FSI-Chinese-text/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText.xml

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<!DOCTYPE article>
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  xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" >
  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 05 TRN - Student Text</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0185 S
  </para>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE</title>
    <para>
      A MODULAR APPROACH
    </para>
    <para>
      STUDENT TEXT
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE J
    </para>
    <para>
      UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
      REQUESTS FOR COPIES, SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO
    </para>
    <para>
      DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
    </para>
    <para>
      FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER
    </para>
    <para>
      NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 939^0
    </para>
    <para>
      TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES
      ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF
      VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY
      FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF
      CONVERSATIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE
      ESSENTIAL. THE PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL
      OR APPARENT—IN THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS
      REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE
      INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,
      OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT.
    </para>
    <para>
      IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS &quot;HE,&quot; &quot;HIM,&quot;
      AND &quot;HIS&quot; DENOTE BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS.
      THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
      TEXTS.
    </para>
    <section xml:id="standard-chinese-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />STANDARD
      CHINESE</title>
      <section xml:id="a-modular-approach">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark4" /><anchor id="bookmark5" />A
        MODULAR APPROACH</title>
        <para>
          STUDENT TEXT
        </para>
        <para>
          MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
        </para>
        <para>
          AUGUST 1979
        </para>
        <section xml:id="preface">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark6" /><anchor id="bookmark7" />PREFACE</title>
          <para>
            Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an
            interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute
            in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the
            U.S. Government language training community for improving
            and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in
            Beijing and Taipei.
          </para>
          <para>
            The conference resolved to develop materials which were
            flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements
            of a wide range of government agencies and academic
            institutions.
          </para>
          <para>
            A Project Board was established consisting of
            representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language
            Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
            Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic
            School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office
            of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T.
            McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F.
            Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B.
            Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson
            and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
            (CFFLS).
          </para>
          <para>
            The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project
            in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute.
            Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
            provided funds and other assistance.
          </para>
          <para>
            Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a
            planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances
            Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of
            the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language
            Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the
            fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project
            coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning
            Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service
            Institute also served on the planning council and
            contributed material to the project. The planning council
            drew up the original overall design for the materials and
            met regularly to review their development.
          </para>
          <para>
            Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
            Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked
            in close cooperation with the planning council and with the
            Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey
            developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and
            production self-study materials, and also designed the
            communication-based classroom activities and wrote the
            teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry
            wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas
            E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms.
            Barale, they worked as a team to produce the materials
            subsequent to Module 6.
          </para>
          <para>
            All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by
            Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan
            Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of
            the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu
            Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped
            in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
          </para>
          <para>
            Administrative assistance was provided at various times by
            Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong,
            Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and
            Kathleen Strype.
          </para>
          <para>
            The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M.
            Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio.
            The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr.
            Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The
            English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr.
            Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
          </para>
          <para>
            The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
            Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
            supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
          </para>
          <para>
            Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with
            the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language
            Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service
            Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States
            Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the
            University of Virginia.
          </para>
          <para>
            Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
            Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
            Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
            preparation of this edition of the course materials. This
            support included coordination, graphic arts, editing,
            typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to
            carry out these tasks.
                                                    _
          </para>
          <para>
            James R. Frith, Chairman
          </para>
          <para>
            Qninese Core Curriculum Project Board
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="contents">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark8" /><anchor id="bookmark9" />CONTENTS</title>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark6">Preface</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark10">Objectives </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark11">Map of Beijing</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark12">Map of Taipei</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark13">Target Lists </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark14">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark15">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark16">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Using buses
          </para>
          <para>
            ’’When&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;First,&quot; &quot;last,&quot; &quot;next,&quot;
            &quot;previous&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Duō, &quot;to be many,&quot; and. shǎo, &quot;to be
            few&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark17">Vocabulary Booster (Modes of
            Transportation) </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark18">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 2
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark19">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark20">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark21">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            The marker a and its variant ya
          </para>
          <para>
            The locational endings -shang and -li
          </para>
          <para>
            More on the marker ba
          </para>
          <para>
            The aspect marker ne
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark22">&quot;Then&quot;: j iù, zài, cái
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 3 Reference List
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark23">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark24">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb bǎ
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark25">Adverbs expressing manner
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark26">UNIT U Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark27">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark28">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Choice questions with háishi
          </para>
          <para>
            More on topics and comments
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark29">Compound verbs of result
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark30">UNIT 5 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark31">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark32">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Distances
          </para>
          <para>
            Approximate numbers
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark33">Ban, &quot;one half&quot;
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark34">UNIT 6 Reference List
            ................. .....</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark35">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark36">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs)
          </para>
          <para>
            Compound verbs of direction
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark37">More on new-situation le
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark38">UNIT 7 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark39">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark40">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;If&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark41">Vocabulary Booster (Animals)
            </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark42">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark43">UNIT 8 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark44">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark45">Reference Notes .</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Why&quot; and &quot;because&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Time NOT spent
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;All,&quot; &quot;not all,&quot; &quot;all...not&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark46">&quot;Again&quot;: you, zài
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark47">Objectives</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark48">Target Lists </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1 Reference List
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark49">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark50">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Making an appointment
          </para>
          <para>
            Gēn for &quot;and&quot; and gēn for &quot;with&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Three words for &quot;time&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb duì, &quot;to,&quot;
            &quot;towards,&quot; &quot;facing&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;more than&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
            Drills..........................155
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 2
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark51">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark52">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark53">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Making phone calls
          </para>
          <para>
            The aspect marker zài for ongoing action
            &quot;Whatever,&quot; &quot;whenever,&quot;
            &quot;whoever,&quot; &quot;wherever&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Verbs and general objects
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark54">Vocabulary Booster (Occupations)
            </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark55">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 3
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark56">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark57">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark58">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Extending an invitation
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Not only...but also...&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;equal to,&quot; &quot;alike&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Anyone,&quot; &quot;anything,&quot;
            &quot;anyplace,&quot; &quot;anytime&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs
            &quot;Furthermore&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark59">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark60">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark61">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark62">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Meeting people
          </para>
          <para>
            More on completion le
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb xiàng, &quot;facing&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark63">Duō and shǎo as adverbs
            Vocabulary Booster (Opposites) </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark64">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 5
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark65">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark66">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark67">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Taking and leaving messages
          </para>
          <para>
            Changing an appointment
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb bǎ
          </para>
          <para>
            Gang and gāngcái
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark68">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 6
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark69">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark70">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark71">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Invitation to lunch
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;less than&quot; &quot;even more&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison overview
          </para>
          <para>
            Sentence patterns: &quot;although&quot; and
            &quot;both...and...&quot;
            Drills..........................235
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT T
          </para>
          <para>
            Reference List......................2U1
          </para>
          <para>
            Vocabulary........................2^3
          </para>
          <para>
            Reference Notes ...................... 2hU
          </para>
          <para>
            Arranging an introduction
          </para>
          <para>
            Using word order to express &quot;the&quot; and
            &quot;a&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Objects of reduplicated verbs
          </para>
          <para>
            Three-part motion verbs
          </para>
          <para>
            Verbs for &quot;remember&quot; and &quot;forget&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark72">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 8
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark73">Reference
            List....................  .</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark74">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark75">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Declining invitations
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb tì, &quot;in place of&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison: něng, kéyi, huì
          </para>
          <para>
            Drills..........................266
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="module-5-transportation">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark76" /><anchor id="bookmark77" />MODULE
          5: TRANSPORTATION</title>
          <para>
            The Transportation Module (TRN) will provide you with the
            skills needed to use taxis, trains, buses, and planes in
            China.
          </para>
          <para>
            Before starting this module, you must take and pass the DIR
            Criterion Test.
          </para>
          <para>
            The TRN Criterion Test will focus largely on this module,
            but material from CRN, BIO, MON, DIR, and associated
            resource modules is also included.
          </para>
          <section xml:id="objectives">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark10" /><anchor id="bookmark78" />OBJECTIVES</title>
            <para>
              Upon successful completion of this module, the student
              should be able to
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese
                  sentence in the TRN Target Lists.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Say any Chinese sentence in the TRN Target Lists
                  when cued with its English equivalent.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Use the bus system: find out which buses go to a
                  specific destination, at what times they leave, how
                  often they run, where to buy tickets, where to change
                  buses (if necessary), when the last bus of the day
                  leaves, and where his stop is.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              1. Take a taxi: hail one, tell the driver where to go, and
              use commands such as &quot;hurry,&quot; &quot;slow
              down,&quot; and &quot;stop here.&quot;
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Use the train system: find out which trains go to a
                  specific destination, at what times they leave, when
                  and where to buy tickets, whether or not tickets are
                  available for a train leaving on a specific date at a
                  specific time, the distance to the destination, the
                  duration of the train trip to that place, which
                  platform the train leaves from, what to do with
                  luggage, and whether or not the train has a dining
                  car.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Take a plane: reserve a ticket for a certain date
                  and time; find out whether or not the flight is
                  direct, the duration of the flight, and traveling time
                  to the airport; and arrange for transportation to the
                  airport.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Describe in detail a trip (taken in the past or
                  planned for the future): places visited (which places
                  and what they are like), traveling companions,
                  transportation for the trip, length of stay, number of
                  previous trips to the same places.
                </para>
                <para>
                  ro
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                <para>
                  <inlinemediaobject>
                    <imageobject>
                      <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-1.jpg" />
                    </imageobject>
                  </inlinemediaobject>
                </para>
                <para>
                  NOTE The heavy dark lines show where rhe city walls
                  were formerly located.
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Taipei
            </para>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-2.jpg" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Dao Ximending qù, zuò Jilù chē?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zuò Shíbālù.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Shíbālù chē duo bu duo?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Bù hěn duō.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Měi gé jǐfēn zhōng you yìbān chē?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  h. Wo mēige Xīngqīliù dōu qù kàn diànying.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zhèbān chē shì bu shi qù Ximending?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Shì. Shàng chē ba!
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Dao Xīméndīngde shíhou, qǐng gàosong wo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. Wǒ shì bu shi zài zhèli xià chē?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Bu shi. Xià yízhàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
            </para>
            <para>
              (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. shàng-
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. tōu-
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. gàosu
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  12. shǎo
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  13. xià chē
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              1U. yǒu(de) shíhou
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  15. chéng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              What bus do you take to get to Ximending?
            </para>
            <para>
              Take Number 18.
            </para>
            <para>
              Are there many Number 18 buses?
            </para>
            <para>
              Not very many.
            </para>
            <para>
              How often is there a bus?
            </para>
            <para>
              I go to see a movie every Saturday.
            </para>
            <para>
              What time is the last bus?
            </para>
            <para>
              Does this bus go to Ximending?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. Get on!
            </para>
            <para>
              When we get to Ximending, please tell me.
            </para>
            <para>
              Is it here that I get off?
            </para>
            <para>
              No. The next stop.
            </para>
            <para>
              last, previous (something)
            </para>
            <para>
              first (something)
            </para>
            <para>
              to tell, to inform (alternate pronunciation for gàosong)
            </para>
            <para>
              to be few
            </para>
            <para>
              to get off the bus; &quot;Out, please!&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              sometimes
            </para>
            <para>
              city
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Dao zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou zhfdàchē?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Meiyou. Zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Zanmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zài chēshang mǎi piào.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Hǎo, xiànzài z3u ba!
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Èi! Zǎnmen bú shi zuòguò zhàn le ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              Hái mēi ne. Xià yízhàn cǎi xià chē.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Lǎojià, Shíwǔlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Jiù zài nèige líìkSurshang.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. gōnggòng qìchē
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. -li
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. -shang
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. shàng ban
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. xià ban
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall?
            </para>
            <para>
              No. Take the Number 1 bus; take it to Xīdān and change
              buses.
            </para>
            <para>
              Where do we buy tickets?
            </para>
            <para>
              We buy tickets on the bus.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay, let’s go now!
            </para>
            <para>
              Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop?
            </para>
            <para>
              Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.
            </para>
            <para>
              Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s (just) on that corner.
            </para>
            <para>
              public bus (local)
            </para>
            <para>
              in (locational ending)
            </para>
            <para>
              on
            </para>
            <para>
              to start work, to go to work
            </para>
            <para>
              to get off from work, to leave work
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wǒ yào zuò jìchéngchē dào huǒchēzhàn qu.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wo zhǐ you zhè liǎngjiàn xíngli.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Hao, wǒ ba xíngli fang zai qiánbian.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Ní kāide tài kuài lei
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  4. Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Women you shíjiān, láidejí.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Qǐng man yìdian kāi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Biē kāi name kuài!
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. Qǐng ni zài qiánbian nèige yínháng ting yíxià.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. Bú yòng zhǎo le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P~1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. chūzū qìchē
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. láibuj í
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  12. qìchē
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  13. zhème
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  14. zènme
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              I want to take a taxi to the train station.
            </para>
            <para>
              I have only these two suitcases.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay, 1*11 put the suitcases in front.
            </para>
            <para>
              You are driving too fast!
            </para>
            <para>
              He doesn't drive fast.
            </para>
            <para>
              We have time. We can make it in time.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please drive a little slower.
            </para>
            <para>
              Don't drive so fast!
            </para>
            <para>
              Please stop at that bank up ahead for a moment.
            </para>
            <para>
              Keep the change.
            </para>
            <para>
              taxi (PRC)
            </para>
            <para>
              can't make it in time car, motor vehicle so, to this
              extent, in this way so, to this extent, in this way
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wǒ xiǎng qù Tǎinān wan jitiān.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. NǏ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò
                  Gōnglùju qu hǎo ne?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zuò huochē qu hǎo. Dào Tainán qù zuò Gōnglùju bú da
              fāngbian.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zuò huǒchē děi xiān mǎi piào ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nǐ zuìhǎo liǎngsāntiān yǐqiǎn qù mǎi piào.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò Gōnglùju ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Nǐ yào zuò shēnme shíhoude chē?
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Duìbuqǐ, shàngwǔde piào dōu màiwǎn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. chuān
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. dìtiě
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. dìxià huǒchē
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. wan (wǎnr)
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. -wan
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              I’m thinking of going to Tainan to relax for a few days.
            </para>
            <para>
              Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by bus?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s better to go by train. To go to Tainan, it’s not very
              convenient to take the bus.
            </para>
            <para>
              If I take the train, is it necessary to buy tickets ahead
              of time?
            </para>
            <para>
              It would be best for you to go to buy your tickets two or
              three days ahead of time.
            </para>
            <para>
              And if I take the bus?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.
            </para>
            <para>
              What train do you want to take?
            </para>
            <para>
              I want to take a morning train.
            </para>
            <para>
              I’m sorry, the tickets for the morning trains are all sold
              out.
            </para>
            <para>
              boat, ship
            </para>
            <para>
              subway (abbreviation for dìxià tiědào)
            </para>
            <para>
              underground train, subway
            </para>
            <para>
              to play, to relax, to enjoy oneself
            </para>
            <para>
              to be finished (occurs in compound verbs of result)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wǒ xiǎng dào Nanjing qù kànkan.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Ní Jìhua něitiān qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              MÍngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Shanghai if Nánjlng you duǒ yuan?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You liǎngbǎiwǔshiduō gōngll.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zuò huǒchē yào zou duōshao shíhou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Yào zǒu sìge bàn xiaoshí.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjlng qù. YÍqián méi qùguo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Bànge xiàoshí gòu le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wǒ xīwang xiàwù líkāi zhèr.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yítàng tèkuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. dǎsuan
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. huòzhě (huòzhe)
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. ylhòu
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. zhōngtǒu
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              I would like to go to Nanjing to look around.
            </para>
            <para>
              What day do you plan to go?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.
            </para>
            <para>
              How far is Shànghǎi from Nanjing?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s over 250 kilometers.
            </para>
            <para>
              How long does it take to go by train?
            </para>
            <para>
              It takes four and a half hours.
            </para>
            <para>
              This will be the first time I have gone to Nanjing. I
              haven’t gone there before.
            </para>
            <para>
              Half an hour is enough.
            </para>
            <para>
              I hope to leave here in the afternoon.
            </para>
            <para>
              There’s an express at 1305.
            </para>
            <para>
              to plan to
            </para>
            <para>
              or (alternate form of huòshi) afterwards, later on, in the
              future hour (alternate word for xiaoshí)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Huǒchē jǐdiǎn zhōng kāi?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Shíbādiàn wǔshiwǔfēn fā chē.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Qǐng nǐ hǎ nǐde hùzhào he luxíngzhèng gěi wo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Dào Shanghai qùde chē zài dìjǐ zhàntái?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Bú yòng JÍ. Hái zǎo ne. Nǐ xian zài zhèige
                  jiēdàishì xiūxixiuxi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wǒ zhèijiàn xíngli zěnme bàn? Shi bu shi kēyi
                  nashang chē qu?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Kéyi bǎ xíngli nashang chē qu.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zhèibān chē you cánchē ba?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You. You Zhōngcān, yě you Xīcān.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎojíle.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. ban
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. nashangqu náshanglai náxiaqu náxialai
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. pǎo
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. wan
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. yuètái
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              What time does the train leave?
            </para>
            <para>
              It departs at 1855.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please give me your passport and travel permit.
            </para>
            <para>
              On which platform is the train to Shànghǎi?
            </para>
            <para>
              No need to be anxious. It’s still early. First, rest a bit
              in this waiting room.
            </para>
            <para>
              What should I do about this suitcase of mine? May I take
              it onto the train?
            </para>
            <para>
              You may take the suitcase onto the train.
            </para>
            <para>
              This train has a dining car, I suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. There’s Chinese food and there’s also Western food.
            </para>
            <para>
              Great.
            </para>
            <para>
              to move
            </para>
            <para>
              to take up
            </para>
            <para>
              to bring up
            </para>
            <para>
              to take down
            </para>
            <para>
              to bring down
            </para>
            <para>
              to run
            </para>
            <para>
              to be late
            </para>
            <para>
              train platform (alternate word for zhàntái, more common in
              Taiwan)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Lao Song, zěnmeyàng? Mang ne?
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        Bu zēnme máng.
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Qǐng ni gēi wo ding yìzhang fēijī piào.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Piào dìnghǎo le.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        Něibān fēijī?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Jǐdiǎn zhōng qǐfēi?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        U. Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Guangzhou ma?
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            5. Cong Sānlǐtún dào fēijīchǎng yào duōshao
                            shíjiān?
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            6. Ruguǒ wǒ bādiǎn zhōng líkāi jiā, láidejí
                            ba?
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. Qǐng ni pài ge chē lai jiē wo, song wo
                            dào fēijīchǎng qu.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on
                        C-l and P-1 tapes)
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            8. -hǎo le
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            9. luguǎn
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            10. shuōhǎo le
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            11. xiǎnghǎo le
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            12. yàoshi
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            13. zuòhǎo le
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Song, how are things going? Are you busy?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Not especially busy.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Please reserve a plane ticket for me.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        The ticket has been reserved.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Which flight? What time does it take off?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Does this flight go directly to Guangzhou?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        How much time does it take to go from Sānlǐtún
                        to the airport?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        If I leave home at eight o’clock, I can make it
                        in time. Right?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Please send a car to pick me up and take me to
                        the airport.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to be satisfactorily completed
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        hotel
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to have come to an agreement (about something);
                        (something) has been agreed on
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to have reached a conclusion (about something);
                        (something) has been thought out
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        if (alternate word for ruguǒ)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to have finished doing (something); (something)
                        has been finished
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Hǎo jiǔ méi jiàn, nín chū men le &quot;ba?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nín wèishénme gang huílai you qù le ne?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wo zhèicì dào Guangzhou qù shi yǐnwei wo you yige hen
              hǎode péngyou cong Xianggang lai.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Women you yìnién měi jiàn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Tā ^ǐng <superscript>wo</superscript> Pei ta yìqǐ qù
              luxíng.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  4. Sānge yuè yǐqiǎn tā hāi bù zhīdào néng bu néng lai.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nǐmen dōu qùguo shěnme dìfang?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Hangzhou gēn Sūzhōu zhēn shi piàoliang.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. You jīhui wǒ yào zài qù yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. Zhèixiē dìfang nǐ dōu qùguo le ba?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Méi dōu qùguo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. huí guo
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. huí J iā
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. huíqu
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  12. rènao
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  13. you yìsi
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              1U. méi(yǒu) yìsi
            </para>
            <para>
              15. suǒyǐ (suōyi)
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t seen you in a long time. You have been away, I
              suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              Why did you go again when you had just come back from
              there?
            </para>
            <para>
              This time I went to Guangzhou because I had a very good
              friend coming there from Hong Kong.
            </para>
            <para>
              We had not seen each other for a year.
            </para>
            <para>
              She asked me to accompany her (in her) travels.
            </para>
            <para>
              Three months ago she didn’t know yet whether she would be
              able to come or not.
            </para>
            <para>
              What places did you go to?
            </para>
            <para>
              Hangzhou and Sūzhōu are really beautiful.
            </para>
            <para>
              If I have the chance, I would like to go again.
            </para>
            <para>
              You have gone to all those places, I suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven't been to all of them.
            </para>
            <para>
              to return to one's native country
            </para>
            <para>
              to come/go home
            </para>
            <para>
              to go back to be lively/bustling/noisy to be interesting
              to be uninteresting therefore, so
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-1">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark79" /><anchor id="bookmark80" />UNIT
            1</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark14" /><anchor id="bookmark81" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. A: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zuò Shíbālù.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Bù hēn duō.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Měi gé duōshao shíhou you yìbān chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                B: Mei gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. C: Wo mēige Xīngqīliù dōu qù kàn diànyīng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. A: Zuìhōu yìbān chē shi Jidiǎn zhōng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Shíyīdiān shífēn.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. D: Zhèbān chē shì bu shi qù Xīméndīng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                E: Shì. Shàng chē ba!
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. A: Dào Xíméndīngde shíhou, qing gàosong wS.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                F: Hao.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. A: Hai you Jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                F: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng.
              </para>
              <para>
                What bus do you take to get to Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                Take Number 18.
              </para>
              <para>
                Are there many Number 18 buses?
              </para>
              <para>
                Not very many.
              </para>
              <para>
                How much time is there between buses?
              </para>
              <para>
                There’s one every twenty minutes.
              </para>
              <para>
                I go to see a movie every Saturday.
              </para>
              <para>
                What time is the last bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                Eleven-ten.
              </para>
              <para>
                Does this bus go to Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes, Get on!
              </para>
              <para>
                When we get to Ximending, please tell me.
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay.
              </para>
              <para>
                How many more stops are there to (before) Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                The next stop is Ximending.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <para>
                9. shàng-
              </para>
              <para>
                10. tou-
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                last, previous (something) first (something)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11. gàosu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to tell, to inform (alternate pronunciation
                          for gàosong)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12. shǎo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be few
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13. xià chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get off the bus; &quot;Out, please!&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11. y3u(de) shíhou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sometimes
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          15. chéng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          city
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          VOCABULARY
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (counter for regularly scheduled trips of
                          buses, planes, subways, trains, etc.)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē chéng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          vehicle, bus, car city
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          duō
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be many
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -fēn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a minute
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gàosong gàosu gé
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to tell, to inform to tell, to inform to
                          separate, to divide off
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          jīlù chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          what number bus
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          mēi-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          every, each
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shàng shàng-shǎo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get on
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          last, previous (something) to be few
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tou-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          first (something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xià xià-xià chē Xīméndīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get off
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          next (something)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to get off the bus; ’’Out, please!” (an area
                          of Taipei)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you(de) shíhou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sometimes
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhàn zuìhòu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a stop, a station last, final (something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (introduced on
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          C-2 and P-2 tapes)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Běihǎi Gōngyuán biéde shíhou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (a famous park in Beijing) other times
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Dōng j īng fang jià hǎowán
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tokyo
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to close for a holiday
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be fun (lit., ’’good for relaxing&quot;)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hui
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          will
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sljì
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          zou ba
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          driver of a hired vehicle let’s go
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark16" /><anchor id="bookmark82" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. A: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuo jīlù chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zuò Shíbālù.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Bù hen duō.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                What bus do you take to get to Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                Take Number 18.
              </para>
              <para>
                Are there many Number 18 buses?
              </para>
              <para>
                Not very many.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on Nos. 1-2
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīméndīng literally means &quot;West Gate
                dīng&quot;—dīng being a Japanese term for
                &quot;district.&quot; Xīméndīng is the area of Taipei
                which surrounds the former west gate of the city. Today
                the district includes many shops, department stores, and
                movie theaters.
              </para>
              <para>
                Lù is the word for &quot;route.&quot; The question jīlù?
                asks for the route number of the bus.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò, &quot;to ride/to go by/to take Ea
                conveyance]&quot;:<anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark83">1</link></superscript>
                Here zuò (literally, &quot;to sit&quot;) means to go by
                some means of transportation which the passenger is
                inside of (e.g., car, plane, boat, train, bus,
                elevator—NOT a motorcycle or a horse). In exchange 1,
                zuò is used as a main verb. It can also be used as a
                prepositional verb, as in
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī zěnme qù?                    How are you going? (i.e.
                , by what
              </para>
              <para>
                means of transportation)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù.               I am going by train.
              </para>
              <para>
                Duō, &quot;to be many/much,&quot; is an adjectival
                verb.<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark84">2</link></superscript>
                There are several points to remember about duō:
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    a. Adjectival verbs are sometimes used before a noun
                    to modify it (e.g., xīn zhuōzi, &quot;new
                    table&quot;; dà fángzi, &quot;big house&quot;).
                    However, when duō is used in this way, it must be
                    modified, for example, by hen or tài.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā māile hen duō dōngxi.     He bought a lot of things.
              </para>
              <para>
                Běijīng jiēshang you hen     There are many toilets on
                the
              </para>
              <para>
                duō cèsuǒ.                    streets of Béijīng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    b. Much more often, however, duō is used as the main
                    verb of a sentence.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Nīde shū zhēn duō!           You really have a lot of
                books!
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīntiān jiēshangde rén       There are a lot of people
                out today,
              </para>
              <para>
                hen duō.                      (literally, &quot;on the
                streets
              </para>
              <para>
                today&quot;)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    c. Often it does not occur to students to use duō as
                    the main verb of a sentence because in English they
                    do not usually say &quot;The students are
                    many.&quot; They would say &quot;There are many
                    students,&quot; with &quot;many&quot; as an
                    adjective preceding &quot;students.&quot; Compare:
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    came.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (There are
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a lot of people
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          here.)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Zhèrde
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          rén hěn duō.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (A lot of people
              </para>
              <para>
                Láide rén hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                NOTE: Shao, &quot;to be few,&quot; is used in almost the
                same ways as duō. (See Notes on Additional Required
                Vocabulary.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Měi gé duōshao shíhou you How much time is
                    there between buses? yìbān chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                B: Mēi gé èrshifēn zhōng you There’s one every twenty
                minutes, yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi- is the word for &quot;each,&quot;
                &quot;every.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Gé is a verb meaning &quot;to separate,&quot; &quot;to
                divide.&quot; It is used for intervals of time between
                regularly occurring events (e.g., &quot;every half
                hour&quot;). In exchange 3, gé refers to the length of
                time between buses.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          měi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gé
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          duōshao
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shíhou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (every
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          divide-off [intervals
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          how much
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          time)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;(every) how often&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                The first sentence could also be translated as &quot;How
                often is there a bus?&quot; or &quot;How often do the
                buses run?&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Yìbān chē: The counter -bān is used for scheduled trips,
                or runs, of a vehicle. Yìbān chē is one bus run.
              </para>
              <para>
                Ershifēn zhōng: The counter -fēn, for minutes, is
                usually followed by zhōng, &quot;clock.&quot; (Zhōng
                means &quot;o’clock&quot; in telling time.) &quot;One
                minute&quot; is yìfēn zhōng.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="6">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Měi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gé
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          èrshifēn zhōng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yìbān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (each
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          interval
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          twenty minutes
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          there is
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          one Crun]
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bus)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;There’s a bus every twenty minutes.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                U. C: Wǒ měige Xīngqīliù dōu qù I go to see a movie
                every Saturday, kān diànyìng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. U
              </para>
              <para>
                Měige: When used with a noun, měi- acts as a specifier
                and must be followed by a counter or a noun that does
                not require a counter.
              </para>
              <para>
                měi(ge) rén                every person
              </para>
              <para>
                měizhāng zhuōzi            every table
              </para>
              <para>
                meitian                     every day
              </para>
              <para>
                Dōu, &quot;all&quot;: Here the adverb dōu implies
                &quot;each and every,&quot; or &quot;without
              </para>
              <para>
                exception&quot;—&quot;every Saturday, without
                exception.&quot; When the subject of a sentence is
                specified by měi-, the following verb is usually
                modified by the adverb dōu.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi Jǐdiān zhōng?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Shíyīdiǎn shífēn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                What time is the last bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                Eleven-ten.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuìhòu yìbān chē: Zuì is the word for &quot;most,&quot;
                or &quot;-est.&quot; Zuìhòu means &quot;latest,&quot; or
                &quot;last.&quot; Note the order in which the elements
                of this phrase appear:
              </para>
              <para>
                zuìhòu
              </para>
              <para>
                yì
              </para>
              <para>
                -bān
              </para>
              <para>
                chē
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;the last bus&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                (last
              </para>
              <para>
                one
              </para>
              <para>
                run
              </para>
              <para>
                bus)
              </para>
              <para>
                Both the number and
              </para>
              <para>
                the counter are
              </para>
              <para>
                required
              </para>
              <para>
                in this
              </para>
              <para>
                phrase.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="7">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Compare:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tóu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          &quot;the
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          first bus&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xià
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          &quot;the
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          next bus&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shàng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          &quot;the
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          last (previous)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ■ J
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bus
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          j&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (See Note on No. 8 and Notes on Additional Required
                Vocabulary for xià-, ’’next”; shàng-, ’’last,”
                ’’previous”; and tóu-, ’’first.”)
              </para>
              <para>
                6. D: Zhèbān chē shì bu shi qù Xīméndīng?
              </para>
              <para>
                E: Shì. Shàng chē ba!
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Does this bus go to Ximending?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Yes. Get on!
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Shì bu shi qù, ’’does it go
                to&quot;:<anchor id="footnote3" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark85">3</link></superscript>
                The use of shì bu shi qù rather than qù bu qu in this
                sentence implies that the speaker has an idea that the
                bus does go to Ximending and wants to make sure. (Zhèbān
                chē qù bu qu Xīméndīng? would also be correct.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qù Xīméndīng, &quot;go to Ximending&quot;: The
                destination directly follows the main verb qu. You now
                know two ways to indicate destination:
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ dào Xīméndīng qù. I am going to Ximending.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ qù Xīméndīng.
              </para>
              <para>
                The two forms are equally widely used.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shàng chē: This verb has several meanings. In the
                Directions Module, the meaning was &quot;to go up&quot;
                in Shàng lóu, yòubian Jiù shi mài dìtúde. In this
                exchange, the meaning of shàng is &quot;to get on/in Ca
                vehicle!.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                7. A: Dào Ximendingde shíhou, qīng gàosong wǒ.
              </para>
              <para>
                F: Hǎo.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                When we get to Ximending, please tell me.
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Ximendíngde shíhou means when we arrive in
                Ximending.” If you want to say, in Chinese, &quot;when
                Lsomething happens!,” add -de shíhou to the phrase which
                names the happening.
              </para>
              <para>
                In English, &quot;when” can mean either &quot;during the
                same time” (e.g., &quot;when I was a student&quot;) or
                &quot;immediately after&quot; (e.g., &quot;when the
                light turns green&quot;). In Chinese, however, two
                different expressions are used for the
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                two meanings: -de shíhou for &quot;at the after.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zài Xiānggǎngde shíhou hěn xihuan qù kàn diànyǐng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ dàole Tǎihěi yǐhòu, mǎile hěn duō Zhōngwén shū.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                same time&quot; and yíhòu for &quot;immediately
              </para>
              <para>
                When Ci.e. , while! I was in Hong Kong, I liked to go to
                the movies very much.
              </para>
              <para>
                When Ci.e., after! I got to Taipei, I bought a lot of
                Chinese books.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                8. A: Hai you jizhàn dào Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                F: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Ximending.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                How many more stops are there to (before) Ximending?
              </para>
              <para>
                The next stop is Ximending.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 8
              </para>
              <para>
                Xià yízhàn: Here xià means &quot;the next.&quot; It is a
                specifier. Xià is usually followed by a numeral or a
                counter, as in the following examples:
              </para>
              <para>
                xiàge yuè                  next month
              </para>
              <para>
                xià yìbān chē              the next bus
              </para>
              <para>
                The phrase xià yízhàn contains no counter because -zhàn,
                like -nián and -tiān, is not used with a counter.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shàng-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          last, previous (something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tóu-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          first (something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gàosu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to tell (alternate pronunciation)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shǎo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be few
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xià chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get off the bus; &quot;Out, please!&quot;
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          1U.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yǒu(de) shíhou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sometimes
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          15.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chéng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          city
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                The specifier shàng-, &quot;last,&quot;
                &quot;previous,&quot; is used in the same patterns as
                xià-.
              </para>
              <para>
                shàngge yuè                last month
              </para>
              <para>
                shàng yìbān chē            the previous bus
              </para>
              <para>
                Tou-, &quot;first,&quot; literally &quot;head&quot;:
                Let’s contrast dì- and tóu-: Dì- has no meaning of its
                own. Its function is to make a cardinal number into an
                ordinal number: for example, sān, &quot;three,&quot;
                becomes dìsān, &quot;third,&quot; as in dìsānge men,
                &quot;the third door.&quot; Tóu- has a meaning of its
                own: &quot;first,&quot; as in tóusānge men, &quot;the
                first three doors.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Tóu- is always followed by at least a number plus a
                counter (or a noun that does not require a counter).
              </para>
              <para>
                tóuliǎngge rén             the first two people
              </para>
              <para>
                tóusānběn                  the first three volumes
              </para>
              <para>
                tóusìtiān                  the first four days
              </para>
              <para>
                Notice that tóuliǎngge, &quot;the first two,&quot; and
                dìèrge, &quot;the second one,&quot; must use different
                words for &quot;two,&quot; because
              </para>
              <para>
                tóuliǎngge     (COUNTING)
              </para>
              <para>
                dìèrge         (NOT COUNTING)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tóuyige, &quot;the first one,&quot; and dìyíge,
                &quot;the first one,&quot; are similar in meaning and
                often interchangeable.
              </para>
              <para>
                Gàosu, &quot;to tell&quot;: Gàosong is the usual
                colloquial pronunciation in Beijing speech. Gàosu is the
                usual colloquial pronunciation in many other places in
                China, including Taiwan. The fact that, in a Taipei
                setting, the first speaker in exchange 7 uses gàosong
                tells you that he is almost certainly not a native of
                Taiwan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shǎo, &quot;to be few&quot;: Most of the comments about
                duō in these Reference Notes (exchange 2) also apply to
                the adjectival verb shǎo. Most frequently shǎo is used
                as the main verb of a sentence.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒde qian bu shǎo.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Zài Taiwan meiyou gōngzuòde rén hen shǎo.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I have quite a bit of money.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          There are few people in Taiwan who do not have
                          Jobs.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                One point deserves special attention: Although you may
                say hěn duō shū for &quot;a lot of books,&quot; you may
                not say hěn shǎo shū. Hěn shǎo can rarely modify a noun
                which follows—and neither can tài shǎo, zhēn shǎo, and
                related expressions.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiǎ chē, &quot;to get off Ea vehicle],&quot; may be used
                to signal that you wish to get off—that this is your
                stop. The expression would be translated as &quot;Out,
                please,&quot; or &quot;Getting off, getting off,&quot;
                used by passengers in crowded buses and elevators.
              </para>
              <para>
                You(de) shíhou, &quot;sometimes,&quot; precedes the verb
                of a sentence, as other time expressions do.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā yǒude shíhou kǎn Yīngwén He sometimes reads English
                newspapers, bào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ you shíhou zuò Shíbālù Sometimes I take the Number 18
                bus. chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Originally, chěng meant &quot;city wall.&quot; This
                early meaning still affects modern usage: you must say
                &quot;going INto the city,&quot; not just &quot;to the
                city.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā jīntiān dào chěnglǐtou qù. He is going to the city
                today.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-booster">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark86" /><anchor id="bookmark87" />VOCABULARY
              BOOSTER</title>
              <para>
                Modes of Transportation
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ■bicycle
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zìxíngchē EBēijīngJ ; jiǎotàchē ETaiwan1
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          boat motorboat rowboat sailboat sampan
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          bus
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          coach (long-distance)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chuan
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          qìtīng huátǐng fānchuán shānbǎn
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          gōnggòng qìchē chángtū qìchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          car (automobile)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qìchē, chēzi, chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          helicopter horseback riding
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhíshēngfēijī qí ma
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jeep
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          J ípǔchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          motorcycle
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          motuōchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          plane Jet
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fēijī
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          pēnqìshì fēijī, pēnqìjī EPRC3;
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          pēnshèshì fēijī, pēnshèjī ETaiwanJ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          subway
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìxiàtiē, dìtiě, dìxià huǒchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          taxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chūzū qìchē, chūzū chē EPRC3; jìchéngchē
                          ETaiwani
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          train trolley truck
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huǒchē diànchē kachē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          walking
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zǒu lù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark18" /><anchor id="bookmark88" />DRILLS</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dao Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) hasn’t yet
              </para>
              <para>
                (What bus do you take to get to Ximending?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dao Wǔguānchù qù, zuò jīlù chē? has already
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dào Nanjing Lù qù, zuò Jīlù chē? did not
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Dào Zhōngshān Lù qù, zuò jīlù chē? hasn’t yet
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē? has already
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dào tā jiā qù, zuò Jīlù chē? hasn’t yet
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Dào càishichǎng qù, zuò jīlù chē? did not
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē tā hǎi méi gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He hasn’t yet told me what bus to take to get to
                Ximending.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Wǔguānchù qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā yījīng gàosu wo le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Nǎnjīng Lù qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā méi gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Zhōngshān Lù qù, zuò Jīlù chē, tā hāi méi gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Xīméndīng qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā yījīng gàosu wo le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào tā jiā qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā hǎi méi gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào càishichǎng qù, zuò jīlù chē, tā méi gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zuò Shíbālù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Take the Number 18 bus.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Zuò Yílù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zuò Shílù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U. Zuò Liùlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                5. Zuò Wǔlù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shíbālù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Please tell me, would it be all right to take the
                Number 18 bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Yílù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shílù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Liùlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni gàosu wo, zuò Wǔlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Zuò Qílù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                7. Zuò Shíèrlù chē.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Qǐng ni gàosu wo, zuò Qílù chē, kéyi &quot;bu keyi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qǐng ni gàosu wo, zuò Shíèrlù chē, kéyi bu keyi?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Mei gě duōshao shíhou you yìbān chē?
                    (cue) èrshifēn zhōng (How often is there a bus?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You; Mei gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                (There’s a bus every twenty minutes.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé shífēn zhōng yōu yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé wǔfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé bāfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé shíwǔfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé shíèrfēn zhōng you yìbān chē.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shíbālù chē duō bu duo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) èrshifēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                (Are there many Number 18 buses?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: BÙ shǎo. Měi gě èrshifēn zhōng you yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Quite a few. There’s one every twenty minutes.)
              </para>
              <para>
                2.
              </para>
              <para>
                YÍlù chē duō bu duo? wǔfēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo.
              </para>
              <para>
                yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé wǔfēn zhōng you
              </para>
              <para>
                3.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dao Táinān qùde chē duō bu duo? wǔshifēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo. yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé wǔshifēn zhōng you
              </para>
              <para>
                U.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Jīlōng qùde chē duō bu duo? sìshifēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo. yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé sìshifēn zhōng you
              </para>
              <para>
                5.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shílù chē duō bu duo? shífēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo. yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé shífēn zhōng you
              </para>
              <para>
                6.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sānlù chē duō bu duo? èrshiwǔfēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo. Měi gé èrshiwufēn zhōng you yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                7.
              </para>
              <para>
                Èrlù chē duō bu duo? shíwǔfēn zhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù shāo.
              </para>
              <para>
                yìbān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Měi gé shíwǔfēn zhōng you
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Nèibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Taizhōng
              </para>
              <para>
                (What time is that bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Qíngwèn, dào Taizhōng qùde nèibān chē shi jǐdian
                zhōng? (May I ask, what time is that bus to Taizhong?)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          2.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Neibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng? Tainan
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qǐngwèn, dào Tāinān qùde nèibān chē shi jǐdiān
                          zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          3.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nèibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qǐngwèn, dào Jīlōng qùde nèibān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jīlōng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          4.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nèibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīngwèn, dào Jiāyì qùde nèibān chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiāyì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          5.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nèibān chē shi Jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qǐngwèn, dào Tāiběi qùde nèibān chē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tāiběi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          6.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nèibān chē shi jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qǐngwèn, dào Huāliān qùde nèibān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Huāliān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chē shi Jǐdiān zhōng?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Nèibān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng? Gāoxiōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Qǐngwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qu.de nèibān chē shi jǐdiǎn zhōng?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    F. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) 11:10
              </para>
              <para>
                (Is this the last bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíyīdiǎn shífēn.
              </para>
              <para>
                (No. The last bus is at 11:10.)
              </para>
              <para>
                2. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 11:30
              </para>
              <para>
                3. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 12:00
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíyīdiǎn ban.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíèrdiǎn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                U. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 11: HO
              </para>
              <para>
                5. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 12:10
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíyīdiǎn sìshifēn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíèrdiǎn shífēn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                6. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 11:00
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shíyīdiǎn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                7. Zhè shi bu shi zuìhòu yìbān chē? 10:50
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bú shi. Zuìhòu yìbān chē shi shídiǎn wúshifēn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    G. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zhèibān chē dào Xīméndīng qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Does this bus go to Ximending?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Zhèibān chē dào Zhōngshān Bǎilù qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zhèibān chē dào Zhōnghuā Lù qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. Zhèibān chē dào Zìyōu Lù qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Xīméndīng?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Does this bus go to Ximending?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Zhōngshān Běilù?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù Zhōnghuā Lù?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shi bu shi qù ZÌyōu Lù?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zhèibān chē dào Rénài LÙ qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Zhèibān chē dào Nānjīng Dōnglù qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zhèibān chē dào Hépíng Xīlù qù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Rénài Lù?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Nanjing Dōnglù?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèibān chē shì bu shi qù Hépíng Xīlù?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; Tā xià chē le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Xīméndīng
              </para>
              <para>
                (He got off the bus.)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Tā xià chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) Xīméndīng
              </para>
              <para>
                (He is getting off the bus.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā shàng chē le. Zhōngshān Běilù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shàng chē. Hépíng Dōnglù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā xià chē le. MÍnshēng Lù
              </para>
              <para>
                5. Tā shàng chē le. Rénài LÙ
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Tā xià chē. Zhōnghuā Lù
              </para>
              <para>
                You; Tā shì zài Xīméndīng xiàde chē. (He got off the bus
                at Ximending.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Xīméndīng xià chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He is getting off the bus at Ximending.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shì zài Zhōngshān Běilù shàngde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Hépíng Dōnglù shàng chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shì zài MÍnshēng Lù xiàde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shì zài Rénài Lù shàngde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Zhōnghuā Lù xià chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                I. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; Dào Xīméndīng qīng gàosu wo.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) shíhou
              </para>
              <para>
                (When we GET TO Ximending, please tell me.)
              </para>
              <para>
                You; Dào Xīméndīngde shíhou qīng gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                (When we get to XIMENDING, please tell me.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dào Zhōngshān Běilù qīng gàosu Dào Zhōngshān
                    Běilù yīqiān qīng wo.    yīqiān
                                          gàosu wo.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dào Nānjīng Dōnglù qīng gàosu Dào Nānjīng
                    Dōnglùde shíhou qīng wo.    shíhou
                                           gàosu wo.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                !♦. Dào Rénài LÙ qǐng gàosu wo. yīqián
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dào Mínquán Lù qǐng gàosu wo. shíhou
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dào Hépíng Xīlù qǐng gàosu wo. yīqián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Dào Zìyéu Lù qǐng gàosu wo. shíhou
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Dào Rénài Lu yīqián qǐng gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Mínquán Lùde shíhou qǐng gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Hépíng Xīlù yīqián qīng gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Zìyéu Lùde shíhou qǐng gàosu wo.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    J. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Hái you Jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) xià
              </para>
              <para>
                (How many more stops are there to [beforeJ Ximending?)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Hai you jīzhàn dào Xīméndīng?
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) 3
              </para>
              <para>
                (How many more stops are there to [before! Ximending?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Hai you jīzhàn dào Zhōnghuá Lù? xià
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Hai you jīzhàn dào Nanjīng Dōnglù? 2
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Hai you Jīzhàn dào Xīnshēng Nanlù?    xià
              </para>
              <para>
                5. Hái you Jīzhàn dào Zìyéu Lù?
              </para>
              <para>
                2
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Hai you Jīzhàn dào MÍnshēng Lù?
              </para>
              <para>
                xià
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng. (The next stop is
                Ximending.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Hai you sānzhàn Jiù shi Xīméndīng.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Three more stops, and that’s Ximending.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Zhōnghuá Lù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hai yōu liǎngzhàn jiù shi Nanjīng Dōnglù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xià yízhàn jiù shi Xīnshēng Nánlù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hai yōu liǎngzhàn Jiù shi Zìyéu Lù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xià yízhàn Jiù shi MÍnshēng Lù.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    K. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā dào Zhōngguo qù. (cue) nián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (He goes to China.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā kàn Zhōngguo diànyīng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                yuè
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā dào Niǔ Yuē qù.    xīngqī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U.  Tā dào xuexiào lai.    tiān
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā mǎi Yīngwen zāzhì.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Xīngqīwǔ
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā dào càishichǎng qù. tiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā kàn bào. tiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Tā měiniān dōu dào Zhōngguo qù (He goes to China
                every year.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā meige yuè dōu kàn Zhōngguo diànyīng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā meige xīngqī dōu dào Niǔ Yuē qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā měitiān dōu dào xuexiào lai.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā meige Xīngqīwǔ dōu mǎi Yīngwén zāzhì.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā meitiān dōu dào càishichǎng qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā měitiān dōu kàn bào.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark89" /><anchor id="bookmark90" />UNIT
            2</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark19" /><anchor id="bookmark91" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <para>
                (in Běijīng)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. A: Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou zhídāchē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Meiyou.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Dào nàr qù, zuò jīlù chē ya?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zuò Yílù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. B: Zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. A: Zānmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Zài chēshang mai piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. B: Hao, xiànzài zǒu Bal
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Èi! Zānmen bú shi zuòguò zhàn le ba?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Hǎi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cài xià chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                7<anchor id="footnote4" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark92">4</link></superscript>
                <superscript><link linkend="bookmark92">4</link></superscript> C:
                Lāojià, Shíwùlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr?
              </para>
              <para>
                D: Jiù zài něige lùkǒurshang.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is there a direct bus to the exhibition hall?
              </para>
              <para>
                No.
              </para>
              <para>
                What bus do you take to get there?
              </para>
              <para>
                Take the Number 1 bus.
              </para>
              <para>
                Take it to Xīdān and change buses.
              </para>
              <para>
                Where do we buy tickets?
              </para>
              <para>
                We buy tickets on the bus.
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay, let’s go now!
              </para>
              <para>
                Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop?
              </para>
              <para>
                Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.
              </para>
              <para>
                Excuse me, where is the Number 15 bus stop?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s (just) on that corner.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. gōnggòng qìchē
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    9. -li
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    10. -shang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    11. shàng ban
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    12. xià ban
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                public bus (local)
              </para>
              <para>
                in (locational ending)
              </para>
              <para>
                on
              </para>
              <para>
                to start work, to go to work
              </para>
              <para>
                to get off from work, to leave work
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark20" /><anchor id="bookmark93" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ba
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (tone softener)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          cái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          then and only then, not until
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gōnggòng qìchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          public bus (local)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -li
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          in (locational ending)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          piào (yìzhāng)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ticket, coupon
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qìchēzhàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bus stop
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -shang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          on (locational ending)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shàng ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to go to work, to start work
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xià ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get off from work, to leave work
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Xīdān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (a district in Beijīng)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zánmen
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          we (specifically includes the
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          listener)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhǎnlǎnguǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          exhibition hall
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhídáchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          direct bus , nonstop bus
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuS dao
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to ride to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuòguò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to ride past
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Andìngměn bī j iǎo dòngwuyuán liǎngcì Xiao
                          (name)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (a neighborhood in Beijīng) comparatively,
                          relatively zoo two times, twice
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Little (name) [familiar form of name among
                          friends]
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiongmāo zhǎnlǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          panda to exhibit
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhèicì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          this time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark21" /><anchor id="bookmark94" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <para>
                1. A: Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn you meiyou Is there a direct bus
                to the exhibi-zhídǎchē?                       tion hall?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Meiyou.                          No.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn is the topic of the first sentence in
                exchange 1.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhídǎchē refers to a city bus in exchange 1, although
                the word is more properly used to refer to buses between
                cities.
              </para>
              <para>
                Changed tones: You have now learned several
                three-syllable words in which the middle syllable
                changes tone in normal fast speech. These words and the
                changes you hear are
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiǎnǎdà                               Jiānādà
              </para>
              <para>
                Ximending                             Ximending
              </para>
              <para>
                zhǎnlǎnguǎn        zhǎnlǎnguǎn        zhǎnlǎnguǎn
              </para>
              <para>
                zhídǎchē                              zhídǎchē
              </para>
              <para>
                (For further discussion of this type of tone change, see
                Tone Changes in the P&amp;R Summary.)
              </para>
              <para>
                2. A: Dào nàr qù, zuò jilù chē ya?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Zuò Yīlù chē.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                What bus do you take to get there? Take the Number 1
                bus.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                Ya is a variant form of the marker a_. If the word
                directly preceding the a ends in a vowel, the semivowel
                y or w may be inserted; the marker is then pronounced ya
                or wa. If the word directly preceding a. ends in a
                consonant, that sound is carried forward as the initial
                sound of the marker: /(consonant sound)a/
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni shi nǎrde ren /n/a?
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni xìng Wǎng /ng/a?
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni hǎo /w/a?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tǎ zhēn kuài /j/a!
              </para>
              <para>
                3. B: Zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Take it to Xīdān and change buses.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò dao Xīdān: In earlier exchanges, phrases consisting
                of dào and a place word were placed before the main verb
                in a sentence. In this exchange, you see that dào +
                place word can also be placed after the main verb. Dao
                is toneless when it follows the verb of a sentence.
              </para>
              <para>
                Huàn is used in exchange 3 for &quot;changing&quot; from
                one bus to another. It was used in earlier modules for
                &quot;changing&quot; from one currency to another.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. A: Zānmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?
              </para>
              <para>
                Where do we buy tickets? We buy tickets on the bus.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                B: Zài chēshang mǎi piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 4
              </para>
              <para>
                Although spelled zānmen, this word is actually
                pronounced zámen, and in everyday conversation even as
                zām. Both women and zānmen are translated as
                &quot;we.&quot; Most speakers of Chinese outside Běijīng
                use only women.
              </para>
              <para>
                Many Chinese from Běijīng use the pronoun women only
                when the person being spoken to is not included in the
                &quot;we.&quot; To show that the person being spoken to
                IS included in the &quot;we,&quot; zānmen is used.
              </para>
              <para>
                For instance, if everyone in a room is Chinese, any one
                person could say to all of the others Zānmen dōu shi
                Zhòngguo rén, &quot;All of us are Chinese.&quot; If an
                American then entered the room, someone might say to him
                Women shi Zhòngguo ren, nǐ shi Měiguo ren, &quot;We are
                Chinese, and you are American.’*
              </para>
              <para>
                The phrase zài chēshang consists of the verb zài
                followed by the noun chē plus the locational ending
                -shang. Some verbs like zài must be followed by a place
                word or phrase (or by time words or phrases). But not
                all nouns which refer to things which occupy space can
                be used as place words. You must learn which words can
                function as place words and which cannot.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèr, nàr, relative location words (zuǒbianr, dōngbianr,
                wàibianr, etc.), and names of cities and countries may
                be used as place words. In general, nouns which refer to
                buildings, institutions, organizations, parks, and other
                specific locations may be used as place words. Nouns
                which refer to vehicles, people, books, furniture, and
                other things that can be moved around are NOT considered
                place words. When a noun from this group is to be used
                in a phrase with zài, either a locatiohal ending is
                added to the noun or the place word zhèr or nàr follows
                it.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài zhuōzishang you hěn duō There are many hooks on the
                table, shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài nèige zhuōzi nàr        He studies at that table,
              </para>
              <para>
                niàn shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Locational endings: -shang, ’’on*'; -li, &quot;in&quot;;
                -wài, &quot;outside&quot;; and -xià, &quot;under,&quot;
                are locational endings.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài lōuxià mai dōngxi.      He is buying things
                downstairs.
              </para>
              <para>
                Fàndiànli you meiyou mài       Is there a place to buy
                candy in
              </para>
              <para>
                tángde?                        the hotel?
              </para>
              <para>
                You have learned three generally equivalent ways to form
                place expressions: noun + locational ending; noun
                followed by relative location word; noun + de followed
                by relative location word.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="8">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          men-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -wài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          děng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          men
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wài-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -bianr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          děng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          men
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -de
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wài-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -bianr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          děng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. B: Hǎo, xiànzài zǒu ba!
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Okay, let’s go now!
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Note on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Ba: You have seen the marker ba used in different
                situations at the ends of sentences. In each case,
                however, its effect was to soften the impact of whatever
                the speaker was saying. Here is a summary of the uses
                you have seen:
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    a. After a phrase which puts forth an opinion or
                    guess, ba adds a questioning tone (BIO, Unit 2).
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā dàgài bù lai le ba? He’s probably not coming after
                all, is he?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shi Wèi Shàoxiào ba? You must be Major Weiss.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    b. After a statement which puts forth a course of
                    action, ba softens the tone. Ba may be used at the
                    end of a sentence with a meaning ranging anywhere
                    from tentative and consulting to suggesting or
                    advising to requesting or ordering. (The tone of ba
                    sentences varies according to the person being
                    spoken to, the speaker’s tone of voice, and other
                    words, such as qǐng, &quot;please,&quot; in a
                    sentence.) (MON, Unit 3)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nǐ zǒu &quot;ba!
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nǐ hǎohāor xiǎngxiang ta!
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Qing ba!
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Zánmen zǒu ba.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ mǎi dàde ba.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Leave! (ORDERING)
              </para>
              <para>
                You think it over carefully! (ADVISING)
              </para>
              <para>
                Please go ahead! (INVITING)
              </para>
              <para>
                Let’s go.   (SUGGESTING)
              </para>
              <para>
                I guess I’ll get the large one. (TENTATIVE AND
                CONSULTING)
              </para>
              <para>
                There is no single way to translate this use of ba. In
                the examples above, you can see that when the subject is
                &quot;you,&quot; ba goes untranslated; when the subject
                is &quot;we,&quot; ba is translated as
                &quot;let's&quot;; and when the subject is
                &quot;I,&quot; ba is translated as &quot;I guess.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Èi! Zánmen bú shi zuòguò zhàn le ba?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Hái méi ne. Xià yízhàn cái xià chē.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Hey! Haven’t we gone past our stop?
              </para>
              <para>
                Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú shi: Below are some examples of affirmative questions
                and their
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                negative counterparts (using bú shi). examples shi means
                something like &quot;to
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā yǐjīng zǒu le ba?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bú shi yǐjīng zǒu le ba?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zhù zai Shànghǎi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bú shi zhù zai Shànghǎi ma?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notice that in the two negative be the case
                that....&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Has he already gone?
              </para>
              <para>
                Hasn’t he already gone? (isn’t it the case that he has
                already gone?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Does she live in Shànghǎi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Doesn’t she live in Shànghǎi?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Isn’t it the case that she lives in Shànghǎi?)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zuòguò le: To the main verb zuò, &quot;to ride,&quot;
                &quot;to take,&quot; the ending -guò is added to
                indicate the result of the action—&quot;going past/too
                far.&quot; (The full verb guò means &quot;to pass,&quot;
                &quot;to cross.&quot;) The ending -guò may also be added
                to the verb zǒu, &quot;to go,&quot; to indicate result.
              </para>
              <para>
                Òu, nǐ zhǎo Nánwèi Hútong! Oh, you are looking for
                Nánwèi Hútong. Nǐ zǒuguò le! Nǐ dei          You have
                walked past it. You will
              </para>
              <para>
                wàng huí zǒu.                   have to go back.
              </para>
              <para>
                Aspect marker ne: You have frequently seen an aspect
                marker used to indicate a CHANGE: completion le shows
                that an action or process has been carried out (Tā zǒu
                le, &quot;He has left&quot;); new situation le marks a
                change in the past, present, or future (Tāde dàyī pole,
                &quot;His coat is worn out&quot;). In exchange 6, the
                aspect marker ne indicates the ABSENCE OF CHANGE. In
                this exchange, ne emphasizes that there has been no
                change in the situation. You may want to think of ne as
                the opposite of le.
              </para>
              <para>
                The marker ne is used with ACTION and STATE verbs.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiānzāi niān shū ne.        He is studying now.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài zhèr ne.                 He’s here.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèizhī bl hai kéyi xiě ne. This pen is still good (can
                still write).
              </para>
              <para>
                Hai, &quot;still,&quot; &quot;yet&quot;: When this
                adverb is used, the sentence very often ends with the
                marker ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān wǒ hai bù zǒu ne. I’m not leaving tomorrow
                (yet).
              </para>
              <para>
                (i.e., I’ll still be here tomorrow.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā hai méi lai ne.              He hasn’t come yet.
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;Still&quot; and &quot;yet&quot; may, however, be
                translated into Chinese with either hái or ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā hai méi lai.                 He hasn't come yet.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā méi lai ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                Cai means &quot;then and only then&quot; or &quot;not
                until then.&quot; It is used to talk about something
                that has happened or will happen later than expected.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women míngtiān cái zǒu.        We don’t leave until
                tomorrow.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sentences in which cái is used emphasize when something
                happened, rather than the fact that it happened.
                Therefore (shi)... -de, not le, is used to indicate
                completed action.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā (shi) bādiǎn zhōng cái He didn’t come until eight
                o’clock, láide.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo zuótiān cái dàode.          I didn’t arrive until
                yesterday.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notice that the shi in the shi...-de construction may be
                omitted. Also, cái is placed AFTER a time word or phrase
                and BEFORE the verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                You have learned three words for &quot;then&quot;: Jiù,
                zài, cái. Jiù is used for action taking place earlier
                than expected. Cái and zài imply that something happens
                later than expected. Cái and Jiù are used in
                descriptions of completed or future action. Zài is used
                mostly for plans, suggestions, and commands—in reference
                to future actions.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zuótiān jiù dào le.         He arrived yesterday
                (already).
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā (shi) zuótiān cái láide.    He didn’t come until
                yesterday.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ míngtiān zài zǒu ba.’         Don’t go until
                tomorrow.’
              </para>
              <para>
                Notice that, in the description of past events, most
                sentences containing jiù also contain the completion le
                marker.
              </para>
              <para>
                7. C: Láojià, Shíwǔlù qìchēzhàn zài nar?
              </para>
              <para>
                D: Jiù zài nèige lùkǒurshang.
              </para>
              <para>
                Excuse me. Where is the Number 15 bus stop?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s (just) on that corner.
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                Lùkǒurshang, literally &quot;on the intersection&quot;:
                LùkSur means &quot;road mouth,&quot; a crossroads or
                intersection. The word is a place-word expression and
                may follow zài with or without the locational ending
                -shang.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark55" /><anchor id="bookmark95" />DRILLS</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A. Substitution Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dào Beijing Zhǎnlǎnguǎn You: Dào Mínzú
                    Fàndiàn you meiyou you meiyou zhídáchē?
                              zhídáchē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Mínzú Fàndiàn          (is there a direct bus to
                the
              </para>
              <para>
                (is there a direct bus           Nationalities Hotel?)
              </para>
              <para>
                to the Běijīng
              </para>
              <para>
                Exhibition Hall?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2, Dào Mínzú Fàndiàn you meiyou zhídáchē?
                       Sānlitún
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dào Sānlitún you meiyou zhídáchē?    Xīdān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Dào Xīdān you meiyou zhídáchē? Dōngdān Càishichǎng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dào Dōngdān Càishichǎng you meiyou zhídáchē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dào Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn you meiyou zhídáchē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Jiānádà Wǔguānchù
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Dào Jiānádà Wǔguānchù you meiyou zhídáchē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Dào Sānlitún you meiyou zhídáchē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Xīdān yōu meiyou zhídáchē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Dōngdān Càishichǎng you meiyou zhídáchē ?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Dōngdān Diànyingyuàn yōu meiyou zhídáchē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Jiānádà Wǔguānchù yōu meiyou zhídáchē?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dào Beijing Zhǎnlǎnguǎn yōu meiyou
                    zhídáchē? (cue) Xīdān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (is there a direct bus to the Běijīng Exhibition Hall?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dào Sānlitún yōu meiyou zhídáchē?    Dōngdān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dào Guānghuá Lù yōu meiyou zhídáchē?    tāmen nàr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Meiyou, děi zài Xīdān huàn chē. (There isn’t. You
                have to change buses at Xīdān.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Meiyou, děi zài Dōngdān huàn chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Máiyou, děi zài tāmen nàr huàn chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. Dào Dōngdān Diànyǐngyuàn you meiyou zhídǎchē? Qiǎnmén
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dào Jiānǎdà Wǔguānchù you meiyou zhídǎchē? Xīdān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dào Qiánmén you meiyou zhídǎchē? Dōngdān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Dào Wǎngfǔjīng Dàjiē you meiyou zhídǎchē?
                    càishichāng nàr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Meiyou, dēi zài Qiǎnmén huàn chē
              </para>
              <para>
                Meiyou, dēi zài Xīdān huàn chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Meiyou, dēi zài Dōngdān huàn chē
              </para>
              <para>
                Meiyou, dēi zài càishichāng nàr huàn chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                C. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: dào nàr qù (cue) jǐ (to go there)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                OR dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù (cue) 3
              </para>
              <para>
                (to go to the exhibition hall)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    <link linkend="bookmark96">2. dào Dōngdān qù</link>
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. dào nàr qù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                <link linkend="bookmark97">U.  dào Xīnhuǎ Shūdiàn
                qù</link>
              </para>
              <para>
                <link linkend="bookmark98">5.  dào Sānlǐtún qù</link> 6.
                dào Dōngdān Càishichāng qù You: Dào nàr qù zuò Jīlù chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                (What Cnumber2 bus do you take to go there?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù zuò Sānlù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                (To go to the exhibition hall, take the Number 3 bus.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Dōngdān qù zuò Sānlù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào nàr qù zuò jīlù chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Xīnhuǎ Shūdiàn qù zuò Yīlù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Sānlǐtún qù zuò Wulù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Dōngdān Càishichāng qù zuò jīlù chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                D. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Nín xiān zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān
                    huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (You first take the Number 1 bus. Take it to Xīdān and
                change buses.)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Wō xiān zuò Yīlù chē, zuò dao Xīdān huàn chē, duì
                bu dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                (I first take the Number 1 bus. I take it to Xīdān and
                change buses. Right?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Nín xiān zuò Sānlù chē, zuò dao Wángfǔjīng Dàjiē
                    huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. NÍn xiān zuò Liùlù chē, zuò dao Dōngdān huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Nín xiān zuò Wulù chē, zuò dao Qiánmen huàn chē.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. NÍn xiān zuò Shílù chē, zuò dao Sānlǐtún huàn
                    chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Nín xiān zuò Qílù chē, zuò dao Rìtān Lù huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Nín xiān zuò Shíèrlù chē, zuò dao Guānghuá Lù
                    huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wo xiān zuò Sānlù chē, zuò dao Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē huàn
                chē, duì bu dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Liùlù chē, zuò dao Dōngdān huàn chē, duì bu
                dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo xiān zuò Wǔlù chē, zuò dao Qiánmán huàn chē, duì bu
                dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo xiān zuò Shílù chē, zuò dao Sānlǐtún huàn chē, duì bu
                dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo xiān zuò Qílù chē, zuò dao Rìtān Lù huàn chē, duì bu
                dui?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Shíèrlù chē, zuò dao Guānghuá Lù huàn chē,
                duì bu dui?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dào nàr qù xiān zuò Sānlù chē, ránhòu
                    zuò Wǔlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (To go there, first
              </para>
              <para>
                take the Number 3 bus; then take the Number 5 bus.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dào Zhǎnlǎnguǎn qù xiān zuò Yilù chē, ránhòu zuò
                    Sìlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dào Wángfǔjǐng Dàjiē qù xiān zuò Èrlù chē, ránhòu
                    zuò Wǔlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                H. Dào Rìtán Lù qù xiān zuò Qílù chē, ránhòu zuò Sānlù
                chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ xiān zuò Sānlù chē, ránhòu zuò Wǔlù chē.
                Qǐngwèn, zài nǎr huàn chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                (I first take the Number 3 bus; then take the Number 5
                bus. May I ask, where do I change buses?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Sìlù chē. chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yīlù chē, Qǐngwèn,
              </para>
              <para>
                ránhòu zài nǎr
              </para>
              <para>
                zuò huàn
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Wǔlù chē. chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Èrlù chē, Qǐngwèn,
              </para>
              <para>
                ránhòu zài nǎr
              </para>
              <para>
                zuò huàn
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān Sānlù
              </para>
              <para>
                zuò chē,
              </para>
              <para>
                Qílù chē, . Qǐngwèn
              </para>
              <para>
                ránhòu zuò
              </para>
              <para>
                , zài nǎr huàn
              </para>
              <para>
                chē?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dào Sānlǐtún qù xiān zuò Liùlù chē, ránhòu zuò
                    Èrlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dào Rìtán Lù qù xiān zuò Shílù chē, ránhòu zuò
                    Qílù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wo xiān zuò Liùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Èrlù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài
                nǎr huàn chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Shílù chē, ránhòu zuò Qílù chē. Qǐngwèn, zài
                nǎr huàn chē?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Dào Xīdān qù xiān zuò Shíwùlù chē, ránhòu zuò
                    Liùlù chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān zuò Shíwùlù chē, ránhòu zuò Liùlù chē. Qǐngwèn,
                zài nǎr huàn chē?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    F. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) chēshang (Where do we buy tickets?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? zhèr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? nar
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Dōngdān nàr
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? chēshang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? càishichǎng nàr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Xīdān nàr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài chēshang mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Where do we buy tickets? Do we buy them on the bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài zhèr mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài nàr mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài Dōngdān nàr mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài chēshang mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài càishichǎng nàr mǎi piào
                ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zánmen zài nǎr mǎi piào? Zài Xīdān nàr mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                G. Transformation Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zánmen jiùdiǎn zhōng shàng bān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (We start work at nine o’clock.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Women wùdiǎnbàn xià bān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Women xià yízhàn xià chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. YÍnháng Jiùdiǎn zhōng kāi men.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Women xià yízhàn huàn chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zánmen jiùdiǎn zhōng cái shàng bān.
              </para>
              <para>
                (We don’t start work until nine o * clock.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Women wùdiǎnbàn cái xià bān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women xià yízhàn cái xià chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                YÍnháng jiùdiǎn zhōng cái kāi men.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women xià yízhàn cái huàn chē.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng xià &quot;ban.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tāmen liùdiǎn zhōng cāi xià han.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tāmen shídiǎn zhōng shàng han. Tāmen shídiǎn
                    zhōng cāi shàng hān.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        H. Response Drill
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Nānjīng Dōnglù dào le ma?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (cue) hai měi ne
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Have we reached Nānjīng Dōnglù?)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    OR Nānjīng Dōnglù dào le ma?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (cue) dào le
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Have we reached Nānjīng Dōnglù?)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Zhōnghuá Lù dào le ma? hāi mei ne
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Dàlī Jiē dào le ma? dào le
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Zhōngshān Běilù dào le ma? hāi mei ne
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    5. Hépíng Xīlù dào le ma? dào le
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    6. Jīlōng Lù dào le ma? hāi méi ne
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                  <para>
                    You: Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (Not yet. We don’t get off until the next stop.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (We have already arrived. We get off here.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Dào le. Women zài zhèr xià chē.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                  <para>
                    Hāi méi ne. Xià yízhàn cāi xià chē
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                I. Response Drill
              </para>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Qǐngwèn Shíwǔlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? (cue)
                nèige lùkǒurshang
              </para>
              <para>
                (May I ask, where is the Number 15 bus stop?)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Jiù zài nèige lùkǒurshang.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it’s tjustl on that corner.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                2. Qīngwèn Shísìlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? nèige dàlōu nàr
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Jiù zài nèige dàlōu nàr.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                3. Qingwèn Liùlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? lùde nèibian
              </para>
              <para>
                U. Qingwèn, Yílù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? nèige yínhǎng
                qiǎribian
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Qingwèn, Sānlù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? nèige shāngdiàn
                    nàr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Qingwèn, Qílù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? càishichǎng
                    qiǎnhian
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Qingwèn, Shílù qìchēzhàn zài nǎr? nèige
                    diànyíngyuàn qiǎnhian
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Jiù zài lùde nèibian.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Jiù zài nèige yínhǎng qiǎnhian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiù zài nèige shāngdiàn nàr.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiù zài nèige càishichǎng qiǎnhian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiù zài nèige diànyíngyuàn qiǎnhian
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                J. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; Tā jidiǎn zhōng lai?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā jiǔdiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) 8 o’clock
              </para>
              <para>
                (What time is he coming? Is he coming at nine o’clock?)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Tā jǐdiǎn zhōng lǎi?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā jiǔdiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) 10 o’clock
              </para>
              <para>
                (What time is he coming? Is he coming at nine o’clock?)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Tā shuō tā hādian zhōng jiu lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He says he is coming at eight o’clock.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā shídiǎn zhōng cǎi lǎi ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He says he isn’t coming until ten o’clock.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā jidiǎn zhōng lǎi? Tā sìdiǎn zhōng lǎi ma? 5
                    o’clock
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā jidiǎn zhōng lǎi? Tā yìdiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?
                       12 o’clock
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā jidiǎn zhōng lǎi? Tā hādiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?    7
                o'clock
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā wǔdiǎn zhōng cǎi lǎi ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā shíèrdiǎn zhōng jiù lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā qīdiǎn zhōng jiù lǎi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                5. Tā Jidiǎn zhōng lǎi? Tā liùdiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?    8
                o’clock
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Tā jidiǎn zhōng lǎi? Tā shídiǎn zhōng lǎi ma?    11
                o'clock
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā bādiǎn zhōng cǎi lǎi ne
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā shíyīdiǎn zhōng cǎi lǎi ne.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-3">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark99" /><anchor id="bookmark100" />UNIT
            3</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark56" /><anchor id="bookmark101" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Taipei)
          </para>
          <para>
            1. A: Ài, jìchēngchē!
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Nǐ dào nǎli?
          </para>
          <para>
            A: Dào huǒchēzhān.
          </para>
          <para>
            2,
            <anchor id="footnote5" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark102">5</link></superscript>B:
            Zhǐ you zhè yíjiàn xíngli ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            A: Shi.
          </para>
          <para>
            3.
            <superscript><link linkend="bookmark102">5</link></superscript>B:
            Wǒ bǎ xíngli fàng zai qiánbian.
          </para>
          <para>
            U. A: Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. C: Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: Women you shíjiǎn, láidejí.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Qǐng màn yìdiān kāi.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8.
                <anchor id="footnote6" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark103">6</link></superscript> A:
                Bié kāi nàme kuài!
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. B: Zhè shi nínde xíngli.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Xièxie. Duōshao qiān?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Èr shiqīkuài.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Zhè shi sānshikuài, bú yòng zhǎo le.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                10. A: Qǐng ni zài qiánbian nèige yínhāng ting yíxià.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: Hǎo. Wǒ bǎ chē ting zai nèibian deng nín.
          </para>
          <para>
            Hey, taxi!
          </para>
          <para>
            Where are you going?
          </para>
          <para>
            To the train station.
          </para>
          <para>
            Is there only this one piece of luggage?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes.
          </para>
          <para>
            I’ll put the suitcase in front.
          </para>
          <para>
            You are driving too fast!
          </para>
          <para>
            He doesn’t drive fast.
          </para>
          <para>
            We have time. We can make it in time.
          </para>
          <para>
            Please drive a little slower.
          </para>
          <para>
            Don’t drive so fast!
          </para>
          <para>
            Here is your suitcase.
          </para>
          <para>
            Thank you. How much is it Ethe fare J?
          </para>
          <para>
            Twenty-seven dollars.
          </para>
          <para>
            Here’s thirty dollars. Keep the change, (literally, ”No need
            to give me change.”)
          </para>
          <para>
            Please stop at that bank up ahead for a moment.
          </para>
          <para>
            Okay. I’ll park the car over there and wait for you.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="5">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      chūzū qìchē
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      taxi (PRC)
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      láibují
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      can’t make it in time
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      13.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      qìchē
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      car, motor vehicle
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      1U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      zhème
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      so, to this extent, in
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      this
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      way-
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      15.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      zènme
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      so, to this extent, in
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      this
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      way
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-3.png" />
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
          <para>
            Shànghǎi-made auto
          </para>
          <para>
            in Guangzhou, 1978
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-1">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark15" /><anchor id="bookmark104" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <para>
              (introduced on C-2 tape) chī fan jìnliàng
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              to have a meal
            </para>
            <para>
              to exert all one’s effort, to do one’s best to
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bǎ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (prepositional verb which indicates the direct
                        object)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        biě
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        bú yòng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        don’t no need to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chūzū qìchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        taxi (PRC)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to put
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huochēzhàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        train station
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -Jiàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (counter for items or articles such as suitcases
                        and clothing)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        jìchēngchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        taxi (Taipei)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kāi kuài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to drive (a vehicle) to be fast
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lāibují lǎidejí
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        can’t make it in time can make it in time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        man
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be slow
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        name
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        so, to that extent, in that way
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        qìchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        car, motor vehicle
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shíjiǎn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to stop, to park
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xíngli (yíjiàn)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        luggage, suitcase
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíxià
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        a short amount of time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zènme zhème
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        so, to this extent, in this way so, to this
                        extent, in this way
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Lao (name)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Old (name) Cfamiliar nickname for an older
                        person among close friends]
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        mótuochē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        motorcycle
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        náchuqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to take (something) out
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        song
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to see someone off, to escort someone to a train
                        station, airport, bus depot, or pier
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced in Communication Game)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zheng hǎo.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Right on time.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark24" /><anchor id="bookmark105" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. A: Ài, jìchéngchē!
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              B: Nǐ dào náli?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Dào huǒchēzhàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hey, taxi!
            </para>
            <para>
              Where are you going?
            </para>
            <para>
              To the train station.
            </para>
            <para>
              Note on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ dào náli? This expression, like the English &quot;Where
              to?&quot; is not a full sentence. The taxi driver is using
              a shortened form of Nǐ dào náli qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              2. B: Zhǐ you zhè yíjiàn xíngli ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Shi.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              3. B: Wǒ ha xíngli fàng zai qiánbian.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Is there only this one piece of luggage?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes.
            </para>
            <para>
              I'll put the suitcase in front.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on Nos. 2-3
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè yíjiàn xíngli: -Jiàn is the counter for xíngli.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bǎ is a prepositional verb which often cannot be directly
              translated into English. Originally, as a full verb, bǎ
              meant &quot;to hold something with one's hands.&quot;
              Today bǎ is usually used as a prepositional verb which
              brings the direct object to the front of the sentence,
              before the main verb. In some cases, bǎ may be translated
              as &quot;take.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā bǎ zhèiběn shū fàng         He put the book on the
              table,
            </para>
            <para>
              zai zhuōzishang.              (He took the book and put it
              on
            </para>
            <para>
              the table.)
            </para>
            <para>
              But, in many cases, the meaning of &quot;take&quot; does
              not correspond to the function of bǎ in the sentence.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bǎ may be used with many types of objects, concrete and
              abstract. As a prepositional verb, bǎ shows that its
              object (the noun which follows) is the direct object in
              the sentence, even though it does not follow the main
              verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā mài tāde qìchē le.          He sold his car.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā bǎ tāde qìchē mài le.
            </para>
            <para>
              The next questions are &quot;Why use bǎ?&quot; and
              &quot;When is bǎ used?&quot; On the next page are some
              basic rules for using bā.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  a. The object in a ba phrase must be a particular
                  known thing. This rule follows the general pattern in
                  Chinese of an object preceding the verb, in topic
                  position or in a bǎ phrase, being
                  specific.<anchor id="footnote7" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark106">7</link></superscript>
                  The object in a bǎ phrase should be translated by the
                  English definite article &quot;the&quot; or by other
                  words that indicate definiteness, such as
                  &quot;that&quot; and &quot;my.&quot;
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nǐ you xíngli ma?            Do you have any luggage?
            </para>
            <para>
              You. Zhǐ you zhè yíjiàn.    Yes. I have only this one
              piece.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎo. Wǒ bǎ xíngli fàngzai   Okay. I will put the suitcase
              in
            </para>
            <para>
              qianbian.                      front.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  b. The object of a bǎ phrase must be at the disposal
                  of the subject before the action begins. Thus the
                  object of kànjian, &quot;to see,&quot; cannot be used
                  with bǎ, nor can the object of mǎi, &quot;to
                  buy.&quot;
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wǒ mǎile nèibǎn shū.         I bought the book.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo bǎ nèiběn shū mài le. I sold the book.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  c. Fàng zai qiánbian: The verb in a bǎ sentence is
                  usually a transitive ACTION verb. An action verb
                  refers to an activity that can be done voluntarily,
                  either physically (mài, &quot;to sell&quot;) or
                  mentally (niàn, &quot;to study&quot;). Contrast this
                  with a state verb, which refers to a quality or
                  condition that the subject has no control over.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              For instance, you can decide to study or to learn
              something, so xué is an action verb. But you cannot decide
              to know something, so zhīdao is a state verb. Although
              some state verbs, like zhīdao and xīhuan, are transitive,
              the objects of these verbs cannot be put in a bǎ phrase
              because these verbs are not action verbs.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  d. A bǎ sentence does not end with only a verb of one
                  syllable. Either the verb has several syllables or a
                  phrase follows the verb. In the final sentence of
                  exchange 3, the action verb fang is followed by zai
                  and the destination qiánbian.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. A: Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!          You are driving too
              fast!
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. U
            </para>
            <para>
              -de: To describe how action is performed, the marker -de
              is added to the verb describing the action, and that verb
              is followed by an adjectival verb which expresses the
              MANNER in which the action takes place.
            </para>
            <para>
              Cultural information: Taxi drivers are not offended by
              comments about their driving such as the exclamation in
              exchange U. If ignored, a request to slow down should be
              repeated.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. C: Tā kāi chē, kāide bú kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              He doesn’t drive fast.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 5
            </para>
            <para>
              Verb, object, and the description of manner: If an action
              verb with a direct object is to be described in terms of
              how the action is done, use the following pattern.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā
            </para>
            <para>
              shuō
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhōngguo huà
            </para>
            <para>
              shuō -de
            </para>
            <para>
              tài
            </para>
            <para>
              man.
            </para>
            <para>
              hen
            </para>
            <para>
              bú
            </para>
            <para>
              (he
            </para>
            <para>
              speak
            </para>
            <para>
              Chinese
            </para>
            <para>
              speak
            </para>
            <para>
              too very not
            </para>
            <para>
              slow)
            </para>
            <para>
              &quot;He speaks Chinese too/very/not slowly.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Notice that the main verb and direct object occur first;
              then the main verb is repeated, followed by -de and the
              description of manner. Compare the pattern above with the
              pattern you learned in the Biographic Information Module,
              Unit 8: W5 niàn Yīngwěn niànle liùnián, &quot;I studied
              English for six years.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The main verb is repeated when BOTH the direct object and
              a duration phrase or a description of manner MUST follow
              the verb directly. In such a case, Chinese handles this
              post-verb &quot;traffic jam&quot; by making a topic out of
              the more general information (what is being done): the
              verb and direct object. The more specific information
              about how the action is done becomes the comment. A
              literal translation of the pattern example above is
              &quot;As for (the way) he speaks Chinese, (he) speaks
              too/very/not slowly.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              A special point to observe: In English, we may say
              &quot;He doesn’t speak Chinese slowly,&quot; putting the
              negative word before &quot;speak.&quot; In Chinese, the
              negation must be placed directly in front of the word that
              is referred to (in the example, man, &quot;slow&quot;—not
              saying that he doesn’t speak, but saying that his speech
              is not slow).
            </para>
            <para>
              Linguists have pointed out the potentially comical effect
              of using English word order for sentences in Chinese with
              manner descriptions.
            </para>
            <para>
              If you were to use English word order to say ”1 can’t
              speak Chinese very well,&quot; Wǒ hú huì shuō Zhongguo huà
              hěn hǎo, your sentence would mean, literally, &quot;(The
              fact that) I can’t speak Chinese is very good.&quot; The
              right way to say &quot;I can't speak Chinese very
              well&quot; is Wǒ shuō Zhongguo huà shuōde hú tài hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. A: Women you shíjiān, láidejí.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              7. A: Qǐng man yìdiǎn kai.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              We have time. We can make it in time.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please drive a little slower.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on Nos. 6-7
            </para>
            <para>
              ShiJ iān: You now know two words for &quot;time&quot;:
              shíhou and shíjiān. Shíjiān is used for an amount of time.
              Shíhou is usually used for a point or period in time when
              something happens.
            </para>
            <para>
              Láidejí is an idiom meaning &quot;ahle to make it on time
              Cto do something].&quot; The negative, &quot;not ahle to
              make it on time,&quot; is láibují. (See the Meeting Module
              for additional discussion of such idioms.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng man yìdiǎn kāi, &quot;Please drive a little
              slower&quot;: In the notes on exchange 5, you learned a
              pattern for describing manner: verb + -de + adjectival
              verb. In this sentence, however, the adjectival verb man +
              yìdiǎn precede the verb kāi. When the adjectival verbs
              man, kuài, zǎo, and wǎn are followed by yìdiǎn, the
              phrases thus formed may either precede or follow the verb
              of the sentence.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng man yidiǎn kāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng kāi man yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng kuài yìdiǎn kāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng kāi kuài yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zǎo yìdiǎn lǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni lǎi zǎo yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni wǎn yìdiǎn lǎi. Qǐng ni lǎi wǎn yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Many adjectival verbs + yìdiǎn must
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiě xiǎo yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiě dà yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò hǎo yìdiǎn.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Please drive a little slower.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please drive a little faster.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please come a little earlier.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please come a little later.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              follow the sentence verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              Write it a little smaller. Write it a little bigger. Do it
              a little better.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The marker -de is optional, and usually omitted, before
              adjectival verb + yìdiǎn phrases.
            </para>
            <para>
              8. A: Bié kāi name kuài!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Don’t drive so fast!
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 8
            </para>
            <para>
              Here you see a third way to describe the performance of an
              action.
            </para>
            <para>
              First, you saw a straight description:
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ kāide tài kuài le!          You are driving too fast!
            </para>
            <para>
              OR
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā niàn shū niànde bu cuò. She is doing pretty well in her
              studies.
            </para>
            <para>
              Then, you saw a command in which an adjectival verb +
              yìdiǎn phrase could be placed either before or after the
              main sentence verb:
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng màn yìdiǎn kāi.           Please drive a little
              slower.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng kāi màn yìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Now, in Bié kāi nàme kuài, you see a negative command. The
              modifying adjectival verb follows the main verb. The
              marker -de is optional, and usually omitted, as long as
              the adjectival verb is preceded by nàme or zhème (zěnme).
            </para>
            <para>
              Bié zǒu nàme màn le!           Quit walking so slowly!
            </para>
            <para>
              Bié qǐlai zenme wan!           Don’t get up so late!
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ zǒu nàme màn, zànmen Jiu If you walk so slowly, we
              won’t láibují le!                     make it in time!
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. B: Zhè shi nínde xíngli.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A: Xièxie. Duōshao qián?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Èrshiqǐkuài.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              A: Zhè shi sānshikuài, bú yòng zhǎo le.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Here is your suitcase.
            </para>
            <para>
              Thank you. How much is it Cthe fareJ?
            </para>
            <para>
              Twenty-seven dollars.
            </para>
            <para>
              Here’s thirty dollars. Keep the change, (literally,
              &quot;No need to give me
              change.<superscript>1</superscript>’)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 9
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshiqǐkuài: This money phrase does not contain the word
              qian because the counter kuài can stand alone if the
              reference could clearly be only to money. Other counters
              for money, such as mao and fēn, usually require the
              addition of qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bú yòng zhǎo le: Bú yòng is an idiom meaning &quot;no need
              to.&quot; A more literal translation of the sentence is
              &quot;No need to give me change.&quot; Nǐ bú yòng kāi name
              kuài would be translated as &quot;There’s no need for you
              to drive that
              fast.&quot;<anchor id="footnote8" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark107">8</link></superscript>
            </para>
            <para>
              10. A: Qīng ni zài qiánbian nèige yínháng ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Hǎo. Wo bǎ chē ting zai nèibian děng nín.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Please stop at that bank up ahead for a moment.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay. I’ll park the car over there and wait for you.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 10
            </para>
            <para>
              Yíxià, &quot;awhile,&quot; is used to indicate a short,
              indefinite amount of time. The use of this word
              communicates indefiniteness, Just as reduplicating the
              verb would have done (tíngyitíng). The first speaker in
              this exchange does not commit himself to an exact length
              of time.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark59" /><anchor id="bookmark108" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
              A. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Speaker: Nǐ kāide tài kuai le.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        (cue) chē
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (You are driving too fast.)
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Tā tíngde tài kuài le.     chē
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Nǐ kànde tài màn le.    shū
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        U. Tā shuōde tài kuài le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Yīngwén
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            5. NǏ xuěde tài màn le.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        Zhōngwén
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            6. Tā niànde tài kuài le. zhengzhixué
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. Nǐ kànde tài màn le.    hào
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            B. Expansion Drill
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Speaker; Qǐng ni màn kāi.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        (Please drive slowly.)
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Qǐng ni màn zǒu.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Qǐng ni màn shuō.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        U.  Qǐng ni kuài shuō.
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            5. Qǐng ni màn xià chē.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            6. Qǐng ni kuài qù.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. Qǐng ni kuài shàng chē.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        You: Nǐ kāi chē kāide tài kuài le. (You are
                        driving too fast.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Tā ting chē tíngde tài kuài le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nǐ kàn shū kànde tài màn le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Tā shuō Yīngwén shuōde tài kuài le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nǐ xuě Zhōngwěn xuede tài màn le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Tā niàn zhengzhixué niànde tài kuài le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nǐ kàn hào kànde tài màn le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        You: Qīng ni màn yìdiǎn kāi.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (Please drive a little slower.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qīng ni màn yìdiǎn zǒu.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qǐng ni màn yìdiǎn shuō.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qīng ni kuài yìdiǎn shuō.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qīng ni màn yìdiǎn xià chē.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qǐng ni kuài yìdiǎn qù.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Qǐng ni kuài yìdiǎn shàng chē.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              C. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nǐ kāi chē, kāide tài kuài le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (You are driving too fast.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nǐ kàn shū, kànde tài màn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nǐ kàn bào kànde tài màn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nǐ shuō Yīngwén shuōde tài kuài le.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nǐ kāi chē kāide tài kuài le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nǐ mài piào màide tài màn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén shuōde tài màn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Nǐ kāi chē kàide tài kuài le. Qǐng nǐ màn yìdiān kāi.
              (You are driving too fast.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please drive a little slower.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ kàn shū, kànde tài màn le. Qǐng ni kuài yìdiān kàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ kàn bào kànde tài màn le. Qǐng ni kuài yìdiān kàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              N? shuō Yīngwén shuōde tài kuài le. Qǐng ni màn yìdiān
              shuō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ kāi chē kāide tài kuài le. Qǐng ni màn yìdiān kāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ni mài piào màide tài màn le. Qǐng ni kuài yìdiān mài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén shuōde tài màn le. Qǐng ni kuài yìdiān
              shuō.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              D. Response Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Women you shífēn zhōng, láidejí láibují?
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) tài yuān
            </para>
            <para>
              (We have ten minutes. Can we make it in time?)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Women you shífēn zhōng, laidejí láibují?
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) hěn jin
            </para>
            <para>
              (We have ten minutes. Can we make it in time?)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Tài yuān. Jiù you shífēn zhōng, láibuj í.
            </para>
            <para>
              (It’s too far. CIfJ we have only ten minutes, we can’t
              make it in time.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Hen jin. You shífēn zhōng, láidejí.
            </para>
            <para>
              (it’s very near. LIfJ we have ten minutes, we can make it
              in time.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              2. Women yōu sānshifēn zhōng,         Tài yuān. Jiù you
              sānshifēn zhōng,
            </para>
            <para>
              láidejí láibují? tài yuān       láibují.
            </para>
            <para>
              3. Women yōu èrshifēn zhōng,          Hěn jin. Yōu
              èrshifēn zhōng, láidejí
            </para>
            <para>
              láidejí láibují? hěn J in
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        U. Women you shíwǔfēn zhōng, láidejí láibují?
                        tài yuan
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        5. Women you shífēn zhōng, láidejí láibují?
                           hěn jin
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        6. Women you èrshifēn zhōng, láidejí láibují?
                           tài yuǎn
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            E. Transformation Drill
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Speaker: Qīng màn yìdiǎn kāi. (Please
                            drive a little slower.)
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Qing kuài yìdiǎn zǒu.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Qing màn yìdiǎn shuō.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            4. Qing kuài yìdiǎn kāi.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            5. Qing kuài yìdiǎn kàn.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            6. Qing màn yìdiǎn shuō.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. Qīng kuài yìdiǎn zǒu.
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            F. Expansion Drill
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Women láidejí. (cue) qīng
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (We can make it in time.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        OR     Women láidejí.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (cue) bie
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (We can make it in time.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        2. Wǒmen yōu shíjiān.    qīng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tài yuǎn. Jiù you shíwǔfēn zhōng, láibují.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Hěn jin. You shífēn zhōng, láidejí.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Tài yuǎn. Jiù you èrshifēn zhōng, láibuj í.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        You: Bie kāi zhème kuàil (Don’t drive so fast! )
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bie zōu zhème màn!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bié shuō zhème kuàil
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bié kāi zhème màn!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bie kàn zhème màn!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bié shuō zhème kuài!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Bie zǒu zhème màn!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        You: Women láidejí. Qīng ni màn yìdiǎn kāi.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (We can make it in time. Please drive a little
                        slower.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Women láidejí. Bié kāi nàme kuài!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (We can make it in time. Don’t drive so fast!)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Wǒmen yǒu shíjiān. Qīng ni màn yìdiǎn kāi.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              3. Women you shíjiān.    bié
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Women láidejí.    qǐng
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Women láidejí.    bié
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Women you shíjiān.    qǐng
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Women you shíjiān. Bié kāi nàme kuài!
            </para>
            <para>
              Women láidejí. Qǐng ni màn yìdiǎn kāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Women láidejí. Bié kāi nàme kuài!
            </para>
            <para>
              Women you shíjiān. Qǐng ni màn yìdiǎn kāi.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  G. Response Drill
                </para>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Èrshiqīkuài.
                </para>
                <para>
                  (cue) bù
                </para>
                <para>
                  (Twenty-seven dollars.)
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                <para>
                  You: Zhè shi sānshikuài. Bú yòng zhǎo le.
                </para>
                <para>
                  (Here’s thirty dollars. Keep the change.)
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              OR Èrshiqīkuài.                    Zhè shi sānshikuài.
              Qǐng ni
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) sān
            </para>
            <para>
              (Twenty-seven dollars.)
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo sānkuài qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Here’s thirty dollars, give me three dollars change.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Please CinJ
            </para>
            <para>
              2.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshiliù kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              bù
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi sānshikuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bú yòng
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              le
            </para>
            <para>
              3.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshi kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              shi
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi sānshikuài. shíkuài qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīng ni
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              U.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshiwǔ kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              bù
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi sānshikuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bú yòng
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              le
            </para>
            <para>
              5.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshiyī kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Jiǔ
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi sānshikuài. jiùkuài qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              6.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshibā kuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              bù
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi sānshikuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bú yòng
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              le
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Expansion Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Qǐng ni ting yíxià. (cue) yínháng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Please stop for a moment.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Qing ni ting yíxià. càishichǎng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. diànyingyuàn
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. shūdiàn
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. xuéxiào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Qǐng ni ting yíxià. fàndiàn
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Qǐng ni ting yíxià.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              yínháng
            </para>
            <para>
              You? Qǐng ni zài nèige yínháng ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Please stop at that bank for a moment.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige càishichǎng ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige diànyingyuàn ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige shūdiàn ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige xuéxiào ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige fàndiàn ting yíxià.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng ni zài nèige yínháng ting yíxià.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark109" /><anchor id="bookmark110" />UNIT
            4</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark60" /><anchor id="bookmark111" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <para>
                (in Taipei)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. A: Wo xiǎng qù Tǎinǎn wan jitiān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu
                    xfng?<anchor id="footnote9" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark112">9</link></superscript>
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Dào Tainan qù zuò Gōnglùjú bú dà fāngbian.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. C: Shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò Gōnglùjú
                    qu hǎo ne?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D: Zuò huǒchē qu hǎo.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. E: Ni shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò
                    Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    F: Dào Tǎinǎn zuò huǒchē zuì fāngbian.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. A: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nì zuì hǎo liǎngsāntiǎn yíqiǎn qù mǎi piào.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú yě děi xiān mǎi piào ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. B: Nǐ yào zuò shěnme shíhoude chē?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wo yào zuò shàngwude chē.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. B: Duìbuqǐ, shàngwude piào dōu màiwǎn le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                I’m thinking of going to Tainan to relax for a few days.
              </para>
              <para>
                Would it be all right to take the bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                To go to Tainan, it’s not very convenient to take the
                bus.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is it better to go by train or to go by bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s better to go by train.
              </para>
              <para>
                Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by
                bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                To Tainan, it’s most convenient to take the train.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?
              </para>
              <para>
                It would be best for you to go to buy your tickets two
                or three days ahead of time.
              </para>
              <para>
                If I take the bus, is it also necessary to buy tickets
                ahead of time?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.
              </para>
              <para>
                What train do you want to take?
              </para>
              <para>
                I want to take a morning train.
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m sorry, the tickets for the morning trains are all
                sold out.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chuán
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          boat, ship
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìtiě
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          subway (abbreviation for dìxià tiědào)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìxià huochē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          underground train, subway
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wan (wánr)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to play, to relax, to enjoy oneself
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -wan
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be finished (occurs in compound
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                verbs of result)
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-2">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark27" /><anchor id="bookmark113" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bú bì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          not necessary, don’t have to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chuán
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          boat, ship
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìtiě
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          subway (abbreviation for dìxià tiědào)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìxià huochē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          underground train, subway
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngbian
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be convenient
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Gōnglùju
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bureau of Highways (Taiwan)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huǒchē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          train
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          liàngsān-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          two or three
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          màiwán le
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be sold out
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wan (wánr) -wan
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to play, to relax, to enjoy oneself to be
                          finished (occurs in compound
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          verbs of result)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ahead of time, beforehand
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuì hǎo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          it would be best to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 tape)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huá chuán
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to row a boat
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sàn bù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to take a walk
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hill, mountain
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shu?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          rivers, lakes (literally, ’’water&quot;)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          youyǒng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to swim
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark28" /><anchor id="bookmark114" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <para>
                1. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù Tainan wǎn jitiān. I’m thinking of
                going to Tainan to relax for a few days.
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                The basic meaning of the verb wan is &quot;to
                play.&quot; It is often best translated into English as
                &quot;to relax,&quot; &quot;to enjoy oneself.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                2. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Dào Tǎinǎn qù zuò Gōnglùjú bú dà fāngbian.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Would it be all right to take the bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                To go to Tainan, it’s not very convenient to take the
                bus.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                Gōnglùjú, &quot;the Bureau of Highways&quot; in Taiwan,
                is the agency which administers the island’s intercity
                bus system. The phrase zuò Gōnglùjú means &quot;to take
                a Bureau of Highways bus.&quot; This phrasing is
                analogous to &quot;I’m going by Greyhound.&quot; In
                talking about the buses themselves, you would have to
                say Gōnglùjúde chē, &quot;the buses of the Bureau of
                Highways&quot;:
              </para>
              <para>
                Gōnglùjúde chē hěn shūfu. The buses of the Bureau of
                Highways are very comfortable. (shūfu, &quot;to be
                comfortable&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                Sentences containing both dào and zuò phrases: The zuò
                phrase usually comes first in a sentence with both a
                prepositional phrase expressing destination (dào...) and
                a prepositional phrase expressing means of conveyance
                (zuò...).However, if the destination is being stressed,
                the dào phrase may be placed at the beginning of the
                sentence, in the topic position. (See the second
                sentence in exchange 2.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā měitiān zuò gōnggòng        He rides the bus to
                school every
              </para>
              <para>
                qìchē dào xuexiào lǎi.         day.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào yínhǎng qù, tā bú zuò To go to the bank, he doesn’t
                take gōnggòng qìchē. Tā            the bus. He walks
                there,
              </para>
              <para>
                zǒu lù qu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú dà might also be translated as &quot;not too,&quot;
                &quot;not so.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                3. C: Shì zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, háishi zuò Gōnglùjú qu
                hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                D: Zuò huochē qu hǎo.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Is it better to go by train or to go by bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s better to go by train.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Shi...háishi: In a choice-type question, shi and háishi
                serve to mark off the choices more clearly. Below are
                some of the most common ways of asking the question
                &quot;Do you want the red one or the yellow one?&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ yǎo hóngde, háishi yào huángde? (PREFERRED FORMS)
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni shi yào hongde, háishi yào huángde?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ yào hóngde, huángde? (FAMILIAR, VERY COLLOQUIAL; NO
                PAUSE AT COMMA)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shi yào hóngde, shi yào huángde? (LEAST PREFERRED;
                shi UNSTRESSED HERE)
              </para>
              <para>
                The marker ne clarifies the choices in a choice-type
                question. Ne may be placed after one or the other choice
                or after both choices.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ Jīntiān qù ne, háishi Are you going today or
                tomorrow? míngtiān qù?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ Jīntiān qù, háishi míngtiān
              </para>
              <para>
                qù ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ Jīntiān qù ne, shi míngtiān
              </para>
              <para>
                qù ne? (COMMUNICATES GENUINE PERPLEXITY)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò huǒchē qu hǎo; Here a whole phrase, which could also
                be a sentence is used as the subject of the sentence.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Zuò huǒchē qù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hǎo.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (ride train go
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          good)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Hǎo is translated here as &quot;better,&quot; not as
                &quot;good.&quot; Adjectival verbs used alone (i.e., not
                modified by words such as hen and tài) usually express
                comparison.
              </para>
              <para>
                Neige xuésheng hǎo?            Which student is better?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi kuài?                      Who is faster?
              </para>
              <para>
                U. E: Nǐ shuō shi zuò huochē qu hao ne, háishi zuò
                Gōnglùju qu hao ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                F: Dào Tainan zuò huǒchē zuì fānghian.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by
                bus?
              </para>
              <para>
                To Tainan, it’s most convenient to take the train.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 4
              </para>
              <para>
                When nǐ shuō begins a question, the phrase is translated
                as &quot;would you say&quot; or &quot;do you
                think.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Děi xiān mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Nǐ zuì hǎo liǎngsāntiān yǐqián qù mǎi piào.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?
              </para>
              <para>
                It would be best for you to go to buy your tickets two
                or three days ahead of time.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. $
              </para>
              <para>
                The adverb xiān may sometimes be translated as
                &quot;ahead of time,&quot; &quot;beforehand.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuì hǎo, &quot;best,&quot; acts as an adverb in exchange
                5» coming after the subject nǐ in the second sentence.
                Zuì hǎo is used to offer advice politely not to warn a
                person that he had &quot;better&quot; or
                &quot;best&quot; do something.
              </para>
              <para>
                Liǎngsāntiān: When approximate amounts, such as
                &quot;two or three,&quot; are given in Chinese, the
                numbers are read together, with no equivalent of
                &quot;or.&quot; This system is also used when two words
                are combined to indicate an approximate date.
              </para>
              <para>
                sìwùge rén                 four or five people
              </para>
              <para>
                mínghòutiān                tomorrow or the day after
              </para>
              <para>
                Qībāyuè                    July or August
              </para>
              <para>
                Liǎngsāntiān yǐqián: For &quot;ahead of time,&quot;
                &quot;in advance,&quot; yǐqián is used (instead of xiān)
                when the amount of time is stated. Yǐqián follows the
                word indicating the amount of time.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ děi xiān qù mǎi piào. You have to go ahead of time to
                buy tickets.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ děi liǎngsāntiān yǐqián You have to go two or three
                days qù mǎi piào.                    ahead of time to
                buy tickets.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Zuò Gōnglùjú yě děi xiān mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                If I take the bus, is it also necessary to buy tickets
                ahead of time?
              </para>
              <para>
                It’s not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò Gōnglùjú, &quot;if I take the bus&quot;: The
                beginning of the first sentence in exchange 6 is
                translated with an &quot;if&quot; in English. Literally,
                the Chinese sentence is &quot;Take the bus, also have to
                beforehand buy tickets?&quot; In a sense the
                &quot;if&quot; part of the sentence is a kind of topic
                in Chinese, providing the setting for the second part of
                the sentence. In Chinese, the setting or condition can
                often be put in the topic position. In English, a
                particular word must be used to clarify the relationship
                of the first part of the sentence to the second part.
              </para>
              <para>
                If I take the bus,....
              </para>
              <para>
                „ v                     When one takes the bus.....
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuo Gonglùjú,.... ----
              </para>
              <para>
                For taking the bus,....
              </para>
              <para>
                To take the bus,....
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì, &quot;not necessary,&quot; &quot;don’t have
                to,&quot; is the phrase to use as the negative of the
                auxiliary dei, &quot;must,&quot; &quot;have to.&quot;
                Děi cannot be made negative.*
              </para>
              <para>
                7. B: Nǐ yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wǒ yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                What train do you want to take?
              </para>
              <para>
                I want to take a morning train.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                Shénme shíhoude chē has been translated simply as
                &quot;what train.&quot; More literally, the phrase means
                &quot;a train (arriving at) what time.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                *&quot;Must not&quot; as in &quot;You must not go&quot;
                can be translated as bù néng: Nǐ bù néng qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                8. B: Duibuqí, shàngwǔde piào dōu I’m sorry, the tickets
                for the màiwán le.                      morning trains
                are all sold out.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 8
              </para>
              <para>
                Wan, &quot;to end,&quot; &quot;to he over,&quot; cannot
                take a direct object.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wánle ma?                   Is it over?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wánle meiyou?              Is it over yet?
              </para>
              <para>
                Hái méi wán ne.             It isn’t over yet.
              </para>
              <para>
                By itself, the expression Wan le! means &quot;That’s
                all,&quot; &quot;There’s no more,&quot; or &quot;That’s
                it!&quot; People often end speeches and recordings with
                Wán le!
              </para>
              <para>
                Màiwán le, &quot;to he sold out,&quot; literally
                &quot;sell finished&quot;: Here is another example of a
                compound verh of
                result.<anchor id="footnote10" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark115">10</link></superscript>
                Compound verbs of result communicate both the action
                being performed and its result. In compound verbs of
                result, the first verb indicates the action; and the
                second, the result. Not every action verb is used in
                compound verbs of result, nor are verbs indicating the
                result always predictable.
              </para>
              <para>
                All examples which have been presented in this and
                previous modules occur with completion le.
              </para>
              <para>
                When -wán is used as an ending, it indicates finishing,
                as in Wǒ hái méi shuōwán, &quot;I haven’t finished
                speaking yet,&quot; or depletion, as in màiwán le,
                &quot;sold out,&quot; and yǒngwán le, &quot;used
                up.&quot; In English, you might Just say
                &quot;finished,&quot; without indicating what you have
                finished doing. In Chinese, the action which has been
                finished is usually mentioned.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ chīwán le.               I have finished eating.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo huàwán le.               I have finished drawing.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo kànwán le.               I have finished reading.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ hái méi shuōwán ne.     I have not finished talking
                yet.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā hái méi zuòwán ne.      He has not finished (doing
                some
              </para>
              <para>
                thing) yet.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark64" /><anchor id="bookmark116" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
                A. Response Drill
              </para>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Nǐ qù náli?              You: Wo xiǎng qù
                Táinán wan jitiān.
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) Táinán                (I’m thinking of going to
              </para>
              <para>
                (Where are you going?)          Tainan to relax for a
                few
              </para>
              <para>
                days.)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="5">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          2.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Xīnzhú
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Xīnzhú wán jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          3.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiāyì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Jiāyì wán jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          U.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Gāoxiōng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Gāoxiōng wán Jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          5.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Huālián
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wo xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Huālián wán jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          6.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Táidōng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Táidōng wán jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          7.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nī qù náli?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Táiběi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wǒ xiǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù Táiběi wán jitiān.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                B. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zuò Gonglùjú.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Tainan (Take the bus.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Zuò huǒchē. Jiāyì
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zuò zhídáchē. Gāoxiōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Zuò jìchéngchē. Táidōng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zuò huǒchē. Huāliān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Zuò jìchéngchē    Jīlōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zuò Gōnglùju.    Taizhōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Dào Táinán qù zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                (To go to Tainan, would it be all right to take the
                bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Jiāyì qù zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Gāoxiōng qù zuò zhídáchē xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Táidōng qù zuò jìchéngchē xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Huālián qù zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Jīlōng qù zuò jìchéngchē xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào Táizhōng qù zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng bu xíng? (cue)
                    kěshi bú dà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Would it be all right to take the bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng bu xíng? (cue) zuì
              </para>
              <para>
                (Would it be all right to take the bus?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Zuò huǒchē xíng bu xíng? kěshi bú dà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng bu xíng? zuì
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. Zuò Jìchěngchē xíng bu xíng? zuì
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zuò Sānlù chē xíng bu xíng? kěshi bú dà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6, Zuò Wulù chē xíng bu xíng? zuì
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it would be all right to take the bus, but it’s not
                very convenient.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò gōnggòng qìchē xíng, zuì fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it would be all right to take the bus; it’s most
                convenient.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò huǒchē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò Gōnglùjú xíng, zuì fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò Jìchěngchē xíng, zuì fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò Sānlù chē xíng, kěshi bú dà fāngbian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò Wǔlù chē xíng, zuì fāngbian.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zuò huǒchē hǎo bu hǎo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Gōnglùjú (is it all right to take the train?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Jīntiān qù hǎo bu hao? míngtiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zuò Gōnglùjú hǎo bu hǎo? Jìchěngchē
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Míngtiān qù hǎo bu hǎo? hòutiān
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zuò huǒchē hǎo bu hǎo? qìchē
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Nǐ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò
                Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Would you say it’s better to go by train or to go by
                bus?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō, jīntiān qù hǎo ne, hǎishi míngtiān qù hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō shi zuò Gōnglùjú qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò
                jìchěngchē qu hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō, míngtiān qù hǎo ne, hǎishi hòutiān qù hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō shi zuò huǒchē qu hǎo ne, hǎishi zuò qìchē qu
                hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Jīntiān qù hǎo hu hǎo? míngtiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zuò fēijī hǎo hu hǎo? huochē
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō, jīntiān qù haǒ ne, háishi míngtiān qù hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō shi zuò fēijī qu hǎo ne, háishi zuò huǒchē qu
                hǎo ne?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) yes
              </para>
              <para>
                (Is it necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time?)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) no
              </para>
              <para>
                (is it necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dei xiān niàn Zhōngguo lìshī ma? yes
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dei xiān zuò Yílù chē ma? no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Dei xiān dào Xīdān ma?    yes
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dei xiān huàn qián ma?    no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Dei xiān qù kàn gēge ma? no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Dei xiān mǎi piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                (It's necessary to buy tickets ahead, of time.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Bu bì xiān mǎi piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it's not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Dei xiān niàn Zhōngguo lìshǐ.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì xiān zuò Yílù chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dei xiān dào Xīdān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì xiān huàn qián.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì xiān qù kàn gēge.
              </para>
              <para>
                F. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dei xiān mǎi piào ma? (cue) 2 or 3 days
                    (is it necessary to buy tickets ahead of time?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                OR Dei xiān mǎi piào ma? (cue) no (is it necessary to
                buy tickets ahead of time?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Nǐ zuì hǎo liǎngsāntiān yīqián mǎi piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it would be best for you to buy your tickets two or
                three days ahead of time.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì xiān mǎi piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                (it's not necessary to buy tickets ahead of time.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Dei xiān mǎi piào ma?              Nǐ zuì hǎo
                    liǎngtiān yīqián mǎi piào
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                2 days
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Dei xiān huàn qián ma? H or 5 days
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Děi xiān qù kàn gēge ma? no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Dei xiān kàn zhèiběn shū ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3 days
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Děi xiān huàn qián ma? no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Ni zuì hǎo sìwǔtiān yiqián huàn qián.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú hi xiān qù kàn gēge.
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni zuì hǎo sāntiān yiqián kàn zhěiběn shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú bì xiān huàn qián.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    G. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? (cue)
                    shàngwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (What train do you want to take?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Ni yào zuò jidiǎn zhongde chē? xiàwǔ 2:10
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. NÌ yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? wǎnshang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Ni yào zuò Jidiǎn zhongde chē? zǎoshang 9:50
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? shàngwu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Ni yào zuò Jidiǎn zhongde chē? shàngwu ll:U0
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Ni yào zuò shénme shíhoude chē? xiàwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wo yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I want to take a morning train.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo yào zuò xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn shífēnde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào zuò wǎnshangde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào zuò zǎoshang Jiǔdiǎn wǔshifēnde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo yào zuò shàngwǔde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào zuò shàngwǔ shíyīdiǎn sìshifēnde chē.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào zuò xiàwǔde chē.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Qingwèn, shàngwǔde chēpiào hái you
                    meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (May I ask, are there still tickets for the morning
                train?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Qingwèn, dào Táinán qùde chēpiào hái you meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Qingwèn, míngtiān shàngwǔde chēpiào hái you
                    meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Qingwèn, dào Huālián qùde chēpiào hái you meiyou?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Qingwèn, Jīntiān xiàwǔde chēpiào hái you meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Qǐngwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qùde chēpiào hái you
                    meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Qingwèn, míngtiānde chēpiào hái you meiyou?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You? Qingwèn, shàngwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                (May I ask, are the tickets for the morning trains all
                sold out?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, dào Táinán qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, míngtiān shàngwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le
                meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, dào Huālián qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, Jīntiān xiàwǔde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, dào Gāoxiōng qùde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Qingwèn, míngtiānde chēpiào dōu màiwán le meiyou?
              </para>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark117" /><anchor id="bookmark118" />UNIT
            5</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark65" /><anchor id="bookmark119" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Běijīng)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. A: Wo ye xiǎng dào Nānjīng qù kànkan.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Nǐ jìhua něitiān qù?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Míngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu keyi.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. A: Shanghai lí Nanjing you duō yuan?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: You liǎngbǎiwǔshiduō gōnglǐ.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. A: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Dàgài yào zǒu sìge bàn xiaoshí.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. C: Yào zǒu bànge xiaoshí.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. B: Ni jìhua zài Nānjīng zhù jǐtiān?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nānjīng qù. Yǐqiān méi qùguo.
                Nǐ shuō liǎngtiān gòu bu gou?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Liǎngtiān gòu le.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: Měitiān you jǐtàng chē?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Xiàwǔ you meiyou chē?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Wo xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7.
                <anchor id="footnote11" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark120">11</link></superscript> B:
                Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yìbān tèkuài.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            I would also like to go to Nānjīng to look around.
          </para>
          <para>
            What day do you plan to go?
          </para>
          <para>
            Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.
          </para>
          <para>
            How far is Shanghai from Nānjīng?
          </para>
          <para>
            It’s over 250 kilometers.
          </para>
          <para>
            How long does it take to go by train?
          </para>
          <para>
            It probably takes four and a half hours.
          </para>
          <para>
            It takes half an hour.
          </para>
          <para>
            How many days do you plan to stay in Nanjīng?
          </para>
          <para>
            This will be the first time I have gone to Nānjīng. I
            haven’t gone there before. Would you say two days are
            enough?
          </para>
          <para>
            Two days are enough.
          </para>
          <para>
            How many trips are there each day?
          </para>
          <para>
            Are there trains in the afternoon?
          </para>
          <para>
            I hope to leave here in the afternoon.
          </para>
          <para>
            There’s an express at 1305.
          </para>
          <para>
            8«,<anchor id="footnote12" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark121">12</link></superscript>B:
            Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you There’s an express at 1305. yítàng
            tèkuài.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. dǎsuan
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                10. huòzhě (huòzhe)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                11. ylhòu
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                12. zhōngtou
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            to plan to
          </para>
          <para>
            or (alternate form of huòshi) afterwards, later on, in the
            future hour (alternate word for xiaoshí)
          </para>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-4.png" />
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Gate at Shenzhen, where people get off the train from Hong
            Kong, walk across a bridge into China (through the gate in
            photo), and board a train for Guangzhou. Most of the people
            in the picture are Hong Kong residents on their way to visit
            relatives in Guangzhou.
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-3">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark23" /><anchor id="bookmark122" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bǎn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        half (followed hy a counter or a noun which does
                        not take a counter)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -Cl
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        occasion, time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dàgài
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        dǎsuàn (dǎsuan) dìyícì (dìyícì) -duo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        probably, approximately to plan to the first
                        time over, more than
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gōnglī gòu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kilometer to be enough
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huòshi
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        huòzhě (huòzhe)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        or or
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        jìhua
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to plan to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kànkan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to see, to look around, to sight-see, to visit
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        líkāi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to leave
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -tang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (counter for bus trips, train trips, etc.)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tèkuài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        express train
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎoshí
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        xīwàng (xīwang)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hour
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to hope
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        must, to have to; to take (a certain amount of
                        time)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yǐhòu yiqián
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        afterwards, later on; in the future before, in
                        the past
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhōngtóu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hour
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced on C-2 tape)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        biéde dìfang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        other places (cf. biáren. *'other people’*)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cānguān
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        duoshao hào gōngchǎng
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        juédìng yìshuāng pixie
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        you hǎo you pianyi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to visit as an observer what size (shoe) factory
                        to decide
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        a pair of leather shoes both good and
                        inexpensive
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        7U
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark32" /><anchor id="bookmark123" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. A: Wǒ yě xiǎng dào Nanjīng qù kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Nī jìhua něitiān qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Míngtiān huòshi hòutiān qù dōu keyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              I would also like to go to Nanjīng to look around.
            </para>
            <para>
              What day do you plan to go?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tomorrow and (or) the day after are both possible.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Kànkan, &quot;to have a look&quot;: In exchange 1, kànkan
              refers to doing some sight-seeing. The reduplicated verb
              form implies an indefinite amount of sight-seeing, best
              translated into English as &quot;to have a look,&quot;
              &quot;to look around.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Huòshi (alternate, huòzhě) is used acceptable or possible.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Wǒ qù mǎi yìdiǎnr píjiǔ huòshi mǎi yìdiǎnr qìshuī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā míngtiān huòshi hòutiān lai kàn nī ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Haishi is used for &quot;or&quot; when a choice
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī mǎi píjiǔ háishi mǎi qìshuī?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī xīhuan dàde háishi xīhuan xiǎode?
            </para>
            <para>
              for &quot;or&quot; when both alternatives are
            </para>
            <para>
              I will go to buy some beer or some soft drinks.
            </para>
            <para>
              Is he coming to see you tomorrow or the day after? (i.e.,
              sometime during the next two days)
            </para>
            <para>
              is required between the alternatives
            </para>
            <para>
              Are you buying beer or (are you buying) soft drinks?
            </para>
            <para>
              Do you like the large one or (do you like) the small one?
            </para>
            <para>
              2. A:
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              B:
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Nánjīng you duo yuǎn?
            </para>
            <para>
              You liǎngbǎi wǔshiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              How far is Shanghai from Nánjīng?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s over 250 kilometers.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 2
            </para>
            <para>
              You is used in expressing the
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Nánjīng you duo yuǎn? distance between two
              points.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="6">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Shànghǎi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lí
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nanjing
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        duo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yuǎn?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (Shànghǎi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        be separated from
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nanjīng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        there is
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        how much
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        distance?)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;How far is Shànghǎi from Nanjing?&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tianjin
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lí
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Beijing
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        120 gōnglǐ.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (Tianjin
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        be separated from
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Beijing
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        there is
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        120 kilometers.)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;Tianjin is 120 kilometers from Beijing.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Liǎngbǎi wǔshiduō gōnglǐ: adding -duō to number phrases,
              before the
              counter,<anchor id="footnote13" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark124">13</link></superscript>
              -duō refers to range of the round number.
            </para>
            <para>
              liǎngbǎiduō gōnglǐ
            </para>
            <para>
              yìqiānduōge xuésheng sānshiduōkuài qián
            </para>
            <para>
              Beginning with 20, -duō may be used in
            </para>
            <para>
              With round numbers from 20 through 90, èrshiduōge rén
              èrshijīge rén sìshiduō gōnglǐ sìshijī gōnglǐ
            </para>
            <para>
              With the number 10, only -Jǐ is used shíjǐkuài qián
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Approximate numbers may be expressed by When added
              immediately after a number, an indefinite amount within
              the
            </para>
            <para>
              more than 200 kilometers (but fewer than 300)
            </para>
            <para>
              more than 1,000 students (but fewer than 2,000)
            </para>
            <para>
              more than 30 dollars (but fewer than ho)
            </para>
            <para>
              this way with any round number.
            </para>
            <para>
              -jǐ may be used instead of -duō
            </para>
            <para>
              more than 20 persons (but fewer than 30)
            </para>
            <para>
              more than ho kilometers (but fewer than 50)
            </para>
            <para>
              never -duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              more than 10 dollars (but fewer than 20)
            </para>
            <para>
              3. A: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Dàgài yào zǒu sìge bàn xiǎoshí.
            </para>
            <para>
              How long does it take to go by train?
            </para>
            <para>
              It probably takes four and a half hours.
            </para>
            <para>
              b. C: Yào zǒu bànge xiǎoshí.
            </para>
            <para>
              It takes half an hour.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on Nos. 3-b
            </para>
            <para>
              The auxiliary verb yào, &quot;to want,&quot; &quot;to have
              to.&quot; (See the first sentence is sometimes used as
              &quot;to need to,&quot; in exchange 3.)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="6">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Zuò
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huǒchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        duōshao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shíhou?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (ride
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        train
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        have to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        go
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        how much
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        time?)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;How long does it take to go by train?&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Yào may also be used as a main verb meaning &quot;to take
              Ca certain amount of time!&quot;:
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Zuò
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huǒchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        duōshǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shíhou?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (ride
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        train
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        takes
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        how much
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        time?)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;How long does it take by train?&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Bàn-, &quot;a half (of),&quot; is used like a
              number—before a counter or before a noun which does not
              require a counter.
            </para>
            <para>
              bànge xiǎoshí              half an hour
            </para>
            <para>
              bànniǎn                    half a year
            </para>
            <para>
              bànge píngguǒ              half an apple
            </para>
            <para>
              Sìge bàn: When bàn FOLLOWS a counter or a noun not
              requiring a counter, the word is translated as &quot;and a
              half.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              liǎngkuài bàn              two and a half dollars
            </para>
            <para>
              sāntiān bàn                three and a half days
            </para>
            <para>
              yíge bàn xiǎoshí           one and a half hours
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiǎoshí: Formerly, the Chinese considered that one day and
              night (2b hours) was divided into twelve 2-hour periods of
              time. Each of these time periods was divided into two
              xiǎoshí, &quot;small hours,&quot; when telling time by the
              Western 2b-hour system gained popularity throughout the
              world.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5- B: Nǐ jìhua zài Nánjīng zhù jītiān?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A: Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjīng qù. Yīqián méi
                  qùguo. Nǐ shuō liǎngtiān gòu hu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Liǎngtiān gòu le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              How many days do you plan to stay in Nánjīng?
            </para>
            <para>
              This will be the first time I have gone to Nánjīng. I
              haven’t gone there before. Would you say two days are
              enough?
            </para>
            <para>
              Two days are enough.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 5
            </para>
            <para>
              Gòu le: The last sentence in exchange 5 ends with the
              new-situation marker le. This marker is used to describe
              what a situation is, was, or will be AT A SPECIFIED TIME.
              The travel agent says that, when the visit has lasted two
              days, THEN it will be long enough.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. A: Meitiān you jītàng chē?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Xiàwǔ you meiyou chē?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Wǒ xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              How many trains are there each day? Are there trains in
              the afternoon?
            </para>
            <para>
              I hope to leave here in the afternoon.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 6
            </para>
            <para>
              Jītàng: The counter -tàng is used when the trip mentioned
              is not a particular one, scheduled at a certain time.
              Similarly, it can also be used to talk about the number of
              trips a person has made, or will make.
            </para>
            <para>
              Líkāi, &quot;to leave,&quot; may be followed by an object
              (the place).  On the
            </para>
            <para>
              other hand, zǒu, &quot;to leave,&quot; is never followed
              by an object.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī shénme shíhou líkāi zhèr?   When are you leaving here?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī shénme shíhou zou?          When are you leaving?
            </para>
            <para>
              7. B: Shisandiǎn ling wǔfēn you yibān tèkuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              There’s an express at 1305.
            </para>
            <para>
              There’s an express at 1305.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              8. B: Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn you yítàng tèkuài.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on Nos. 7-8
            </para>
            <para>
              Shísāndiǎn ling wǔfēn: For train and Bus schedules, a
              2U-hour clock is commonly used in China, beginning with 1
              a.m. and continuing to midnight, or 2^00.
            </para>
            <para>
              12-hour clock
            </para>
            <para>
              2U-hour clock
            </para>
            <para>
              zǎoshàng shídiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              10
            </para>
            <para>
              a.m.
            </para>
            <para>
              shídiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              1000
            </para>
            <para>
              xiàwǔ yìdiān
            </para>
            <para>
              1
            </para>
            <para>
              p.m.
            </para>
            <para>
              shísāndiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              1300
            </para>
            <para>
              xiàwǔ wǔdiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              5
            </para>
            <para>
              p.m.
            </para>
            <para>
              shìqīdiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              1700
            </para>
            <para>
              wǎnshàng shídiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              10
            </para>
            <para>
              p.m.
            </para>
            <para>
              èrshièrdiǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              2200
            </para>
            <para>
              Ling is included to indicate the zero in &quot;1305.”
            </para>
            <para>
              Tèkuài is an abbreviation for tèbiě kuàichē, ’’special
              express train.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Yìbān and yítàng, counters for trips made by trains,
              buses, planes, and other conveyances, are sometimes
              interchangeable.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark68" /><anchor id="bookmark125" />DRILLS</title>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker; Wǒ dǎsuan dào Nǎnjīng qù kànkan.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) něitiān
            </para>
            <para>
              (I’m planning to go to Nanjing to look around.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ xiǎng dào Xiān qù kànkan. jiyuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ jìhua dào Húběi qù kànkan. xīngqīji
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              h. Wǒ dǎsuan dào Shanghai qù kànkan. jīhào
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wǒ jìhua dào Sùzhōu qù kànkan. jiyuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wǒ xiǎng dào Beijing qù kànkan. něitiān
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Wǒ dǎsuan dào Wuchang qù kànkan. xīngqījl
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You; Ni dǎsuan něitiān qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              (What day do you plan to go?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ xiǎng jiyuè qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ jìhua xīngqīji qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ dǎsuan jǐhào qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ jìhua jiyuè qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              Ni xiǎng něitiān qù?
            </para>
            <para>
              Ni dǎsuan xīngqījǐ qù?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nǐ dǎsuan shénme shíhou dào Nǎnjīng qù?
                  (cue) xiàge yuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (When are you planning to go to Nǎnjīng?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Ni jìhua jiyuè dào Shànghǎi qù? Liùyuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Ni xiǎng něitiān dào Guǎngzhōu qù? hòutiān
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Wǒ dǎsuan xiàge yuè dào Nǎnjīng qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              (I’m planning to go to see Nanjing next month.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ jìhua Liùyuè dào Shànghǎi qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ xiǎng hòutiān dào Guǎngzhōu qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Ni dǎsuan něinián dào Zhōngguo qù? míngnián
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nī jìhua Jīyuè dào Xianggang qù?    Èryuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Ni xiǎng xīngqījī dào Beijing qù?    Xīngqīsān
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nī dǎsuan jīdiǎn zhōng dào tǎ nàr qù? sǎndiǎn zhōng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wō dǎsuan míngnián dào Zhōngguo qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wō jìhua Èryuè dào Xiǎnggǎng qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wō xiǎng Xīngqīsān dào Běijīng qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wō dǎsuan sǎndiǎn zhōng dào tā nàr qu kànkan.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  C. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nī jìhua něitiān qù?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) Xīngqīèr (What day do you plan
            </para>
            <para>
              to go?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nī jìhua něitiān qù? wùhào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nī xiǎng Jīyuè qù? Wùyuè
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nī xiǎng něinián qù?    1977
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nī dǎsuan shénme shíhou qù? xiàyuè sìhào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nī dǎsuan jīdiǎn zhōng qù? shàngwù shídiǎn
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nī Jìhua jīhào qù? èrshiqī
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Xīngqīèr huōzhě Xīngqīsān, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Tuesday and CorJ Wednesday are both possible.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wùhào huōzhě liùhào, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wùyuè huōzhě Liùyuè, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yījiùqīqī huōzhě Yījiùqībā, dōu kéyi
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiàyuè sìhào huōzhě xiàyuè wùhào, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Shàngwù shídiǎn huōzhě shàngwù shíyīdiǎn, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Èrshiqíhào huōzhě Èrshibáhào, dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  D. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nanjing yuan ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) duō
            </para>
            <para>
              (is Shànghǎi far from NǎnjIng?)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Shànghǎi lí Nanjing yuǎn ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) duōshao
            </para>
            <para>
              (is Shànghǎi far from NǎnjIng?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Beijing lí TiānjIn yuǎn ma? duō
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Beijing lí Shànghǎi yuǎn ma? duōshao
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nǎnjīng lí Beijing yuǎn ma? duōshao
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Guangzhou lí Wǔhàn yuǎn ma? duō
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Shànghǎi lí Hǎngzhōu yuǎn ma? duōshao
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you duō yuǎn?
            </para>
            <para>
              (How far is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you duōshao gōnglī?
            </para>
            <para>
              (How many kilometers is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Beijing lí Tianjin you duō yuǎn?
            </para>
            <para>
              Beijing lí Shànghǎi yōu duōshao gōnglī?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǎnjīng lí Beijing yōu duōshao gōnglī?
            </para>
            <para>
              Guǎngzhōu lí Wǔhàn yōu duō yuǎn?
            </para>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Hǎngzhōu yōu duōshao gōnglī?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  E. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu duō yuǎn?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) dàgài 270
            </para>
            <para>
              (How far is Shànghǎi from Nǎnjīng?)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Tianjin lí Beijing yōu duō yuǎn?
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) 80duō
            </para>
            <para>
              (How far is Tianjin from Beijing?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Bǎijīng lí Hǎngzhōu yōu duō yuǎn? 900duō
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Dàgài yōu èrbǎiqīshí gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (it’s probably 270 kilometers.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài lí Beijing yōu bāshíduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (it’s probably more than 80 kilometers.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài lí Hǎngzhōu yōu Jiǔbǎiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Běijīng lí Shanghai you duo yuan?    dàgài 800
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Nanjing lí Shànghǎi you duó yuǎn?    dàgài 200
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              5. Wuhàn lí Běijīng you duó yuǎn? TOOduō
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi you duó yuǎn? ITOduǒ
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài you bǎbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài you èrbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài lí Běijīng you qībǎiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàgài lí Shànghǎi you yībǎiqīshíduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              F. Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you sǎnbǎi gōnglī.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) měi
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Nǎnjīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu sǎnbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) dàgài
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng you sǎnbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) duō
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi is 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Běijīng lí Shànghǎi you yìqiǎn gōnglī.    měi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wuhàn lí Běijīng you bǎbǎi gōnglī.    dàgài
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nǎnjīng lí Shànghǎi yōu èrbǎi gōnglī.    duō
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi yōu yìbǎi gōnglī.    duō
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng měiyou sānbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi isn't Lis less thanJ 300 kilometers from
              Nǎnjīng,)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng dàgài yōu sǎnbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi is probably 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi lí Nǎnjīng yōu sǎnbǎiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Shànghǎi is more than 300 kilometers from Běijīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Běijīng lí Shànghǎi měiyou yìqiǎn gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wuhàn lí Běijīng dàgài yōu bǎbǎi gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǎnjīng lí Shànghǎi yōu èrbǎiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎngzhōu lí Shànghǎi yōu yìbǎiduō gōnglī.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  G. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge zhōngtǒu?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) duo jiǔ
            </para>
            <para>
              (How many hours does it take by train?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duǒ jiu? duōshao shíhou
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou? jǐtiān
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐtiān? jǐge xǐngqī
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge xǐngqī? jǐge xiaoshí
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge xiaoshí? duōshao tian
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Zuò huochē yào zou duōshao tian?
                </para>
                <para>
                  You: Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duǒ jiǔ?
                </para>
                <para>
                  (How long does it take by train?)
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao shíhou?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐtiān?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge xǐngqī?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu jǐge xiaoshí?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duōshao tiān?
            </para>
            <para>
              H. Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              Speaker: Yào zǒu bànge zhōngtǒu (cue) 1
            </para>
            <para>
              (It takes half an hour
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="20*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        OR
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào zǒu bàntiān. (cue) 3
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (it takes half a
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        day
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        2.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bànge yuè.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        2
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        3.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bànge xǐngqī.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        1
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        U.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bànnián.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        1
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        5.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bànge zhōngtǒu.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        u
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bànge yuè.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        1
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              You: Yào zǒu yíge bàn zhōngtǒu.
            </para>
            <para>
              (It takes an hour and a half.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Yào zǒu sāntiān bàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (It takes three and a half days.)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        liǎngge bàn yuè.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíge bàn xīngqī.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yìnián bàn.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        sìge bàn zhōngtǒu.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíge bàn yuè.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              I. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjīng qù. (cue)
                  yǐhòu
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (This will be the first time I have gone to Nánjīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nanjīng qù. (cue) yǐqián
            </para>
            <para>
              (This will be the first time I have gone to Nanjīng.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Zhèi shi ta dìyīcì xué Zhōngguo huà.    yǐhòu
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zhèi shi tá dìyīcì chī Zhōngguo fàn.    yǐqián
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              H. Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào zhèr lái. yǐhǒu
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào zhèr lái. yǐqián
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Māiguo qù. yǐqián
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Zhè shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjīng qù. Yǐhòu hái yào qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              (This will be the first time I have gone to Nánjīng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Later on I want to go again.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Nánjīng qù. Yǐqián mái qùguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              (This will be the first time I have gone to Nánjīng. I
              haven’t gone there before.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi tā dìyīcì xué Zhōngguo huà. Yǐhòu hái yào xué.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi tā dìyīcì chī Zhōngguo fàn. Yǐqián méi chīguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi wǒ dìyīcì dào zhèr lái. Yǐhòu hái yào lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi wǒ dìyīcì dào zhèr lái. Yǐqián méi láiguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhè shi wǒ dìyīcì dào Meiguo qù. Yǐqián méi qùguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              J. Response Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nǐ shuō lái liāngtiān gòu bu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Would you say it would be enough to come for two days?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nǐ shuō qù liāngtiān gòu bu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nǐ shuō xué liāngniánde Zhōngwén gòu bu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nǐ shuō zhù sānge yuè gòu bu gou?
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Lai liāngtiān gou le.
            </para>
            <para>
              (it would be enough to come for two days.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Qù liāngtiān gòu le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xué liāngniánde Zhōngwén gòu le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhù sānge yuè gòu le.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nǐ shuō niàn jiūge xīngqī gòu Niàn jiuge xīngqī gòu
                  le. bu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nǐ shuō dào nèr qù wǎnr shítiān Wǎnr shítiān gòu
                  le. gòu bu gou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Ni shuō zou yíge zhōngtou gòu Zou yíge zhōngtou gòu
                  le. bu gou?
                </para>
                <para>
                  K. Expansion Drill
                </para>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      1. Speaker: Wǒ xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr.
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <para>
                  (cue) Xiàwǔ you jǐtàng chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  (I hope to leave here in the afternoon.)
                </para>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      2. Wǒ xiwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr. Xiàwǔ you meiyou
                      chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      3. Wǒ xīwang wǎnshang líkāi zhèr. Wǎnshang you
                      Jǐtàng chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      U. Wǒ xīwang Xīngqīsān líkāi zhèr. Xīngqīsān you
                      jǐtàng chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
                <itemizedlist>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      5. Wǒ xīwang míngtiān líkāi zhèr. Míngtiān you
                      jǐtàng chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      6. Wǒ xīwang Jīntiān shàngwǔ líkāi zhèr. Shàngwǔ
                      you meiyou chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                  <listitem>
                    <para>
                      7. Wǒ xīwang Xīngqīwǔ líkāi zhèr. Xīngqīwǔ yǒu
                      jǐtàng chē?
                    </para>
                  </listitem>
                </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                <para>
                  You: Wǒ xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr. Xiàwǔ yǒu jǐtàng chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  (I hope to leave here in the afternoon. How many
                  trains are there in the afternoon?)
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xīwang xiàwǔ líkāi zhèr. Xiàwǔ yǒu meiyou chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xīwang wǎnshang líkāi zhèr. Wǎnshang yǒu jǐtàng
                  chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xīwang Xīngqīsān líkāi zhèr. Xīngqīsān yǒu Jǐtàng
                  chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xīwang míngtiān líkāi zhèr. Míngtiān you jǐtàng
                  chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wo xīwang jīntiān shàngwǔ líkāi zhèr. Shàngwǔ yǒu
                  meiyou chē?
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ xīwang Xīngqīwǔ líkāi zhèr. Xīngqīwǔ yǒu jǐtàng
                  chē?
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (in Beijing)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. A: Jidian zhōng kāi?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Shíbādiān wùshiwùfēn fā chē.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              A: Na hǎo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. B: Qing ni bā nìde hùzhào hě luxíngzhèng gěi wo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A: Hǎo, gěi ni.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. A: Dào Shànghǎi qùde chē zài dìjl zhàntǎi?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Zài dìyī zhàntǎi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. B: Bu yòng JÍ. Hai zǎo ne.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Nī xiān zài zhèige jiēdàishì xiūxixiuxi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. A: Wo zhèijiàn xíngli zǎnme bàn? Shi bu shi kěyi
                  nǎshang chē qu?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Kěyi bǎ xíngli nǎshang chē qu.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. A: Zhèibān chē you cānchē ba?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: You. You Zhōngcān, yě you Xīcān.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              A: Hǎojíle.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. C: Xià yízhàn jiù shi Shànghǎi le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  C: Kuài yào dào zhàn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              C: Nín zhùnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              What time does it leave?
            </para>
            <para>
              It departs at 1855.
            </para>
            <para>
              That's fine.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please give me your passport and travel permit.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay, here it is.
            </para>
            <para>
              On which platform is the train to Shànghǎi?
            </para>
            <para>
              It's on Platform Number 1.
            </para>
            <para>
              No need to be anxious. It's still early.
            </para>
            <para>
              First, rest a bit in this waiting room.
            </para>
            <para>
              What should I do about this suitcase of mine? May I take
              it onto the train?
            </para>
            <para>
              You may take the suitcase onto the train.
            </para>
            <para>
              This train has a dining car, I suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. There's Chinese food and there's also Western food.
            </para>
            <para>
              Great.
            </para>
            <para>
              The next station is Shànghǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              We are about to arrive at the station.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please get ready to get off the train.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <para>
              train platform (alternate word for zhàntái. more common in
              Taiwan)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        8. ban
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to move
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        9. náshangqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to take up
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        náshanglai
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to bring up
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        náxiaqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to take down
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nèxialai
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to bring down
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        10. pao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to run
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        11. wan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be late
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              12. yuètÈi
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark35" /><anchor id="bookmark129" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ban bàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to move (e.g., furniture) (new house) to handle,
                        to manage, to do
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cānchē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dining car
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fa chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to depart (from the first terminal of a train
                        route)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hǎojíle he hùzhào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be wonderful, to be great and
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        passport
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jí
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        jiēdàishì (jiēdàishì)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        -jíle
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be anxious waiting room extremely, awfully
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kāi kuài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to leave soon
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        luxíngzhèng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        travel permit
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ná náshanglai náshangqu náxialai nāxiaqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to pick up, to hold, to take to bring up
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to take up
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to bring down
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to take down
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        pāo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to run
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be late
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Xlcān xiūxi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Western food to rest, to relax
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yào yuètái
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        will, going to train platform
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǎo zhàntài Zhōngcān zhǔnbèi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be early train platform Chinese food to
                        prepare, to get ready
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced on C~2 tape)
            </para>
            <para>
              bang
            </para>
            <para>
              bú yào
            </para>
            <para>
              láilai wǎngwǎng
            </para>
            <para>
              qídiǎnzhàn
            </para>
            <para>
              shūfu
            </para>
            <para>
              to help
            </para>
            <para>
              don’t
            </para>
            <para>
              coming and going
            </para>
            <para>
              station where a train originates
            </para>
            <para>
              (literally, ’’starting station”)
            </para>
            <para>
              to be comfortable
            </para>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-5.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
            <para>
              Train from Guangzhou at the entrance to China
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark36" /><anchor id="bookmark130" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. A: Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?              What time does it
              leave?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Shíbādiǎn wǔshiwǔfēn fā chē. It departs at 1855.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Nà hǎo.                          That’s fine.
            </para>
            <para>
              Note on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Kāi and fǎ chē: When referring to trains, the verb kāi,
              &quot;to start,&quot; means &quot;to start off&quot; or
              &quot;to leave.&quot; The technical term fā chē, &quot;to
              send out the train,&quot; is used in reference to a train
              which is departing from the terminal at the beginning of a
              trip, or line.
            </para>
            <para>
              2. B: Qīng ni bǎ nīde hùzhào he luxíngzhèng gěi wo.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Hǎo, gěi ni.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please give me your passport and travel permit.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay, here it is.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 2
            </para>
            <para>
              He, &quot;and,&quot; is a common alternate to gēn. Both he
              and gēn are used as &quot;and&quot; between nouns.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bǎ nīde hùzhào...: The prepositional verb bǎ points out
              the direct objects (passport and travel permit) and brings
              those objects to the beginning of the sentence, preceding
              the main verb. Without this construction, a &quot;traffic
              Jam&quot; of sentence elements would follow that verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              3. A: Dào Shànghǎi qùde chē zài dìjī zhàntāi?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Zài dìyī zhàntǎi.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              On which platform is the train to Shànghǎi?
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s on Platform Number 1.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              1. B: Bú yòng jí. Hai zǎo ne.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Nǐ xiān zài zhèige Jiēdàishì xiūxixiuxi.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              No need to he anxious. It’s still early.
            </para>
            <para>
              First, rest a bit in this waiting room.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. U
            </para>
            <para>
              In exchange 4, the aspect marker ne emphasizes that there
              has been no change in the situation.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zài zhèr ne.                 He is here.
            </para>
            <para>
              When the adverb hai, ’’still,&quot; &quot;yet,&quot; is
              used, the sentence very often ends with the marker ne.
            </para>
            <para>
              Míngtiān wǒ hai bù zǒu ne. I am not leaving tomorrow
              (yet), (i.e., I will still be here tomorrow.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Verb reduplication: In Unit 3 of the Money Module, you
              learned that reduplication is one way to indicate ASPECT,
              although markers are more common. INDEFINITENESS is the
              aspect expressed when an action verb is reduplicated. The
              speaker does not commit himself to the duration or extent
              of the action.
            </para>
            <para>
              In the last sentence of No. h, the speaker asks the
              listener to &quot;rest a bit.&quot; Instead of using
              additional words to indicate a short duration, the speaker
              reduplicates the verb, xiūxi, expressing some duration,
              but of no particular limit.
            </para>
            <para>
              To reduplicate a two-syllable verb, simply repeat the
              whole verb. The repetition is unstressed, or even
              toneless: xiūxixiuxi
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiān: Since this use of &quot;first&quot; is not followed
              by an explicit &quot;afterwards,&quot; xiān might also be
              translated as &quot;for the time being&quot; or
              &quot;right now.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo xiān zou le, nǐmen mànmānr Right now I’m going to
              excuse chī ba.                         myself; you take
              your time
            </para>
            <para>
              eating.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ xiān bié Jí, mànmānr zhǎo. For the time being, don’t be
              anxious; take your time looking for it.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        5. A:
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ zhèijiàn xíngli zěnme bàn? What do I do about
                        this suitcase Shi bu shi kěyi nashang        of
                        mine? May I take it onto
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        chē qu?                         the train?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        B:
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Keyi bǎ xíngli nashang         You may take the
                        suitcase onto
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        chē qu.                          the train.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              Notes on No. $
            </para>
            <para>
              Zěnme ban means something like &quot;how should
              Csomething! be managed&quot; or &quot;what should be done
              Cabout something!.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              . Nashang chē qu, &quot;take onto the train,&quot; is a
              COMPOUND VERB OF DIRECTION which has been separated by a
              noun object. Na is the verb &quot;to pick up,&quot;
              &quot;to hold,&quot; &quot;to take,&quot; &quot;to
              bring.&quot; The directional endings -shàng,
              &quot;up,&quot; &quot;onto,&quot;* and qù, &quot;to
              go,&quot; tell you that the action takes place up and away
              from the speaker.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ná
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        qu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (hold
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        up/onto
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        away)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;to take up/onto&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Compound verbs of direction are easily formed, as shown in
              the chart below. The first column contains action verbs
              you have learned which may be used. The endings in the
              middle column are relatively few. For the second part of
              the directional ending, only lái and qù may be used.
            </para>
            <para>
              ACTION
            </para>
            <para>
              Plus
            </para>
            <para>
              DIRECTION
            </para>
            <para>
              ná (to carry)
            </para>
            <para>
              -shàng
            </para>
            <para>
              (up)
            </para>
            <para>
              lái (towards)
            </para>
            <para>
              zǒu (to walk/go)
            </para>
            <para>
              -xià
            </para>
            <para>
              (down)
            </para>
            <para>
              qù (away)
            </para>
            <para>
              bān (to move)
            </para>
            <para>
              -chū
            </para>
            <para>
              (out)
            </para>
            <para>
              pǎo (to run)
            </para>
            <para>
              -jin
            </para>
            <para>
              (in)
            </para>
            <para>
              kāi (to drive)
            </para>
            <para>
              -huí
            </para>
            <para>
              (back)
            </para>
            <para>
              (AND OTHERS)
            </para>
            <para>
              Compound verbs of direction may be two or three syllables:
              chūqu, &quot;to go out&quot;; zǒuchuqu, &quot;to walk
              out&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              *You have seen shàng used as several different parts of
              speech:
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shàng lóu shàng chē shàngbianr shàngge yuè zài
                        chēshang náshangqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tO gO UP   ^<subscript>FULL</subscript>
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to get on
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        upper, above (IN PLACE WORDS)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        last, previously (SPECIFIER)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        on (LOCATIONAL ENDING Ewith nouns!)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        up, onto (DIRECTIONAL ENDING Cwith verbs!
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              It is possible to split up a two-part directional ending
              by placing an object or location before the final lai or
              <emphasis role="smallcaps">qù</emphasis><emphasis role="smallcaps">.</emphasis>
            </para>
            <para>
              náshang chē qu             take onto the train/bus
            </para>
            <para>
              náchu yìběn shū lai        bring out a book
            </para>
            <para>
              xià lóu qu                 go downstairs
            </para>
            <para>
              A direct object (such as nèiběn shū) may be placed EITHER
              at the beginning of a sentence, using bǎ, OR later in the
              sentence, splitting up the directional ending. Locations
              which are the goal of the action (such as chē and 16u
              above) MUST be placed between the two parts of the
              directional ending.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bǎ xíngli nashang chē qu: In the last sentence of exchange
              5» the direct object, xíngli, is placed before the verb.
              The location of the action, chē, is placed before the
              final qu. When both a location and a direct object occur
              in a sentence with a multisyllabic directional verb, the
              location is placed between the two syllables of the
              directional ending, and the direct object is moved closer
              to the beginning of the sentence.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. A: Zhèibān chē you cānchē ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: You. You Zhōngcān, yě you Xīcān.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Hǎojíle.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              This train has a dining car, I suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. There’s Chinese food and there’s also Western food.
            </para>
            <para>
              Great.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 6
            </para>
            <para>
              The ending -jíle, meaning &quot;extremely,”
              &quot;awfully,&quot; may be added to adjectival verbs.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèige píngguo dàjíle.      That apple is huge.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē fāngbianjíle.   Riding the train is extremely
            </para>
            <para>
              convenient.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zǒude kuàijíle.         He walks awfully fast.
            </para>
            <para>
              -Jíle is seldom used in Taiwan.
            </para>
            <para>
              7. C: Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Shànghǎi le.
            </para>
            <para>
              C: Kuài yào dào zhàn le.
            </para>
            <para>
              C: Nín zhunbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The next station is Shànghǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              We are about to arrive at the station.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please get ready to get off the train.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 7
            </para>
            <para>
              Kuài means ’’soon&quot; in the second sentence of exchange
              7« You have already learned another meaning for kuài:
              &quot;to be fast&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              In the sentence Kuài yào dào zhàn le, yào is an auxiliary
              verb meaning &quot;will&quot; or &quot;to be going
              to.&quot; Other meanings you have learned for yào are
              &quot;to want,&quot; &quot;to need,&quot; &quot;to have
              to,&quot; &quot;to require.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              New-situation le: The aspect marker le for new situations
              occurs in the first two sentences of No. 7- In Xià yízhàn
              jiù shi Shànghǎi le, the speaker uses le to communicate a
              change in the circumstances: after passing through many
              stations, Shànghǎi will finally be the next station.
            </para>
            <para>
              When a speaker uses le, he is saying that something has
              changed in reference to him or in reference to the
              listener. In the first sentence in No. 7, Shànghǎi itself
              has not changed, but what constitutes the &quot;next
              station&quot; for the speaker and the listener has
              changed.
            </para>
            <para>
              In Kuài yào dào zhàn le, new-situation le marks a change
              which is about to take place—their arrival. Here are
              examples of references to future changes:
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā míngniān Jiù shísuì le. He will be ten (years old) next
              year.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ zǒu le.                      I’m leaving now. (i’ll be
              leaving
            </para>
            <para>
              now.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Piào kuài yào màiwǎn le.       The tickets will soon be
              sold out.
            </para>
            <para>
              Many speakers of English have trouble with new-situation
              le because they would not think of using it when the
              Chinese do. Take note of situations which the Chinese
              consider to be changes, and try to use new-situation le in
              your speech.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark72" /><anchor id="bookmark131" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
              A. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Speaker; Jīdiǎn zhong kāi?
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        (cue) huǒchē
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (What time does it leave?)
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi? gōnglùjúde chē
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Jídiǎn zhōng kāi? gōnggòng qìchē
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            U. Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?    zhídǎchē
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            5. Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi? tèkuài
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            6. Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi men? yínháng
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi měn? yǒuzhèngjú
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            B. Response Drill
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            1. Speaker? Zuò sìdiǎn zhōngde chē, laidejí
                            ma?
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        (cue) no
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (Can we make the four o’clock train?)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        OR     Zuò sìdiǎn zhōngde chē,
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        laidejí ma? (cue) yes
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (Can we make the four o’clock train?)
                      </para>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            2. Zuò Jiǔdiǎn èrshifēnde chē, láidejí ma?
                               no
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            3. Zuò shídiǎn wǔshifēnde chē, láidejí ma?
                               yes
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        You: Nèibān huǒchē jīdiǎn zhōng kāi? (What time
                        does that train leave?)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèibān gōnglùjúde chē jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèibān gōnggòng qìchē jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèibān zhídáchē jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèibān tèkuài jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèige yínhang jīdiǎn zhōng kāi men?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Nèige yǒuzhèngjú jīdiǎn zhōng kāi men?
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        You: Láibují, yījīng wǎn le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (We can’t make it; we are already late.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Láidejí, hái zǎo ne.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (Don’t worry. It’s still early.)
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Láibují, yījīng wǎn le.
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Láidejí, hái zǎo ne.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              U. Zuè qīdiǎn wushifēnde chē,         Láibují, yījīng wǎn
              le.
            </para>
            <para>
              láidejí ma? no
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Zuè sìdiǎn língwǔfēnde chē,        Láidejí, hái zǎo ne.
            </para>
            <para>
              láidejí ma?    yes
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Zuò liǎngdiǎn língbāfēnde chē, Láibují, yījīng wǎn le.
              láidejí ma?    no
            </para>
            <para>
              C. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              D. Substitution Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Duìbuqī, w3 děi zài zhèr xiūxixiuxi. (cue)
              zhēige dìfang
            </para>
            <para>
              (Excuse me, I must rest here a moment.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Duìbuqī, w3 dei zài zhèige dìfang xiūxixiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Excuse me, I must rest at this place a moment.)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Zài dìjī zhàntái?         You: Dào Shànghǎi
              qùde chē zài dìjī
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) Shànghǎi                  zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              (On which platform is          (On which platform is the
            </para>
            <para>
              it?)
            </para>
            <para>
              train to Shànghǎi?)
            </para>
            <para>
              2. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìsān zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              NánjIng
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào NánjIng qùde chē zài dìsān zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              3. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìjī
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              Guǎngzhōu
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào Guǎngzhōu qùde chē zài dìjī zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìèr
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tiǎnjīn
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào Tiǎnjīn qùde chē zài dìèr zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìjí
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīngdǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào Qīngdǎo qùde chē zài dìjí zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìyī
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hangzhōu
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào Hǎngzhōu qùde chē zài dìyī zhàntái.
            </para>
            <para>
              7. Zài
            </para>
            <para>
              dìjí
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              Běijīng
            </para>
            <para>
              Dào Běijīng qùde chē zài dìjí
            </para>
            <para>
              zhàntái?
            </para>
            <para>
              2.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, dìfang
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi zài zhèige xiūxixiuxi.     jiāli
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, xiaxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi zài jiāli xiūxi-
            </para>
            <para>
              3.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, xiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              wo děi zài jiāli xiūxi-fàndiànli
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, wǒ děi xiūxixiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              zài
            </para>
            <para>
              fàndiànli
            </para>
            <para>
              u.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, wǒ děi zài fàndiànli xiūxixiuxi.     chēli
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, xiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi
            </para>
            <para>
              zài
            </para>
            <para>
              chēli xiūxi-
            </para>
            <para>
              5.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, xiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi zài chēli xiūxi-jiēdàishì
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, wǒ děi xiūxixiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              zài
            </para>
            <para>
              jiēdàishì
            </para>
            <para>
              6.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, wǒ děi zài jiēdàishì xiūxixiuxi.     zhèr
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ, xiuxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi
            </para>
            <para>
              zài
            </para>
            <para>
              zhèr xiūxi-
            </para>
            <para>
              7.
            </para>
            <para>
              Duìbuqǐ,
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi zài zhèr xiūxi-
            </para>
            <para>
              xiuxi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  E. Expansion Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Repeat the speaker’s statements appropriate.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wo zhèijiàn xíngli hái zài zhèr.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (This suitcase of mine is still here.)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Tā yào dào nàr qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              (He wants to go there.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ zhèixiē dōngxi hái zài zhèr.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā yào dào Wāngfùjǐng Dàjiě qù.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              H. Wo nèixiē xíngli hái zài chēshang.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Tā yào dào Shànghǎi qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Wǒ zhèixiē zázhì hái méi màiwán.
            </para>
            <para>
              and add Zěnme bàn? or Zěnme zou? as
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Wǒ zhèijiàn xíngli hái zài zhèr. Zěnme bàn?
            </para>
            <para>
              (This suitcase of mine is still here. What should I do
              about it?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yào dào nàr qù. Zěnme zou?
            </para>
            <para>
              (He wants to go there. How do I get there Lgo3?)
            </para>
            <para>
              WǑ zhèixiē dōngxi hái zài zhèr.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zěnme bàn?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yào dào Wángfǔjīng Dàjiē qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zěnme zǒu?
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo nèixiē xíngli hái zài chēshang. Zěnme bàn?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yào dào Shànghǎi qù. Zěnme zǒu?
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo zhèixiē zázhì hái méi màiwán.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zěnme bàn?
            </para>
            <para>
              F. Response Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Tāmen you Zhōngcān háishi Xīcān? (cue) yě
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Do they have Chinese food, or Western food?)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Tāmen yào zhèige háishi nèige?
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) dōu
            </para>
            <para>
              (Do they want this or that?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nǐmen mǎi zhuōzi háishi yǐzi? yě
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nǐmen mǎi pánzi háishi wǎn? dōu
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Tāmen mǎi zhèige hóngde háishi nèige lánde? dōu
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Tāmen kàn zhèixiē zázhì háishi nèixiē hào? ye
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Nǐ niàn jīngjixue háishi zhèngzhixué? yǎ
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Tāmen you Zhōngcān, yě you Xīcān.
            </para>
            <para>
              (They have Chinese food and they also have Western food.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèige, nèige, tāmen dōu yào.
            </para>
            <para>
              (They want both this and that.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Women mǎi zhuōzi, yě mǎi yīzi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Pánzi, wǎn, women dōu mǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hóngde, lánde, tāmen dōu mǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen kàn zhèixiē zázhì, yě kàn nèixiē bào.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ niàn Jīngjixue, yě niàn zhèngzhixuē.
            </para>
            <para>
              G. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker; Kuài yào dào zhàn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (We are about to arrive at the station.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Běijīng le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Kuài yào dào Tiānjīn le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Xià yízhàn jiù shi Nánjīng le.
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Kuài yào dào zhàn le. Women zhùnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              (We are about to arrive at the station. Let’s get ready to
              get off.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Xià yízhàn jiù shi Běijīng le. Women zhùnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              Kuài yào dào Tiānjīn le. Women zhùnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xià yízhàn Jiù shi Nánjīng le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Women zhùnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Kuài yào dào Hangzhōu le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Xià yízhàn jiù shi Shànghǎi le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Kuài yào dào Guǎngzhōu le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Kuài yào dào Hǎngzhōu le. Women zhǔnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xià yízhàn jiù shi Shànghǎi le. Women zhǔnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              Kuài yào dào Guǎngzhōu le. Women zhǔnbèi xià chē ba.
            </para>
            <para>
              H. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              1. Speaker: Tā keyi nǎshànglǎi ma? (cue) chē
            </para>
            <para>
              (Can he bring it?)
            </para>
            <para>
              You; Tā keyi nǎshàng chē lǎi ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              (Can he bring it in the car?)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        2. Tā kéyi nǎxiàlǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        keyi nǎxià lǒu lǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        3. Tā kéyi nǎshàngqù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huochē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        keyi nǎshàng huǒchē qù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        U. Tā kéyi nǎshànglǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lǒu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kǎyi nǎshàng lǒu lǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        5. Tā kéyi nǎxiàqù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        keyi nǎxià chē qù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6. Tā kéyi nǎxiàlǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huochē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        keyi nǎxià huǒchē lǎi ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        7. Tā keyi nǎshàngqù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        keyi nǎshàng lǒu qù ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-7">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark132" /><anchor id="bookmark133" />UNIT
            7</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-6">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark73" /><anchor id="bookmark134" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Beijing)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. A: Lao Song, zěnmeyàng? Mang ne?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Bù zěnme máng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Nǐ you shi ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. A: Wǒ Sìyue Shísìhào yào dào Guangzhou qù. Qǐng ni
                gěi wo ding yìzhāng fēijī piào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Hǎo
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. B: Piào dìnghǎo le.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Něihān fēijī? Jǐdian zhōng qǐfēi?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Jiǔdiǎn shíwǔfēn qǐfēi.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. A: Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Guangzhou ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Shi, zhí fēi Guangzhou.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. A: Cong Sānlǐtún dào fēijīchǎng yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Yào sìshifēn zhōng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: Rúguo wǒ bādiǎn zhōng líkǎi jiǎ, laidejí ha?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Laidejí.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Qǐng ni míngtiān zǎoshang pài ge chē lai jiē wo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Hǎo. Wǒ míngtiān hādiǎn zhōng pài chē song ni dào
                fēijīchǎng qu.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Song, how are things going?
          </para>
          <para>
            Are you busy?
          </para>
          <para>
            Not especially busy.
          </para>
          <para>
            Can I do something for you?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m going to Guangzhou on April 1H. Please reserve a plane
            ticket for me.
          </para>
          <para>
            Sure.
          </para>
          <para>
            The ticket has been reserved.
          </para>
          <para>
            Which flight? What time does it take off?
          </para>
          <para>
            It takes off at 9:15.
          </para>
          <para>
            Does this flight go directly to Guǎngzhōu?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, it flies directly to Guǎngzhōu.
          </para>
          <para>
            How much time does it take to go from Sānlǐtún to the
            airport?
          </para>
          <para>
            It takes forty minutes.
          </para>
          <para>
            If I leave home at eight o’clock, I can make it in time.
            Right?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes.
          </para>
          <para>
            Please send a car to pick me up tomorrow morning.
          </para>
          <para>
            Okay. I’ll send a car at eight o’clock tomorrow to take you
            to the airport.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. -hao le
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. luguǎn
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                10. shuōhǎo le
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                11. xiǎnghǎo le
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                12. yàoshi
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                13. zuòhǎo le
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            to be satisfactorily completed
          </para>
          <para>
            hotel
          </para>
          <para>
            to have come to an agreement (about something); (something)
            has been agreed on
          </para>
          <para>
            to have reached a conclusion (about something); (something)
            has been thought out
          </para>
          <para>
            if (alternate word for rúguS)
          </para>
          <para>
            to have finished doing (something); (something) has been
            finished
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark39" /><anchor id="bookmark135" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù zěnme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        not especially, not particularly
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ding dìnghǎo le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to reserve
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to have (been) reserved
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fēi fēijī fēijīchǎng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to fly airplane airport
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Guǎngzhōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (name of a city in the PRC—Canton)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -hao le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be satisfactorily completed
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jiē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to meet/pick up/get (someone)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lǎo luguǎn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be old in years hotel
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        máng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be busy
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        pài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to send/assign (a person to do something)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        qīfēi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to take off (airplane)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        rúguǒ (ruguo)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        if
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Sānlǐtún
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (a district in Běijīng where many Foreign
                        diplomats and Chinése people from other
                        countries live)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shuōhao le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to have come to an agreement (about something);
                        (something) has been agreed on
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎnghǎo le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to have reached a conclusion (about something);
                        (something) has been thought out
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yàoshi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        if
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhí
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        zuòhǎo le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        directly
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to have finished doing (something);
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        (something) has been finished
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced, on C-2 tape) chū chāi chùzhǎng gǎnbushàng
            </para>
            <para>
              hái hǎo
            </para>
            <para>
              kāi huì
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              to go on a business trip division chief
            </para>
            <para>
              won’t be able to catch (a plane, train, etc.)
            </para>
            <para>
              fairly good/well
            </para>
            <para>
              to attend a meeting/conference
            </para>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-6.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi-made jeep and other vehicles in a parking lot
              outside the train station in Guangzhou
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-6">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark40" /><anchor id="bookmark136" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. A: Lǎo Song, zěnmeyàng? Mang ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Bù zěnme máng. Nǐ you shi ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Song, how are things going? Are you busy?
            </para>
            <para>
              Not especially busy. Can I do something for you?
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              The greeting zěnmeyàng is more informal than nǐ hǎo a.
              Zěnmeyàng is used only if the two people already know each
              other.
            </para>
            <para>
              Mang ne? and Mang ma? are translated into English as ’’Are
              you busy?” However, the two Chinese questions are not
              interchangeable. When a speaker asks the question Mang ma?
              he really wants to find out whether someone is busy. On
              the other hand, Mang ne? is an example of the Chinese
              custom of greeting a person by stating the obvious. The
              speaker is simply acknowledging the fact that the listener
              is busy. The question mark following Mang ne? shows that
              the speaker is inviting the listener to comment. You might
              think of Máng ne? as something like the English
              &quot;Well, it looks like you are working hard,” which
              invites a response like &quot;Sure am” or &quot;Oh, I’m
              really not doing much of anything.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Ne may be used in many sentences to comment on what the
              person being addressed is doing at the moment:
            </para>
            <para>
              Chi fàn ne?                Having dinner, I see?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zài zhèr ne?               Well, you’re here?
            </para>
            <para>
              Mǎi dōngxi ne?             Doing some shopping, eh?
            </para>
            <para>
              These sentences are almost greetings in themselves.
            </para>
            <para>
              The overall intonation of the question Mang ma? is higher
              than that of a statement. The intonation of Mang ne? is
              somewhat lower. Listen carefully to the tape.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bù zěnme may precede a state verb, &quot;not
              especially,&quot; &quot;not particularly.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù zěnme xǐhuan nèiběn shū.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù zěnme qīngchu.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ jīntiān bù zěnme hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā bù zěnme you qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù zěnme xiǎng qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Contrast bù zěnme with bú zenme, &quot;not
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The expression would then mean
            </para>
            <para>
              I don’t particularly like that book. I’m not particularly
              clear on this.
            </para>
            <para>
              (This isn’t very clear to me.) I’m not particularly well
              today. He's not especially rich.
            </para>
            <para>
              I don't especially want to go. as much as that&quot;:
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Wǒ bú zenme xǐhuan kàn diàn- I don't like to go to the
              movies that yīngr.                          much, (i.e.,
              as much as someone
            </para>
            <para>
              else Just mentioned)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù zěnme xihuan kàn diàn-yīngr.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I don’t particularly like to go to the movies.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. A: Wǒ Sìyue Shisìhào yào dào Guangzhou qù. Qǐng ni
                  gěi wo ding yìzhāng fēijī piào.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I’m going to Guangzhou on April 1U. Please reserve a plane
              ticket for me.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Sure.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. B: Piào dìnghǎo le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  A: Neibān fēijī? Jīdiǎn zhōng qīfēi?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B: Jiǔdiǎn shíwǔfēn qīfēi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The ticket has been reserved.
            </para>
            <para>
              Which flight? What time does it take off?
            </para>
            <para>
              It takes off at 9:15.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 3
            </para>
            <para>
              Dìnghǎo is a compound verb of result. When used as the
              final element in a compound verb of result, hǎo indicates
              that the action described by the initial verb has been
              brought to a successful conclusion.
            </para>
            <para>
              The same form of the verb, dìnghǎo, is used to describe an
              object having something done to it and a person doing
              something to an object.
            </para>
            <para>
              Piào dìnghǎo le.           The ticket has been reserved.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bǎ piào dìnghǎo le. I have reserved the ticket.
            </para>
            <para>
              Here are additional examples of compounds with the
              result-ending -hǎo:
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒmen yījīng shuōhǎo le. We have already come to an
              agreement about it. (We have already talked it out to a
              conclusion.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī xiǎnghǎo le meiyou? Have you reached a conclusion yet?
              (Have you thought it out to a conclusion yet?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ yījīng bǎ Jīntiān I have already finished making the
              wǎnshàng yào chīde         things we are going to eat
              tonight,
            </para>
            <para>
              dōngxi zuòhǎo le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nīde xíngli zhunbèihǎo Is your luggage ready? le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              U. A: Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Guǎngzhōu ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Shi, zhí fēi Guǎngzhōu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Does this flight go directly to Guǎngzhōu?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes, it flies directly to Guǎngzhōu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. U
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèibān fēijī, &quot;this flight&quot;: In Chinese, the
              specifier zhèi- is used to refer to what has just been
              talked about. In English, &quot;that&quot; and
              &quot;the&quot; are used for the same purpose.
            </para>
            <para>
              The adverb zhí is not used in as many situations as is its
              English translation, &quot;directly,&quot;
              &quot;straight.&quot; In other contexts, the word for
              &quot;directly&quot; or &quot;direct&quot; would be
              zhíjiē, and the word for &quot;straight&quot; would be
              yìzhí.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. A: Cong Sānlǐtún dào fēijīchǎng yào duōshao shíjiān?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Yào sìshifēn zhōng.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              How much time does it take to go from Sānlǐtún to the
              airport?
            </para>
            <para>
              It takes forty minutes.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              6. A: Rúguo wō bādiǎn zhōng líkāi Jiā, láidejí ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Láidejí.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              If I leave home at eight o’clock, I can make it in time.
              Right?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 6
            </para>
            <para>
              Rúguo is one of the commonest words in Chinese for
              &quot;if.&quot; Another widely used word for
              &quot;if&quot; is yàoshi. (See Additional Required
              Vocabulary, No. 12.) You have already learned that the
              idea of &quot;if&quot; may be conveyed in Chinese without
              any special word:
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò Gōnglùjú děi xiān mǎi If I take the bus, is it
              necessary piào ma?                       to buy tickets
              ahead of time?
            </para>
            <para>
              Bādiǎn zhōng líkāi jiā         If I leave home at eight
              o’clock,
            </para>
            <para>
              láidejí ba?                     I can make it in time.
              Right?
            </para>
            <para>
              7. A: Qǐng ni míngtiān zǎoshang pài ge chē lái jiē wo.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Hǎo. Wǒ míngtiān bādiǎn zhōng pài chē song ni dào
              fēijīchǎng qu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Please send a car to pick me up tomorrow morning.
            </para>
            <para>
              Okay. I’ll send a car at eight o’clock tomorrow to take
              you to the airport.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 7
            </para>
            <para>
              The verb pài means &quot;to send/assign someone tto do
              something].&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Ge: You have already learned that, when toneless, yíge
              means &quot;a,&quot; not &quot;one.&quot; In the first
              sentence of exchange 7, you see that yíge can be reduced
              to the one syllable ge. This reduction happens most
              frequently when &quot;a&quot; follows the sentence verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              zhǎo ge rén chī ge píngguS
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              to look for someone (i.e. , a person)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              to eat an apple
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The verb jiē means &quot;to meet,&quot; as in
              &quot;meeting someone at the station,&quot; or &quot;to
              get,&quot; &quot;to pick up,&quot; as in &quot;I’ll come
              by to get you (pick you up) about eight o’clock.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Pài ge chē lái jiē wo, literally &quot;send a car to come
              pick me up&quot;: In English, &quot;come&quot; may be
              omitted. In Chinese, lái must separate the action (pài ge
              chē) from the purpose of the action (jiē wo). Either lái
              or qù may be used to mark purpose expressions, depending
              on the direction of the action.
            </para>
            <para>
              The verb song means &quot;to take/escort someone&quot; in
              the last sentence of exchange 7- Song may also mean
              &quot;to send&quot; in the sense of &quot;delivering an
              object,&quot; in contrast with the verb pài, which means
              &quot;to send a person.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng pài ge rén dào wo jiā Please send a man over to my
              house, lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qǐng bǎ zhuōzi song dao wǒ Please deliver the table to my
              house, jiā qù.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. -hǎo le
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. luguǎn
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. shuōhǎo le
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. xiǎnghǎo le
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  12. yàoshi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  13. zuòhǎo le
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              to he satisfactorily completed
            </para>
            <para>
              hotel
            </para>
            <para>
              to have come to an agreement (about something);
              (something) has been agreed on
            </para>
            <para>
              to have reached a conclusion (about something);
              (something) has been thought out
            </para>
            <para>
              if (alternate word for rúguo)
            </para>
            <para>
              to have finished doing (something); (something) has been
              finished
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
            </para>
            <para>
              Luguǎn is the general term for any kind of hotel. When
              following a verb or the prepositional verb zài, luguǎn may
              be followed by the locational ending -li, &quot;in,&quot;
              or there may be no locative ending. This is also the case
              with other place words naming institutions, business
              establishments, and organizations.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zài zhèige luguǎnli (OR He stayed in this hotel for two
              zài zhèige luguǎn) zhùle months.
            </para>
            <para>
              liǎngge yuè.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-booster-1">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark137" /><anchor id="bookmark138" />VOCABULARY
            BOOSTER</title>
            <para>
              Animals
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tear
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xióng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        camel
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        luòtuo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cat
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        māo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chicken
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cow
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        niú
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        deer
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dog
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gǒ<superscript>u</superscript>
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        donkey-
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        duck
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        elephant
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fish
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yfi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fox
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        húli
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        goat
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shānyáng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        horse
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ma
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lion
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shīzi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        monkey
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hóuzi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        mouse/rat
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lǎoshù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        panda
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiongmāo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Pig
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhū
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        sheep
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tiger
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lǎohù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        turkey
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huojǐ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wolf
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-6">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark42" /><anchor id="bookmark139" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            A. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Qing ni gěi wo mǎi yìzhāng chuan piào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (Please buy one boat ticket for me.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Qing ni gěi Ma Xiānsheng mǎi liǎngzhāng huochē piào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Qing ni gěi Mao Tàitai mǎi yìzhang gōnglùjúde
                chēpiào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Qing ni gěi Lin Xiǎojiě mǎi sǎnzhāng zhídáchēde chēpiào.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Qing ni gěi Liú Ntlshì mǎi sǎnzhāng tèkuàichēde
                chēpiào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Qing ni gěi Zhōu Xiānsheng mǎi liǎngzhāng fēijī piào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Qǐng ni gěi Zhào Tàitai mǎi liǎngzhāng chuán piào.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Qing ni gěi wo ding yìzhāng chuán piào.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Please reserve one boat ticket for me.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gěi MS Xiānsheng ding liǎngzhāng huochē piào.
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gěi Máo Tàitai ding yìzhāng gōnglùjúde chēpiào.
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gěi Lin Xiǎojiě ding sǎnzhāng zhídáchēde chēpiào.
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gei Liu Nushi ding sǎnzhāng tèkuàichēde chēpiào.
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gěi Zhōu Xiānsheng ding liǎngzhāng fēijī piào.
          </para>
          <para>
            Qing ni gěi Zhào Tàitai ding liǎngzhāng chuán piào.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B. Expansion Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Wǒ yào dào Guǎngzhōu qù. (cue) huochē piào
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (l want to go to Guǎngzhōu.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Wo yào dào Běijīng qù. fēijī piào
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wǒ yào dào Nánjīng qù. tèkuàichēde piào
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Wǒ yào dào Qīngdǎo qù. chuán piào
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Wǒ yào dào Tiānjīn qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            qìchē piào
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Wǒ yào dào Guǎngzhōu qù, keyi bu keyi ding yìzhāng
            huǒchē piào?
          </para>
          <para>
            (I want to go to Guǎngzhōu.
          </para>
          <para>
            May I reserve a train ticket?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ yào dào Běijīng qù, kěyi bu keyi ding yìzhāng fēijī piào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Wo yào dào Nánjīng qù, kěyi bu keyi ding yìzhāng tèkuàichēde
            piào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ yào dào Qīngdǎo qù, kěyi bu keyi ding yìzhāng chuán piào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ yào dào Tiānjīn qù, kěyi bu keyi ding yìzhāng qìchē piào?
          </para>
          <para>
            6. Wo yào dào Hangzhōu qù. fēijī piào
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Wǒ yào dào Hangzhōu qù, kéyi bu keyi ding yìzhang fēijī
            piào?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Wǒ yào dào Sūzhōu qù. zhídáchēde piào
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Wǒ yào dào Sūzhōu qù, kéyi bu keyi ding yìzhang zhídáchēde
            piào?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                C. Response Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Zuōhǎo le ma?              You: Méi zuòhǎo
                ne.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) no                       (I haven’t finished doing
            it.)
          </para>
          <para>
            (Have you finished
          </para>
          <para>
            doing it?)
          </para>
          <para>
            2. Shuōhǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            yes
          </para>
          <para>
            Shuōhǎo le.
          </para>
          <para>
            3. Xiǎnghǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            soon
          </para>
          <para>
            Kuài xiǎnghǎo le.
          </para>
          <para>
            U. DÌnghǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            not yet
          </para>
          <para>
            Hai méi dìnghǎo ne.
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Shuōhǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            no
          </para>
          <para>
            Méi shuōhǎo ne.
          </para>
          <para>
            6. Zuòhǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            soon
          </para>
          <para>
            Kuài zuōhǎo le.
          </para>
          <para>
            7. Xiǎnghǎo le ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            not yet
          </para>
          <para>
            Hai méi xiǎnghǎo ne
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                D. Expansion Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Něibán fēijī? (Which flight?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            OR Neibān huǒchē? (Which train?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Neibān qìchē?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Neibān fēijī?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Neibān fēijī? Jidiǎn zhōng qlfēi?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Which flight? What time does it take off?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Neibān huǒchē? Jidiǎn zhōng kāi?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Which train? What time does it leave?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Neibān qìchē? Jidiǎn zhōng kāi?
          </para>
          <para>
            Neibān fēijī? Jidiǎn zhōng qlfēi?
          </para>
          <para>
            U. Neibān zhídǎchē?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            5. Neibān tèkuàichē?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            6. Neibān fēijī?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            Neibān zhídǎchē? Jīdiǎn zhōng kāi?
          </para>
          <para>
            Neibān tèkuàichē? Jīdiǎn zhong kāi?
          </para>
          <para>
            Neibān fēijī? Jīdiǎn zhōng qīfēi?
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                E. Substitution Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            1. Speaker: Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Guangzhou ma? (cue)
            Nānjīng (Does this flight go
          </para>
          <para>
            directly to Guǎngzhōu?)
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Nānjīng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            (Does this flight go directly to Nānjīng?)
          </para>
          <para>
            2. Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi
          </para>
          <para>
            Nānj īng
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Shànghǎi ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Shànghǎi
          </para>
          <para>
            3. Zhèibān ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            fēijī zhí fēi Běijīng
          </para>
          <para>
            Shànghǎi
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Běijīng ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            U. Zhèibān ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            fēijī zhí fēi Wǔhàn
          </para>
          <para>
            Běijīng
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Wǔhàn ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Sūzhōu
          </para>
          <para>
            Wuhàn ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Sūzhōu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            6. Zhèibān
          </para>
          <para>
            fēijī zhí fēi
          </para>
          <para>
            Sūzhōu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Qīngdǎo ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Qīngdǎo
          </para>
          <para>
            7. Zhèibān fēijī zhí fēi Qīngdǎo ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                F. Transformation Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Cóng Sānlitún dào huōchēzhàn yào duōshao
                shíjiǎn? (cue) duōshaofēn zhōng
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (How much time does it take to go from Sānlitún to the train
            station?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Cóng Dōngdān dào Wǎngfǔjlng Dàjiē yào duōshao
                shíjiǎn? duōshao shíhou
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Cong Changān Jiē dào Rìtánlù yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Jìfēn zhōng
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                4. Cong Běijīng dào Guǎngzhōu yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
                jitiān
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Cong Nǎnjīng dào Shànghǎi yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
                duōshao xiǎoshí
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Cong Hǎngzhōu dào Guǎngzhōu yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
                duōshao xiǎoshí
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Cong GuǎnghuǎltL dào huōchēzhàn yào duōshao shíjiǎn?
                duōshaofēn zhōng
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Cóng Sānlitún dào huōchēzhàn yào duōshaofēn zhōng?
          </para>
          <para>
            (How many minutes from Sānlitún to the train station?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Cong Dōngdān dào Wǎngfǔjlng Dàjiē yào duōshao shíhou?
          </para>
          <para>
            Cōng Chǎngǎn Jiē dào Rìtǎnlù yào jifēn zhōng?
          </para>
          <para>
            Cong Běijīng dào Guǎngzhōu yào jitiān?
          </para>
          <para>
            Cong Nǎnjīng dào Shànghǎi yào duōshao xiǎoshí?
          </para>
          <para>
            Cóng Hǎngzhōu dào Guǎngzhōu yào duōshao xiǎoshí?
          </para>
          <para>
            Cōng Guǎnghuǎlǔ dào huōchēzhàn yào duōshaofēn zhōng?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                G. Transformation Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Rúguō wō bǎdiǎn zhōng líkǎi jiǎ, lǎidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (If I leave home at eight o’clock, can I make it?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Rúguō wō shídiǎn zhōng líkǎi xuǎxiào, lǎidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Rúguō wō bǎdiǎn zhōng líkǎi jiǎ, shěnme shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            (If I leave home at eight o’clock, what time will I arrive?)
          </para>
          <para>
            Rúguō wō shídiǎn zhōng líkǎi xuexiào, shěnme shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. RÚguS Lí Xiānsheng shíyīdiǎn shifēn líkāi Dàshiguǎn,
                láidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Ruguo Zhang Nushì shíyuè qíhào líkāi zhèli, láidejí ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Rúguo tā sìdiǎnbàn líkāi fàndiàn, láidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Ruguo ni zǎoshang qīdiǎn zhong líkāi jiā, láidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Rúguo tāmen xiànzài líkāi chēzhàn, láidejí ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Rúguo Lǐ Xiānsheng shíyīdiǎn shífēn líkāi Dàshiguǎn, shenme
            shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Rúguo Zhāng Nushì shíyuè qíhào líkāi zhèli, shenme shíhou
            dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Rúguo tā sìdiǎnbàn líkāi fàndiàn, shenme shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Rúguo ni zǎoshang qīdiǎn zhong líkāi jiā, shénme shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            Rúguo tāmen xiànzài líkāi chēzhàn, shénme shíhou dào?
          </para>
          <para>
            H. Expansion Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Qīng ni lái jiē wo. (Please pick me up.)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Qīng ni pài ge chē lái jiē wo. (Please send a car to
            pick me up.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Qīng ni lái jiē ta.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Qīng ni qù jiē tamen.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Qīng ni qù Jiē ta.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Qīng ni song wo qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Qīng ni lái jiē ta.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Qīng ni song tamen qù.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē lái jiē ta.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē qù jiē tamen.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē qù jiē ta.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē song wo qù.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē lái jiē ta.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Qīng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ni
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pài ge chē sòng tamen qù.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            I. Expansion Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Wo song ni dào fēijīchǎng qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (I’ll take you to the airport.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. W3 song ni dào huochēzhàn qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. W3 sǒng ni dào qìchēzhàn qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. Wo sǒng ni dào tā jiā qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. W3 sǒng ni dào yínhang qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Wo song ni dào dàshiguǎn qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Wo sǒng ni dào fēijīchǎng qù.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Wǒ pài chē song ni dào fēijīchǎng qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            (I’ll send a car to take you to the airport.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē sǒng ni dào huochēzhàn qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē sǒng ni dào qìchēzhàn qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē sǒng ni dào tā Jiā qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē song ni dào yínhang qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē sǒng ni dào dàshiguǎn qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ pài chē sǒng ni dào fēijīchǎng qù.
          </para>
          <section xml:id="unit-8">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark140" /><anchor id="bookmark141" />UNIT
            8</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-7">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark51" /><anchor id="bookmark142" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Běijīng)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. B: Hǎo Jiǔ měi Jiàn, nín chū men le ba?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Shi a, wo yōu dào Guǎngzhōu qu le.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. B: Nín wèishěnme gang huílai, yōu qù le ne?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Wō zhèicì dào Guǎngzhōu qù shi yīnwei wǒ you yige hěn
                hǎode pěngyou cǒng Xiǎnggǎng lǎi.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. A: Women you y ini an měi Jiàn le.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Tā qǐng wo pěi ta yìqī qù lùxíng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. A: Sānge yuè yīqiǎn wǒ zài Guǎngzhōu, nèige shíhou tǎ hǎi
            bù zhídào něng bu něng lǎi.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. B: Nīmen dōu qùguo shěnme dìfang?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Nǎnjīng, Shànghǎi, Hǎngzhōu, Sūzhōu, dōu qù le.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Hǎngzhōu zhēn shi piàoliang.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. A: You Jīhui wǒ yào zài qù yícì.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. A: Zhèixiē dìfang nī dōu qùguo le ba?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Měi dōu qùguo. Wo hǎi měi qùguo Sūzhōu.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            I haven’t seen you for a long time, You have been away, I
            suppose?
          </para>
          <para>
            Yes, I went to Guǎngzhōu again.
          </para>
          <para>
            Why did you go again when you had Just come back from there?
          </para>
          <para>
            This time I went to Guǎngzhōu because I had a very good
            friend coming there from Hong Kong.
          </para>
          <para>
            We had not seen each other for a year.
          </para>
          <para>
            She asked me to accompany her (in her) travels.
          </para>
          <para>
            Three months ago, when I was in Guǎngzhōu, she didn’t know
            yet whether she would be able to come or not.
          </para>
          <para>
            What places did you go to?
          </para>
          <para>
            We went to Nǎnjīng, Shànghǎi, Hǎngzhōu, and Sūzhōu. Hǎngzhōu
            is really beautiful.
          </para>
          <para>
            If I have the chance, I would like to go again.
          </para>
          <para>
            You have gone to all those places, I suppose?
          </para>
          <para>
            I haven’t been to all of them. I still haven’t been to
            Sūzhōu.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                8. huí guó
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                9. huí jiā
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                10. huíqu
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED (not presented on C-
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                11. rènao
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                12. you yìsi
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                13. méi(yǒu) yìsi
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            1U. suǒyǐ (suóyi)
          </para>
          <para>
            VOCABULARY
          </para>
          <para>
            •1 and P-1 tapes)
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            to return to one’s native country
          </para>
          <para>
            to come/go home
          </para>
          <para>
            to go back to be lively/bustling/noisy to be interesting
          </para>
          <para>
            to be uninteresting therefore, so
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-6">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark44" /><anchor id="bookmark143" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chū men (chū ménr)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to go out, to go away from home, to go out of
                        town
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        only a short while ago, just
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Hangzhou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (a city in Zhejiang Province in the PRC,
                        formerly spelled Hangchow)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hāo jiu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        a long time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to return to, to go back to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí guō
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to return to one’s native country
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí jiā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to return home
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huílai
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to come back
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huíqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to go back
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        jiàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to meet, to see
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jīhui
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        opportunity, chance
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méi(you) yìsi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be uninteresting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        něng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        can; to be able to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        péi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to accompany
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        piàoliang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be beautiful
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        qing
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to request, to invite
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        rènao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be lively/bustling/noisy
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        suōyl (suoyi)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        therefore, so
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Sūzhōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (a city in Jiāngsū Province in the PRC, formerly
                        spelled Soochow)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wèishénme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        why
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ylnwei
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        because
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yìql
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        together, along with
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        again (with completed actions)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you yìsi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be interesting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        again (with uncompleted actions)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huār kāile
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        the flowers have bloomed (literally, ’’opened”)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        jiānglái
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        in the future
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shōudao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to receive
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ySumíngde dìfang
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        famous place
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zuìJin
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        recently
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module05TRN-StudentText-7.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
            <para>
              Běijīng Workers' Stadium
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-7">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark45" /><anchor id="bookmark144" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. B: Hǎo jiǔ méi Jiàn, nín chū men le ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Shi a, wo yòu dào Guǎngzhōu qu le.
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t seen you for a long time You have been away, I
              suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes, I went to Guǎngzhōu again.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎo jiǔ, ’’very long”: In this phrase, the word hǎo means
              ’’very.” Some additional examples of this use of hǎo are
            </para>
            <para>
              hǎo dà                     very large
            </para>
            <para>
              hǎo duō rén                a good many people
            </para>
            <para>
              hǎo Jitiān                 quite a few days
            </para>
            <para>
              Persons from Taiwan frequently use hǎo, ’’very,” before
              another hǎo, as in Hǎo hǎowǎn! &quot;What fun!” and Hǎo
              hǎochī! &quot;Delicious!” Speakers from Bǎijīng think that
              this repetition of hǎo sounds bad.
            </para>
            <para>
              The verb Jiàn means ”to see someone” in the sense of ”to
              visit/talk with someone.&quot; The verb kànjian is used
              for &quot;to see” in the sense of &quot;to perceive an
              object.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Chū mén means &quot;to go out,&quot; &quot;to go away from
              home,&quot; &quot;to go out of town&quot;; literally,
              &quot;to go out the door.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Yōu is the word for &quot;again&quot; which is used with
              completed actions. (See notes on No. 6 for
              &quot;again&quot; with actions that have not been
              completed.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Òu, nī yòu lǎi le!             Oh, you have come again!
            </para>
            <para>
              Qìshuī yòu méiyou le.          We are out of soda again.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zuétiān méi shàng kè. Yesterday he didn’t attend class.
            </para>
            <para>
              Jīntiān yòu méi shàng kè. Today, again, he didn’t attend
              class.
            </para>
            <para>
              2. B: NÍn wèishénme gang huílai, you qù le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: W3 zhèicì dào GUǎngzhōu qù shi yīnwei wǒ you yige hen
              hāode péngyou cóng Xianggang lai.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Why did you go again when you had just come back from
              there?
            </para>
            <para>
              This time I went to Guangzhou because I had a very good
              friend coming there from Hong Kong.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 2
            </para>
            <para>
              Wèishénme, ’’why,&quot; follows the subject in the first
              sentence of exchange 2. This question word usually occurs
              in that position. (In English, ’’why” always precedes the
              subject.)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Ni
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wèishénme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you qù le ne?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (Why
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        did you go again?)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              Sometimes wèishénme precedes the subject of a sentence:
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wèishénme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méi qù?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wèishénme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méi qù?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              ’’Why didn’t he go?”
            </para>
            <para>
              Gang, &quot;only a short while ago,&quot;
              &quot;Just&quot;: The first sentence in the exchange could
              also be translated as &quot;Why, having just come back
              from there, did you go again?&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The adverb gang is used in sentences describing something
              that has just been done, in other words, completed action.
              But notice that the marker le for completion is not used
              here. The marker le is added when the focus is on whether
              or not the action has been performed, not on when or how
              it was performed. Gang is often used in sentences
              emphasizing the recentness of an action, not the fact that
              it was done; therefore le is not used.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ni shi shénme shíhou láide? When did you come here?
            </para>
            <para>
              Gang lái.                       I Just got here.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ni mèimei zài bu zài?          Is your little sister here?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā gang z3u.                    She just left.
            </para>
            <para>
              Huí, &quot;to return,&quot; &quot;to go back&quot;: Like
              chù, &quot;to go out,&quot; and jin, &quot;to
              enter',<superscript>1</superscript>*' huí must be followed
              by either a place word or a directional ending.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí Bèijing huíguo huíj iā huílai huíqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to return to Bèijīng
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to return to one’s native country to return home
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to come back
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to go back
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              The meaning of huílai is not as broad, as that of the
              English translation &quot;to come back,” which has two
              meanings: 1) to come from someplace else to the original
              place (”He leaves for work at eight and doesn’t come back
              till six.”) and 2) to come another time (&quot;Mr. Wang
              isn’t in today; come back tomorrow.&quot;) Huílai means
              &quot;to return to a particular place.&quot; To say
              &quot;to come another time&quot; in Chinese, you would use
              an adverb meaning &quot;again&quot; and the verb lái. For
              example,
            </para>
            <para>
              Wang Xiānsheng Jīntiān bú zài, qing ni míngtiān zài lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèige ren zuótiān you lái zhāo ni, nǐ bú zài.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Mr. Wáng isn't in today; please come back tomorrow.
            </para>
            <para>
              That guy came back looking for you yesterday, but you were
              out.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ne: Because of the question word wèishenme,
              &quot;why,&quot; the first sentence in exchange 2 is
              clearly a question. The marker ne is not needed to
              indicate a question, but does give an added ring of
              inquisitiveness to the sentence. Questions ending in ne
              often seem to be asking for definite answers.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǐnwei, &quot;because&quot;: Here are some
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ wèishénme méi lái?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǐnwei wo hěn máng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ wèishenme láiwān le?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǐnwei wo zǒucuò le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ wèishenme you qù le?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǐnwei wǒde péngyou cóng Xiānggǎng lái.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              simpler sentences containing yǐnwei:
            </para>
            <para>
              Why didn't you come?
            </para>
            <para>
              Because I was very busy.
            </para>
            <para>
              Why did you come late?
            </para>
            <para>
              Because I made a wrong turn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Why did you go again?
            </para>
            <para>
              Because my friend was coming from Hong Kong.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The word order in the second sentence of exchange 2 may be
              described in terms of a pattern:
            </para>
            <para>
              SENTENCE shi yǐnwei SENTENCE
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ zhèicì dào                    wǒ yǒu yige hěn
            </para>
            <para>
              Guangzhōu qù                     hǎode péngyou
            </para>
            <para>
              cóng Xiānggǎng lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              The phrase hěn hǎode péngyou contains the marker of
              modification -de. The modifying phrase ADVERB + ADJECTIVAL
              VERB (e.g., zuì xiǎo, tài gāo) is followed by -de.
              Therefore hǎo péngyou does not need -de, but hěn hǎode
              péngyou does.
            </para>
            <para>
              The verb yǒu is translated in the past tense in the second
              sentence of this exchange: &quot;I HAD a . . . friend
              coming.&quot; Notice that there is no completed-action
              marker in the sentence. Yǒu cannot be used with a
              completed-action marker because it is a STATE verb, not an
              action verb. (See notes on Nos. 7-8 in BIO, Unit 8, and on
              No. h in this unit.)
            </para>
            <para>
              3.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              A: Women you yìnián méi jiàn le. We had not seen each
              other for a year.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Tā qǐng wo péi ta yìqī qù She asked me to accompany her
              (in her) luxíng.                         travels.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 3
            </para>
            <para>
              You yìnián méi: To state the period of time within which
              something has not happened, place the amount of time in
              front of the negative and the verb. The verb you may be
              placed in front of the amount of time.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Women
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (you)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        sānnián
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méi Jiàn le.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (as for us
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        there have been
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        3 years
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        haven’t met)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;We haven’t seen each other for three years.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              In this example, new-situation le might be translated as
              &quot;as of now.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              When you are talking about a period of time within which
              something will not happen, the same pattern is used, but
              you may NOT be added:
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        liāngtiān
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù chīfàn.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;I’m not going to eat for two days.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The verb qǐng, which you have already learned as
              &quot;please,&quot; means &quot;to request Ethat a person
              do something!&quot; or &quot;to invite.&quot; Normally,
              when you qǐng someone to take a trip or to go out, you are
              saying that you will pay all expenses.
            </para>
            <para>
              4. A: Sānge yuè yǐqián wǒ zài Guǎngzhōu, nèige shíhou tā
              hái bù zhīdào néng bu néng lái.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Three months ago, when I was in Guǎngzhōu, she didn’t know
              yet whether she would be able to come or not.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 4
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǐqián, &quot;ago&quot;: You have already seen yǐqián used
              after a phrase to mean &quot;before.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ shàng bān yǐqián, wo mǎi Before I start work, I will
              buy diǎnr chide.                    something to eat.
            </para>
            <para>
              In No. U, yiqián is used after an amount of time to mean
              ’'ago.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Liǎngnián yiqián, wǒ meiyou Two years ago, I didn’t have a
              car. qìchē.
            </para>
            <para>
              Neng, &quot;can,&quot; &quot;to be able to,&quot; &quot;to
              be capable of&quot;: The most general word in Chinese for
              &quot;to be able to&quot; is neng. The meanings of neng
              and keyi &quot;to be permitted by someone&quot; or
              &quot;permissible according to some rules or
              conventions,&quot; overlap.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèige shíhou tā hái bù zhīdào: The negative is bù, even
              though the sentence refers to the past. The negative mei
              cannot be used here because it is the negative of
              completed action. The verb zhīdao, like the verb you and
              adjectival verbs such as hǎo, is a state verb and cannot
              be thought of as completed.
            </para>
            <para>
              Since the negative of a state verb is the same in the
              present and past tenses, the intended time must be
              discovered from the context. One reason for using nèige
              shíhou in No. H is to make the time reference very clear.
            </para>
            <para>
              STATE VERBS include all adjectival verbs, auxiliary verbs,
              and a few other verbs. Here are some examples:
            </para>
            <para>
              STATE VERBS
            </para>
            <para>
              Adjectival Verbs
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              YīJiǔsānyīnián dōngxi dōu bú guì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ zài Déguode shíhou bú huì shuō Déguo huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ yiqián bù xǐhuan niàn shū.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Auxiliaries Others
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dà
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huì
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kéyi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        X
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gui
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        neng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        piányi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        děi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xing
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kuài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bú bì
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jiào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        màn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yào
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhīdao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        duō
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xīhuan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              shǎo gāoxìng
            </para>
            <para>
              In 1931, everything was inexpensive
            </para>
            <para>
              When I was in Germany, I couldn't speak German.
            </para>
            <para>
              Before, I didn’t like to study.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bù zhīdào neng bu neng lái, &quot;didn't know if she would
              be able to come&quot;: The object of the verb zhīdao is a
              choice-type question, néng bu neng lái. Here are more
              examples of this usage:
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù zhīdào hái yǒu meiyou. I don’t know if there are any
              left.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī wènwen tā mǎile meiyou.     Ask him if he bought it.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ xiǎng zhīdao tāmen lái      I would like to know if
              they are
            </para>
            <para>
              bu lái.                         coming or not.
            </para>
            <para>
              English-speaking students of Chinese are often tempted to
              translate &quot;if&quot; as rúguō or yàoshi; to do so,
              however, is wrong. The following rule may help you
              remember to use a choice-type question: Whenever the
              &quot;if&quot; in an English sentence means
              &quot;whether,&quot; use a choice-type question in
              Chinese. For example, &quot;I would like to know if they
              are coming&quot; means &quot;I would like to know whether
              they are coming&quot;; therefore, in Chinese, you would
              use a choice-type question as the object of the verb
              zhidao.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. B: Nǐmen dōu qùguo shénme dìfang?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Nánjīng, Shànghǎi, Hangzhōu, Sūzhōu, dōu qù le.
              Hangzhou zhēn shi piàoliang.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              What places did you go to?
            </para>
            <para>
              We went to Nánjīng, Shànghǎi, Háng-zhōu, and Sūzhōu.
              Hángzhōu is really beautiful.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 5
            </para>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu qùguo shenme dìfang? is ambiguous. It could mean
              either &quot;What places did all of you go to?&quot; or
              &quot;What are all the places that you went to?&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              You already know that dōu may refer to an object when that
              object precedes the verb, in topic position. (See the
              second sentence in exchange 5.)
            </para>
            <para>
              In this first sentence of the exchange, dōu is referring
              to an object which occurs after the verb. When an object
              includes a question word, it is not placed before dōu in
              the sentence.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā dōu qùguo shenme dìfang? What are all the places that
              he went to?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā dōu niànguo shénme shū? What are all the books that she
              has read?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā dōu mǎiguo shénme dōngxi? What are all the things that
              he bought ?
            </para>
            <para>
              The shi in Hángzhōu zhēn shi piàoliang has been added for
              emphasis. Shi is not required before adjectival verbs.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. A: You JIhui wō yào zài qù yícì. If I have the chance,
              I would like
            </para>
            <para>
              to go again.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 6
            </para>
            <para>
              The adverb zài means ’’again” in talking about actions
              that have not been completed. (This adverb was translated
              previously in your text as ’’then” in commands.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Míngtiān zài lái ba!       Come again tomorrow.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qing ni zài shuō yícì.     Please say it again.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yícì means ’’one occurrence of going,” or ’’one trip,” in
              this sentence. (The English translation does not include
              an equivalent of yícì.)
            </para>
            <para>
              7. A: Zhèixiē dìfang ni dōu qùguo le ba?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Mei dōu qùguo. Wō hai méi qùguo Sūzhōu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You have gone to all those places, I suppose?
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t been to all of them. I still haven’t been to
              Sūzhōu.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Note on No. 7
            </para>
            <para>
              Mei dōu, ’’not all&quot;: In the second sentence of
              exchange 7&gt; the negative méi precedes the adverb dōu.
              Placing a negative before dōu instead of after it changes
              the meaning of the phrase. Compare the sentences below:
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen dōu bù lai.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen bù dōu lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wō dōu méi qùguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo méi dōu qùguo.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              They are all not coming. (All of them are not coming.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Not all of them are coming.
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t been to any of them.
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t been to all of them.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        8.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí guó
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to return to one's native country
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        9-
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huí jiā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to come/go home
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        10.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huíqu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to go back
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        11.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        rènao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be lively/bustling/noisy
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        12.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you yìsi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be interesting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        13.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méi(you) yìsi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be uninteresting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        1U.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        suǒyǐ (suóyi)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        therefore, so
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
            </para>
            <para>
              Suǒyǐ (also pronounced suóyi) is the word
              &quot;therefore,” ”so.”
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ hen máng, suoyi méi qù. I was very busy, so I didn’t
              go.
            </para>
            <para>
              In Chinese sentences expressing cause and result, the
              pattern yinwei... suoyi... is preferred. English speakers
              often find difficulty in using this pattern because it
              sounds unnatural in English to say &quot;Because I was
              very busy, so I didn’t go.&quot; In English, either
              &quot;because&quot; or &quot;so&quot; would be omitted;
              but, in Chinese, both yīnwei and suoyi are often retained.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yinwei wǒ hěn máng, suoyi méi qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yinwei tā shi hǎo xuésheng, suoyi lǎoshī dōu xǐhuan ta.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Yīnwei wǒ méiyou hùzhào, suóyi xiànzài wǒ hái bù néng
              líkǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yinwei wǒ yào dào Zhōngguo qù, suóyi wǒ yào xué Zhōngwén.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yinwei wǒ méiyou chē, suóyi wǒ bù néng zhùde lí xuéxiào
              tài yuǎn.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notice that suóyi always precedes the
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I was very busy, so I didn’t go. (OR &quot;Because I was
              very busy, I didn’t go.&quot;)
            </para>
            <para>
              Because he is a good student, all the teachers like him.
            </para>
            <para>
              I don't have a passport, so I can't leave yet. (OR
              &quot;Because I don't have a passport, I can’t leave
              yet.&quot;)
            </para>
            <para>
              I have to learn Chinese because I'm going to go to China.
            </para>
            <para>
              I don’t have a car, so I can't live too far away from
              school. (OR &quot;Because I don't have a car, I can't live
              too far away from school.&quot;)
            </para>
            <para>
              subject of the sentence.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Suóyi may also mean &quot;that's why...&quot;:
              &quot;That's why you came here by plane.&quot; Suóyi ni
              shi zud fēijī láide. When used this way, the word suóyi is
              stressed.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-7">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark145" /><anchor id="bookmark146" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
              A. Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Tā chū mén le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (He has gone out.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā dào Zhōngguo qù le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā niàn shū le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Tā shàngqu le.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tā dào péngyou Jiā qù le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tā lái le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā huíqu le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You; Tā yōu chū mén le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              (Has he gone out again?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu dào Zhōngguo qù le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu niàn shū le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu shàngqu le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu dào péngyou Jiā qù le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu lái le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yōu huíqu le ma?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  B. Expansion Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wǒ yào kàn yíge péngyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (I want to see a friend.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ yào mai yìběn Zhōngguo zìdiǎn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā xiǎng mǎi yige huāpíng.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Tā yào kànkan mùqin.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tā dǎsuan qù huàn yìdiǎn qián.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tā xiǎng xué ZhŌngwén.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā dǎsuan mǎi yìdiǎn dōngxi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Wo zhèicì qù shi yào kàn yíge péngyou.
            </para>
            <para>
              (The reason I’m going this time is Cthat3 I want to see a
              friend.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo zhèicì qù shi yào mǎi yìbān Zhōngguo zìdiǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhèicì qù shi xiǎng mǎi yige huāpíng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhèicì qù shi yào kànkan muqin.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhèicì qù shi dǎsuan qù huàn yìdiǎn qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhèicì qù shi xiǎng xué Zhōngwén.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhèicì qù shi dǎsuan mǎi yìdiǎn dōngxi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  C. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: W3 yǒu yìnián měi qù le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) kànjian ta
            </para>
            <para>
              (I haven’t gone for a year.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ you yìnián měi kànjian ta le. dào Shànghǎi qù
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ you yìnián měi dào Shànghǎi qù le.    kàn
                  Zhōngwěn bào
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              h. Wǒ you yìnián měi kàn Zhōngwěn bào le.    qù kàn ta
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wǒ yǒu yìnián měi qù kàn ta le. zuò fēijī
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wǒ you yìnián méi zuò fēijī le. dào zhèr lái
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Wǒ you yìnián méi dào zhèr lái le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Wo yǒu yìnián méi kànjian ta le.
            </para>
            <para>
              (I haven’t seen him for a year.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ yǒu yìnián méi dào Shànghǎi qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ you yìnián měi kàn Zhongwěn bào le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo you yìnián měi qù kàn ta le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo you yìnián méi zuò fēijī le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ yǒu yìnián méi dào zhèr lái le.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  D. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wǒ gēge qīng wo péi ta qù lùxíng.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (My older brother asked me to accompany him tin hisJ
              travels.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ jiějie qīng wo péi ta qù mǎi dōngxi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ àiren qīng wo péi ta qù kàn péngyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Zhang Tongzhì qīng wo péi ta dào Beijīng qù.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Lī Tǒngzhì qīng wo péi ta dào bǒwùguǎn qù.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Wo dei péi wo gēge qù luxíng. (I must accompany my
              older brother tin hisl travels.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ děi péi wǒ Jiějie qù mǎi dōngxi
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ děi péi wǒ àiren qù kàn péngyou
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ děi péi Zhang Tongzhì dào Běijīng qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo děi péi Lī Tǒngzhì dào běwùguǎn qù.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tā qǐng wo péi ta qù mǎi shū.
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wǒ dei péi ta qù mǎi shū.
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā qǐng wo péi ta qù huàn qian.
                </para>
                <para>
                  Wo děi péi ta qù huàn qian.
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  E. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào néng bu néng
                  lai.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) shénme shíhou
            </para>
            <para>
              (At that time he did not yet know whether or not he would
              be able to come.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào shénme shíhou lāi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              xīngqījǐ
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào xīngqījǐ lāi. kéyi bu
                  keyi
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào kéyi bu keyi lāi. jǐyuè
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào jǐyuè lāi. néng bu
                  néng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào néng bu néng lāi.
                  Jǐhào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào jǐhào lāi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào shénme shíhou lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              (At that time he did not yet know what time to come.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào xīngqījǐ lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào kéyi bu keyi lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào jǐyuè lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào néng bu néng lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā nèige shíhou hāi bù zhīdào jǐhào lāi.
            </para>
            <para>
              F. Response Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nǐmen dōu qùguo shénme dìfang?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) Shanghai, NánJīng
            </para>
            <para>
              (What places did you go to?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2, Nǐmen dōu qùguo shénme dìfang? nǐ shuōde
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nǐmen dōu niànguo shénme? zhèngzhixué, JīngJixué
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Nǐmen dōu mǎi shénme le? zhuōzi, pánziwǎn
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nǐmen zuōtiān dōu mǎi shénme le? shū, zázhì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nǐmen dōu yào shénme yánsède? lánde, hongde
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nǐmen Jīntiān dōu qùguo shénme dìfang? bowùguǎn,
                  zhǎnlǎnguǎn
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Shànghǎi, Nánjīng women dōu qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              (We went to both Shànghǎi and Nánjīng.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī shuōde nèixiē dìfang women dōu qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèngzhixué, JīngJixué women dōu niàn le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhuōzi, pánziwǎn women dōu mǎi le
            </para>
            <para>
              Shū, zázhì women dōu mǎi le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Lánde, héngde women dōu yào.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bowùguǎn, zhǎnlǎnguǎn women dōu qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              G. Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1, Speaker; Tāmen dōu lái le ma? (cue) not all
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Did they all come?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tāmen dōu qù le ma? none
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tāmen dōu zǒu le ma? not all
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Tāmen dōu mǎi le ma? none
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tāmen dōu mài Zhōngguo shū ma? not all
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Tāmen méi dōu lái.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Not all of them came.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen dōu méi qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen méi dōu zǒu.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen dōu méi mǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen bù dōu mài Zhōngguo shū.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Shànghǎi, Běijīng, Nánjīng tāmen dōu qùguo le ma?
                  not all
                </para>
                <para>
                  Tāmen méi dōu qùguo.
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                <para>
                  Tāmen dōu méi láiguo.
                </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tāmen dōu láiguo ma? none
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wǒ míngtiān yào zài qù yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Tomorrow I want to go again.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā hòutiān yào zài lái yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā míngnián yào zài niàn yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Wǒ xiàge yuè yào zài kàn yícì.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tā xiàge xingqī yào zài zuò yicì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wǒ xiàwǔ yào zài xue yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā xiàge Xīngqīyī yào zài kāi yícì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You; Wǒ zuotiān you qùle yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Yesterday I went again.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā qiántiān you láile yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā qùnián you niànle yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo shàngge yuè you kànle yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tà shàngge xīngqī yòu zuòle yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wo shàngwǔ yòu xuele yícì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā shàngge Xīngqīyī yòu kSile yícì
            </para>
            <para>
              I. Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nǐmen dōu qùguo shenme dìfang?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) zhèige dìfang (What places did you go to?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nīmen dōu māi shénme le? shū
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nīmen dōu yào shénme? mǎi lánde
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              H. Nīmen dōu zhùguo shénme fàndiàn? nèige fàndiàn
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nīmen dōu niànguo shénme? zhèngzhixué
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nīmen dōu kàn shénme diànyīng le? zhèige diànyīng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nīmen dōu xing shénme? Lī
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Nīmen dōu qùguo zhèige dìfang ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              (Did all of you go to this place?)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu mǎi shū le ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu yào mǎi lánde ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu zhùguo nèige fàndiàn ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu niànguo zhèngzhixué ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu kàn zhèige diànyīng le ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nīmen dōu xing Lī ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <para>
              Speaker; Tā you qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) huílai
            </para>
            <para>
              (He’s gone again.)
            </para>
            <para>
              You; Tā wèishénme gang huílai you qù le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              (Why did he go again when he had just come back?)
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              lāi le.
            </para>
            <para>
              huíqu
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng huíqu you lāi
            </para>
            <para>
              i'a
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              zǒu le.
            </para>
            <para>
              huílai
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng huílai you zou
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              huíqu le.
            </para>
            <para>
              lāi
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng lāi you huíqu
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              huílai le.
            </para>
            <para>
              qù
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng qù you huílai le
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              huílai le.
            </para>
            <para>
              zǒu
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng zǒu you huílai
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā
            </para>
            <para>
              you
            </para>
            <para>
              qù le.
            </para>
            <para>
              huílai
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā wèishénme le ne?
            </para>
            <para>
              gāng huílai yòu qù
            </para>
            <para>
              13U
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark83" />
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò appeared earlier in Zuò diàntī dào èrlou, &quot;Take
              the elevator to the second floor.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark84" />
            </para>
            <para>
              Adjectival verbs are one type of STATE verb. See BIO, Unit
              6.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote3">3</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark85" />
            </para>
            <para>
              For a discussion of the use of shì bu shi before another
              verb to form a question, see MON, Unit 5, notes on No. 8.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote4">4</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark92" />
            </para>
            <para>
              This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote5">5</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark102" />
            </para>
            <para>
              This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote6">6</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark103" />
            </para>
            <para>
              This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote7">7</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark106" />
            </para>
            <para>
              An object which follows the verb is nonspecific unless
              marked as specific with zhèi or nèi.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote8">8</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark107" />
            </para>
            <para>
              The literal meaning of the verb yòng is &quot;to
              use.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote9">9</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark112" />
            </para>
            <para>
              The speakers on tape always say zuò Gōnglùjúde chē for
              what is written here as zuò Gōnglùjú. Both expressions are
              acceptable. (See notes on No. 2.)
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote10">10</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark115" />
            </para>
            <para>
              In DIR, Unit U, you learned kànjian, &quot;to see,&quot;
              literally &quot;look-perceive.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote11">11</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark120" />
            </para>
            <para>
              This exchange occurs on the C-l tape only.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote12">12</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark121" />
            </para>
            <para>
              This exchange occurs on the P-1 tape only.
            </para>
            <para>
              <superscript><link linkend="footnote13">13</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark124" />
            </para>
            <para>
              Gonglǐ is one of the nouns used without a counter.
            </para>
          </section>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>