FSI-Chinese-text/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText.xml

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<!DOCTYPE article>
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  xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" >
  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 06 MTG - Student Text</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0185 S
  </para>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE</title>
    <para>
      A MODULAR APPROACH
    </para>
    <para>
      STUDENT TEXT
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
    </para>
    <para>
      MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE J
    </para>
    <para>
      UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      INQUIRIES CONCERNING THE USE OF THESE MATERIALS, INCLUDING
      REQUESTS FOR COPIES, SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO
    </para>
    <para>
      DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE
    </para>
    <para>
      FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER
    </para>
    <para>
      NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION DIVISION PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, CA 939^0
    </para>
    <para>
      TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF POLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, MORES
      ETC., WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED AS CONTROVERSIAL FROM SOME POINTS OF
      VIEW ARE SOMETIMES INCLUDED IN THESE MATERIALS, SINCE STUDENTS MAY
      FIND THEMSELVES IN POSITIONS WHERE CLEAR UNDERSTANDING OF
      CONVERSATIONS OR WRITTEN MATERIALS OF THIS NATURE WILL BE
      ESSENTIAL. THE PRESENCE OF CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS—WHETHER REAL
      OR APPARENT—IN THESE MATERIALS IS NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS
      REPRESENTING THE OPINIONS OF THE WRITERS, OF THE DEFENSE LANGUAGE
      INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER, OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE,
      OR OF ANY OF THE AGENCIES WHICH SUPPORTED THIS EFFORT.
    </para>
    <para>
      IN THIS PUBLICATION, THE WORDS &quot;HE,&quot; &quot;HIM,&quot;
      AND &quot;HIS&quot; DENOTE BOTH MASCULINE AND FEMININE GENDERS.
      THIS STATEMENT DOES NOT APPLY TO TRANSLATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
      TEXTS.
    </para>
    <section xml:id="standard-chinese-1">
      <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />STANDARD
      CHINESE</title>
      <section xml:id="a-modular-approach">
        <title><anchor id="bookmark4" /><anchor id="bookmark5" />A
        MODULAR APPROACH</title>
        <para>
          STUDENT TEXT
        </para>
        <para>
          MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
        </para>
        <para>
          AUGUST 1979
        </para>
        <section xml:id="preface">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark6" /><anchor id="bookmark7" />PREFACE</title>
          <para>
            Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an
            interagency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute
            in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the
            U.S. Government language training community for improving
            and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in
            Beijing and Taipei.
          </para>
          <para>
            The conference resolved to develop materials which were
            flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements
            of a wide range of government agencies and academic
            institutions.
          </para>
          <para>
            A Project Board was established consisting of
            representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language
            Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
            Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic
            School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office
            of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T.
            McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F.
            Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B.
            Ratliff III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson
            and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
            (CFFLS).
          </para>
          <para>
            The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project
            in 197^ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute.
            Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
            provided funds and other assistance.
          </para>
          <para>
            Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a
            planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances
            Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of
            the University of Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language
            Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the
            fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project
            coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning
            Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service
            Institute also served on the planning council and
            contributed material to the project. The planning council
            drew up the original overall design for the materials and
            met regularly to review their development.
          </para>
          <para>
            Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
            Harvey, Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked
            in close cooperation with the planning council and with the
            Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey
            developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and
            production self-study materials, and also designed the
            communication-based classroom activities and wrote the
            teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry
            wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas
            E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms.
            Barale, they worked as a team to produce the materials
            subsequent to Module 6.
          </para>
          <para>
            All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by
            Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chih Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan
            Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of
            the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu
            Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped
            in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
          </para>
          <para>
            Administrative assistance was provided at various times by
            Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong,
            Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and
            Kathleen Strype.
          </para>
          <para>
            The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M.
            Ramirez of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio.
            The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr.
            Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The
            English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr.
            Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
          </para>
          <para>
            The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
            Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
            supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
          </para>
          <para>
            Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with
            the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language
            Institute, Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service
            Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United States
            Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the
            University of Virginia.
          </para>
          <para>
            Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
            Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
            Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
            preparation of this edition of the course materials. This
            support included coordination, graphic arts, editing,
            typing, proofreading, printing, and materials necessary to
            carry out these tasks.
                                                    _
          </para>
          <para>
            James R. Frith, Chairman
          </para>
          <para>
            Qninese Core Curriculum Project Board
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="contents">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark8" /><anchor id="bookmark9" />CONTENTS</title>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark6">Preface</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            MODULE 5: TRANSPORTATION
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark10">Objectives </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark11">Map of Beijing</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark12">Map of Taipei</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark13">Target Lists </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark14">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark15">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark16">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Using buses
          </para>
          <para>
            ’’When&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;First,&quot; &quot;last,&quot; &quot;next,&quot;
            &quot;previous&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Duō, &quot;to be many,&quot; and. shǎo, &quot;to be
            few&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark17">Vocabulary Booster (Modes of
            Transportation) </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark18">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 2
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark19">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark20">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark21">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            The marker a and its variant ya
          </para>
          <para>
            The locational endings -shang and -li
          </para>
          <para>
            More on the marker ba
          </para>
          <para>
            The aspect marker ne
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark22">&quot;Then&quot;: j iù, zài, cái
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 3 Reference List
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark23">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark24">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb bǎ
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark25">Adverbs expressing manner
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark26">UNIT U Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark27">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark28">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Choice questions with háishi
          </para>
          <para>
            More on topics and comments
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark29">Compound verbs of result
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark30">UNIT 5 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark31">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark32">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Distances
          </para>
          <para>
            Approximate numbers
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark33">Ban, &quot;one half&quot;
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark34">UNIT 6 Reference List
            ................. .....</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark35">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark36">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            More on verb reduplication (two-syllable verbs)
          </para>
          <para>
            Compound verbs of direction
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark37">More on new-situation le
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark38">UNIT 7 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark39">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark40">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;If&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark41">Vocabulary Booster (Animals)
            </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark42">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark43">UNIT 8 Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark44">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark45">Reference Notes .</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Why&quot; and &quot;because&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Time NOT spent
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;All,&quot; &quot;not all,&quot; &quot;all...not&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark46">&quot;Again&quot;: you, zài
            Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            MODULE 6: ARRANGING A MEETING
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark47">Objectives</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark48">Target Lists </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1 Reference List
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark49">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark50">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Making an appointment
          </para>
          <para>
            Gēn for &quot;and&quot; and gēn for &quot;with&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Three words for &quot;time&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb duì, &quot;to,&quot;
            &quot;towards,&quot; &quot;facing&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;more than&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
            Drills..........................155
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 2
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark51">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark52">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark53">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Making phone calls
          </para>
          <para>
            The aspect marker zài for ongoing action
            &quot;Whatever,&quot; &quot;whenever,&quot;
            &quot;whoever,&quot; &quot;wherever&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Verbs and general objects
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark54">Vocabulary Booster (Occupations)
            </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark55">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 3
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark56">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark57">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark58">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Extending an invitation
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Not only...but also...&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;equal to,&quot; &quot;alike&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            &quot;Anyone,&quot; &quot;anything,&quot;
            &quot;anyplace,&quot; &quot;anytime&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison: compound verbs of result and manner adverbs
            &quot;Furthermore&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark59">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 1
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark60">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark61">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark62">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Meeting people
          </para>
          <para>
            More on completion le
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb xiàng, &quot;facing&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark63">Duō and shǎo as adverbs
            Vocabulary Booster (Opposites) </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark64">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 5
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark65">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark66">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark67">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Taking and leaving messages
          </para>
          <para>
            Changing an appointment
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb bǎ
          </para>
          <para>
            Gang and gāngcái
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark68">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 6
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark69">Reference List</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark70">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark71">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Invitation to lunch
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparisons: &quot;less than&quot; &quot;even more&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison overview
          </para>
          <para>
            Sentence patterns: &quot;although&quot; and
            &quot;both...and...&quot;
            Drills..........................235
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT T
          </para>
          <para>
            Reference List......................2U1
          </para>
          <para>
            Vocabulary........................2^3
          </para>
          <para>
            Reference Notes ...................... 2hU
          </para>
          <para>
            Arranging an introduction
          </para>
          <para>
            Using word order to express &quot;the&quot; and
            &quot;a&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            Objects of reduplicated verbs
          </para>
          <para>
            Three-part motion verbs
          </para>
          <para>
            Verbs for &quot;remember&quot; and &quot;forget&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark72">Drills</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            UNIT 8
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark73">Reference
            List....................  .</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark74">Vocabulary</link>
          </para>
          <para>
            <link linkend="bookmark75">Reference Notes </link>
          </para>
          <para>
            Declining invitations
          </para>
          <para>
            The prepositional verb tì, &quot;in place of&quot;
          </para>
          <para>
            More on compound verbs of result
          </para>
          <para>
            Comparison: něng, kéyi, huì
          </para>
          <para>
            Drills..........................266
          </para>
        </section>
        <section xml:id="module-6-arranging-a-meeting">
          <title><anchor id="bookmark76" /><anchor id="bookmark77" />MODULE
          6: ARRANGING A MEETING</title>
          <para>
            The Meeting Module (MTG) will provide you with the skills
            needed to arrange meetings or social gatherings, to greet
            people, to make introductions, and to accept or decline
            invitations in Chinese.
          </para>
          <para>
            Before starting this module, you must take and pass the TRN
            Criterion Test.
          </para>
          <para>
            The MTG Criterion Test will focus largely on this module,
            hut material from ORN, BIO, MON, DIR, TRN, and associated
            resource modules is also included.
          </para>
          <section xml:id="objectives">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark10" /><anchor id="bookmark78" />OBJECTIVES</title>
            <para>
              Upon successful completion of this module, the student
              should he able to
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese
                  sentence in the MTG Target Lists.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Say any Chinese sentence in the MTG Target Lists
                  when cued with its English equivalent.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Make and respond to introductions with appropriate
                  polite questions and answers.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Make phone calls and leave messages.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Arrange a meeting (time and place) with someone hy
                  talking with him or his secretary either in person or
                  hy phone.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Request that the time of a meeting he changed.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Invite a person to lunch, deciding on the time and
                  the restaurant.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. Arrange a social gathering for a specific time of
                  day, inviting guests to his home and encouraging them
                  to accept the invitation.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. Greet guests upon their arrival at his home.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. Accept/decline a social/husiness invitation with
                  the appropriate degree of politeness.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wei, nl shi Zhū Kēzhang ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Shi. Nín shi něiwèi?
            </para>
            <para>
              W3 shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Ou, Mǎdīng Xiānsheng, hǎo jiǔ bú jièn.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. W3 y8u diǎnr shi xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiàn tǎntan.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nín y3u gōngfu meiyou?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Sāndiǎn bi liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr. Yīnwei w3
                  yìhuir chūqu, yěxǔ liangdian huíbulái.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Name, w3 sāndiǎn zhōng zài louxiàde huìkèshì děng nín.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. huídelǎi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. k3ng(r)
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. loushàng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. shāngliang
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. y3u kòng(r)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. Who is this, please?
            </para>
            <para>
              I’m William Martin.
            </para>
            <para>
              Oh, Mr. Martin— I haven’t seen you for a long time.
            </para>
            <para>
              I have something I would like to talk with you about in
              person.
            </para>
            <para>
              Do you have any free time?
            </para>
            <para>
              What time would suit you?
            </para>
            <para>
              Three would be more convenient than two. Since I’m going
              out in a little while, I might not be able to get back by
              two.
            </para>
            <para>
              Well then, I’ll wait for you in the reception room
              downstairs at three o’clock.
            </para>
            <para>
              to be able to get back in time free time, spare time
              upstairs
            </para>
            <para>
              to discuss, to talk over to have free time
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wei, Měidàsī.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              W3 shi Jiānádà Dàshiguānde Qiāozhì Dāfēi. W8 y8u yíjiàn
              shi xiāng gēn Wèng Kēzhang jiǎng-yijiǎng.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. WÉng Kēzhāng xiànzài zài kāi huì. Deng tā kāiwèn
                  huì w8 gàosong tā gēi ni hui diànhuà.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Hao, xièxie ni.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Bú xiè.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. NÌ dǎ diànhuà láide shíhou wo méi shiJian gēn ni shuō
              huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Mei guānxi.
            </para>
            <para>
              W8 gěi ni da diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn
              tāntan.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī míngtiān néng bu néng dào wo zhèr lái?
            </para>
            <para>
              Keyi. Míngtiān shēnme shíhou dōu kéyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
            </para>
            <para>
              I am George Duffy of the Canadian Embassy. I have
              something I would like to discuss with Section Chief Wāng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Section Chief Wáng is at a meeting now. When she is
              finished with the meeting, I will tell her to return your
              call.
            </para>
            <para>
              Fine. Thank you.
            </para>
            <para>
              Don’t mention it.
            </para>
            <para>
              When you called here, I didn’t have time to speak with
              you.
            </para>
            <para>
              It doesn’t matter.
            </para>
            <para>
              The reason I called you is that I would like to talk with
              you in person.
            </para>
            <para>
              Can you come over here tomorrow?
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes. Any time tomorrow would be fine.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. guānxi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Jiang huà
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. lingshiguǎn
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. shìqing (yíjiàn)
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. sīzhang
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. you guānxi relation, relationship, connection to
                  speak, to talk; a speech consulate
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              matter, business, affair department chief
            </para>
            <para>
              to relate to, to have a bearing on, to matter
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wo xiǎng xiàge Xīngqīliù qīng nín dào women jiā lái
                  chī ge biùnfàn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nín hébì zhème kèqi?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wo you yige Měiguo péngyou zài Taiwan Dàxué Jiāo
                  shū. Hen xiSng gěi nīmen liangwèi Jièshao Jièshao.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Na tài hao leI
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wo hen xīwang gěn ni péngyou tāntan.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù xíng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Búdàn shuōde bù hao, you shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Nī shuōde gēn Měiguo rén yíyàng hao.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wo méi qīng shénme rén; hen suíbiàn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nà Jiù xiān xiè le.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. bù tong
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. chá
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. chī fan
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. dànshi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. érqiě
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. fan
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  12. he
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  13. Jiāo shū
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              I would like to invite you to come to our house for a
              simple meal on Saturday of next week.
            </para>
            <para>
              Why is it necessary to be so polite?
            </para>
            <para>
              I have an American friend who teaches at Taiwan
              University. I would very much like to introduce the two of
              you.
            </para>
            <para>
              That's wonderful’
            </para>
            <para>
              I wish very much to talk with your friend.
            </para>
            <para>
              However, I’m afraid that my English isn’t good enough.
            </para>
            <para>
              Not only don't I speak well, (but) sometimes I can't
              understand what I hear either.
            </para>
            <para>
              You speak as well as an American.
            </para>
            <para>
              I haven’t invited anyone special; it’s very informal.
            </para>
            <para>
              Well then, I'll thank you in advance.
            </para>
            <para>
              to be different
            </para>
            <para>
              tea
            </para>
            <para>
              to eat, to have a meal
            </para>
            <para>
              but
            </para>
            <para>
              furthermore, moreover (cooked) rice
            </para>
            <para>
              to drink
            </para>
            <para>
              to teach
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. He Jiàoshòu, huānyíng, huānyíng. Qǐng jin.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wo zhīdao nín xǐhuan shānshuī huà.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Tèhié qǐng péngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zhèiwèi shi He Jiàoshòu, zài Taidà jiao shū.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Jiǔyǎng, jiǔyǎng.
            </para>
            <para>
              1. Wo hái you hěn duō bù shōuxide dìfang yào xiàng nín
              qǐngjiào.
            </para>
            <para>
              Professor Hollins, welcome. Pie come in.
            </para>
            <para>
              Here is a small token of appreciation.
            </para>
            <para>
              I know you like landscape painting
            </para>
            <para>
              I asked a friend to paint one especially for you.
            </para>
            <para>
              This is Professor Hollins, who teaches at Taiwan
              University.
            </para>
            <para>
              Glad to meet you.
            </para>
            <para>
              There is still much I’m not famil with that I need to ask
              your advice about.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Xīwang yǐhòu y3u jīhui duō          I hope that in the
              future we will
            </para>
            <para>
              jiànmiàn.                            have an opportunity
              to meet mor
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
            </para>
            <para>
              (not presented on C-l and P-1 tapes)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fāngfǎ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        method, way, means
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        7.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fázi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        method, way
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        8.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        huàr
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        painting (Beijing pronunciation)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        9.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        qǐng zuo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        please sit down
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        10.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shèhuìxué
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        sociology
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        11.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        túshūguǎn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        library
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        12.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zuò
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to sit
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wài.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wei, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo LÍn SIzhang shuō huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nín shi nǎr a?
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ shi Fǎguo Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Lin Sīzhǎng zhèihuǐr hú zài. Nín yào liú ge huàr
                  ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr xiěxiàlái.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Duìbuqǐ, nǐ gāngcái gěi wo dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín yuēhǎole Jīntiān dào nín
                  bàngōngshì qu tántan.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Yīnwei wǒ you yíjiàn yàojīnde shi, suóyi bù néng Jīntiān
              qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gài dào míngtiān xíng bu xíng?
            </para>
            <para>
              Hello.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hello. Is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs? I want to
              speak with Department Chief Lin.
            </para>
            <para>
              Who is this?
            </para>
            <para>
              I am the French Commercial/Economics Officer.
            </para>
            <para>
              Department Chief LÍn is not here at the moment. Would you
              like to leave a message?
            </para>
            <para>
              I’ll write down your phone number.
            </para>
            <para>
              I’m sorry. When you called me Just now, I wasn’t in.
            </para>
            <para>
              The other day I made an appointment with you to go to your
              office today for a talk.
            </para>
            <para>
              Because I have an urgent business matter, I can’t go
              today.
            </para>
            <para>
              Would it be all right to change it Cthe appointment] to
              tomorrow?
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. háishi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. wàiguo
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. wàiguo rén
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. wūzi (yìjiān)
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. yāo
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              still
            </para>
            <para>
              foreign, abroad
            </para>
            <para>
              foreigner (non-Chinese)
            </para>
            <para>
              room
            </para>
            <para>
              one (telephone pronunciation)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Women dào Dōngmén Canting qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo bu
                  hǎo?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuǎde cài name hǎo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Suírǎn bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí zhèli Jin.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Hǎi you yíge xīn kāide fànguǎnzi lí women zhèli gèng Jin.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tāmen nàlide cài fēichǎng hǎo. Jīntiān wǒ qīng ni
                  dào nàli qù chī.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nà bù hǎo yìsi!
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Dàhuǎde cài you hǎo you piǎnyi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yě you hǎoxiē cài biéde dìfang chībuzhǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Nī shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <para>
              Let’s go to the East Gate Restaurant to eat lunch. Okay?
            </para>
            <para>
              The food at the East Gate isn't as good as the food at the
              Great China.
            </para>
            <para>
              Even though it CEast Gate] is not too good, it is close to
              us.
            </para>
            <para>
              There is also a newly opened restaurant that is even
              closer to us.
            </para>
            <para>
              The food there is extremely good. Today I am going to
              invite you to go there to eat.
            </para>
            <para>
              I can't let you do that!
            </para>
            <para>
              (That would be too embarrassing!)
            </para>
            <para>
              The food at the Great China is both good and cheap.
            </para>
            <para>
              They also have a good many dishes that you can't find (at)
              other places.
            </para>
            <para>
              Any place you suggest is sure to be good.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù yídìng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        not necessarily; it's not definite
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        7.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kànfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        opinion, view
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        8.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wǎnfàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        supper, dinner
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        9.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎngfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        idea, opinion
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        10.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yìxiē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        some, several, a few
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        11.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǎofàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        breakfast
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        12.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zuòfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        way of doing things, method,
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              practice
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wǒ you yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn nín dating dating.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn láile yíwèi Fang Xiānsheng; tāde
              míngzi wǒ wàngji le.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Bú cuò, Fang Deming shi shàngge lǐbài pài dào women
                  zhèli laide.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zenme? Nǐ rènshi ta ma?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              1+. Nǐ néng bu néng màshàng dào wo bàngōngshì lai?
            </para>
            <para>
              Mei wèntí. Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtǒu jiù dào.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5- jìde
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. rènde
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. renshi zì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. wàng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. wánquán
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. xiǎngqilai
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  11. zuǒyòu
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              I have something I would like to ask you about.
            </para>
            <para>
              I have heard that you recently had a Mr. Fang join you. I
              have forgotten his given name.
            </para>
            <para>
              That’s right. Fang Deming was sent over here last week.
            </para>
            <para>
              Why? Do you know him?
            </para>
            <para>
              I graduated from the University of California.
            </para>
            <para>
              Can you come to my office right away?
            </para>
            <para>
              No problem. I’ll be there in about half an hour.
            </para>
            <para>
              to remember
            </para>
            <para>
              to recognize, to know (alternate word for rènshi)
            </para>
            <para>
              to know how to read (literally, &quot;to recognize
              characters&quot;)
            </para>
            <para>
              to forget (alternate word for wàngji, especially in the
              sense of forgetting to DO something)
            </para>
            <para>
              completely
            </para>
            <para>
              to think of, to remember
            </para>
            <para>
              approximately
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Wài, zhèi shi Llbīnsī.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wei, wǒ shi Laidēng Dàshīde mìshū.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Dàshǐ jiēzháo nīmende qǐngtiě le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Hen kěxī yīnwei tā you shi, Báyuè jiǔhào bù néng lai.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīng ni zhuǎngào Qiao Bùzhǎng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hen bàoqiàn.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Hen yíhàn, tā bù néng lai.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  4. Xīwang yīhòu zài zhǎo jīhui jùyijù ba.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Zhēn bù qiǎo, méi bànfa qù.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Women you jige tǒngxué jìhua dào Chāngchéng qù
                  wánr.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Hello. This is the Protocol Department.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s secretary.
            </para>
            <para>
              The ambassador received your invitation.
            </para>
            <para>
              Unfortunately, because he has a previous engagement, he
              cannot come on August 9.
            </para>
            <para>
              Please inform Minister Qiao.
            </para>
            <para>
              I’m very sorry.
            </para>
            <para>
              We very much regret that he cannot come.
            </para>
            <para>
              I will pass on the message for you.
            </para>
            <para>
              I hope that later we will find another opportunity to get
              together.
            </para>
            <para>
              I really couldn’t make that; I have no way of going.
            </para>
            <para>
              A few of us students are planning to go to the Great Wall
              for an outing.
            </para>
            <para>
              ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
              P-1 tapes)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. dàjiā
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  8. jiēdào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  9. tǒngshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  10. yīnggāi
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              everybody, everyone
            </para>
            <para>
              to receive (alternate form of jiēzháo)
            </para>
            <para>
              fellow worker, colleague
            </para>
            <para>
              should, ought to, must
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-1">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark79" /><anchor id="bookmark80" />UNIT
            1</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark14" /><anchor id="bookmark81" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <para>
                (in Beijing)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. B: Wěi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wài, nǐ shi Zhū Kēzhang ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Shi. Nín shi nǎiwèi?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: WS shi Wēilièn Mǎdlng.
              </para>
              <para>
                *B: Ou, Mǎdlng Xiānsheng, hǎo jiǔ bú jiān. Nī hǎo a?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Hǎo. Nī hǎo a?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: W5 you diǎnr shi xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiǎn
                    tāntan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Bù zhīdào nín you gōngfu meiyou.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: You gōngfu.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. A: Shēnme shíhou duì nín heshi?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kěyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Jīntiān xiàwu liǎngdiǎn zhōng fāngbian ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Sāndiǎn bl liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. B: Yīnwei wō yìhuīr chūqu, yexǔ liǎngdiǎn huíbulǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yǎ hǎo.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Hello.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes. Who is this, please?
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m William Martin.
              </para>
              <para>
                Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you for quite a while. How
                are you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Fine. How are you?
              </para>
              <para>
                I have something I would like to talk with you about in
                person.
              </para>
              <para>
                I don’t know whether you have the time or not.
              </para>
              <para>
                I have the time.
              </para>
              <para>
                What time would suit you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Either today or tomorrow would be fine.
              </para>
              <para>
                Would two o’clock today be convenient?
              </para>
              <para>
                Three would be more convenient than two.
              </para>
              <para>
                Since I’m going out in a little while, I might not be
                able to get back by two.
              </para>
              <para>
                Three is fine also.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                * The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the
                C-l tape
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. B: Name, w3 sāndiǎn zhōng zài louxiàde huìkèshì
                    deng nín.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn Jiàn.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. huídelǎi
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    9. kòng(r)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    10. loushàng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    11. shāngliang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    12. yǎu k8ng(r)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Well then, I’ll wait for you in the reception room
                downstairs at three o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                Fine. I’ll see you at three.
              </para>
              <para>
                to be able to get back in time
              </para>
              <para>
                free time, spare time
              </para>
              <para>
                upstairs
              </para>
              <para>
                to discuss, to talk over
              </para>
              <para>
                to have free time
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark15" /><anchor id="bookmark82" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bl
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          compared with, than
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dāngmiàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          in person, face to face
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          duì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to, towards; with regard to, with
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          respect to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gongfu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          free time, spare time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          héshì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be suitable, to be appropriate
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to fit
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huíbulái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be unable to get back
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huídelái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be able to get back in time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huìkèshì (huìkèshì)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          reception room
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kēzhang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          section chief
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kōng(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          free time, spare time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          loushàng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          upstairs
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          lōuxià
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          downstairs
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          name
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          well, then, in that case
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shāngliang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to discuss, to talk over
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tan
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to chat, to talk about
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wéi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hello (telephone greeting)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yěxǔ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          perhaps, maybe
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yìhuìr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a moment
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you gōngfu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to have free time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you kōng(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to have free time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
              </para>
              <para>
                chūkou gōngsī
              </para>
              <para>
                export company
              </para>
              <para>
                huì kè
              </para>
              <para>
                to receive guests
              </para>
              <para>
                xiē
              </para>
              <para>
                several, some
              </para>
              <para>
                ySu yòng
              </para>
              <para>
                to be useful
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark16" /><anchor id="bookmark83" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          1.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          B:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wei.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Hello.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          A:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wài, ní shi Zhū Kēzhǎng ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Hello. Are you Section Chief Zhū?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          B:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Shi. Nín shi něiwèi?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Yes. Who is this, please?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          A:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ shi Wēilián Mǎdīng.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I’m William Martin.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          B:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Ou, Mǎdīng Xiānsheng, hǎo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Oh, Mr. Martin—I haven’t seen you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          jiǔ bǔ jiàn. Nī hǎo a?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          for quite a while. How are you?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          A:
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Hǎo. Nī hǎo a?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Fine. How are you?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                Wei is a greeting used, in telephone conversations for
                &quot;hello.&quot; Some speakers pronounce this greeting
                as wài. Unlike most Chinese words, wèi has no fixed
                tone. The intonation varies according to the speaker’s
                mood.
              </para>
              <para>
                Kēzhǎng: Ke means section, and Here are some examples of
                how -zhang, kē kēzhǎng chǔ chǔzhǎng xuéxiào xiàozhǎng
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                zhǎng means head of an organization.
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;chief,&quot; &quot;head,&quot; is used:
              </para>
              <para>
                section section chief
              </para>
              <para>
                division division chief
              </para>
              <para>
                school principal, headmaster
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Nín shi něiwèi? Note the use of the polite terms nín and
                něiwèi. In the English translation, politeness is
                expressed by the use of the more indirect &quot;Who is
                this&quot; instead of &quot;Who are you&quot; and also
                by &quot;please.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Hǎo jiǔ bú Jiàn, &quot;I haven’t seen you for quite a
                while,&quot; is changeable with hǎo jiǔ měi jiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                inter-
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                2. A: Wǒ you dianr shi xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiàn tǎntan.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I have something I would like to talk with you about in
                person.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                Gēn: In No. 2 the word gēn is a prepositional verb
                translated as &quot;with.&quot; The preposition gēn,
                &quot;with,&quot; differs from the conjunction gēn,
                &quot;and,&quot; in two important ways: a) where stress
                may be placed b) where the negative may be placed.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    (a) When gēn is used as the conjunction
                    &quot;and,&quot; both items being joined are
                    stressed and keep their tones. When gēn is used as
                    the prepositional verb &quot;with,&quot; a pronoun
                    which follows is unstressed and loses its tone.
                    Notice the contrasting tones on tā in the following
                    sentences:
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wǒ gēn tā dōu lai le. Both he and I came.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gēn ta lai.              I’ll come with him.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    (b) To make negative a sentence containing the
                    conjunction gēn, &quot;and,&quot; the negative is
                    placed with the main verb. In sentences containing
                    the prepositional verb gēn, &quot;with,&quot; the
                    negative precedes the prepositional verb. (You have
                    seen this pattern with other prepositional verbs,
                    for example, zài Csee BIO, Unit 2, notes on Nos.
                    8-113.) Notice the contrasting positions of the
                    negatives in the examples below:
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wǒ gēn tā dōu měiyou qù. Neither he nor I went.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ měiyou gēn ta qù. I didn’t go with him.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dāngmiàn means &quot;face-to-face.&quot; of,&quot; and
                miàn means &quot;face.&quot;
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Literally, dāng means &quot;in the presence
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Bù zhīdào nín you gōngfu I don’t know whether
                    you have the meiyou.                         time or
                    not.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                B: You gōngfu.                      I have the time.
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Gōngfu, &quot;time,&quot; &quot;free time,&quot;
                &quot;leisure time,&quot; refers to a period of time
                during which a person is free, in the sense that his
                work may be interrupted.
              </para>
              <para>
                Now you know three words for &quot;time&quot;: shíhou,
                shíjiān, gōngfu Shíhou may
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                be used for either a point in time or Nī shénme shíhou
                zǒu?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuò huǒchē yào zǒu duō-shao shíhou?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shíjiān refers to any amount of time, free.
              </para>
              <para>
                Cong zhèr dào fēijīchāng yào duōshao shíjiān?
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīntiān měiyou shíjiān qù.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                an amount of time.
              </para>
              <para>
                When are you leaving?
              </para>
              <para>
                How long does it take to go by train?
              </para>
              <para>
                including the time when a person is
              </para>
              <para>
                How long does it take from here to the airport?
              </para>
              <para>
                There isn’t time to go today.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Gōngfu, however, is used only for amounts of time which
                a person has available for his own use.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī you méiyou gōngfu gēn
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                wo tantan?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Are you free to talk with me?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                4. A: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                What time would suit you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Either today or tomorrow would be fine.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No, 4
              </para>
              <para>
                Duì, &quot;to,&quot; &quot;towards,&quot; &quot;with
                regard to,&quot; &quot;with respect to,&quot; is a
                prepositional verb which originally meant
                &quot;facing.&quot; In modern Chinese, its object
                introduces either the target of the action or the thing
                concerned. Contrast this with gěi, &quot;for&quot;: the
                object introduced by gěi receives the benefit of the
                action. These generalizations may help you sort out some
                of the differences between duì and gěi. You might find
                it helpful to memorize some examples, as well.
              </para>
              <para>
                duì INTRODUCING THE TARGET OF THE ACTION
                (&quot;to&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nīde huà shi duì shéi shuōde? To whom were you speaking?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā duì wo hen kèqi.               He is very polite to
                me.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī duì wo tài hǎo.                You are too good to
                me.
              </para>
              <para>
                duì INTRODUCING THE THING CONCERNED (&quot;with regard
                to,&quot; &quot;with respect to&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?     What time suits you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? What time is convenient
                for you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Notice that the English is &quot;for you&quot; in the
                last example, but in Chinese you must say &quot;What
                time is convenient with regard to you?&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                gěi INTRODUCING THE BENEFICIARY
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ta xiěle xìn le.          I wrote him a letter.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhè shi yìzhāng shíkuàide,       Here's a ten-dollar
                bill. Please
              </para>
              <para>
                qīng ni gěi wo huànhuan.         change it for me.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni gěi wo xiě nīde dìzhī. Would you write down your
                address for me, please?
              </para>
              <para>
                Héshì is an adjectival verb meaning &quot;to fit,&quot;
                &quot;to suit,&quot; &quot;to be
                suitable/appropriate.&quot; When trying on clothes in a
                store, you might say Zhèige bù héshì, &quot;This doesn't
                fit.&quot; In another situation, héshì could be
                translated very freely as &quot;best&quot;: Něitiān duì
                nín héshì? &quot;What day would be best for you?&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Jīntiān xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn zhōng fāngbian ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fáng-bian yìdiǎnr.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Would two o’clock today be convenient?
              </para>
              <para>
                Three would be more convenient than two.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Sāndiǎn bǐ liǎngdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎnr: Bǐ is a
                prepositional verb used to make comparisons between two
                things which are
                different.<anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark84">1</link></superscript>
                In translating, you may find it helpful to think of bǐ
                as the English &quot;compared with&quot; or
                &quot;than.&quot;<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark85">2</link></superscript>
                Notice that the bǐ phrase precedes the adjectival verb
                or another predicate in a sentence.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Sāndiǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bǐ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          liǎngdiǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngbian yìdiǎnr.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (3 o’clock
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          than compared with
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          2 o’clock
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          more convenient)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;Three is more convenient than two.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="5">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bǐ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gōngfu.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (he
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          than compared with
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          have
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          free time)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;He has more free time than I do.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                The two elements being compared may be nouns, pronouns,
                verb phrases, or even full sentences. Actually, all
                elements Joined by bǐ act as nouns, as seen in the
                English translations of the examples below.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Zuò fēijī
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bǐ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuò huochē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kuài.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (ride plane
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          than compared with
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ride train
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fast)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;Going by plane is faster than going by
                train.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nǐ lai
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wǒ qù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngbian.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (you come
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          than compared with
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I go
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          convenient)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                &quot;It’s more convenient for you to come than for me
                to go.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                6. B: Yinwei wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu, yěxù Since I’m going out
                in a little liǎngdiǎn huíbulái.            while, I
                might not (he able to)
              </para>
              <para>
                get back by two.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Sāndiǎn zhōng yǎ hǎo.          Three is fine also.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Yìhuǐr, &quot;a little while&quot;: When r_ is added to
                a syllable ending in i_, the pronunciation changes to
                /er/. Yìhuǐr is actually pronounced yìhuěr.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sentence placement of time phrases: Wǒ yìhuǐr chūqu is
                translated as &quot;I’m going out IN a little
                while.&quot;Contrast this with wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr,
                &quot;I’m going out FOR a little while.&quot; Let’s
                review the placement of different kinds of time
                expressions in a Chinese sentence.
              </para>
              <para>
                If you want to say when something happens
                (&quot;yesterday&quot;) or in how long something happens
                (&quot;in two years&quot;), you are using time phrases
                which in Chinese are considered to be POINTS IN TIME.
                Not only is a time phrase such as &quot;two
                o’clock&quot; a point in time, but a phrase such as
                &quot;five days&quot; can also be a point in time if the
                focus is on the end of this period of time. In English,
                this focus is expressed by &quot;in five days,&quot;
                &quot;by the end of five days,&quot; or &quot;at the end
                of five days.&quot; In Chinese, you do not need to use
                words such as &quot;in,&quot; &quot;at,&quot; or
                &quot;by&quot; because the position of the time phrase
                in the sentence indicates the meaning. Time phrases
                which are considered points in time are placed BEFORE
                THE VERB.
              </para>
              <para>
                WHEN (a point in time)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zuōtiān kànjian ta le.      I saw him yesterday.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ cóngqián láiguo zhèli.      I have been here before.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ liǎngdiǎn zhōng huílai.     I’ll be back at two
                o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng huíbulái.      I can’t make it back by
                one o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                AT THE END OF/BY THE END OF (a period of time which is
                treated as a point in time because the focus is on the
                end point)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ sāntiān Jiu zuòwán le. I finished doing it in (by the
                end of) three days.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ wǔfēn zhōng Jiu zou.        I’m leaving in fat the
                end of) five
              </para>
              <para>
                minutes.
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni jítiān huilai?              In (at the end of) how
                many days will
              </para>
              <para>
                you come back?
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni duōJ iǔ kéyi xiěwán?         How long will it be
                before you can
              </para>
              <para>
                finish writing it? (by the end of how long)
              </para>
              <para>
                On the other hand, phrases which express CONTINUATION OF
                TIME have a different place in sentences. To express an
                amount of time which passes, put the time expression
                AFTER THE VERB.
              </para>
              <para>
                DURATION (the length of time something continues)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn tā tán yìhuìr. I would like to talk with
                him for awhile.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Xiānggǎng zhùle yíge She stayed in Hong Kong for
                one week. xīngqī.
              </para>
              <para>
                TIME SINCE (the length of time which has passed since
                something happened)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā sìle sānnián le.            He died three years ago.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zudwánle yíge zhòngtou le. It has been an hour since
                I finished.
              </para>
              <para>
                Because yìhuir follows the verb in wǒ chūqu yìhuǐr, it
                indicates the length of time which will pass after I go
                out (chūqu). Yìhuìr precedes the verb in wǒ yìhuìr
                chūqu, indicating when I will go out (”in a little
                while&quot;).
              </para>
              <para>
                Yěxǔ literally means &quot;perhaps.&quot; The word is
                often used where &quot;may&quot; or &quot;might&quot;
                tfould be appropriate in English.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yěxǔ liǎngdiān huíbulái, &quot;I might not (be able to)
                get back by two&quot;: Notice that this expression
                liǎngdiān, in time-when position, before the verb, means
                &quot;by&quot; a certain time. Other time phrases in
                this position may also mean &quot;by&quot; a certain
                time.
              </para>
              <para>
                Huíbulái is another form of huílái, &quot;to come
                back.&quot; Compound verbs of result may be split by the
                negative bu or the syllable de. Huílái may become either
                huídelái, &quot;can come
                back&quot;/<anchor id="footnote3" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark86">3</link></superscript>&quot;
                or huíbulái, &quot;can’t come back.&quot; These two
                forms are called the potential forms of the verb; that
                is, the meaning &quot;can/be able to&quot; or
                &quot;cannot/unable to&quot; becomes part of the meaning
                of the compound. The following are examples of compound
                verbs of result and their potential forms.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huílái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to come back
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huídelái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          able to come back
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huíbulái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          not able to come back
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kànjian
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to see
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kàndejiàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          able to see
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kànbujiàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          not able to see
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          láidejí
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          able to make it on time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          láibují<superscript><link linkend="bookmark86">3</link></superscript>
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          not able to make it on time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                zuòwán zuòdewán
              </para>
              <para>
                zuòbuwan
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                to finish doing
              </para>
              <para>
                able to finished doing, able to be completed
              </para>
              <para>
                not able to finish doing, not able to be completed
              </para>
              <para>
                Compound verbs of direction may also occur in the
                potential form:
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nábushànglái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can’t carry up Lto where you are] (i.e.,
                          because something is too heavy or bulky)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kāideshǎngqu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can drive up Caway from you!
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (i.e., it is not too steep)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kāidechūlāi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can drive out
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (i.e., the parking place is not too tight)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nǎbuxiàlāi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can’t get CitJ down
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (i.e., because it is too high, bolted on,
                          etc.)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zǒudexiàqu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can walk down
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (i.e., because it is not too far or too steep)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notice that the last syllables of these compound verbs
                (except for toneless
                <emphasis role="smallcaps">qu</emphasis><emphasis role="smallcaps">)
                have full tones when they occur with -de- and
                -bu-.</emphasis>
              </para>
              <para>
                J. B: Name, wo sāndiǎn zhōng zài Well then, I’ll wait
                for you in the lóuxiàde huìkèshì děng nín. reception
                room downstairs at three o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Hǎo, sāndiǎn jiàn.              Fine. I’ll see you at
                three.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                Word order: The first sentence of exchange 7 illustrates
                the rule TIME—PLACE—ACTION.
              </para>
              <para>
                Huìkèshì is also pronounced huìkèshì.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huídelái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to be able to get back in time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kòng(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          free time, spare time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          loushàng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          upstairs
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shāngliang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to discuss, to talk over
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you kòng(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to have free time
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                Here are some sentences illustrating the use of these
                vocabulary items:
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni sāndiǎn zhōng huídelái Can you make it back by three
                o’clock? huíbulái?
              </para>
              <para>
                Loushàng hái ySu rén?          Are there still people
                upstairs?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng he nǐ shāngliang I would like to talk over a
                matter yíjiàn shi.                     with you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ Jīntiān xiàwǔ you kòngr Do you have time this
                afternoon? ma?
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark18" /><anchor id="bookmark87" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
                A. Substitution Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Wǒ you dian shi xiǎng gēn nín dāngmiàn
                    tantan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) Zhang Kēzhang (I have something I
              </para>
              <para>
                would like to talk with you about in person.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. WǑ you diǎn shi xiang gēn Zhāng Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn
                    tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                tā
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Wo you diǎn shi xiang gēn tā dāngmiàn tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wèi Wuguān
              </para>
              <para>
                U. Wǒ you diǎn shi xiang gēn Wèi Wuguān dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wáng Shàoxiào
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Wáng Shàoxiào dāngmiàn
                    tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                LÍn Xiānsheng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Lin Xiānsheng dāngmiàn
                    tántan. Lift Kēzhǎng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Wo you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Liu Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn
                    tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Zhāng Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn
                tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I have something I would like to talk with Section
                Chief Zhāng about in person.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn tā dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Wèi Wuguān tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Wáng Shàoxiào dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn LÍn Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo you diǎn shi xiǎng gēn Liu Kēzhǎng dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Nín míngtiān lái ma? (Are you coming
                tomorrow?)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Tā zǒu le ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Has he gone?)
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Bù zhīdào nín míngtiān lái bu lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I don’t know whether you are coming tomorrow or not.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù zhīdào tā zǒu le meiyou.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I don’t know whether he has gone or not.)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          2.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nín you gōngfu ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bù zhīdào nín you gōngfu meiyou.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          3.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā zuotiān qù le ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bù zhīdào tā zuotiān qù le meiyou
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          U.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā you qiān ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bù zhīdào tā you qiān meiyou.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          5.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā hāi yào ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bù zhīdào tā hāi yào bu yào.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          6.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Tā mǎi le ma?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bù zhīdào tā mǎi le meiyou.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) sāndiǎn
              </para>
              <para>
                (What time would suit you?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Xīngqījǐ duì nín héshì? Xīngqīèr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zài jīlóu duì nín héshì? wǔlōu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Něitiān duì nín héshì? míngtiān
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? zǎoshang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? wǎnshang
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Jǐdiǎn duì nín héshì?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                shídiǎn
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Sāndiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Would three o’clock suit you?)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Xīngqīèr duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài wǔlou duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zǎoshang duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǎnshang duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shídiǎn duì nín héshì ma?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) jīntiān
              </para>
              <para>
                (What time would suit you?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Jīdiān duì nín héshì? sāndiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Xīngqījī duì nín héshì? Xīngqīyī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Jīhào duì nín héshì? sìhào
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Shénme shíhou duì nín héshì? shàngwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Něitiān duì nín héshì? míngtiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Xīngqījī duì nín héshì? Xīngqīliù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You; Jīntiān, míngtiān dōu kéyi (Either today or
                tomorrow would be fine.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Sāndiān, sìdiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīngqīyī, Xīngqīèr dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sìhào, wǔhào dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shàngwǔ, xiàwǔ dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān, hòutiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīngqīliù, Xīngqītiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                E. Transformation Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shénme dìfang duì nín fāngbian?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) léushàng
              </para>
              <para>
                (What place would be convenient for you?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? sāndiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Jīhào duì nín fāngbian? liùhào
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U. Něitiān duì nín fāngbian? míngtiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Shénme shíhou duì nín fāngbian? shàngwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Loushàng duì nín fāngbian, háishi léuxià duì nín
                fāngbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Would upstairs or downstairs be more convenient for
                you?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Sāndiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi sìdiān duì nín
                fāngbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                Liùhào duì nín fāngbian, háishi qíhào duì nín fāngbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān duì nín fāngbian, háishi hòutiān duì nín
                fāngbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shàngwǔ duì nín fāngbian, háishi xiàwǔ duì nín fāngbian?
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          6. Xīngqījī duì nín fangbian?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Xīngqīsān
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          7. Jīdiǎn duì nín fāngbian?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Jiùdiǎn
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          F. Expansion Drill
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              1. Speaker: Sāndiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎn. (cue)
                              sìdiǎn
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          (Three o’clock is a little more convenient.)
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              2. Sānhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          wuhào
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              3. Loushàng fāngbian yìdiǎn.
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          lǒuxià
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          U. Tāde qiǎn duo yìdiǎn.    wǒde
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              5. Tā qù hǎo yìdiǎn.    wǒ qù
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              6. Tā dà yìdiǎn. wǒ
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              7. Zhèige dà yìdiǎn.    nèige
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          G. Expansion Drill
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              1. Speaker: Tā shuōde kuài yìdiǎn.
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          (He speaks a little fast.)
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              2. Tā lǎide zǎo yìdiǎn.
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              3. Tā zoude wǎn yìdiǎn.
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          k.  Tā zuōde hǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          5.  Tā mǎide shǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Xingqīsān duì nín fāngbian, hǎishi Xīngqīsì
                          duì nín fāngbian?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Jiùdiǎn duì nín fāngbian, hǎishi shídiǎn duì
                          nín fāngbian?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          You:' Sāndiǎn bī sìdiǎn fāngbian yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (Three o’clock is a little more convenient
                          than four o’clock.)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Sānhào bī wuhào fāngbian yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Lōushàng bī lōuxià fāngbian yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tāde qiǎn bī wǒde duo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā qù bī wo qù hǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā bī wǒ dà yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Zhèige bī nèige dà yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          You: Tā shuōde bī wǒ kuài yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (He speaks a little faster than I do.)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā lǎide bī wǒ zǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā zoude bī wǒ wǎn yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā zuòde bī wǒ hǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā mǎide bī wǒ shǎo yìdiǎn.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā màide duō yìdiǎn.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā màide bi wǒ duō yìdiǎn.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā xuéde màn yìdiǎn.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā xuéde bi wǒ màn yìdiǎn.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Nǐ shénme shíhou chūqu? (What time are
                    you going out?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                OR Nǐ chūqu duō jiu?
              </para>
              <para>
                (For how long are you going out?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Ni shénme shíhou chūlai?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Ni qù duō jiu?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U.  Tā shénme shíhou lai?
              </para>
              <para>
                5.  Tā kàn duó jiu?
              </para>
              <para>
                6.  Ni shénme shíhou zǒu?
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ yìhuǐr jiù chūqu.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I’m going out in Just a little while.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ Jiù chūqu yìhuir.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I’m Just going out for a little while.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yìhuir jiù chūlai.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo jiù qù yìhuir.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā yìhuir jiù lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā Jiù kǎn yìhuir.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yìhuir Jiù zǒu.
              </para>
              <para>
                I. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Zhāng Xiānsheng míngtiān huídelái
                    huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Will Mr. Zhāng be able to come back tomorrow?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wang Nushì Xíngqīsì huídelái huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Li Tōngzhì shíyīdiǎn huídelái huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. LÍn Kēzhǎng èrshihào huídelái huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wèi Shàoxiào zhèige yuè huídelái huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zhāng Xiānsheng hòutiān cái huílai.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Mr. Zhāng won’t be able to come back until day after
                tomorrow.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wáng Nushì XÍngqīwǔ cái huílai.
              </para>
              <para>
                Li Tōngzhì shíèrdiǎn cái huílai.
              </para>
              <para>
                LÍn Kēzhǎng èrshiyīhào cái huílai
              </para>
              <para>
                Wèi Shàoxiào xiàge yuè cái huílai
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Yáng Xiānsheng zaoshang huídelái Yang Xiānsheng
                    wǎnshang cái huílái. huíbulái?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zhào Tǒngzhì jīntiān huídelái Zhao Tǒngzhì
                    míngtiān cái huílái. huíbulái?
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        J. Expansion Drill
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Name, wǒ zài zhèr děng nín.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (cue) in a moment
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (in that case, I’ll wait for you here.)
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Name, wǒ zài lǒuxià deng ta. for a moment
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Name, wǒ zài lǒushàng děng ta. at one o’clock
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    U. Name, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín. for ten minutes
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        5. Nàme, wǒ zài tā jiā děng nín. in a moment
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        6. Nàme, wǒ zài xiāomàibù děng nín. for five
                        minutes
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta. for a moment
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                  <para>
                    You: Nàme, wǒ yìhuīr zài zhèr děng nín.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (In that case, in a moment I’11 wait for you here.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ zài lǒuxià děng ta yìhuīr.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ yìdiǎn zhōng zài lǒushàng děng ta.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ zài tā nàr děng nín shífēn zhōng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ yìhuīr zài tā jiā děng nín
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ zài xiǎcmàibù děng nín wǔfēn zhōng.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Nàme, wǒ zài zhèr děng ta yìhuīr.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (in Beijing)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. C: Wei, Meidàsī.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wo shi Jiānǎdà Dàshiguǎnde Qiǎozhì Dǎfēi. Wo you
                    yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn Wǎng Kēzhǎng jiǎngyijiang.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. C: Ou, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C: Deng tā kāiwān huì wǒ gàosong tā gēi ni hui
                    diànhuà.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Hǎo, xièxie ni.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C: Bú xiè.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. B: Duìbuqī, Jīntiān zǎoshang ni dǎ diànhuà laide
                shíhou wǒ zài kāi huì, mēi shíjiān gēn ni shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Mēi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào ni hen mǎng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. A: Wǒ gēi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni
                    dāngmiàn tǎntan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou a?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. A: Zài nǎr jiàn ne?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Liǎngdiǎn zhōng qīng ni dào wǒ zhèr lǎi, xíng bu
                    xíng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn zhōng Jiàn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
              </para>
              <para>
                I am George Duffy of the Canadian Embassy. I have
                something I would like to discuss with Section Chief
                Wǎng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Oh, she is at a meeting now.
              </para>
              <para>
                When she is finished with the meeting, I will tell her
                to return your call.
              </para>
              <para>
                Fine. Thank you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Don’t mention it.
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m sorry. When you called here this morning, I was in a
                meeting and didn’t have time to speak with you.
              </para>
              <para>
                It doesn’t matter. I know you are very busy.
              </para>
              <para>
                The reason I called you is that I would like to talk
                with you in person.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. When?
              </para>
              <para>
                Would tomorrow be all right for you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Any time tomorrow afternoon would be fine.
              </para>
              <para>
                Where shall we meet?
              </para>
              <para>
                Please come over here at two o’clock. All right?
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay. See you tomorrow at two o’clock.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          relation, relationship, connection
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiang huà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to speak, to talk; a speech
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          língshiguan
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          consulate
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shìqing (yíjiàn)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          matter, business, affair
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sizhang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          department chief
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to relate to, to have a bearing on
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                to matter
              </para>
              <para>
                <inlinemediaobject>
                  <imageobject>
                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-1.png" />
                  </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject>
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark20" /><anchor id="bookmark91" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bū xiè
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          don’t mention it
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dàshi guan diànhuà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          embassy
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          telephone, phone call
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          relation, relationship, connection
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          -jiàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (counter for matters, business, affairs)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to discuss (something), to talk about
                          (something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiang huà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to speak, to talk; a speech
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          kāi huì kāiwān huì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to attend a meeting to finish a meeting
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          līngshiguǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          consulate
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Měidàsī
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Department of American and Oceanic Affairs
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          méi guānxi mùdi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          it doesn’t matter
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          reason, objective, purpose
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shi (yíjiàn) shìqing (yíjiàn) shuō huà sīzhang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          matter, business, affair matter, business,
                          affair to speak
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          department chief
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to relate, to have a bearing on, to matter
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zài
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          in the midst of (marker of ongoing action)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced, on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chī dàxuéshēng diànhuà hàomǎ dù jià hòulái
                          lāodòng Qíngbàosī
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to eat
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          college student
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          telephone number
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to spend one’s vacation
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          later
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to do manual labor
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Intelligence Bureau (part of the
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shēnghuó tóngyì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          life
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to agree
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark21" /><anchor id="bookmark92" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. C: Wèi, Měidàsī.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wǒ shi Jiānádà Dàshíguǎnde Qiáozhì Dáfēi. Wo you
                    yíjiàn shi xiang gēn Wáng Kēzhǎng JiǎngyiJiǎng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Hello. Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
              </para>
              <para>
                I am George Duffy of the Canadian Embassy. I have
                something I would like to discuss with Section Chief
                Wáng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                Měidàsī: In Chinese, abbreviations are made up of one
                syllable from each word in a term. In Měidàsī, měi
                stands for Měizhōu, ’’American continent.” Dà stands for
                Dàyángzhōu, ’’Oceania” (the islands of the South Central
                Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand). The
                ending sī means ’’department.&quot; It is used only
                within organizations on the national level.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dàshiguǎn: The word guǎn means ' fànguǎn, an
                establishment where food the use of guǎn.
              </para>
              <para>
                dàshǐ dàshiguǎn līngshì língshiguan zhǎnlǎn zhǎnlǎnguǎn
              </para>
              <para>
                Notice that the shi in dàshiguǎn and tones.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                'building” or ’’establishment,&quot; as in
              </para>
              <para>
                is sold. The examples below illustrate
              </para>
              <para>
                ambassador
              </para>
              <para>
                embassy
              </para>
              <para>
                consul consulate
              </para>
              <para>
                exhibit exhibition hall
              </para>
              <para>
                .e <superscript>s</superscript>hì in lǐngshiguǎn lose
                their
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Yíjiàn shi: The counter -Jiàn in this expression is also
                the counter for luggage. Yíjiàn shi literally means
                &quot;a piece of business.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiang and Jiang huà: The English word &quot;speak,&quot;
                meaning the activity in general, must be translated into
                Chinese with a verb and its GENERAL OBJECT: Jiǎng huà In
                other uses, the verb &quot;to speak,&quot; Jiǎng, may be
                followed by a specific object or a phrase showing
                duration, or it may be changed into a multisyllabic
                verb, such as Jiǎngyijiǎng. Other verbs which are used
                the same way are shuō huà, xiě zi, and niàn shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Jiǎng Zhōngguode        He is talking about
                Chinese affairs,
              </para>
              <para>
                shìqing.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā yījīng Jiǎngle bù shǎo. He has already said a lot.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāde Jiǎng huà hen you yìsi. His talk was very
                interesting.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiǎng is not used to say that someone said something.
                Instead, shuō is used.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā bù néng lái.        He said he could not
                come.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. C: Ou, tā xiànzài zài kāi huì. Oh, she is at a
                    meeting now.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                C: Deng tā kāiwán huì wǒ gàosong When she is finished
                with the meet-tā gěi ni hui diànhuà.         ing, I will
                tell her to return
              </para>
              <para>
                your call.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                To make ongoing-action sentences negative, use bù.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                zài, use shi bu shi zài
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                zài...ma, or zài bu zai.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                To form a question with
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zài is the aspect marker for ongoing actions. It
                indicates that the action is in progress. The
                corresponding verb in the English translation usually
                ends in -ing. Zài is used only with verbs which express
                actual dynamic action. State and process verbs may not
                be used with zài. Many
              </para>
              <para>
                action verbs may
              </para>
              <para>
                be used with zài,
              </para>
              <para>
                but some
              </para>
              <para>
                do not have enough &quot;action&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                to be used (e.g.,
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;sitting&quot;).
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā láide
              </para>
              <para>
                shíhou, nǐ zài
              </para>
              <para>
                When
              </para>
              <para>
                he came, you were studying.
              </para>
              <para>
                niàn shu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen zài
              </para>
              <para>
                kàn diànyǐng.
              </para>
              <para>
                They
              </para>
              <para>
                are watching a movie.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen zài
              </para>
              <para>
                hē kāfēi.
              </para>
              <para>
                They
              </para>
              <para>
                are drinking coffee.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen zài
              </para>
              <para>
                shàng kè.
              </para>
              <para>
                They
              </para>
              <para>
                are having class.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài is placed in
              </para>
              <para>
                front of the verb
              </para>
              <para>
                , unlike other aspect markers, such as
              </para>
              <para>
                le, guo, and de.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xuésheng zài shàng kè ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen bú zài shàng kè, yǐjīng zǒu le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā láide shíhou, nǐ shi bu shi zài niàn shū?
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù, bú zài niàn shū, yǐjīng wánr qu le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài bu zai kàn diànshì?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Are the students having class?
              </para>
              <para>
                They are not having class. They have already left.
              </para>
              <para>
                Weren’t you studying when he came over?
              </para>
              <para>
                No, I wasn’t studying. I had already gone out to play.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is he watching television?
              </para>
              <para>
                The aspect marker zài and the aspect marker ne often
                occur in the same sentence, indicating absence of
                change.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài kàn bào ne.              She is reading the
                paper.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sometimes ne is used without zài.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā kàn bào ne.                  She is reading the
                paper.
              </para>
              <para>
                Deng, literally &quot;to wait&quot;: In the second
                sentence of No. 2, the verb děng is used at the
                beginning of a phrase to mean &quot;when.&quot; Deng may
                be used with de shíhou, &quot;when,&quot; in the same
                phrase. Often, the second part of a sentence beginning
                with děng will contain an adverb meaning
                &quot;then&quot;—Jiù, zài, or cái.
              </para>
              <para>
                Děng nǐ kànwán bàozhǐ, women chūqu. mǎi cài.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xue Yīngwén nan bu nan?
              </para>
              <para>
                Děng nǐ xuéde shíhou jiù zhīdao le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                When you have finished the paper, we will go out to buy
                groceries.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is it hard to learn English?
              </para>
              <para>
                When you study it, then you’ll know.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Ni bu shi you yijiàn shi yao Don’t you have something
                you want gàosong wǒ ma?                 to tell me?
              </para>
              <para>
                Děng chīwán fan zài shuō. Wait until we finish eating;
                then we’ll talk about it.
              </para>
              <para>
                The translation of děng as ’’wait until,&quot; in the
                last example above, might
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                suggest that the word is used only in used in past
                contexts:
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuǒtiān tā měiyou he ni yìqǐ.qù kàn diànyīng ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Meiyou. Děng tā huílaide shíhou dōu shíyīdiān le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuotiān tā bādiǎn zhōng cái hui jiā. Děng tā hui Jiā
                women cái zuò fan, nǐ xiǎng jīdiǎn cái chī fan.’
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                future contexts. But děng is also
              </para>
              <para>
                Didn’t he go out with you to a movie last night?
              </para>
              <para>
                No. It was already eleven o’clock when he got home.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yesterday he didn’t get home until eight o’clock. We
                didn’t fix dinner until he got home; so imagine what
                time it was when we ate!
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Kāi huì, &quot;to meet,&quot; &quot;to hold a
                meeting,&quot; is an example of a verb and its general
                object.
              </para>
              <para>
                Kāiwán, &quot;finish holding Lthe meeting]&quot;: Wán is
                the verb &quot;to finish.&quot; It is used as an ending
                in a compound verb of result in No.
                2.<anchor id="footnote4" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark93">4</link></superscript>
                Wán expresses the idea of &quot;over,&quot;
                &quot;up,&quot; as in &quot;Class is over,&quot;
                &quot;All the paper has been used up.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                But be careful: wán is not used as a main verb when an
                object follows the verb. Instead of saying &quot;finish
                this,&quot; using wán by itself, you would say bā zhèige
                chǐwán, &quot;finish eating this&quot;; bǎ zhèige
                zuòwán, &quot;finish doing this&quot;; or bǎ zhèige
                kànwán, &quot;finish reading this.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Wan may sometimes be used as a main verb when there is
                no object, as in Diànyǐng wán le, &quot;The movie is
                finished.&quot; But far more often wán occurs as an
                ending which indicates result.
              </para>
              <para>
                Diànhuà (literally, &quot;electric speech&quot;) may
                mean either &quot;telephone&quot; or &quot;telephone
                call.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Hui diànhuà, &quot;to return a phone call,&quot;
                &quot;to call back&quot;: You have learned the verb hui,
                &quot;to return,&quot; as in Nǐ shenme shíhou huíqu?
                &quot;When are you going back?&quot; In No. 2, hui takes
                a direct object, diànhuà. Compare hui diànhuà with da
                diànhuà, &quot;to make a phone call,&quot; which is
                found in exchange U.
              </para>
              <para>
                Gěi ni huí diànhuà, &quot;call you 'back&quot;: You have
                learned the prepositional verb gěi, meaning &quot;for
                Cthe benefit of].&quot; In gěi ni huí diànhuà, gěi is
                translated as &quot;to.&quot; Because there are two
                meanings for gěi, occasionally a sentence may be
                ambiguous. For example, Wǒ gěi ta jìqule liǎngbāo cháyè
                means either &quot;I sent two packages of tea to
                him&quot; or &quot;I mailed out two packages of tea for
                him.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Duì is also translated as &quot;to.&quot; Duì introduces
                the target; gěi introduces the receiver. In other words,
                duì expresses the intended direction but does not
                necessarily imply that the target is reached. Gěi
                usually implies receiving, as you might expect, since it
                means &quot;give&quot; as a full verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                You use gěi to indicate the receiver when you say
              </para>
              <para>
                gěi ta da diànhuà
              </para>
              <para>
                gěi ta xiě yìfēng xìn
              </para>
              <para>
                gěi ta mǎile yige fángzi
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                telephone her write her a letter bought her a house
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                But, to indicate the target, you say
              </para>
              <para>
                duì ta hao duì ta kěqi duì ta shēngqì
              </para>
              <para>
                be nice to her be polite to him get angry at her
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notice that duì is used especially to indicate the
                target of feelings and attitudes, while gěi is used with
                actions such as calling, mailing, and sending.
              </para>
              <para>
                Fine. Thank you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Don’t mention it.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Hao, xièxie ni. C: Bú xiè.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Note on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú xiě is an idiom meaning something like &quot;don’t
                thank Cmel.&quot; (Literally, &quot;Don’t thank me&quot;
                would be Bié xiě wǒ.)
              </para>
              <para>
                H. B: Duìbuqǐ, jīntiān zǎoshang nǐ dǎ diànhuà láide
                shíhou w3 zài kāi huì, mei shíjiān gēn ni shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Mēi guānxi. Wǒ zhīdào nǐ hen máng.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I’m sorry. When you called here this morning, I was in a
                meeting and didn’t have time to speak with you.
              </para>
              <para>
                It doesn’t matter. I know you are very &quot;busy.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. U
              </para>
              <para>
                Dǎ diànhuà means &quot;to make a phone call. ’’
                (Literally, dǎ means &quot;to hit.&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zuotiān wǎnshang gēi Mǎ I called Mrs. Mǎ last night.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tàitai dǎle yige diànhuà.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ dǎ liǎngge diànhuà jiù I'll be right there after I
                make lai.                            a couple of phone
                calls.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shuō huà, &quot;to speak,&quot; is a verb with a general
                object—literally, &quot;speak words.&quot; Verb +
                general object is often translated into English by a
                verb alone: niàn shū, &quot;to study&quot;; kāi chē,
                &quot;to drive.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Mei guānxi: Other translations for this very useful
                expression are &quot;that’s okay,&quot; &quot;don't
                worry about it,&quot; &quot;it doesn’t make any
                difference.&quot; Literally, mēi guānxi would be
                translated as &quot;there isn't any connection.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni
                dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Hǎo a. Shénme shíhou a?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                The reason I called you is that I would like to talk
                with you in person.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. When?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi...: In English, the word
                &quot;reason,&quot; or &quot;purpose,&quot; begins the
                phrase, with the modifying clause following. In Chinese,
                everything modifying &quot;the purpose&quot; precedes
                mùdi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuà -de mùdi shi ....
              </para>
              <para>
                (The reason why I called you is . . . .)
              </para>
              <para>
                Mùdi, &quot;purpose,&quot; &quot;aim,&quot;
                &quot;objective&quot;: Although translated idiomatically
                as &quot;reason&quot; in exchange 5, mùdi does not
                really mean &quot;reason&quot;/&quot;cause.&quot; The
                English terms should be translated as yuányǐn: wǒ
                láiwǎnde yuányǐn, &quot;the reason I came late&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Míngtiān duì ni héshì ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Míngtiān xiàwǔ shénme shíhou dōu kéyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Would tomorrow be all right for you? Any time tomorrow
                afternoon would be fine.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi, ’’anytime is okay’’ (more
                literally, &quot;whatCeverl time, all is okay”),
                illustrates a pattern for expressing the idea of
                &quot;any&quot; in Chinese: a question word, such as
                shéi, shénme, nār, and něitiān, followed by dōu,
                &quot;all.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi dōu néng qù.               Anyone can go.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǎr dōu kéyi.                   Anyplace will do.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Shénme dōu kéyi.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Něitiān dōu hāo.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Anything will do. Any day is good.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Zěnme zuò dōu hāo.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Any way (you) do it is fine.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                The ideas of &quot;nobody,&quot; &quot;nowhere,&quot;
                &quot;nothing,&quot; and &quot;none&quot; are expressed
                by adding bù or méi after dōu in the pattern above.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi dōu bú yào zōu.           Nobody wants to leave.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nār dōu bu duì.                 No place is right.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zěnme dōu bù xíng.             No way will do.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shénme dōu méiyou.             There is nothing.
              </para>
              <para>
                The &quot;any/no&quot; expression need not be the
                subject of a sentence; it may also be the object. Even
                if the expression is the direct object, it must precede
                the verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shéi dōu xīhuan.            He likes anyone/everyone.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ nār dōu bu qù.               I won’t go anywhere.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèige shāngdiàn shénme dōu That store sells everything,
                mài.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā něige dōu bù xìhuan.        He doesn’t like
                either/any of them.
              </para>
              <para>
                (As objects, many of these expressions must be
                translated as &quot;every....&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                An &quot;any/no&quot; expression may also be the object
                of a prepositional verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gēn shéi dōu méi shuō huà. I didn’t speak with
                anyone.
              </para>
              <para>
                7. A: Zài nǎr Jiàn ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Liangdiǎn zhōng qǐng ni dào wǒ zhèr lái, xíng bu
                xíng?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Hǎo. Míngtiān liǎngdiǎn zhōng jiàn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Where shall we meet?
              </para>
              <para>
                Please come over here at two o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right?
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay. See you tomorrow at two o’clock.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào wǒ zhèr lái means, literally, &quot;come over to the
                place where I am.&quot; While plurals such as women zhèr
                and nlmen nàr often refer to institutions, the singular
                wǒ zhèr, nǐ nàr, and tā nàr usually refer to any place
                where a person might be. In an office shared by two
                people, for instance, you could say Wǒ zhèr meiyou
                Yīng-Hàn zìdiǎn; nín nàr you méiyou? &quot;I don’t have
                an English-Chinese dictionary over here; do you have one
                over there?&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Dào, like zài, is a verb which requires a place word as
                its object. Sentences like &quot;Come over here to
                me&quot; and &quot;Go over there to Mr. Wáng&quot; must
                be translated as Dào wǒ zhèr lái and Dào Wáng Xiānsheng
                nar qù. Zhèr and nàr make wǒ and Wáng Xiānsheng parts of
                place-word phrases.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          relation, relationship, connection
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiǎng huà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to speak, to talk; a speech
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          lìngshiguǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          consulate
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shìqing (yíjiàn)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          matter, business, affair
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sīzhǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          department chief
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you guānxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to relate to, to have a bearing on,
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                to matter
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                You guānxi: To talk about the relationship of two
                things, use ...gēn...you guānxi or ...he...you guānxi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Lǐngshiguǎn he dàshiguǎn What is the relationship
                between you shénmeyàngde guānxi? the consulate and the
                embassy?
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-booster">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark94" /><anchor id="bookmark95" />VOCABULARY
              BOOSTER</title>
              <para>
                Occupations
              </para>
              <para>
                accountant
              </para>
              <para>
                actor, actress architect athlete
              </para>
              <para>
                author, writer
              </para>
              <para>
                barher blue-collar worker builder businessman
              </para>
              <para>
                carpenter
              </para>
              <para>
                chemical engineer civil engineer civil servant composer
                cook customs official
              </para>
              <para>
                diplomat doctor
              </para>
              <para>
                (newspaper) editor electrical engineer electrician
                employee, clerk, attendant
              </para>
              <para>
                farmer, peasant fisherman
              </para>
              <para>
                gardener governess government minister
              </para>
              <para>
                housewife
              </para>
              <para>
                lawyer
              </para>
              <para>
                manager mayor mechanic mechanical engineer movie star
                musician
              </para>
              <para>
                kuàijìshī yǎnyuán jiànzhùshī yùndòngyuán zuōj iā
              </para>
              <para>
                līfàshī, lǐfàde gōngrén
              </para>
              <para>
                yíngzàoshāng shāngrén
              </para>
              <para>
                mùjiang, mùgōng huàxué gōngchéngshī tǔmù gōngchéngshī
                gōngwùyuán zuòqǔj iā
              </para>
              <para>
                chúshī hǎiguān guānyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                wàij iāoguān dàifu, yīshēng
              </para>
              <para>
                biānji
              </para>
              <para>
                diànjǐ gōngchéngshī diàngōng fúwùyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                nongmín yumín
              </para>
              <para>
                yuándīng, huājiàng bǎomǔ
              </para>
              <para>
                bùzhǎng
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiātíng zhǔfù, jiātíng fùnu lushī
              </para>
              <para>
                J īnglī shizhang jīxièshī, jīxièyuán jīxiè gōngchéngshī
                diànyīng míngxīng yīnyuèj iā
              </para>
              <para>
                nuclear engineer nurse
              </para>
              <para>
                office staff worker (Chinese) opera performer
              </para>
              <para>
                painter (artist) pharmacist pilot policeman postman
                professor
              </para>
              <para>
                reporter
              </para>
              <para>
                sailor salesman secretary servant shoemaker shoe
                repairman store clerk, salesperson
              </para>
              <para>
                teacher typist
              </para>
              <para>
                (star) vocalist
              </para>
              <para>
                waiter, waitress
              </para>
              <para>
                hézǐ gōngchéngshī hùshi
              </para>
              <para>
                zhíyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīngjù yǎnyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                huàjiā yàojìshī fēixíngyuán jǐngchá yóudìyuán jiàoshòu
              </para>
              <para>
                Jìzhě
              </para>
              <para>
                hǎiyuán, shuǐshǒu, chuányuán tuīxiāoyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                mìshū
              </para>
              <para>
                yòngren
              </para>
              <para>
                xiéjiàngshīfu xiūxiéde shòuhuòyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                j iàoyuán dazìyuán
              </para>
              <para>
                gēxīng
              </para>
              <para>
                fàndiàn fúwùyuán
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark42" /><anchor id="bookmark96" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
                A. Substitution Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi hui. (cue) dǎ diànhuà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (He is at a meeting now.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā xiànzài zài dā diànhuà. děng ni
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā xiànzài zài děng ni. gēn Wang Xiānsheng shuō
                    huà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà. gōngzuò
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā xiànzài zài gōngzuò. J iǎng huà
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā xiànzài zài Jiang huà. huàn qián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Tā xiànzài zài da diànhuà.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He is making a phone call now.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiànzài zài děng ni.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiànzài zài gēn Wáng Xiānsheng shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiànzài zài gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiànzài zài Jiang huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiànzài zài huàn qián.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā xiànzài zài kāi hui. (cue) yìhuǐr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (He is at a meeting now.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wáng Tōngzhì xiànzài zài Jiang huà. xiàwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zhāng Tōngzhì xiànzài zài xué Zhōngguo huà.
                    shàngwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Mǎ Kēzhǎng xiànzài zài dǎ diànhuà. míngtiān
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Yìhuǐr qǐng tā gěi wǒ huí ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                (In a little while please ask him to call me back. All
                right?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Shàngwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān qǐng ta gěi wo huí ge diànhuà, hǎo bu haō?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wang Tōngzhì xiànzài zài gēn Zhāng Kēzhǎng
                    jiǎnghuà. yìhuǐr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Lǐ Nushì xiànzài zài gēn Wang Dàshī kāi huì.
                    jīntiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Zhū Tōngzhì xiànzài zài xuē Zhōngwén. xiàwǔ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Yìhuǐr qǐng ta gěi wo hui ge diànhuà, hǎo hu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīntiān qǐng ta gěi wo hui ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiàwǔ qǐng ta gěi wo hui ge diànhuà, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                C. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tantan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (I would like to talk with you in person.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wǒ xiǎng wen ni yíjiàn shi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Wǒ xiǎng wen ni Jǐdiǎn zhōng you gōngfu.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U. Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr shi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wǒ xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn zhōng you gōngfu meiyou.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Wǒ xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn tántan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ gěi ni dS diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni
                dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                (The reason I called you is that I would like to talk
                with you in person.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni yíjiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni jǐdiǎn
                zhōng you gōngfu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn
                tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni yìdiǎnr
                shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng wèn ni sāndiǎn
                zhōng you gōngfu meiyou.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni dǎ diànhuàde mùdi shi xiǎng gēn ni dāngmiàn
                tántan.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                D. Substitution Drill
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Shéi dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Anyone would be fine.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi. (cue) shéi
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Any time would be fine.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Shéi dōu kéyi.    nǎr               Nǎr dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Nǎr dōu kéyi.     něige             Něige dōu
                    kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U.  Něige dōu kéyi.   shénme dìfang     Shénme
                    dìfang dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Shénme dìfang dōu kéyi.             Duōshao dōu
                    kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                duōshao
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Duōshao dōu kéyi. dué jiǔ        Dué jiǔ dōu
                    kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Duo jiǔ dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Substitution Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shénme shíhou dōu kéyi. (cue) any length
                    of time
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Any time would be fine.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Jīdiǎn zhōng dōu kéyi. any number of hours
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Něitiān dōu kéyi. any number of days
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. Něiniǎn dōu kéyi. any number of years
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Xīngqījī dōu kéyi. any number of weeks
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Jīhào dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                any number of days
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Jīyuè dōu kéyi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                any number of months
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Duo jiǔ dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Any length of time would be fine.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīge zhōngtou dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīniǎn dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīge xīngqī dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Duōshao tiān dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīge yuè dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                F. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Women míngtiān zài zhèr jiàn ne, hǎishi
                    zài nàr Jiàn ne?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) nǎr
              </para>
              <para>
                (Shall we meet here or there tomorrow?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wōmen zuò huochē qù ne, haishi zuò fēijī qù ne?
                    zǎnme
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Women míngtiān Jiùdiǎn zhōng Jiàn ne, hǎishi
                    shidiǎn zhōng Jiàn ne? jǐdiǎn zhōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Women zuò qìchē qù ne, hǎishi zuò huōchē qù ne?
                shenme chē
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Women míngtiān qù ne, hǎishi hòutiān qù ne?
                    nǎitiān
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Women Xīngqīyī qù ne, hǎishi Xīngqīèr qù ne?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                xlngqījī
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Women zuò fēijī qù ne, hǎishi zuò huōchē qù ne?
                    zenme
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You: Zài nǎr Jiàn dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Anywhere would be fine.)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zenme qù dōu keyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jidiǎn zhōng Jiàn dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Shenme chē dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Nǎitiān qù dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                XīngqīJÍ qù dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zenme qù dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                G. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shǎi lǎi? (Who is coming?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Shǎnme dìfang bù hǎo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Neige dìfang kǎyi?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Shǎi bú hui?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Nǎr hǎo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shǎnme shíhou nǎng qù?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Ni nǎitiān bù mǎng?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Shǎi dōu lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Everyone is coming.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shǎnme dìfang dōu bù hǎo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǎige dìfang dōu kǎyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shǎi dōu bú hui.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǎr dōu hǎo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shǎnme shíhou dōu nǎng qù
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo nǎitiān dōu bù mǎng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    H. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Ní qù nǎr? (Where are you going?)
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Ni dào nǎr qù?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā qù shénme dìfang?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā dào shénme dìfang qù?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Ni mǎi nǎige?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Ni kàn něibǎn?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Nī zuò shénme?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wō nǎr dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I'm going everywhere.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō nǎr dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shénme dìfang dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō nǎige dōu mǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo nǎibǎn dōu kàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō shénme dōu zuō.
              </para>
              <para>
                I. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Shéi lǎi?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) everyone
              </para>
              <para>
                (Who is coming?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Shéi kéyi? anyone will do
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Shéi lǎi? no one
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Nì mǎi nǎige?    all of them
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Ní dào nǎr qù?   nowhere at all
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Nǎige hǎo? all of them
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Shéi huì shuō Zhōngguo huà? everyone
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Shéi dōu lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Everyone is coming.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi dōu kéyi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi dōu bù lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō nǎige dōu mǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō nǎr dōu bú qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǎige dōu hǎo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shéi dōu huì shuō Zhōngguo huà
              </para>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-3">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark97" /><anchor id="bookmark98" />UNIT
            3</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark51" /><anchor id="bookmark99" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Taipei)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. A: Huang Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge Xīngqīliù you gōngfu ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín he nín fūren dào women Jiā lai chī
                ge biànfàn.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Bú shi kèqi.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Wǒ you yige péngyou gang cóng Měiguo lǎi.
          </para>
          <para>
            A: Tā xiànzài zài Tǎiwān Dàxué Jiāo jīngjixué.
          </para>
          <para>
            A: Wǒ hen xiǎng gěi nīmen liǎngwèi Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. B: Nà tài hǎo le!
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Hen xīwang gēn ta tǎntan.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù xíng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Búdàn shuōde bù hǎo, you shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. A: Nǎli, nǎli.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén yíyàng hǎo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5.
                <anchor id="footnote5" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark100">5</link></superscript>A:
                Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiǎn bàn duì nín fāngbian bu fangbian?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            6. A: Wǒ méi qīng shénme rén. Hen suíbiàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Nà Jiù xiān xiè le.
          </para>
          <para>
            Section Chief Huang, are you free Saturday of next week?
          </para>
          <para>
            I would like to invite you and your wife to come to our
            house for a simple meal.
          </para>
          <para>
            Why is it necessary to be so polite?
          </para>
          <para>
            It’s not politeness.
          </para>
          <para>
            I have a friend who has Just come from America.
          </para>
          <para>
            She is teaching economics at Taiwan University right now.
          </para>
          <para>
            I would very much like to introduce the two of you.
          </para>
          <para>
            That's wonderful!
          </para>
          <para>
            I wish very much to talk with her.
          </para>
          <para>
            However, I'm afraid that my English isn’t good enough.
          </para>
          <para>
            Not only don't I speak well, (but) sometimes I can't
            understand what I hear either.
          </para>
          <para>
            Not at all, not at all.
          </para>
          <para>
            You speak as well as an American.
          </para>
          <para>
            How shall we do it? Would six-thirty be convenient for you?
          </para>
          <para>
            That would be fine.
          </para>
          <para>
            I haven't invited anyone special.
          </para>
          <para>
            It's very informal.
          </para>
          <para>
            Well then, I'll thank you in advance.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented, on C-l and
            P-1 tapes)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      bù tong
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to be different
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      chá
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tea
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      9.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      chī fan
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to eat, to have a meal
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      10.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      dànshi
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      but
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      4*     • W
                    </para>
                    <para>
                      erqie
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      furthermore, moreover
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      fan
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      (cooked) rice
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      13.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      hē
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to drink
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      I'l.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Jiāo shū
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      to teach
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-2.png" />
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark44" /><anchor id="bookmark101" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        biànfàn būdàn.. .yé búguò bù tong
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        a simple, informal meal not only...but also
                        however, but to be different
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chá
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        chi fan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tea
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to eat, to have a meal
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dànshi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        but
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        érqiě
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        furthermore, moreover
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (cooked) rice
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        he hébì
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to drink
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        why is it necessary (to)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Jiāo shū jièshao
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to teach to introduce
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kōngpà
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be afraid that (something is or is not the
                        case)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        suíbiàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be informal/casual; as you like as you wish,
                        whatever suits you, ’’according to convenience”
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tài hǎo le! tīngbudǒng tīngdedǒng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wonderful!
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        cannot understand can understand
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xīwàng (xīwang)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to hope, to wish to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        you shíhou (you shihou)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be alike/equal sometimes
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced on C-2 tape)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cānjiǎ
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        dǎ (ge) diànhuà hǎo de duō
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        ting diànhuà yǎnhuo yóuyuǎnhuì zhèng hǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to attend
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to make a phone call much better
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to answer the phone fireworks display carnival
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        just right
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark45" /><anchor id="bookmark102" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. A: Huang Kēzhǎng, nín xiàge Xīngqīliù you gōngfu ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín he nín fūren dào women Jiā lai chī ge
              biànfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Section Chief Huang, are you free Saturday of next week?
            </para>
            <para>
              I would like to invite you and your wife to come to our
              house for a simple meal.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiàge Xīngqīliù means &quot;Saturday of next week.&quot;
              &quot;Saturday of this week&quot; is zhèige Xīngqīliù, and
              &quot;Saturday of last week&quot; is shàngge
              Xīngqīliù.<anchor id="footnote6" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark103">6</link></superscript>
            </para>
            <para>
              Chī ge biànfàn; Here the verb chī, &quot;to eat
              Csomething},&quot; takes the object (yi)ge biànfàn,
              &quot;a simple/informal family meal.&quot; When talking
              about the general activity of eating, however, use chī
              with the general object fàn, literally &quot;(cooked)
              rice&quot;: chī fàn, &quot;to eat&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The word biànfàn is used as a modest description in
              inviting guests for a meal served in the home. The meal is
              generally &quot;simple&quot; only in the sense of not
              being a banquet. A Chinese family meal usually consists of
              several dishes plus a soup.
            </para>
            <para>
              2. B: Nín hébì zhème kèqi?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Bu shi kèqi.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Wǒ you yige péngyou gang cōng Měiguo lai.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Tā xiànzài zài Taiwan Dàxué Jiāo JīngJixué.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Wǒ hen xiǎng gěi nǐmen liǎngwèi Jièshao Jièshao.
            </para>
            <para>
              Why is it necessary to be so polite? It’s not politeness.
            </para>
            <para>
              I have a friend who has Just come from America.
            </para>
            <para>
              She is teaching economics at Taiwan University right now.
            </para>
            <para>
              I would very much like to introduce the two of you.
            </para>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 2
            </para>
            <para>
              Hébì is a somewhat formal way of saying ’’Why is it
              necessary to...?” He is a literary word for ’’why.” Bì is
              a literary word for ’’must.” (You may recognize it from bú
              bì, ’’need not,” &quot;to be unnecessary.’’)
            </para>
            <para>
              Notice that the first speaker in exchange 2 does not
              respond to the dinner invitation with an immediate ’’Thank
              you, I would love to,&quot; as one might do in English.
              Instead, the Chinese prefer the equivalent of ’’That’s too
              kind of you&quot; or &quot;Oh, you really shouldn't.&quot;
              When you receive an indefinite invitation (like &quot;I
              hope you can come over to my house for dinner some
              day&quot;), do not ask immediately for the date and time.
              Rather, you should thank the person for his politeness and
              say that you also hope that you can get together. Vague
              invitations may simply be in superficial accordance with
              the rules of etiquette, and you might put your
              acquaintance on the spot by accepting.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bu shi kèqi is the appropriate response when a person
              suggests that you are treating him too politely.
            </para>
            <para>
              Jiāo, &quot;to teach,&quot; is a verb which requires a
              general object when no specific object is mentioned.
              Contrast Jiāo shū, &quot;to teach,&quot; with Jiāo
              Jǐngjixué, &quot;to teach economics.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐmen liǎngwèi means &quot;the two of you,&quot; or
              &quot;you two.&quot; The other plural pronouns may be used
              similarly:
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen sìge rén dōu yǐjing Those four have all been there
              already, qùguo le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen sānge rén dōu xiang All three of them are planning
              to niàn lìshǐ.                     study history.
            </para>
            <para>
              A number phrase may also follow a list of nouns or
              pronouns in Chinese. Either the listing or the number is
              usually omitted in the English translation.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wō, nǐ, tā sānge rén dōu qù, Why don’t all three of us go?
              hǎo bu hǎo?
            </para>
            <para>
              Lǐ Xiānsheng gēn Wáng          Both Mr. Lī and Mr. Wáng
              (the two of
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiānsheng liǎngwèi dōu         them) called me.
            </para>
            <para>
              gěi wo dǎle diànhuà le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gěi nǐmen liǎngwèi jièshao jièshao: There are two things
              to note in this sentence. First of all, while the English
              language &quot;introduces two people TO each other,&quot;
              the Chinese language &quot;introduces FOR the two
              people,&quot; gěi...jièshao. Secondly, the speaker has
              chosen to repeat the verb Jièshao. In a sentence
              expressing the speaker's desired course of action, the
              reduplicated form of the verb makes the statement less
              blunt and demanding.
            </para>
            <para>
              3. B: Nà tài hǎo le!
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Hen xīwang gēn ta tantan.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Búguò, kǒngpà wǒde Yīngwén bù xíng.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Budàn shuōde bù hǎo, you shíhou yě tīngbudǒng.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              That’s wonderful!
            </para>
            <para>
              I wish very much to talk with her.
            </para>
            <para>
              However, I’m afraid that my English isn’t good enough.
            </para>
            <para>
              Not only don’t I speak well, (but) sometimes I can’t
              understand what I hear either.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 3
            </para>
            <para>
              Tài hǎo le, ’’wonderful,’’ or, more literally, ’’too
              good.’’ You have seen tài translated as ’’excessively,” or
              ’’too”: ”It’s too expensive!” Tài guì le! In other
              contexts, tài simply indicates an extreme degree and is
              translated as ’’very.” When used this way, tài is commonly
              heavily stressed.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèiběn shū zhēn shi tài you This book is really very
              interesting! yìsi le!
            </para>
            <para>
              Búguò, ’’however,” is often interchangeable with kěshi,
              ’’but,” and is therefore used more frequently than the
              English ’’however.”
            </para>
            <para>
              Kongpà means ”to be afraid that Csomething is/is not the
              easel.” It sometimes means &quot;probably,&quot; as in
              Zhèiběn shū kǒngpà shi tāde, &quot;This book is probably
              his.”
            </para>
            <para>
              Búdàn...yě... is equivalent to the English &quot;not
              only...but also....”
            </para>
            <para>
              Here are some examples:
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Tā búdàn huì shuō Zhōngwén, yě huì shuō Rìwén.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā búdàn bù xīhuan hōngde, yě bù xīhuan lǎnde.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Not only can he speak Chinese, but he can also speak
              Japanese.
            </para>
            <para>
              Not only doesn’t he like the red one, but he doesn’t like
              the blue one either.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tīngbudǒng, &quot;can’t understand&quot;: The verb dǒng is
              used to indicate the result in a compound verb of result.
              Here is another example of dǒng used in this way:
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhōngwén bàozhī nī kàndedǒng Can you read (and understand)
              Chinese kànbudǒng? newspapers?
            </para>
            <para>
              Shuōde bù hǎo VS. tīngbudǒng: The many ways in which
              one-syllable Chinese verbs may be combined to make
              patterns and compounds can be confusing. In No. 3, you see
              both an action verb and its manner adverb (in the
              negative), shuōde bù hǎo, and a compound verb of result
              (in its &quot;unable&quot; form), tīngbudǒng. Compare
              these two forms:
            </para>
            <para>
              ACTION                                ACTION MARKER or
              NEG.
            </para>
            <para>
              VERB   MARKER NEG. ADV. MANNER VERB (not both)    RESULT
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tīng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -bù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -dǒng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -de
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -dǒng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shuō
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -DE
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        shuō
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -DE
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hěn hǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              The marker de is always part of the manner adverb
              expression but alternates with bù in compound verbs of
              result. Manner adverb expressions expand to allow not only
              for negation but also for additional adverbs such as hen
              and tài. Compound verbs of result cannot do this. There
              are always three, and only three, parts to the compound
              verb of result.
            </para>
            <para>
              1+. A: Náli, náli.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Nín shuōde gēn Měiguo rén yíyàng hāo.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. A: Zěnmeyàng? Liùdiān ban duì nín fāngbian bu fangbian?
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Fāngbian, fāngbian.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Not at all, not at all.
            </para>
            <para>
              You speak as well as an American.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              How shall we do it? Would six-thirty be convenient for
              you?
            </para>
            <para>
              That would be fine.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on Nos. 1+-5
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn...yíyàng hǎo: Yíyàng is an adjectival verb meaning
              &quot;to be the same.&quot; When a sentence tells you in
              what respect the compared items are alike, yíyàng acts as
              an adverb and may be translated as &quot;equally.&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Women liāngge rénde chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (the cars belonging to the two of us
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        alike)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;Our cars are alike.&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Women liangge rénde chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng guì.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (the cars belonging to the two of us
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        equally expensive)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;Our cars are equally expensive.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The area of comparability may be described by predicates
              other than adjectival verbs.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tāmen liāngge rén
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        dōu
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xlhuan
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        niàn shū.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (the two of them
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        both
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        equally
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        like
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to study)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;The two of them are equally studious.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              The items being compared may be expressed separately,
              using gēn. In this case, gēn is the prepositional verb
              meaning &quot;with.&quot; The item preceding gēn is
              compared WITH the object of gēn.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒde chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gēn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tāde chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (my car
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        with
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        his car
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        alike)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;My car is like his.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn may be used to compare nouns, pronouns, noun phrases,
              and clauses. Often one of the two phrases or clauses is a
              shorter form of the other.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="6">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī shuōde
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gēn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Měiguo rén
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (shuōde)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hǎo.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (you speak
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        with
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        American
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        L speakJ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        equally
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        good)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;You speak as well as an American.&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="4">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒde chē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gēn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tāde (chē)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (my car
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        with
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        his tear]
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        alike)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;My car is like his (car).&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="6">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī (kāide)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gēn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wǒ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kāide
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yíyàng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kuài.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (you CdriveJ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        with
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        me
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        drive
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        equally
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fast)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              &quot;You drive as fast as I do.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              6. A: Wǒ méi qīng shénme rén. Hen suitiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Nà jiù xiān xiè le.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I haven’t invited anyone special.
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s very informal.
            </para>
            <para>
              Well then, I’ll thank you in advance.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 6
            </para>
            <para>
              Méi qīng shénme rén: In this sentence, shénme is not the
              question word &quot;what&quot; but is theindefinite
              &quot;any.&quot; When used with bù or méi, shénme rén
              means &quot;anyone special,&quot; or &quot;anyone in
              particular.&quot; All question words may follow the verbs
              in negative statements to give similar meanings. Here are
              some examples of &quot;any___ special&quot; meanings:
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ méi chī shénme fàn.         I didn’t eat much of
              anything.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ méi gēn shéi qù.            I didn’t go with anybody
              special.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ méi dào nǎr qù.              I didn’t go anyplace in
              particular.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ méiyou duōshao qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bú yào jlge.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I don’t have any money to speak of.
            </para>
            <para>
              I don't want hut a few. (I want only a few.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Suíbiàn is a frequently used expression which has
              connotations of &quot;casual,&quot; as contrasted with
              kèqi, &quot;proper&quot; or &quot;formal.&quot; Literally,
              suíbiàn means &quot;according to convenience.&quot; Here
              are some examples:
            </para>
            <para>
              Zenme zuò?                      How shall we do it?
            </para>
            <para>
              Suíbiàn.                        However you like.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suíbiàn shenme shíhou lái. Come anytime you like.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suíbiàn zuò nǎr dōu kéyi. You may sit anywhere you like.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nà jiù xiān xiè le: In this sentence, nà is acting as an
              adverb meaning &quot;in that case,&quot; &quot;if
              so,&quot; or &quot;then.&quot; The English translation
              &quot;I'll thank you in advance, then&quot; is very
              formal. You would be more likely to say something like
              &quot;Great. I'm looking forward to it.&quot;
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <itemizedlist>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            7. bù tóng
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            8. chá
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            9. chi fàn
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            10. dànshi
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            11. érqiě
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            12. fàn
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                          <para>
                            13. hē
                          </para>
                        </listitem>
                      </itemizedlist>
                      <para>
                        1H. j iāo shū
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be different tea
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to eat, to have a meal but furthermore, moreover
                        (cooked) rice to drink
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to teach
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
            </para>
            <para>
              Bù tong may be used in much the same way as bù yíyàng.
              Note that bù tong occurs only in the negative. (There is
              no tǒng.^
            </para>
            <para>
              Shànghǎi huà he Běi jIng huà The. Shànghǎi dialect and the
              Běi jIng hen bù tong.                    dialect are very
              different.
            </para>
            <para>
              Chi fàn, &quot;to eat,&quot; is an example of a verb plus
              a general object used to express a general activity. The
              verb chi may also take specific objects, such as miàn,
              &quot;noodles.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Dànshi, &quot;but,&quot; is used much like kǎshi,
              &quot;but.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Hebei rén tīngdedǒng Beijing Can people from Héběi
              understand huà ma?                        the Beijing
              dialect?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tingdedǒng, dànshi Héběi huà Yes, but the Héběi dialect
              and the hé BěiJIng huà bù yíyàng. Běijlng dialect are
              different.
            </para>
            <para>
              Érqiě, &quot;furthermore,” ’’moreover”: Use érqiě at 'the
              beginning of a sentence or clause.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèige huāpíng tài guì, érqiě This vase is too expensive,
              and yě tài dà le. Wǒ bù xiǎng furthermore it’s too big. I
              don’t mǎi.                            want to buy it.
            </para>
            <para>
              Fàn, &quot;(cooked) rice”: The definition of fàn is
              qualified as &quot;cooked” because the Chinese use several
              words for &quot;rice,&quot; depending on whether it is in
              the field, ready to cook, or on the table.
            </para>
            <para>
              Jiāo shū is a verb plus a general object meaning &quot;to
              teach.&quot; Jiāo may be used without its general object,
              as in Jiāo Zhōngwén, &quot;teach the Chinese language.”
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-2">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark55" /><anchor id="bookmark104" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            A. Substitution Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Huang Kēzhǎng, nī          You: Huang
                Kēzhǎng, nī míngtiān
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            míngtiān wǎnshang you           zǎoshang you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            gōngfu ma?                     (Section Chief Huang, are you
          </para>
          <para>
            (cue) míngtiān                  free tomorrow morning?)
          </para>
          <para>
            zǎoshang
          </para>
          <para>
            (Section Chief Huang, are you free tomorrow evening?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Huang Kēzhǎng, ni míngtiān zǎoshang you gōngfu ma?
                Xīngqīsì
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Huang Kēzhǎng, nī Xīngqīsì you gōngfu ma? jīntiān
                wǎnshang
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Huang Kēzhǎng, ni jīntiān wǎnshang you gōngfu ma? xià
            Xīngqīliù
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Huang Kēzhǎng, nī xià Xīngqīliù you gōngfu ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            zhèige Xīngqīwǔ
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Huang Kēzhǎng, nī zhèige Xīngqīwǔ you gōngfu ma?
                zhèige yuè qíhào
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī zhèige yuè qíhào you gōngfu ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī Xīngqīsì you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī jīntiān wǎnshang you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī xià Xīngqīliù you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī zhèige Xīngqīwǔ you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <para>
            Huǎng Kēzhǎng, nī zhèige yuè qíhào you gōngfu ma?
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                B. Expansion Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Wo xiǎng qing nín. (cue) women jiā
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (l would like to invite you.)
          </para>
          <para>
            OR Wǒ xiǎng qǐng nín. (cue) fànguǎnr
          </para>
          <para>
            (I would like to invite you.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā xiǎng qíng nín.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Mínzú Fàndiàn
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wǒ xiǎng qíng nín. wǒ fùmǔ jiā
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Wǒ xiǎng qíng nín.
          </para>
          <para>
            Beijing Fàndiǎn
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín. neige fanguǎnr
          </para>
          <para>
            6. Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín. wǒ jiā
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào women Jiā lai chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            (I would like to invite you to our house for a simple meal.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào fànguǎnr qù chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            (l would like to invite you to go to a restaurant for a
            simple meal.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā xiǎng qīng nín dào Mínzú Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào wǒ fùmǔ Jiā lái chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào Běijīng Fàndiàn qù chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào neige fànguǎnr qù chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ xiǎng qīng nín dào wǒ jiā lai chī ge biànfàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            C. Response Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā zài Taiwan Dàxué gōngzuò ma? (cue)
                jīngjixué (Does he work at Taiwan University?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā zài Dezhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma? lìshī
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Lī Xiānsheng zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma?
                zhèngzhixué
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Chén Xiānsheng zài Bīnzhōu Dàxué gōngzuò ma? Zhōngwén
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Andesēn Xiānsheng zài Taiwān Dàxué gōngzuò ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Yīngguo wénxué
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Duì le. Tā zài Taiwan Dàxué Jiāo jīngjixué.
          </para>
          <para>
            (That’s right. He teaches economics at Taiwan University.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Dézhōu Dàxué jiāo lìshī.
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué Jiāo zhèngzhixué.
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Bīnzhōu Dàxué jiāo Zhōngwén.
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Taiwān Dàxué Jiāo Yīngguo wénxué.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Wang Xiānsheng zài Tàiwan Dàxué gōngzuè ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Zhōngguo wénxué
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Zhào Xiáojie zài Taiwan Dàxué gōngzuò ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Zhōngguo lìshǐ
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Taiwan Dàxué Jiāo Zhōngguo wénxué.
          </para>
          <para>
            Duì le. Tā zài Taiwan Dàxué Jiāo Zhōngguo lìshǐ.
          </para>
          <para>
            D. Transformation Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker; Wǒ gěi nǐmen jièshao jièshao.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) Wàng Tongzhì (i’ll introduce you.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Liu Tōngzhì
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Zhào Tōngzhì
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Zhāng Xiānsheng
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Yang Nushì
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Zhāng Kēzhǎng
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao Jièshao. Lǐ Shàoxiào
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You; Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Wang Tōngzhì Jièshao Jièshao
            (l would very much like to introduce you and Comrade Wang.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Liu Tōngzhì Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhào Tōngzhì Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng Xiānsheng Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Yang Nushì Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Zhāng Kēzhǎng jièshao jièshao.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hěn xiǎng gěi nǐmen gēn Lǐ Shàoxiào Jièshao Jièshao.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                E. Expansion Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā tīngbujiàn.             You: Tā búdàn
                tīngbujiàn yě
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) kànbujiàn                 kànbujiàn.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He can’t hear.)                 (Not only can’t he hear,
            CbutJ
          </para>
          <para>
            he can’t see either.)
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="4">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      2.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shuōbuduì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tīngbudǒng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn shuōbuduì yě tīngbudǒng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      3.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā chībuhǎo.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      hēbuhǎo
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn chībuhǎo yě hēbuhǎo.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      U.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā shuōbuduì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xiěbuduì
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn shuōbuduì yě xiěbuduì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      5.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā kànbudǒng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tīngbudǒng
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn kànbudǒng yě tīngbudǒng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      6.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā tīngbudǒng.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      shuōbuduì
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuduì.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      7.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā kànbujiàn.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      tīngbujiàn
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbujiàn.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                F. Combination Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Tā shuōde bù hǎo. Tā tīngbudǒng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (He speaks poorly. He can’t understand.)
          </para>
          <para>
            OR Tā shuōde bù hao. Wō shuōde bù hāo.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He speaks poorly. I speak poorly.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā niànde hǎo. Tā xiědehǎo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Tā niànde hǎo. Wō niànde hǎo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Tā tīngbudǒng. Tā shuōbuhǎo.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Tā kāide bù hǎo. Wō kāide bù hǎo.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Tā kànbujiàn. Tā tīngbudǒng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Tā búdàn shuōde bù hǎo yě tīngbudǒng.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He not only speaks poorly, Cbutl he can’t understand
            either.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Búdàn tā shuōde bù hǎo wǒ yě shuōde bù hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            (Not only does he speak poorly, LbutJ I speak poorly too.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā búdàn niànde hǎo yě xiědehǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Búdàn tā niànde hǎo wǒ yě niànde hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā búdàn tīngbudǒng yě shuōbuhǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Búdàn tā kāide bù hǎo wǒ yě kāide bù hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā búdàn kànbujiàn yě tīngbudǒng.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                G. Transformation Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Wǒ bù néng dào Zhōngguo qù. Wǒde Zhōngwén bù
                xíng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (I can’t go to China. My Chinese isn’t good enough.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Tā bù kéyi xué Zhōngwén. Tā méiyou gōngfu.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Wo bù kéyi mai dōngxi. Wode qién bú gōu.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. W3 bù néng qù kàn péngyou. W3 méiyou gōngfu.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Wǒ bù néng shuō Zhōngguo hui. Wǒde Zhōngguo huà bù
                xíng.
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. W3 bù néng gēn tā qù chī fàn.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            W3 méiyou shíjiān.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Wo bù kéyi qù kāi huì. W3 tīngbudong tāmen shuōde
                huà.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: W3 hen xīwàng dào Zhōngguo qù, búguō kǒngpà wǒde
            Zhōngwén bù xíng.
          </para>
          <para>
            (I hope very much to go to China, but I’m afraid my Chinese
            isn’t good enough.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā hen xīwàng xué Zhōngwén, búguō kǒngpà tā méiyou gōngfu.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hen xīwàng mai dōngxi, búguō kǒngpà wǒde qián bú gòu.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hen xīwàng qù kàn péngyou, búguō kǒngpà w3 méiyou gōngfu.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hen xīwàng shuō Zhōngguo huà, búguō kǒngpà wǒde Zhōngguo
            huà bù xíng.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hen xīwàng gēn tā qù chī fàn, búguō kongpà wǒ méiyou
            shíjiān.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wǒ hen xīwàng qù kāi huì, búguō kǒngpà wǒ tīngbudong tāmen
            shuōde huà.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                H. Transformation Drill
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Nīde chá gēn tāde yíyàng duō.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            (cue) hē
          </para>
          <para>
            (You have as much tea as he does.)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Nīde dōngxi gēn tāde yíyàng piányi. mai
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Nīde shū gēn tāde yíyàng duō. niàn
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                U. Nīde shū gēn tāde yíyàng hao. jiāo
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            You: Nī hē chā, hēde gēn tā yíyàng duō.
          </para>
          <para>
            (You drink as much tea as he does.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī mai dōngxi, maide gēn tā yíyàng piényi.
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī niàn shū, niànde gēn tā yíyàng duō.
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī jiāo shū, jiāode gēn tā yíyàng hāo.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                5. Nīde fan gēn tāde yíyàng duo. chī
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                6. Nīde diànhuà gēn tāde yíyàng duō. dǎ
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                7. Níde Zhōngguo huà gēn tāde yíyàng hǎo.    shuō
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            Nī chī fàn, chide gēn tā yíyàng duō.
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī dǎ diànhuà, dǎde gen tā yíyàng duō.
          </para>
          <para>
            Nī shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde gēn tā yíyàng hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            I. Response Drill
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. Speaker: Nī qīngle jīge rén? (How many people did you
                invite?)
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            OR Tā hē shénme? (What does he drink?)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. Nī qīng shéi?
              </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. Tā mǎile jīběn shū?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            U. Nī qīng shénme rén?
          </para>
          <para>
            5. Tā dào nǎr qù le?
          </para>
          <para>
            6. NĪ you duōshao qián?
          </para>
          <para>
            You: Wō méi qīng jīge rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            (I didn’t invite many at all.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā bù hē shénme.
          </para>
          <para>
            (He doesn’t drink much of anything.)
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō bù qīng shéi.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā méi mǎi jīben shū.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō bù qīng shénme rén.
          </para>
          <para>
            Tā méi dào nǎr qù.
          </para>
          <para>
            Wō méiyōu duōshao qiān.
          </para>
          <section xml:id="unit-4">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark105" /><anchor id="bookmark106" />UNIT
            4</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark56" /><anchor id="bookmark107" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. A: Huang Kēzhǎng, Huang Taitai, huānyíng,
                    huānyíng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Qǐng jin.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. B: FÙ Tàitai, nín hǎo?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. B: Wo zhīdào nín xīhuan shānshuǐ huà.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Tebié qīng péngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                *A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi. Xièxie.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Lǎi, wǒ gěi nǐmen Jièshao jièshao.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. A: Zhèiwei shi He Jiàoshòu, zài Tǎidà jiāo
                    Jīngjixué.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: He Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi Huang Kēzhǎng, zài Tǎiwān
                Yínhǎng gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Zhèiwei shi Huang Tàitai.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. B: Jiuyǎng, jiùyǎng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nín lǎile duo jiǔ le?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C: Jiuyǎng. Wǒ gāng lǎi liāngge yuè.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. C: Hǎi you hen duō bù shǒuxide dìfang.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C: Yīhòu hǎi yào xiàng nín qīngjiào.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Section Chief Huǎng, Mrs. Huǎng— welcome.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please come in.
              </para>
              <para>
                How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
              </para>
              <para>
                Here is a small token of appreciation.
              </para>
              <para>
                I know you like landscape paintings.
              </para>
              <para>
                I asked a friend to paint one especially for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                You are really too polite. Thanks.
              </para>
              <para>
                Come. I’ll introduce the two of you.
              </para>
              <para>
                This is Professor Hollins, who teaches economics at
                Taiwan University.
              </para>
              <para>
                Professor Hollins, this is Section Chief Huǎng, who
                works at the Bank of Taiwan.
              </para>
              <para>
                This is Mrs. Huǎng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Glad to meet you.
              </para>
              <para>
                How long have you been here?
              </para>
              <para>
                Glad to meet you. It has been only two months since I
                came.
              </para>
              <para>
                There is still much I’m not familiar with.
              </para>
              <para>
                Later I’ll need to request more advice from you.
              </para>
              <para>
                *The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the
                C-l tape.
              </para>
              <para>
                7. B: Náli, nèli.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Xīwang yīhòu you jīhui duō jiànmièn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Not at all, not at all.
              </para>
              <para>
                I hope that in the future we will have an opportunity to
                meet more.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngfǎ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          method, way, means
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fázi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          method, way
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huàr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          painting (Beijing pronunciation)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qīng zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          please sit down
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shèhuìxué
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sociology
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          túshūguǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          library
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          1U.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to sit
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark57" /><anchor id="bookmark108" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngfǎ fázi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          method, way, means
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          method, way (Beijing)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huà
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          huà(r) (yìzhāng) huānyíng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to paint a painting to welcome
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiànmiàn Jiàoshòu jin jiǔyǎng
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to meet someone, to see someone professor
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to enter
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          glad to meet you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qingJiao qíng zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to ask advice, to consult please sit down
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shānshuǐ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          mountains and rivers, scenery with hills and
                          water
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shānshuǐ huà(r) (yìzhāng) shèhuìxué
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          shóuxi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          landscape painting sociology to he familiar
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Taidà tèbié túshūguǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Taiwan University especially library
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiang xiǎo yìsi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          towards; from
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          a token of appreciation
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to sit
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 and P-2 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          biǎoyǎn bú dà hǎo mǎi duì...shóuxi Jiàoyubù
                          mǎi cài song gei xǐ yīshang yānjiu yòuéryuān
                          you huà zhǎnlǎn zhàogu zuò fàn zuòyà
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to give a demonstration not very easy to buy
                          to be familiar with Ministry of Education to
                          buy groceries to give to to wash clothes to
                          study, to do research kindergarten oil
                          painting exhibition to take care of to cook
                          homework
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark58" /><anchor id="bookmark109" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <para>
                1. A: Huang Kēzhǎng, Huang Taitai, huānyíng, huānyíng.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Qing J in.
              </para>
              <para>
                2. B: Fù Taitai, nín hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Zhè shi yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Section Chief Huǎng, Mrs. Huǎng— welcome.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please come in.
              </para>
              <para>
                How are you, Mrs. Franklin?
              </para>
              <para>
                Here is a small token of appreciation.
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on Nos. 1-2
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiǎo yìsi: You have already seen yìsi in the expression
                you yìsi, &quot;to he interesting.&quot; Yìsi means
                &quot;meaning,&quot; &quot;significance,&quot;
                &quot;intention,&quot; &quot;idea.&quot; In No. 2,
                above, xiǎo yìsi (literally, &quot;small CgoodH
                intent&quot;) is an idiomatic expression meaning &quot;a
                small (token of my) feelings of appreciation.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                3. B: Wǒ zhīdào nín xīhuan shān-shuī huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Tèhié qīng pēngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Nín zhēn shi tài kèqi. Xièxie.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Lǎi, wǒ gěi nīmen jièshao jièshao.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I know you like landscape paintings.
              </para>
              <para>
                I asked a friend to paint one especially for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                You are really too polite. Thanks.
              </para>
              <para>
                Come. I’ll introduce the two of you.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Shānshuī, &quot;mountains and rivers,&quot;
                &quot;scenery with hills and water,&quot; is a compound
                made up of shān, &quot;mountain,&quot; and shuī,
                &quot;water.&quot; In shānshuī, shuī refers to rivers or
                lakes.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tèbiě qǐng pēngyou gěi nín huàle yìzhāng: Notice that
                the verb huà is followed by the completion marker le.
                For this reason, the sentence means that the painting
                has been finished. The completed-action sense of huàle
                might be captured by looser translations of the
                sentence, like &quot;I asked a friend, and he painted
                one for you&quot; and &quot;I asked a friend, who
                painted one for you.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                The sentence Wǒ tèbiē qīng pēngyou gěi nín huà yìzhāng,
                without le, does not indicate whether the painting has
                been finished or not. The sentence might be used when a
                speaker thinks that a painting has not yet been
                finished.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhēn ahi tài kèqi, &quot;really too polite,&quot; is a
                variation of Nín zhēn tài kèqi. Shi is sometimes used
                simply to show that the subject of a sentence fits the
                description that follows.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. A: Zhèiwei shi He Jiàoshòu, zài Taidà Jiāo JīngJixué.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: He Jiàoshòu, zhèiwei shi Huang Kēzhǎng, zài Taiwan
                Yínháng gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Zhèiwei shi Huáng Tàitai.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                This is Professor Hollins, who teaches economics at
                Taiwan University.
              </para>
              <para>
                Professor Hollins, this is Section Chief Huang, who
                works at the Bank of Taiwan.
              </para>
              <para>
                This is Mrs. Huang.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. U
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiàoshòu, &quot;professor&quot;: The first syllable in
                this word means &quot;teaching. Notice that the tone on
                Jiào is different from the tone on the verb &quot;to
                teach,&quot; Jiāo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Táidà is the abbreviation for Tǎiwān Dàxué, &quot;Taiwan
                University.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèiwei shi Huáng Kēzhǎng, zài Taiwan Yínhǎng gōngzuò
                looks like a run-on sentence, with the pronoun tā
                dropped from the second part of the sentence. In
                Chinese, this is a perfectly good way to add a second
                clause to a sentence. To characterize a person or thing
                Just identified, the Chinese simply attach a descriptive
                sentence and omit the subject. You have already learned
                this pattern: Wángfǔjīng Dàjiē yōu yige Xīnhuá Shūdiàn,
                hen dà. Here are some additional examples:
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā tàitai shi Rìběn rén, xiànzài zài Shànghǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo you yige péngyou xing Wú, zài Dōnghǎi Dàxué Jiāo shū,
                míngnián xiǎng dào Měiguo qù.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                His wife is Japanese; she is in Shànghǎi now.
              </para>
              <para>
                I have a friend named Wú who teaches at Dōnghǎi
                University. He is planning to go to America next year.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. B: Jiǔyǎng, Jiǔyǎng.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Nín láile duo Jiǔ le?
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Jiǔyǎng. Wǒ gang lai liǎngge yuè.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Glad to meet you.
              </para>
              <para>
                How long have you been here?
              </para>
              <para>
                Glad to meet you. It has been only two months since I
                came.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiǔyǎng means, literally, &quot;I have looked up to you
                for a long time&quot; or &quot;I have looked forward to
                meeting you.&quot; It is used when meeting someone of
                higher status. Because Jiǔyǎng implies a status
                difference, the expression is not often used in the PRC.
              </para>
              <para>
                Gang, &quot;only Just&quot;: You have learned the
                sentence Wǒ láile liǎngge yuè le, &quot;I have been here
                two months now.&quot; In the last sentence of exchange
                5, notice that no le is needed. The focus has shifted
                from the coming to the shortness of the period; that is,
                the focus is on gang.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. C: Hái yǒu hen duō bù shōuxide dìfang.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Yīhòu hái yào xiang nín qíngj iào.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                There is still much I’m not familiar with.
              </para>
              <para>
                Later I’ll need to request more advice from you.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Shóuxi, &quot;to be familiar Lwith the details of
                something],&quot; is also pronounced shúxi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dìfang means &quot;areas,&quot; &quot;aspects&quot; (NOT
                &quot;places&quot;) in the first sentence of No. éT Thus
                shouxide dìfang means &quot;areas/aspects one is
                familiar with.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiàng nín qíngjiào is a polite way of requesting advice
                from someone— for example, a teacher, an advisor, or a
                senior colleague. Here, the prepositional verb xiàng
                means &quot;from.&quot; (You learned xiàng as
                &quot;towards&quot; in the Directions Module.)
                Literally, it means &quot;facing.&quot; Less formally,
                you may also say gēn nín qíngjiào. Qíngjiào (literally,
                &quot;request instruction&quot;) may be reduplicated or
                used with an object in sentences like the following:
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào gēn nín qíngjiào        I would like to consult
                with you
              </para>
              <para>
                yíjiàn shi.                     about something.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ yào gēn nín qíngjiào qíngj iào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yíhdu hái yào...: In this sentence, hái means
                &quot;still more,&quot; or &quot;additionally.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fāngfā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          method, way, means
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fázi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          method, way
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huàr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          painting (Beijing pronunciation)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qīng zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          please have a seat
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shèhuìxué
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          sociology
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          túshūguān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          library
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          1U.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to sit
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                7. B: Náli, náli.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Xīwang yīhòu yōu jīhui duō Jiànmiàn.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Not at all, not at all.
              </para>
              <para>
                I hope that in the future we will have an opportunity to
                meet more.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                The adjectival verb duō, ’’to be much,” ”to be many,” is
                used in No. 7
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                as an adverb meaning ’’much,” ’’more.” Kāfēi bù néng duō
                hē. Nī duō chī diānr ba. Tā duō zhùle liāngtiān. Wō shāo
                mSile yìzhāng piào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shuō tā yào shāo chī.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Shao may be used in the same way.
              </para>
              <para>
                One must not drink too much coffee.
              </para>
              <para>
                Eat a little more.
              </para>
              <para>
                He stayed two days longer.
              </para>
              <para>
                I bought one ticket too few.
              </para>
              <para>
                (more literally, &quot;I underbought by one ticket.”)
              </para>
              <para>
                He says he wants to eat less (cut down on eating).
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                Here are a few sentences illustrating some of the words:
              </para>
              <para>
                Nīde shèhuìxué xuéde zhènme hSo&quot;ī Nī yòng shénme
                fāngfǎ niànde?
              </para>
              <para>
                Měitiān zài túshūguān sìge zhōngtou.
              </para>
              <para>
                Ài! Wō měiyou fázi zài túshūguān zuò sìge zhōngtóu.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                You learned your sociology so well! How do you study it?
              </para>
              <para>
                I spend four hours in the library everyday.
              </para>
              <para>
                Boy! Thére’s no way I can sit in the library for four
                hours.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-booster-1">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark110" /><anchor id="bookmark111" />VOCABULARY
              BOOSTER</title>
              <para>
                Opposites
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Snjìng to be peaceful
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          rènao
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be lively
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be bustling to be noisy
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chǎng to be long
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          duǎn to be short
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          cōngming
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be intelligent to be bright
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bèn to be stupid to be foolish
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dà to be large
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiǎo to be small
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dàodǎ to arrive to reach
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          líkāi to leave
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          duì to be correct
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          cuò to make a mistake to be wrong
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gānjìng (gānjing) to be clean
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zāng to be dirty
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gāo to be tall
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ǎi
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be short (of stature
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gǎoxìng
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be happy
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nǎnguò
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to feel sorry to feel bad to be grieved
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gōngzuò to work
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiūxi to rest to relax
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hǎo to be good to be well
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          huài to be bad
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          J iǎndān to be simple
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fùzǎ (fǔzǎ) to be complicated to be complex
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                j iànkāng
              </para>
              <para>
                to be healthy
              </para>
              <para>
                you bìng to be ill
              </para>
              <para>
                to be sick
              </para>
              <para>
                kuān
              </para>
              <para>
                zhSi
              </para>
              <para>
                to be wide
              </para>
              <para>
                to be narrow
              </para>
              <para>
                to be broad
              </para>
              <para>
                lai
              </para>
              <para>
                qù
              </para>
              <para>
                to come
              </para>
              <para>
                to go
              </para>
              <para>
                lèi
              </para>
              <para>
                you jīngshen
              </para>
              <para>
                to be tired
              </para>
              <para>
                to be lively
              </para>
              <para>
                to be spirited
              </para>
              <para>
                to be vigorous
              </para>
              <para>
                lěng
              </para>
              <para>
                re
              </para>
              <para>
                to be cold
              </para>
              <para>
                to be hot
              </para>
              <para>
                liángkuai
              </para>
              <para>
                nuanhuo
              </para>
              <para>
                to be cool
              </para>
              <para>
                to be warm
              </para>
              <para>
                man
              </para>
              <para>
                kōng
              </para>
              <para>
                to be full
              </para>
              <para>
                to be vacant
              </para>
              <para>
                to be empty
              </para>
              <para>
                man
              </para>
              <para>
                kuài
              </para>
              <para>
                to be slow
              </para>
              <para>
                to be fast
              </para>
              <para>
                máng
              </para>
              <para>
                xièn
              </para>
              <para>
                to be busy
              </para>
              <para>
                to be idle
              </para>
              <para>
                to be unoccupied
              </para>
              <para>
                niánqīng
              </para>
              <para>
                lǎo
              </para>
              <para>
                to be young
              </para>
              <para>
                to be old (in years)
              </para>
              <para>
                piányi
              </para>
              <para>
                guì
              </para>
              <para>
                to be inexpensive
              </para>
              <para>
                to be expensive
              </para>
              <para>
                to be cheap
              </para>
              <para>
                piàoliang
              </para>
              <para>
                nánkàn
              </para>
              <para>
                to be beautiful
              </para>
              <para>
                to be ugly
              </para>
              <para>
                qiáng
              </para>
              <para>
                ruù
              </para>
              <para>
                to be strong
              </para>
              <para>
                to be weak
              </para>
              <para>
                róngyi
              </para>
              <para>
                nán
              </para>
              <para>
                to be easy
              </para>
              <para>
                to be difficult
              </para>
              <para>
                shēng
              </para>
              <para>
                si
              </para>
              <para>
                to be born
              </para>
              <para>
                to die
              </para>
              <para>
                tian to be sweet
              </para>
              <para>
                ting
              </para>
              <para>
                to stop
              </para>
              <para>
                to halt
              </para>
              <para>
                tul
              </para>
              <para>
                to push
              </para>
              <para>
                yuan
              </para>
              <para>
                to be far
              </para>
              <para>
                zǎo
              </para>
              <para>
                to be early
              </para>
              <para>
                zhēn
              </para>
              <para>
                to be true to be real
              </para>
              <para>
                to be genuine
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                kú to be bitter
              </para>
              <para>
                z8u
              </para>
              <para>
                to go to walk
              </para>
              <para>
                IS to pull
              </para>
              <para>
                jin to be near
              </para>
              <para>
                wan to be late
              </para>
              <para>
                jiǎ to be false to be fake to be artificial
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-3">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark59" /><anchor id="bookmark112" />DRILLS</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Wo xiǎng qǐng ta huà yìzhāng huàr.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (I'm thinking of asking him to paint a painting.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta chī yícì Zhōngguo fàn.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta mǎi liǎngzhāng Tǎiběi dìtú.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta Jiāo liǎngniān.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta huà yìzhāng Zhōngguo huàr.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta lǎi yícì.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Wǒ xiǎng qǐng ta kàn yícì diànyǐng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ tèbié qīng ta huàle yìzhāng huàr.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I asked him especially to paint a painting.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta chile yícì Zhōngguo fàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qīng ta mǎile liǎngzhāng Táibei dìtú.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta Jiāole liǎngniān.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qīng ta huàle yìzhāng Zhōngguo huàr.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qǐng ta láile yícì.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tèbié qīng ta kànle yícì diànyǐng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Combination Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā shi Hé Jiàoshòu. Tā zài Tāidà Jiāo
                    JīngJixué.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (He is Professor Hé.
              </para>
              <para>
                He teaches economics at Taiwan University.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā shi Wáng Kēzhǎng. Tā zài Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shi Shen Shàoxiào. Tā zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    U. Tā shi LÍn Jiàoshòu. Tā zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué Jiāo
                    shū.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Zhèiwèi shi Hé Jiàozhòu, zài Taidà Jiāo JīngJixué.
              </para>
              <para>
                (This is Professor Hé, who teaches economics at Taiwan
                University.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèiwèi shi Wang Kēzhǎng, zài Wàijiāobù gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèiwèi shi Shen Shàoxiào, zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèiwèi shi Lin Jiàoshòu, zài Jiāzhōu Dàxué Jiāo shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                X      V          K
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi Lu Kēzhǎng. Tā zai Tāiwān Yínhāng gōngzuò.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shi Liú Xiǎojiě. Tā zài Taidà niàn shū.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā shi HÚn Jiàoshòu. Tā zài Tāidà Jiāo
                    zhèngzhixué.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Zhèiwèi shi Lu Kēzhǎng, zài Taiwān YÍnháng gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhàiwèi shi Liú Xiaojiě, zài Taidà niàn shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèiwèi shi Han Jiàoshòu, zài Taidà jiāo zhèngzhixué.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; You hěn duō dìfang wo bù shǒuxi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (There is much I’m not familiar with.)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Zài zhèr, you hěn duō ren bù hē chā.
              </para>
              <para>
                (There are many people here who don’t drink tea.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Yōu hěn duō dìfang wǒ tīngbudǒng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zài zhèr, you hěn duō rén bú kàn bào.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Zài zhèr, you hěn duō rén bú huì shuō Zhōngguo huà.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. You hěn duō dìfang wǒ bú huì zuò.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. You hěn duō dìfang wǒ kànbudǒng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ hái you hěn duō bù shéuxide dìfang.
              </para>
              <para>
                (There is still much I’m not familiar with.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài zhèr, you hěn duō bù hē chāde rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                (There are many non-tea drinking people here.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ hái you hěn duō tīngbudǒngde dìfang.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài zhèr, you hěn duō bú kàn bàode rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zài zhèr, you hěn duō bú huì shuō Zhōngguo huàde rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ hai you hěn duō bú huì zuòde dìfang.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ hai you hěn duō kànbudǒngde dìfang.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Women yīhòu jiànmiànde You: Xīwang yīhòu
                    you Jīhui duō Jīhui hěn duō.
                                      jiānmiān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (We will have many more         (I hope that in the
                future we
              </para>
              <para>
                opportunities to meet           will have an opportunity
                to
              </para>
              <para>
                in the future.)
              </para>
              <para>
                meet more.)
              </para>
              <para>
                2.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō yīhòu xiǎng nín qīngjiǎode Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwang yīhòu yōu Jīhui nín qīngjiāo.
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                xiǎng
              </para>
              <para>
                3.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen yīhòu shuō Zhōngguo huāde Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwāng yīhòu yōu Jīhui Zhōngguo huā.
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                shuō
              </para>
              <para>
                U.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō yīhòu xuǎ Zhōngwǎnde Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwāng yīhòu yōu Jīhui Zhōngwǎn.
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                xuǎ
              </para>
              <para>
                5.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen yīhòu lǎide Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwāng yīhòu yōu jīhui
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                6.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen yīhòu zāi yìqīde Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwāng yīhòu yōu jīhui
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                zāi yìqī.
              </para>
              <para>
                7.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wō yīhòu luxíngde Jīhui hěn duō.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xīwāng yīhòu yōu Jīhui
              </para>
              <para>
                duō
              </para>
              <para>
                luxíng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Huǎng Kēzhǎng, huānyíng, huānyíng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) zuò
              </para>
              <para>
                (Section Chief Huǎng, welcome, welcome.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wǎng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? zuò zuo
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Lī Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? hē yìdiǎn chǎ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? zuò
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zhào Tāitai, huānyíng, huānyíng. zuò
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Huǎng Kezhǎng, huānyíng, huānyíng. Qīng Jìn, qīng
                Jìnlai zuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Section Chief Huǎng, welcome, welcome. Please come in
                and sit down.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǎng Xiǎojiě, nín hǎo? Qīng Jin, qīng Jìnlai zuòzuo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Lī Xiānsheng, nín hǎo? Qīng Jin, qīng Jìnlai hē yìdiǎn
                chǎ.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wú Kēzhǎng, nín hǎo? Qīng jìn, qīng Jìnlai zuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhào Tāitai, huānyíng, huānyíng. Qīng Jìn, qīng jìnlai
                zuò.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, nín hǎo? zuò
                    yìhuǐr
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Qiǎn Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiú bú jiàn. zuò zuo
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Zhāng Xiānsheng, Zhāng Tàitai, nín hǎo? Qǐng jin, qǐng
                jìnlai zuò yìhuǐr.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qiǎn Kēzhǎng, hǎo jiǔ bú Jiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qǐng Jin, qīng jìnlai zuòzuo.
              </para>
              <para>
                <inlinemediaobject>
                  <imageobject>
                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-3.png" />
                  </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject>
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark113" /><anchor id="bookmark114" />UNIT
            5</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-4">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark60" /><anchor id="bookmark115" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <para>
                (in Beijing)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. B: Wài.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: Wǒ yào zhào LÍn SIzhang shuō huà.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. B: Nín shi nàr a?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wǒ xing Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi Fǎguo Dàshiguǎnde
                    Shāngwù JIngjiguān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi nín kànkan tā zài bu zai.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. B: Wài, tā zhèihuīr bú zài. Nín yào liú ge huàr
                    ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Laojià, tā huílaide shíhou, nín qing ta gěi wo da
                    ge diànhuà.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. B: Hāo, qing nín bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomār gàosong wǒ.
                Wǒ xiěxiàlái.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wǔ èr yāo-sān sān yào.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. C: Duìbuql, ni gāngcái géi wo dǎ diànhuà, wǒ bú zài.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Nī yǒu shi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Shi a! Wǒ neitiān gēn nín yuēhǎole míngtiān shídiān
                dào nín bàngōng-shì qu tántan.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Yīnwei míngtiān zǎoshang wǒ yǒu yíjiàn yàojīnde
                shi, suǒyi xiǎng wèn nín women néng bu néng gǎi dào
                xià-wu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello. Is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs?
              </para>
              <para>
                I want to speak with Department Chief LÍn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Who is this?
              </para>
              <para>
                My name is Leclaire. I am the Commercial/Ecomonics
                Officer from the French Embassy.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wait a moment. I’ll see whether he is here or not.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello. He is not here at the moment. Would you like to
                leave a message?
              </para>
              <para>
                When he comes back, please ask him to give me a phone
                call.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. Please tell me your phone number. I’ll write
                it down.
              </para>
              <para>
                My phone number is 521-331.
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m sorry. When you called me just now, I wasn’t in.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can I help you with something?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes, you can. The other day I made an appointment with
                you to go to your office at ten o’clock tomorrow for a
                talk.
              </para>
              <para>
                Because I have an urgent business matter tomorrow
                morning, I want to ask you whether we can change it Cthe
                appointment! to the afternoon.
              </para>
              <para>
                *C: Xiàwǔ shenme shíhou?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiǎn zǎnmeyàng? Duì nín fāngbian
                bu fangbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Sìdiǎn bí sāndiǎn hǎo. Wǒ sāndiǎn zhōng dǎi kāi hui.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Hǎo ba. Nà míngtiān sìdiǎn zhōng jiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Hǎo, wǒ sìdiǎn zhōng deng ni.
              </para>
              <para>
                What time in the afternoon?
              </para>
              <para>
                What do you think of three or four in the afternoon? Is
                that convenient for you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Four would be better than three. I have to attend a
                meeting at three o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. Well then, see you at four o’clock tomorrow.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. I’ll wait for you at four o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          7.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hǎishi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          still
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wàiguo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          foreign, abroad
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wàiguo rěn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          foreigner (non-Chinese)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wūzi (yìjiān)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          room
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yāo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          one (telephone pronunciation)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                * The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the
                C-l tape.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-4">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark61" /><anchor id="bookmark116" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bǎ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (prepositional verb which indicates the direct
                          object)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bàngōngshì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          office
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gǎi
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          gǎi dào gāngcǎi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to change
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to change to
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Just now, a short time ago
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          haishi hàomǎ(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          still number
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          jīngjiguān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          economics officer
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          liú
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          liú(ge)huà(r)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to leave, to keep, to save to leave a message
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          neitiān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          the other day
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shāngwù shāngwùguān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          commercial business commercial officer
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wàiguó wàiguo rén Wàijiāobù wūzi (yìjiān)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          foreign, abroad
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          foreigner (non-Chinese) Ministry of Foreign
                          Affairs room
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiěxiàlái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to write down
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yāo yàojin yuēhǎole
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          one (telephone pronunciation) to be important,
                          to be urgent to have (successfully) made
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          arrangements, to have made an appointment
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhèihuír
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          this moment, at the moment (Beijing)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 and drill tapes
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          chūtǔ wénwù zhǎnlǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          exhibition of archaeological finds
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dǎ dao
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to make a phone call to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dàibiǎotuǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          delegation
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          gǎnbuhuílǎi
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          J iàoyuǎn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          can’t make it back in time teacher
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Jīnglǐ qīnzì tuánzhǎng zhǔrèn zìji
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                manager
              </para>
              <para>
                personally, privately head, of the delegation director
              </para>
              <para>
                oneself (’’myself,” ’’yourself,” etc.
              </para>
              <para>
                (introduced in Communication Game)
              </para>
              <para>
                chēfáng dì
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                garage
              </para>
              <para>
                ground, earth
              </para>
              <para>
                <inlinemediaobject>
                  <imageobject>
                    <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-4.png" />
                  </imageobject>
                </inlinemediaobject>
              </para>
              <para>
                Street scene in Shanghai
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-4">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark62" /><anchor id="bookmark117" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <para>
                1. B: Wai.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wèi, shi Wàijiāobù ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wǒ yào zhāo Lin Sīzhǎng shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello. Is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs?
              </para>
              <para>
                I want to speak with Department Chief LÍn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                Wàijiāobù: WàiJiāo is the word, for
                &quot;diplomacy&quot; (more literally, &quot;foreign
                relations&quot;). Bù designates an organizational unit;
                in speaking of the Chinese government, bù is translated
                as
                &quot;ministry.&quot;<anchor id="footnote7" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark118">7</link></superscript>
                The head of a bù is a bùzhāng, &quot;minister.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Wài-, &quot;foreign,&quot; is used in terms such as
                wàiguo, &quot;overseas&quot; (literally, &quot;foreign
                country&quot;) and wàiguo ren, &quot;foreigner&quot;
                (most frequently referring to a person from a non-Asian
                country). Literally, wài- means &quot;outside,&quot; as
                in wàimian.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yào zhāo...shuō huà means, literally, &quot;I would like
                to look for . . . to speak I with himl.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Telephone conversations: Telephone courtesy in the
                United States requires that a person identify himself
                before beginning a conversation. In China, however, it
                is normal for the caller to ask &quot;Who is this?&quot;
                and for the person who answers the phone to inquire
                &quot;Who is calling?&quot;
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. B: Nín shi nǎr a?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wǒ xing Lèkēláiěr. Wǒ shi Fāguo Dàshiguānde
                    Shāngwù Jīngjiguān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nín děngyiděng, wǒ gěi nín kànkan tā zài bu zai.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Who is this?
              </para>
              <para>
                My name is Leclaire. I am the Commercial/Economics
                Officer from the French Embassy.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wait a moment. I’ll see whether he is here or not.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                Nín shi nar a? is one polite way to ask who is calling.
                Nǎr asks for the name of the office or organization
                which the caller represents. You may also say Nī nǎr a?
                To ask for the caller’s name, use Qīngwèn ni shi...? or
                Qīngwèn nī guìxìng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Fǎguo: In the PRC, the word for ’’France&quot; usually
                has a low tone instead of a falling tone (Faguo).
              </para>
              <para>
                The syllable -guān means &quot;government
                official,&quot; &quot;officer,&quot; or
                &quot;officeholder .&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài bu zai: Zài means &quot;to be present&quot; here.
                With this meaning, zài does not have to be followed by a
                place word.
              </para>
              <para>
                3. B: Wèi, tā zhèihuīr bú zài. Nín yào liú ge huàr ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Laojià, tā huílaide shíhou, nín qīng ta gěi wo dǎ ge
                diànhuà.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Hello. He is not here at the moment Would you like to
                leave a message?
              </para>
              <para>
                When he comes back, please ask him to give me a phone
                call.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèihuīr is a colloquial word for &quot;now,&quot;
                &quot;at the moment.&quot; The word is made up of zhè
                plus yìhuīr. Its position preceding the verb shows that
                it refers to a point in time.
              </para>
              <para>
                Liú ge huàr: Liú means &quot;to leave C
                something/someone!] behind.&quot; Huàr, translated in
                exchange 3 as &quot;message,&quot; is the word for
                &quot;speech.&quot; Directly following a verb (in this
                case, liú), the yī of unstressed yige may be omitted.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. B: Hǎo, qīng nín bǎ nínde diàn- All right. Please
                tell me your huà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ. Wǒ phone number.
                I’ll write it down, xiěxiàlāi.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wǒde diànhuà shi wú èr yāo- My phone number is
                521-331. sān sān yāo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. U
              </para>
              <para>
                Hàomǎr is used for &quot;number&quot; in speaking of
                identification numbers such as a passport number.
                (Shùmu, &quot;number,&quot; expresses an amount.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Yao is used, in Beijing for giving room numbers and
                telephone numbers whenever those numbers are given
                orally.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiěxialai is a compound verb which is formed like
                náxialai. However, while náxialai literally means
                &quot;to bring down and towards the speaker,&quot;
                xiěxialai does NOT mean &quot;to write in a downward
                direction towards the speaker.&quot; The compound
                xiěxialai corresponds to the English idiom &quot;to
                write down.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Qǐng nín bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ illustrates
                some of the rules concerning the use of the
                prepositional verb bǎ. (Read the Transportation Module
                notes on bǎ.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Bǎ is a prepositional verb used to bring the direct
                object of a sentence to a position preceding the main
                verb. To do so has certain effects on the meaning of a
                sentence. There are reasons why bǎ must be used, why it
                may not be used, and why it is optional in different
                kinds of sentences.
              </para>
              <para>
                In the first sentence of exchange U, the use of the bǎ
                construction is optional. You may also say Qǐng ni
                gàosong wo nínde diànhuà hàomǎr. The sentence fulfills
                the requirements for the optional use of bǎ but has none
                of the features which make the use of bǎ a necessity.
                Let’s look more closely at these different requirements
                and features.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    a. What conditions are necessary for the use of bǎ?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    (1) The object of bǎ must be acted on. In other
                    words, the action must be performed on the object of
                    bǎ. In the first sentence of exchange U, nínde
                    diànhuà hàomǎr undergoes the action gàosong. More
                    obvious examples are
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ dìtú náchulai le. He took out the map.
              </para>
              <para>
                (MAP UNDERGOES BEING TAKEN OUT)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ tāde chē mài le. He sold his car.
              </para>
              <para>
                (CAR UNDERGOES BEING SOLD)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ neige Zhōngguo zì He wrote that Chinese character
                on xiě zai hēibǎnshang le. the chalkboard.
              </para>
              <para>
                (CHINESE CHARACTER UNDERGOES BEING WRITTEN ON THE BOARD)
              </para>
              <para>
                UNDERGOER OF THE ACTION means that the object is
                influenced by the action in some way. In &quot;I saw Mr.
                Wang yesterday,&quot; Mr. Wang is not considered to be
                the undergoer of the action.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    (2) The verb must be an action verb (such as gàosong
                    in exchange U). Bǎ is not used with state and
                    process verbs. For example, you may not use bǎ with
                    yǒu, zhǐdao, xǐhuan, ài, xiǎng, huì, or dong.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    (3) The object of bǎ must refer to something
                    specific (such as nínde diànhuà hàomǎr in exchange
                    U): which telephone number? your telephone number
                    (The questioner knows which number he is referring
                    to, even though he does not know what the number
                    is.) Often the object of bǎ must be translated into
                    English with the definite article &quot;the&quot;:
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Qǐng ni bǎ huāpíng gěi wo. Please give me the vase. (NOT
                &quot;a vase&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā ba liǎngzhāng piào gěi He gave me the two tickets.
                (NOT wo le.                       ’’Cany] two
                tickets&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                (U) The verb phrase must be complex. Here are examples
                of the ways in which a verb phrase can be made complex
                so that bǎ may be used:
              </para>
              <para>
                (ASPECT MARKER)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ tāde chēzi mài le.
              </para>
              <para>
                (REDUPLICATED VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni bǎ piào huànhuan.
              </para>
              <para>
                (COMPOUND VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ wǒde dìzhī xiěxia-lai le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī bǎ xíngli nāshang chē qu ba.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women zuǒtiān yījīng bǎ zhèijiàn shi shuōhǎo le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiān bǎ zhèige xiěwǎn zài zǒu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī bǎ wǒde míngzi xiěcuò le.
              </para>
              <para>
                (MANNER EXPRESSION AFTER THE VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī bǎ zhèige zì xiěde tài dà le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bǎ zhèijiàn shi shuōde hen qīngchu.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                He sold his car.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please exchange the tickets.
              </para>
              <para>
                He wrote down my address.
              </para>
              <para>
                Take the baggage onto the train.
              </para>
              <para>
                We agreed on this matter yesterday
              </para>
              <para>
                I will finish writing this first and then leave.
              </para>
              <para>
                You wrote my name wrong.
              </para>
              <para>
                You wrote this character too large
              </para>
              <para>
                He talked very clearly about this.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                (PREPOSITIONAL VERB PHRASE AFTER THE VERB)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bǎ píjiǔ fang zai zhuōzi-shang.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ bǎ chē ting zai nèibian děng nín.
              </para>
              <para>
                (INDIRECT OBJECT AFTER THE VERB) Lī Xiānsheng bǎ zìdiǎn
                gěi xuésheng le.
              </para>
              <para>
                (NUMBER PLUS COUNTER AFTER THE VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni zài bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr niàn yícì.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng ni bǎ zhèige kàn yixia.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Put the beer on the table.
              </para>
              <para>
                I will park the car over there and wait for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Mr. Lī has given the dictionaries to the students.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please read his telephone number aloud once more.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please take a look at this. (OR &quot;Please read this
                over.&quot;)
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                In the first sentence of exchange U, the verb phrase is
                made complex by having an indirect object after the
                verb: bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    b. When MUST bǎ be used?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                The examples above which require the use of bǎ are those
                with a prepositional verb phrase after the verb, those
                with a manner expression after the verb, and most of the
                sentences under the heading &quot;Compound Verb. In
                these examples, the object may not be placed between the
                verb and the element which follows.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    c. When can't bā be used?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Bǎ cannot normally be used in a sentence if the verb is
                not an action verb, if the verb describes perception
                (like kànjian and tingjian), if the object is not the
                undergoer of the action, if the object is indefinite, or
                if the verb is a simple verb. Here are some examples of
                sentences in which bā cannot be used:
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wo mǎile yíge shōuyīnjī.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I bought a radio. (INDEFINITE OBJECT)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ kànjian ta le.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I saw him.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (PERCEPTION VERB EkànJianJ; OBJECT DOES NOT
                          UNDERGO ACTION)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng kàn zhèiběn shū.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I would like to read this book. (SIMPLE VERB)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ yǒu hěn duō wàiguo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I have a lot of foreign friends.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pengyou.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (yǒu NOT ACTION VERB)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ zhīdào zhèijiàn shi.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I know of this matter, (zhīdào NOT ACTION
                          VERB)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          d. What is the motivation for
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          using bā?
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Bǎ is used when the verb phrase gives more new important
                information than the object does. The Chinese prefer to
                place that important verb phrase in final position in a
                sentence, where the phrase will be prominent. Bǎ
                performs the function of taking the object out of the
                way (to the beginning of a sentence) and allowing the
                verb phrase to have its full impact.
              </para>
              <para>
                e. To make a bǎ sentence negative, place the negative
                adverb in front of bǎ (NOT in front of the main verb).
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā méi bǎ zhuōzi bānchuqu. He did not move the table
                out.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī bù bǎ
                ròu<anchor id="footnote8" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark119">8</link></superscript>
                fàng zai How can it do for you not to put bīngxiāngli
                zěnme xíng? the meat in the refrigerator?
              </para>
              <para>
                (How can you not put the meat in the refrigerator?)
              </para>
              <para>
                5. C: Duìbuqī, nī gāngcái gěi wo dā diànhuà, wS bú zài.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Nī yǒu shi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Shi a.' Wǒ nèitiān gēn nín yuēhěole míngtiān shídiǎn
                dào nín bàngōngshì qu tántan.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I'm sorry. When you called me Just now, I wasn't in.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can I help you with something?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes, you can. The other day I made an appointment with
                you to go to your office at ten o'clock tomorrow for a
                talk.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Gāngcái means &quot;just now,&quot; &quot;a short time
                ago.&quot; It may, like other time words, either precede
                or follow the subject of a sentence.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā gāngcái gěi wo dā diànhuà He called me a short time
                ago. le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Gāngcái tā gěi wo dā diànhuà le.
              </para>
              <para>
                The one-syllable adverb gāng, &quot;Just,&quot; always
                follows the subject of a sentence.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā gāng gěi wo dā diànhuà. He just called me.
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni gāngcái gěi wo dā diànhuà, wǒ bú zài, literally,
                &quot;You called me just now, I wasn’t in&quot;:To the
                first clause (Nī gāngcái gěi wo dā diànhuà), you could
                add -de shihou, &quot;when.&quot; Even without -de
                shihou, the relationship between the two clauses is
                still very close. Colloquially, no pause is needed
                between them. Here is a similar sentence:
              </para>
              <para>
                Gāngcái wǒ qù zhāo ni, nī I just went to look for you,
                but you bú zài.                         weren’t there.
              </para>
              <para>
                Něitiān literally means &quot;that day.&quot; It is the
                Chinese equivalent of &quot;the other day.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Yuēhāo is a compound verb of result: yuē, &quot;to
                arrange a meeting,&quot; &quot;to make an
                appointment,&quot; plus hāo, &quot;successfully
                complete.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Gēn means &quot;with&quot; in the last sentence of
                exchange 5-
              </para>
              <para>
                Bàngōngshì: Bàngōng (literally, &quot;manage work&quot;)
                is frequently used for &quot;do work in an office.&quot;
                A bàngōngshì is a room where office work is done, or an
                &quot;office.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                6. A: Yīnwei míngtiān zāoshang wǒ you yíjiàn yàojīnde
                shi, suōyi xiǎng wèn nín women neng bu neng gāi dào
                xiàwǔ.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Xiàwǔ shénme shíhou?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Nín kàn xiàwǔ sān-sìdiān zěnmeyàng? Duì nín fāngbian
                bu fangbian?
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Sìdiān bī sāndiān hāo. Wǒ sāndiān zhōng děi kāi huì.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Hāo ba. Nà míngtiān sìdiān zhōng jiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                C: Hāo, wǒ sìdiān zhōng děng ni.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Because I have an urgent business matter tomorrow
                morning, I want to ask you whether we can change it Cthe
                appointment] to the afternoon.
              </para>
              <para>
                What time in the afternoon?
              </para>
              <para>
                What do you think of three or four in the afternoon? Is
                that convenient for you?
              </para>
              <para>
                Four would be better than three. I have to attend a
                meeting at three o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. Well then, see you at four o’clock tomorrow.
              </para>
              <para>
                All right. I’ll wait for you at four o’clock.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                YàojIn means &quot;to be urgent,&quot; &quot;to be
                important.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Yinwei.■.suoyi: When the first part of an English
                sentence begins with the word &quot;because,&quot; it is
                usually considered redundant to begin the second part
                with &quot;therefore.&quot; Thus the Chinese word suoyi,
                &quot;therefore,&quot; in the first sentence of exchange
                6, is not translated into English. In Chinese, however,
                suoyi is commonly used after a clause beginning with
                yīnwei, &quot;because.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                The verbs gǎi and huàn are both frequently translated as
                &quot;to change.&quot; Gǎi means &quot;change&quot; in
                the sense of &quot;alter,&quot; and huàn means
                &quot;change&quot; in the sense of &quot;exchange.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Gǎi dào xiàwǔ, &quot;change (it) to the afternoon&quot;:
                In this phrase, the prepositional verb dào and its
                object xiàwǔ do not precede the verb; they follow the
                verb. A dào, &quot;to,&quot; phrase which precedes the
                main verb in a sentence can be a scene setter, that is,
                you go &quot;to&quot; a place and the action takes place
                there. Following the main verb in a sentence, a dào
                phrase can indicate where something ends up as a result
                of the action. In the first sentence of exchange 6, the
                appointment will END UP in the afternoon. Here are some
                examples of dào phrases:
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā dào càishichǎng mǎi cài He went to the market to buy
                qu le.                          groceries. (SCENE
                SETTER)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gāngcái dào wǔlōu zhao      Just now I went to the
                fifth floor
              </para>
              <para>
                Chen Tàitai qu le.             to look for Mrs. Chen.
                (SCENE
              </para>
              <para>
                SETTER)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā pǎo dào shānshang qu le. He ran to the top of the
                mountain. (&quot;He&quot; ENDS UP ON THE MOUNTAINTOP.)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          7.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hǎishi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          still
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wàiguo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          foreign, abroad
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wàiguo ren
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          foreigner (non-Chinese)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wǔzi (yìjiān)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          room
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          one (telephone pronunciation)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                Hǎishi means &quot;still&quot; in the sense of &quot;as
                before.&quot; It is used in some of the same ways that
                hǎi is used.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sulrán tā you shíhou shuō Although he is sometimes
                impolite in huà bú kèqi, késhi wǒ          his speech, I
                still like him.
              </para>
              <para>
                haishi xìhuan ta.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ háishi bù dǒng &quot;le” zěnme I still don’t
                understand how le is yòng.
                                           used.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wàiguo rén, &quot;foreigner”: The use of this term is
                still generally based on race rather than on
                citizenship. Even Chinese who are American citizens
                living in the United States often refer to non-Chinese
                Americans as wàiguo rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wūzi, ’’room”: The counter for wūzi is -Jiān, which
                literally means &quot;interstice,&quot;
                &quot;interval,&quot; &quot;space,&quot;
                &quot;room.&quot;
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-4">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark64" /><anchor id="bookmark120" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
              </para>
            </simplesect>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              A. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? (cue) LÍn Sizhǎng
                  (Hello, is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs?)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wèi Shàoxiào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? LÍn Kēzhǎng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Bāoěr Xiānsheng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Lī Xiānsheng
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Meng Tǒngzhì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Zhāngnán Tǒngzhì
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Wài, shi Wàijiāobù ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Lin Sīzhǎng shuō
              huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Hello, is this the Ministry of Foreign Affairs? I want to
              speak with Department Chief LÍn.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Měiguo Wǔguānchù ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Wèi Shàoxiào
              shuō huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínhāng ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo LÍn Kēzhǎng shuō
              huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Běijīng Fàndiàn ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Bāoěr Xiānsheng
              shuō huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Jiānádà Dàshiguǎn ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Lī Xiānsheng
              shuō huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Měidàsī ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Mèng Tǒngzhì shuō huà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wài, shi Zhōngguo Yínháng ma? Wǒ yào zhǎo Zhāngnán Tǒngzhì
              shuō huà.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              B. Expansion Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zài bu zai.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (i’ll see whether he is here or not.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā máng bu mang.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā yǒu gōngfu meiyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  U. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā láile meiyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              You: Qīng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zài bu zai.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Please wait a moment. I’ll see whether he is here or
              not.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā máng bu mang.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā you gōngfu meiyou.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qīng ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā láile meiyou.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zǒule meiyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huílaile meiyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huíqule meiyou.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā zǒule meiyou.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qing ni děngyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huílaile meiyou.
            </para>
            <para>
              Qing ni děnyiděng, wǒ gěi ni kànkan tā huíqule meiyou.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  C. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Láojià, bǎ nínde diàn- You: Láojià, bǎ
                  Wáng Xiānshengde huà hàomǎr gàosong
                               diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              wǒ.                            (Please tell me Mr. Wáng’s
            </para>
            <para>
              (cue) Wáng Xiānsheng-           telephone number.)
            </para>
            <para>
              de diànhuà hàomǎr
            </para>
            <para>
              (Please tell me his telephone number.)
            </para>
            <para>
              2. Láojià, bǎ Wáng Xiānshengde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
              tāde diànhuà hàomǎr
            </para>
            <para>
              3. Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ. tāde dìzhì
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhì gàosong wǒ.    tāde bàngōngshìde
            </para>
            <para>
              hàomǎr
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              tāde dìzhì
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhì gàosong wǒ. nínde diànhuà
                  hàomǎr
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Láojià, bǎ tāde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
            </para>
            <para>
              Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhì gàosong wǒ.
            </para>
            <para>
              Láojià, bǎ tāde bàngōngshìde hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
            </para>
            <para>
              Láojià, bǎ tāde dìzhì gàosong wǒ.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Láojià, bǎ nínde diànhuà hàomǎr gàosong wǒ.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  D. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nī xiěxiàlái le ma? You: Wǒ hái méi
                  xiěxiàlái.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) not yet                 (I haven’t written it down
            </para>
            <para>
              (Have you written it             yet.)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        2.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        down?) xiěhǎo le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        soon will
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ kuài xiěhǎo le.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        3.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiěxiàlái le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        already
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ yījīng xiěxiàlái le.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        U.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiěxiàlái le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        not yet
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ hái méi xiěxiàlái.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        5.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiěxiàlái le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        did not
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ méi xiěxiàlái.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiěhǎo le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        already
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ yījīng xiěhǎo le.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        7.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nī
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiěxiàlái le ma?
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yes, I did
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ xiěxiàlái le.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  E. Response Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Ni gēn tā yuēhǎo le ma? (cue) tā
                  bàngōngshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Did you make arrangements with him?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nī gēn Wang Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le ma? huǒchēzhàn
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nī gēn Lí Nushì yuēhǎo le ma? wǒde bàngōngshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nī gēn Liú Zhǔrèn yuēhǎo le ma? Wàijiāobù
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nī gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le ma? xuéxiào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nī gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le ma?    tāde bàngōngshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nī gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le ma?    huìkèshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Gēn tā yuēhǎo le, zài tā bàngōngshì jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (I made arrangements with him to meet at his office.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Wang Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài huǒchēzhàn Jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Lí Nushì yuēhǎo le, zài wǒde bàngōngshì jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Liú Zhǔrèn yuēhǎo le, zài Wàijiāobù jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Bāo Jiàoshòu yuēhǎo le, zài xuéxiào jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Bái Kēzhǎng yuēhǎo le, zài tāde bàngōngshì jiàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gēn Yáng Xiānsheng yuēhǎo le, zài huìkèshì jiàn.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  F. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You will need the word zhǔrèn, ’
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒmen yǒu yàojīnde shi,
                  suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) LÍn Zhǔrèn bù néng lái
            </para>
            <para>
              (Because we have some important business in the morning,
              we will have to change to the afternoon.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Yīnwei shàngwǔ LÍn Zhǔrèn bù néng lái, suóyi gǎidào
                  xiàwǔ le. tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì, suóyi
                  gǎidào xiàwǔ le. wǒ děi jiāo shū
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi Jiāo shū, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
            </para>
            <para>
              wǒ děi dào Dàshiguǎn qù
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Dàshiguǎn qù, suóyi
                  gǎidào xiàwǔ le. wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn
                  tántan
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn
                  tántan, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              wǒ méi gōngfu
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ
                  le.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              'director,” in this exercise.
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Yīnwei shàngwǔ LÍn Zhǔrèn bù néng lái, suóyi gǎidào
              xiàwǔ le.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Because Director LÍn cannot come in the morning, we will
              have to change to the afternoon. )
            </para>
            <para>
              Yīnwei shàngwǔ tā zài Wàijiāobù kāi huì, suóyi gǎidào
              xiàwǔ le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi Jiāo shū, suóyi gǎidào xiàwī le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi dào Dàshiguǎn qù, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ
              le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ děi gēn Wǔ Xiānsheng dāngmiàn tántan,
              suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yīnwei shàngwǔ wǒ méi gōngfu, suóyi gǎidào xiàwǔ le.
            </para>
            <para>
              G. Substitution Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Xiàwǔ sān-sìdiěn zěnmeyàng?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) tā
            </para>
            <para>
              (How is CHow about3 three or four in the afternoon?)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā zěnmeyàng? Táiwān
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Taiwan zěnmeyàng?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Táiwānde Jīngji
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng? nèige fàndiàn
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng? zhèige xuéxiào
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng? tāmen maide diànshì
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Tā zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <para>
              (How is he? CHow about him?3)
            </para>
            <para>
              Táiwān zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <para>
              Táiwānde jīngji zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèige fàndiàn zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèige xuéxiào zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen màide diànshì zěnmeyàng?
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker? Tāmen míngtiān kāi hui. (cue) when
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (They are meeting tomorrow.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tāmen míngtiān kāi hui. where
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tāmen zuótiān kāi hui le. when
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  4. Tāmen zuótiān kāi hui le. where
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Tāmen míngtiān kāi hui. how many hours
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Tāmen zuótiān kāi hui le. how long
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tāmen yījīng kāi hui le ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              yes
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Tāmen míngtiān shénme shíhou kāi hui?
            </para>
            <para>
              (When are they meeting tomorrow?)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen míngtiān zài nār kāi hui?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen zuótiān shi shénme shíhou kāide hui?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen zuótiān shi zài nār kāide hui?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen míntiān kāi hui kāi jīge zhōngtóu?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen zuótiān kāi hui kāile duó jiǔ?
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāmen yījīng kāi hui le.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-6">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark121" /><anchor id="bookmark122" />UNIT
            6</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <section xml:id="reference-list-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark65" /><anchor id="bookmark123" />REFERENCE
            LIST</title>
            <para>
            </para>
          </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            (in Taipei)
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                1. B: Jīntiān women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Canting qù chī ha.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                2. B: Dōngménde cài kǒngpà meiyou Dàhuáde cài name hǎo
                ha.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            A: Suírán hú tài hǎo, kěshi lí women zhèli jìn.
          </para>
          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>
                3. B: Ou, hǎi yǒu yíge xīn kāide fànguǎnzi lí women
                zhèli gèng Jìn.
              </para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>
          <para>
            B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēichāng hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Jīntiān wǒ. qīng ni dào nàli qù chī.
          </para>
          <para>
            U. A: Nà hù hǎo yìsi!
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme. Nèige dìfangde cài you hǎo you
            piānyi.
          </para>
          <para>
            5. A: Nī shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo.
          </para>
          <para>
            B: Tāmen nàli yǒu hǎoxiē cài hiéde dìfang chīhuzháo.
          </para>
          <para>
            Let’s go have lunch together today. Okay?
          </para>
          <para>
            All right. Why don’t we go to the East Gate Restaurant?
          </para>
          <para>
            I’m afraid that the food at the East Gate isn’t as good as
            the food at the Great China.
          </para>
          <para>
            Even though it LEast Gate] is not too good, it is close to
            us.
          </para>
          <para>
            Oh, there is also a newly opened restaurant that is even
            closer to us.
          </para>
          <para>
            The food there is extremely good.
          </para>
          <para>
            Today I am going to invite you to go there to eat.
          </para>
          <para>
            I can’t let you do that!
          </para>
          <para>
            (That would be too embarrassing!)
          </para>
          <para>
            Don’t be polite. It’s nothing.
          </para>
          <para>
            The food there is both good and cheap.
          </para>
          <para>
            Any place you suggest is sure to be good.
          </para>
          <para>
            They have a good many dishes there that you can’t find (at)
            other places.
          </para>
          <para>
            ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and P-1
            tapes)
          </para>
          <para>
            6. bù yídìng
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            7. kànfa
          </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
          <para>
            not necessarily; it’s not definite opinion, view
          </para>
          <informaltable>
            <tgroup cols="3">
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <colspec align="left" />
              <tbody>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      8.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      wǎnfàn
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      supper, dinner
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      9.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      xiǎngfa
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      idea, opinion
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      10.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      yìxiē
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      some, several, a few
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      11.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      zǎofàn
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      breakfast
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
                <row>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      12.
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      zuòfa
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                  <entry>
                    <para>
                      way of doing things, method, practice
                    </para>
                  </entry>
                </row>
              </tbody>
            </tgroup>
          </informaltable>
          <para>
            <inlinemediaobject>
              <imageobject>
                <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-5.png" />
              </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject>
          </para>
          <para>
            Modern apartments in Shanghai
          </para>
          <section xml:id="vocabulary-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark66" /><anchor id="bookmark124" />VOCABULARY</title>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        biěde
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        &quot;bù hǎo yìsi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        other, different
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        to be embarrassing; to feel embarrassed
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù yídìng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        not necessarily; it’s not definite
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cài canting chībuzhǎo
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        food, cooked dish dining room; restaurant can’t
                        find (to eat)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Dàhuǎ Canting
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        Dōngmén Canting
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Great China Restaurant East Gate Restaurant
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        fēichǎng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        very, extremely, highly
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        gèng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        even more
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        hǎoxiē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        a good many, a lot
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kànfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        opinion, view
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        meiyou.. .nàme/zhème
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        is not as...as...
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        suírǎn(suīrǎn)...kěshi...
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        although, even though...(still)...
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wǎnfàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        supper, dinner
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎngfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        idea, opinion
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yídìng yìxiē you...you...
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        certainly
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        some, several, a few
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        both...and...
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǎofàn zhōngfàn zuòfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        breakfast
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        lunch
                      </para>
                      <para>
                        way of doing things, method, practice
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              (introduced on C-2 tape)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        ānpaihǎo le
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        successfully arranged
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        -bù
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        (counter for cars and buses)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        chūfā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to start a journey
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        jiāoqū
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        suburbs
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="2">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lǎoshi
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        always, all the time
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        lián...(yě)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        even.•.(also)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Shísānlíng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Ming Tombs (literally, &quot;Thirteen
                        Tombs&quot;)
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yěcān
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        picnic
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yǒu míng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to be famous
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Yúyuàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Szechuan Garden
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zhāodài
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        to he hospitable to
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="reference-notes-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark67" /><anchor id="bookmark125" />REFERENCE
            NOTES</title>
            <para>
              1. B: Jīntiān women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Hǎo a, dào Dōngmén Cāntīng qù chī ha.
            </para>
            <para>
              Let’s go have lunch together today Okay?
            </para>
            <para>
              All right. Why don’t we go to the East Gate Restaurant?
            </para>
            <para>
              Note on No. 1
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhōngfàn means, literally, &quot;middle meal.&quot;
              &quot;Breakfast&quot; is zǎofàn, &quot;early meal.&quot;
              &quot;Supper&quot; is wǎnfàn, &quot;late meal.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              2. B: Dōngménde cài kongpà méiyou Dàhuáde cài nàme hǎo ha.
            </para>
            <para>
              A: Suírán hú tài hǎo, késhi lí women zhèli jin.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I’m afraid that the food at the East Gate isn’t as good as
              the food at the Great China.
            </para>
            <para>
              Even though it [East Gate] is not too good, it is close to
              us.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 2
            </para>
            <para>
              Cài, &quot;(nonstaple) food,&quot; &quot;dish,&quot;
              &quot;course (of a meal)&quot;: Literally, cài means
              &quot;vegetables.&quot; It refers to any dish that is
              eaten with rice. Both meat and vegetable dishes are
              included in the meaning.
            </para>
            <para>
              The pattern ...(méi)you...nàme... is used to make one
              thing is LESS than another.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              STATE VERB ADJECTIVAL
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              comparisons
            </para>
            <para>
              (OFTEN
            </para>
            <para>
              VERB)
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              when
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              1 + méiyou + 2 + nàme/zhème +
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="5">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méiyou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nǐ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nàme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        mang.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Wǒ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méiyou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nàme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        cōngming.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Tā
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        méiyou
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wǒ
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        nàme
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        you qiān.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Used less frequently without the negative méi-, the
              pattern means &quot;to be as Equality] AS [something
              else!.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Nīde shū méiyou wǒde shū nàme duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǒu.
            </para>
            <para>
              Neige xuéxiàode túshūguǎn yǒu zhèige xuéxiàode zhème hǎo
              ma?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Your books are not as many as mine. (You don’t have as
              many books as I do.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Yes, they are. (Yes, I do have as many books as you do.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Is that school’s library as good as this one’s?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Suírán...kěshi...: Suírán (or suīrán),
              &quot;although,&quot; must always be followed by kěshi or
              danshi, meaning &quot;but,&quot; in the second part of a
              sentence. Kěshi/danshi would not usually be translated
              into English, but sometimes the word &quot;still&quot; is
              included in the translation: &quot;Although it’s not too
              good, still it’s close to us.&quot; Suírán may either
              precede the subject or be placed between the subject and
              the verb of a sentence.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán tā xihuan lùxíng, kěshi tā méi qùguo Zhōngguo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā suirán jiǎngle hǎojīcì, kěshi wǒ háishi bù dǒng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ suirán méi kànjianguo, kěshi ting rén shuōguo.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Although she likes to travel, she has never been to China.
            </para>
            <para>
              Although he explained it many times, I still didn’t
              understand.
            </para>
            <para>
              Although I have never seen it, I have heard of it.
            </para>
            <para>
              3. B: Ou, hái yǒu yíge xln kāide fànguanzi lí women zhèli
              gèng Jìn.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Tāmen nàlide cài fēicháng hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Jīntiān wǒ qīng ni dào nàli qù chī.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Oh, there is also a newly opened restaurant that is even
              closer to us.
            </para>
            <para>
              The food there is exceptionally good.
            </para>
            <para>
              Today I am going to invite you to go there to eat.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 3
            </para>
            <para>
              Xīn kāide: The adjectival verb xln, &quot;new,&quot; means
              &quot;newly,&quot; &quot;recently&quot; when used as an
              adverb.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gèng, &quot;more,&quot; &quot;even more,&quot; &quot;still
              more&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Zài līngshiguǎn gōngzuòde rén bī dàshiguǎn gèng duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Lu píngguǒ hěn guì, hong píngguǒ gèng guì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Tíngfēng shuōde Zhōngguo huà, Zhōngguo rén hěn nán
              tīngdedǒng, wàiguo rén yídìng gèng nán.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              More people work at the consulates than at the embassy.
            </para>
            <para>
              Green apples are expensive; red apples are even more
              expensive.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Ting Feng's Chinese is hard for Chinese people to
              understand for a foreigner, it would certainly be even
              harder.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              An overview of comparison: You have now learned several
              ways to compare things. The patterns presented here are
              the most common ones. Each pattern has a standard purpose:
            </para>
            <para>
              (MORE)
            </para>
            <para>
              ...bl... (STATE VERB)
            </para>
            <para>
              (LESS)
            </para>
            <para>
              ...meiyou...name (STATE VERB)
            </para>
            <para>
              (EQUAL)
            </para>
            <para>
              ...gēn...yíyàng      (STATE VERB)
            </para>
            <para>
              A simple adjectival verb may also be used to make a
              comparison:
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèi liǎngběn, nēiběn guì? Which of these two books is
              more expensive?
            </para>
            <para>
              For each of the three patterns above (MORE—LESS—EQUAL),
              the comparison is made with a STATE verb. State verbs
              include adjectival verbs (hāo, &quot;to be good&quot;),
              auxiliary verbs (hui, &quot;to know how to,&quot;
              &quot;can&quot;), and verbs describing mental attitudes or
              situations (zhidào, &quot;to know&quot;; xīhuan, &quot;to
              like&quot;; ài, &quot;to love&quot;).
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā bì wo ài chī Zhōngguo fàn. He loves to eat Chinese food
              more than I.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèijiàn shìqing, nī bī tā You know more about this than
              he does, zhīdào.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā meiyou wǒ zhème xīhuan He doesn’t like to see movies as
              kàn diànyīng.                   much as I do.
            </para>
            <para>
              Although the verb phrase begins with a state verb, that
              may not be the only word in the comparison. It may be
              expanded to include other verbs (any type) and objects.
            </para>
            <para>
              The things being compared may also be expanded. Whole
              sentences may be placed in the slots for things compared:
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huochē meiyou zuò fēijī Going by train is not as fast
              as nàme kuài.                      going by plane.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ xuē Zhōngwén bī tā xué It’s easier for him, studying
              history, lìshī rōngyi.                   than it is for
              me, studying Chinese.
            </para>
            <para>
              Although the prepositional verb bī is used to say that one
              thing is &quot;more&quot; than another, do not use the
              negative of this pattern to say that something is
              &quot;less.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā bī tā gēge néng shuō huà. He is a better talker
              (smoother talker) than his older brother.
            </para>
            <para>
              This pattern may also be expanded to indicate Just HOW
              MUCH more one thing is than another. (Place the amount
              after the verb in a sentence.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèiběn bī nèiběn guì sānkuài This book is three dollars
              more qián.                           expensive than that
              one.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bī tā dà liǎngsuì.          I am two years older than
              she is.
            </para>
            <para>
              Another way to indicate how much more is to add -de duō,
              &quot;a lot,&quot; to an adjectival verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèige bī nèige hǎokànde duō! This is much better looking
              than that!
            </para>
            <para>
              Use the pattern ...meiyou...nàme + state verb to say that
              one thing is less than another.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒde zì méiyou tāde nàme My characters don’t look as good
              as hāokàn.                          his.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā xiǎng māide fángzi méiyou The house she wants to buy
              isn't as zhèige fángzi jin.              close as this
              one.
            </para>
            <para>
              The affirmative pattern ...you...nàme + state verb is
              ambiguous: it says that one item is AT LEAST AS expensive
              as another item which is either equally expensive or less
              expensive. This pattern is not as common as
              ...méiyou...nàme + state verb.
            </para>
            <para>
              The adverbs gèng, &quot;even more,&quot; and zuì,
              &quot;most,&quot; are easily used to compare more than two
              things. (Place these adverbs before the verb in a
              sentence.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèi liāngběn hen guì, kěshi These two books are very
              expensive, nèiběn gèng guì.                but that one is
              even more expensive.
            </para>
            <para>
              DÌyīběn bl dìèrběn guì, kěshi The first book is more
              expensive than dìsānběn zuì guì.               that one,
              but the third one is the
            </para>
            <para>
              most expensive.
            </para>
            <para>
              If the entire sentence involves a comparison of the three
              books, the speaker may single out the most expensive book
              with zuì, or sometimes without it.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèi sānběn shū, nèibén guì? Of these three books, which
              is the (most) expensive one?
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèiběn zuì guì.                This one is the most
              expensive.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. A: Nà bù hāo yìsi.’
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Bié kèqi, méi shenme. Nèige dìfangde cài yǒu hāo yòu
              piányi.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              I can't let you do that! (That would be too embarrassing!)
            </para>
            <para>
              Don't be polite. It's nothing. The food there is both good
              and cheap.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. U
            </para>
            <para>
              Bù hāo yìsi is an idiomatic phrase meaning &quot;to be
              embarrassing.&quot; In Chinese culture, treating someone
              to a meal both shows your respect for him and maintains
              your status as a generous host. In exchange U, Nà bù hāo
              yìsi means &quot;I’m embarrassed to have you show me so
              much respect,&quot; or &quot;I’m em-barrassed to appear to
              be too cheap to treat you.&quot; Bù hāo yìsi also means
              &quot;to feel embarrassed.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Yǒu...yòu..., &quot;both...and.: The element following
              each yòu may be as simple as an adjectival verb or as
              complex as a full verb phrase.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā háizi yòu huì shuō Yíngwén, His child can speak both
              English and yòu huì shuō Zhōngguo huà. Chinese.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. A: Nī shuōde dìfang yídìng hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Tāmen nǎli you haoxiē cǎi biéde dìfang chībuzháo.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Any place you suggest is sure to be good.
            </para>
            <para>
              They have a good many dishes there that you can’t find
              (at) other places.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Notes on No. 5
            </para>
            <para>
              Yídìng, &quot;certainly,&quot; can act as (ADVERB)
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā yídìng lǎi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ bù yídìng qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ hái bù yídìng qù.
            </para>
            <para>
              (ADJECTIVAL VERB)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nī néitiān qù?
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Hái bù yídìng.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǎ shi yídìngde.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              either an adverb or an adjectival verb
            </para>
            <para>
              He will definitely come.
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s not certain that I will go.
            </para>
            <para>
              It’s not yet certain that I will go
            </para>
            <para>
              On what day are you going there? It’s not certain yet.
            </para>
            <para>
              That’s for sure.
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Hǎoxiē means &quot;a good many&quot; or &quot;a lot.&quot;
              You have seen -xiē, &quot;several, &quot;some,&quot; in
              zhèixie, &quot;these,&quot; and nèixie, &quot;those.&quot;
              The element -xiē also occurs in yìxiē, &quot;some,&quot;
              &quot;a few&quot;: Shūjiàzishang hái yǒu yìxiē shū,
              &quot;There are still a few books on the bookcase.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Biéde is the word for &quot;other&quot; in the sense of
              &quot;a different one.&quot; LÌngwǎi is the word for
              &quot;other&quot; when you mean &quot;an additional
              one.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Chībuzháo: In this compound verb of result, the ending
              -zháo indicates success in obtaining something. Here are
              some examples of compounds ending in -zháo:
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ zhǎobuzháo tāde diànhuà I cannot find his phone number,
              hàomǎr.
            </para>
            <para>
              Jīntiān méi mǎizháo píngguǒ. I did not succeed in buying
              apples today.
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="3">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        6.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        bù yídìng
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        not necessarily; it’s not definite
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        7.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        kànfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        opinion, view
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        8.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        wǎnfàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        supper, dinner
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        9-
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        xiǎngfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        idea, opinion
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        10.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        yìxiē
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        some, several, a few
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        11.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zǎofàn
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        breakfast
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        12.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        zuòfa
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        way of doing things, method, practice
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <para>
              Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
            </para>
            <para>
              Kànfa, &quot;opinion,” ’’view,&quot; may be loosely
              translated as &quot;way of looking at things.&quot; The
              word is made up of kàn, to look,&quot; and fǎ,
              &quot;method,&quot; &quot;way.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Women duì zhèijiàn shìde Our opinions on this matter are
              not kànfa bù yíyàng.                the same.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xiǎngfa, &quot;idea,&quot; &quot;opinion,&quot; is made up
              of xiǎng, &quot;to think,&quot; and fǎ, &quot;method,
              &quot;way.&quot; Xiǎngfa is a &quot;way of thinking.&quot;
              The word is actually pronounced xiǎngfa.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tāde xiǎngfa gēn wǒde yíyàng. His way of thinking is the
              same as mine.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuòfa, &quot;way of doing things,&quot;
              &quot;method,&quot; &quot;practice,&quot; is made up of
              the verb zuò, &quot;to do,&quot; and fǎ,
              &quot;method,&quot; &quot;way.&quot;
            </para>
            <para>
              Níde mùdi hen hǎo, kěshi wǒ Your goal is good, but I don’t
              like bù xǐhuan nǐde zuòfa.          your methods.
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="drills-5">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark68" /><anchor id="bookmark126" />DRILLS</title>
            <para>
              A. Response Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Jīntiān women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo
                  ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (Let’s go have lunch together today. Okay?)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Jīntiān wǒ qīng ni qù chī zhōngfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Today I am inviting you to go to eat lunch.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Míngtiān zhōngwǔ women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo
                  ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qīng ni qù chī zhōngfàn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Xīngqīwǔ women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              5. Xīngqīliù wǒ qīng ni qù chī zhōngfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Míngtiān women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn, hǎo ma?
            </para>
            <para>
              You; Hǎo, Jīntiān wǒ qīng ni.
            </para>
            <para>
              (All right. Today I’m inviting you.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Bié kèqi, women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Don’t be so polite. Let’s Just go together and split the
              bill.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎo, míngtiān zhōngwǔ wǒ qīng ni.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bié kèqi, women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎo, Xīngqīwǔ wǒ qīng ni.
            </para>
            <para>
              Bié kèqi, women yìqī qù chī zhōngfàn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Hǎo, míngtiān wǒ qīng ni.
            </para>
            <para>
              B: Transformation Drill
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nèige ròu bī zhèige ròu hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (This meat is better than that meat.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Xīnde bī Jiùde hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Dàhuǎde cài bī Dōngménde cài hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Zhèige ròu méiyou nèige ròu nàme hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              (This meat is not as good as that meat.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Jiùde méiyou xīnde nàme hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Dōngménde cài méiyou Dàhuǎde cài nàme hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              U. Tāde qiān bǐ wǒde qian duō.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nèige ròu bǐ zhèige ròu guì.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Jiù shū bǐ xīn shū piányi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā kāi chē bǐ wo kāide kuài.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Wǒde qiān meiyou tāde qiān name duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèige ròu meiyou nèige ròu name guì.
            </para>
            <para>
              Xīn shū meiyou j iù shū name piányi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ kāi chē meiyou tā kāide name kuài
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  C. Combination Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Bu tài hǎo. Lí women Jiā jìn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (It is not too good.
            </para>
            <para>
              It is close to us.)
            </para>
            <para>
              OR Hen hao. Lí women jiā tài yuan.
            </para>
            <para>
              (It is very good. It is too far from us.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Bu tài fāngbian. Lí women Jiā jìn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Bu tài piányi. LÍ women j iā Jìn.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              1. Hěn piányi. Lí women jiā tài yuan.
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Hěn hǎo. Lí women Jiā tài yuan.
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Bu tài hǎo. Lí women Jiā hěn Jìn.
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Suírán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí women jiā jìn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Even though it is not too good it is close to us.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Suírán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí women jiā tài yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Even though it is very good, it is too far from us.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán bú tài fāngbian, kěshi lí women jiā jìn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán bú tài piányi, kěshi lí women jiā jìn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán hěn piányi, kěshi lí women jiā tài yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán hěn hǎo, kěshi lí women Jiā tài yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Suirán bú tài hǎo, kěshi lí women jiā hěn Jìn.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  D. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nèige fànguǎnzi lí zhèr hen jin. (cue)
                  zhèige
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (That restaurant is very close to here.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Tā jiā lí zhèr hen jin. wǒ jiā
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nèige yínháng lí zhèr hen yuan. Zhōngguo Yínháng
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              H. Wǔlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr hen yuan, nèige Qìchēzhàn
            </para>
            <para>
              5. Wuguānchù lí zhèr hen yuan. Dàshiguǎn
            </para>
            <para>
              6. Huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr hen jin. Gōnglùjú chēzhàn
            </para>
            <para>
              T. Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr hen yuǎn. Lī Jiàoshòu jiā
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Zhèige fànguǎnzi bī nèige fànguǎnzi lí zhèr gèng jin.
              (This restaurant is even closer to here than that
              restaurant.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Wǒ jiā bī tā jiā lí zhèr gèng jin.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhōngguo Yínháng bī nèige yínháng lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèige Qìchēzhàn bī Wūlù Qìchēzhàn lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Dàshiguǎn bī Wuguānchù lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
            </para>
            <para>
              Gōnglùjú chēzhàn bī Huǒchēzhàn lí zhèr gèng jin.
            </para>
            <para>
              Lī Jiàoshòu Jiā bī Wú Kēzhǎng jiā lí zhèr gèng yuǎn.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  E. Transformation Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng dōu you
                  qián.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) the same
            </para>
            <para>
              (Both Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng have money Care rich].)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng dōu you qián. more
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng dōu you qián.    less
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Zhāng Xiǎojiě, Wáng Xiānsheng dōu you qián.    even
              more
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Zhāng Xiǎojiě gēn Wáng Xiānsheng yíyàng you qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Miss Zhāng and Mr. Wáng are equally rich.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiě bī Wáng Xiānsheng you qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiě meiyou Wáng Xiānsheng name you qián.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiě bī Wáng Xiānsheng gèng you qián.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5- Zhang Xiǎojiěde qián, Wang Xiānshengde qián dōu hen
                  duō. the same
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng Xiānshengde qián dōu hen
                  duō. less
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián, Wáng Xiānshengde qián dōu hěn
                  duō. even more
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián gēn Wáng Xiānshengde qián yíyàng duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián méiyou Wáng Xiānshengde qián nàme
              duō.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhāng Xiǎojiěde qián hi Wáng Xiānshengde qián gèng duo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  F. Substitution Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Nīmen zhèrde cài hěn hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) exceptionally (Your food here is
            </para>
            <para>
              very good.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nímen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo. extremely
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nímen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. a little (more)
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nímen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn. even more
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Nímen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo. extremely
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nímen zhèrde cài hǎojíle. expecially
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nímen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Nímen zhèrde cài fēicháng hǎo.
            </para>
            <para>
              (Your food here is exceptionally good.)
            </para>
            <informaltable>
              <tgroup cols="1">
                <colspec align="left" />
                <tbody>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nímen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nímen zhèrde cài hǎo yìdiǎn.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nímen zhèrde cài gèng hǎo.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nimen zhèrde cài hǎojíle.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                  <row>
                    <entry>
                      <para>
                        Nimen zhèrde cài tèbié hǎo.
                      </para>
                    </entry>
                  </row>
                </tbody>
              </tgroup>
            </informaltable>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  G. Combination Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Zhèiběn shū hěn hǎo. Zhèiběn shū hěn
                  pianyi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (This book is good. This book is inexpensive.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nǐ maide dìtú hěn hǎo. Nǐ mǎide dìtú hěn piányi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Tā zhùde fàndiàn hěn hǎo. Tā zhùde fàndiàn hěn dà.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              U. Nèibān fēijī hěn kuài. Nèibān fēijī hěn piányi.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Zuò huǒchē qù hěn hǎo. Zuò huǒchē qù hěn fāngbian.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn jìn. Zhège fànguǎnzi hěn
                  piányi.
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Tā mǎide dìtǎn hěn piányi. Tā mǎide dìtǎn hěn hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              You: Zhèiběn shū you hǎo you piányi (This book is both
              good and inexpensive.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nǐ mǎide dìtú you hǎo you piányi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā zhùde fàndiàn you hǎo you dà.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nèibān fēijī you kuài you piányi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zuò huǒchē qù you hǎo you fāngbian.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhège fànguǎnzi yòu jìn you piányi.
            </para>
            <para>
              Tā mǎide dìtǎn yòu piányi yòu hǎo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  H. Expansion Drill
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  1. Speaker: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng hǎo.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              (cue) chī
            </para>
            <para>
              (The meat here is exceptionally good.)
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  2. Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo. mǎi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  3. Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo. mǎi
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              k. Zhèrde diànyǐng fēicháng hǎo. kàn
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  5. Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō.
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              kàn
            </para>
            <para>
              You: Zhèrde ròu fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang chībuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              (The meat here is exceptionally good. You can’t find
              anything like it anywhere else.)
            </para>
            <para>
              Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nàrde táng fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèrde diànyǐng fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang kànbuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Zhèrde shū fēicháng duō, biéde dìfang kànbuzháo.
            </para>
            <itemizedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  6. Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo. mǎi
                </para>
              </listitem>
              <listitem>
                <para>
                  7. Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo. chi
                </para>
              </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
            <para>
              Nàrde diànshì fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang mǎibuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              Nàrde cài fēicháng hǎo, biéde dìfang chībuzháo.
            </para>
            <para>
              <inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
                  <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module06MTG-StudentText-6.png" />
                </imageobject>
              </inlinemediaobject>
            </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
            <para>
              Drying rice in front of a temple in central Taiwan
            </para>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-7">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark127" /><anchor id="bookmark128" />UNIT
            7</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-6">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark69" /><anchor id="bookmark129" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <para>
                (in Taipei)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. B:  Wèi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. B:  Shìde. Nín shi bu shi Bai
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Nushì?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A:  Shi. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                yǒu yíjiàn shi xiang gēn nín dating dating.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. B: Shénme shi?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Tīngshuō nín nàbian xīn láile yíwèi Fāng
                    Xiānsheng, shi gāng pàilaide; tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji
                    le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    4. B: Bú cuò, Fāng Deming shi shàngge libài pài dào
                    women zhèli láide.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zěnme? Ni rènshi ta ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. A: Bú rènshi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède,
                    suoyi xiǎng qīng ni gěi wo Jièshao jièshao.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan... hǎo, women xiànzài dōu
                    yǒu gōngfu.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nī xiànzài néng lái ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. A: Xíng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì lái.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtǒu Jiù dào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is this Mr. Zhāng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes. Is this Miss White?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something I would like to ask you
                about.
              </para>
              <para>
                What is it?
              </para>
              <para>
                I have heard that you recently had a Mr. Fāng Join you,
                who has Just been assigned to your office. I have
                forgotten his given name.
              </para>
              <para>
                That’s right. Fāng Démíng was sent over here last week.
              </para>
              <para>
                Why? Do you know him?
              </para>
              <para>
                I don’t know him.
              </para>
              <para>
                However, I have heard that he also graduated from the
                University of California, so I wanted to ask you to
                introduce me to him.
              </para>
              <para>
                No problem. I'll take a look.... Okay, we are both free
                now.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can you come now?
              </para>
              <para>
                That will be fine.
              </para>
              <para>
                I’ll come to your office right away.
              </para>
              <para>
                I'll be there in about half an hour.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          jìde
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to remember
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          rénde
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to recognize, to know (alternate word for
                          rènshi)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          rènshi zì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to know how to read (literally, ”to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          recognize characters&quot;)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to forget (alternate word for wàngj:
                          especially in the sense of forgetting to DO
                          something)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          12.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          wánquán
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          completely
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          13.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xiǎngqilai
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to think of, to remember
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          14.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zuǒyòu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          approximat ely
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-6">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark70" /><anchor id="bookmark130" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          bìyè bú cuò
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          chàbuduō
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          dating
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          J ide
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          mǎshàng mei wèntí
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          pài dào pàilai
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          rènde
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          rènshi
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          rènshi zì
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          tīngshuō
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          wàng wàngj i wánquán wèntí
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          xiǎngqilai
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          zuǒyòu
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          (introduced on C-2 tape)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          cōngming
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          duōde duō
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          kěnéng
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Shìjiè Yínháng
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          xiū Jià
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          yanjiuyuàn
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          yàobushi...Jiù shi...
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          yònggōng
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          yuèchū
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          yuèdǐ
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to graduate not bad, pretty good; that’s right
                          almost, about, approximately
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to inquire about, to ask about
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to remember immediately (there’s) no problem
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to send to to send here
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to recognize, to know to recognize, to know to
                          know how to read (literally, ”to recognize
                          characters”)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to hear that
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to forget to forget completely problem,
                          question
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to think of, to remember approximat ely
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be intelligent much more maybe World Bank
                          to take a vacation graduate school if it’s
                          not...then it will be... to be hardworking the
                          beginning of the month the end of the month
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-6">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark71" /><anchor id="bookmark131" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <para>
                1.  B:  Wèi.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Zhāng Xiānsheng ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                2.  B:  Shìde. Nín shi bu shi Bái
              </para>
              <para>
                Nushì?
              </para>
              <para>
                A:  Shi. Zhāng Xiānsheng, wǒ
              </para>
              <para>
                yǒu yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn nín dating dating.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello.
              </para>
              <para>
                Is this Mr. Zhāng?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes. Is this Miss White?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yes. Mr. Zhāng, I have something
              </para>
              <para>
                I would like to ask you about.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on Nos. 1-2
              </para>
              <para>
                Gēn nín dating, &quot;ask information from you&quot;:
                Note that the prepositional verb gēn is translated as
                &quot;from.&quot; Dating, &quot;to inquire,&quot; is
                less formal than qǐngjiào and requests information
                rather than advice.
              </para>
              <para>
                Objects of reduplicated verbs: Reduplicated verbs may be
                followed only by DEFINITE objects. Indefinite objects of
                reduplicated verbs precede those verbs. In the last
                sentence of exchange 2, the object of the reduplicated
                verb dating dating is indefinite: yíjiàn shi, &quot;a
                matter&quot; Thus the object is introduced in the clause
                wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shi which precedes the entire verb phrase
                xiǎng gēn nín dating dating.
              </para>
              <para>
                Reduplicating a verb makes it indefinite; adding an
                indefinite object might cause confusion. The
                reduplicated verbs in the sentences below have definite
                objects:
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng dating
              </para>
              <para>
                gēn nín dǎting nèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                I
              </para>
              <para>
                would
              </para>
              <para>
                like to
              </para>
              <para>
                ask you about that.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng dǎting
              </para>
              <para>
                gēn nín dǎting zhèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                I
              </para>
              <para>
                would
              </para>
              <para>
                like to
              </para>
              <para>
                ask you about this.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng dǎt ing
              </para>
              <para>
                gēn nín dǎting tāde shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                I
              </para>
              <para>
                would like to matter (about
              </para>
              <para>
                ask you about his him).
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng dǎting
              </para>
              <para>
                gēn nín dǎting nǐde nèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                I
              </para>
              <para>
                would like to ask you about that matter of yours.
              </para>
              <para>
                Simple verbs are used in the following sentences, which
                have indefinite
              </para>
              <para>
                objects:
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="10">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng gēn yìdiǎn shi.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nín
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dǎt ing
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          would like thing.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ask
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          about
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          some-
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ xiǎng gēn duō shi.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nín
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dǎting hěn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          would like of things.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ask
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          about
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a lot
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wo xiǎng gēn Jijiàn shi.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nín
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dǎting
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          would like things.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ask
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          about
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          a few
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                3. B: Shénme shi?
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Tīngshuō nín nabian xīn láile yíwèi Fang Xiānsheng,
                shi gang pàilaide; tāde míngzi wǒ wàngji le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                What is it?
              </para>
              <para>
                I have heard that you recently had a Mr. Fāng join you,
                who has just been assigned to your office. I have
                forgotten his given name.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō corresponds to the English &quot;I hear
                that....”
              </para>
              <para>
                ...laile yíwèi Fāng Xiānsheng, ’’there came a Mr. Fāng”:
                While &quot;a&quot; and ’’the&quot; are used in English
                to distinguish between indefinite and definite, word
                order accomplishes the same distinction in Chinese. The
                subject &quot;A Mr. Fāng” is placed AFTER the verb
                because the subject is indefinite. With an indefinite
                subject following the verb, information preceding the
                verb may give location, time, or other scene-setting
                details.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèr xīn kāile yige hen        A very good restaurant
                opened here
              </para>
              <para>
                hǎode fànguǎnzi.                recently.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuótiān láile yìxiē Rìběn Some Japanese came yesterday,
                rén.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yījīng qùle wǔbǎige rén.       Five hundred people have
                already
              </para>
              <para>
                gone there.
              </para>
              <para>
                Verbs of appearing and verbs of disappearing (&quot;to
                come,” &quot;to discover,&quot; &quot;to
                happen/occur&quot;) introduce indefinite subjects, as do
                the words yǒu and yǒude.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wàibian you Jige rén zhao nī.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yǒude rén bù xīhuan hē chá.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                There are some people outside who want to see you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Some people don’t like to drink tea
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Some situations may be described with either yǒu or
                another verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuótiān you yige rén lái zhāo nī.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zuótiān láile yige rén yào zhāo ni dāngmiàn tántan.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Yesterday there was someone here looking for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yesterday someone was here who was looking for you to
                talk with you in person.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Subjects occurring at the end of a sentence are
                indefinite, whether or not they are accompanied by yige.
                Subjects preceding the verb in a sentence are definite,
                whether or not they are accompanied by zhèige, nèige,
                zhèixiē nèixiē, or other specifying words.
              </para>
              <para>
                Lái rén le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Rén lái le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Some people have come.
              </para>
              <para>
                The people have come, (i.e., those whom we were
                expecting)
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngzi means &quot;name&quot;—of an object, a place, or
                a person (GIVEN NAME). Occasionally, míngzi is used, for
                a person’s full name (surname and given name). This
                usage is more common in the PRC.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wàngji is a verb meaning &quot;to forget&quot;—used
                especially in reference to forgetting facts. Wàng,
                &quot;to forget,&quot; is more commonly used, for
                forgetting to do something. The verb J ide means
                &quot;to remember.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                U. B: Bú cuò, Fang Deming shi        That’s right. Fang
                Deming was sent
              </para>
              <para>
                shàngge lībài pài dào          over here last week,
              </para>
              <para>
                women zhèli láide.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Zěnme? NǏ rènshi ta ma? Why? Do you know him?
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. k
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú cuò means &quot;not bad&quot; in the sense of
                &quot;pretty good,&quot; &quot;pretty well,&quot;
                &quot;all right.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǐ zěnmeyàng?                   How are things going?
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú cuò.                          Not bad.
              </para>
              <para>
                In the first sentence of No. k, bú cuò means
                &quot;that’s right, your information is not wrong.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Lǐ Xiānsheng, nǐ gang cóng Xianggang huílai,
                          shi ma?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Bú cuò, wǒ shi zuotiān huilaide.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Here are more examples of bú cuò:
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Nèige fànguānzide cài zhēn bú cuò.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tā shuō Zhōngguo huà, shuōde bú cuò.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          In the first example, notice that an
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Mr. Li, you Just got back from Hong Kong,
                          didn’t you?
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          That’s right. I got back yesterday.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          That restaurant really has pretty good food.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          He speaks Chinese pretty well.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          adverb precedes bú cuò: zhēn bú cuò
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Pài dào...lái is a three-part verb: action verb (also
                expressing MOTION), prepositional verb (must take an
                object), and directional verb (lái, qù)
              </para>
              <para>
                ACTION PREPOSITIONAL                DIRECTIONAL
              </para>
              <para>
                VERB         VERB         OBJECT         VERB
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="4">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          pāo
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shānshang
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ban
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zhèr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          lái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ná
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          xuéxiào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          qù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zōu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          hōubianr
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          lái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                to run up on the hill”
              </para>
              <para>
                to move it into here”
              </para>
              <para>
                to take it to school”
              </para>
              <para>
                to walk to the back”
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zěnme, ’’why,&quot; ”how come,” ”how is it
                that...,”<anchor id="footnote9" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark132">9</link></superscript>
                is a more colloquial and challenging word for ’’why”
                than wèishenme. Only a reason or an explanation is
                requested by wèishénme. Zěnme expresses more,
                emphasizing the speaker’s surprise or lack of
                understanding.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nimende bàngōngshì zěnme How is it that your office is
                so zènme xiǎo?                     small?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā fùmǔ dōu shuō Zhōngguo huà, tā zěnme bú huì shuō?
              </para>
              <para>
                Zènme yàojìnde shi, wō zěnme wàngle zuò le?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nì zěnme bú niàn shū ne?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nì zěnme bù shuō huà? You shénme bù gāoxìngde shi ma?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Both his parents speak Chinese. How is it that he can’t?
              </para>
              <para>
                How could I have forgotten to do such an important
                thing?
              </para>
              <para>
                How come you’re not studying?
              </para>
              <para>
                How come you’re not saying anything? Is there something
                you are unhappy about ?
              </para>
              <para>
                The meaning of zěnme is sometimes affected by the aspect
                marker used:
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni zěnme lái le?               How come you are here?
                (i.e.,
              </para>
              <para>
                ’’What are you doing here?”)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nì (shi) zěnme láide?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                How did you get here? (i.e., by what means of
                transportation)
              </para>
              <para>
                Rènshi the state verb means ”to know” in the sense of
                ”to be acquainted with,” &quot;to be familiar with,” ”to
                recognize.” As an action verb, rènshi
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                means to meet, to get acquainted
              </para>
              <para>
                (STATE VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi Zhāng Guóquán ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi ta ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Women bú tài rènshi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women qùnián hai bú rènshi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (ACTION VERB)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zài Měiguode shíhou, rènshile hen duō Měiguo niánqīng
                rén.<anchor id="footnote10" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark133">10</link></superscript>
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ shi qiánnián rènshi tade.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèige shíhou women hai méi rènshi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yige hen hāode rén, nī yīnggāi rènshi
                renshi.<anchor id="footnote11" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark134">11</link></superscript>
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                with.”
              </para>
              <para>
                Do you know Zhāng Guóquán?
              </para>
              <para>
                Do you know him?
              </para>
              <para>
                We are not too well acquainted.
              </para>
              <para>
                We did not know each other yet last year.
              </para>
              <para>
                When I was in America, I met a lot of young Americans.
              </para>
              <para>
                I met him the year before last.
              </para>
              <para>
                At that time we had not yet met.
              </para>
              <para>
                He is a very good person; you should get to know him.
              </para>
              <para>
                As a state verb, rènshi is used for &quot;knowing” or
                &quot;recognizing&quot; Chinese characters.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi duōshǎoge Zhōngguo How many Chinese characters
                do you zì?                            know/recognize?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi zhèige zì ma?        Do you recognize this
                character?
              </para>
              <para>
                Contrast the meanings of rènshi and zhīdào: rènshi,
                &quot;to know&quot; a person; zhīdào, &quot;to know
                of&quot; a person
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi Tang Xiǎojiě ma?     Do you know Miss Tang?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zhīdào ta, dànshi women     I know of her, but we
                haven’t met.
              </para>
              <para>
                méi Jiànguo.
              </para>
              <para>
                When a place is being discussed, rènshi means &quot;to
                know how to get LthereJ.&quot; Zhīdào continues to mean
                &quot;to know of La place].&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rènshi nèige diànyīngyuàn Do you know how to get to
                that movie ma?                            theater?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī zhīdào nèige diànyīngyuàn Do you know of that movie
                theater? ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Bú rènshi.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Búguò tīngshuō tā yě shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, suéyi
                xiǎng qīng ni gěi wo jièshao Jièshao.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I don’t know him.
              </para>
              <para>
                However, I have heard that he also graduated from the
                University of California, so I wanted to ask you to
                introduce me to him.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Note on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                the University of California&quot;: type of school may
                stand such as
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué bìyède, &quot;graduated from The name
                of a school or a word describing the in front of the
                verb bìyè with no preceding prepositional verb, céng,
                &quot;from.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī érzi yījīng dàxué/zhōng-xué/xiǎoxué bìyè le ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā dàxué hái méi bìyè ne.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Has your son graduated from college/ high
                school/elementary school already?
              </para>
              <para>
                He has not graduated from college yet
              </para>
              <para>
                He graduated from Taiwan University.
              </para>
              <para>
                at,&quot; or céng, &quot;from.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                What high school did you graduate from?
              </para>
              <para>
                I graduated last year from the University of Texas.
              </para>
              <para>
                I graduated from Běijīng University in ’78.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Bìyè may also be preceded by either zài,
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī shi zài neige zhōngxué bìyède?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ qùnián céng Dézhōu Dàxué bìyè le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ shi qībānián céng Běijīng Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bìyè, meaning &quot;to complete a course of study,&quot;
                is a compound made up of a verb plus a general object.
                For this reason, the object yè may be separated from the
                verb bì. This separation occurs most frequently in
                sentences containing the shi... de construction.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yīJiǔqīliànián bide yè. He graduated in 1976.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. B: Méi wèntí. Wǒ kànkan...hǎo, women xiànzài dōu yǒu
                gōngfu.
              </para>
              <para>
                No problem. I’ll take a look
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay, we are both free now.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can you come now?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                B: Nī xiànzài néng lái ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Note on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                The noun wèntí can mean &quot;question,&quot;
                &quot;problem,&quot; or &quot;difficulty.&quot; Tā wènle
                hǎoduō wèntí.         He asked a lot of questions.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nà shi yige hěn dàde wèntí. That’s a hig problem.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nì yǒu wèntí ma? could mean either ”Do you have any
                questions?” or ’’Are you having any problems?”
              </para>
              <para>
                7. A: Xíng.                            That will be
                fine.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Wǒ mǎshàng dào nín bàngōngshì I’ll come to your
                office right away, lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Chàbuduō bànge zhōngtóu jiù I’ll be there in about
                half an hour, dào.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 7
              </para>
              <para>
                The adverb mashàng (literally, ”on horseback”) means
                &quot;immediately,” &quot;right away.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Chàbuduō may be translated fairly literally as
                &quot;does not differ much.&quot; Other translations are
                &quot;about,” &quot;approximately,&quot;
                &quot;almost.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Chàbuduō bādiǎn le.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Zhèběn shū wǒ chàbuduō kànwán le.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Tāmen chàbuduō bādiSn zhōng lái.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Nàge xuexiào yǒu chàbuduō sānbǎige xuésheng.
                        </para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              8. Jìde
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              9. rènde
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              10. rènshi zì
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              11. wàng
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              12. wánquán
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                          <listitem>
                            <para>
                              13. xiāngqilai
                            </para>
                          </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                        <para>
                          1U. zuǒyōu
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          It is nearly eight o’clock.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          I have almost finished reading this book.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          They are coming at around eight o’clock.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          That school has approximately three hundred
                          students.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to remember
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to recognize, to know (alternate word for
                          rènshi)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to know how to read (literally, &quot;to
                          recognize characters&quot;)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to forget (alternate word for wàngji,
                          especially in the sense of forgetting to DO
                          something)
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          completely
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to think of, to remember
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          approximat ely
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                The verb jìde, ”to remember,” acts
              </para>
              <para>
                Ni Jide Wáng Xiao Ming ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Jìde. Tā shi wǒ àiren dàxuéde tóngxué.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ zuótiān bú Jìde tā xing shénme. Jīntiān you
                xiǎngqilai le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                like a state verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Do you remember Wáng Xiao Ming?
              </para>
              <para>
                I remember (him). He is my spouse’s college classmate.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yesterday I couldn’t remember what his name is. Today I
                remembered it (again).
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Rende, &quot;to recognize,&quot; &quot;to know,&quot; is
                usually interchangeable with rènshi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Both rènshi and rende are most often made negative with
                bù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī rende ta ma?                Do you know him?
              </para>
              <para>
                Bú rende.                        No.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā lù yě bú rende.             He doesn’t even know the
                way.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women qùnián hái bú rénde. We did not know each other
                last year.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wàng, &quot;to forget,&quot; is an action verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ hen róngyi bǎ rén míngzi I forget people’s names very
                easily, wàng le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nimen dōu bǎ chēpiào nálai Did all of you bring your bus
                tickets? le ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ wàng le.                     I forgot (mine).
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ méi wàng.                    I didn’t forget.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wánquán, &quot;completely,&quot; is an adverb used to
                modify verbs.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā xiěde zì wánquán duì.       The character he wrote is
                completely
              </para>
              <para>
                right.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā wánquán bù dong.            He doesn’t understand any
                part of
              </para>
              <para>
                this.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ wánquán bù zhīdào zhèijiàn I don’t know anything
                about this shi.                             matter.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiǎngqilai, &quot;to think of,&quot; &quot;to
                remember,&quot; is a compound verb of result. It is made
                up of xiǎng, &quot;to think&quot;; qī, &quot;to
                rise&quot;; and lái, &quot;to
                come.&quot;<anchor id="footnote12" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark135">12</link></superscript>
                As an ending showing result, -qīlái may have either its
                literal meaning of &quot;to come up&quot; or more
                abstract meanings such as &quot;to come to
                mind.&quot;<anchor id="footnote13" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark136">13</link></superscript>
              </para>
              <para>
                Qǐng bǎ yīzi bānqilai.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng nimen zhànqilai.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèige zì wo xiǎngqilai le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Please lift up the chair.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please stand up.
              </para>
              <para>
                I remember that character.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Zuǒyòu (literally, &quot;left-right”) Wǒ wǔdiǎn zuǒyòu
                lai jiē ni.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nī qù mǎi diǎnr píngguǒ, hǎo bu hǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yào duōshǎo?
              </para>
              <para>
                Sānjīn zuǒyòu jiù gòu le.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                means &quot;approximately,” &quot;about.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                I will come to get you about five o’clock.
              </para>
              <para>
                How about going to buy some apples?
              </para>
              <para>
                How many do you want?
              </para>
              <para>
                About three catties should be enough
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-6">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark72" /><anchor id="bookmark137" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
                A. Transformation Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Wǒ yǒu yíjiàn shi xiǎng gēn nín dǎting
                    dǎting.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (I have something I would like to ask you about.)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Nèijiàn shi, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I would like to ask you about that matter.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wǒ yǒu hěn duō shi xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Zhèijiàn shi, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tāde shi, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
              </para>
              <para>
                5. Wǒ you jijiàn shi xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Nide nèijiàn shi, wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting.
              </para>
              <para>
                You; Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting yíjiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (l would like to ask you something. )
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting nèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I would like to ask you about that matter.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting hěn duō shi
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting zhèi' jiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting tāde shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo xiǎng gēn nín dǎting jijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng gēn nín dǎting dǎting nide nèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                B. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; Tāde míngzi wǒ wàng le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (I have forgotten his given name.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tāde dìzhì wǒ wàngJi le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shénme shíhou lai wǒ wàng le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                It. Nèibān fēijī jldiǎn zhōng dào wǒ wàngji le.
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Tāde míngzi wo wàng le, ni hái jìde ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (I have forgotten his given name. Do you remember it?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāde dìzhì wǒ wàngji le, ni hai jìde ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shénme shíhou lái wǒ wàng le, nì. hai jìde ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèibān fēijī jldiǎn zhōng dào wǒ wàngji le, ni hái Jìde
                ma?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo qùde wō wàng le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Women zài náli huàn chē wō wàngji le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Yínháng Jīdiǎn zhōng guān mén wō wàng le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Tā shi něinián dào Zhōngguo qùde wō wàng le, ni hái Jide
                ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen zài náli huàn chē wō wàngji le, ni hái Jide ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Yínháng jīdiǎn zhōng guān mén wō wàng le, ni hái jìde
                ma?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàilaide.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) zhèli
              </para>
              <para>
                (I have heard he was Just sent over.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude. nàli
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tīngshuō Lī Xiānsheng shi gāng pàilaide. Táihěi
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng pàiqude.    Táinán
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng pàilaide .    Táizhōng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pàiqude.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Gāoxiōng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pàilaide. zhèli
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào zhèli láide.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I have heard he was Just sent over here.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào nàli qùde.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō Lī Xiānsheng shi gāng pài dào Táihěi láide.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō Wáng Xiǎojiě shi gāng pài dào Táinán qùde.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō tā gēge shi gāng pài dào Táizhōng láide.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō tā shi gāng pài dào Gāoxiōng qùde.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tīngshuō nín shi gāng pài dào zhèli láide.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    D. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā shi Jiāzhōu Dàxué You: Tā shi
                    yījiǔsìwǔnián Jiāzhōu bìyède.
                                             Dàxué bìyède.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) yījiǔsìwǔnián          (In 19^5 he graduated from
                the
              </para>
              <para>
                (He graduated from the           University of
                California.)
              </para>
              <para>
                University of California. )
              </para>
              <para>
                2. Tā shi Táiwān Dàxué bìyède. yīj iǔwǔliùnián
              </para>
              <para>
                3. Tā shi Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède. yīj iǔliùqīnián
              </para>
              <para>
                U. Tā shi Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède. yīJ iǔliùèrnián
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tā shi Běijīng Dàxué bìyède. yīj iǔsìqīnián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā shi Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède. yīj iǔsānlíngnián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā shi Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède. yīj iǔsānqīnián
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔwǔliùnián Táiwān Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔliùqīnián Mázhōu Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔliùèrnián Dézhōu Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔsìqīnián Běijīng Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔsānlíngnián Dōngběi Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yījiǔsānqīnián Nánjīng Dàxué bìyède.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    E. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        1. Speaker: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige zì.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    (I have seen this character before.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    OR Wǒ zhīdào tā shi shéi. (I know who he is.)
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        2. Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        3. Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        4. Wǒ zhīdào tā shi LĪ Kēzhǎng.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                  <para>
                    You: Wǒ kànjianguo zhèige zì, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi
                    zhèige zì.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (I have seen this character before, but I don’t
                    recognize it.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ zhīdào tā shi shéi, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi ta.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    (I know who he is, but I’m not acquainted with him.)
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ kànjianguo Zhāng Xiǎojiě, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi
                    Zhāng Xiǎojiě.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ qùguo nèige dìfang, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi nèige
                    dìfang.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Wǒ zhīdào tā shi Lī Kēzhǎng, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi Lī
                    Kēzhǎng.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wǒ kànjianguo.                      Wǒ
                    kànjianguo, kěshi wǒ bú rènshi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wǒ zhīdao tā shi Wáng Xiǎojiěde Wǒ zhidao tā shi
                    Wáng Xiǎojiěde gēge, gēge.
                                                  kěshi wǒ bú rènshi ta.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    F. Transformation Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker; Chàbuduō bànge zhōng-tǒu jiù dào.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (I’ll be there in about half an hour.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Chàbuduō yào yíge zhōngtǒu.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā zhùle chàbuduō sāntiān.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā chàbuduō wǔshísuì le.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Nèiběn shū chàbuduō yào shíkuài qián.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Chàbuduō yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn zhōng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Chàbuduō sānge xingqī.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Bànge zhōngtǒu zuǒyòu jiù dào (i’ll be there in
                about half an hour.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Yào yíge zhōngtǒu zuǒyòu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zhùle sāntiān zuǒyòu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā wǔshísuì zuǒyòu le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèiběn shū yào shíkuài qián zuǒyòu
              </para>
              <para>
                Yào zǒu sìshiwǔfēn zhōng zuǒyòu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Sānge xīngqī zuǒyòu.
              </para>
              <para>
                G. Response Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Ni xiànzài lái ma? (cue) mǎshàng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Are you coming now?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā bādiǎn zhōng lái ma? chàbuduō
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā shídiǎn zhōng qù ma? zuǒyòu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Nimen xiànzài zǒu ma? mǎshàng
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tāmen báhào qù ma? zuǒyòu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tāmen Jiúdiǎn zhōng lái ma? chàbuduō
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Ni shíhào zài Niù Yuē ma? zuǒyòu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Wǒ mǎshàng lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                (I’m coming right away.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā chàbuduō bādiǎn zhōng lǎi.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shídiǎn zhōng zuǒyòu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen mǎshàng zǒu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen báhào zuǒyòu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen chàbuduō jiǔdiǎn zhōng lái
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ shíhào zuǒyòu zài Niù Yuē.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
          <section xml:id="unit-8">
            <title><anchor id="bookmark138" /><anchor id="bookmark139" />UNIT
            8</title>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-list-7">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark73" /><anchor id="bookmark140" />REFERENCE
              LIST</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wei, wo shi Láidēng Dàshi-de mishū.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Dàshī jiēzháo nimende qǐngtiě le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Hen kěxī, yīnwei tā you shi, Báyuè jiǔ hào bù
                    néng lai.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Qǐng ni zhuǎngào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: Hen bàoqiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                U. B: Hen yíhàn, Laidēng Dàshǐ bù néng lái.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Wǒ tì ni zhuangào yíxià.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. A: Mǎ Mínglǐ, women yǒu Jige tongxué Xingqīliù
                    jìhua dào Chángchéng qù wánr.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqī qù?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. B: Zhēn bù qiǎo.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nèitiān women yǒu shì, méi bànfa qù.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    T. A: Xiwang yīhòu zài zhao jīhui jùyijù ba.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Hǎo a.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Hello. This is the Protocol Department.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hello. I am Ambassador Leyden’s secretary.
              </para>
              <para>
                The ambassador received your invitation.
              </para>
              <para>
                Unfortunately, because he has a previous engagement, he
                cannot come on August 9.
              </para>
              <para>
                Please inform Minister Qiáo.
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m very sorry.
              </para>
              <para>
                We very much regret that Ambassador Leyden cannot come.
              </para>
              <para>
                I will pass on the message for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Mǎ Mínglǐ, a few of us students are planning to go to
                the Great Wall Saturday for an outing.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can you go with us?
              </para>
              <para>
                We really couldn’t make that.
              </para>
              <para>
                We have a previous engagement that day; we have no way
                of going.
              </para>
              <para>
                I hope that late we will find an other opportunity to
                get together.
              </para>
              <para>
                Okay.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY (not presented on C-l and
                P-1 tapes)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. dàjiā
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    9. jiēdào
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    10. tǒngshì
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    11. yinggāi
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                everybody, everyone
              </para>
              <para>
                to receive (alternate form of jiēzháo)
              </para>
              <para>
                fellow worker, colleague
              </para>
              <para>
                should, ought to, must
              </para>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="vocabulary-7">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark74" /><anchor id="bookmark141" />VOCABULARY</title>
              <para>
                ban fa bàoqiàn bùzhǎng
              </para>
              <para>
                method, way to be sorry minister (of a government
                organization)
              </para>
              <para>
                Chángchéng
              </para>
              <para>
                the Great Wall
              </para>
              <para>
                dàjiā
              </para>
              <para>
                everybody, everyone
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiē
              </para>
              <para>
                to receive (mail, messages, guests,
              </para>
              <para>
                phone calls)
              </para>
              <para>
                jiēdào
              </para>
              <para>
                to receive
              </para>
              <para>
                Jù
              </para>
              <para>
                to assemble
              </para>
              <para>
                jùyijù
              </para>
              <para>
                to get together
              </para>
              <para>
                kěxl
              </para>
              <para>
                unfortunately, what a pity
              </para>
              <para>
                Llbīnsī
              </para>
              <para>
                Protocol Department (PRC)
              </para>
              <para>
                méi banfa
              </para>
              <para>
                there’s no way out, it can’t
              </para>
              <para>
                be helped
              </para>
              <para>
                mi shū
              </para>
              <para>
                secretary, executive assistant
              </para>
              <para>
                qiǎo
              </para>
              <para>
                to be timely, to be opportune
              </para>
              <para>
                qingtiě (qìngtiē)
              </para>
              <para>
                written invitation
              </para>
              <para>
                tì
              </para>
              <para>
                substituting for, in place of
              </para>
              <para>
                tóngshì
              </para>
              <para>
                fellow worker, colleague
              </para>
              <para>
                tóngxué
              </para>
              <para>
                classmate
              </para>
              <para>
                yíhàn
              </para>
              <para>
                to regret (that something desirable
              </para>
              <para>
                will not happen)
              </para>
              <para>
                yīnggāi
              </para>
              <para>
                should, ought to, must
              </para>
              <para>
                zhuǎngào
              </para>
              <para>
                to pass on a message, to inform
              </para>
              <para>
                (introduced on C-2 tape)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          cānjiā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to participate in, to join, to attend
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dào xi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to congratulate
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dìèrtiān
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          the next day
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jīngj ibù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Ministry of Economics
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          jūnshì yǎnxí
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          military maneuvers
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          láodōng mófàn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          model worker
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          nánbù
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          the southern part (of the island), the south
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          shàngxiào
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          tīngdechūlái
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          colonel
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to be able to recognize what something is from
                          the sound
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tóngxuéhuì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          alumni association (literally,
                          &quot;fellow-student group&quot;)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tōngzhī
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          xièxie tāde yāoqing zhèngzhi xuéxí zhuchí
                          jiéhūn
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (written) announcement, notification to thank
                          him for his invitation political study session
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          to preside at a marriage ceremony (i.e., to
                          give the bride away)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          zǒng jīnglī
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          general manager (chief executive officer)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                (introduced in Communication Game)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dàngāo qìsi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          cake
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          cheese
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="reference-notes-7">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark75" /><anchor id="bookmark142" />REFERENCE
              NOTES</title>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. B: Wài, zhèi shi Lǐbīnsī.         Hello. This is
                    the Protocol Department.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Wèi, wǒ shi Láidēng Dàshǐde    Hello. I am
                    Ambassador Leyden’s
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                mishū.                           secretary.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 1
              </para>
              <para>
                Lǐbīnsī, meaning &quot;protocol department,&quot; is
                made up of lǐ, &quot;ceremony&quot;; bin, &quot;honored
                guests&quot;; and sī, &quot;department.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Mishū means &quot;secretary&quot; in two senses: 1) a
                high-ranking official 2) a clerk-typist.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. A: Dàshǐ Jiēzháo nǐmende qǐngtiě le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                The ambassador received your invitation.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 2
              </para>
              <para>
                The verb Jiē, &quot;to receive,&quot; may be used for
                receiving guests, mail, messages, and phone calls.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiēzháo (jiēdao), &quot;to receive,&quot; is a compound
                verb of result. The endings -zháo and -dào mean
                approximately the same thing: &quot;to successfully
                obtain something&quot; Jiēzháo and Jiēdao occur in four
                ways: with le or mei (describing ACTUAL situations) and
                with -de- or -bu- (describing POTENTIAL situations)
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Wǒ zuótiān qù huǒchēzhàn Jiē
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Yesterday I went to the train station
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          ta, kěshi méi Jiēzháo/
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to get him, but I missed him.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiēdào.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Nǐ zǎo yìdiǎnr qù Jiē ta,
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          If you go a little earlier, (then)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiù Jiēdezháo/Jiēdedào.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          you can get him.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Míngtiān yàoshi láiwǎnle
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          If I am late tomorrow, (then) I won’t
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Jiù Jiēbuzháo/Jiēbudào
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          (be able to) receive his phone call.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tāde diànhuà.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Qingtiě refers to a written invitation. The word is also
                pronounced qǐngtiě.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. A: Hen kěxī, yīnwei tā you shi, Báyuè Jiǔhào
                    &quot;bù néng lái.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Unfortunately, because he has a previous engagement,
                    he cannot come on August 9-
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Please inform Minister Qiáo.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I’m very sorry.
                  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    A: Qīng ni zhuangào Qiáo Bùzhǎng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                A: Hen bàoqiàn.
              </para>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 3
              </para>
              <para>
                Kěxī may be used as an exclamation: Zhēn kěxī! ’’That’s
                really too bad!”
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhuǎngào means &quot;to pass along Cword of
                something].&quot; Zhuǎn literally means &quot;to
                turn&quot; or &quot;to transmit.&quot; Gào means
                &quot;to tell,” as in gàosu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Bàoqiàn is an adjectival verb that means &quot;to be
                sorry,&quot; &quot;to feel apologetic&quot; (e.g., for
                not fulfilling one’s social obligations). Literally, bào
                means &quot;to embrace Ca feeling],&quot; &quot;to
                harbor Ca feeling].&quot; Qiàn means &quot;apologetic
                feelings,&quot; &quot;guilt feelings.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                H. B: Hěn yíhàn, Láidēng Dàshī bù néng lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Wǒ tì ni zhuǎngào yíxià.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                We very much regret that Ambassador Leyden cannot come.
              </para>
              <para>
                I will pass on the message for you.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. U
              </para>
              <para>
                Yíhàn is a formal term used to express disappointment or
                regret that something desirable will not happen.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tì, &quot;for,&quot; &quot;in place of,&quot; is a
                prepositional verb meaning in place of another, or in
                another’s stead.
              </para>
              <para>
                Jīntiān wǒ tì nī Jiāo shū. I will teach for you today,
                (i.e., in your place)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tì nī qù.                    I will go for you.
                (i.e., instead
              </para>
              <para>
                of you)
              </para>
              <para>
                To make a sentence containing tì negative, place bù or
                méi in front of the prepositional verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ bú yào tì ni qù mǎi cài. I don’t want to go to buy
                groceries for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā méi tì wǒ lái Jiǎng huà. He did not come to speak in
                my place.
              </para>
              <para>
                Both gěi and tì may be translated as &quot;for.&quot;
                Gěi, having a wider range of usage, would seem to
                overlap in some instances with tì. The more exact
                meaning of tì may be used to clarify a situation.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ gěi ni mǎi cài.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Wǒ tì ni mǎi cài.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                I will buy groceries for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                (WHO PAYS? DID YOU VOLUNTEER ONLY
              </para>
              <para>
                TO SHOP, OR TO PAY ALSO?)
              </para>
              <para>
                I will buy groceries for you.
              </para>
              <para>
                (CLARIFIED: YOU HAVE VOLUNTEERED ONLY TO SHOP, NOT TO
                PAY.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Yíxià, &quot;a bit,” is not translated in No. U. This
                word adds to the action in the sentence a casual
                feeling, similar to the effect of reduplicating a verb.
                (Notice that this use of yíxià is different from
                previous examples, where the word meant ”for a little
                while.”)
              </para>
              <para>
                5. A: Mǎ Mínglǐ, women you Jige tóngxué Xīngqīliù jìhua
                dào Chángchéng qù wánr.
              </para>
              <para>
                A: Nǐmen néng bu néng yìqī qù?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Mǎ Mínglǐ, a few of us students are planning to go to
                the Great Wall Saturday for an outing.
              </para>
              <para>
                Can you go with us?
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 5
              </para>
              <para>
                Tongxué means &quot;fellow student&quot; or
                &quot;graduate of the same institution. &quot;Fellow
                worker&quot; or &quot;colleague&quot; is tǒngshì.
              </para>
              <para>
                Chángchéng: Cháng means &quot;long,&quot; and chéng is
                an old word for &quot;city wall.&quot; The full name of
                the Great Wall is Wànlǐ Chángchéng, literally
                &quot;10,000 lǐ-long
                wall.&quot;<anchor id="footnote14" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark143">14</link></superscript>
              </para>
              <para>
                Néng, kéyi, and huì compared: and therefore state
                verbs—mean &quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                The core meaning of néng is &quot;can, In some cases,
                néng may also mean is possible,&quot; and &quot;to know
                how to.'
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒde tóu téng, bù néng kàn shū.
              </para>
              <para>
                Shàng kède shíhou, bù néng shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhījiāgē Shíyīyuè jiù néng xià xuě.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tǎ zhēn néng shuō huà.
              </para>
              <para>
                The core meaning of kéyi is &quot;can,&quot; also mean
                &quot;could be/is possible.&quot;
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                All three of these auxiliary verbs— can&quot; to some
                extent.
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;to be able to,&quot; &quot;to be capable of.&quot;
                may,&quot; &quot;to be permitted,&quot; &quot;could be/
                I
              </para>
              <para>
                My head aches; I can’t read.
              </para>
              <para>
                Talking is not permitted during class.
              </para>
              <para>
                It can snow in November in Chicago. (POSSIBILITY)
              </para>
              <para>
                He really knows how to talk.
              </para>
              <para>
                &quot;may,&quot; &quot;to be permitted to.&quot; Kéyi
                may The permission implied by kéyi may come from an
                outside authority or may be self-imposed.
              </para>
              <para>
                NÍ kéyi zǒu le.                 You may leave.
              </para>
              <para>
                Cong zhèige mén jìnqu, kéyi May one go in through this
                door? ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Nàrde fàn kéyi chī.            The food there may be
                eaten, (i.e.,
              </para>
              <para>
                it is possible to eat it)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ bù shūfu, bù kéyi yóuyǒng. I don’t feel good; I can’t
                go swimming. (i.e., the speaker decides that he should
                not go)
              </para>
              <para>
                The core meaning of huì is &quot;to know how to,&quot;
                &quot;can.&quot; Huì is often used for an activity that
                was learned, in contrast to néng for activities that
                &quot;can be done&quot; because of a person’s physical
                condition (&quot;Can she get out of bed yet?&quot; Tā
                néng bu néng xià chuáng?). The other main use of huì is
                to indicate possibility. Here it overlaps with both néng
                and kéyi in meaning &quot;could be/ is possible.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Nìde érzi huì zǒu lù le ma? Can your son walk now?
              </para>
              <para>
                (BABY LEARNING TO WALK)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nì huì shuō Yīngwén ma?        Can you speak English?
              </para>
              <para>
                Míngtiān huì xià yǔ.           It might/will rain
                tomorrow.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bú huì bù lái.               It is not possible that
                he won’t come.
              </para>
              <para>
                6. B: Zhen bù qiǎo.
              </para>
              <para>
                B: Neitiān women yǒu shi, méi bànfa qù.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                We really couldn’t make that.
              </para>
              <para>
                We have a previous engagement that day; we have no way
                of going.
              </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
              <para>
                Notes on No. 6
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù qiǎo literally means &quot;inopportune,&quot;
                &quot;not timely.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                Méi bànfa: Bànfa means &quot;method,&quot;
                &quot;way.&quot; Within a sentence, méi bànfa is used as
                &quot;there is no way to...,&quot; &quot;there is no way
                that....&quot; Used independently, méi bànfa means
                &quot;nothing can be done,&quot; &quot;it can’t be
                helped,&quot; &quot;there is no way out.&quot;
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          7. A: Xīwang yīhòu zài zhāo Jīhui
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          I hope that later we will find
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          JùyiJù ba.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          another opportunity to get together
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          B: Hǎo a.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Okay.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="3">
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <colspec align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          8.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          dàjiā
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          everybody, everyone
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          9.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          J iēdao
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          to receive (alternate form for J iēzháo)
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          10.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          tōngshì
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          fellow worker, colleague
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          11.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          yīnggāi
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          should, ought to, must
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
              <para>
                Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
              </para>
              <para>
                Literally, dàjiā means &quot;big family.&quot; When
                dàjiā is the subject of a sentence, dōu is often placed
                before the verb.
              </para>
              <para>
                Dàjiā dōu zhīdào tā shi shéi. Everyone knows who he is.
              </para>
              <para>
                Xièxie dàjiā.                   Thank you all.
              </para>
              <para>
                Qīng dàjiā zuōxialai.          Would everyone please sit
                down.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wōmen dàjiā yìqī qù ba.        Let’s all go together.
              </para>
              <para>
                Yīnggāi is an auxiliary verb, which is followed by
                another verb in a sentence. Only bù is used to make
                yīnggāi negative.
              </para>
              <informaltable>
                <tgroup cols="2">
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
                  <tbody>
                    <row>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Bú xiè, zhèi shi women yīnggāi zuòde shi.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          ZhèiJiàn shìqing hen yàoJIn, nī yīnggāi
                          māshàng qù bàn.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Yige dàxué bìyède rén, bù yīnggāi yōu
                          zhèiyangde xiǎngfa.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                      <entry>
                        <para>
                          Don’t thank us. This is something we should be
                          doing.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          This is a very important thing; you should
                          (go) take care of it right away.
                        </para>
                        <para>
                          Someone who has graduated from college
                          shouldn’t think this way.
                        </para>
                      </entry>
                    </row>
                  </tbody>
                </tgroup>
              </informaltable>
            </simplesect>
            <simplesect xml:id="drills-7">
              <title><anchor id="bookmark144" /><anchor id="bookmark145" />DRILLS</title>
              <para>
                A. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā zài Wàijiāobù Lībīnsī gōngzuò.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) wǔlóu
              </para>
              <para>
                (He works at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Cin3 the
                Protocol Department.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. qīlóu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguān gōngzuò . loushàng
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Guānghuá Lù
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Zhāng Tongzhì zài Shànghai gōngzuò. Nánj īng Lù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wáng Nushì zài yínháng gōngzuò. èrlóu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò. sānlōu
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Tā zài Wàijiācbù Lībīnsī gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì
                zài wǔlóu.
              </para>
              <para>
                (He works at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Cin3 the
                Protocol Department. His office is on the fifth floor.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài zhèr gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài qīlóu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Jiānádà Dàshiguān gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài
                lóushàng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zài Běijīng gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài Guānghuá Lù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhāng Tóngzhì zài Shànghai gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài
                Nánjīng Lù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wáng Nushì zài yínháng gōngzuò.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāde bàngōngshì zài èrlóu.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wèi Shàoxiào zài Wǔguānchù gōngzuò. Tāde bàngōngshì zài
                sānlóu.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B. Response Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Dàshī jiēzháo qīngtiě le ma?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) not yet
              </para>
              <para>
                (Has the ambassador received the invitation yet?)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tāmen dōu Jiezháo qīngtiě le ma? not all
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Nīmen jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qīngtiě le ma? yes
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                h. Tāmen Jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qīngtiě le ma? already
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Dàshī hái méi jiēzháo qīngtiě.
              </para>
              <para>
                (The ambassador has not received the invitation yet.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen méi dōu jiēzháo qīngtiě.
              </para>
              <para>
                Women jiēzháo Bùzhāngde qīngtiě le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen yījīng jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qīngtiě le.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Nīmen jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qīng-tiě le ma? not yet
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tā jiēzháo qǐngtiě le ma? no
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Nǐ jiēzháo Wǔguānchùde qǐngtiě le ma? yes
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Women hái mei jiēzháo Dàshiguǎnde qǐngtiě.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā méi jiēzháo qǐngtiě.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ jiēzháo Wuguānchùde qǐngtiě le.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    C. Expansion Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tā bù néng lái. (cue) kěxī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (He cannot come.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde bù hěn hǎo.    kěxī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā méi lái. yíhàn
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tāmen bù néng dōu lái. bàoqiàn
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Tāmen dōu bù lái. kěxī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Tāmen dōu bù néng qù. bàoqiàn
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā hái méi qù. yíhàn
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Hěn kěxī, tā bù néng lái. (Unfortunately, he cannot
                come.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn kěxī, tā xué Zhōngguo huà xuéde bù hěn hǎo.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn yíhàn, tā méi lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen bù néng dōu lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn kěxī, tāmen dōu bù lái.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn bàoqiàn, tāmen dōu bù néng qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Hěn yíhàn, tā hái méi qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                D. Expansion Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Qīng ni zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (Please inform Minister Zhāng.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Wō zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le. nǐ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā hái méi zhuǎngào Lī Kēzhǎng. nǐ
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Tā bù néng zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng. wǒ
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Qīng ni tì wǒ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Please inform Minister Zhāng for me.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào Zhāng Bùzhǎng le
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā hái méi tì nǐ zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā bù néng tì wǒ zhuǎngào Lǐ Kēzhǎng.
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Wǒ yījīng zhuǎngào dàshī le. nī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Wǒ míngtiān jiù zhuǎngào dàshī. nī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Tā shi zuótiān zhuǎngào dàhīde.    nī
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                Wǒ yījīng tì nī zhuǎngào dàshī le.
              </para>
              <para>
                Wo míngtiān jiù tì nī zhuǎngào dàshī.
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi zuótiān tì nī zhuǎngào dàshīde.
              </para>
              <para>
                E. Transformation Drill
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Tāmen míngtiān lǎi.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) together
              </para>
              <para>
                (They are coming tomorrow.)
              </para>
              <para>
                OR Tāmen zuótiān lǎi le.
              </para>
              <para>
                (cue) together (They came yesterday.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Tā míngtiān zǒu. alone
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Tā zuótiān zǒu le. alone
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                H. Wǎng Tongzhì míngtiān qù
              </para>
              <para>
                Nǎnj īng.    by train
              </para>
              <para>
                5. Wǎng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī qù Shànghǎi le. by plane
              </para>
              <para>
                6. Tā qù le. alone
              </para>
              <para>
                You: Tāmen míngtiān yìqī lǎi ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Are they coming together tomorrow?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tāmen zuótiān shi yìzī lǎide ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                (Did they come together yesterday?)
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā míngtiān yige ren zǒu ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā zuótiān shi yige rén zoude ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǎng Tóngzhì míngtiān zuò huochē qù Nánjīng ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Wǎng Tóngzhì Xīngqīyī shi zuò fēijī qù Shànghǎide ma?
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā shi yige rén qùde ma?
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    F. Substitution Drill
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    1. Speaker: Nèitiān women yǒu shi, bù néng qù.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                (cue) no way of going (That day we have a previous
                engagement;
              </para>
              <para>
                we cannot go.)
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    2. Nèitiān women yǒu shi, méi bànfa qù. cannot go
                    together
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    3. Nèitiān women you shi, bù néng yìqǐ qù. not all
                    of us can go
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                U. Nèitiān women yǒu shi, bù néng dōu qù. none of us can
                go
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    5. Nèitiān women yǒu shi, dǒu bù néng qù. did not go
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    6. Nèitiān women you shi, méi qù. not all of us went
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    7. Nèitiān women yǒu shi, méi dōu qù.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                You: Nèitiān wōmen you shi, méi bānfa qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                (That day we have a previous engagement; we have no way
                of going.)
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèitiān women you shi, bù néng yìqi qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèitiān women you shi, bù néng dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèitiān women yǒu shi, dōu bù néng qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèitiān women you shi, méi qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                Nèitiān women you shi, méi dōu qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                GPO 689—101/8721
              </para>
              <para>
                269
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark84" />
              </para>
              <para>
                A different pattern is used to say that two things are
                the same. (See MTG, Unit 3, notes on Nos. U-5.)
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark85" />
              </para>
              <para>
                To say &quot;A is not as . . . as B,&quot; you use a
                different construction, which you will learn in MTG,
                Unit 6, notes on No. 2.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote3">3</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark86" />
              </para>
              <para>
                The verb láidejí/láibují does not occur without the
                inserted -de- or -bu-.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote4">4</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark93" />
              </para>
              <para>
                You have already seen wán in Piào dōu màiwán le.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote5">5</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark100" />
              </para>
              <para>
                The remaining sentences in this exchange occur on the
                C-l tape.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote6">6</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark103" />
              </para>
              <para>
                The words &quot;this,&quot; &quot;next,&quot; and
                &quot;last&quot; in English are often ambiguous.
                &quot;This&quot; sometimes means &quot;just past,&quot;
                sometimes &quot;the coming,&quot; and sometimes &quot;of
                next week.&quot; &quot;Next&quot; sometimes means
                &quot;the coming&quot; and sometimes means &quot;of next
                week.&quot; &quot;Last&quot; sometimes means &quot;Just
                past&quot; and sometimes means &quot;of last week.&quot;
                In Chinese, however, zhèige usually means &quot;of this
                week&quot;; xiàge, &quot;of next week&quot;; and
                shàngge, <superscript>H</superscript>of last week.&quot;
                But ambiguities do sometimes arise.
              </para>
              <para>
                Some Chinese consider that the week begins on Sunday.
                Probably most Chinese however, consider Monday the first
                day of the week.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote7">7</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark118" />
              </para>
              <para>
                Bù is also used for a &quot;department&quot; of the U.S.
                government: Nèizhèngbù, &quot;Department of the
                Interior&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote8">8</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark119" />
              </para>
              <para>
                ròu, &quot;meat”
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote9">9</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark132" />
              </para>
              <para>
                You have already learned that zěnme can mean ”how.&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote10">10</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark133" />
              </para>
              <para>
                niánqīng, &quot;to be young&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote11">11</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark134" />
              </para>
              <para>
                yīnggāi, &quot;should&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote12">12</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark135" />
              </para>
              <para>
                Xiǎngqilai is actually pronounced xiángqilai. The ending
                -qīlái is in the neutral tone; because qī was originally
                in the third tone, xiǎng changes to the rising tone.
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote13">13</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark136" />
              </para>
              <para>
                English prepositions, such as &quot;up,&quot; are also
                used both literally and abstractly: &quot;look up the
                wall&quot; (an upward motion) and &quot;look up the
                phone number&quot; (no motion indicated by
                &quot;up&quot;)
              </para>
              <para>
                <superscript><link linkend="footnote14">14</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark143" />
              </para>
              <para>
                0ne lǐ is approximately one third of a mile.
              </para>
            </simplesect>
          </section>
        </section>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>
</article>