has more of a connotation of
respectfulness than "Mr." Xiānsheng is usually applied only to people
other than oneself. Do not use the title Xiānsheng (or any other
respectful title, such as Jiàoshòu, "Professor") when giving your own
name. If you want to say "I am Mr. Jones," you may say W5 xìng Jones.

When a name and title are said together, logically enough it is the name
which gets the heavy stress: WANG Xiānsheng. You will often hear the
title pronounced with no full tones: WĀNG Xiansheng.

9. A: Wang Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi?

Mr. Wang, who is he? He is Mr. Mǎ Mínglī.

Sir, who is he? He is Mr. Ma.

B: Tā shi MS Mínglī Xiānsheng.

10. A: Xiānsheng, tā shi shéi? B: Tā shi Mǎ Xiānsheng.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Xiānsheng,- tā  | Sir, who is     |
|                 |                 | shi shéi? Tā    | she? She is     |
|                 | B:              | shi MS Tàitai.  | Mrs. MS.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi?    | is she?         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | She is Mrs. MS  |
|                 |                 | Mínglí Tàitai.  | Mínglí.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Note on Nos. 9-12

When you address someone directly, use either the name plus the title or
the title alone. Xiānsheng must be translated as "sir" when it is used
alone, since "Mr." would not capture its respectful tone. (Tàitai,
however, is less respectful when used alone. You should address Mrs. Mā
as MS Taitai.)

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 13.             | A:              | Wáng Xiānsheng, | Mr. Wang, who   |
|                 |                 | tā shi shéi? Tā | is she? She is  |
|                 | B:              | shi MS XiSojiS. | Miss MS.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Ih.             | A:              | Tā shi shéi?    | Who is he?      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi MS       | He is Comrade   |
|                 |                 | Mínglí Tóngzhì. | Mǎ Mínglí.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 15.             | A:              | Tóngzhì, tā shi | Comrade, who is |
|                 |                 | shéi?           | she?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Fang     | She is Fang     |
|                 |                 | Bǎolán.         | Bǎolán.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 16.             | A:              | Tóngzhì, tā shi | Comrade, who is |
|                 |                 | shéi?           | she?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Fang     | She is Comrade  |
|                 |                 | Bǎolán Tóngzhì. | Fang Bǎolán.    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Note on Nos. 13-16

See the Background Notes on Chinese Personal Names and Titles for
Tóngzhì, "Comrade," and the use of maiden names.

DRILLS

A. Substitution Drill

-   1. Speaker: MS Mínglī

-   2. Hú Měilíng

-   3. Wang Dànián

U. LĪ Shìmín

5. Liú Lìróng

6. Zhāng BSolán.

You: Tā shi MS Mínglī.

(He is Mǎ Mínglí.)

Tā shi Hú MSilíng. (She is Hu Meiling.)

Tā shi Wang Dànián.

(He is Wang Danian.)

Tā shi Lī Shìmín.

(He is Li Shìmín.)

Tā shi Liú Lìróng. (She is Liú Lìróng.)

Tā shi Zhāng BSolán.

(She is Zhāng BSolán.)

B. Response Drill

When the cue is given by a male speaker, male students should respond.

When the cue is given by a female speaker, female students should
respond.

-   1. Speaker: Nī shi shéi?

(cue) Wáng Dànián (Who are you?)

OR Nī shi shéi?

(cue) Hú MSilíng

(Who are you?)

-   2. Nī shi shéi? Liú Shìmín (Who are you?)

-   3. Nī shi shéi? Chén Huìrán (Who are you?)

k. Nī shi shéi? Huáng Déxián (Who are you?)

-   5. Nī shi shéi? Zhao Wānrú (Who are you?)

    You: Wǒ shi Wáng Dànián. (I am Wang Dànián.)

    Wǒ shi Hú Měilíng. (I am Hú Měilíng.)

    Wǒ shi Liú Shìmín. (I am Liú Shìmín.)

-   6. Nī shi shéi? Jiang Bīngyíng (Who are you?)

-   7. Nī shi shéi? Gāo Yǒngpíng (Who are you?)

C. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi shéi?

(cue) Mā Xiānsheng

(Who is he?)

Wo shi Jiang Bīngyíng. (I am Jiang Bīngyíng.)

W3 shi Gāo Yǒngpíng. (I am Gāo Yǒngpíng.)

You: Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng. (He is Mr. Mā.)

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Hú Tàitai       | Tā shi Hú       |
|                 |                 |                 | Tàitai. (She is |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | Mrs. Hú.)       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Mao Xiānsheng   | Tā shi Mao      |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Xiānsheng. (He  |
|                 |                 |                 | is Mr. Máo.)    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Zhāng Tongzhì   | Tā shi Zhāng    |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Tóngzhì. (He is |
|                 |                 |                 | Comrade Zhāng.) |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Liu Xiāojiā     | Tā shi Liú      |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | Xiāojiā. (She   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Miss Liú.)   |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Mā Xiānsheng    | Tā shi Mā       |
|                 | (Who is he?)    |                 | Xiānsheng. (He  |
|                 |                 |                 | is Mr. Mǎ.)     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | Tā shi shéi?    | Zhào Tàitai     | Tā shi Zhào     |
|                 | (Who is she?)   |                 | Tàitai. (She is |
|                 |                 |                 | Mrs. Zhàò.)     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

UNIT 2

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

-   1. Questions and answers about given names.

-   2. Yes/no questions.

-   3. Negative statements.

-   U. Greetings.

Prerequisites to the Unit

-   1. P&R 3 and P&R U (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on
    Pronunciation and Romanization).

Materials You Will Need

1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

2. The 2D-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | A:              | Tā shi Wáng     | IB SHE MRS.     |
|                 |                 | Tàitai ma?      | WANG? SHE IS    |
|                 | B:              |                 | MRS. WANG.      |
|                 |                 | Tā shi Wáng     |                 |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | Nī shi Wáng     | Are you Mr.     |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   | Wang?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Nī shi Mā       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| U.              | A:              | Nī shi Mǎ       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú shi Mǎ    | I’m not Mr. Mǎ. |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng.      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 5.              | A:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Danián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú shi Wáng  | I'm not Wáng    |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 6.              | A:              | Nī xìng Fāng    | Is your surname |
|                 |                 | ma?             | Fāng?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 bú xìng      | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Fāng.           | isn’t Fāng.     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 7.              | A:              | W3 xìng Wáng.   | My surname is   |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS bú xìng      | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Wáng.           | isn't Wáng.     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Nī xìng Mǎ ma?  | Is your surname |
|                 |                 |                 | Mǎ?             |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Bú xìng Mǎ.     | My surname      |
|                 |                 | Xìng Wáng.      | isn't Mǎ. It's  |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Nín guìxìng?    | Your surname?   |
|                 |                 |                 | (POLITE)        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 xìng Wáng.   | My surname is   |
|                 |                 |                 | Wáng.           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Nī jiao shénme? | What is your    |
|                 |                 |                 | given name?     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 jiàc Dànián. | My given name   |
|                 |                 |                 | is Dànián.      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Nī hǎo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 hǎo.         | I'm fine.       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 12.             | A:              | Nī hǎo a?       | How are you?    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | W3 hǎo. Nī ne?  | I'm fine. And   |
|                 |                 |                 | you?            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | A:              | Hǎo, xièxie.    | Fine, thanks.   |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

13* míngzi

given name

  -------------- ------------------------------
                 VOCABULARY
  a              (question marker)
  bù/bú bú shi   not not to be
  guìxìng        (honorable) surname
  hSo            to be fine, to be well
  Jiao           to be called
  ma míngzi      (question marker) given name
  ne             (question marker)
  xièxie         thank you
  -------------- ------------------------------

REFERENCE NOTES

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1.              | At              | Tā shi Wáng     | Is she Mrs.     |
|                 |                 | Tàitai ma? Tā   | Wang? She is    |
|                 | B:              | shi Wáng        | Mrs. Wang.      |
|                 |                 | Tàitai.         |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2.              | A:              | Nī shi Wáng     | Are you Mr.     |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   | Wang?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wang       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 3.              | A:              | Nī shi Mā       | Are you Mr. Mǎ? |
|                 |                 | Xiānsheng ma?   |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | WS shi Wáng     | I am Wáng       |
|                 |                 | Dànián.         | Dànián.         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes cn Nos. 1-3

".he marker ma may be added to any which may be answered ’’yes’’ or
’’no.’’

statement to turn it into a question

  ---- ----- -------------- ----- ---------------------
  Tā   shi   Wáng Tàitai.         (She is Mrs. Wáng.)
  Tā   shi   Wáng Tàitai    ma?   (Is she Mrs. Wáng?)
  ---- ----- -------------- ----- ---------------------

The reply to a yes/no question is commonly a complete affirmative or
negative statement, although, as you will see later, the statement may
be stripped down considerably.

h. A: Nī shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?

Are you Mr. Mǎ? I'm not Mr. Mā.

I am Wang Dànián.

I'm not Wang Dànián.

B: WS bú shi Mā Xiānsheng.

5. A: WS shi Wang Dànián.

B: WS bú shi Wang Dànián.

Notes on Nos,

The negative of the verb shi, ’’to be,’’ is bú shi, ’’not to be.’’ The
equivalent of "not" is the syllable bù. The tone for the syllable bù
depends on the tone of the following syllable. When followed by a
syllable with a High, Rising, or Low tone, a Falling tone is used (bù).
When followed by a syllable with a Falling or Neutral tone, a Rising
tone is used (bú).

bù fēi (not to fly) bù féi (not to be fat) bù fSi (not to slander) bú
fèi (not to waste)

Almost all of the first few verbs you learn happen to be in the Falling
tone, and so take bú. But remember that bù is the basic form. That is
the form the syllable takes when it stands alone as a short "no”
answer—Bù— and when it is discussed, as in "Bù means 'not'.”

Notice that even though shì, "to be,” is usually pronounced in the
Neutral tone in the phrase bú shi, the original Falling tone of shì
still causes bù to be pronounced with a Rising tone: bú.

-   6. A: NX xìng Fang ma?

-   B: WS bú xìng Fang.

-   7. A: WS xìng Wáng.

B: WS bú xìng Wang.

-   8. A: NX xìng MS ma?

-   B: Bú xìng MS. Xìng Wang.

Is your surname Fang?

My surname isn't Fang.

My surname is Wang.

My surname isn't Wang.

Is your surname Mǎ?

My surname isn't Mǎ. It's Wang.

  ---- -- ----- -- ---------------
  WS      shi      Wang Dànián.
  (I      am       Wang Dànián.)
  ---- -- ----- -- ---------------

  ---- ---- ----- ----- ---------------
  WS   bú   shi         MS Xiānsheng.
  (I        am    not   Mr. Mǎ.)
  ---- ---- ----- ----- ---------------

Note on No. 8

It is quite common in Chinese—much commoner than in English--to omit the
subject of a sentence when it is clear from the context.

9. A: Nín guìxìng?

B: Wǒ xìng Wang.

Your surname? (POLITE) My surname is Wáng.

Notea on No. 9

Nín is the polite equivalent of nī, "you."

Guìxìng is a polite noun, "surname." Guì means "honorable." Xìng, which
you have learned as the verb "to be surnamed," is in this case a noun,
"surname."

Literally, Nín guìxìng? is "Your surname?" The implied question is
understood, and the "sentence" consists of the subject alone.

10. A: Nī jiào shénme?

B: Wǒ jiào Dànián.

What is your given name? My given name is Dànián.

Note on No. 10

Jiào is a verb meaning "to be called." In a discussion of personal
names, we can say that it means "to be given-named."

11.

A:

B:

Nī hǎo a? Wǒ hǎo.

How are you? I’m fine.

Notes on No. 11

Notice that the Low tones of wo and nī change to Rising tones before the
Low tone of hǎo: NÍ hǎo a? W§*hǎo.

Hǎo is a verb—"to be good," "to be well," "to be fine." Since it
functions like the verb "to be" plus an adjective in English, we will
call it an adjectival verb.

  ---- -----------
  Wǒ   hǎo.
  (I   am fine.)
  ---- -----------

  ------ ---------- ----
  Nī     hǎo        a?
  (You   are fine   ?)
  ------ ---------- ----

12. A: Nī hào a?

How are you?

I’m fine. And you?

Fine, thanks.

B: W3 háo. Nī ne?

A: H&o, xièxie.

Notes on No. 12

The marker ne makes a question out of the single word nī, ’’you": ’’And
you?” or ”How about you?"

Xiè is the verb "to thank." "I thank you" would be W8 xièxie nī.

Xièxie is often repeated: Xièxie, xièxie.

13. míngzi                             given name

Note on No. 13

One way to ask what someone’s given name is: Nī jiao shénme míngzi?

DRILLS

A. Transformation Drill

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng* (He is Mr. Wang.)

-   2. Tā shi Hú Tàitai.

(She is Mrs. Hu.)

-   3. Tā shi Liú Tóngzhì.

(He is Comrade Liú.)

U. Tā shì Zhāng XiǎojiS.

(She is Miss Zhāng.)

J. Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng.

(He is Mr. Ma.)

-   6. Tā shi Fāng Xiāojiā.

(She is Miss Fāng.)

-   7. Tā shi Lin Tongzhì.

(He is Comrade Lin.)

You: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wáng?)

Tā shi Hú Tàitai ma?

(Is she Mrs. Hú?)

Tā shi Liú Tongzhì ma?

(Is he Comrade Liú?)

Tā shi Zhāng Xiǎojiě ma?

(Is she Miss Zhāng?)

Tā shi Mā Xiānsheng ma?

(Is he Mr. Mā?)

Tā shi Fāng XiSojiě ma?

(Is she Miss Fāng?)

Tā shi Lin Tóngzhì ma?

(Is he Comrade Lin?)

-   B. Response Drill

    -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Wang?)

    -   2. Tā shi Zhao Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Zhào?)

    -   3. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì ma?

    (Is she Comrade Chen?)

    -   U. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā ma? (Is she Miss Liú?)

    -   5. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng ma?

    (Is he Mr. Song?)

    -   6. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai ma?

    (Is she Mrs. Sūn?)

    -   7. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?

    (Is he Mr. Zhāng?)

    You: Shì. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)

    Shì. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (Yes. She is Mrs. Zhào.)

    Shì. Tā shi Chen Tóngzhì.

    (Yes. She is Comrade Chen.)

    Shì. Tā shi Liú Xiāojiā. (Yes. She is Miss Liú.)

    Shì. Tā shi Song Xiānsheng.

    (Yes. He is Mr. Song.)

    Shì. Tā shi Sūn Tàitai.

    (Yes. She is Mrs. Sun.)

    Shì. Tā shi Zhāng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Zhāng.)

-   C. Response Drill

All of your answers will be negative. Give the correct name according to
the cue.

1.

Speaker: Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Liú (Is he Mr. Wang?)

You: Bú shi. Tā shi Liú Xiānsheng.

(No. He is Mr. Liú,)

2.

Tā shi Gāo Xiǎojiě ma? (Is she Miss Gāo?)

Zhào

Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Xiǎojiě. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)

3.

Tā shi Huáng Tongzhì ma? (Is she Comrade Huáng?)

Wáng

Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Tongzhì. (No. She is Comrade Wang.)

U.

Tā shi Yáng Tàitai ma? (Is she Mrs. Yang?)

Jiāng

Bú shi. Tā shi Jiang Tàitai. (No. She is Mrs. Jiang.)

5-

Tā shi MS Xiānsheng ma? (Is he Mr. Ma?)

Máo

Bú shi, Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. >&o.)

6.

Tā shi Zhou XiSojiě ma? (Is she Miss Zhōu?)

Zhào

Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào XiSojiS. (No. She is Miss Zhào.)

7.

Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng ma? Jiāng

Bú shi. Tā shi Jiāng Xiānsheng. (No. He is Mr. Jiāng.)

(Is he Mr. Jiāng?)

-   D. Response Drill

This drill is a combination of the two previous drills. Give an
affirmative or a negative answer according to the cue.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Liú Tàitai | You: Shi. Tā shi Liú Tàitai.      |
|     ma? (cue) Liú                 | (Yes. She is Mrs. Liú.)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (is she Mrs. Liú?)                | Bú shi. Tā shi Huáng Tàitai.      |
|                                   |                                   |
| OR    Tā shi Liú Tàitai ma?       | (No. She is Mrs. Huáng.)          |
|                                   |                                   |
| Huáng (Is she Mrs. Liú?)          | Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiāpsheng. (Yes. |
|                                   | He is Mr. Wáng.)                  |
| -   2. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma?  |                                   |
|     Wáng (is he Mr. Wang?)        | Bú shi. Tā shi Zhào Tàitai. (No.  |
|                                   | She is Mrs. Zhào.)                |
| -   3. Tā shi Gāo Tàitai ma? Zhào |                                   |
|     (Is she Mrs. Gāo?)            | Shi. Tā shi Táng Xiǎojiě.         |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Tā shi Tang Xiǎojiě ma? Tang   | (Yes. She is Miss Táng.)          |
| (Is she Miss Tang?)               |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 5. Tā shi Huang Xiānsheng ma?     | Bú shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng.    |
|                                   | (No. He is Mr. Wang.)             |
| Wang                              |                                   |
|                                   | Bú.shi. Tā shi Jiāng Tàitai. (No. |
| (Is he Mr. Huang?)                | She is Mrs. Jiāng.)               |
|                                   |                                   |
| 6. Tā shi Zhāng Tàitai ma? Jiāng  | You: Nī xìng Zhāng ma?            |
| (Is she Mrs. Zhāng?)              |                                   |
|                                   | (Is your surname Zhāng?)          |
| E. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Zhào ma?                  |
| -   1. Speaker: Nī shi Zhāng      |                                   |
|     Xiānsheng ma?                 | (Is your surname Zhào?)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mr. Zhāng?)              | Nī xìng Jiāng ma?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. Nī shi Zhào Tàitai ma?     | (Is your surname Jiāng?)          |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mrs. Zhào?)              | Nī xìng Liú ma?                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. Nī shi Jiāng XiSojlě ma?   | (Is your surname Liú?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Miss Jiāng?)             | Nī xìng Sdng ma?                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Nī shi Liú Tóngzhì ma?         | (Is your surname Sdng?)           |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Comrade Liú?)            | Nī xìng Lī ma?                    |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. - Nī shi Sdng Tàitai ma?   | (Is your surname LI?)             |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mrs. Song?)              | Nī xìng Sūn ma?                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Nī shi Lī Xiānsheng ma?    | (Is your surname Sūn?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Are you Mr. Lī?)                 | You: W3 bú xìng Zhāng.            |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Nī shi Sun Tóngzhì ma?     | (My surname is not Zhāng.)        |
|     (Are you Comrade Sun?)        |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Chén.                  |
| F. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Huáng.                 |
| -   1. Speaker: WS king Zhāng.    |                                   |
|                                   | W3 bú xìng Gāo.                   |
| (My surname is Zhāng.)            |                                   |
|                                   | W6 bú xìng Sūn.                   |
| -   2. W3 xìng Chén.              |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. W5 xìng Huang.             |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   U. W3 xìng Gāo.               |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| 5. W3 xìng Sūn.                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 6. W3 xìng Zhāng.                 | Wǒ bú xìng Zhāng.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| 7. WS xìng Zhōu.                  | WS bú xìng Zhōu.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   G. Transformation Drill       | You: WS bú xìng Li.               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: WS bú shi LI      | (My surname is not Li.)           |
|     Xiānsheng. (I am not Mr. LI.) |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Wang.                  |
| -   2. WS bú shi Wáng Tàitai.     |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Chén.                  |
| -   3. WS bú shi Chán Xiānsheng.  |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Lin.                   |
| h. WS bú shi Lin Tóngzhì.         |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Zhōu.                  |
| -   5. WS bú shi Zhōu XiSoJiS.    |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng JiSng.                 |
| -   6. WS bú shi JiSng Xiānsheng. |                                   |
|                                   | WS bú xìng Sōng.                  |
| -   7. WS bú shi Sōng Tàitai.     |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā bú shi Wang Xiānsheng, tā |
| -   H. Expansion Drill            | xìng Huang.                       |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā bú shi Wang    | (He is not Mr. Wáng; his surname  |
|     Xiānsheng. (cue) Huang        | is Huáng.)                        |
|                                   |                                   |
| (He is not Mr. Wáng.)             | Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai, tā xìng   |
|                                   | Jiāng.                            |
| -   2. Tā bú shi JiSng Tàitai.    |                                   |
|     Jiāng                         | Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì, tā xìng    |
|                                   | Lin.                              |
| -   3. Tā bú shi Liú Tóngzhì.     |                                   |
|        Lin                        | Tā bú shi Sōng XiSojiS, tā xìng   |
|                                   | Sūn.                              |
| U. Tā bú shi Song Xiǎojiě.    Sūn |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng, tā xìng |
| 5. Tā bú shi Zhào Xiānsheng. Zhōu | Zhōu.                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| 6. Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì.       | Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì, tā xìng  |
|                                   | Zhāng.                            |
| Zhāng.                            |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai, tā xìng     |
| 7« Tā bú shi Sūn Tàitai.    Song  | Sōng.                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

I.

Expansion Drill

1.

Speaker: W6 bú xìng Fang.

(cue) Hú

(My surname is not Fang.)

You: Wō bú xìng Fāng, xìng Hú. (My surname is not Fāng;

it’s Éú.)

2.

W8 bú xìng Sūn.

Song

WS

bú xìng Sūn, xìng Sōng.

3-

W3 bú xìng Yang.

Tang

WS

bú xìng Yáng, xìng Táng.

U.

W8 bú xìng Jiāng.

Zhāng

WS

bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Zhāng.

5.

W8 bú xìng Zhōu.

Zhào

WS

bú xìng Zhōu, xìng Zhào.

6.

W8 bú xìng Wáng.

Huang

WS

bú xìng Wáng, xìng Huáng.

7.

W8 bú xìng Jiāng.

Jiāng

WS

bú xìng Jiāng, xìng Jiāng.

J. Response Drill

1.

Speaker: Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng ma? (cue) Wáng

You: Shi. Tā shi Wáng Xiānsheng. (Yes. He is Mr. Wáng.)

Tā bú shi Wáng Xiānsheng.

Tā xìng Huáng.

(He is not Mr. Wang. His surname is Huáng.)

OR

(is he Mr. Wáng?)

Tā shi Wang Xiānsheng ma? Huáng

(Is he Mr. Wang?)

2.

Tā

shi

Liú Tàitai ma? Lin

Tā bú shi Liú Tàitai. Tā xìng Lin.

3.

Tā

shi

Chén Xiāojiā ma?

Chén

Shi. Tā shi Chén Xiāojié.

1*.

Tā

shi

Mao Xiānsheng ma?

Mao

Shi. Tā shi Máo Xiānsheng.

5-

Tā

shi

Jiāng Tóngzhì ma?

Zhāng

Tā bú shi Jiāng Tóngzhì. Tā xìng Zhāng.

6.

Tā

shi

Sdng Tàitai ma?

Sdng

Shi. Tā shi Sdng Tàitai.

7.

Tā

shi

Li Xiānsheng ma?

Wáng

Tā bú shi Lī Xiānsheng. Tā xìng Wáng.

K. Transformation Drill

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: W3 xìng Wang.     | Student 1: Tā xìng shénme?        |
|                                   |                                   |
| (My surname is Wang.)             | (What is his surname?)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. W3 xìng Chén.              | Student 2; Tā xìng Wáng.          |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. WS xìng Liú.               | (His surname is Wang.)            |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. WS xìng Huáng.                 | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. WS xìng Song.              | S2: Tā xìng Chén.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. WS xìng Li.                | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. WS xìng Wáng.              | S2: Tā xìng Liú.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
| L. Transformation Drill           | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: WS xìng Wáng jiào | S2: Tā xìng Huáng.                |
|     Dànián.                       |                                   |
|                                   | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
| (My surname is Wáng, and my given |                                   |
| name is Dànián.)                  | S2: Tā xìng Song.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. WS xìng Hú jiào MSilíng.   | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   3. WS xìng Lī jiào Shìyīng.   | S2: Tā xìng Li.                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. WS xìng Fāng Jiào BSolán.      | SI: Tā xìng shénme?               |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. WS xìng Sun jiào Déxián.   | S2: Tā xìng Wáng.                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. WS xìng Chén jiào Huìrán.  | You: Nī xìng Wang jiào shénme?    |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. WS xìng Zhāng jiào         | (Your surname is Wáng, and what   |
|     Zhènhàn.                      | is your given name?)              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Speaker: Dànián.                  |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | (Dànián.)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Hú jiào shénme?           |
|                                   |     Milling.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Lī jiào shénme?           |
|                                   |     Shìyīng.                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Fāng Jiào shénme? Baolán. |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Sun jiào shénme?          |
|                                   |    Déxián.                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Chén jiào shénme? Huìrán. |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Nī xìng Zhāng jiào shénme?        |
|                                   | Zhènhàn.                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

M.

Combination Drill

1.

Speaker: Tā xìng Chen. Tā Jiào Bāolán.

(Her surname is Chen'. Her given name is Baolan.)

You; Tā xìng Chen, Jiào Bāolán.

(Her surname is Chén, given name Bāolán.)

2.

Tā

xìng LI. Tā Jiào Mínglī.

Tā

xìng LI, Jiào Mínglī.

3.

Tā

xìng Hú. Tā jiao Bāolān.

Tā

xìng Hú, Jiào Bāolán.

k.

Tā

xìng Jiāng, Tā Jiào Dexián.

Tā

xìng Jiāng, jiào Dexián.

5.

Tā

xìng Zhōu. Tā jiào Zīyàn.

Tā

xìng Zhōu, Jiào Ziyàn.

6.

7ā

xìng Zhāng. Tā jiào Tíngfēng.

Tā

xìng Zhāng, Jiào Tíngfēng.

7.

Tā

xìng Chen. Tā jiào Huìrán.

Tā

xìng Chén, Jiào Huìrán.

UNIT 3

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Nationality.

2. Home state, province, and city.

Prerequisites to the Unit

1. PSR 5 and P&R 6 (Tapes 5 and 6 of the resource module on
Pronunciation and Romanization).

2. NUM 1 and NUM 2 (Tapes 1 and 2 of the resource module on Numbers),
the numbers from 1 to 10.

Materials You Will Need

-   1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

-   2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.

-   3. The 3D-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 1.                    | A:                    | Nī shi Měiguo rén ma? |
|                       |                       | Wō shi MSiguo rén.    |
|                       | B:                    |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 2.                    | A:                    | Nī shi Zhōngguo rén   |
|                       |                       | ma? Wō shi Zhōngguo   |
|                       | B:                    | rén.                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 3.                    | A:                    | Wang Xiānsheng, nī    |
|                       |                       | shi                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

YIngguo rén ma?

B: WS bú shi YIngguo rén.

1». A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B. Bú shi.

-   A: Nī shi Māiguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì.

-   5. A: MS XiSojiě shi Méiguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.

-   A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.

-   6. A: mt shi nSiguo rén?

-   B: WS shi Měiguo rén.

-   7. A: Tā shi něiguo rén?

-   B: Tā shi YIngguo rén.

-   8. A: NI shi nārde rén?

-   B: WS shi ShànghSi rén.

-   9. A: Tā shi Fāng Bāolánde xiānsheng.

-   10. A: Tā shi nārde rén?

-   B: Tā shi Shāndōng rén.

-   11. A: Ni shi nārde rén?

-   B: WS shi Jiāzhōu rén.

Are you an American?

I’m an American.

Are you Chinese?

I’m Chinese.

Mr. Wáng, are you English?

I’m not English.

Are you Chinese? No.

Are you an American?

Yes, I am.

Is Miss Mā an American?

No, she is not American.

Is she Chinese?

Yes, she is Chinese.

What is your nationality? I'm American.

What is his nationality?

He is English.

Where are you from? I'm from ShànghSi.

He is Fāng BSolán's husband.

Where is he from?

He's from Shāndōng.

Where are you from?

I'm a Californian.

12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi něiguo rén? A: NX shi n&rde rén?

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

13. Déguó

1U. èguó (ègu6)

15. Fàgufi (FAguó)

16. Rìhén

Are you an American?

What’s your nationality?

Where are you from?

Germany Russia

France

Japan

VOCABULARY

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -de                               | (possessive marker) Germany       |
|                                   |                                   |
| Déguo                             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Eguó (Egué)                       | Russia                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Fàguó (Faguó)                     | France                            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -guó                              | country                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Jiāzhōu                           | California                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Méiguo                            | America, United States            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| nǎr néi- * nSiguo                 | where?                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | which?                            |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | which country                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| rén Rìbén                         | person Japan                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Shandong Shanghai                 | (a province name) (a city name)   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Yīngguo                           | England                           |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Zhōngguo                          | China                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

[]

REFERENCE NOTES

-   1. A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?

    Are you an American?

    I’m an American.

    Are you Chinese?

    I'm Chinese.

    Mr. Wang, are you English?

    I'm not English.

-   B: Wō shi Měiguo rén.

-   2. A: NX shi Zhōngguo rén ma? B: WS shi Zhōngguo rén.

-   3. A: Wáng Xiānsheng, nī shi YIngguo rén ma?

-   B: Wō bú shi YIngguo rén.

Notes on Nos. 1-3

Rén is a noun, "person" or "persons"; so Měiguo rén is a noun phrase,
literally "America person." Sometimes, however, it is preferable or
necessary to translate expressions of this sort as adjectives or
prepositional

  ---------------------------------------------------------
  phrases.
  Tā shi Měiguo rén.                  He is an American.
  (noun phrase)
  Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.                He is Chinese.
  (adjective)
  Tā shi Shāndōng rén.               He is from Shāndōng.
  (prepositional phrase)
  ---------------------------------------------------------

Although Měiguo rén is translated here as "an American," in other
contexts it may be translated as "the American," "American," or "the
Americans." Later you will learn the various ways to indicate in Chinese
whether a noun is definite or indefinite, singular or plural.

The syllable -guō usually loses its tone in expressions like Měiguo rén.
(Some speakers drop the tone when the word stands alone: Měiguo.)

h. A: Nī shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

Are you Chinese?

No.

Are you an American?

Yes, I am.

Is Miss Mǎ an American?

No, she is not American

Is she Chinese?

Yes, she is Chinese.

B: Bú shi.

-   A: Nī shi Měiguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì.

-   5. A: MS Xiǎojiě shi Měiguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Měiguo rén.

-   A: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?

-   B: Shì, tā shi Zhōngguo rén.

Notes on Nos. U-5

The short "yes" answer shì is really the verb "am" of the longer, more
complete answer. The short "no" answer bú shi is really the "am not" of
the longer answer.

It is possible to reduce a "no" answer to bù (note the Falling tone),
but polite usage requires that you follow it up with a more complete
answer. Both the short answers shì and bú shi are commonly followed by
complete answers.

6.  A:  Nl shi néiguo rén?

B:  W8 shi Méiguo rén.

7.  A:  Tā shi néiguo rén?

B:  Tā shi Yīngguo rén.

What is your nationality? I'm American.

What is his nationality? He is English.

Notes on Nos. 6-7

Néi- is the question word "which." It is a bound word—a word which
cannot stand alone—not a free word.

  -------- --------- ---------
  néi-     guo       rén
  (which   country   person)
  -------- --------- ---------

Notice that the syllable -guó, "country," in the phrase néiguo rén may
lose its Rising tone.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 8.              | A:              | Nl shi nǎrde    | Where are you   |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from? I'm from  |
|                 | B:              |                 | Shànghǎi.       |
|                 |                 | Wǒ shi Shànghǎi |                 |
|                 |                 | rén.            |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 9.              | A:              | Tā shi Fāng     | He is Fāng      |
|                 |                 | Bǎolánde        | Bǎolán's        |
|                 |                 | xiānsheng.      | husband.        |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 10.             | A:              | Tā shi nǎrde    | Where is he     |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Tā shi Shandong | He's from       |
|                 |                 | rén.            | Shandong.       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 11.             | A:              | Nī shi nǎrde    | Where are you   |
|                 |                 | rén?            | from?           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | B:              | Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu  | I'm a           |
|                 |                 | rén.            | Californian.    |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes on Nos. 8-11 .

N&r is the question word "where." The syllable -de is the possessive
marker; it functions like the English possessive ending -*£.

  -------- ----- ---------
  nir      -de   rén
  (where   *s    person)
  -------- ----- ---------

By reversing the word order, a slightly more idiomatic translation is
possible: "a person of where." The closest English equivalent is "a
person from where." To clarity the role of -de in this expression, the
tape gives the following example of -de functioning like the English
possessive ending -’s:

  -------------- ----- -----------
  Fang B&olán    -de   xiānsheng
  (Fang B&olán   *8    husband)
  -------------- ----- -----------

12. A: NX shi Méiguo rén ma? A: NX shi nSiguo rén? A: NX shi n&rde rén?

Are you an American? What's your nationality? Where are you from?

DRILLS

A.

Response Drill

All responses will be affirmative.

1.

Speakei

:: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma? (Is he Chinese?)

You: Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)

2.

Tā

shi

RibSn rén ma?

Tā

shi

RibSn rén.

3.

Tā

shi

Zhōngguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Zhōngguo rén.

U.

Tā

shi

MSiguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

MSiguo rén.

5.

Tā

shi

Déguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Déguo rén.

6.

Tā

shi

Jiānādà rén ma?

Tā

shi

Jiānādà rén.

7.

Tā

shi

Fàguo rén ma?

Tā

shi

Fàguo rén.

B. Response Drill

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiānádà ren ma? (cue) Yingguo

(Is he a Canadian?)

You: Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.

Yingguo rén.

(He is not Canadian.

English.)

Shi

He is

-   2. Tā shi RibSn rén ma? Zhōngguo

-   3. Tā shi Yingguo rén ma? MSiguō

h. Tā shi MSiguo rén ma? J iānádà

-   5. Tā shi Èguo rén ma? Déguō

-   6. Tā shi Yuènán rén ma? Zhōngguō

-   7. Tā shi Fàguo rén ma? Yingguo

Tā bú shi RibSn rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.

Tā bú shi Yingguo rén. Shi MSiguo rén.

Tā bú shi MSiguo rén. Shi Jiānádà rén.

Tā bú shi Èguo rén. Shi Déguo rén.

Tā bú shi Yuènán rén. Shi Zhōngguo rén.

Tā bú shi Fàguo rén. Shi Yingguo rén.

C. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi néiguo rén?           You: Tā shi Fàguo rén.

(cue) Fàguō                      (He is French.)

(What is his nationality?)

  ---- ----------------- ------ ---------- -------- ---------------
  2.   Tā shi néiguo     rén?   Zhōngguo   Tā shi   Zhōngguo rén.
  3.   Tā shi néiguo     rén?   Méiguō     Tā shi   Méiguo rén.
  U.   Tā shi néiguo     rén?   Jiānádā    Tā shi   Jiānádà rén.
  5.   Tā shi néiguo     rén?   Rìbén      Tā shi   Rìbén rén.
  6.   Tā shi néiguo     rén?   Eguo       Tā shi   èguo rén.
  7.   Tā s'.ii néiguo   rén?   Déguó      Tā shi   Déguo rén.
  ---- ----------------- ------ ---------- -------- ---------------

D. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (cue) Béijīng (Where is he from?)

You: Tā shi Béijīng rén.

(He is from Béijīng.)

  ---- ---- ---------------- ---------- ----------------------
  2.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   Shànghǎi   Tā shi Shànghǎi rén.
  3.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   Chángshā   Tā shi Chángshā rén.
  U.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   Taizhōng   Tā shi Táizhōng rén.
  5.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   Táibéi     Tā shi Táibéi rén.
  6.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   Tiānjīng   Tā shi Tiānjīng rén.
  7.   Tā   shi nǎrde rén?   BéiJIng    Tā shi Béijīng rén.
  ---- ---- ---------------- ---------- ----------------------

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 2. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.            | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| 3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.             | Tā shi nārde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| U. Tā shi Shànghāi rén.           | Tā shi nārde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   5. Tā shi YIngguo rén.        | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Tā shi MSiguo rén.         | Tā shi nSiguo rén?                |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Tā shi Táizhōng rén.       | Tā shi nārde rén?                 |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   F. Transformation Drill       | You: Tā bú shi Lī Tàitai.         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Li Tàitai. | (She is not Mrs. LI.)             |
|     (She is Mrs. Lī.)             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú xìng Gāo.                   |
| -   2. Tā xìng Gāo.               |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi TáibSi rén.             |
| -   3. Tā shi TáibSi rén.         |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú xìng Liú.                   |
| U. Tā xìng Liú.                   |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi MSiguo rén.             |
| 5. Tā shi MSiguo rén.             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Jiānádà rén.            |
| 6. Tā shi Jiānádà rén.            |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā xìng Hú ma?               |
| G. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | (is his surname Hú?)              |
| Ask the appropriate ma question.  |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Beijing rén ma?            |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā xìng Hú.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Wang Dànián ma?            |
| (His surname is Hú.)              |                                   |
|                                   | Tā xìng Lin ma?                   |
| -   2. Tā shi BSijlng rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā shi Zhōngguo rén ma?           |
| -   3. Tā shi Wang Dànián.        |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   U. Tā xìng LÍn.               |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| 5. Tā shi Zhōngguo rén.           |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

H. Transformation Brill

1. Speaker: Tā xing Zhāng.                You: Tā xìng shénme?

(His surname is Zhāng.)            (What’s his surname?)

  ----- ---------------------- --------------------
  2.    Tā shi Béijìng rén.    Tā shi nǎrde rén?
  3.    Tā shi Wáng Dànián.    Tā shi shéi?
  It.   Tā shi RibSn rén.      Tā shi nSiguo rén?
  5.    Tā shi Shāndōng rén.   Tā shi nārde rén?
  6.    Tā shi Chén Tóngzhì.   Tā shi shéi?
  ----- ---------------------- --------------------

E. Transformation Drill

1. Speaker: Tā shi Béijīng rén. (He is from Béijīng.)

OR Tā shi Zhōngguo rén. (He is Chinese.)

You: Tā shi nǎrde rén? (Where is he from?) Tā shi néiguo rén? (What's
his nationality?)

UNIT 4

INTRODUCTION

Topics Covered in This Unit

1. Location of people and places.

2. Where people's families are from.

Prerequisites to the Unit

1. NUM 3 and NUM h (Tapes 3 and U of the resource module on Numbers).

2. CE 1, on Classroom Expressions.

Materials You Will Need

-   1. The C-l and P-1 tapes, the Reference List and Reference Notes.

-   2. The C-2 and P-2 tapes, the Workbook.

-   3. The HD-1 tape.

REFERENCE LIST

(in Béijīng)

-   1. A: Qīngwèn, nl shi nǎrde rén?

-   B: WS shi De zhōu rén.

-   2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nǎrde rén?

-   B: Tā yǎ shi Dézhōu rén.

-   3. A: Tǎ shi Yīngguo rén ma?

-   B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yé bú shi Yīngguo rén.

-   A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Qīngdǎo zǎi Shandong.

-   5. A: Qīngwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?

-   B: WS lǎojiā zǎi Āndàluè.

-   C: WS lǎojiā zǎi Shāndōng.

-   6. A: Chen Shìmín Tóngzhì zài nǎr?

-   B: Tā zài nàr.

-   7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Zài zhèr.

-   8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?

-   B: WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.

May I ask, where are you from? I'm from Texas.

May I ask, where is Mrs.

Anderson from?

She is from Texas too.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?’

She isn't English either.

May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo? Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Ontario.

My family is from Shāndōng.

Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín?

He's there.

Where is Qīngdǎo?

It's here.

Where is your wife now? My wife is in Canada now.

ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY

(not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)

-   9. Learn the pronunciation and locations of any five cities and five
    provinces of China found on the maps on pages 80-81.

    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    |                                   | VOCABULARY                        |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | àiren Āndàlūè                     | spouse Ontario                    |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Dézhōu                            | Texas                             |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | fūren                             | Lady, Madame, Mrs.; wife (of a    |
    |                                   | high-ranking person)              |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | Jiānádà                           | Canada                            |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | iSojiā                            | "original home"                   |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | nàr (nèr)                         | there                             |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | QīngdSo                           | (a city name) May I ask . . .     |
    |                                   |                                   |
    | Qlngwèn . . .                     |                                   |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | xiànzài                           | now                               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | yé                                | also, too, either                 |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
    | zài zhèr                          | to be in/at/on here               |
    +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

    cn

    []

REFERENCE NOTES

1. A: Qīngwèn, nī shi nSrde rén?        May I ask, where are you from?

B: W3 shi Dézhōu rén.                 I’m from Texas.

Note on No. 1

Qīngwèn: Literally, qīng means ’’request,” and wèn means "ask (for
information).’’ Qīngwèn is used as English speakers use "excuse me," to
get someone's attention in order to ask him a question.⁸

2. A: Qīngwèn, Āndésēn Fūren shi nSrde rén?

May I ask, where is Mrs. Anderson from?

She is from Texas too.

B: Tā yě shi Dézhōu rén.

Notes on No. 2

Names: In the People’s Republic, a foreigner is known by the standard
phonetic equivalent of his full name. His given name is followed by his
surname, which is followed by the appropriate title. Mr. David Anderson
will be called Dàiwéi Āndésēn Xiānsheng. In Taiwan, there is no set way
of giving names to foreigners. Sometimes, as in the PRC, a phonetic
equivalent of the full name is used (though there are no standard
versions). Sometimes, the equivalent is based entirely on the surname.
Mr. Anderson, for instance, might be Ān Désēn Xiānsheng. The surname may
also be translated, as when "King" is translated into Wáng. It is also
common to base the Chinese surname on the first syllable of the original
surname, and the Chinese given name on something else (often the
original given name). In Taiwan, Dāwèi is a common phonetic equivalent
for "David." "Mr. David Anderson," therefore, might be Ān Dāwèi
Xiānsheng. Here is a chart of SOME of the Chinese names that might be
given to Mr. David Anderson.

  ------ -------- ------------------------
  PRC:   Dàiwéi   Āndésēn |    Xiānsheng
  ------ -------- ------------------------

TAIWAN:

Ān

Désēn

Xiānsheng

Ān

Dāwèi

Xiānsheng

Titles: In the PRC, a foreign man is addressed as Xiānsheng. and a
married woman as either Fūren or Tàitai. depending on her status. The
term fūren is an expecially respectful term used to address the wife of
a high-ranking official or businessman. Fūren is also used this way on
Taiwan. An unmarried foreign woman in the PRC may be addressed as
Xiaoj18, ”Miss." Married or unmarried women may be addressed as Nushì,
’’Ms.” or "Ma’am.” Nushì will be introduced in BIO, Unit 1.

The term Tongzhì, ’’Comrade," was originally used only by members of the
Communist Party to address other members. It is now the general term of
address used by all Chinese adults in the PRC. It should be remembered,
though, that Tongzhì does carry a distinct political implication.
Visitors in the People’s Republic, who are not citizens and who do not
take part in efforts to realize Communist ideals, will not be addressed
as Tongzhì and should not feel obliged to address anyone else as such.

Y8 is an adverb meaning "also" or "too." It always comes before the
verb.

-   3. A: Tā shi Yingguo rén ma?

B: Bú shi, tā bú shi Yingguo rén.

-   A: Tā àiren ne?

-   B: Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.

Is he English?

No, he is not English.

And his wife?

She isn't English either

Notes on No. 3

Àiren, which originally meant "loved one," "sweetheart," or "lover," is
used in the PRC for either "husband" or "wife,” i.e., for "spouse."

The possessive phrase tā àiren. "his wife" (or "her husband"), is formed
by putting the words for "he" (or "she") and "spouse" together. The
marker -de (which you have seen in n&rde rén) is not needed when the
possessive relationship is felt to be very close. (See also the notes on
No. 5.)

Y6 in a negative sentence is usually translated as "either." In this
case, bù comes between y8 and the verb. Possible English translations
for y8, in both affirmative and negative sentences, are

Tā yě shi Yingguo rén.                  She is English too.

She is also English.

Tā yě bú shi Yingguo rén.              She is not English either.

She is also not English.

U. A: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? B: Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is Qingdao? Qingdao is in Shāndōng.

Note on No. U

Zài is the verb "to be in/at/on," that is, "to be somewhere." Zài
involves location, while shi involves identity, "to be
someone/something."

identity

WS

(I

shi am

MSiguo rén.

an American.)

location

WS

(I

zài am in

Zhōngguo.

China.)

5. A: Qingwèn, nī lǎojiā zài nǎr?

B: WS lǎojiā zài Āndàluè.

C: Wǒ lǎojiā zài Shāndōng.

May I ask, where is your family from?

My family is from Ontario.

My family is from Shāndōng.

Notes on No. 5

Literally, lǎojiā is "old home" ("original home," "ancestral home,"
"native place"), that is, the place you and your family are from. When a
Chinese asks you about your lǎojiā, he probably wants to know about your
hometown, the place where you grew up. When you ask a Chinese about his
lǎojiā, however, he will tell you where his family came from originally.
A Chinese whose grandparents came from the province of Guangdong will
give that as his lǎojiā, even if he and his parents have spent all of
their lives in Sichuan.

Nī lǎojiā zài nǎr? (literally "Where is your original home?") asks for

the LOCATION of the town you come from.  The question is answered with
zài

plus the name of the province (or state) that the town is located in:
 W5

lǎojiā zài Dézhōu (Āndàluè, Shāndōng). Nī lǎojiā shi nǎr? (translated
into English as "What is your original home?") asks about the IDENTITY
of the town you come from. That question is answered with shi plus the
name of the town (or city): WS lǎojiā shi Jiùjlnshān (Qīngdǎo,
Shànghǎi). Compare:

Wǒ lǎojiā zài Guǎngdōng.               My original home is in Guǎngdōng.

WS lǎojiā shi Guǎngzhōu.              My original home is Guangzhou.

The possessive nl lǎojiā, like tā àiren, does not require a possessive
marker. However, if more than one word must be used to indicate the
possessor, -de is often inserted after the last word: nl àirende lǎojiā,
"your spouse’s original home" or "where your spouse’s family comes
from.”

-   6. A: Chen Shìmín Tongzhì zài nǎr?

    Where is Comrade Chen Shìmín? He’s there.

    Where is Qīngdǎo?

    It’s here.

    Where is your wife now? tyy wife is in Canada now.

-   B: Tā zài nàr.

-   7. A: Qīngdǎo zài nǎr?

-   B: Zài zhèr.

-   8. A: Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?

B WS àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.

Notes on Nos. 6-8

You have learned three words for asking and telling about locations.

  ----------- ----------
  nǎr?        (where?)
  nàr (nèr)   (there)
  zhèr        (here)
  ----------- ----------

Notice that the question word nǎr is in the Low tone, while the answer
words nàr and zhèr are both in the Falling tone. Also notice that the
vowel sound in zhèr is different from that in nǎr and nàr. (Some
speakers prefer nèr to nàr.)

When you are talking about movable things and people that you presume
are not nearby ("nearby" being approximately within pointing range), you
usually ask where they are NOW. The "present time" word may be omitted
if the time has been established earlier in the conversation.

Nī àiren xiànzài zài nǎr?             Where is your wife now?

Tā zài Béijīng.                        She's in Béijīng (now).

If you ask about someone or something you presume to be nearby (a pair
of scissors in a drawer, for instance, or a person in a group across the
room), you do not use xiànzài.

In English, the words "here" and "there" are used to refer to locations
of any size. In Chinese, however, zhèr and nàr are usually not used for
cities, provinces, and countries (with the exception that you may use
zhěr to refer to the city you are in). Instead, you repeat the name of
the place. Compare these two exchanges in Beijing:

COUNTRY: MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Zhōngguo ma?

Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguo. (He’s here now.)

CITY:

MSdlng Xiānsheng xiànzài zài Shànghǎi ma?

Tā bú zài ShànghSi; tā zài zhěr. (He’s not there; he’s here.)

Jiānádà. "Canada": Although the middle syllable of this word is marked
with the Rising tone, at a normal rate of speech you will probably hear
Jiànādà.

DRILLS

-   A. Response Drill

Respond to the question "Where is he/she from?" according to the cue.

-   1. Speaker: Tā shi nārde rén?            You: Tā shi Hunan rén.

(cue) Hunan                      (He/she is from Hunan.)

(Where is he/she from?)

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| p •                   | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Shāndōng rén.  |
|                       |    Shāndōng           |                       |
|                       |                       | (He/she is from       |
|                       | (Where is he/she      | Shāndōng.)            |
|                       | from?)                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 3.                    | Tā sbi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Hébāi rén.     |
|                       |    Héběi              |                       |
|                       |                       | (He/she is from       |
|                       | (Where is he/she      | Hebei.)               |
|                       | from?)                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| U.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.   |
|                       | Jiāngsū (Where is     |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Jiāngsū.)             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 5.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Guǎngdōng rén. |
|                       | Guǎngdōng (Where is   |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Guǎngdōng.)           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 6.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Hūbāi rén.     |
|                       | Hūbǎi (Where is       |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Hubei.)               |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 7.                    | Tā shi nārde rén?     | Tā shi Sìchuān rén.   |
|                       | Sìchuān (Where is     |                       |
|                       | he/she from?)         | (He/she is from       |
|                       |                       | Sìchuān.)             |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

-   B. Transformation Drill

Ask the appropriate "where" question

-   1. Speaker: Zhāng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng rén.

(Comrade Zhang’s wife is from Beijing.)

-   2. Huáng Tongzhì Fūren shi Shanghai rén.

-   3. Wáng Tóngzhì Fūren shi Nánjíng rén.

-   U. Lī Tóngzhì Fūren shi Guāngzhōu rén.

-   5. Zhào Tóngzhì Fūren shi Xiānggāng rén.

    as in the example.

    You: Qīngwèn, Zhāng Fūren shi nārde rén?

    (May I ask, where is Mrs. Zhāng from?)

    Qīngwèn, Huáng Fūren shi nārde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Wáng Fūren shi nārde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Lī Fūren shi narde rén?

    Qīngwèn, Zhào Fūren shi nārde rén?

-   6. Máo Tongzhì Fūren shi Qingdao         Qìngwèn, Máo Fūren shi
    narde rén?

rén.

-   7. Chén Tōngzhì Fūren shi Běijīng        Qīngwèn, Chén Fūren shi
    narde

rén.                                    rén?

C. Transformation Drill

Change affirmative statements to negative statements.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi Héběi rén. | You: Tā bú shi Héběi rén.         |
|     (He/she is from Hebei.)       |                                   |
|                                   | (He/she isn’t from Héběi.)        |
| -   2. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Shāndōng rén.           |
| -   3. Tā shi Jiangsū rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Jiāngsū rén.            |
| U. Tā shi Fújiàn rén.             |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Fújiàn rén.             |
| -   5. Tā shi Zhèjiāng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Zhèjiāng rén.           |
| -   6. Tā shi Húnán rén.          |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Húnán rén.              |
| -   7. Tā shi Sìchuān rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā bú shi Sìchuān rén.            |
| D. Transformation Drill           |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā yě shi Héběi rén.         |
| Add yě to the statements.         |                                   |
|                                   | (He/she is from Héběi too.)       |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā shi HébSi rén. |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Zhèjiāng rén.           |
| (He/she is from Hebei.)           |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Fújiàn rén.             |
| -   2. Tā shi ZhèJiāng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Húnán rén.              |
| -   3. Tā shi Fūjiàn rén.         |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Jiāngsū rén.            |
| U. Tā shi Húnán rén.              |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Shāndōng rén.           |
| -   5. Tā shi Jiāngsū rén.        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā yě shi Hénán rén.              |
| -   6. Tā shi Shāndōng rén.       |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Tā shi Hénán rén.          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

E. Transformation Drill

Add yě to the statements.

-   1. Speaker: Zhào Xiānsheng bú shi' Taiwan rén.

(Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan.)

-   2. Li Xiānsheng bú shi Táiběi rén. (Mr. Li isn’t from Taiběi.)

-   3. Wang Xiānsheng bú shi Táizhōng rér..

(Mr Wáng isn’t from Taizhōng.)

U. Huang Xiānsheng bú shi Tainan rén.

(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan.)

-   5. Liú Xiānsheng bú shi Táidōng rén.

(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng.)

-   6. Hú Xiānsheng bú shi Jīlōng rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong.)

-   7. Chén Xiānsheng bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.

(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong.)

You: Zhào Xiānsheng yě bú shi Taiwan rén.

(Mr. Zhào isn’t from Taiwan either.)

Li Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táiběi rén.

(Mr. Lī isn’t from Taiběi either.)

Wáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táizhōng rén.

(Mr. Wáng isn’t from Táizhōng either.)

Huáng Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táinán rén.

(Mr. Huáng isn’t from Tainan either.)

Liú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Táidōng rén.

(Mr. Liú isn’t from Táidōng either.)

Hú Xiānsheng yě bú shi Jīlong rén. (Mr. Hu isn’t from Jīlong either.)

Chén Xiānsheng yě bú shi Gǎoxiong rén.

(Mr. Chén isn’t from Gǎoxiong either.)

F. Response Drill

-   1. Speaker: Mǎ Tongzhì shi Běijīng rén ma?

(Is Comrade Mǎ from Běijīng?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

You: Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Běijīng.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Běijīng either.)

-   2. Zhāng Tongzhì shi Shànghǎi rén ma?

(is Comrade Zhāng from Shànghǎi?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   3. Jiāng Tóngzhì shi Nánjīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Jiāng from
    Nanjing?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

U. Chén Tóngzhì shi Guāngzhōu rén ma?

(Is Comrade Chén from Guāngzhōu?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   5. Sūn Tóngzhì bú shi Chéngdū rén ma?

(Is Comrade Sūn from Chéngdū?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   6. Máo Tóngzhì shi Qingdǎo rén ma? (Is Comrade Mio from Qīngdǎo?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

-   7. Yang Tóngzhì shi Běijīng rén ma? (Is Comrade Yáng from Běijīng?)

Tā àiren ne?

(And his/her spouse?)

Tā bú shi Shànghǎi rén.

(He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Shànghǎi rén. (He/she isn’t from Shànghǎi either.)

Tā bú shi Nánjīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Nánjīng rén.

(He/she isn’t from Nánjīng either.)

Tā bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.

(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu.)

Tā yě bú shi Guāngzhōu rén.

(He/she isn’t from Guāngzhōu either.)

Tā bú shi Chéngdū rén.

(He/she isn't from Chéngdū.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Chéngdū rén. (He/she isn’t from Chéngdū either.)

Tā bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.

(He/she isn't from Qīngdǎo.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Qīngdǎo rén.

(His/her spouse isn’t from

Qingdao either.)

Tā bú shi Běijīng rén.

(He/she isn't from Běijīng.)

Tā àiren yě bú shi Běijīng rén.

(His/her spouse isn't from

Běijīng either.)

G. Response Drill

1. Speaker: Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? (cue) Shāndōng

(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)

You: Qīngdǎo zài Shandong.

(Qingdao is in Shāndōng.)

2. Qingwèn, Nánjīng zài nàr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Nánjīng?)

3. Qingwèn, Guangzhou zài nǎr? Guangdong

(May I ask, where is Guǎngzhōu?)

U. Qingwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Shànghǎi?)

-   5. Qīngwèn, Béijīng zài nǎr?

Hebei

(May I ask, where is Béijīng?)

-   6. Qīngwèn, Qīngdǎo zài nǎr? Shāndōng

(May I ask, where is Qīngdǎo?)

-   7. Qīngwèn, Shànghǎi zài nǎr?

Jiāngsū

(May I ask, where is Shanghai?)

Nánjīng zài Jiāngsū.

(Nánjīng is in Jiāngsū.)

Guǎngzhōu zài Guǎngdōng.) (Guǎngzhōu is in Guǎngdōng.)

Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.

(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)⁹

Béijīng zài Hébéi.

(Béijīng is in Hébéi.)

Qīngdǎo zài Shāndōng.

(Qīngdǎo is in Shāndōng.)

Shànghǎi zài Jiāngsū.

(Shànghǎi is in Jiāngsū.)

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| -   5. Li Tongzhì shi Sìchuān     | Li Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài Sìchuān.  |
|     rén.                          |                                   |
|                                   | (Comrade Li’s family is from      |
| (Comrade Lì is from Sìchuān.)     | Sìchuān.)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   6. Zhōu Tongzhì shi Zhèjiāng  | Zhōu Tōngzhìde lǎojiā zài         |
|     rén. (Comrade Zhōu is from    | Zhèjiāng.                         |
|     Zhejiang.)                    |                                   |
|                                   | (Comrade Zhou's family is from    |
| -   7. Mao Tōngzhì shi Hunán rén. | Zhèjiāng.)                        |
|     (Comrade Mao is from Hunán.)  |                                   |
|                                   | Máo Tongzhìde lǎojiā zài Húnán.   |
| I. Response Drill                 |                                   |
|                                   | (Comrade Mao's family is from     |
| -   1. Speaker: Tā àiren zài nǎr? | Hunán.)                           |
|     (cue) Měiguo                  |                                   |
|                                   | You: Tā àiren xiànzài zài Měiguo. |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        | (His/her spouse is in             |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   2. Tā àiren zài nār? Jiānádà  | America now.)                     |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Jiānádà.     |
| -   3. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Yingguo  | (His/her spouse is in Canada now. |
|                                   |                                   |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Yingguo.     |
|                                   |                                   |
| h. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Déguō        | (His/her spouse is in England     |
|                                   | now.)                             |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Déguō.       |
| -   5. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Měiguo   | (His/her spouse is in Germany     |
|                                   | now.)                             |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō.       |
| -   6. Tā àiren zài nǎr? Fàguō    | (His/her spouse is in America     |
|     (Where is his/her spouse?)    | now.)                             |
|                                   |                                   |
| -   7. Tā àiren zài nǎr?    Eguo  | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Fàguō.       |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in France now. |
| (Where is his/her spouse?)        |                                   |
|                                   | Tā àiren xiànzài zài Èguó.        |
|                                   | (His/her spouse is in Russia now. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

CRITERION TEST SAMPLE

The purpose of the Criterion Test at the end of each module is to show
you not only how much of the material you have learned, hut also what
points you need to work on before beginning to study smother module.

Since the primary goal of ORN is to introduce the sound system of
Standard Chinese, this test focuses on your ability to discriminate and
produce tones, vowels, and consonants. Additionally, there are sections
which test your ability to comprehend and produce numbers from 1 through
99 and the material in the ORN Target Lists. Your knowledge of personal
names and titles and the romanization system is also tested. Read the
Objectives at the beginning of the module for a description of exactly
what the test covers. Note: Although the entire sound system is
introduced in the Pronunciation and Romanization Module, you will be
tested here only on those sounds which occur in the Target Sentences.
Other sounds will be included in Criterion Tests for later modules.

Following is a sample of the Criterion Test for this module. Each
section of the test, with directions and a sample question, is
represented here so that you may know exactly what is expected of you
after studying the ORN Module.

Minimum scores are suggested for each section of the test. Achieving
thesescores means that you are adequately prepared for the next module.
If you fall below the minimum criterion on any section, you should
review relevant study materials.

You will use a tape to complete Part I of the test. Part II is written,
and you will complete Part III with your instructor. Part IV of the test
(Diagnostics) indicates the passing score for each section and review
materials for each section.

-   H. Transformation Drill

-   1. Speaker: Lin Tóngzhì shi Hūbéi rén.

(Comrade LÍn is from Hubei. )

-   2. Wáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.

(Comrade Wang is from Shānxī.)

-   3. Huáng Tóngzhì shi Shānxī rén.

(Comrade Huáng is from Shanxī.)

-   U. Gāo Tóngzhì shi Fūjiàn rén.

(Comrade Gāo is from Fūjiàn.)

You: LÍn Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Hūbéi.

(Comrade Lin's family is from Hubei.)

Wáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī.

(Comrade Wang’s family is from Shānxī.)

Huáng Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Shānxī (Comrade Huang’s family is from
Shānxī.)

Gāo Tóngzhìde lǎojiā zài Fūjiàn.

(Comrade Gao’s family is from Fūjiàn.)

Part I

-   1. This section tests your ability to distinguish the four tones. In
    your test booklet you will see two syllables after each letter. The
    speaker will pronounce both syllables, and then say one of them
    again. You are to decide which syllable was repeated, and circle the
    appropriate one to indicate your choice. The syllables may occur in
    any of the four tones, regardless of which tone was used previously
    in the module. The same syllable may occur more than once in this
    section.

For example, the speaker might say. fēi...fSi and then repeat fēi.

-   2. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
    isolated syllables. The speaker will pronounce a syllable twice; you
    add to the written syllable the tone that you hear. Again, the
    syllables may occur in any of the four tones, regardless of which
    tone was used previously in the module.

For example, the speaker might say: fěi...fSi

a.

-   3. This section tests your ability to recognize the four tones in
    two-syllable combinations. The speaker pronounces each two-syllable
    item twice and then pauses a moment for you to mark tones on the
    written syllables. For the first ten items, one of the two tones is
    already marked. For the last ten items, you must fill in both tones.

For example, the speaker might say: chábei...chábei

chabei

U. In this section, you are tested on syllables which differ minimally
in sound. The speaker will pronounce each syllable in an item once; then
he will pronounce one of the syllables again. Decide which of the
syllables was repeated, and indicate your choice by circling that
written syllable in your test booklet. The syllables in this test do not
necessarily correspond in every way to syllables in the Target Lists.
They may vary in tone, for example.

For example, the speaker might say: fan...fang and then repeat fang.

a. fan

fang

-   5. In this section, you complete the romanization for the syllables
    that you hear. As the speaker says a syllable, write the appropriate
    vowel or consonant letter(s) in the blank. This tests your ability
    to recognize the sounds of a syllable and to use the romanization
    system correctly. The speaker will say each syllable twice.

For example, the speaker might say: pang...pang; then you would write

[]

-   6. This section tests your ability to understand the numbers 1
    through 99 in Chinese. For each item, the speaker will say a number,
    and you write down the numerals for that number.

For example, you might hear: shí-sān

a- ____

-   7. This section tests your ability to understand questions and
    answers about where someone is from and where he is now. Listen to a
    conversation between Mr. Johnson and Comrade Zhào, who have Just
    met. You will hear the conversation three times. The third time you
    hear it, a pause will follow each line. You may use these pauses to
    fill in the boxes in your booklet with appropriate information. (You
    do not have to wait for the second repetition of the conversation
    to. fill in the answers, of course.)

For example: CYou will hear a conversation similar to conversations you
heard on the C-2 tapes in this module.!

  ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------
                            Home State or Province   Present Location
  Comrade Zhào                                       
  Mr. Johnson (Yuēhànsūn)                            
  Comrade Zhao’s husband                             
  Mrs. Johnson                                       
  ------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------

-   8. This section tests your ability to comprehend Chinese utterances
    by asking you for the English equivalents. For each item, the
    speaker will say a sentence from the Target List twice. You indicate
    your understanding of the sentence by circling the letter of the
    English sentence which most closely matches the meaning of the
    Chinese sentence.

For example, you might hear: Nī shi shéi?...Nī shi shéi?

1. a. Who is she?

b. Who is he?

*cN Who are you?

Part II

-   9. This section tests your general understanding of the Chinese
    system of personal names and titles. Read the family histories in
    your test booklet, and answer the questions.

For example,

Yang TÍngfèng is the Chinese name used by an American, Timothy Young,
now that he is living in Taipei. His Chinese surname is:

1. (a} Yang b. Tíngfēng c. Yang Tíngfēng

Part III

-   10. This section tests your ability to pronounce the four tones.
    Simple sound combinations have been chosen so that special attention
    may be given to tone production. For each item, choose one syllable
    and read it aloud. As you do so, put a circle around the one you
    choose. The instructor will note the syllable he hears. Be sure to
    choose a fair sampling of all four tones, and select them in random
    order.

For example, you might say: ma

-   11. This section tests your ability to pronounce Chinese sounds from
    the Target Lists, as well as your ability to read romanization. For
    each item, choose one syllable and read it aloud. As you do so, put
    a circle around the one you choose. The instructor will note the
    syllable he hears. Be sure to choose syllables from each column as
    you go through this section of the test.

For example, you might say: nín

a. (nín

-   12. This section tests your ability to locate and name main cities
    and provinces in China. Using the map in your booklet, point out to
    your instructor five cities and five provinces and name them.
    Pronunciation is of secondary importance here.

-   13- This section tests your ability to produce sentences in Chinese.
    Your instructor will say an English sentence from the Target Lists,
    and you translate it into Chinese. Your Chinese sentence must be
    correct both in grammar and in content.

1U. This section tests your ability to make conversational use of the
material covered in this module. Although limited in scope, this
conversation between you and your instructor represents a situation
which you are likely to encounter in the real world. As in any
conversation, you are free to ask for a repetition or rephrasing of a
sentence, or you may volunteer information on the subject. It is not so
much the correctness of your pronunciation and grammar that is being
tested as it is your ability to communicate effectively.

CD o

[]

APPENDIX I: MAP OF CHINA

[]

APPENDIX III: COUNTRIES AND REGIONS

  -------------------- ------------------------ --------------- ---------------------
  Afghanistan          Āfùhàn                   Germany, West   Xldé
  Albania              Āěrbāníyà                Ghana           Jiānà
  Algeria              Āǎrjílìyà                Gibraltar       Zhíbùluótuó
  Andorra              Andàoěr                  Great Britain   Dà Búlièdiān
  Angola               Ān'gēlā                  Greece          Xīlà
  Argentina            Agenting                 Greenland       Gélínglán
  Australia            Aodàlīyà^                Grenada         Gélínnàdá
  Austria              Aodìlì (Aoguó)           Guam            Guándǎo
  Bahama Is.           BāhāmS Qúndǎo            Guatemala       Guādìmǎlā
  Bahrain              Bālín(guá)               Guinea          Jīnèiyà
  Bangladesh           Mèngjiālā(guó)           Guinea-Bissau   Jīnèiyà Bīshào
  Barbados             Bābāduōsī                Guyana          Guīyànà
  Belgium              Bīlìshí                  Haiti           Hǎidì
  Belize               Bólìzī                   Honduras        Hóngdūlǎsī
  Benin                Bèiníng                  Hungary.        Xiōngyálì
  Bermuda              Bǎimùdá                  Iceland         Bíngdǎo
  Bhutan               Bùdān                    India           Yìndù
  Bolivia              Bōlìwéiyà                Indonesia       Ylnní (Yìndùníxīyà)
  Botswana             Bocíwǎnà                 Iran            Yīlǎng
  Brazil               Bāxí                     Iraq            Yīlākè
  Britain              Yingguo                  Ireland         Àiérlán
  Bulgaria             Bǎojiālìyà               Israel          Yīsèliè
  Burma                Miǎndiàn                 Italy           Yīdàlì
  Burundi              Bùlóngdí                 Ivory Coast     Xiàngyá Hǎiàn
  Cabinda              Kǎbēndá                  Jamaica         Yámǎijiā
  Cameroun             Kāmàiláng                Japan           Rfbǎn
  Canada               Jiānádà                  Java            Zhǎowā
  Cape Verde Is.       Fódé Jiao                Jordan          Yuēdàn
  Central Africa       Zhōngfēi                 Kampuchea       Jiǎnbǔzhài
  Chad                 Zhàdé                    Kenya           Kǎnníyà
  Chile                Zhìlì                    Korea           Chaoxian (Bèijīng),
  China                Zhōngguo                                 Hánguó (Taiwan)
  Colombia             Gělúnbīyà                Kuwait          Kēwēitè
  Comoro Is.           Kēmóluó Qúndǎo           Laos            Lǎowō (Bǎijīng),
  Congo                Gāngguǒ                                  Liáoguo (Taiwan)
  Costa Rica           Gēsīdálíjiā              Latvia          Lātuōwéiyà
  Cuba                 Gubā                     Lebanon         Líbánèn
  Cyprus               Sàipǔlùsí                Lesotho         Láisuǒtuō
  Czechoslovakia       Jiékè (Jiékèsīluáfákè)   Liberia         Lìbīlīyà
  Democratic Yemen     Mínzhǔ Yemen             Libya           Lìbīyá
  Denmark              Dānmài                   Liechtenstein   Lièzhīdūnshìdēng
  Djibouti             Jibuti                   Lithuania       Lìtáowǎn
  Dominican Republic   Duōmīníjiā (Gòngheguú)   Luxemburg       Lúsēnbǎo
  East Timor           Dong Dtwén               Madagascar      Mǎdájiǎsljiā,
  Ecuador              Eguāduōěr                                Mǎěrjiāshí
  Egypt                Āijí                     Malawi          Mǎlāwéi
  El Salvador          Sàǎrwǎduō                Malays}a        Mǎláixīyà
  England              Yīngguá                  Maldi’^e Is.    MǎSrdàirū
  Equatorial Guinea    Chìdào Jīnèiyà           Mali            Mali
  Estonia              Aishāníyà                Malta           Mǎěrtā
  Ethiopia             Āisàiébīyà (Beijing),    Mauritania      Máolītǎníyà
                       Yīsuǒbíyà (Taiwan)       Mauritius       Máollqiúsí
  Fiji                 Fěijì                    Mexico          Mòxīgē
  Finland              Fēnlán                   Monaco          Mónàgē
  France               Fǎguo, Fàguó             Mongolia        Měnggǔ
  French Polynesia     Fǎshǔ Bōlìníxlyè         Morocco         Móluògē
  Gabon                Jiāpéng                  Mozambique      Mòsāngbīkè
  Gambia, The          Gāngbīyà                 Namibia         Nàmībǐyà
  Germany              Déguó                    Nauru           Nǎolǔ
  Germany, East        Dōngdé                   Nepal           Níbóěr
  -------------------- ------------------------ --------------- ---------------------

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Netherlands     | Hélán           | United States   | Měiguó          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Netherlands     | Āndīlièsī       | Upper Volta     | Shèng Wděrtā    |
| Antilles        | Qúnd&o          |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| New Zealand     | Xīn Xīlán       | Uruguay         | Wūlāguī         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Nicaragua       | Níjiālāguā      | Venezuela       | Wěinèiruìlā     |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Niger           | Nírìér          | Vietnam         | Yuènán          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Nigeria         | Nírilìyà        | Virgin Is.      | Weiěrjīng       |
|                 |                 |                 | QúndSo          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Norway          | Nuówēi          | Wales           | Wēiěrsī         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Okinawa         | Chōngshéng      | Western Sahara  | XI Sāhālā       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Oman            | Àmàn            | Western Samoa   | Xi Sèmóyā       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Pakistan        | BājīsītSn       | White Russia    | Bài Ěluósī      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Palestine       | BālēsitSn       | Yemen           | Yémén           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Panama          | BānámS          | Yugoslavia      | Nánsīlǎfū       |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Papua New       | Bābùyà Xīn      | Zaire           | ZhāyīSr         |
| Guinea          | Jīnèiyà         |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Paraguay        | Bāliguī         | Zambia          | Zànbiyà         |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Peru            | Mìlǔ            | Zimbabwe        | Jīnbābùwéi      |
| Philippines     |                 |                 |                 |
| Portugal Puerto | Fēilùbīn        |                 |                 |
| Rico Qatar      |                 |                 |                 |
| Réunion         | Pútáoyá         |                 |                 |
| Rhodesia        | Bōduōlígè       |                 |                 |
| Romania Russia  | KStSSr          |                 |                 |
| Rwanda San      | Liúníwāng(dSo)  |                 |                 |
| Marino SSo Tomé | Luódéxīyà       |                 |                 |
| and Príncipe    | LuómXníyà Éguó, |                 |                 |
| Saudi Arabia    | Eguó Lúwàngdá   |                 |                 |
|                 | Shèng MSlìnud   |                 |                 |
| Scotland        | Shèng Duōméi hé |                 |                 |
| Senegal         |                 |                 |                 |
| Seychelles Xs.  | Pǔlínxībí       |                 |                 |
| Siberia Sierra  |                 |                 |                 |
| Leone Sikkim    | Shātè Ālàbó     |                 |                 |
| Singapore       | (Běijīng),      |                 |                 |
| Solomon Is.     | Shāwūdí Álābó   |                 |                 |
| Somalia South   | (Taiwan)        |                 |                 |
| Africa Soviet   |                 |                 |                 |
| Russia Soviet   | Sūgélán         |                 |                 |
| Union Spain Sri |                 |                 |                 |
| Lanka Sudan     | Sàinèijiāěr     |                 |                 |
| Surinam         |                 |                 |                 |
| Swaziland       | Sàishéěr Qúndāo |                 |                 |
|                 | Xībóliyà        |                 |                 |
| Sweden          |                 |                 |                 |
| Switzerland     | Sàilā Liang XI  |                 |                 |
| Syria Tanzania  | jin Xinjiāpō    |                 |                 |
| Thailand Togo   | Suóluómén       |                 |                 |
| Tonga Trinidad  | QúndSo SuěmSlī  |                 |                 |
| and Tobago      |                 |                 |                 |
| Tunisia Turkey  | Nánfēi          |                 |                 |
| Uganda Ukraine  |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Sūè (Taiwan)    |                 |                 |
| United Arab     | Sūlién Xibinyé  |                 |                 |
| Itairates       | SīlīlánkS       |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
| United Kingdom  | Sudan           |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Sūlinán         |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Sīwèishìlán     |                 |                 |
|                 | (Běijīng),      |                 |                 |
|                 | Shīw&jilán      |                 |                 |
|                 | (Taiwan)        |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | RuìdiSn Ruìshi  |                 |                 |
|                 | Xùlìyà          |                 |                 |
|                 | T&nsāngníyà     |                 |                 |
|                 | Tàiguó Duōgē    |                 |                 |
|                 | Tāngj iā        |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Tèlìnídá he     |                 |                 |
|                 | Duōbāgē Túnísī  |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Tǔěrqí Wūgāndá  |                 |                 |
|                 | Wūkèlán Alābó   |                 |                 |
|                 | Liànhé          |                 |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | QiúzhSngguó     |                 |                 |
|                 | Liànhé Wàngguó  |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

APPENDIX IV: AMERICAN STATES

All the names of átates may be followed by the word zhōu "state,” for
example, Ālābāmā zhōu.

  ---------------- ------------------------------------
  Alabama          Alabama
  Alaska           Ālāsljlā
  Arizona          Yàlìsāngnà
  Arkansas         Ākēnsè, Akānsàsí ¹⁰
  California       Jiāzhōu, Jiālìfóníyà
  Colorado         Kēluólāduō
  Connecticut      Kāngnièdígé, Kāngnāidígé
  Delaware         Tèlāhuá, Délāwēi(Sr)
  Florida          Fóluólídà
  Georgia          Qiáozhìyà, Zuōzhìyā
  Hawaii           Xiàwēiyí
  Idaho            Àidáhé
  Illinois         Yīlìnuō(sī)
  Indiana          Yìndìānnà
  Iowa             Yīāhuá, Àiāhuá
  Kansas           Kansas!
  Kentucky         KSnt&jī
  Louisiana        Lùytsīānnà
  Maine            Miānyln
  Maryland         Mǎlílán
  Massachusetts    MSsāzhūsài, MSshēng
  Michigan         Mìxígēn, Mìxiěgēn, Mìzhíān
  Minnesota        Míngnísūdā
  Mississippi      Míxíxíbl
  Missouri         Mìsūlī
  Montana          Méngdànà
  Nebraska         Nèibùlāsījiā
  Nevada           Nèihuádá
  New Hampshire    Xín HānbushíSr, Xín HSnbùxià
  New Jersey       Xín Zéxí
  New Mexico       Xín Mdxīgē
  New York         Niǔyuē
  North Carolina   BSi KSluōláinā, Bèi Kāluōlínnā
  North Dakota     Bēi Dákētā, Bēi Dákēdá
  Ohio             Éhàié
  Oklahoma         èkèlāhémǎ, Àkèlāhémā
  Oregon           èlègāng
  Pennsylvania     Bīnzhōu, Bínxīfāníyà, Bínxīfánníyā
  Rhode Island     Luōdé Dāo, Luōdéāilán
  South Carolina   Nán Kǎluoláinà, Nán Kāluōlínnā
  South Dakota     Nan Dákētā
  Tennessee        Tiánnāx!
  Texas            Dézhōu, Dékèsèsī
  Utah             Yōutā, Yōuta
  Vermont          Wēiméngtè, Fóméngtè
  Virginia         Wéijíníyā, Fōjíníyà
  Washington       Huáshèngdùn
  West Virginia    XI Fójíníyà
  Wisconsin        Wēislkāngxín(g)
  Wyoming          Huáiémíng
  ---------------- ------------------------------------

APPENDIX V: CANADIAN PROVINCES

  ----------------------- ---------------------
  Alberta                 Yábódá
  British Columbia        Yīngshtt Gēlúribīyà
  Manitoba                Mànnítuōbā
  Nev Brunswick           Xīn Bùlúnzīvéikè
  Newfoundland            Niǔfēnl&ndlo
  Northwest Territories   XíbèilíngdI
  Nova Scotia             Xīn Sīkèshè
  Ontario                 Āndàluè
  Prince Edvard Island    ÀidéhuádXo
  Quebec                  Kuíběikè
  Saskatchewan            Sákèqíwàn
  Yukon                   Yùkōng
  ----------------------- ---------------------

APPENDIX VI: COMMON CHINESE NAMES

Surnames

  -------------------- ----------
  Huáng                Zhōu
  Wáng                 Jiāng
  Zhāng                JiSng
  II                   Gāo
  Zhào                 LÍn
  Máo                  Sūn
  Táng                 Sōng
  MS                   Fāng
  Given Names (male)   
  Dili                 Yōngpíng
  Mínglī               Zìqiáng
  Dànián               Jié
  Shìmín               ZhīyuSn
  Huá                  Guōquán
  Dáxián               
  -------------------- ----------

Liú Chén Yang SīmS Ouyáng Hú Wú Liáng

Shàowén Shìylng Tíngfēng

Cheng Zhènhàn

Given Names (female)

  --------- --------
  Juān      Huìvén
  Lìróng    Dáfēn
  W&nrú     Lù
  MSilíng   BSolán
  Xiùfàng   Yùzhēn
  QiSoyún   MSilì
  --------- --------

Mlnzhēn Hutran Bīngyíng Qīng Zlyàn

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Pinyin Spelling                   | Map Spelling                      |
|                                   |                                   |
| Ānbui Fújiàn Gānsù Guāngdōng      | Anhwei Fukien Kansu Kwangtung     |
| Guāngxi Guizhou Héběi             | Kwangsi Kweichou                  |
| Heilongjiang Hénán                |                                   |
|                                   | Hopeh Heilungkiang Honan Hupeh    |
| Húbéi Húnán Jiāngsū Jiangxi       | Hunan Kiangsu Kiangsi Kirin       |
|                                   | Liaoning                          |
| Jílín Liáoníng Nèiměnggǔ Níngxià  |                                   |
| Qingh&i Shāndōng Shānxi Shānxi    | Inner Mongolia Ningsia Tsinghai   |
| Sìchuān                           | Shantung Shansi Shensi Szechuan   |
|                                   | Taiwan Sinkiang Tibet Yunnan      |
| Taiwan Xīnjiāng Xizàng Yúnnán     | Chekiang                          |
| Zhèjiāng                          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Pinyin Spelling

  ----------- ------------
  BSiJīng     Peking
  Changsha    Ch'ang-sha
  Chéngdū     Ch’eng-tu
  Dàténg      Ta-t’ung
  Gāoxióng    Kao-hsiung
  GuSngzhōu   Canton
  Hangzhou    Hang-chou
  HànkSu      .Han-k’ou
  Huáinán     Huai-nan
  Jīlóng      Chi-lung
  Kāifēng     K’ai-feng
  Nánchāng    Nan-ch*ang
  Nánjīng     Nanking
  QīngdSo     Tsingtao
  ShànghXi    Shanghai
  Táibéi      Taipei
  Táidōng     T*ai-tung
  Tainan      T’ai-nan
  Táizhōng    T’ai-chung
  Tiānjīn     Tientsin
  Wǔchāng     Wu-ch’ang
  Wǔhàn       Wu-han
  Xiān        Sian
  ----------- ------------

Map Spelling

88

¹

As used in this course, the words "he," "him," and "his" are intended to
include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign
language material not included.)

²

The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of
romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or
anglicized, spelling.

³

Qīngwèn is NOT the word used for saying "excuse me" when you step on
someone’s foot. For that, you say duìbuqī.

⁴

Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province, it is a
separate political entity. (The cities of Beijing and Tiānjīn are also
separate entities.)

⁵

The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive, but are
meant to give an idea of the range of transliterations.

⁶

As used in this course, the words "he," "him," and "his" are intended to
include both masculine and feminine genders. (Translations of foreign
language material not included.)

⁷

The first version of each example is in the Pinyin system of
romanization. The second, parenthesized version is the conventional, or
anglicized, spelling.

⁸

Qīngwèn is NOT the word used for saying "excuse me" when you step on
someone’s foot. For that, you say duìbuqī.

⁹

Although Shànghǎi is physically located in Jiāngsū Province, it is a
separate political entity. (The cities of Běijīng and Tiānjīn are also
separate entities.)

¹⁰

The alternative forms given in this list are not exhaustive, but are
meant to give an idea of the range of transliterations.