FSI-Chinese-text/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook.xml

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  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 07 SOC - Student Text and
Workbook</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    CM 0192 S
  </para>
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  <para>
    I ■
  </para>
  <para>
    ī f
  </para>
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  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese-a-modular-approach">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE A Modular Approach</title>
    <para>
    </para>
  </section>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
  <section xml:id="module-7-society-student-text-and-workbook">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark2" /><anchor id="bookmark3" />MODULE 7:
    SOCIETY

    <anchor id="bookmark4" />STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</title>
    <para>
    </para>
  </section>
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  <para>
    SPONSORED BY
  </para>
  <para>
    AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
  </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
  <para>
    This publication is to be used primarily in support of instructing
    military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident
    and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials,
    including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
  </para>
  <para>
    Defense Language Institute
  </para>
  <para>
    Foreign Language Center
  </para>
  <para>
    NonresidentTraining Division
  </para>
  <para>
    Presidio of Monterey, CA 93944-5006
  </para>
  <para>
    Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores,
    etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of
    view, are sometimes included in the language instruction for DLIFLC
    students since military personnel may find themselves in positions
    where a clear understanding of conversations or written materials of
    this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of
    controversial statements-whether real or apparent-in DLIFLC
    materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of
    the writers, the DLIFLC, or the Department of Defense.
  </para>
  <para>
    Actual brand names and businesses are sometimes cited in DLIFLC
    instructional materials to provide instruction in pronunciations and
    meanings. The selection of such proprietary terms and names is based
    solely on their value for instruction in the language. It does not
    constitute endorsement of any product or commercial enterprise, nor
    is it intended to invite a comparison with other brand names and
    businesses not mentioned.
  </para>
  <para>
    In DLIFLC publications, the words he, him, and/or his denote both
    masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to
    translations of foreign language texts.
  </para>
  <para>
    The DLIFLC may not have full rights to the materials it produces.
    Purchase by the customer does not constitute authorization for
    reproduction, resale, or showing for profit. Generally, products
    distributed by the DLIFLC may be used in any not-for-profit setting
    without prior approval from the DLIFLC.
  </para>
  <para>
    STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH
  </para>
  <para>
    STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK
  </para>
  <para>
    MODULE 7: SOCIETY
  </para>
  <para>
    Before starting Unit 1 of this module, you should have completed
    core modules 1 through 6 and the optional modules Personal Welfare,
    Restaurant, and Hotel.
  </para>
  <para>
    May 1981
  </para>
  <section xml:id="preface">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark5" /><anchor id="bookmark6" />PREFACE</title>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an interagency
      conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to
      address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language
      training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to
      reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
      enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide
      range of government agencies and academic institutions.
    </para>
    <para>
      A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of
      the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the
      Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service
      Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency,
      and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian
      Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included
      Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John
      F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard
      Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSl);
      Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE);
      and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).
    </para>
    <para>
      The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in
      197 in space provided at the Forign Service Institute. Each of the
      six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other
      assistance.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
      council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the
      Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of
      Texas, Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and
      James Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A.
      Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W.
      Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan
      of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning
      council and contributed material to the project. The planning
      council drew up the original overall design for the materials and
      met regularly to review their development.
    </para>
    <para>
      Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey,
      Lucille A. Barale, and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close
      cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff
      of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
      instructional formats of the comprehension and production
      self-study materials, and also designed the communication-based
      classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A.
      Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student
      text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had Joined the
      staff. Led by Ms. Barale, they have worked as a team to produce
      the materials subsequent to Module 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0.
      Chao Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li,
      and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou
      Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder,
      Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a
      preliminary corpus of dialogues.
    </para>
    <para>
      Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
      Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C.
      Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez
      of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese
      script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms.
      Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by
      Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms.
      Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
      Service Institute Audio-Visual Staff, under the general
      supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
      cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute,
      Foreign Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the
      Language Learning Center; the United States Air Force Academy; the
      University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia.
    </para>
    <para>
      Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G. Foster,
      Commandants of the Defense Language Institute, Foreign Language
      Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for preparation of
      this edition of the course materials.
    </para>
    <para>
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        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-1.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
    <para>
      Jamies R. Frith, Chairman
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
    </para>
    <para>
      CONTENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark5">Preface</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark7">Introduction Section 1: To the
      Student</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark8">Section 2: To the Teacher</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark9">List of Tapes for Module 7</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark10">Objectives for the Society Module
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark11">UNIT 1 Travel Plans Introduction
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark12">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark13">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark14">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Phrases with guǎnyú, &quot;concerning,&quot; &quot;about&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      The directional ending -lai
    </para>
    <para>
      huì, &quot;might,&quot; &quot;be likely to,&quot; &quot;will&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark15">The sentence marker -de, &quot;that’s
      the way the situation is&quot; Review Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark16">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark17">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark18">UNIT 2 Equality of the Sexes
      Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark19">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark20">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Reference Notes ........................ by
    </para>
    <para>
      biěde, &quot;other(s)&quot; ___V       Ifxu.____          ____ ft
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàng, &quot;like**
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark21">The adverb Jiù, &quot;as soon/early as
      that&quot; Review Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark22">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark23">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark24">UNIT 3 Family Values Introduction
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark25">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark26">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark27">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      The verb ending -qilai: the start of an action or condition cáí7
      &quot;only,&quot; before amounts
    </para>
    <para>
      -zhe showing the manner of an action
    </para>
    <para>
      The verb ending -dào: —successful reaching/obtaining/finding
    </para>
    <para>
      —(with verbs of speech) &quot;of,&quot; &quot;about&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      —successful perceiving (kàndao)
    </para>
    <para>
      The adverb zài, &quot;anymore&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark28">Placement of phrases with dào,
      &quot;to,&quot; &quot;up to,&quot; &quot;until&quot; Review
      Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark29">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark30">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark31">UNIT h A Family History Introduction
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark32">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark33">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark34">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      More on ne, marker of absence of change/lack of completion
    </para>
    <para>
      Terms for grandparents
    </para>
    <para>
      More on indefinite pronouns (&quot;any/no&quot; expressions)
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark35">bāngzhu and bang máng Review
      Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark36">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark37">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes Introduction
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark38">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark39">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark40">Reference Notes</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      ..,yě hao, ...yě hǎo, &quot;whether...or...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Necessary condition marked by cái
    </para>
    <para>
      Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase &quot;in order
      to&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark41">Review Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark42">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark43">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark44">UNIT 6 Politics and Culture
      Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark45">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark46">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark47">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      -de hua, if, in case
    </para>
    <para>
      More on -guo vs. -le
    </para>
    <para>
      Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness qù and lai expressing
      purpose
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark48">Review Dialogue </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark49">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark50">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark51">UNIT 7 Social Problems Introduction
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark52">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark53">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Reference Notes ........................ 215
    </para>
    <para>
      -duo le, &quot;much more&quot; &quot;Not anymore,&quot;
      &quot;never again&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      lián...dōu..., &quot;even&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào... Jiù..., &quot;provided that...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      hú shi...,1 iù shi... , &quot;if not.. .then...&quot;either..
      .or...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark54">Review Dialogue</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark55">Workhook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark56">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 8 Directions for the Future
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark57">Introduction </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark58">Reference List</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark59">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark60">Reference Notes </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Action-Process compound verbs
    </para>
    <para>
      The directional ending -huí you, &quot;after all,&quot;
      &quot;anyway&quot; yě bu, &quot;don’t even,&quot; &quot;won’t
      even&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark61">Review Dialogue </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark62">Workbook</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark63">Exercise Dialogues </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark64">Vocabulary</link>
    </para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="introduction">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark57" /><anchor id="bookmark65" />INTRODUCTION</title>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          SECTION 1: TO THE STUDENT
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      With the Society module, you are taking a step up to a new level
      of expression in Chinese. Up till now, you have &quot;been dealing
      with relatively short sentences about concrete situations. In this
      module, you will start to encounter longer sentences and more
      abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you
      can make it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of
      approaching the new material in each unit. The following
      suggestions may help.
    </para>
    <para>
      Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue
      to work on, production and comprehension, are no longer expected
      to stay at approximately the same level. It is natural for your
      ability to understand what others say to increase more rapidly
      than your ability to express your own thoughts. As you work
      through the Society module, bear in mind that, while you are asked
      to understand all the dialogues, you are required to be able to
      produce only a limited part of the language you will hear. This is
      specified in the module objectives, the unit vocabulary lists, and
      the introductions to the units.
    </para>
    <para>
      How to Use the Book
    </para>
    <para>
      Each unit of this book presents quite a bit of new
      information—much more than anyone can master in a few days’ time.
      This is because information has also been included simply for
      comparison or for your future reference. This is what you should
      master in each unit:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) The basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related
          meanings may be given in the reference notes for purposes of
          comparison, but you are not required to remember them.)
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) The cultural background information discussed in some
          reference notes and contained in each unit’s review dialogue.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three
      times. On the first time through, read only the notes on cultural
      background. The second time, go through the notes that explain new
      grammatical structures. The third time, read only the notes on the
      meanings and usage of new words. For review, test yourself on the
      example sentences in the notes by covering the Chinese column and
      trying to translate the English column into Chinese. Check your
      answer immediately.
    </para>
    <para>
      How to Use the Tapes
    </para>
    <para>
      Starting with Module 7, there will he only two thirty-minute tapes
      per unit, instead of five.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 1 introduces the material on the Reference List, giving you a
      chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice
      saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-1 tapes which you
      used in Modules 1 through 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster
      paced than either the C-l or P-1 tapes. The number of new
      vocabulary items in each unit has been increased from 20-25 to
      30-35. You will also notice that the sentences have increased in
      length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these
      sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind
      the tape and review the presentation of each sentence several
      times. In addition, explanations which were formerly found on the
      C-l and P-1 tapes are now found only in the Reference Notes.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tape 2 replaces the C-2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2 will start off
      with a review of the sentences from the Reference List. This will
      be followed by three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each
      dialogue until you understand it thoroughly. The workbook which
      accompanies Tape 2 describes the setting of the conversation and
      provides you with the new vocabulary you need to understand it.
      (You are not required to learn these additional vocabulary items.)
      The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue, for
      which you will need to prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher
      will ask you to answer these and other questions about the
      conversation in class.
    </para>
    <para>
      When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for
      comprehension of the ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the
      sentences word for word is not critical. Since they are in
      colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing which
      you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with
      a little effort (it is expected to take repeated listenings), you
      will understand.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          SECTION 2: TO THE TEACHER
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      The format of the core modules from this point on differs
      considerably from those preceding, and teaching methods should be
      adapted to the requirements of this new format. Below are a few
      suggestions on how to use this and subsequent core modules.
    </para>
    <para>
      How to Use the Reference Notes
    </para>
    <para>
      The reference notes in Society include grammatical explanations,
      discussions of the usage of new words, and some cultural
      background information. They are called ’’reference” notes for a
      reason: they are here for the student’s present and future
      reference. They are not intended as material for classroom study
      or discussion, for in these later modules, as in the first six,
      the bulk of classroom time should be spent in the actual use of
      Chinese. The thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you
      of the need to give lectures on grammar and usage and allow you to
      devote most of your time with students to live practice of the
      language. You should familiarize yourself with the content of the
      notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a new
      structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.
    </para>
    <para>
      The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double
      purpose. First, along with the idiomatic English translations,
      they show the versatility of the vocabulary items they introduce;
      at this level of study, a single English translation can seldom
      fully do justice to the range of nuances expressed by a Chinese
      word. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for
      translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese,
      using a strip of paper to cover the target-language column and
      then checking their answer for immediate reinforcement.
    </para>
    <para>
      How to Use the Exercise Dialogues
    </para>
    <para>
      The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3, and h)
      present completely different situations and characters from the
      unit review dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and
      structures. They provide extra listening comprehension practice at
      normal conversational speed, an area which should receive
      increased attention from both student and teacher beginning with
      this module.
    </para>
    <para>
      The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial
      and thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this
      stage, students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday
      Chinese, and if given ample practice, their comprehension will
      improve quickly. But bear in mind that students are not expected
      to be able to produce sentences in this colloquial style, only to
      understand them.
    </para>
    <para>
      The taped exercises 2, 3, and h, are to be listened to outside of
      class as many times as is necessary for the student to answer the
      questions in the workbook section. In class, the teacher should
      ask the questions, rephrased in Chinese, and have students answer
      from their notes or, preferably, from
    </para>
    <para>
      memory. If students &quot;bring up questions on colloquialisms
      contained in the dialogues at this time, handle them quickly;
      avoid digressions on expressions which are not required for
      production. The point of this activity is for the students to
      talk—to practice saying the new words and structures of the unit
    </para>
    <para>
      Further Classroom Activities
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of
          departure for class discussions in which the teacher takes the
          part of the Chinese who wants to understand American society
          and the American students try to explain their ways of
          thinking and doing things. Depending on class size, the level
          of the students, and individual students’ competitiveness or
          reticence, these conversations will need to &quot;be more or
          less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the flow of
          ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating
          the discussion, everyone can be asked to outline possible
          answers before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an
          outline for the students.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) Students can be asked to tell the story of the review
          dialogue or an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can
          be done by the whole class together; if one student omits an
          important point in the story, another student can remind him
          of it or supply it himself.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) Have students pick out from the reference list and the
          dialogues certain sentences which serve a particular
          communicative function. The Chinese material in this book is
          especially suited to this type of exercise because of the
          colloquial tone of the dialogues and the range of emotions and
          linguistic functions displayed within them. For example, the
          students may be asked to find a sentence that conveys
          enthusiasm toward an idea, one that conveys tentativeness when
          asking a question about a delicate subject, or one that
          conveys a desire to be helpful. Using the sentences thus found
          as takeoff points, the teacher can then ask the students to
          come up with other sentences with the same linguistic
          function, or ask them to change elements of the sentence to
          vary its function.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      For example, Unit 1 of Society presents some sentences (in the
      reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to
      proposals:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ kǎolu kǎolu.                    I’ll think it over.
      (non-committal)
    </para>
    <para>
      Fěichǎng hǎo.                       Great. (enthusiastic)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nà women shuohǎo le . . .           Then we’ve agreed . . .
      (decisive)
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiù zhèiyang.                        It’s settled, (decisive)
    </para>
    <para>
      Students can be asked to add to this list sentences expressing a
      wider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat rejection (Bù
      xíng!), scandalization (Nà zěnme kéyi a*), lukewarm acceptance
      (Kěyǐ . . . or Yě hǎo), indecisiveness (M . . . or Nà, wǒ hǎi děi
      xiǎngyixiǎng or Zài shuō ba). etc. If you make up supplementary
      exercises, you may find it effective to base them on the
      communicative functions of sentences contained in each unit. A
      list of these functions will be found in each unit’s introduction.
    </para>
    <para>
      (U) If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to
      be separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined
      to a review of the essential new structures, as listed in each
      unit’s introduction.
    </para>
    <para>
      Review
    </para>
    <para>
      The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the
      students to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to
      U and 5 to 8, respectively. The original order of the sentences in
      the text has been scrambled. The first section of each tape is
      translation from Chinese to English, the second from English to
      Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated
      in subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as
      in the earlier modules, where the situational nature of the
      lessons means that some vocabulary introduced in order to handle
      one kind of situation occurs in that one module only. However, if
      desired, one of each unit’s exercise dialogues can be reserved for
      review: have students listen to only two instead of all three
      exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then return to the
      third dialogue several units later to brush up on the vocabulary
      and structures.
    </para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="tapes-for-module-7-soc">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark66" /><anchor id="bookmark67" />TAPES FOR
    MODULE 7 (SOC)</title>
    <para>
      Unit 1:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 2:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 3:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit U:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 5:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 6:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 7:
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 8:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2 SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2 SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2 SOC U.l, SOC
      U.2 SOC 5.1, SOC 5.2 soc 6.1, soc 6.2
    </para>
    <para>
      SOC 7.1, SOC 7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2
    </para>
    <para>
      Review Tapes: SOC Review 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1
      (Chinese to English) SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)
    </para>
  </section>
  <section xml:id="module-7-society">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark68" /><anchor id="bookmark69" />MODULE 7:
    SOCIETY</title>
    <para>
      The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic
      skills and cultural background information you need to visit a
      Chinese family, discuss some aspects of family life and society,
      to find out how someone’s family fits into the pattern of
      traditional Chinese society, and how it reflects the changes of
      modern society.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG
      Criterion Test. In addition, it is assumed that by this point you
      will have already completed the optional modules Personal Welfare,
      Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now
      considered taught.
    </para>
    <para>
      The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but
      material from the first six core modules and associated resource
      modules is also included.
    </para>
    <para>
      OBJECTIVES
    </para>
    <para>
      Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the
          SOC Reference Lists.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when
          cued with its English equivalent.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Ask someone about the size of his family, which family
          members live at home, and where other family members live and
          why.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      it. Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the
      proper times for visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to
      visitors and the type of response expected from the visitor; and
      some polite ways to end a social visit.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Discuss the status, duties, and responsibilities of sons in
          the traditional Chinese family.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese
          family, especially those between parents and children, and
          between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal
          pattern in traditional Chinese society.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Use the proper-terms for referring to your own or someone
          else’s children, and understand the terms for addressing one’s
          children directly; use the terms for paternal grandparents;
          use the terms for the parents of one’s friend.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Understand why early marriage was a common practice in
          traditional China.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Discuss the effects of the development of industry and
          business on traditional Chinese society.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Discuss the concept of filial obedience.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Compare the position of women in Chinese society before
          and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the
          roles women were placed in as a result. Understand the
          government’s policy toward marriage after 19^9 and the actual
          changes that have occurred.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      1U. Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such
      as equality of the sexes, the status of women, living together,
      marriage, parent-child relationships, care of the elderly, the
      effects of political and economic conditions on society, crime,
      and drug abuse.
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 1
    </para>
    <para>
      Travel Plans
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. The pattern (Verb) de shi....
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Phrases with guanyu, &quot;concerning,&quot;
          &quot;about.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. The directional ending -lai.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. The auxiliary verb huì, &quot;might,&quot; &quot;be likely
          to,&quot; &quot;will.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. The sentence marker -de, &quot;that’s the way the situation
      is.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Offering a visitor something to drink.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Responding to an offer of something to drink.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Concluding a social visit.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Telling someone you can’t take the time to explain something
      but will talk about it later.
    </para>
    <para>
      5. Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something.
    </para>
    <para>
      6. Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.
    </para>
    <para>
      1. A: Jīntiān wǒ jièdao yìběn hǎo xiǎoshuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, rang ni zènme gāoxìng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Today I &quot;borrowed a good novel (from someone).
    </para>
    <para>
      What novel is it that makes you so happy?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi dàlùde qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Guānyu dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      3. A: Xiàge xuéqī ní xiǎng yánjiū shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Hái shi lǎo wentí: Zhōng-guóde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      h. A: Zuótiān Xiǎo Ming gěi tā nùpéngyou xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo cháng!
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Niánqīng rén zǒng shi niánqīng rén. Wo niánqīngde shihou yě shi
      zhèiyang, nī wàng le?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This novel is about the situation on the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?
    </para>
    <para>
      What are you going to do research on next semester?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s still the same old topic: the political situation in China.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday Xiǎo Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was
      really long!
    </para>
    <para>
      Young people are always young people. When I was young I was like
      that too, have you forgotten?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      5. A: Shǔ^iàde shihou, nī xiǎng dào nǎr qu wànrwanr?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ xiǎng dào Yàzhōu Jīge guǒjiā qu kankan.
    </para>
    <para>
      6. A: Zenme, nī xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude wénhuà chuántǒng?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhī shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide shèhuì
      qíngkuàng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Where do you want to go over summer vacation?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d like to go visit a few countries in Asia.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia’s cultural tradition?
    </para>
    <para>
      It can’t be called research. I Just want to go have a look at the
      social situation there.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      7. A: Lǎo Wáng, wǒ Jīntiān gǎnJué hen bu shūfu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lǎo Wáng, I feel awful today.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Kuài zuòxia, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sit down and I’ll go pour you a cup of tea.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Nǐ qùde nèige dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji fāngmiànde
          qíngxing zěnmeyàng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Jǐjù huà shuōbuqǐngchu, you shíjiān wǒ zài gen ni mànmānr shuō
      ba.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. A: Yǎnjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi dongde
          Zhōngguo lìshǐ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ shuōde zhèiyidiǎn hen yàojīn, wǒ kǎolù kǎolū.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Nǐ zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng huì xuéhǎo
          Zhōngwénde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, yìfāngmiàn kéyi xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kéyi duō
      zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhōngguóde shìqing.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What was the political and economic situation like where you went?
    </para>
    <para>
      I can’t explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I have
      time I’ll tell you all about it.
    </para>
    <para>
      To study the problems of China now, you have to understand Chinese
      history.
    </para>
    <para>
      This point of yours is very important; I’11 think it over.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you live in China for two years, you’re sure to learn Chinese
      very well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other
      hand I can find out more things about China.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY 11. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r) 12.
      yímiàn...yímiàn...
    </para>
    <para>
      doing...while doing...
    </para>
    <para>
      doing...while doing...
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VOCABULARY
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cháng chuántǒng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be long
              </para>
              <para>
                tradition, traditional
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàlù dào -diǎn dǒngde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mainland, continent
              </para>
              <para>
                to pour
              </para>
              <para>
                point
              </para>
              <para>
                to understand, to grasp, to know
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -fāngmiàn (-fāngmiàn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                aspect, side, area, respect
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnjué
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                feeling, sensation; to feel, to perceive
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānyú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as to, with regard to, concerning, about
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guojiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                country, state, nation; national
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                might, be likely to, will
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiè
              </para>
              <para>
                J ièdao
              </para>
              <para>
                -Jù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to borrow; to lend
              </para>
              <para>
                to successfully borrow
              </para>
              <para>
                sentence; (counter for sentences or utterances, often
                followed by huà, &quot;speech&quot;)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎolu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consider, to think about
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mànmānr (mànmàn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one’s time; in all
                details
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánqīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be young
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngkuàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngxing
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to make (someone a certain way)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shèhuì
              </para>
              <para>
                shǔjià shuōbuqīngchu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                society, social simmer vacation can’t explain clearly
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wénhuǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                culture
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎoshuō (-)xuéqī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fiction, novel
              </para>
              <para>
                semester, term (of school)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yánjiū (yánjiu, yánjiù)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to study (in detail), to do research on; research
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Yàzhōu (Yǎzhōu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Asia
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      yìbiān(r). . .yìbiān(r).. .
    </para>
    <para>
      yìfāngmiàn..., yìfāngmiàn...
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yímiàn(r)...yímiàn(r)...
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      doing...while doing...
    </para>
    <para>
      on the one hand..., on the other hand; for one thing..., for
      another...; doing...while doing...
    </para>
    <para>
      doing...while doing...
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngzhi zǒng
    </para>
    <para>
      zuòxia
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      politics, political always; inevitably, after all, in any
    </para>
    <para>
      to sit down
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      affairs; political without exception, case
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Unit 1, Reference Notes
    </para>
    <para>
      1. A: Jintiān wǒ jièdao yìběn hǎo xiǎoshuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).
    </para>
    <para>
      What novel is it that makes you so happy?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Shénme xiǎoshuō, rang ni zènme gāoxìng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      jiè: ”to borrow” CAlso ”to lend,” see Notes on No. 2.3
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dào túshūguǎn qù jiè shū.       I’m going to the library to
      borrow
    </para>
    <para>
      Etake outl some books.
    </para>
    <para>
      For &quot;from,” use gēn or xiang&quot; for people and cong for
      place names like the library.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ méi dài qián, xiǎng gēn (xiǎng) Níngning qù jiè.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cōng túshūguǎn jièle yìběn Zhōngguó lìshǐ shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I didn’t bring any money. I want to go borrow some from Níngning.
    </para>
    <para>
      I borrowed a Chinese history book from the library.
    </para>
    <para>
      Cong can only be followed by a person if the person is made into a
      place name, for example by the addition of nèr (nǎli):
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cóng tā nèr jièle wǔkuǎi qián. I borrowed five dollars from
      him.
    </para>
    <para>
      For people, you may also use the common pattern wèn...jiè...,
      literally ”ask...borrow...”:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ wèn ta jièle yiběn shū.         I borrowed a book from him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù hǎo yìsi wèn biérén jiè      I’m too embarrassed to borrow
      money
    </para>
    <para>
      qián.                               from other people.
    </para>
    <para>
      jièdao: The ending -dǎo expresses that the borrowing results in
      the thing being obtained. You learned -dǎo and the similar Běijīng
      -zháo in the verb jiēdao/jiēzhao, ”to receive,” in the Meeting
      module.
    </para>
    <para>
      You need to know not only what the ending -dǎo means, but also
      when to use it and when not to. This can’t be summed up in one
      neat formula, but you will see from the following examples that
      -dǎo is used when there was a question of not being able to get
      the thing. Jiè by itself does not necessarily imply obtaining, so
      you can use it in situations when you tried to borrow something
      but couldn’t get it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ gēn tā jièle yìběn              I borrowed a dictionary from
      him.
    </para>
    <para>
      zìdiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎng is used more in written style.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ qù jièguo, kěshi méi jièdao.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ni cong túshūguān jièdao nèiběn Mǒiguo lìshí shū le ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyǒu, dōu jièchuqu le. Dàgài xià Xīngqiyi cái néng
          jièdao.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I went and tried to &quot;borrow it, &quot;but
    </para>
    <para>
      I didn’t get it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you get that American history &quot;book out of the library?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, they had all been taken out.
    </para>
    <para>
      I probably won’t be able to (borrow and) get it until next Monday.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jie may have certain other directional or resultative endings.
      Here are
    </para>
    <para>
      examples.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài zhèr kàn kéyi, bù néng jièchuqu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bǎ wǒde chē jièqu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā ba nèiběn shū jièzǒu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cong tā nèr jièlai wǔkuài qián.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You can read it here, but you can’t take it out.
    </para>
    <para>
      He borrowed my car (and took it away).
    </para>
    <para>
      He borrowed that book (and took it away).
    </para>
    <para>
      I borrowed five dollars from him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rang: ’’to make’’ someone a certain way, or ’’to cause’’ someone
      to become a certain way. When used this way, rang is followed by a
      person and an adjectival verb. You learned rang as ’’to let’’ in
      the Welfare module: Rang wǒ kànkan nǐde hùzhào, ’’Let me see your
      passport.’’ I Rang can also mean ”to have,” ”to tell,’’ or ”to
      make” someone do something.]
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuōde huà rang wo hen shēng- What he said made me very angry,
      qi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā name bú kèqi rang tā péngyou hen bù hǎo yìsi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He embarrassed his friend by being so rude.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Shénme xiāoshuō?—rang ni zhème gāoxìng: question shénme xiāoshuǒ,
      and the rest of the sentence, is like an afterthought. Compare
      these examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There is a pause after the rang ni zhème gāoxìng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi shénme kāfēi?—zhème hǎo hē.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi jiù shi ni māide chē?— zènme nánkàn!
    </para>
    <para>
      Ni xǐhuan shùxué a?—name méi yìsi!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What kind of coffee is this? It’s so good.
    </para>
    <para>
      So this is the car you bought? It’s so ugly!
    </para>
    <para>
      You like math?—such a boring thing!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      2. A: Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō xiěde shi dàlùde qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Guānyú dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This novel is about the situation on the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      About the mainland? How about lending it to me to read?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      xiě: This verb which you learned as ”to write” is also one of
      several ways that ’’about” is expressed in Chinese. When used with
      this meaning, xiě usually appears in the (Verb) de shi
      construction discussed immediately below.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiěde shi: This structure, (Verb) de shi, is a major structure of
      Chinese, so pay extra attention! Use (Verb) de shi when the verb
      is not new information and you want to focus instead on the
      identity of the thing talked about. The pattern itself makes an
      equational sentence, that is, an A EQUALS B sentence:
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                IS
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VERB de
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā zuóde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                báicài.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      ’’What he’s making is cabbage.”
    </para>
    <para>
      In sentence 2A, the verb xiě is not new information because any
      novel must ”be written about” something. The object dàlùde
      qíngkuàng is new information which is focused on.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zài JiāzhŌu Dàxué niànde shi shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ niànde shi JīngJixué.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhèige diànyīng Jiāngde shi yige Zhōngguo rén qù Měiguo wánde shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcái nǐ Jiàode shi shénme? Shi fan háishi miàn?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ xiànzài shuōde shi wǒ háishi tā?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā hěn xǐhuan kàn shū, kěshi tā kànde dōu shi yìxiē méi yìside
      xiǎoshuō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What is it that you study at the University of California?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s economics.
    </para>
    <para>
      This film is about a Chinese going to America to visit.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What did you order Just now? Rice or noodles?
    </para>
    <para>
      Is the person you’re talking about now me or him?
    </para>
    <para>
      He likes to read, but all he reads are stupid novels.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dàlù: ’’continent, mainland” Zhōngguo dàlù is ’’mainland China,”
      which may also be called dàlù for short Just as we say ’’the
      mainland”.
    </para>
    <para>
      ''other ways are by using the verb Jiang, ”to talk about,” as in
      Zhèiběn shū Jiang shénme?, ’’What is this book about?”; and guānyu
      (see the note in this section).
    </para>
    <para>
      qíngkuàng: &quot;situation, circumstances, state of affairs,
      condition&quot; Used much more frequently in Chinese than any
      single one of these translations is used in English. Sometimes the
      Chinese language uses qíngkuàng when in English we would just say
      &quot;things&quot; or &quot;the way things are.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐde qíngkuàng gēn tāde chàbuduō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dìdide jíngji qíngkuàng bu tài hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nà shi sìshinián qiánde shi, xiànzài qíngkuàng bù tong le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wǒ jiǎng-jiang nǐ zài dàlùde qíngkuàng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐde yìsi shi wǒ zìjǐde qíngkuàng ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You and he are in about the same situation.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Líy younger brother’s financial situation isn’t too good.
    </para>
    <para>
      That was forty years ago. Now things are different.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Could you tell me about the way things were for you on the
      mainland?
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you mean my own situation?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sometimes qíngkuàng means the &quot;picture&quot; about a place
      (especially an organization); in such cases it may not be
      necessary to translate it literally.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gěi women jièshaole tāmen He gave us a presentation (briefing)
      xuéxiàode qíngkuàng.               on their school. (E.g., what
    </para>
    <para>
      grades, how many students and teachers, what subjects are taught,
      etc. )
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù tài shùxī Měidàsīde          I’m not too familiar with (the
      way
    </para>
    <para>
      qíngkuàng.                          things are at) the Department
      of
    </para>
    <para>
      American and Oceanic Affairs.
    </para>
    <para>
      guānyù: ’’with regard to, concerning&quot; The phrase guānyù
      dàlùde means literally &quot;one concerning the mainland.&quot;
      Guānyù is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of
      &quot;about&quot; is more often expressed in other ways*, but
      guānyù is often used in formal contexts.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyù is a prepositional verb, which means it is followed by a
      noun (its object) and is related to the main verb. It is not the
      best behaved of prepositional verbs, however. Guānyù does not
      occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb
      phrase (before the verb, e.g., dào Zhōngguo qù) ■ Nor does guānyù
      occur in a sentence the way &quot;about&quot; does in English.
      &quot;About&quot; phrases in English are free to occur after the
      verb, e.g., &quot;talk about Chinese history,&quot; &quot;think
      about your problem.&quot; A guānyù phrase (that is, guānyù and its
      object) can only occur in the following places in the sentence:
    </para>
    <para>
      Other ways include using the verbs jiǎng and xiě (see Notes on No.
      2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program and you walk into
      the room and want to ask, &quot;What’s this about?&quot; the most
      &quot;everyday&quot; way would be Jiǎng shenme de? (actually an
      abbreviated form of Zhèige jiēmù CprogramJ shi jiǎng shenme de?).
      It would sound stilted to use guānyu in such an informal
      situation. You see another example of how &quot;about&quot; is
      expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in the
      little dialogue: &quot;About what?&quot; is Shénme diànyǐng?.
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Guānyú can occur at the &quot;beginning about to &quot;be
      commented, on.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú nèijiān shi, wǒ shénme dōu &quot;bù zhīdāo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú nèrde qíngkuāng, ni gěi wo dating dating hǎo ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú zhèige, nǐmen hái you méiyou shénme wèntí?
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Guānyú can also occur in a phrase
    </para>
    <para>
      Xièxie ni gàosu wo zhème duō guānyú dàlùde qíngkuāng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhǐdao hen duo guānyú zhèi-fāngmiānde shìqing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zhèli méiyou duōshao guānyú Zhōngguode shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      of the sentence to introduce the topic
    </para>
    <para>
      Concerning that matter, I don't know anything. (OR I don't know
      anything about that matter.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Would you please ask for me about the situation there?
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you have any other questions about this?
    </para>
    <para>
      with -de which modifies a noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you for telling me so much about the situation on the
      mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      He knows a lot (of things) about this field.
    </para>
    <para>
      We don't have very many books about China here.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It also occurs in a phrase with -de, the whole phrase acting as a
      noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo cong Xiao Zhāo ner jièlai yi-běn shū, shi guānyú Zhōngguo
      cāide, nǐ kànkan.
    </para>
    <para>
      (3) A guānyú phrase (guānyú + noun) viated sentence.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I borrowed a book from Xiǎo Zhao. It's (a book) about Chinese
      food. Have a look at it.
    </para>
    <para>
      is occasionally used alone as an abbre
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuótiān kànle yige diānyǐng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shénme diānyǐng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú Fǎguo...
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú Fǎguode shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyú Fǎguode jǐngji.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I saw a movie yesterday.
    </para>
    <para>
      About what?
    </para>
    <para>
      About France...
    </para>
    <para>
      About what (aspect) of France?
    </para>
    <para>
      About the French economy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the
      parts in parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese
      sentences would be considered wrong without the underlined -de
      phrases. (For the first example you need to know xiāoxi,
      &quot;news.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ tīngshuō guānyú Tiǎtuōde xiāoxi ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú yāo wen wo guānyú shùxuéde wèntí.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Have you heard (the news) about Tito? (i.e., that he had died)
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't ask me (any questions) about math.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiè gěi wǒ kànkan: &quot;lend (it) to me to read&quot; In exchange
      1, jiè was translated &quot;borrow.&quot; Now you see it used for
      &quot;to lend.&quot; To say &quot;lend something to someone,&quot;
      the gěi phrase always follows the verb jiè.* If the indirect
      object (person who receives) is a pronoun, gěi may be omitted:
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiè wo yìzhī bǐ. I
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiè gěi wo yìzhī bǐ. í              Lend me a pen.
    </para>
    <para>
      (in this extremely common sentence, the gěi is more frequently
      omitted.)
    </para>
    <para>
      3. A: Xiàge xuéqǐ nǐ xiǎng            What are you going to do
    </para>
    <para>
      yánjiū shénme?                  research on next semester?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Hài shi lǎo wèntí: Zhōng- It’s still the same old topic: guóde
      zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.       the political situation in China.
    </para>
    <para>
      xueqǐ: &quot;semester, term&quot; Since xuéqǐ means literally just
      &quot;school-period,&quot; it could conceivably apply to a
      scholastic term of any length, including quarters. Chinese
      schools, however, run on the semester system (fall-winter and
      winter-spring).
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài yěude Měiguo dàxué yíge Some American colleges have
      semesters xuéqǐ zhǐ you shíèr-sānge lǐbài. which last only twelve
      or thirteen weeks.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shàngge xuéqǐ nǐ dōu niànle        What (courses) did you take
      last
    </para>
    <para>
      shénme?                             semester?
    </para>
    <para>
      Xuéqǐ may also be used without the counter -ge: shàngxuéqǐ,
      xiàxuéqǐ, yìxuéqǐ, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      yánjiū: &quot;to do research on&quot; a topic (usually at the
      graduate level or abovehSometimes may be translated as &quot;to
      study&quot; (in depth, not just preparing for a test).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yánjiūde shi něifāngmiande wèntí?
    </para>
    <para>
      Kē Jiàoshòu zài jīngji fāngmian-de yánjiū shi dàjiā hěn shóuxīde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde yanjiū gōngzuò hěn zhèng-yào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Another meaning is &quot;to look into, ties, opinions, questions):
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What area does she study (OR do research on)?
    </para>
    <para>
      Everyone is familiar with Professor Kē’s research in the area of
      economics.
    </para>
    <para>
      His research work is very important.
    </para>
    <para>
      to consider, to discuss&quot; (possibili-
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A gěi phrase before jiè would mean &quot;for,&quot; not
      &quot;to.&quot; jièle jǐběn shū, &quot;He borrowed a few books for
      me.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Example: Tā gěi wo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige wèntí women děi yánjiū We should discuss (OR look into
      this) yanjiū.                             question.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngzhi: &quot;politics, political affairs; political&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Keep in mind that &quot;because of China’s political system, the
      word zhèngzhi has a different set of meanings than we are used to.
      This is a large question which we will not go into in depth here.
      But to give you an idea of this concept, here is the definition of
      zhèngzhi from a Chinese dictionary.*
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngzhi: The concentrated expression of economics. It comes into
      being on a particular economic base, serves the economic base, and
      has a tremendous influence on economic development. In a class
      society, economic interests are the most fundamental interests of
      the different classes. In order to safeguard their own interests,
      the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each
      other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between
      the classes becomes the main content of politics. The relations
      which politics must handle are the internal relations of a class,
      relations between the classes, relations between nationalities,
      and international relations. Politics is manifested in policies
      and activities in the areas of national life and international
      relations of political parties, social groups, and social forces
      which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting
      class has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve
      its own narrow interests. In the politics of the proletariat,
      bourgeois rule is overthrown with revolutionary violence under the
      leadership of the proletarian political party, and the
      dictatorship of the proletariat is established; after power has
      been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the end,
      class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions between
      ourselves and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people
      . . . are properly handled; then the focus of struggle is
      progressively turned towards engaging in the cause of socialist
      construction and devoting major efforts to developing production,
      and creating the conditions needed to completely abolish classes
      and bring about communism.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal
      relations in the PRC has resulted in zhèngzhi being used in a host
      of phrases such as &quot;political influence,&quot;
      &quot;political relations,&quot; &quot;political background,&quot;
      &quot;political qualifications,&quot; etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Cíhǎi, Shanghai Císhū Chūbánshè, 1979.
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Zuotian Xiao Ming gei ta nupengyou xie xin, xiede hǎo cháng!
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Niánqīng rén zǒngshi niánqīng rén.Wǒ niánqīngde shihou yě shi
      zhèiyang, ní wàng le?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday Xiao Ming wrote a letter to his girl friend, and it was
      really long!
    </para>
    <para>
      Young people are always young people; when I was young I was like
      that too, have you forgotten?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      cháng: &quot;to be long&quot; opposite of cháng is duǎn,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      in physical length, &quot;to be short. ’’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Chángchéng you duo cháng?
    </para>
    <para>
      You liùqiānduō gōnglí (cháng).
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní xiěde tài cháng le, duǎn yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hěn cháng shíjiān méi kànjian ta le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng ní zài nàr zhǎo fángzi yídìng xūyào yige hěn chángde
      shíjiān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài zhèr gōngzuòde shíjiān you duo cháng?
    </para>
    <para>
      niánqīng: &quot;to be young
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      or in some cases, time. The
    </para>
    <para>
      How long is the Great Wall?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s over six thousand kilometers (long).
    </para>
    <para>
      You made this (piece of writing) too long. Could you shorten it?
    </para>
    <para>
      I haven’t seen him in a long time. (Hěn cháng shijiān is the same
      as hěn jiǔ)
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sure it will take you a long time to find a house there.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How long did he work here?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      While the idea of being young is often
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      relative to a particular situation, the teens through the
      twenties.”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      niánqīng rén usually means people from
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā niánqīngde shihou bī xiànzài When she was young she was even
      more gěng hǎo kàn.                      beautiful than now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Niánqīng rén dōu xíhuan wánr. All young people like to have fun.
    </para>
    <para>
      zǒng: &quot;always, invariably&quot; Like other adverbs such as
      zhēn, &quot;really,&quot; and hái, &quot;still,&quot; zǒng is
      often followed by shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní zǒngshi wen wo wèntí.           You always ask me questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’There are other words for &quot;long&quot; in other contexts.
      When referring to distance, use yuǎn: Lu hěn yuǎn, &quot;it’s a
      long way.&quot; For time, you will also need jiǔ: Tā zǒule duo jiǔ
      le?, &quot;How long has it been since he left?&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Remember that xiǎo is another word for &quot;young&quot;: Tā bí wǒ
      xiǎo yísuì, &quot;He's a year younger than I.&quot; Wǒ xiǎode
      shihou usually means &quot;When I was a child.&quot; When speaking
      to a child, you would say Ní hái xiǎo for &quot;You’re still
      young.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheizhong shiqing zongshi rang This type of thing always makes one
      rén hěn gāoxìng.                   very happy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zǒng bù, &quot;always not...,&quot; is one way of saying
      &quot;never&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zǒng bù xǐhuan biérén wen tā He never likes other people to ask
      jiālide shi.                         about his famjly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zǒng has another use, which is the one you see in exchange U:
      Instead of meaning literally &quot;on every occasion&quot; or
      &quot;at all times,&quot; zǒng is used to suggest that a certain
      state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other
      circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the
      context; some are &quot;after all, surely, always, in any case,
      when all is said and done, inevitably, eventually.&quot; Other
      possible translations are suggested in
    </para>
    <para>
      the following examples.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎoháizi zǒng shi xiǎoháizi, dale jiu hǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bú Jiè wo, wǒ zài zhèr kàn-kan zǒng kéyi ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ niàn shū shi hǎo shi, zǒng bù néng bù chi fan ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shi Měiguo rén, nǐ zǒng bù néng bù zhǐdào Dézhǒu zài nǎr ba?.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ názǒu wǒde shū, zǒng děi wen wo yíxiǎ!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zǒng you yìtiān, tā huì huílaide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Èrshige bū gòu, nà nǐ shuō sān-shige zǒng gòu le ba?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Gōnggòng qìchē méiyou dào nèige dìfangde, women děi qí
          zìxíngchē qu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: ōu, qí chē duo lèi...
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Zǒng bǐ zǒuzhe qù hǎoduō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lai wan yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bù lai hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Children will be children; after they grow up it will be better.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you won’t lend it Cthis book! to me, at least I can read it
      here, can’t I?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s great that you’re studying, but after all, you can’t go
      without eating, can you?
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re an American, you can’t very well not know where Texas is,
      can you?.’
    </para>
    <para>
      You really should ask before you take one of my books.
    </para>
    <para>
      Someday he will surely come back.
    </para>
    <para>
      If twenty isn’t enough, then thirty should surely be enough,
      wouldn’t you say?
    </para>
    <para>
      There aren’t any buses that go there. We’ll have to go by bicycle.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, but it’s so tiring to ride a bicycle.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, it’s much better than walking!
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s better to come a little late than not to come at all.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Guānyu nǐ zhèige wèntí, wǒ zhīdaode bù duō, dàgài méiyou
          bànfǎ huídáhāo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ zǒng zhǐdaode bī wǒmen duō, jiù qǐng ni jiangjiang ba!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I don’t know much about this question of yours. I probably can’t
      give you a good answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      In any case, you know more than we do, so please try.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      5. A: Shǔjiàde shihou, nǐ xiǎng       Where do you want to go
    </para>
    <para>
      dào nǎr qu wánrwanr?            over summer vacation?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ xiǎng dào Yàzhōu             I’d like to go visit a few
    </para>
    <para>
      jǐge guojiā qu kànkan.          countries in Asia.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      shùjià: ’’summer vacation&quot; In China, summer vacation starts
      in August and ends in September for high schools; college ends in
      June and starts in late August.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige shùjià wǒ bú dào nǎr qù. This summer vacation I’m not going
      anywhere.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàzhōu: &quot;Asia&quot; Yà comes from the transliterated word for
      Asia, Yàxìyà. Zhōu means &quot;continent.~ Many people say Yazhōu.
    </para>
    <para>
      guojiā: &quot;country, nation, state,&quot; literally,
      &quot;country-family.&quot; The bound word -guō is used only in
      certain phrases or compound words. Guojiā is the word to use
      everywhere else. (Sometimes guō may be used alone, such as in
      reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China. But a modern
      nation is called guojiā.)
    </para>
    <para>
      6. A: Zenme, nǐ xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude wenhuà chuántǒng?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bù néng shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide shèhuì
      qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      Zenme?:  &quot;oh?; what?; really?&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      tion.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zènme, nǐ yè dào zhèr lai le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zènme? Tā bū shi Zhōngguo rén? Nà tāde Zhōngwén zènme zènme hǎo
      ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ xiàwu you shíjiān ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zènme? You shi ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia’s cultural tradition?
    </para>
    <para>
      It can’t be called research. I just want to go have a look at the
      social situation there.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The intonation can change the implica-
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, you’ve come here too!
    </para>
    <para>
      What? He’s not Chinese? Then how is his Chinese so good?
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you have any time this afternoon?
    </para>
    <para>
      Why? Is something happening?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wénhuà: &quot;culture, civilization&quot; Also &quot;education,
      cultural background’’ as in méiyou wénhuàde rén, &quot;an
      uncultured person&quot; or an &quot;uneducated person.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      shèhuì: &quot;society; social&quot; Xīn shèhuì and jiù shèhuì are
      jargon for the new and old societies (after and before the
      socialist transformation). &quot;in society&quot; is more often
      zài shèhuìshang, less frequently zài shèhuìli.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiānggǎngde shèhuì wèntí zhēn duō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems, (e.g., drugs,
      killings)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      7. A: Lao Wang, wǒ Jīntiān gǎnjué hen bu shūfu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lao Wang, I feel awful today.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Kuài zuòxia, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sit down and I’ll go get you a cup of tea.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      gǎn jué: &quot;to feel; feeling&quot; In are other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ jīntiān gǎnjué hǎo yidiǎnr le ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ gǎnjué tā jīntiān you diǎnr bu gāoxìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suīrán wǒ bù fā shāo le, kěshi zǒng gǎnjué hen lèi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here is an example of gǎnjué used as
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi wǒde gǎnjué, nīde kànfa zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      7a, gǎnjué is used as a verb. Here
    </para>
    <para>
      How do you feel?
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you feel better today?
    </para>
    <para>
      I get the feeling he’s a little unhappy (OR bothered) today.
    </para>
    <para>
      Although I don’t have a fever any more, I feel very tired all the
      time.
    </para>
    <para>
      noun:
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s my feeling, what is your opinion?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zuòxia: &quot;to sit down&quot; Also zuòxialai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng zuòxia(lai) tan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Have a seat and let’s talk about it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dào...lai: Dào is &quot;to pour&quot;; dàolai is &quot;to pour and
      bring here.&quot; You have seen lai used as a directional ending
      before, as in nǎxialai, &quot;bring down and here,&quot; or pǎolāi
      &quot;run here.&quot; There are two things to notice about the
      meaning of lai as a directional ending: 1) Lai can be used after
      verbs which tell of movement from one place to another, like pǎo,
      &quot;to run&quot; or nā, &quot;to carry&quot;; OR after verbs
      which describe an action without movement from one place to
      another, such as dào, &quot;to pour.&quot; 2) The thing lai refers
      to, which is what ends up &quot;here,&quot; may be the subject OR
      the object of the sentence. For example, in Tā pǎolai le, &quot;He
      ran here,&quot; it is the subject tā who performs the action of
      running and comes here. In Tā xiělai yìfēng xìn le, &quot;He has
      written a letter which has come here,&quot; it is the object xìn
      which is written and comes here. In Yǐfu dōu yǐjǐng xǐlai le,
      &quot;All the clothes have already been washed and brought
      here,&quot; it is the topic yǐfu which were washed and brought
      here.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will often split lai from the verb by inserting an object like
      yìbēi chá, as in sentence 7B. In fact, in sentence 7B, dào and lai
      must be split up; lai may not precede the object. The rules
      allowing lai to precede the object are complex, and here we will
      just give some examples of usage.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ nǎr jièlai zhème yíliàng pò
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Where did you borrow such a beat-up
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      old car from?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuì xǐhuan nǐ cóng Shanghai mǎilaide nèijiàn máoyī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I like the sweater you bought in Shanghai best.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎolai něiběn shū OR Wǒ yídìng gěi ni zhǎo
      něiběn shū lai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shénme shihou you shíjiān, dǎ ge diànhuà lai, wǒmen yìqǐ qù kàn
      diànyǐng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié<subscript>w</subscript>wàngle míngtiān yě bǎ nǐde nūpéngyou
      dàilai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ll be sure to find that book for you.
    </para>
    <para>
      When you get the time, give me a calx, and we’ll go see a movie
      together. (Lai must follow the object.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t forget to bring your girlfriend tomorrow too.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                8. A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ qùde něige dìfang, zhèngzhi, jīngji fāngmiànde
                qíngxing zěnmeyàng?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                What was the political and economic situation like where
                you went?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jǐjù huà shuǒbuqǐngchu, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni
                mànmānr shuō ba.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I can’t explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when
                I have time I’ll tell you all about it.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      fāngmiàn: &quot;aspect; area; respect; side&quot; This noun is
      used without a counter. It is a useful, sometimes overused word.
      You won’t have any trouble understanding how fāngmiàn is used, but
      there will be sentences where you wouldn’t have thought to use it.
      When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave fāngmiàn
      out of the English than to strain to use the word
      &quot;aspect,&quot; &quot;side,&quot; etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fāngmiàn has two main uses:
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) &quot;aspect, respect, area, field&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheige wěntí you liǎngfāngmiàn.    There are two aspects to this
    </para>
    <para>
      question.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmen zài zhěifāngmiàn zuǒde       We haven’t done enough in this
      area,
    </para>
    <para>
      hái bu gòu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yīngguo zài jīngjixué fāngmiànde yánjiū zuòde bù shǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ méi shìde shihou xíhuan kànkan wénxué fāngmiànde shū.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ kànle ní xiěde yíhòu juéde you yìfāngmiàn kéyi xiěde
          gèng hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Něifāngmiàn ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      (2)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A lot of research in the area of economics has been done in
      England.
    </para>
    <para>
      When I don’t have anything to do I like to read books on the
      subject of literature.
    </para>
    <para>
      After reading what you wrote, I feel there’s one respect in which
      you can make it better.
    </para>
    <para>
      What respect?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      party, side, referring to a group of people
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Niǔyuē fāngmiàn dàgài bū huì you shénme wentí, kěshi women yīnggāi
      hé Běijǐng fāngmiàn xiān shāngliang yixia zài shuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guānyū zhèige wèntí, liǎng fāngmiànde kànfǎ you diǎn bù tong.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      New York won’t have any problem with this, but we should check
      with Běijīng before going ahead, (meaning groups of people, e.g.,
      offices of a company.)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The two sides have somewhat different views on this question.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qíngxing: In most cases interchangeable with qíngkuàng. In
      present-day Běijīng speech, at least among the younger generation,
      qíngkuàng is the more common of these two words.
    </para>
    <para>
      shuōbuqǐngchu: ’’can’t say/explain clearly” Shuǒqǐngchu is a
      compound
    </para>
    <para>
      verb of result. Here are other examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ shuōbuqīngchu wèishenme tā shěngqì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù shuōqǐngchule bù xíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuōqīngchule tāde mùdi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní néng bu néng shuōqīngchu ’’niánqīng” hé ’’xiǎo” de bù tong?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I can’t really explain why he got angry.
    </para>
    <para>
      It won’t do not to explain it clearly.
    </para>
    <para>
      He explained his goal clearly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can you explain clearly the differences between niánqīng and xiǎo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mànmānr: Also mànmàn. Many adjectival verbs can be doubled to make
      an adverb, which is used between the subject and the verb. In
      Běijīng speech, when you double certain adjectival verbs of
      one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no matter what
      its original tone) and -r_ is added. These adverbs can take the
      adverbial ending -de. Other examples are kuàikuāir(de),
      ’’quickly,” and hǎohāorde, ’’well, properly.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Mànmàn(de) or manmānr(de) has these meanings:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) ’’slowly” Don’t forget, however, that ’’slowly” can
          sometimes be translated by man alone.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu le. He slowly walked home.
    </para>
    <para>
      BUT Zǒu man yidiǎnr. I
    </para>
    <para>
      Man diǎnr zǒu. J                  Walk more slowly.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;gradually, bit by bit, by and by&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ gang lai, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng You just arrived and are
      unfamiliar bù shúxī, mànmānr nī Jiu zhīdao with the situation
      here, but you’ll le.                                  come to know
      it by and by.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mànmānrde, tā Jiu dong le.         Gradually he began to
      understand.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) Sentences which instruct someone to mànmānr do this or
          that can often be translated as &quot;take your time...,&quot;
          or &quot;don’t rush.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Mànmānr zǒu, zānmen lāidejí.       Let’s take our time walking.
      We’ll
    </para>
    <para>
      make it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù jí, mànmānr chī, wǒ děng nī.
    </para>
    <para>
      (U) With verbs meaning &quot;to tell&quot; more of the meaning
      &quot;in all details. ’’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī zuòxia, wǒ mànmānr gēn ni jiǎng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hái xiǎng gēn ni duō tāntan zhèijiàn shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎode, yīhòu wǒmen mànmàn tan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There’s no hurry, so take your time eating. I’ll wait for you.
    </para>
    <para>
      someone about something, mànmānr has
    </para>
    <para>
      Sit down and I’ll give you the whole story.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d like to talk some more with you about this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, later we can talk all about it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      9. A: Yanjiū Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi dǒngde Zhōngguo
      lìshī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      To study the problems of China now you have to understand Chinese
      history.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Nī shuōde zhèiyidiǎn hěn yàojīn, wǒ kǎolu kǎolu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This point of yours is very important; I’ll think it over.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      dǒngde: &quot;to understand&quot; Narrower in use than dǒng. You
      dǒngde the meaning of a word, the implications or significance of
      an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign language
      (that you dǒng), nor what the teacher just said (that you tīngdǒng
      le), nor someone else’s feelings (that you liǎojiě, which will be
      presented in the Traveling in China module).
    </para>
    <para>
      You have seen the component -de in the verbs rènde and j ide. It
      is only used in a handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a
      resultative ending. For example, you can say rènbude, &quot;can’t
      recognize,&quot; and jìbude, &quot;can’t remember,&quot; but you
      may not use dǒngde in the potential form; for &quot;can’t
      understand,&quot; you just say bù dǒngde.
    </para>
    <para>
      -dian: &quot;point” one’s heart.&quot;)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (For the second example, you need to know xīnli, &quot;in
    </para>
    <para>
      0, hái you yìdiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi rang rén xīnli zuì bù shūfude yìdiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèi yidiǎn women yǐjīng tánguo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ juéde tā shuōde měiyidiǎn dōu duì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh, there’s one more point [that should be made J.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is the most upsetting point.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We’ve been over that point already.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I think that every point of his was right.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      kǎolū:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;to consider, to think over; consideration&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi yidiǎn women yīnggāi kǎolū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ děi hǎohāor kǎolū zhèige wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi fāngmiànde qíngkuàng nī kǎolule ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We should consider this point.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have to think this matter over carefully.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have you taken this aspect of the matter into consideration?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      10. A: Nī zài Zhōngguo zhù liǎng-nián, yídìng huì xuéhǎo
      Zhōngwénde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, yìfāngmiàn kéyi xuéhǎo Zhongwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kéyi duō
      zhīdao yidiǎnr Zhǒngguóde shìqing.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you live in China for two years you’re sure to learn Chinese
      very well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the other
      hand I can find out more things about China.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      huì: &quot;might, be likely to, will&quot; You already know huì
      meaning &quot;to know how to, can.&quot; Here you see huì used in
      a new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three
      English translations, huì ranges in meaning from possible to
      probable to definite. The context may be sufficient to indicate
      which, but often the degree of probability is not important to the
      message, and there might be no single &quot;correct&quot; English
      translation. Various adverbs can be added before huì to clarify
      the degree of certainty, for example, yídìng,
      &quot;definitely,&quot; dàgài, &quot;probably,&quot; yěxǔ,
      &quot;perhaps,&quot; etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are some examples of how huì can be used to indicate
      likelihood: huì
    </para>
    <para>
      Yījīng shíèrdiān bàn le, zhè It’s half past twelve. Who would
      shihou shéi huì lai ne?            come at this hour?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yídìng yào wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù. I’ll have to go or else he won’t
      go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Cai yàoshi fàngde tai duō le, baobǐng huì pò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐde chènshān zāngle bù yàojǐn, wǒ huì gěi nǐ xǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      bu huì
    </para>
    <para>
      Bu dà huì ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàgài bu huì shi tā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi zài Taiwan māi jiù bu huì zhème guì le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bu huì zhǎobudào ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bu yào jí le, wǒ bù huì chū shide.
    </para>
    <para>
      huì...ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn jīntiān wǎnshang huì liāngkuai yidiǎn ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā huì qù ma? Tā huì qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      huì bu huì
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān tā huì bu huì lai?
    </para>
    <para>
      Women xiěde nèifēng xìn, dào xiànzài tāmen hāi meiyou shōudào,
      women huì bu hui xiěcuǒle dìzhǐ?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bǎ men kāi le, zhèiyang nǐ huì bu hui juěde tài lěng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you put too much food in, the pancake will break:.
    </para>
    <para>
      It doesn’t matter that your shirt got dirty. I’ll wash it for you.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      That’s not very likely.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s probably not him.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you buy it in Taiwan, it won’t be so expensive.
    </para>
    <para>
      You won’t be unable to find it, will you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t get anxious, I won’t have an accident.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do you think it might be cooler tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      Will he go? He’ll go.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn jīntiān huì bu hui xià yǔ?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Will he come tomorrow?
    </para>
    <para>
      They still haven’t gotten the letter we wrote. Could we have
      written the address wrong?
    </para>
    <para>
      I opened the door. Will you feel too cold like this?
    </para>
    <para>
      Does it look to you as if it might rain today?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nǐ huì zǒucuǒde: So far you have seen -de used as a marker of
      possession or of modification, and in the shi... de construction.
      Here it is used in an entirely new way: at the end of a sentence,
      -de can mean &quot;that’s the way the situation is.’’ Generally
      speaking, this -de is used in emphatic assertions or denials,
      especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Usage note: Unless the sentence contains shi or is understood to
      have an omitted shi, the majority of native Běijīng speakers seem
      to feel that this -de is nānfāng huà, southern Chinese (e.g.,
      Nanjing), or a carry-over into Standard Chinese from southern
      dialects. Because of these regional connotations you needn’t try
      to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to understand this -de;
      in fact, you will see that in most of the following examples, the
      -de is completely unnecessary.
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Sentences with shi in the sense of This shi may often he
      omitted.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shi bú qùde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige, nǐ shi zhīdaode.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige rén (shi) you wèntíde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zènme lai le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: (Shi) Lī Xiānsheng Jiao wǒ laide.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;it is that..., it is a case of...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not going. (More literally, &quot;As for me, it is that I’m
      not going.’’)
    </para>
    <para>
      This you know.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s something wrong with that guy
    </para>
    <para>
      Why are you here?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Lǐ told me to come.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xianggang         In the past whenever I have
      bought
    </para>
    <para>
      mǎi shūde shihou, měicì            (mail-order) books from Hong
      Kong,
    </para>
    <para>
      dōu (shi) jì zhīpiàode.             I have always paid by check
      (lit.,
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;sent a check&quot;).
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Sentences with an auxiliary verb (huì, néng, yào, yǐnggāi,
      etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì shēngqìde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiǎng néng xièwánde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zènme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yǐnggāi mǎide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhème bù shūfu, Jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yǐnggāi qùde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zǒng you yìtiān yào hui dàlùde.
      <anchor id="footnote1" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark70">1</link></superscript>
    </para>
    <para>
      If you tell him he’ll get angry.
    </para>
    <para>
      If I write for another hour or two I think I can finish writing
      it.
    </para>
    <para>
      How come you didn’t buy it? It’s 1 at all expensive. You should
      ha<superscript>1</superscript> bought it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Since you’re feeling so ill, you shouldn’t go to today’s meeting.
    </para>
    <para>
      There will come a day when we will go back to the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèixiē shū yídìng xūyaode.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ he kāfēi cōnglái bú fàng tángde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mapó Doùfu píngcháng dōu yǒu ròude.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmende gōngzuò zhēnshi tài duō le, zuòbuwánde.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián kànguode.
    </para>
    <para>
      These books are definitely needed.
    </para>
    <para>
      I never take sugar in my coffee.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mapó Beancurd usually has meat in it.
    </para>
    <para>
      We really have an awful lot of work.
    </para>
    <para>
      We’ll never be through with it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve seen this movie before.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Bu yào.jǐnde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tt doesn't, matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎode, hǎode.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      All right, all right.
    </para>
    <para>
      yìfāngmiàn...yìfāngmiàn...: Th i s hand..., on the other
      hand...&quot; or &quot;for and (?) &quot;doing...while
      doing...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jǐhui he Zhōngguo ren tan huà,
      yìfāngmiān keyi zhǐdao dalude qíngkuāng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yì-fāngmiàn chǐ dōngxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      1]. yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r).. .
    </para>
    <para>
      12. yímiàn(r)...yímiàn(r)...
    </para>
    <para>
      has two meanings: (1) &quot;on (die one one thing..., for another
      thing...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      In Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll have a chance to talk with
      Chinese and on the other hand you can learn about the situation on
      the mainland
    </para>
    <para>
      He watches television while eating.
    </para>
    <para>
      doing...whi1c doing ...
    </para>
    <para>
      doing...while doing ...
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on Mos. 11 and 12
    </para>
    <para>
      yìbiān(r)...yìbiān(r)... and doing. . . Both of these patterns
      mian...yìfāngmiàn. ...
    </para>
    <para>
      Yìbiān zuò yìbiān xué ba.'
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo yìbiānr ting yìbiānr xiě.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tan, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      yímiàní r)...yímiàn(r)..■: &quot;doing...whi I e are similar to
      the second meaning of yì fāng-
    </para>
    <para>
      Learn by doing (learn as you do it).'
    </para>
    <para>
      I write as 1 listen.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let's talk as we walk, okay?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue
    </para>
    <para>
      As Tom (A) (Tāngmǔ), a graduate student in Chinese Area Studies at
      Georgetown University, is studying in his apartment, a knock comes
      at the door It is his classmate Lǐ Ping (B), an exchange student
      from Hong Kong.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: A! Shi ni ya! Hao Jiǔ Bu jiàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Jīntiān zenme you shíjiān chūlai zouzou?
    </para>
    <para>
      B; Yíge zhōngtóu yǐqián, wo cóng xuéxiào gei ni dǎ diànhuà, ní bú
      zài jiā, gāngcái wo dào zhèli fūjìn mǎi dōngxi, jiù lái kàn-kan.
      Zhen bú cuò, ni yījīng huilai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Duìbuqī, wǒ gāngcái dào
    </para>
    <para>
      péngyou jiā jiè shū qu le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shénme shū? You shi guānyú
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhōngguóde ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Duì le, you Xiānggǎngde,
    </para>
    <para>
      dàlùde, ye you Táiwānde, dōu shi xiāoshuōr. Ni zuòxia kàn, wo qù
      gei ni dào bēi chá lai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Well, it’s you! I haven’t seen you in a long time! How is it
      you've got time to come out for a walk today?
    </para>
    <para>
      I called you an hour ago from school, but you weren't home. I just
      came over to this neighborhood to do some shopping, so I stopped
      by to visit. It's great that you're back already.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sorry. I just went over to a friend's house to borrow a book.
    </para>
    <para>
      What book? More about China, I bet.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, there are ones from Hong Kong, the mainland and Taiwan, all
      fiction. Sit down and have a look. I'll go get you a cup of tea.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Bú yào máfan, shénme hēde dōu xíng.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Don't go to any trouble. Anything to drink is fine.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Kěkōukelè, Júzi shuīr , háishi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Coke, orange Juice or beer?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                píjiù?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                M, júzi shui ba!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Um, orange juice.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Hao, wo mashàng j iù lái, yào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Okay, I'll get it right now. Do
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bīngkuàir ma?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you want ice cubes?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Bú yào, xièxie.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                No, thanks.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      (Li Ping sits down and leafs through the books, and Tom returns
      with
    </para>
    <para>
      two
    </para>
    <para>
      glasses of orange juice. )
    </para>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāngmǔ?.'
    </para>
    <para>
      Tom?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      Ng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yeah?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè sānge dìfangde shū, ni dōu
    </para>
    <para>
      Reading books from
    </para>
    <para>
      all three of
    </para>
    <para>
      kàn, ní juéde zenmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      these places, what do
    </para>
    <para>
      you think?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒde gānjué bú shi yíjù huà
    </para>
    <para>
      I can't explain my
    </para>
    <para>
      feelings in
    </para>
    <para>
      °Kekoukělè, &quot;Coca-Cola&quot;; júzi shuí(r), &quot;orange
      juice&quot; (Beijing usage)
    </para>
    <para>
      kéyi shuōqīngchude. Eng... zhème shuō ba, wǒ zǒng Juéde dàlù rén,
      Xianggang rén, he Taiwan rén dōu shi Zhōngguo rén, tāmen you
      yíyàngle wénhuà chuán-tǒng, kěshi yīnwei zhèngzhide qíngkuàng bù
      tong, shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě jiu bù yíyàng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuōde duì, dànshi nǐ yào dǒngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, zhǐ kàn shū
      shi bù gōude.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ei, nǐ zhīdào ma, xiànzài xué Zhōngwénde xuéshēng you hen duō
      jíhui dào Zhōngguo qu. Suǒyǐ wǒ jìhuà zài zhèige xuéqī wánle de
      shihou, qù Zhōngguo kànkan. Erqiě, wǒ hái xiǎng zhǎo ze hǎo
      péngyou yìqǐ qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuótiān wǒ Jiedao wǒ mǔqlnde xìn, tā xǐwàng wǒ hui Xiānggǎng guo
      shùjià; zěnmeyàng, nǐ he wo yìqǐ huíqu ba. Nǐ kéyi zhù zai wǒmen
      jiāli, erqiě, zài Xianggang yìfāngmiàn nǐ you Jīhui hé Zhōngguo
      rén tan huà, yì fāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao dàlù, Xiānggǎng he Tai-wǎr.ie
      qíngkuàng, nǐ kàn hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Fēicháng hǎo.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Name, nǐ hái yào he nǐ jiāli rén shāngliang yixiar ha?
    </para>
    <para>
      Bu bì, gěi fùmǔ dǎ diànhuàde shihou, gàosu tamen wǒde jìhua Jiu
      xíng le. Wo yào yánjiū Zhōngguo shèhuì, fùmǔ yídìng huì gāoxìngde.
    </para>
    <para>
      just a few words. Hmm...let's say that I've always felt that
      people on the mainland, in Hong Kong and Taiwan are all Chinese,
      all have the same cultural tradition, but because the political
      situations are different, the social situations are also
      different.
    </para>
    <para>
      You're right. But if you want to understand Chinese society, it's
      not enough Just to read books.
    </para>
    <para>
      Say, you know, students of Chines'-have a lot of opportunities to
      go to China now. So I'm planning to go • ' China for a visit when
      this se®est&lt;‘r is over. And what's more, I'd like to find a
      good friend to go with.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday I got a letter from my mother, and she'd like me to come
      back to Hong Kong for summer vacation. How about going back with
      me? You can stay at our house; what's more, in Hong Kong, on the
      one hand you'll hav'-a chance to talk with Chinese and on the
      other hand you can learn about * m situation m the na'.r.l and .
      <superscript>:</superscript>n Hong Kong and in Taiwan. What do you
      think
    </para>
    <para>
      Great.'
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, you'll still want to discuss this a bit with your
      parents, I suppose?
    </para>
    <para>
      That's not necessary. When I call them, I'll tell them my plan,
      and then everything should be all right. I'm sure they'll be happy
      that I want to study Chinese society.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguo niánqīng rén dōu you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, zhèi yidiǎnr, wǒ
      fēicháng xǐhuan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Young people in America really think for themselves (:’.ave tneir
      cwn ideas). T really like that.
    </para>
    <para>
      Niánqīng rén you zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ shi duìde, kěshi fùmǔde huà vě
      ymggai kaolu.
    </para>
    <para>
      It's good that young people think for tneicselves, bun you still
      ought to consider wha' ycur •arents say.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     M. Na women shuōhǎo le, Jin-
    </para>
    <para>
      nián shǔjià qù Xianggang, xiànzài hái you wǔge yuède shíjiān kéyi
      zhǔnbèi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì, Jiù zhème bàn! Jīnnián
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiàtiān wǒ Jiù yào dào zhèige dìfang dà, rénkǒu duō, lìshǐ you
      chángde guójiā qu le. Hài Zhèige Jìhua zhēn ràng wo gāoxìng!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, jiù zhèiyang. Wǒ yinggāi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zǒu le!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ máng shenme! Hái zǎo ne!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù zǎo le, huíqu hái děi niàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shū ne!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà, you shíjiān nǐ zài lái
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wánr!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A:     Míngtiān Jiàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Mm. Well then we have decided.
    </para>
    <para>
      This summer vacation we'll go to Hong Kong. We still have five
      months to prepare.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right, that's what we'll do. This summer we will go to that
      country with a large area, a great population, and a long history.
      Boy, this plan really makes me happy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Good, it's settled. I have to go.
    </para>
    <para>
      What's the hurry? It's still early!
    </para>
    <para>
      No it isn't. I still have to study when I get back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, come again when you have time!
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, see you tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      See you tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother
      and son, who have lived in the United States for five years,
      discuss the possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once, you’ll probably want to rewind
      the tape listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      xīnshì
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǎngdà
    </para>
    <para>
      dàxuéshēng
    </para>
    <para>
      gèguó
    </para>
    <para>
      gāozhōng
    </para>
    <para>
      haohSor
    </para>
    <para>
      Jìzhu
    </para>
    <para>
      After listening to it completely, and answer the questions below
      as you
    </para>
    <para>
      you will need to understand this
    </para>
    <para>
      something weighing on one’s mind, worry
    </para>
    <para>
      to grow up
    </para>
    <para>
      college student
    </para>
    <para>
      various countries
    </para>
    <para>
      senior high school
    </para>
    <para>
      properly, carefully, thoroughly
    </para>
    <para>
      to remember
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. How does Xiao Ming’s mother know that something is on his
          mind? How does she bring up the subject?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What are his classmates doing over the summer?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Why does he think Asian culture is interesting?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      í+. How does Xiǎo Ming’s mother react to his idea?
    </para>
    <para>
      5. What advice does she give?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in
      the U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American
      roommate engrossed in his studies.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second time through, look below and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wode tiān na!
    </para>
    <para>
      My God!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xuéshēnghuì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      guānxīn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      student association to be concerned about
    </para>
    <para>
      jìndàishī                         modern history
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàndài                             modern
    </para>
    <para>
      pǐchá bíng                        pizza
    </para>
    <para>
      gushū                               ancient books
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate
          studying the classics?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Why doesn’t the American student like to talk about
          politics?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his
          roommate should become familiar with for a well-rounded
          education?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Does the American student agree? Why or why not?
    </para>
    <para>
      5. What will the roommates do after the American student finishes
      his homework?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 4
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise, an American university student visits her
      Chinese literature professor after class in his office.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following new words and phrases:
    </para>
    <para>
      Jidòng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to get worked up, to be agitated
    </para>
    <para>
      liùshi niándài
    </para>
    <para>
      the decade of the sixties
    </para>
    <para>
      yí                                   as soon as
    </para>
    <para>
      gaibi an                               change(s)
    </para>
    <para>
      liúxia                             to leave
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise h
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why was Professor Tang so upset in class?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Why did the student visit her professor?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What things does she bring him? Why?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese
      literature?
    </para>
    <para>
      5. What is Professor Tang’s attitude about the future?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce
      your answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      A mother and. her son who immigrated, to America from China five
      years ago
    </para>
    <para>
      are talking after dinner:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎo Ming, nǐ zài chǐ yidiǎnr
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      a.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mā, wǒ chibǎo le, bù xiǎng chǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Měitiān niàn shū niànde zhème
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wan, zài bu duō chi yidiǎnr, zěnme xíng na?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ zhēnde chibǎo le, yidiǎnr
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dōu bù xiǎng chi le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎizi, nǐ you shénme xǐnshì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Kě bu kéyi hé wo tántan?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mā, ni zuòxia. Zanmen lai
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Měiguo sìwǔnián le, lāide shihou wǒ hai shi ge haizi, xiànzài
      yǐjīng shi dàren le. Wǒ suīran zhǎngdà le, kěshi zuò shénme shir,
      haishi xiǎng xiān he nín tántan.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎode, you shénme shir, nǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiù shuō ba!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mā, wǒ you Jǐge Měiguo tōng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xué, dōu shi xué Zhōngwénde, jīnnián shujià, tāmen xiǎng dào
      Yàzhōu qù kànkan, wǒ yě xiǎng hé tǎmen yìqǐ qù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dōu shi nianqīng rén ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a, dōu shi dàxuéshěng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen qù Yǎzhōu, shi qù wánr
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      háishi qù yánjiū Yǎzhōude zhèngzhi, wénhuà qíngxing?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ xiǎng, tāmen juéde Yàzhōu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wénhuà hěn you yìsi, Yàzhōu gèguō shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě hěn you
      yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo MÍng, have some more to eat.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m full, Mom. I don’t want any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      You study so late every day, if you keep eating so little, how
      will that do?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve really had enough. I Just don’t want any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Son, what do you have on your mind? Can you talk about it with me?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mom, sit down. We’ve been in America for four or five years now.
      When we came I was still a child, but now I’m an adult. But even
      though I’ve grown up, whenever I do something I still like to
      discuss it with you first.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, if you have something you’d like to talk about, go ahead.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mom, I have a few American classmates who study Chinese. This
      summer vacation, they want to go to Asia, and I’d like to go with
      them.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are they all young people?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, they’re all college students.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are they going to Asia for fun or to study the political and
      cultural situation in Asia?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think they find Asian culture and the social situation in the
      Asian countries very interesting.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen Juéde zuì you yìside
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dìfang shi nǎr a?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dāngrán shi Zhōngguo!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ líkāi Zhōngguo zhǐ you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      sìwǔniān, Jiù xiǎng huíqu le?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ laide shihou cái shàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gāozhōng, duì Zhōngguo wénhuà dǒngdede tài shǎo. Wǒ xiǎng wǒ
      yǐnggāi huíqu kànkan.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōngguode wénhuà yǐjīng you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      sìqiānniānde lìshǐ, yōu yìside dōngxi hěn duo. Nǐ yào yánjiù
      Zhōngguo wénhuà, wǒ bù fǎnduì. Búguò, zǒu yǐqián, nǐ yídìng yào hé
      Yéye hǎohāor tan yícì. Tā Jǐshíniān méiyou huíqu le, yídìng you
      hěn duō huà yào hé ni shuō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ Jìzhu le, yídìng hé Yéye
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      haohāor tányitán.
    </para>
    <para>
      Which place do they think is the most interesting?
    </para>
    <para>
      China, of course!
    </para>
    <para>
      You left China only four or five years ago, and already you want
      to go back again?
    </para>
    <para>
      When I came I was only in senior high, and I understood too little
      about Chinese culture. I think I ought to go back to visit.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese culture already has four thousand years of history, and
      there are many interesting things. I’m not against your wanting to
      study Chinese culture. But before you go you have to talk it over
      thoroughly with Grandpa. He hasn’t been back in several decades
      and I’m sure he’ll have a lot to say to you.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll remember. I’ll make sure I talk it over thoroughly with
      Grandpa.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an
      apartment somewhere in America. The American is at home studying
      Shǐ Jì, Records of the Historian, a classical history. His Chinese
      classmate comes in the door.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒde tiān, na! Nǐ hái zài niàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shù? Ai, he bēi píjiǔ xiūxi xiuxi hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, ràng wo bǎ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèiyidiǎnr kànwàn xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      bty God! Are you still studying? Hey, how about taking a break for
      a beer?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, okay, let me finish reading this little bit, okay?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hài, nǐ zǒngshi kàn gǔshù!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xiànzài shèhuìde qíngxing, nǐ Jiu yìdiǎnr dōu bu kǎolù ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shéi shuō wǒ bù kǎolù, xué-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shēnghuìde shi wǒ yě zuòle bù shǎo ma!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zhén you yìsi! Zuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yidiǎnr xuéshěnghuìde shi Jiu shi guānxǐn shèhuì le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Come on, you’re always reading classics! Don’t you ever think
      about the condition of today’s society?
    </para>
    <para>
      Who says I don’t think about it. I’ve done a lot with the Student
      Association, you know!
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re something else! Just doing a little work with the Student
      Association means you’re concerned about society*
    </para>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Na nǐ shuō, wo yǐnggāi zuò diǎn shénme ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàlùshang you name duō rén, nǐ zenme bu wènwen tamende qíngxing
      zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ Juéde zhèngzhi wèntí tài máfan, wǒ bù xiǎng tan zhèngzhi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo yě méiyou yào gēn nǐ tan zhèngzhide yìsi. Wǒde yìsi shi, nǐ
      yanjiū Zhōngguode shihou, yìfāngmiàn yào kànkan gǔshǔ,
      yánjiuyanjiu Zhōngguo chuántōng wénhuà, yifāngmiàn yě kéyi kànkan
      zhèi yìbǎiniānde Zhōngguo lìshǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèiyidiǎn shi duìde. Zhèi yìxuéqǐ wǒ bú shi you Zhōngguo
      jìndàishǐ kè ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng chúle shàng xué yīwài, nǐ hai kéyi kàn yidiǎnr
      xiǎo-shuōr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kàn xiǎoshuōr?! Wǒ nǎr you shíjiān kàn shenme xiǎoshuōr?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuìjìn zài kàn Jǐběnr Zhōngguo Jìndài xiǎoshuōr, fēicháng you
      yìsi. Nī rúguǒ xiǎng dǒngde Zhōngguo xiàndài shèhuì, zhēn děi duō
      kàn diǎnrzhèi-zhǒng xiǎoshuōr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zenme kéyi hé nī bī, nī kànde nàme kuài! E, zheiyang hǎo bu
      hǎo, nī kànwán yīhòu gàosu wo něiyiběn hǎo yidiǎnr, wǒ zài kàn,
      xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎo hǎo hǎo, Jiù zhèiyang ba! Xiànzài wǒ bú zài máfan ni le. Ei,
      duì le, Jīntiān wǎnshang zánmen chī shénme? Wǒ lái zuò yidiǎnr,
      hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      BÚ bì zuò le, suíbiàn chǐ diǎnr ba! Wǒ niànwán zhèiyi-diǎnr,
      zánmen chūqu chī pǐchá bǐng, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Well then, what do you think I should do?
    </para>
    <para>
      There are so many people on the mainland, how come you don’t try
      to find out what their situation is like?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that political problems are too much bother (tedious and
      involved). I don’t like to talk about politics.
    </para>
    <para>
      I didn’t mean I wanted to talk politics with you. I mean that as
      you study China, on the one hand you should read the classics and
      study traditional Chinese culture, but on the other hand you can
      also read some Chinese history of the past hundred years.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re right about that. I have modern Chinese history class this
      semester, don’t I?
    </para>
    <para>
      But I think that besides taking classes, you could read some
      fiction, too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Read fiction?! When (lit. &quot;where”) do I have time to read any
      fiction?
    </para>
    <para>
      Lately I’ve been reading a few modern Chinese novels which are
      very interesting. If you want to understand modern Chinese
      society, you really have to read more of this kind of fiction.
    </para>
    <para>
      How can I compare with you; you read so fast! Hey, how about this:
      after you’ve finished reading them, tell me which book is best and
      then I’ll read it, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, that’s what we’ll do. Now I’ll leave you alone. Oh yeah—what
      are we going to eat tonight? I’ll make something, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t have to make anything. Why don’t we Just have something
      easy. After I finish reading this, how about going out and having
      a pizza?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎo! Ní kuài diǎnr niàn,
    </para>
    <para>
      niànwán zǎnmen jiu zǒu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay! Hurry up and read, we’ll leave right after you finish.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in
      Taiwan, comes to see her professor from China, Professor Tang
      (B).*
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Tang Xiǎnsheng, wǒ kéyi            Professor (Teacher)
      Tang, may I come
    </para>
    <para>
      jìnlai ma?                           in?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dǎngrán, qǐng jìnlai ba! You Of course, please come in! Is
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi ma?                            there some matter (you want to
      see
    </para>
    <para>
      me about)?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mm, jǐntiǎn shàng kède shihou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nín dàgài hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lái kànkan nín.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou! Hai dàile huār lai!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xièxie ni.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mei shenme, yǐnggāide. Tang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xiansheng, nín xiànzàide gǎnjué zěnmeyàng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎoduō le, xièxie ni.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: You shénme wǒ kéyi gěi nín
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuòde...nín bié kèqi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ qù dào liǎngbēi kāfěi lai,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiǎng, Jǐntiǎn shàng kède
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shihou nín tài jīdòng, xiànzài zuì hǎo bù he kǎfēi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo ba, nǐ dào liǎngbēi Júzi-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shu? lai. Wǒ bú yào bīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎode, wǒ Jiù lái.
    </para>
    <para>
      (She gets the orange Juice out of the and brings it over to his
      desk.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Um, in class today, you must have felt very bad, so I’ve come to
      see you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! You even brought flowers!
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Not at all, it’s only proper. Dr. Táng, how do you feel now,
      better?
    </para>
    <para>
      Much better, thank you.
    </para>
    <para>
      If there’s anything I can do for you...don’t be polite.
    </para>
    <para>
      How about going and pouring Cusl a couple of cups of coffee?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that during class today you got too worked up. It would be
      best if you didn’t have any coffee now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, then get us two glasses of orange Juice. I don’t want any
      ice.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll be right back.
    </para>
    <para>
      refrigerator in Professor Táng’s office
    </para>
    <para>
      'Professor Táng first studied literature in the early 1930’s in
      Shànghǎi and himself belonged to several literary clubs and
      publications which included some of the authors he now discusses
      with his students.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tang Xiansheng, you yíjù huà
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          •wǒ bù zhīdào kéyi bu kéyi shuō.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You shénme huà, nǐ jiù shuō
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ba!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nín měicì Jiang Zhōngguo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liùshi niándài wénxué dōu fēicháng Jīdòng, zhèiyangr duì nínde
      shēntī bù hǎo!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, kěshi yì tan
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèi fāngmiànde wèntí, zǒngshi rang wo hen Jīdòng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngkuāng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèijīnián youle hěn dàde gǎibiàn. Yǒude shíhou hǎo yidiǎnr, yǒude
      shíhou bù zěnme hǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhōngguode shìqing Jiù shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèiyàng, hé zhèngzhide guānxi tài dà. Wǒ lǎo le, wǒ méi bànfǎ
      dong le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nín shi wǒmende lǎoshī. Ruguǒ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nín bù dong, shéi dong ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Èi, yīhòude yánjiū, Jiù shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐmen niánqīng rénde shi le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tang Xiansheng, nín bu yào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèiyangr xiǎng, women dōu xīwàng yīhòu Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngxing
      huì hǎo yidiǎnr. Jīntiān wǒ zài tùshūguǎn Jièle Jīběnr xīn shu,
      dōu shi bu cuòde. Gěi nín liúxia ba!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, you shiJian wo kànyikan.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ zǒu le, nín duō xiūxi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yihuīr. Zàijiàn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, zài Jiàn. Xièxie nī
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lai kàn wo.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Bu kèqi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dr. Tang, there’s something I want to say but I don’t know if I
      can.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whatever you have to say, Just say it!
    </para>
    <para>
      Every time you talk about Chinese literature of the sixties you
      get very agitated.&quot; That’s bad for your health!
    </para>
    <para>
      I know, but as soon as I talk about the topic it always makes me
      very agitated.
    </para>
    <para>
      There have been big changes in the state of Chinese literature in
      the past few years. Sometimes it’s been a little better and
      sometimes it hasn’t been too good.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s exactly the way things are in China; their relationship
      with politics is too great. I’m too old, I can’t understand it any
      more.
    </para>
    <para>
      But you’re our teacher. If you don’t understand, who does?
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh) In the future, research will be the Job of you young
      people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dr. Tang, don’t think that way. All of us hope that the state of
      Chinese literature will get better in the future. I got a few new
      books out of the library today which are all pretty good. I’ll
      leave them with you!
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll look through them when I have time.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to leave now. You get some more rest. Good-bye.
    </para>
    <para>
      All right, good-bye. Thanks for coming to see me.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re welcome.
    </para>
    <para>
      Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were
      persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. One unfortunate
      instance of this resulted in Lǎo Shě’s suicide.
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Equality of the Sexes
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. The uses of biěde, &quot;other(s)&quot; and lìngwài,
          &quot;other.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The pattern měi...jiu....
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. The pattern yuè...yuè..., &quot;the more...the
          more....&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. The pattern yuè lai yuè.... &quot;more and more....&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. The verb ending -xiaqu, &quot;to continue,&quot; &quot;to
          go on.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. The prepositional verb xiang, &quot;like.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. The adverb jiù, &quot;as soon/early as that.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Asking a person's views on an issue.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate
          topic.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Correcting a false impression given by something you said.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Dismissing an idea or proposal.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén zhōukān xiāngdāng bú cuò!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: A! Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hen you yánjiū le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì
      le!
    </para>
    <para>
      This French weekly is quite good!
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read French magazines!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Nánnū píngděng shi bu shi Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn guānniàn, bú shi lǎo
      guānniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is equality between men and women a Chinese viewpoint?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, but that's a new concept of the Chinese, not an old one.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. A: Zhèipiān wénzhāng bù hǎo ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Isn’t this article any good?
    </para>
    <para>
      That wasn’t what I meant. The article is pretty good, it’s just
      that it’s a bit long.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you have any other articles?
    </para>
    <para>
      h. A: Nǐ jiēhūn yīqián yìzhí dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bú shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā dúlì shēnghuōle qī-bā nián.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān guānyù tōngjūde xǐnwén.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Suànle ba. Zhèizhǒng xǐnwén you shénme yìsi?
    </para>
    <para>
      Before you got married did you live with your parents all along?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, I left home before I got married and lived independently for
      seven or eight years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Look, here’s a news article about ’’living together.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Forget it. What’s interesting about that kind of news?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Nī jiejie yǐxué fāngmiànde shū yuè lái yuè duō le!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, tā zài pǐnmìng xué
    </para>
    <para>
      yǐ ne.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Your sister is getting more and more medical books!
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, she’s studying medicine with all her energy.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè shízài méi yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ tǐngxiaqu, mànmānr huì you xìngqude.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Xiang Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi-yangde lǎoshǐ zhēnshi bù duo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ shuōduì le. Ruguǒ bú shi tā bāngzhu wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng
          xué le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. A: Sānnián yīqián wǒ jiu bú kào fùmǔ shēnghuo le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nī néng zìjǐ guan zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Mr. Liu’s class is really boring.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you keep attending it, gradually you’ll become interested.
    </para>
    <para>
      There really aren’t many teachers like Professor Wang.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re right. If it weren’t for the help he’s given me, I wouldn’t
      want to study anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      I stopped depending on my parents for a living three years ago.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s really great that you can take care of yourself Cbe your own
      bossí'.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Tā xiěde jǐběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn liúxíng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà dāngrān, xiàng tā nèiyang you dìwei you zhǐshide rén,
          xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng you yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      The novels he wrote are all very popular now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and
      knowledge are sure to be interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. you bāngzhu
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. you dàolī
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. zìyou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      12*. -bèizi
    </para>
    <para>
      15. Xǐnwén Zhōukān
    </para>
    <para>
      16. fùnu
    </para>
    <para>
      to be helpful
    </para>
    <para>
      to make sense
    </para>
    <para>
      to be free; freedom
    </para>
    <para>
      all one’s life, lifetimi
    </para>
    <para>
      Newsweek
    </para>
    <para>
      woman; women, womankind
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VOCABULARY
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bāngzhu
              </para>
              <para>
                -bèizi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                help; to help
              </para>
              <para>
                all one’s life, lifetime
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàolǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                principle, truth, hows and whys; reason, argument, sense
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dìwei dull
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                position, status
              </para>
              <para>
                to be independent; independence
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                woman; women, womankind
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take care of; to mind, to bother about
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                concept, idea, notion
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiéhūn (jiēhūn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get married
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near,
                to be next to
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liúxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                méi yìsi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be uninteresting, to be boring;
              </para>
              <para>
                to be pointless, to be meaningless; to be a drag; to be
                without value, not worthy of respect
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánnū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                men and women, male-female
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -pi an
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (counter for sheets, articles or pieces of writing)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                píngděng pínmìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                equality; to be equal (of people) with all one’s might,
                for all one is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk
                one’s life, to defy death
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnghuó shizài suàn le
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                life; to live; livelihood
              </para>
              <para>
                really; to be real
              </para>
              <para>
                forget it, let’s drop the matter, let it go at that;
                come off it, come on
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tóngjū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cohabit; cohabitation
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wénzhāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                article, essay; prose (writing) style
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be like, to resemble; like; such as
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xi āngdāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quite, pretty, considerably
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -xiaqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending which indicates continuing an
                action)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìngqu
              </para>
              <para>
                xinwén
              </para>
              <para>
                Xinwén Zhōukān
              </para>
              <para>
                xué yī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                interest
              </para>
              <para>
                news
              </para>
              <para>
                Newsweek
              </para>
              <para>
                to study medicine
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                medical science, medicine (used in phrases like xué yī)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yīxué yìzhí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                medical science, medicine
              </para>
              <para>
                all along, continuously, all the time (up until a
                certain point)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you bāngzhu you dàolī you xìngqu you yánjiū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be helpful
              </para>
              <para>
                to make sense
              </para>
              <para>
                to be interested
              </para>
              <para>
                to have done research on; to know a lot about
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuè...yuè...
              </para>
              <para>
                yuè lai yuè...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the more...the more...
              </para>
              <para>
                more and more..., increasingly...
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhīshi zhōukān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                knowledge
              </para>
              <para>
                weekly publication, weekly
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zìyou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                magazine, a &quot;weekly&quot; freedom; to be free
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      1. A: Zhèiběn Fǎwén zhōukān xiāngdāng bú cuò.’
    </para>
    <para>
      B: A.’ Nǐ xiànzài duì Fǎwén hěn you yánjiū le, néng kàn Fǎwén
      zázhì le.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This French weekly is quite good.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh.’ You know a lot about French now you can read French
      magazines!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      zhōukān: ’’weekly publication, weekly magazine’’ One of the
      meanings for zhōu is ’’week.&quot; (Other meanings include
      ’’cycle, circuit.’’) Kān is a word element meaning &quot;to print,
      to publish&quot; or &quot;a periodical, a publication.&quot;
      Notice that this is a different word from the falling-tone kàn
      &quot;to read.&quot; Some other words using these syllables (which
      you will often hear, but need not learn now) are:
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhōumò zhōubào zhōukān yuèkān bàokān qīkān kānwù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                weekend
              </para>
              <para>
                weekly publication, weekly weekly publication
              </para>
              <para>
                monthly publication newspapers and magazines periodicals
              </para>
              <para>
                publications
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      xiāngdāng: &quot;quite, pretty,&quot; as in &quot;quite a
      lot&quot; or &quot;pretty good.&quot; This word is not quite as
      positive as zhēn &quot;really, truly,&quot; but more so than hái,
      &quot;fairly, rather&quot; (which will be presented in Unit U).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā chǎode cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ. He cooks pretty well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng       This exhibition hall is quite
      good,
    </para>
    <para>
      bú cuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      you yánjiū: &quot;to have done research on, to know a lot about,
      to be expert on, to be knowledgeable about.&quot; You have often
      seen you used with a noun, such as ming, &quot;name,&quot; or
      qián, &quot;money,&quot; to form a phrase which acts like an
      adjectival verb. You míng is &quot;to be famous,&quot; you qián is
      &quot;to be rich.&quot; You yánjiū is Just such a phrase.
    </para>
    <para>
      As shown in sentence IB, to say &quot;knowledgeable ABOUT&quot;
      something, use the prepositional verb duì, &quot;towards, with
      regard to,&quot; as in:
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ......
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you yánjiū
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (with regard to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Ca subject of study2
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                have research)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      &quot;to know a lot about (something)&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      le: The marker le is used twice in the sentence above to show a
      new situation. This person’s French seems to have improved because
      NOW he knows a lot about French and can read magazines.
    </para>
    <para>
      2. A: Nánnū píngděng shi bu shi Is equality between men and women
      Zhōngguo rénde kànfǎ?          a Chinese viewpoint?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi, kěshi nèi shi Zhōngguo Yes, but that’s a new concept of
      the rénde xin guānniàn, bú         Chinese, not an old one.
    </para>
    <para>
      shi lǎo guānniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      nánnū: &quot;male and female,&quot; used only for humans.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nánnūde shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters between men and women are
      the hardest to judge.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women xuéxiào nánnū xuéshēng       There are both men and women
      students
    </para>
    <para>
      dōu you.                             at our school.
    </para>
    <para>
      W                                                         X X
    </para>
    <para>
      Nan and nū ma^r modify nouns referring to people, e.g.,
      nuxuésheng, &quot;woman student, ’’ nutōngzhì , &quot;woman
      comrade. &quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Chen Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le?    Where did Chen Yīngmíng go?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā he yíge tóngxué chūqu le.    He went out with a
          classmate.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Shi nántóngxué shi               Was it a male classmate or a
      female
    </para>
    <para>
      nutōngxué?                      classmate?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nánde and nūde are sometimes used for &quot;man&quot; and
      &quot;woman,&quot; but when used to refer to an individual (e.g.,
      nèige nánde) they are rather impolite. When used for
      &quot;men&quot; and &quot;women&quot; in general or to distinguish
      between the sexes, they are, however, acceptable.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ mǎi zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? Should I buy this kind?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù xíng, zhèi shi nánde yòngde. No, this is for men’s use.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Gāngcái you yíge rén dǎ diàn- Just now someone telephoned
          for you. huà lai zhǎo ni.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi nánde shi nude?              Was it a man or a woman?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nánnū píngděng: &quot;equality of the sexes,&quot; literally
      &quot;man-woman equality.&quot; The marriage law of May 1, 1950,
      established a policy in the PRC which has *For animals,
      &quot;male&quot; is gōng(de) and &quot;female&quot; is mǔ(de),
      e.g., gōngniū, &quot;bull,&quot; mǔniū, &quot;cow.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǔde?   Is his dog a male or a female?
    </para>
    <para>
      You rén shuō kāidāo yihòu bù       Some people say that after an
      opera-
    </para>
    <para>
      yīnggāi chi gōngjī, yīnggāi        tion one shouldn’t eat rooster;
    </para>
    <para>
      chi mǔjī.                            one should eat hen.
    </para>
    <para>
      remained basically the same up to the present day. It forbade bi
      gamypolygamy, and the traditional practice of adopting a young
      girl for the purpose of later marrying her to one’s son. It also
      fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged the acceptance of
      remarriage of widows, allowed divorce by mutual consent, and gave
      women the choice not to take their husband’s surname at marriage.
      Today, although traditional attitudes toward women and marriage
      persist especially in rural China, official policy has made some
      tangible inroads toward the goal of equality. Most importantly,
      men and woman are regarded as equal under the law. They receive
      the same schooling. They must receive equal compensation for equal
      work. (it is expected, however, that women doing heavy physical
      work are not as strong or productive as men, and so their pay will
      be correspondingly lower.) In addition, the leadership of
      communes, production teams, and unions must include special women
      personnel who represent the interests of women in matters of
      politics, finance, work, and personal relations.
    </para>
    <para>
      píngděng: This word is both a noun and a verb: &quot;to be equal;
      equality&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Cóngqián zài Zhōngguo nánnū bù Formerly men and women were unequal
      píngděng, xiànzài bù tong le. in China. Now it is different.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguo rén gēn Zhōngguo rén duì Americans and Chinese don't have
      nánnù píngděngde guānniàn bú       all that similar an idea of
    </para>
    <para>
      tài yíyàng.                         equality of the sexes.
    </para>
    <para>
      guānniàn: &quot;way of thought, concept; sense (of), mentality
      (of)&quot; This is a way of thinking about the larger issues of
      life, the way &quot;things&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      (values, responsibilities, and so on) should be. One guānniàn is
      only part
    </para>
    <para>
      of a whole system of attitudes, thoughts and beliefs. In given
      contexts, you can sometimes translate it as an &quot;idea&quot;
      held by a person or group (but it
    </para>
    <para>
      does not mean &quot;idea&quot; as in &quot;I have a good
      idea&quot; Cthis would be zhúyìl). In a
    </para>
    <para>
      society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of
      xīn guānniàn, &quot;new ways of thought, new ideas,&quot; and lao
      guānniàn, &quot;old ways of thought, old ideas.&quot; Ways of
      thinking which are no longer current are called jiù guānniàn,
      &quot;outmoded ways of thinking.&quot; For instance, equality of
      the sexes is a xín guānniàn; the idea that arranged marriages are
      superior to marriages of free choice is a lǎo guānniàn; the idea
      of child brides as acceptable and practical is a jiù guānniàn.
      Some guānniàn are considered &quot;correct&quot; and
      &quot;good&quot; by the majority, and some are considered
      &quot;incorrect&quot; and &quot;bad.&quot; Jiātíng guānniàn,
      &quot;a sense of family,&quot; is usually considered good.’
      &quot;Bad&quot; concepts have names too Efor example, síyǒu
      guānniàn, &quot;sense of personal ownership&quot;!. People are
      sometimes criticized because their such-and-such guānniàn is too
      weak or too strong, and they are told accordingly either to
      strengthen it or get rid of it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng,
      yǒude bù yíyàng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the
      same, sometimes not.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’Other &quot;good&quot; concepts containing words that haven’t
      been presented yet are dàodé guānniàn, &quot;sense of
      morality,&quot; zǔzhí guānniàn, &quot;sense of organization,&quot;
      and zhèngcè guānniàn, &quot;sense of official policy.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐnián nián-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù
      huì biàncheng ° yizhǒng guānniàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You watch, in a few more years, it will have become an accepted
      idea that young people should get involved late and marry late.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      3. A: Zhèipiān wenzhang bù hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ hái you shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Isn’t this article any good?
    </para>
    <para>
      That wasn’t what I meant. The article is pretty good, it’s just
      that it’s a bit long.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you have any other articles?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -piān: This is a counter. First, -piān is the counter for whole
      short pieces of writing, such as articles or essays. Second, -piān
      can count single sheets of paper with writing or printing on them
      (compare yìzhāng zhǐ which is a sheet of paper without regard to
      what is on it). Third, -piān(r) by itself means a leaf of a book;
      that is, yìpiān(r) equals both sides of one page.
    </para>
    <para>
      wénzhāng: (1) ”a writing, literary composition, article,
      essay&quot; (counter: -piān); (2) &quot;prose style,&quot; as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde wénzhāng bú cuò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      His (prose) writing is very good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú shi zhèige yìsi: &quot;That wasn’t what I meant,&quot; or more
      literally, &quot;Not that meaning (the one you just said).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      jiù shi...: Jiù here means &quot;merely, only, just.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      chángle yidiǎnr: &quot;a little bit too long.&quot; The marker le
      following an adjectival verb, such as &quot;to be long&quot; can
      mean either: 1) new situation, the article is now a bit long, or
      2) excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You’ve seen
      the second meaning in sentences such as Tai hǎo le, &quot;That’s
      wonderful.”’ Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the
      article is overly long.
    </para>
    <para>
      biéde: &quot;other, others&quot; Distinguish in Chinese between
      biéde, &quot;others in general,&quot; and lìngwài,
      &quot;another&quot; or &quot;the other.&quot; Use biéde when you
      are not specifying &quot;which others.&quot; Use lìngwài + Number
      + Counter when you refer to a certain &quot;other&quot; or certain
      &quot;others.&quot; Contrast this pair of sentences■ &quot;wǎnliàn
      wǎnhūn: &quot;late involvement and late marriage&quot; This refers
      to waiting until young people are in their late twenties before
      they become romantically involved or think of marriage.
    </para>
    <para>
      *&quot;biàncheng: &quot;to change into&quot; (SOC Unit 3)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ hái yào kàn biéde ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ hái yào kàn lìngwài yíge ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Contrast also:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài yìběnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběnr zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Would you like to look at some other ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)
    </para>
    <para>
      Would you like to see the other one, too? (A CERTAIN
      ONE—&quot;THE&quot; OTHER)
    </para>
    <para>
      This dictionary is no good. I want the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER
      ONE—e.g., the other one which the sales clerk showed you)
    </para>
    <para>
      This dictionary is no good. I want another. (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you
      don’t know whether the store has any others, but you would like to
      see some)
    </para>
    <para>
      Other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ péngyou.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xianggang qù yīwài, biéde
      rén dōu dào Taiwan qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuótiān láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Tang Huìyíng, lìngwài sānge rén
      wǒ dōu bù rènshi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Of those two, one is my older brother, and the other is my friend.
      (A CERTAIN OTHER—&quot;THE&quot; OTHER)
    </para>
    <para>
      Of those of us here, only I am going to Hong Kong; all the others
      are going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED— ANY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE
      GROUP)
    </para>
    <para>
      Of the people who came yesterday, I only know Tang Huìyíng. I
      don't know any of the other three.
    </para>
    <para>
      (CERTAIN OTHERS—&quot;THE&quot; OTHER ONES)
    </para>
    <para>
      If you do not specify the set of things mean any others in the
      whole world:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      you are
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      talking about, biéde tends to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women zhǐ you zhèiyiběn, méiyou biéde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We only don't
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      have this one volume. We have any others.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women xūyào biéde shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We need (an)other book(s).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This last sentence you want to change supplement the one
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      can mean either 1) the content of the book(s) is bad and to
      another book entirely, or 2) you need other books to you are
      using.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hái...biéde: Now that you have seen how to say &quot;other&quot;
      in Chinese, you should note that the words lìngwài and biéde are
      often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning
      &quot;additionally&quot; or &quot;again&quot;: hái, zài, and you.
      For now, concentrate on hái. As used in sentence 3B, it means
      literally &quot;in addition to what has come before.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā hai yào biéde.                   He wants more of them.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā hai zuōle hiéde cài.             He made other dishes as well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní hai zhīdao hiéde hao fànguānr Do you know any other good
      restaurants? ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      shénme: &quot;any&quot; The meaning of shénme is changed from
      &quot;what&quot; to &quot;any&quot; hy the question word ma at the
      end of the sentence. (Without ma, the sentence would mean,
      &quot;What other articles do you have?&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní yào shénme?                     What do you want?
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní yào shénme ma?                  Do you want anything?
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní dōu zhīdao shénme hao fàn- What good restaurants do you know?
      guǎnr?
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní zhīdao shénme hǎo fàn-          Do you know of any good
      restaurants?
    </para>
    <para>
      guǎnr ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Nī jiēhūn yíqián yìzhí dōu Before you got married did you
      gēn fùmǔ yìqī zhù ma?          live with your parents all along?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bu shi, wǒ méi jiēhūn jiu No, I left home Before I got married
      líkāi jiā dull shēnghuōle and lived independently for seven qī-bā
      nián.                     or eight years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      jiéhūn: &quot;to get married&quot; Also pronounced jiēhūn. Jiéhūn
      is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often seen with an
      aspect marker such as le, or negated with méi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?             Have they gotten married yet?
      (This
    </para>
    <para>
      is the equivalent of &quot;Are they married?&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen méi jiéhūn.                  They have not gotten married.
      (Equi
    </para>
    <para>
      valent to &quot;They are not married.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen bù jiéhūn.                   They are not going to get
      married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī jiéhūn duo jiǔ le?              Have long have you been
      married?
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning &quot;to knot
      marriage.&quot; Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers,
      such as -de. or -guo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī shi shénme shihou jiéde hūn? When did you get married? or Nī
      shi shénme shihou jiéhūnde?
    </para>
    <para>
      Liu Xiānsheng Jiéguo sāncì hūn. Mr. Liu has been married three
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      To say &quot;get married TO SOMEONE&quot; use the pattern
      gēn...jiéhūn or he...Jiéhūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?             To whom did he get married?
    </para>
    <para>
      yìzhí: &quot;all along, continuously, always” You have seen yìzhí,
      &quot;straight,&quot; used to refer to direction, as in yìzhí zōu.
      Here yìzhí is used to refer to time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yìzhí zài zhèli gōngzuò. We’ve always worked here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìzhí zài Taidà niàn shū.       He studied all along at Taiwan
    </para>
    <para>
      University.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yìzhí can &quot;be used with reference to a phrase telling of a
      period of time (sānnian, &quot;three years,&quot; or jiéhūn
      yǐqiān, &quot;before getting married&quot;) to say &quot;all
      during (that time).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Yù yìzhí xiàle sāntiān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It rained for three days straight.
    </para>
    <para>
      Often the time phrase and yìzhí are followed by dōu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā wūtiān yìzhí dōu méi xiūxi. He didn’t rest for
    </para>
    <para>
      wō méi jiehūn jiu líkāi jiā...: This might look like married and
      left home,’’ but is actually &quot;when I wasn’t yet left
      home.&quot; The order of events is made explicit and jiù...
      (already.••)•
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      five days on end.
    </para>
    <para>
      ”l didn’t get married, I already
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā méi xué sìwǔge yuè Yīngwén Jiù shuōde bú cuò le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bìng méi hǎo Jiù lai shàng ban le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wō gàosu nǐ méi Jītiǎn, nī you wàng le.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Méi duō jiǔ, tā jiù shuìzháo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yù xiàle méi duō jiù jiù ting le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      by méi... (hadn’t yet.•.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Before he had studied even three or four months of English, he
      could speak it pretty well.
    </para>
    <para>
      She came back to work before she had recovered from her illness.
    </para>
    <para>
      I told you Just a few days ago and you’ve forgotten again.
    </para>
    <para>
      He fell asleep before long.
    </para>
    <para>
      It hadn’t rained long when it stopped.
    </para>
    <para>
      literally
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dúlì: &quot;to be independent, to be on one’s own; independence,
      singly stand.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Měiguo shi yīqīqīliùnián dúlìde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuìjìn jǐniàn you Jǐge xīn dúlìde guōjiā.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      America became independent in 1776.
    </para>
    <para>
      There have been several newly independent countries in the last
      few years.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Neige háizi hěn xǐhuan dull        That child really likes to he
      inde-
    </para>
    <para>
      shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde        pendent. He started to work
      when
    </para>
    <para>
      shíhou yǐjíng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. he was in high school.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhème dà, JīngJi hái méiyou He's so old and still not
      econom-dúlì.                               ically independent.
    </para>
    <para>
      shēnghuo: &quot;to live; life; livelihood&quot; Sheng- is stressed
      and -huo is unstressed or neutral tone. A zài phrase may come
      either before or after the verb shēnghuo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiongmāo chàbuduō dōu shēnghuo zài gāoshānshang.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Almost all panda bears live in
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the high mountains.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā zài shēnghuoshang duì wo hěn zhàogu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiǎo shíhou shēnghuo qíngxing hěn bù hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She takes good care of me in my daily life.
    </para>
    <para>
      When he was a child, he lived in very bad circumstances.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      5. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèr you yìpiān        Look, here's a news article
      on
    </para>
    <para>
      guānyú tongJude xǐnwén.         &quot;living together.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Suànle ba. Zhèizhǒng          Forget it. What's interesting
      about
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐnwén you shénme yìsi?        that kind of news?
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      tongjū: &quot;to live together, to cohabit&quot; Jū is a literary
      word for &quot;to
      live.<anchor id="footnote2" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark71">2</link></superscript>’
      Although some dictionaries define tongjū simply as &quot;to live
      together,&quot; giving examples such as an uncle and nephew living
      together, tongjū almost always implies sexual relations. It may
      even be used to describe romances of shorter durations, whether or
      not a household was set up. You'll notice that in some dialogues
      in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase nannū tongju in order
      to be explicit.
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐnwén: &quot;news&quot; This is the word for &quot;news&quot; as
      in &quot;the evening news,&quot; &quot;the news in the paper
      today,&quot; &quot;official news.&quot; It is not the word for
      news between friends, unless one is Joking about the importance of
      what is about to be said. EThe word for news between people is
      xiāoxi, &quot;tidings,&quot; (MBD, Unit 5) which has a second
      meaning of &quot;official news.&quot;3
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn diànshi xǐnwén le ma?       Did you see the television
      news?
    </para>
    <para>
      Jintiān bàoshangde xǐnwén hěn      The news in the paper today is
      very
    </para>
    <para>
      you yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor          interesting; you should read it
    </para>
    <para>
      kànkan.                              carefully.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jintiān tā gàosu wǒ yíge xinwén, shuō Xiǎo Wáng he Xiǎo Lǐ
          &quot;Shíyī&quot; jiēhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhēnde? Zhèi zhēn shi ge dà xǐnwén.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today she told me some real news. She said that Xiǎo Wang and Xiǎo
      Lǐ are getting married on October 1 (National Day).
    </para>
    <para>
      Really? Boy, that really is big news
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      suàn le: &quot;Forget it.&quot; Suàn is the verb &quot;to
      calculate, to figure, to compute.&quot; The idiom suàn le is
      translated as &quot;let it be,&quot; &quot;let it pass,&quot;
      &quot;drop the matter,&quot; &quot;let it go at that. ’’
    </para>
    <para>
      Suàn le, bu yào zài wèn tā le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ràng tā zìjǐ bàn, jiù suàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Forget it, don’t ask him about it any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let him do it himself, and the heck with it.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zánmen chūqu chi fàn ba?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ jiù xiǎng zài jiāli suíbiàn chī yidiǎnr suàn le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Dōu gěi ni, suàn le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ yào qù jiù qù, bú qù jiù suàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How about going out to eat?
    </para>
    <para>
      I just want to eat a little bit at home and leave it at that.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Go ahead and take them all.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you want to go, then go. If you don’t want to go, then forget
      it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde shū yuè lái yuè duō le.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Shǐ a, tā zài pīnmìng xué yī ne.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Your sister is getting more and more medical books!
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, she’s studying medicine with all her energy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde shū: &quot;your sister’s medical
      books&quot; To say just &quot;your sister’s books&quot; you put a
      -de on jiějie: Nǐ Jiějiede shū. But -de is not used after jiějie
      in 6A. This is because of the modifying phrase yīxué fāngmiànde,
      which ends in -de. To have two -de phrases in a row before a noun
      is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get around it is
      to keep only the last -de. Other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Běijīng C-dei
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zuì hǎo -de fànguǎnr
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhōu Xiānsheng E-del tàitai -de péngyou
    </para>
    <para>
      yuè lái yuè duō le: &quot;more and more...&quot; The pattern
      yuè...yuè... is used to express the idea &quot;the more...the
      more...&quot; Fill in the blanks with verbs (state or action).
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuè duō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuè hao
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      &quot;the more the better&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      yue kan | yue bu dong
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;the more one reads, the
    </para>
    <para>
      more confused one gets&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Péngyou yuè duō yuè hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dìtú yuè dà yuè qīngchu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù xǐhuan qǐng kè, juéde kèren yuè duō yuè máfan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yuè xiǎng yuè pà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yuè shuō yuè shēngqì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèipiān wénzhāng xiěde hěn bu qīngchu, nǐ yuè kàn yuè bù dong.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The more friends you have, the better.
    </para>
    <para>
      The larger a map is, the clearer it is.
    </para>
    <para>
      She doesn't like to invite guests; she feels that the more guests
      there are, the more trouble it is.
    </para>
    <para>
      The more I thought about it, the more frightened I got.
    </para>
    <para>
      The more he talked, the madder he got.
    </para>
    <para>
      The article is very unclear. The more you read it, the less you
      understand.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When the verb lai is used in the first blank of this pattern, the
      whole phrase expresses the idea of &quot;increasingly...&quot; or
      &quot;...-er and ...-er&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      I yuè lai | yuè gāo |
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;to become taller and taller&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Huang Taitaide nuer yue lai yue Mrs. Huang's daughter is getting
      piàoliang le.                      prettier all the time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dōngxi yuè lai yuè guì le.         Things are getting more and
      more
    </para>
    <para>
      expensive.
    </para>
    <para>
      zài: Zài is the marker of ongoing action which you learned in the
      Meeting module, Unit 2: Tā xiànzài zài kāi huì, &quot;She is
      attending a meeting now.&quot; Note that zài is used in sentence
      6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on
      at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be
      studying right when this sentence is said, but she still is going
      to medical school. Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel,
      you can say Wǒ zài kàn yiběn xiǎoshuō even if you have put it
      aside for a day or two.
    </para>
    <para>
      zài...ne: Sentences with zài, the marker of ongoing action, often
      end in ne, the marker of absence of change or lack of completion.
      (See Unit 2 of the Transportation module and Unit h of this
      module.)
    </para>
    <para>
      pǐnmìng: &quot;exerting the utmost strength, with all one’s might,
      for all one is worth, desperately, like mad&quot; Pǐnmìng means
      literally &quot;to risk one’s life&quot; or &quot;to defy
      death.&quot; One translation which captures the spirit of pǐnmìng
      is &quot;knocking oneself out.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Shìqing tài duo, tā pīnmìngde zuǒ yě zuòbuwān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There’s too much to do. She’s working like mad and still won’t be
      able to finish.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎoháir yí kànjian
      lǎoshǔ<anchor id="footnote3" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark72">3</link></superscript>
      jiù pīnmìng pǎo hui Jiā qu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As soon as the child saw the rat, he ran like mad for home.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      7. A: Liu Xiānshengde kè shízài méi yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ tǐngxiaqu, mànmānr huì you xìngqude.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes On No. 7
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Mr. Liu’s class is really boring.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you keep attending it, gradually you’ll become interested.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shízài:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’’really, indeed, honestly; to be true
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      an adjectival verb which is most often actually.”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā shízài yonggong”, měitiān wǎnshang niàn hǎo jǐge zhōngtéu
      Yīngwén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shízài bù zhīdào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shízài gàosu nǐ ba, wǒ bù xiǎng qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi nǐ shízài méi bànfa, nà Jiù suàn le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shízài can also be used in speaking connotation of dependability.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhèige rén hěn shízài.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be real” This is used as an adverb meaning ’’really,
    </para>
    <para>
      He is really industrious; every night he studies several hours of
      English.
    </para>
    <para>
      I really (OR honestly) don’t know.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll tell you the truth: I don’t want to go.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you really can’t do it, then Just forget it.
    </para>
    <para>
      of people; when so used it carries the
    </para>
    <para>
      He is very sincere and dependable.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      méi yìsi: This phrase, meaning literally ’’has no meaning,” has an
      abundance of uses: (1) uninteresting, boring; (2) pointless,
      meaningless; (3) to be a drag; (U) without value, not worthy of
      respect, cheap.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wǒ kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme yìsi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā bù dong, zài Jiang ye méi yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      This book is really boring.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t think you need to go there.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s not particularly fun (interesting)
    </para>
    <para>
      We didn’t get anything done at today’s meeting. How pointless.
    </para>
    <para>
      He doesn’t understand. It’s pointless to try to explain it any
      more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng zuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) Tā zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      (U) Zài tā bèihōu° shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi yìsi!
    </para>
    <para>
      Since he’s not there, it would be pointless for us to go. We
      wouldn’t be able to do anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s in America and his love is in Germany. What a drag!
    </para>
    <para>
      Talking like that behind her back is really low.
    </para>
    <para>
      tīngxiaqu: &quot;to go on listening&quot; You’ve seen the action
      verb ting, &quot;to listen&quot; and the directional ending -xiàqu
      &quot;to go down&quot; before. Here xiàqu is not used as a
      directional ending, but rather a resultative ending &quot;to
      continue, to go on.&quot; As a resultative verb, tīngxiaqu may
      take de and bu as middle syllables to make verbs which say
      &quot;can&quot; and &quot;cannot.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn shū tài méi yìsi, wǒ kànbuxiàqù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuōde duì, Jiǎngxiaqu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Gàosu wo, hòulái zěnme le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Gàosu ni méi yìsi. Nǐ kàn-xiaqu Jiù huì zhīdao le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Shuōxiaqu a, women dōu ài tīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      you xìngqu: &quot;to be interested&quot; what you are interested
      in.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ duì nèijiàn shi yidiǎnr xìngqu yě méiyou.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ duì shénmeyàngrde shū zuì you xìngqu?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This book is too boring. I can’t read on.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right. Go on (speaking).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tell me, what happens later?
    </para>
    <para>
      It would be no fun to tell you. Go on reading and you’ll find out.
    </para>
    <para>
      Go on talking. We all love to listen.
    </para>
    <para>
      How can you go on waiting like this?
    </para>
    <para>
      Use the prepositional verb duì to say
    </para>
    <para>
      I have no interest at all in that matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      What kind of books are you most interested in?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      8. A: Xiàng Wang Jiàoshòu zhèi- There really aren’t many teachers
      yangde lǎoshī zhēnshi bù       like Professor Wáng.
    </para>
    <para>
      duō.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: NǏ shuōduì le. Rúguo bú       You’re right. If it weren’t for
    </para>
    <para>
      shi tā bāngzhu wo, wǒ          the help he’s given me, I
    </para>
    <para>
      zhēn bù xiang xué le.          wouldn’t want to study anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàng: &quot;to be similar to, to resemble&quot; Xiàng may be used
      as a full verb or as a prepositional verb. Here it is a full verb:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiang fùqin, bú xiang mǔqin. He resembles his father, not his
      mother.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a prepositional verb, xiang is used in making comparisons.
      Notice the similarity of the word order between comparison
      sentences with xiang and those with you and gēn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiang tā gēge name cōngming. She's as intelligent as her
      brother.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ you tā name gāo.                 You're as tall as he is.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gēn tā yíyāng gāo.              You're the same height as he.
    </para>
    <para>
      Comparison sentences with xiang must have either yíyàng, zhème
      (zènme), or name before the main verb. Xiang makes rather
      imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is, after all,
      &quot;resemble” or &quot;like,” not exact equality.*
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ xiang wǒ zhème ná kuàizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiang huàr name hǎokàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiang chūntian name shūfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde yǎnjing xiang hǎishuǐ yíyàng lán.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You hold chopsticks like I do. (It’s) as beautiful as a painting.
    </para>
    <para>
      The weather the past couple of days has been as nice as spring.
    </para>
    <para>
      Her eyes are as blue as sea water.
    </para>
    <para>
      The negative bù comes before the prepositional verb xiang.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bú xiang tā mèimei name         He's not as intelligent as his
    </para>
    <para>
      cōngming.                           little sister.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèi shihou shēnghuo bú xiang Life was not as good then as it
      xiànzài zhème hǎo.                  is now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàng...zhèiyang: Zhèiyang(r) or nèiyang(r) are sometimes used
      after a noun or pronoun in phrases with xiàng, for example:
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén            people like him (lit.,
      &quot;like him this
    </para>
    <para>
      kind of people&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàng Wang Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde teachers like Professor Wang (lit.,
      lǎoshī                              &quot;like Professor Wang this
      kind of
    </para>
    <para>
      teachers&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      In such sentences, the zhèiyang(r) or nèiyang(r) are hard to
      translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those
      words out of the translation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měitiān dōu xiàng jīntiān zhèi- If every day were like today, we
      yang jiù shūfu le.                 would have it easy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Beijing kao yā zhèiyangde cài, It would be too expensive to eat
      tiāntiān chī tài guì le.           dishes like Běijīng roast duck
    </para>
    <para>
      every day.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                9.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Sānnián yīqián wo Jiu bú kào fùmǔ shēnghuó le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I stopped depending on my parents for a living three
                years ago.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nī néng zìjī guān zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                It's really great that you can take care of yourself (be
                your own boss)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiù: The adverb jiù is often used after expressions of time, and
      stresses that the time when the event happens is comparatively
      prompt, soon, or early. The English translations may vary; this
      use of jiù has the flavor of ’’as soon as that&quot; or &quot;as
      early as that,&quot; but it can also be conveyed in English simply
      by putting extra stress on the time expression. For example,
      &quot;He's coming TODAY.'&quot; (Tā jīntiān jiu lái le.*). When
      used this way, jiù is always unstressed or neutral tone.
    </para>
    <para>
      As in sentence 9A, new-situation le is often (but not always) used
      at the end of a sentence in connection with the adverb jiù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐde yīfu yìhuīr Jiù xīhāo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān wǒ Jiù you gōngfu, kéyi qù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī zài děng yìhuīr, yìdiān-zhōng Jiù you dìxià huǒchē le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Your clothes will be all washed in Just a while (that soon).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I'll have time to go tomorrow (that soon).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wait a while longer, there will be a subway train at one o'clock
      (that soon).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ wùdian zhōng jiù qīlai le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I got up at five this morning (that early).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      kào: This verb has several commonly used meanings: (1) to lean
      against, to lay back on, (2) to depend/rely on, and (3) to be
      near/next to.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié kào chēmén.                    Don't lean against the door of
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      car.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒde Yīngwén bù hāo, xie           My English isn't good. When I
      write
    </para>
    <para>
      wénzhāng wánquán kào zìdiān.       essays, I depend completely on
      a
    </para>
    <para>
      dictionary.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zǒngshi kào zài chuāngshang* kàn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mài’āmì shi yíge kào hǎide chéngshì.
    </para>
    <para>
      guǎn: ”to tend/take care of/look
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐmen liǎngge chūqu wānr, shéi guǎn hāizi?
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Xuěméi guǎn jiā guǎnde hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Liu Xiansheng shi guǎn kǎo-shìde.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Another meaning is ”to care, to &quot;bother
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù xǐhuan guǎn biérénde shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào zuò shénme, wǒ zìjǐ zhīdao, nǐ shǎo guǎn wǒde shi, hǎo bu
      hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù guǎn, suíbiàn nǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He’s always laying back in bed reading.
    </para>
    <para>
      Miami is a city on the sea.
    </para>
    <para>
      after/manage/run/be in charge of”
    </para>
    <para>
      If you two go out (for fun), who’ll look after the kids?
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Xuěméi runs the house very well
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Liu is in charge of testing.
    </para>
    <para>
      about, to concern oneself with.”
    </para>
    <para>
      He doesn’t like to mind others’ business.
    </para>
    <para>
      I know what I want to do, would you please not interfere with my
      affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t care. Whatever you like.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The ending -zhāo, ’’succeed (in connecting with or touching),” can
      also be used with guǎn. Guǎnbuzhāo means ’’can be no concern
      of..., to be none of one’s business.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi women zìjǐde shi, nǐmen guǎnbuzhāo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This is our own affair; it’s none of your business.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The colloquial Guǎn ta (ne)! expresses brusque dismissal: ’’Who
      cares about
    </para>
    <para>
      him!” or ’’Who cares about that!”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ Jīntiān wǎnshang ruguǒ bu qù, tā huì hěn bu gāoxìng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Guǎn ta ne! Wo yào niàn shū, méi shíjiān qù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you don’t go tonight he’ll be very unhappy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Who gives a damn about him! I’ve got to study; I don’t have time
      to go.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ: ’’oneself” Use the pronoun wǒ for ”l, me, my, mine,”
      but use zìjǐ or wǒ zìjǐ for ’’myself.” Depending on the context,
      zìjǐ can mean ’’myself, yourself, him/herself, ourselves,
      themselves.” Sometimes zìjǐ is used twice in the same clause, as
      in sentence 9B.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù xǐhuan wǒ zìjǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      chuáng: ’’bed
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎoshì: ’’test, exam; testing”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I don’t like myself, (as said by a confused teenager)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ bù xiǎo le, yinggāi zìjī zhàogu zìjī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhīdao
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nī bú yào zìjī gěi zìjī zhǎo máf an.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā zhèiyangr zuò, zìjī pian”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zìjī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You’re not a child anymore; you should know how to take care of
      yourself.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t go asking for trouble for yourself.
    </para>
    <para>
      By doing this, he’s only fooling himself.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Tā xiěde jīběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn liúxíng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà dāngrán, xiàng tā nèiyang you dìwei yōu zhīshide rén,
          xiěde xiǎoshuō yídìng yōu yìsi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. yōu bāngzhu
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. yōu dàolī
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on Nos. 10 through 12
    </para>
    <para>
      liúxíng: ’’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The novels he wrote are all very popular now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course. Novels written by someone with his position and
      knowledge are sure to be interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      to be helpful
    </para>
    <para>
      to make sense
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      common. ’’ negative with bù.
    </para>
    <para>
      This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don’t think
      it’s very true.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s not popular to wear long skirts anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      following it to mean &quot;to be popular to
    </para>
    <para>
      It is popular to wear long skirts now.
    </para>
    <para>
      In a lot of places, it is getting more and more common for men and
      women to live together.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be popular, prevalent, current, widespread
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This is an adjectival verb. Make it
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wō xiǎng zhè huà bú tài
      duì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài chuān duǎn qúnzi bù liúxíng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      You can also use liúxíng with a phrase (do something).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài liúxíng chuān cháng qúnzi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài hěn duō dìfang, yuè lái yuè liúxíng nánnu tóngjū le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Liúxíng is also used in compound nouns, such as liúxíngbìng,
      &quot;epidemic.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè yíge xlngqī yōu liúxíng-       This past week there has been
      an
    </para>
    <para>
      bìng, nīmen Jiāde háizi            epidemic; it would be best if
    </para>
    <para>
      zuì hǎo bié chū men.               your children didn’t go out.
    </para>
    <para>
      *zhàogu: &quot;to take care of, to care for&quot; (Society, Unit
      5) piàn: &quot;to fool, to deceive&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      dìwei: &quot;position, place or status
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde dìwei hen gāo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ cái gōngzuòle shíjinián jiù yǒule Jīntiānde dìwei hen bù
      rōngyi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji he shèhuì dìwei.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (in an organization or society)’’
    </para>
    <para>
      He has a very high position.
    </para>
    <para>
      Having worked only ten or so years, it wasn’t easy to get the
      position you have today.
    </para>
    <para>
      They want independent economic and social status.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      you zhǐshi: &quot;to be knowledgeable,&quot; literally &quot;to
      have knowledge&quot; you dàolǐ: &quot;to make sense,&quot;
      literally &quot;to have reason&quot; you bāngzhu: &quot;to be
      helpful,&quot; literally &quot;to have help&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Here you see three more examples of how you, &quot;to exist, to
      have,&quot; and a noun can be used to make an adjectival verb.
      Sometimes the meaning of the resulting phrase is more than Just
      the sum of its parts. You xìngqu is &quot;to be interested (in
      something),&quot; while you yìsi is &quot;to be interesting.&quot;
      Here are some of the others you have already learned.
    </para>
    <para>
      you guānxi you yánjiū
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be related to yòu míng to be expert        you yòng
    </para>
    <para>
      to be famous to be useful
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      13• zìyóu
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          14. -bèizi
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Xǐnwén Zhōukān
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. fùnū
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on Nos. 13 through 16
    </para>
    <para>
      -bèizi: This word is usually used
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo gōngzuòle yíbèizi, xiànzài liùshisuì le, kéyi xiūxixiuxi le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be free; freedom
    </para>
    <para>
      all one’s life, lifetime
    </para>
    <para>
      Newsweek
    </para>
    <para>
      woman; women, womankind
    </para>
    <para>
      with yī-, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve worked all my life and am now sixty years old. I can take a
      little rest now.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jiéhūn shi yíbèizide shi, děi Marriage is a lifetime thing; you
      hǎohāor xiǎngxiang.                 should think it over
      carefully.
    </para>
    <para>
      fùnū: In Taiwan, a funū is generally a married woman, but in PRC
      usage the word has no connotations about marital status. Fùnū is
      also used in a collective sense, &quot;women&quot; or
      &quot;womankind.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue
    </para>
    <para>
      At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, Lǐ
      Ping (B) encounters Tom (A).
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Èi! Tāngmǔ, nǐ hǎo a!              Hey! Hi, Tom!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ Ping! Lai kàn          Hi, Lǐ Ping. Did you come
          here to
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shū ma?                              do some reading?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Chile wǎnfàn, chūlai zǒuzou,
    </para>
    <para>
      dào túshūguǎn kànkan xīn dàode zázhì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zuì xǐhuande Yǐngwén zázhì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi shénme?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ng, Xǐnwén Zhōukān.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wèishenme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xǐnwén Zhōukān hěn hǎo, duì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xué Yǐngwén hěn you bāngzhu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì, kàn zhèige zázhì, yìfāng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      miàn kéyi xué Yǐngwén, yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao Měiguo shèhuìde
      qíngkuāng, shi bu cud. Zhèige xīngqī you shénme yěu yìside
      wénzhāng ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You, yěu yìpiān guānyú nánnū
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      píngděngde wénzhāng hěn you yìsi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ou, &quot;nánnū píngděng&quot;...wěde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nupéngyou duì zhèige tímu’ hěn yěu yánjiū. Zěnme? Nǐ yě duì zhèige
      wèntí you xìngqu ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You, wǒ you xìngqu, érqiě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎng zhīdao nǐmende kànfǎ. Wo kéyi wèn jǐge wèntí ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dāngrán, qǐng wèn ba!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō, zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn duō dìfāng yuè lái yuè liú-xíng nánnū tongjū le. E, duì-
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      After dinner I went out for a walk and came to the library to read
      through some of the new magazines.
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s your favorite English magazine?
    </para>
    <para>
      Um, Newsweek.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why?
    </para>
    <para>
      Newsweek is very good. It’s a big help in learning English.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. When you read it, you can-study English at the same time
      you learn about conditions in American society; it is good. Are
      there any interesting articles in it this week?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, there’s an article about equality of the sexes that’s very
      interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, &quot;equality of the sexes&quot;...My girl friend is an
      expert on the subject. Don’t tell me—are you interested in that
      issue too?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, I am, and I’d also like to know your views on it. Can I ask a
      few questions?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure. What would you like to know?
    </para>
    <para>
      The article says that in a lot of places cohabitation is getting
      more and more common. Uh, excuse
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      *tímu, &quot;subject, topic&quot; (see Unit 5)
    </para>
    <para>
      buqǐ...
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Méi shenme, nǐ shuōxiaqu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèipiān wénzhāng hái shuō
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèizhōng shi hé fùnude dìwei you guānxi. Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ zhēnshi
      bù dong le. Zhōngguo rénde chuántǒng guānniàn shi, fùnu méiyou
      jiēhūn, bù yīnggāi hé tāde nánpéngyou zhù zai yìqī.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒmende guānniàn bú tài yí
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yàng. Yìxiē fùnu, tèbié shi zhīshi fùnu, tāmen bú yào kào
      xiānsheng shēnghuó, tāmen yào you dúlìde jīngji hé shèhui dìwei.
      Xiàng wǒde nupéngyou, tā jiù you zhèiyangde kànfǎ. Erqiě wǒ xiǎng,
      tóngjūde wèntí hé hěn duō shining you guānxi, bù zhī shi fùnude
      dìwei wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Rúguo kéyi tánde huà, nī gěi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wo jiǎngjiang zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo, zhèiyangr ba, wǒ gěi ni
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tántan wode shi, nī jiu zhīdao women zěnme xiǎng le. Wǒde
      nupéngyou, tā shi xué yīde. Xué yī bú shi yíjiàn rongyide shir. Tā
      hái yào zài dàxué xuéxí liùnián.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà nīmen shénme shihou jiēhūn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiànzài women hái bù xiǎng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiēhūn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Weishénme? Nīmen juéde jiēle
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hūn, yǒule háizi huì hěn máfan, shi bu shi?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Bú shi zhèige yìsi. Jiùshi
    </para>
    <para>
      women jiēhūnle, yě bù yídìng mǎshàng yào háizi. Zhǒngyàode shi
      women zhèi yíbèizi yào zuò shénme, hái méiyou hǎohāor xiǎng-guo
      ne, yīnggāi xiān xiǎng nèige
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      me. . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Not at all, go on.
    </para>
    <para>
      It also said in the article that this is related to the status of
      women. I really don’t understand that point. The traditional
      Chinese idea is that a woman should not live with her boyfriend
      before they get married.
    </para>
    <para>
      We have a somewhat different concept. Some women, especially women
      intellectuals, don’t want to depend on their husbands in order to
      live; they want to have independent economic and social status.
      Like my girlfriend— that’s the way her view is. But also, I think
      that living together has to do with a lot of things. It’s not just
      a question of the status of women.
    </para>
    <para>
      If it’s all right to talk about it, would you tell me more?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, how about this. I’ll tell you about my situation, and then
      you’ll know the way we think. My girlfriend is studying medicine.
      Studying medicine isn’t the easiest thing. She still has six more
      years of university.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then when are you getting married?
    </para>
    <para>
      We don’t want to get married just yet.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why not? You think that once you get married and have children
      it’ll be a lot of trouble, rigjrt?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s not the point. Even if we get married, we won’t necessarily
      have children right away The important thing is that we haven’t
      even thought out well what we want to do in our lives. We should
      think about
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      °The reason Lī Ping is being so careful here is that he knows Tom
      and his girlfriend are living together.
    </para>
    <para>
      wèntí. Erqiě wǒmen dōu yuànyi zài jiēhūn yǐqiān qīngchǔde zhīdao
      zìjī xǐhuande nèige rén shi yíge shénmeyàngrde rén. Zhèi yě xūyào
      shíjiān.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kěshi you rén huì juéde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nīmen zhèiyang zuò shi yīnwei nīmen juéde tóngjū bǐ jiēhūn zìyóu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: You rén zhème shuō, kěshi wǒ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎng tāmen méi dǒng wǒmende zìyóu shi shénme.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi shénme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Měiguo rén Juéde zìjī kéyi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jìhua zìjǐde shēnghuó shi zuì zhòngyàode zìyóu. Rūguo Měiguo
      méiyǒu zhèizhǒng zìyóu, jiù bú huì you name duō rén xiǎng lai
      Měiguo le, nī shuō wǒ shuōde duì bu dui?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nī shuōde you diǎnr dàoli.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Ou . . . Wǒ hai wangle wèn ni, jīnniàn xiàtiān, nǐde nupéngyou
      néng péi ni dào Xiānggǎng qu ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bù xíng. Tā jìhua dào Déguo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qu niàn shū. Shǔjiàde shihou tā yào zài Déguo zhù sānge yuè, nà
      duì tāde Déwén yídìng hěn you bāngzhu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnmeyàng, nī duì Xǐnwén Zhōu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kān zhèipiān wénzhāng hai you shénme biéde kànfǎ ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kanfǎ you. Zhèige tímu hěn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dà, women yīhòu mànmàn zài tan.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎo, yīhòu zài tan.
    </para>
    <para>
      that problem first. What’s more, we each want to have a clear idea
      of of what kind of person the other is before we get married. And
      that takes time.
    </para>
    <para>
      But some people will think you are doing this because you feel
      that living together is freer than marriage.
    </para>
    <para>
      Some people say that, but I don’t think they have understood what
      our freedom is.
    </para>
    <para>
      What is it, then?
    </para>
    <para>
      Americans feel that to be able to plan their own life is the most
      important freedom. If America didn’t have that kind of freedom,
      there wouldn’t be so many people who want to come here. Don’t you
      think I’m right?
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s something to what you say. Oh ... I forgot to ask you
      something else: Will your girlfriend be able to come with you to
      Hong Kong this summer?
    </para>
    <para>
      No. She’s planning to go to school in Germany. During summer
      vacation she’s going to live in Germany for three months. I’m sure
      that will help her German a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right.
    </para>
    <para>
      So what about it, do you have any other opinions about that
      article in Newsweek?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, I have other opinions about it. But it’s a big topic. We can
      talk all about it later.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, we’ll talk about it later.
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 2, Tape 2 Workbook
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise ia a conversation in which a young man in Beijing
      talks with a middle-aged man about a problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      húshuō                              to talk nonsense; drivel
    </para>
    <para>
      xiangbuchū                         can't think up, can't come up
      with
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiao Lin tamen                     Xiao Lin and the others
    </para>
    <para>
      shēnqǐng                           to apply for
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Propose a reason why Xiao Míngzi is no longer in school.
          (Hint: What are his other friends doing? What is the policy
          emphasis in China on careers for youth?)
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Is Xiao Míngzi looking for a job? Why or why not?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What kind of job does his middle-aged friend suggest?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      1. To whom must Xiao Míngzi apply before he goes out to take
      pictures?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss
      sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation second time through, look below
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and conversation:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      phrases you will need to understand this
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nà hái yòng shuō
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      That goes without saying
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      duo hào!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How great that is!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qíguài
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be strange
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo Qīngnián
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      China Youth (a periodical)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hòulái
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      afterwards
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dàodé
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      morality, morals, ethics
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What was the status of women before liberation?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue
          of China Youth?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What is her grandmother’s reaction?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          h. What things does a &quot;sense of morality&quot; probably
          include for the grandmother?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      ta a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to li to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you hav prepared.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Exercise
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise, as a mother and. son finish dinner, they discuss
      his future.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following new words and phrases:
    </para>
    <para>
      shuoshi
    </para>
    <para>
      bóshì
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǎobudǎo Zhōngxuěshēng gāozhōng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fādá
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Master’s degree
    </para>
    <para>
      Ph.D.
    </para>
    <para>
      to be unable to find
    </para>
    <para>
      High School Student (a periodical) senior high school
    </para>
    <para>
      to be developed
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise h
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What is Xiǎo Lin’s mother’s major concern about his future?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Why doesn’t he want to go to college anymore?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Who does Xiǎo Lin use as an example of why a college
          education is useless?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. What is his mother’s position on the advantages of college
          education in Hong Kong?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. Does Xiǎo Lin’s mother act as an advisor or does she expect her
      son to obey her wishes on this matter?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce
      your answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      wǒ kéyi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Conversation between a middle-aged man
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎo Míngzi, jīntiān zěnme you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíjiān zài jiā?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme méi shíjiān? Líkāi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xuéxiào yīhòu, shíjiān duōduō le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bié hushuō■ Nǐ you gōngzuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le meiyou?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You gōngzuò! Yǒule gōngzuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hái zài zhèr zuòzhe! you yìsi!
    </para>
    <para>
      Ni zhēn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ao! Wǒ zhīdao le,
        </para>
        <para>
          nī hái méi
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gōngzuò na!
    </para>
    <para>
      s       <subscript>w</subscript>      • •
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ng. Laoshi shuo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      děngyiděng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xíng ne? Yìtiān méi gōngzuò, yìtiān jiù děi kào fùmǔ a.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hài, wǒ yě zhīdao, zhèiyang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiàqu bù xíng, kěshi wǒ shizài xiǎngbuchū shenme hǎo bànfa ya! Nī
      shuō wǒ zěnme bàn?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nī huì shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ shénme dōu bú huì. Xiàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Lin tamen huì zuò zhuōzi yǐzi shenmede, yě dōu you gōngzuò
      le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ei, nǐ huì bu hui zhào xiàng?
        </para>
        <para>
          (A) and a young man (B) in Běijīng.
        </para>
        <para>
          Xiǎo Míngzi, how is it that you have time to be at home today?
        </para>
        <para>
          How would I not have time? Since I left school, I’ve had lots
          more time.
        </para>
        <para>
          Cut it out. Do you have a job yet?
        </para>
        <para>
          Have a job! If I had a Job would I still be sitting here!
          You’re something else!
        </para>
        <para>
          Oh! I see, you still don’t have a job!
        </para>
        <para>
          Uh-huh. My teachers said I can wait a while.
        </para>
        <para>
          How will it do for you to go on waiting like this? Every day
          you don’t have a job, you have to depend on your parents.
        </para>
        <para>
          (Sigh), I know that it won’t do to go on like this, but I
          really can’t think of any good solution! What do you think I
          should do?
        </para>
        <para>
          What do you know how to do?
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t know how to do anything. Like Xiǎo Lin and the others,
          who can make tables, chairs, and so on, all have jobs already.
        </para>
        <para>
          Say, can you take photographs?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú huì.                                    No.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      *Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal
      initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment
      committee of the city district, under coordination of the citywide
      office.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;Teachers, while not directly involved in the assignment of
      work, can be influential in the process. There is a group of
      teachers in each high school or university who make specific
      recommendations to city offices which decide whether a student
      finds work in the city or is sent to the country.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ duì zhào xiang you méiyou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xìngqu?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You a
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèiyang ba! Wǒ you yíge Rìběn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhàoxiàngjī, wǒ jiao ni zěnmeyàng zhào xiàng, nǐ jiu kéyi you
      gōngzuǒ le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Suàn le ba, huì zhào xiàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnme huì you gōngzuǒ ne!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hài, nǐ zhēn bù cōngming.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Měitiān dōu you bù shǎo rén lai Beijing, shéi bù xiǎng zài
      Tiān’ānmén qián zhào zhang xiàng! Nǐ zài zhao liǎngge tóngxué, you
      guǎn zhàoxiàngde, you guǎn shōu qiánde, bu jiù xíng le ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nín shuōde you dàolǐ, jiù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zenme ban! Duì le, yào chūqu zhào xiàng, hái xūyào shēnqǐng ba?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà róngyi. Míngtiān, nǐ qù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhǎo lǎoshī, tāmen huì bāngzhu ni bànde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are you interested in photography?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure!
    </para>
    <para>
      How about this: I have a Japanese camera. I’ll teach you how to
      -take pictures, and then you can have a job.
    </para>
    <para>
      Come on! How can I have a job by knowing how to take pictures!
    </para>
    <para>
      Tsk, you’re really not on the ball. Every day there are lots of
      people who come to Běijīng; who doesn’t want to get their picture
      taken in front of Tiān’ānmén! If you find a couple of classmates,
      and have one in charge of taking the pictures and one in charge of
      collecting the money then you’re all set, right?
    </para>
    <para>
      What you say makes sense; that’s just what I’ll do! Oh yes—if you
      want to go out and take pictures, you have to apply, too, don’t
      you?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s easy. Tomorrow, go see your teachers. They’ll help you do
      it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Conversation between a grandmother Běijīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nǎinai, nín shuō, xīn Zhōngguo,
    </para>
    <para>
      nánnū píngděng, fùnude dìwei gāoduō le, duì bu dui?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà hái yǒng shuō. Women
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      niánqīngde shihou, fùnū zài jiāli, zài shěhuìshang dōu méiyou
      shenme dìwei, zhǐ you hěn shǎode nūháizi you jǐhui niàn shū. Bu
      xiàng nǐmen, gēn nánháizi yíyàng, niàn shū, zuǒ shi, duo hǎo!
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nǎinai, nà nǐ shuō, tongjū
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèijiàn shir shi bu shi duì fùnù bù hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      (B) and her granddaughter (A) in
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma, don’t you think that in new China, with equality of the
      sexes the status of women is much higher?
    </para>
    <para>
      That goes without saying. When we were young, women didn’t have
      much status in the family or in society. Only a very few girls had
      a chance to study. It wasn’t like the way it is for you, who study
      and work just the same as boys. How great that is!
    </para>
    <para>
      Then what do you think, Grandma, is cohabitation a bad thing for
      women?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Nǐ zěnme yuè shuō yuè qíguài
    </para>
    <para>
      le? Zài xīn Zhōngguo nǎr you tōngjūde shir?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnme méiyou? Wǒ gāngcái
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kànde Zhōngguo Qǐngniánshang jiù you yìpiān wénzhāng, zhèipiān
      wénzhāng shuō, you yíge nánháizi he yíge nùháizi tōngjū le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen wèishénme bù jiēhūn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nèige nánde xiǎng shàng dàxué.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, duì le, jiēle hūn jiu hù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      néng shàng dàxué le. Nà hòulǎi ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hòulái, nèige nánde zhēn shàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàxué le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Niànwánle shū tāmen jiēhūn le
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ha?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Méiyou. Niànwán shū, nèige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nánde xiǎng, nèi nuháizi méi dìwei, yě méi qián, tāmen jiu suàn
      le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Suàn le?.’ Nà shi shénme huà!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā hái you méiyou yidiǎnr dàodé guānniàn!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dàodé guānniàn?! Hng, xiànzài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shèhuishang jiù you zhèizhǒng shir! Nín shuō zhèi shi wèishénme?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ai! Zhèi shíjǐnián qíqíguài-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      guàide xǐnwén zhēn duō! Shénme shihou cái néng hǎo yidiǎnr ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shéi zhīdào! Wǒ xiǎng kuài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le! Kuài hǎo yidiǎnr le!
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s with these odd topics you’re bringing up? Where is there
      such a thing as cohabitation in new China?
    </para>
    <para>
      There isn’t, huh? Well in the China Youth that I just read there's
      an article that said there was a young man who was living with a
      young woman.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why didn’t they get married?
    </para>
    <para>
      The man wanted to go to college.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, right, you can’t go to college after you’re married. So what
      happened afterwards?
    </para>
    <para>
      Afterwards, the man really went to college.
    </para>
    <para>
      And after he finished school they got married, I suppose?
    </para>
    <para>
      No. After he finished school, the guy thought, she didn’t have any
      status or any money, so they should call it quits.
    </para>
    <para>
      Call it quits.’ What kind of thing is that to say! Didn’t he have
      any sense of morality!
    </para>
    <para>
      Sense of morality?.' Ha, that's just the sort of thing that
      society is full of these days! Why do you think that is?!
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh) The last decade or so there sure has been a lot of strange
      news! When will it get better?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think it will be soon! It’s going to get better soon!
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son (B) have just finished dinner.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Xiǎo Lin, chīle fàn bú yào
    </para>
    <para>
      niàn shū le, xiūxi xiuxi ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Lin, don't study any more after dinner, just relax a bit!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo. Nín yào he chǎ ma? Wǒ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qù dào.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Deng yíxià, ràng wo kànkan,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐde máoyí shi bu shi pò le? Míngtiān wǒ děi qù gěi ni mǎi jiàn
      xínde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mā, wǒ bú yào xinde, zhèijiàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hai kéyi chuān ne.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tiān lěng le, nǐ xūyào yíjiàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xǐn máoyǐ, wǒ huì gěi ni yùbei-hǎo. Míngniàn nǐ shàng dàxuéde
      shihou, wǒ huì duō gěi ni yùbei jijiàn xǐn yīfu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú yòng le, wǒ bù xiǎng shàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàxué le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wèishénme? Nǐ bú shi yào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xué yī ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: BÙ shǎo rén shuō bú shàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàxué yě kéyi gōngzuò, yě yíyàng kéyi shēnghuó. Wèishénme yídìng
      yào shàng dàxué ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèizhōng huà xiànzài hěn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú tài duì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wèishénme? Yǒude rén zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàxuéli pǐnmìng niàn shū, xiàng women Jiā duìmiànde Zhōu
      Xian-sheng, duì shùxué nàme you yān-jiū, déle shuòshì, boshì, hái
      bu shi zhǎobudào gōngzuò!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōu Xianshengde qíngxing
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gēn biérén bù tong, suírǎn tā xiāngdāng you zhīshi, kěshi tā bù
      xǐhuande gōngzuò tā jiu bú zuò, nà dāngrán bù róngyi zhǎo-dào
      gōngzuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le, tā bù xǐhuan zuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lǎoshǐ, tā Jiù xǐhuan xiě wénzhāng, zài Zhōngxuéshēng
      zhōu-kānshang wǒ hái kànjianguo tāde wénzhāng ne!
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you want to drink some tea? I’ll go pour it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wait a second, let me see, is your sweater torn? Tomorrow I’ll
      have to go buy you a new one.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mom, I don’t want a new one. I can still wear this one.
    </para>
    <para>
      The weather’s getting cold, you need a new sweater. I’ll get one
      ready for you. Next year when you go to college I’ll get a few
      more new things ready for you to wear.
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t need to, I don’t want to go to college anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why not? Don’t you want to study medicine?
    </para>
    <para>
      A lot of people say that you can work and live Just the same
      without going to college. Why is it necessary to go to college?
    </para>
    <para>
      This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I don’t think
      it’s very true.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why not? Some people study like mad at a university, like Mr. Zhōu
      who lives across from us; he’s such an expert in mathematics, he’s
      got a Master’s degree and a Ph.D., and isn’t he still unable to
      find a job!
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Zhou’s situation is different from other people’s. Although he
      is quite knowledgeable, he won’t take a Job he doesn’t like. So of
      course it isn’t easy for him to find a job.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. He doesn’t like to be a teacher, he just likes to write
      articles. I’ve even seen his articles in the weekly High School
      Student .*
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāde wénzhāng hǎo bu hǎo?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, kǎshi bù rongyì dong,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhōngxuéshēng kàn zhèiyangde wénzhāng tài nan le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Suóyi, nǐ bù néng shuō Zhōu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xianshengde qíngxing jiù shi dàjiāde qíngxing. Wǒ xiǎng, kéyi
      zhèiyang shuō: niànguo hěn duō shūde rén bù yídìng you hěn hǎode
      gōngzuǒ. Kěshi duō niàn yidiǎnr shū duì zhǎo gōngzuǒ yídìng you
      bāngzhu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kěshi, wǒde jīge tongxué
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gāozhōng méiyou niǎnwán jiu zuǒ shile, xiànzài tāmende shēnghuo
      dōu bū yòng kào fùmǔ le, tāmen dōu dūlì le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dànshi wǒ xiǎng, shèhuì hǎishi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xūyào you zhīshide rén, shèhuì yuè fādá yuè xūyào you zhīshi. Nǐ
      shuō duì bu dui?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Name hǎo le, nǐ niàn dàxuéde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mm . . . wǒ zài xiǎngyixiǎng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎo, women míngtiān zài
    </para>
    <para>
      tantan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are his articles good?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, but they’re not easy to understand. They’re too hard for high
      school students to read.
    </para>
    <para>
      So you can’t say that Mr. Zhou’s situation is everyone's
      situation. I think you might say this: someone who has had a lot
      of education doesn't necessarily get a very good job. But getting
      more education will certainly be helpful in looking for a job.
    </para>
    <para>
      But several classmates of mine started working before they had
      finished high school, and now they don't have to depend on their
      parents to support them; they're all independent.
    </para>
    <para>
      But I think that society still needs knowledgeable people. The
      more developed society is, the more it needs knowledge. Don't you
      think so?
    </para>
    <para>
      Right!
    </para>
    <para>
      All right then, what about the matter of your going to college?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm . . . I'll think it over some more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, we'll talk more about it tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Family Values
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Gra
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rm <emphasis role="smallcaps">hi</emphasis>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ar Topics Covered in This Unit
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. The verb ending -qilai showing the start of an action or
          condition.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The pattern (méi)you shénme (Adjectival Verb).
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Cónglái bù/méi, &quot;never. ’’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      h. The adverh cái, &quot;only,&quot; &quot;before amounts.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. The marker -zhe showing the manner of an action.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. The vert ending -dào for (1) successful
          reaching/obtaining/finding, (2) &quot;of,&quot;
          &quot;about&quot; (with certain verbs), (3) successful
          perceiving (e.g., kàndao, &quot;to see&quot;).
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. The adverb zài, &quot;anymore.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb dào,
          &quot;to,&quot; &quot;up to,&quot; &quot;until.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. The use of suǒyoude, &quot;all.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Narrating a brief story about a person.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Expressing approval and disapproval of someone’s attitude
          or way of thinking.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Expressing puzzlement at a situation.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Stressing how understandable a situation is.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                1.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí rèxīnqilai
                le?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                How is it that your older sister has become so
                interested and enthusiastic about political questions
                now?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué
                zhèngzhixué le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                There’s nothing strange about that, she started studying
                political science this year.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                2.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ zěnme bù chī le?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Why aren’t you eating?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wǒde wèi hěn nánshòu, chību-xiàqù le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                My stomach is uncomfortable, I can’t eat anymore.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nà wǒ gěi ni nòng dianr tāng lai.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ll go get you some soup then.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                11.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you yòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be useful
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                12.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hěiyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (darkness of) night, nighttime
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                13.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VOCABULARY
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                báitiān biàn biàncheng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daytime
              </para>
              <para>
                to change, to become different to turn into, to become
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cái
              </para>
              <para>
                -chéng chíbuxiàqù cónglái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                only (before an amount)
              </para>
              <para>
                into
              </para>
              <para>
                cannot eat (cannot get down)
              </para>
              <para>
                ever (up till now), always
              </para>
              <para>
                (up till now)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cónglái bù/méi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                never
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending used for perception by one of the
                senses:
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiàndao, kàndao, tīngdao, etc.) (resultative ending used
                to indicate reaching: xiǎngdao, shuōdao, tán-dao, etc. ,
                often translated as &quot;about&quot;)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                děng dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to wait until; when, by the time
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hēiyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (darkness of) night, nighttime
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to stress, to pay attention to, to be particular about
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiātíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                family
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kàndao kū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to see to cry
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liáo
              </para>
              <para>
                liáo tian(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to chat to chat
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ma
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (marker of obviousness of reasoning)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánshòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nòng (neng) nònglai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to do; to fool with; to get to get and bring
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíguài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -qilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending which indicates starting)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rèxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted; to
                be earnest
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rèxínqilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to become enthusiastic and interested
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuōdao
              </para>
              <para>
                suǒyǒude...dōu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to speak of; as for all
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎngdào xiǎoshun
              </para>
              <para>
                -xiaqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to think of
              </para>
              <para>
                to he filial; filial obedience
              </para>
              <para>
                down (directional ending used for eating or drinking
                down)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart; mind
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -yì
              </para>
              <para>
                yì tian dào wan yònggōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hundred million
              </para>
              <para>
                all day long
              </para>
              <para>
                to be industrious, to be hardworking (in one’s studies)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you yòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be useful
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhang
              </para>
              <para>
                zhǎngdà
              </para>
              <para>
                zhòng nan qīng nū zhuàn qián
              </para>
              <para>
                zuìjìn zuò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to grow
              </para>
              <para>
                to grow up
              </para>
              <para>
                to regard males as superior to females
              </para>
              <para>
                to earn money, to make money
              </para>
              <para>
                recently; soon
              </para>
              <para>
                to be, to act as
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan liáo tiānr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ bié qù le, tā yìtiān dào wan yònggōng, mei shijiān péi ni
      liào tiānr.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t go, she works hard all day long and doesn’t have the time to
      chat with you.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      U. A: Wang jiā Xiǎo Lan cónglái méiyou nánpéngyou ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tā cai shíjiùsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou xiǎngdào zhèixie
      shir ne.’
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nuér liǎngsānsuìde shihou cháng kū, xiànzài
      zhǎngdà le, hū zài kū le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hasn’t the Wang family’s Xiǎo Lan ever had a hoy friend?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn’t thought
      of these things yet.’
    </para>
    <para>
      My youngest daughter cried a lot when she was two or three years
      old, but now she has grown up and doesn’t cry anymore.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A: Zuò fùmǔde bù yīnggāi zhòng nan qīng nu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Those who are parents shouldn’t regard males as superior to
      females.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yīnggāi xiàoshun fùmū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Right. And those who are children should show filial obedience to
      their parents.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7- A: Nǐ dìdi báitiān zài Jiā ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Bu zài, nǐ děng dào wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai ba.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Zhōngguo rén conglái bù jiǎng nánnù píngděng ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shuōdao nánnū píngděng, nà shi zuìjìn jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. A: Da jiātíng you shénme hǎo?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Zenme bù hǎo? Rén duō, zhuàn qiánde rén yě duō ma!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Is your younger brother at home during the day?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, wait until the evening and then call him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Didn’t the Chinese ever stress equality between men and women?
    </para>
    <para>
      As for equality of the sexes, that's a new concept of the last few
      decades.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A: Yàoshi suōyōude rén dōu xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo
      xiànzài bù zhīdào you duōshao yì rén le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Nǐ zhèicì hui guó kàndao nǐ lǎojiāde rén le ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shěng-huóde bu cuò, wo lǎojiā yě biànchéng
      yíge hěn rènaode dìfangr le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What's good about large families?
    </para>
    <para>
      What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people,
      there are also more people earning money!
    </para>
    <para>
      If everyone thought the way you do, who knows how many hundreds of
      millions of people there would be in China now!
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your
      country?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. They’re living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite
      a bustling place.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                1. A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ jiějie xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí rèxīnqilai
                le?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                How is that your older sister has become so interested
                and enthusiastic about political questions now?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué
                zhèngzhixué le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                There’s nothing strange about that, she started studying
                political science this year.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      rèxīn: &quot;to be enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted,
      to he earnest&quot;There are two meanings for this adjectival
      verh. It can he used to describe a positive feeling toward a cause
      or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Like many adjectival verbs, rèxīn may be used either as a main
      verb or as an adverb (that is, modifying another verb).
    </para>
    <para>
      As main verb
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā duì xué Zhongwén hěn rèxīn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He’s very enthusiastic about studying Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā duì rén hěn rèxīn, shénme shíhou dōu xǐhuan bāng rén máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      As an adverb
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā hěn rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngkuāng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎo hāizi, nǐ zènme rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He’s very warmhearted towards people. He always likes to help
      people out.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She studies the mainland situation very enthusiastically.
    </para>
    <para>
      Good child. It’s good that you’re so eager to help others.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -qilai: As a verb by itself, qǐlāi means &quot;to rise up.&quot;
      As part of a compound verb, -qilai has several different
      functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative ending
      meaning &quot;go up, rise up (physically)&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhànqilai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā tiàoqilai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige zhuōzi women tāibuqilāi, nǐ lai bangbang máng hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He stood up.
    </para>
    <para>
      She jumped up.
    </para>
    <para>
      We can’t lift this table up. Come and help us, okay?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tiào, &quot;to jump, to leap&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      In addition to meaning literally ”to go up,&quot; -qilai can
      &quot;be used to tell something about the aspect of the verb: to
      show *’the start of the action or condition.&quot; In the example
      in the Reference List above, -qilai indicates that older sister’s
      enthusiasm has newly started up. Other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      (WITH AN ACTION VERB)
    </para>
    <para>
      Haizi kūqilai le.                   The child began (has begun) to
      cry.
    </para>
    <para>
      (WITH AN ADJECTIVAL VERB)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tiānqi rèqilai le.                 The weather has warmed up.
    </para>
    <para>
      As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be
      inserted between the two parts of the verb ending:
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù zhīdao wèishénme, tā xiànzài I don’t know why, but he has
      started hēqi jiù lai le.                    to drink now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ liùge yuè méi xiāngguo jiā, I haven’t thought of home for kěshi
      jīntiān xiāngqi jiā          six months, but today I started
    </para>
    <para>
      lai le.                              to feel homesick.
    </para>
    <para>
      Another function of the ending -qilai is to make generalized
      statements which are sometimes translated using &quot;when
      ...ing,&quot; or &quot;when it comes to ...ing&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheige yizide yangzi hěn hāo kàn, kěshi zuòqilai bù shūfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuōqi Zhōngwén lai zhēn nāntīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuòqi shi lai, tā bī shéi dōu kuài.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shuōqilai rōngyi, zuòqilai nan.
    </para>
    <para>
      When -qilai is used this way with verbs of &quot;it seems&quot; is
      communicated:
    </para>
    <para>
      Kànqilai tā zhīdao zhèijiàn shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā kànqilai hěn niánqīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīngqilai hěn you dàolī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This kind of chair is very attractive, but when you sit in it,
      it’s uncomfortable.
    </para>
    <para>
      It sounds terrible when he speaks Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      When it comes to working, he is faster than anyone else.
    </para>
    <para>
      It * s easy to talk about, but hard to do.
    </para>
    <para>
      of perception, the additional meaning
    </para>
    <para>
      It looks as if he knows about this matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      He looks very young.
    </para>
    <para>
      It sounds reasonable.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -Qilai is also used in several idiomatic expressions where its
      meaning is harder to pinpoint, e.g., xiangqilai, &quot;to think
      of, to remember,&quot; where -qilai seems to indicate the coming
      &quot;up&quot; into consciousness of an idea.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. Now I remember, his surname is Mài.
    </para>
    <para>
      qiguài: &quot;to be strange, to be surprising, to be odd&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      qiguai, ta tiantian lai, Jǐntiǎn zěnme méi lái ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige shihou, shénme qíguàide shi dōu you, bié shuō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmende guānxi wǒ Juéde hěn qíguài.
    </para>
    <para>
      In colloquial style, the verb qíguài is that..., can’t understand
      (why).?., can
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zhēn qíguài tā wèishenme yào zěnme zuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo zhēn qíguài zhèiJiàn shi tā zěnme kéyi bàndedào.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How strange. He comes every day. How is it he didn’t come today?
    </para>
    <para>
      Back then, there were all kinds of strange things; don’t talk
      about it any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      I find their relationship very strange.
    </para>
    <para>
      also used to mean &quot;to find it strange t imagine
      (how)...,&quot; e.g.,
    </para>
    <para>
      I really can’t understand why he wanted (OR wants) to do that.
    </para>
    <para>
      I really can’t imagine how he can (OR could) do it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài: &quot;There’s nothing strange about
      that.&quot; You shénme is used before an adjectival verb, as in
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you shénme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hǎo?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                méiyou shénme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hǎo.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Gàosu ta
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you shénme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú duì?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;What’s so good about that?&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;There’s nothing good about that.&quot; &quot;What’s wrong
      with telling him?&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā duì Zhōngguóde qíngkuàng zhǐdaode bù shǎo.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà you shénme qíguài, tā zài Zhongguo zhùguo shínián.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Nǐ zěnme bù chǐ le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒde wèi hěn nánshòu, chǐbu-xiǎqù le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Nà wǒ gěi ni nòng dianr tāng lai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He knows so much about China!
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s strange about that, he lived in China for ten years!
    </para>
    <para>
      Why aren’t you eating?
    </para>
    <para>
      My stomach is uncomfortable, I can’t eat anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll go get you some soup then.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      nánshòu: &quot;to feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel
      unhappy,&quot; literally , &quot;to find something hard to
      bear&quot; This adjectival verb can be used to describe physical
      aches and pains, or emotional ones.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài fēijīshang zuòle èrshige xiǎoshí, tài nánshòu le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Twenty hours on an airplane. How uncomfortable!
    </para>
    <para>
      It really makes one feel bad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zánmen dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren’ méi yào chi, zhēn
      nánshòu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We’re both in medicine; seeing sick people without medicine to
      take was really upsetting.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical
      pain, you can use the phrase xīnli hěn nánshòu (xīn, No. 13 on
      this reference list, being the equivalent of either the heart or
      mind in such instances).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīngdàole zhèiyàngrde huà, tā He was very sad after hearing xīnli
      hěn nánshòu.                 that kind of talk.
    </para>
    <para>
      chībuxiàqù: ’’unable to eat (it all) up&quot; Here you see an
      example of -xiàqù used for its meaning as a directional ending.
      While in English we might say &quot;eat it UP,&quot; the Chinese,
      more analytically, say &quot;eat it down.&quot; Using the verb hē,
      &quot;to drink,&quot; you can also say hēxiaqu, &quot;to drink
      down.&quot; The meaning of chīxiaqu and hēxiaqu might be better
      conveyed as &quot;to take in&quot; or &quot;to get down&quot; food
      or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting food
      or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of
      eating.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a resultative verb, chīxiaqu and hēxiaqu may take -de- or -bu-
      as a middle syllable for the additional meaning of &quot;can&quot;
      or &quot;cannot.&quot; In chīde-xiàqù/chībuxiàqù and
      hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù, the syllables -xià and -qù are still somewhat
      stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they
      are unstressed and often neutral tone in the words chīxiaqu and
      hēxiaqu.
    </para>
    <para>
      chīdexiàqù chībuxiàqù méi chīxiaqu chīxiaqu le
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      able to eat it down unable to eat it down didn’t eat it down ate
      it down
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ chīde tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù I’m too full, I can’t eat any more
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige yào chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo You’ll feel better after you take
      le.                                 this medicine.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèige yào zhēn kǔ, wǒ hēbuxiàqù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou guānxi, kuài diǎnr hēxiaqu jiu kéyi le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nòng: This is a very common verb
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ings. First of all it means &quot;to do, to
    </para>
    <para>
      Zánmen kāishī nòng fàn, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This medicine is really bitter. I can’t get it down.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure you can. Just drink it down real fast.
    </para>
    <para>
      with several especially useful mean' make&quot; in a broad, vague
      sense:
    </para>
    <para>
      Let’s start to make dinner, okay?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā bù zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō Somehow he made himself a lot of
      qián.                                money.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;bìngren: &quot;sick person, patient&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng nǐ bú bì guan zhèijiǎn shi, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde
      cuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shìqing yuè nòng yuè da, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme ban cái hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhème shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t think you should try to take charge of this. If you
      handled it badly it would be all your fault.
    </para>
    <para>
      This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I really don’t
      know what to do.
    </para>
    <para>
      His saying that really embarrassed me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nong can mean ’’to play with, to fool
    </para>
    <para>
      Bie nòng wǒde biǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nòng can be followed by another verb e.g., nòngzāng, ’’to make
      (something) (lit., &quot;to make Csomething! break’’); thing!
      die”). Examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Shi shéi bǎ wǒde yùsǎn nònghuǎi le?
    </para>
    <para>
      with, to monkey with”:
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t fool with my watch.
    </para>
    <para>
      which shows the result of some action, dirty”; nòngpò, ”to break
      something&quot; nòngsǐ, &quot;to kill&quot; (lit., &quot;to make
      Csome
    </para>
    <para>
      Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, &quot;made it so
      that it broke&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ qù bǎ zǎofǎn nònghǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige wèntí hěn yǎojǐn, děi nòngqǐngchu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié nòngzāngle nǐde yǐfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ nòngcuò le ba, tā qùnián cái cōng dàlù chūlai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige wèntí, nǐ zuótiān gěi wo jiǎngguò le, jīntiān wǒ you
      nòngbudong le, nǐ kě bu kéyi zai gěi wo jiǎng yícì?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ll go get breakfast ready.
    </para>
    <para>
      This question is very important, we must get it clear.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't get your clothes dirty.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re mistaken, I think. He didn’t leave the mainland until last
      year.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday you explained this question to me, but today I can’t
      understand it again. Could you explain it to me once again?
    </para>
    <para>
      nònglai: &quot;to get and bring (here)&quot; Compare the use of
      the directional ending -lai in nònglai to its use in Wǒ gěi ni dǎo
      bēi chá lai, which you learned in Unit 1.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ cong nǎr nònglaide?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Where did you get this from?
    </para>
    <para>
      3. A: Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan liǎo tiānr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ Lie qù le, tā yìtiān dao wǎn yònggōng, méi shíjiān péi ni
      liào tiānr.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to go look for Xiǎo Lan to have a chat.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t go, she works hard all day long and doesn’t have the time to
      chat with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      liāo tiān(r): ”to chat” Liao means ”to chat,” and tiān(r) acts as
      its object^Tiān(r)~may also be omitted.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women liāole yíge zhōngtōu.        We chatted for an hour.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shénme shihou you gōngfu, When you have time, we’ll go find
      women zhǎo ge dìfang liāoliao a place and chat a while, tiānr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bié qù le: ’’don’t go” The English translation here can’t
      really be adequate without getting cumbersome. The one syllable le
      tells you that not going is a change from what was earlier
      expected. To show the meaning of the marker le for new situation,
      the translation might be ’’Change your plans and don ’ t go. ”
    </para>
    <para>
      yìtiān dào wǎn: ’’all day long” The syllable yǐ (’’one”) is
      sometimes used to mean ’’the whole, the entire.” Yìtiān dào wǎn
      can be literally translated as ’’the whole day until late,” but is
      also often used to mean ’’all the time, always.” You can use the
      whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., jǐntiǎn), or you
      can split it up with a verb, as in yìtiān máng dào wǎn ’’busy the
      whole day until late,” or ’’busy all day long.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìtiān dào wǎn dōu zài māng.    He’s busy all day long.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìtiān dào wǎn shuō tāde        She’s always saying from
      morning
    </para>
    <para>
      qián bú gòu yòng.                  to night that she doesn’t have
    </para>
    <para>
      enough money.
    </para>
    <para>
      yònggōng: ”to be diligent, to be hardworking” in one’s studies
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī bú yònggōng jiù bú rang ni If you don’t work hard, I won’t let
      niàn dàxué le.                      you go to college.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn All our students here are very
      yònggōng.                            hardworking.
    </para>
    <para>
      péi: ”to accompany; to keep somebody company” In the
      Transportation module, you saw the verb péi
      meaning<subscript>w</subscript>”to accompany, to go along with” in
      the sentence Tā qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù lúxíng, &quot;She asked me
      to accompany her on her trip.”Here you see péi used in another
      sense, &quot;to keep someone company.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān wǒ yào péi wǒ mùqin qù kàn bìng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tomorrow I’m going along with my mother to see the doctor.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Méi rén péi wǒ qù, wǒ Jiu &quot;bú qù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women lái péipei nǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎo rén chángcháng xǐhuan you rén péizhe tā shuō huà.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If no one goes along with me, I won’t go.
    </para>
    <para>
      We’11 keep you company.
    </para>
    <para>
      Older people often like to have someone to keep them company and
      talk with them.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      h. A: Wáng jiā Xiǎo Lán conglái méiyou nánpéngyou ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Tā cái shíjiǔsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou xiǎngdào zhèixie
      shir ne!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hasn’t the Wáng family’s Xiǎo Lan ever had a boyfriend?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn’t thought
      of these things yet.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      conglái: ’’ever (up till now), always (up till now)” Conglái means
      that something remains the same or unchanged from the past up to
      now. It is almost always followed by an adverb—jiù, dōu, or the
      negatives bù or méi. The two most common combinations are conglái
      bù and cónglái méi. Bù and méi, of course, have different uses;
      roughly speaking, conglái bù means &quot;(habitually) never (do
      X)’’ and cónglái méi means ’’have never (done X in the
      past).&quot; With cónglái méi, the verb of the sentence usually
      takes the aspect marker -guo (experience at any previous time).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cónglái bù dào wǒ Jiā lái.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cónglái méi dào wǒ jiā láiguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cónglái méiyou xiǎngdào xiànzài hái you zhèiyangde jiātíng,
      zhèiyangde fùmǔ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She never comes to my house.
    </para>
    <para>
      She has never been to my house (before).
    </para>
    <para>
      I never imagined that there were still families and parents like
      this these days.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      cái: In the Transportation Module, you saw the adverb cái used to
      mean &quot;then and only then&quot; or &quot;not until then.&quot;
      It was used to talk about something that happened later than
      expected, for example, Tā shi zuótiān cái láide, &quot;He didn’t
      get here until yesterday.&quot; In sentence
      <emphasis role="smallcaps">Ub,</emphasis> you see cái (still an
      adverb) used to mean &quot;only&quot; a certain amount.
    </para>
    <para>
      Cái means &quot;only&quot; in the sense of &quot;as little
      as,&quot; &quot;so little.&quot; It stresses that the amount is
      less than expected, less than normal, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      You already know two other adverbs which mean &quot;only&quot;:
      zhǐ and jiù. Cái is used with the meaning &quot;only&quot;
      strictly before amounts, while zhǐ and Jiù are also used for
      &quot;only&quot; in the sense of &quot;no other way&quot; or
      &quot;no others&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhǐ/Jiù néng zènme zuò.             (We) can only do it this way.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmen jǐge rén, zhǐ/jiù you wǒ I am the only one of us who can
      speak huì shuō Fǎguo huà.                 French.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Cái may not be used in such sentences.)
    </para>
    <para>
      (That is, it could have &quot;been, should have &quot;been, or
      might later &quot;become more.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cái xuéle sānnián, jiù shuōde name hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He’s only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS LITTLE AS
      THREE YEARS)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yígòng cái kànle sānpiān wen- He only read three articles
      zhāng.                               altogether. (SO FEW)
    </para>
    <para>
      Although adverbs normally come only before a verb, cái may stand
      directly before an amount:
    </para>
    <para>
      Cái wùge rén?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāde fángzi yìnián cái sānbǎi kuài.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Cái zènme yidiǎnr?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Only five people? (SO FEW?)
    </para>
    <para>
      His house costs only three hundred dollars a year. (SO LITTLE!)
    </para>
    <para>
      Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)
    </para>
    <para>
      Sentence UB illustrates that when speaking about a person’s age,
      cái should be used for &quot;only&quot; rather than jiù. It is
      also much better to use cái for &quot;only&quot; when speaking
      about the time of day, the date, etc.:
    </para>
    <para>
      Cái yìdiǎn zhōng, hái láidejí.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s only one o’clock, we can still
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      make it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jintiān cái shísānhào, hái zǎo ne!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It’s still early!
    </para>
    <para>
      Cái is not used in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a
      restriction on an amount. This includes suggestions, instructions,
      commands, wishes, or sentences expressing intention. In these
      sentences, use jiù or zhǐ, e.g.: Nǐ jiù gěi ta yidiǎnr ba,
      &quot;Just give him a little&quot;; Wǒ zhǐ yào chi yìwǎn fan,
      &quot;l only want to eat one bowl of rice.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      mángzhe niàn shū: &quot;to be busy studying&quot; Máng here is not
      the state verb &quot;to be busy,&quot; but an action verb,
      &quot;to busily engage in (something).&quot; Here are other
      examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zài máng shénme ne?             What are you busy with?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ mángle yìtiān le.                I have been busily working all
      day.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìtiān dào wan máng zhèige He is busy with all sorts of things
      máng nèige.                         all day long.
    </para>
    <para>
      -zhe: In sentence hB, you see the marker -zhe used in a sentence
      with word order like that of one in the Directions module: Zǒuzhe
      qù kéyi ma? &quot;Can you get there by walking?&quot; -Zhe is the
      marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process
      verb. The combination action verb plus -zhe refers to the duration
      of the action, that is, the action has started and is continuing,
      e.g., Tā pǎozhe ne, &quot;He is running.&quot; The combination
      process verb plus -zhe refers to the duration of the new state
      entered into through the process (remember that
      &quot;process&quot; here means a change from one state to
    </para>
    <para>
      another), for example, Tā bìngzhe ne, &quot;He is ill,&quot; or
      Men kāizhe ne, &quot;The door is open.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Often you see the combination verb plus -zhe followed by another
      verb, as in mángzhe niàn shū. In this case, the verb plus -zhe
      describes the means or manner of the following verb.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zǒuzhe qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā pǎozhe xiā lóu qu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā kāizhe chē lái le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā názhe dōngxi shàng chē le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhèi jǐtiān mángzhe kāi huì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā jízhe zǒu, bǎ yàoshi wàng zai jiāli le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zǒuzhe liáo tiān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Let’s go on foot.
    </para>
    <para>
      He went running downstairs.
    </para>
    <para>
      He came driving a car.
    </para>
    <para>
      Carrying the things, he boarded the bus.
    </para>
    <para>
      The last few days he has been busy with meetings.
    </para>
    <para>
      He was in a hurry to leave, and left the keys at home.
    </para>
    <para>
      We talked while walking.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiǎngdào: &quot;to think of&quot; -Dào here is not the
      prepositional verb &quot;to&quot; but the ending for compound
      verbs of result which you have so far seen in jièdao, &quot;to
      successfully borrow&quot; and shuōdao, &quot;to talk about.&quot;
      The verb ending -dào means &quot;to successfully
      reach/obtain/find.&quot; In the compound verb xiǎngdào, the verb
      xiǎng expresses the action of thinking about it, and -dào says
      that your thought &quot;reached to&quot; the idea—came into your
      head.
    </para>
    <para>
      Another verb like xiǎng in referring to mental activity is kǎolū,
      &quot;to consider,&quot; which you learned in Unit 1, and just as
      with xiǎng, you can use -dào with kǎolū. Here are examples of
      xiǎngdào and kǎolùdào. Notice the different translations possible
      for mei xiǎngdào and xiǎngbudào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hái xiǎngdào lìngwài yidiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng dàgài jiù nǐ yíge rén lái, shéi xiǎngdào nǐmen dōu lái
      le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ méi xiǎngdào huì you zhèi-zhǒng qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎngbudào tāmen huì zenme kuài jiēhūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A: Ni mei kaolūdao zhei yidian ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zěnme kǎoludedào nàme duō shìqing!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve thought of another point.
    </para>
    <para>
      I thought you would probably be the only one coining. Who would
      have thought all of you would come!
    </para>
    <para>
      I didn’t expect this kind of situation. (Lit., &quot;I didn’t
      think there would be this kind of situation.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      I was surprised they got married so soon.
    </para>
    <para>
      You didn’t consider that point, did you?
    </para>
    <para>
      How could I take so many things into consideration!
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Wǒde xiǎo nūér liǎngsānsuìde My youngest daughter cried a
      lot shihou cháng kū, xiànzài        when she was two or three
      years
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǎngdà le, bú zài kū le.       old, but now she has grown up
    </para>
    <para>
      and doesn’t cry anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. $
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎo nūér: Not &quot;little daughter,&quot; as you might have
      thought, but &quot;youngest daughter.&quot; Xiǎo and dà are used,
      respectively, for the &quot;youngest&quot; and &quot;oldest&quot;
      of brothers and sisters. The ones in between, if there are any,
      are numbered. For example, a mother would refer to her four sons,
      starting with the eldest, as her dà érzi, èr érzi, sān érzi, and
      xiǎo érzi.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǎngdà: &quot;to grow up&quot; This is a compound verb of result
      made of zhang &quot;to grow&quot; and dà &quot;to be big.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? What do you want to do when you
      grow up?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sānge yuè bū jiàn, zhèige hǎizi It’s been just three months since
      I zhǎngdàle bù shǎo.                 last saw this youngster and
      he has
    </para>
    <para>
      grown quite a bit.
    </para>
    <para>
      bū zài kū le: &quot;doesn’t cry anymore&quot; Zài is the adverb
      which you learned meaning &quot;again.&quot; Here it means
      &quot;anymore,&quot; referring to the continuing of a
    </para>
    <para>
      situation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ tài lèi le, méiyou bànfǎ zài xiě le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù néng zài chǐ le, zài chī jiù bù shūfu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bū yào zài xiǎng zhèixiē shìqing le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bū yào zài shuō le, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòu wǒ bū zài name màn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m too tired. I can’t write any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      I can’t eat any more. If I eat more I won’t feel well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Stop thinking about these things.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t talk about it anymore, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      In the future, I won’t be so slow anymore.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A: Zuò fùmǔde bù yǐnggāi            Those who are parents
      shouldn’t
    </para>
    <para>
      zhòng nan qǐng nu.              regard males as superior to
    </para>
    <para>
      females.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Duì. Zuò háizide yě yǐnggāi Right. And those who are children
      xiàoshun fùmǔ.                  should show filial obedience to
    </para>
    <para>
      their parents.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      zuò: &quot;to be, to act as&quot; As you are well aware, there are
      times when you can’t use shi to translate English &quot;to
      be.&quot; One of these is when &quot;to be&quot; means that a
      person takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An
      example is &quot;to be president&quot; as in &quot;I want to be
      president&quot; or &quot;He was president for eight years.&quot;
      In such cases you use the same verb &quot;to do&quot;, zuò:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎode shihou chángcháng xiǎng When I was young I often thought
      jiānglái yào zuò yíge yǐsheng,     I wanted to be a doctor when
    </para>
    <para>
      kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng   I grew up, but now I know that
    </para>
    <para>
      tài nán le.                          it’s too hard to be a doctor.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā congqián zuòguo Jīngji Bùzhǎng. He was once the Minister of
      Einance. (You could also say Tā cóngqián shi Jǐngji Bùzhǎng.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi wǒ dìyǐcì zuò zhǔrén This is the first time I am to be
      qīng kè, xīnli hěn jǐnzhāng.°° host and have guests over. I’m
      nervous.
    </para>
    <para>
      Phrases like zuò fùmǔde and zuò háizide in the reference list
      sentence are used to talk about categories of people as defined by
      a certain role, position, occupation, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèizhǒng shìqing, zuò fùmǔde Those in the position of parents
      yǐnggāi xiān xiǎngdào.             should foresee things like
      this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kàndao xuéshengde Zhōngwén         When we see that our students
      have
    </para>
    <para>
      xuéde nàme hǎo, women zuò          learned their Chinese so well,
      it
    </para>
    <para>
      lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng.             makes us teachers very happy.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhòng nán qīng nǔ: &quot;to treat men as important and women as
      unimportant,&quot; Zhòng is the verb &quot;to be heavy,&quot; with
      the additional meaning, in literary style, of &quot;to stress, to
      put importance on.&quot; Qīng is the verb &quot;to be light (in
      weight),&quot; with an extended meaning in literary Chinese of
      &quot;to regard lightly, to attach little importance to.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One
      reason was that sons assured the family’s continuity, something
      which every man felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition,
      the son usually became the family representative after the
      father’s death or retirement. A daughter, on the other hand, was
      expected to leave the family and become part of her
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǔrén, &quot;host, master&quot;     **,jǐnzhāng, &quot;to be
      nervous, to be tense&quot; husband’s household, so her importance
      was considerably less than that of a son. A woman was always
      subject to a man’s authority: a daughter had to obey her father, a
      wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had to obey her son.’ Of
      course, individual women, by their strength, intelligence, and
      personality, were able to exert great influence on the family, but
      this was often accomplished indirectly.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàoshun: This can be used either as a verb with an object,
      &quot;to be filial toward (someone),&quot; as in the Reference
      List sentence above, or as an adjectival verb meaning &quot;to be
      filial&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige háizi hěn xiàoshun.         This child is very filial.
    </para>
    <para>
      In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the
      primary virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It
      consisted of respect for one’s parents and ancestors, obedience in
      all cases to one’s parents’ will, consideration and care for their
      daily welfare, continuation of the family line, and avoidance of
      any actions which would shame the good name and reputation of the
      family. But more than formal adherence to rules of good conduct,
      filial obedience was also an attitude of warmth, founded in the
      deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its
      origin and center is the relationship of child to parents, this
      important concept extended outside the family to govern all other
      relationships in the life of a Chinese. It was said that if a son
      was not filial to his parents, he would probably not fulfill the
      duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a loyal citizen.
    </para>
    <para>
      7. A: Nǐ dǐdi báitiān zài jiā ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bu zài, nǐ děng dào wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai ba.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Is your younger brother at home during the day?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, wait until the evening and then call him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      báitiān: &quot;daytime; during daylight,&quot; literally
      &quot;white-day&quot; In the sense of &quot;daylight,&quot; the
      opposite of báitiān is hēiyè, &quot;dark of night,&quot;
      literally, &quot;black-night.&quot; In the sense of &quot;daytime,
      working hours,&quot; the opposite of báitiān is wǎnshang,
      &quot;evening, night.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā báitiān zuò shǐ, wǎnshang       She works during the day and
    </para>
    <para>
      niàn shū.                            studies at night.
    </para>
    <para>
      děng dào: &quot;wait until&quot; Here you see the prepositional
      verb dào &quot;to, up to&quot; used after another verb. (Contrast
      this with xiǎngdào &quot;to think of&quot; where -dào is used as a
      verb ending showing result and is written as part of the verb.)
      You now know two meanings for the prepositional verb dào, one
      having to do with location and the other with time: ’This is from
      an old saying called the Sān Cong, &quot;the Three Follows,&quot;
      i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is usually quoted
      in its original classical style: Zài jiā cong fù, chū jià cong fū,
      fū sǐ cong zǐ, &quot;When at home obey your father, when married,
      obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your son.&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) location: &quot;to, up to&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) time: &quot;until&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      What is the difference between putting your dào phrase after the
      verb or before it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Dào phrase after verb
    </para>
    <para>
      If the dào phrase tells where or at what time you end up as a
      result of the action, then it comes after the verb:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, ting- I walked up to the door of the
      study Jian tāmen zài lǐbian shuō huà. and heard them inside
      talking.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyī I’ve already read up to page 101.
      yè le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū        Last night I read until past
      three
    </para>
    <para>
      kàn dao sāndiǎnduō zhōng.          o’clock (in the morning).
    </para>
    <para>
      In sentences which show that something changes location, lai
      &quot;to this place&quot; or qù &quot;to that place&quot; will
      usually come at the end of the whole clause:
    </para>
    <para>
      I MAIN VERB dào TIME OR PLACE lai OR qu~|
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le.      He walked in front of me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào        Please bring those books here,
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèli lai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dào phrase before the verb
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          a. Put the dào phrase before lai or qù when they are the main
          verb of the sentence:
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā dào Chongqing qù le.            He has gone to Chongqing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái.             He is coming to my place.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          b. If another verb phrase follows the dào phrase, qù may
          sometimes be omitted making the dào phrase appear to modify
          the second verb phrase:
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Women dào nǎr chī fàn?          Where shall we go to eat?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dào fàntīng chī fàn.             We’ll go to the dining
          room to eat.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      (Literally, these mean &quot;To where shall we eat?&quot; and
      &quot;We’ll to the dining room eat.&quot;)
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          c. A dào phrase may come before the verb if the phrase shows
          that a point is reached prior to the action or condition:
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      à, &quot;page&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Dào xiàwu zài tan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Let’s wait until the afternoon and then talk. (Contrast tan dào
      xiàwu, &quot;talk until the afternoon.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      8. A: Zhōngguo rén conglái bù j iǎng nánnù píngděng ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shuōdao nánnu píngděng, nà shi zuìjin jǐshíniánde xìn guānniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Didn’t the Chinese ever stress equality between men and women?
    </para>
    <para>
      As for equality of the sexes, that’s a new concept of the last few
      decades.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      conglái bù: &quot;never, never does... Earlier in this unit (No.
      h), you saw the phrase conglai mei &quot;have never, had
      never...&quot; Conglái itself means &quot;at any time in the past
      up until now.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ conglái bù xiǎng zǎoshang       I never feel like studying in
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      niàn shū.                            morning.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whether you choose conglái bù or conglái mei depends on what kind
      of verb you are using and how it is normally negated. To summarize
      what you learned back in the Biographic Information module, STATE
      verbs (which include adjectival verbs and auxiliary verbs) are
      always negated with bù. PROCESS verbs are always negated with mei
      when referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verbs can be
      negated with bù or méi depending on the meaning. While there are
      grammar rules for choosing bù or méi to negate your verb, there
      are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you
      generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific
      instance?
    </para>
    <para>
      STATE VERBS (Use bù. )
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒde qián conglái dōu bu gòu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cónglái bù xiǎng zuò zhèiyangde gōngzuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cónglái bù xíhuan qù Niù Yuē.
    </para>
    <para>
      PROCESS VERBS (Use mei.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cónglái méi jiēguo hūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cónglái méi bìngguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige diànshì cónglái méi huài-guo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have never had enough money.
    </para>
    <para>
      He never wants/has never wanted to do this kind of work.
    </para>
    <para>
      I never like/have never liked going to New York.
    </para>
    <para>
      She has never gotten married.
    </para>
    <para>
      He has never gotten sick.
    </para>
    <para>
      This television has never broken.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ACTION VERBS (Bù and méi make a difference in meaning.)
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Wǒ conglái méi kànguo zhèi-yangrde shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have never read a book like this. (PAST EXPERIENCE)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (2) Wǒ conglái bú kàn zheiyangrde shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I never read (present) this kind of book OR I never used to read
      this kind of book. (HABITUAL)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Conglái vs. cóngqián: Cóngqián, &quot;the past,&quot; is a noun, a
      time word. It may, for example, be the object of the prepositional
      verb zài, e.g., Zài congqián you rén zenme zuò, &quot;in the past,
      some people did it that way.&quot; Conglai may also be used as a
      moveable adverb, in which case it can be translated &quot;in the
      past, before, formerly&quot;: Wǒ congqián (OR Cóngqián wǒ) méiyou
      chē, xiànzài you le, &quot;Before I didn't have a car, but now I
      do.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Conglái, &quot;always (in the past), from the beginning,&quot; is
      not a noun; it cannot, for example, be the object of the
      prepositional verb zài. It is used adverbially, always between the
      subject and the verb. Both cóngqián méi and conglái méi may
      sometimes be translated as &quot;never,&quot; but conglái méi
      makes a stronger statement.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cóngqián méi chiguo Zhōngguo I haven't eaten Chinese food
      before, cài.                                 (There wasn't one
      time when I ate
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese food.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ conglái méi chīguo Zhōngguo cai.
    </para>
    <para>
      jiǎng: &quot;to be particular about, jiǎngjiu.J
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige rén hěn jiǎng chi, hěn jiǎng chuān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen jiā tài jiǎng guīju.’ Women Xiǎo Lán yīnggāi xiǎoxīn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have never eaten Chinese food (from the very beginning).
    </para>
    <para>
      to stress, to pay attention to&quot; LAlso
    </para>
    <para>
      This person is fastidious about what he eats and what he wears.
    </para>
    <para>
      Their family is overly particular about manners. Our Xiǎo Lán
      should be careful.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shuōdao: &quot;to speak of; as for&quot; In this unit, you have
      seen dào used as a resultative ending &quot;to sucessfully
      reach/obtain/find,&quot; as in xiǎngdào, &quot;to think of.&quot;
      You also saw it as a prepositional verb in děng dào, &quot;wait
      until.&quot; Here you see another example of -dao as a resultative
      ending. When -dao is used with verbs of speech, such as shuō, tán
      or jiǎng, they are translated as &quot;to speak of&quot; or
      &quot;to talk about.&quot; (In this meaning, -dao is not
      interchangeable with -zháo.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, We were talking about you just nǐ
      jiù lái le.                      now, and here you are!
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐntiǎn nǐ gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ Did you talk about me with him
      méiyou?                             today?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde        I often think of my child,
    </para>
    <para>
      háizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      “guīju: &quot;manners&quot; (see Unit U)
    </para>
    <para>
      Notice that in sentence 8B, shuōdao is used at the beginning of
      the sentence to introduce a topic, as we use &quot;when it comes
      to&quot; or &quot;speaking of&quot; in English. Here are some
      other examples.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shuōdao jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hai       When it comes to the marriage,
      I
    </para>
    <para>
      děi xiǎngyixiǎng.                  have to think it over some
      more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tandao Zhōngguo wénhuà,            When it comes to Chinese
      culture,
    </para>
    <para>
      tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.              he knows a lot more than I do.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shuōdao Lǐ Xiansheng, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai le, hǎo jiǔ méi qù kàn ta
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      zuìjǐn: &quot;recently, lately; recent word, coming either before
      or after the
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuǐjǐn, women gōngsí you pàile yíge rén qù Xianggang.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuǐjǐn tài máng, méi shíjiān gēn ta shuō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Speaking of Mr. Lǐ, it occurs to me that we haven’t been to see
      him in quite a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      last&quot; Zuǐjǐn may be used as a time subject, but always before
      the verb.
    </para>
    <para>
      Recently, our company sent another person to Hong Kong.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve been very busy lately, and haven’t had time to tell him.
    </para>
    <para>
      zuìjǐn is used as
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In sentence 8B (,..nà shi zuìjǐn jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn), an
      adjective modifying a Number-Counter-Noun. Other examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zuìjǐn yíge yuè, tā dōu méiyou She hasn’t written for the last
      month, lai xìn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shi zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. She just arrived within the last
      few days.
    </para>
    <para>
      Besides referring to the near past, zuìjǐn can also refer to the
      near future— &quot;soon&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuìjǐn yào chū guo.             He will be going abroad soon.
    </para>
    <para>
      To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the
      past, use zuìjǐn in combination with auxiliary verbs like yào,
      xiǎng, dǎsuan, zhǔnbèi, jǐhuà, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      9. A: Dà jiātíng yǒu shénme hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zěnme bù hǎo? Rén duō, zhuàn qiánde rén yě duo ma!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A: Yàoshi suǒyǒude rén dōu xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo
      xiànzài bù zhǐdào yǒu duōshao yì rén le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What’s good about large fami lies?
    </para>
    <para>
      What could be bad about them? After all, if there are more people
      there are also more people earning money.’
    </para>
    <para>
      If everyone thought they way you do, who knows how many hundreds
      of millions of people there would be in China now!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      dà jiātíng: &quot;large family; extended family&quot; The phrases
      dà jiātíng and xiǎo jiātíng, literally &quot;large family&quot;
      and &quot;small family,&quot; are often used in a specific sense.
      In traditional Chinese society, dà jiātíng referred not merely to
      the number of people in the family, but to the number of
      generations living together. Although opinions on this vary
      greatly, you need at least three generations living together to be
      considered a dà jiātíng—an &quot;extended family&quot;—and each
      generation must be several people &quot;deep.&quot; Ideally, such
      a family contained a father and mother, all their sons and their
      wives, their sons’ sons and their wives, and all their children,
      extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example of a
      dà jiātíng, like the Jiǎ family in the novel Dream of the Red
      Chamber, might include over 130 people all living in households
      within one complex of houses and courtyards.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do not misuse jiātíng, which refers to the family as an entity,
      for jiā rén or jiālide rén, which refer to the people in the
      family. This mistake is easy to make because both ideas can be
      expressed in English by the word &quot;family&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dào Niǔ Yuē qù kàn wǒ Jiā rén I’m going to New York to see my
      (OR wǒ jiālide rén).                family.
    </para>
    <para>
      zěnme bù hǎo: &quot;How could they be bad?&quot; or, more
      idiomatically, &quot;What could be bad about them?&quot; Use zěnme
      to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else’s
      position.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bú duì, bú duì.                 That’s not right, that’s
          not right.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme bú duì.’                   What do you mean it’s
          wrong!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Women bù kéyi zhèiyangr zuò.   We can’t do it this way.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme bù kéyi?.’  Zhèi méiyou   Why not?! There’s nothing
          wrong with
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shenme bù kéyide.               it.
    </para>
    <para>
      ma: This little marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence
      to imply that the reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It
      can be translated as &quot;you know&quot; or &quot;after
      all,&quot; or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one’s
      statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to know dào lājī, &quot;to take out Hit.,
    </para>
    <para>
      Husband: Wèishenme zǒng děi wǒ zuò fàn ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wife: Nǎnnu píngděng ma!
    </para>
    <para>
      H: Nà hǎo, yǐhǒu nǐ guǎn dào lājǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      W: Wèishenme?
    </para>
    <para>
      H: Nannu píngděng ma!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’dump’] the garbage.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Why do I always have to do the cooking?
    </para>
    <para>
      Equality of the sexes.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, then from now on, you take care of taking out the garbage.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why?
    </para>
    <para>
      Equality of the sexes!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      suǒyǒude: &quot;all&quot; This is the word for &quot;all&quot;
      used to modify nouns. (The adverb dōu is used to modify verbs.)
      Suǒyǒude is mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence
      (that is, subjects or objects in topic position). In sentences
      with suǒyǒude, dōu is almost always used, too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suǒyǒude cài dōu hěn hǎo chi. All the food is delicious.
    </para>
    <para>
      SuǒySude cài wǒ dōu chīwán le. I finished all the food.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suǒyǒude can be used with the bǎ construction, in which case dōu
      goes before the main verb, not before the prepositional verb bǎ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bǎ suǒyǒude cài dōu chiwán le. I finished all the food.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suǒyǒude can also be used without a noun following it, as long as
      the context makes it clear what things suǒyǒude refers to:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xǐhuan gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn I like parks. I’ve been to all the
      suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le.          ones in Washington.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are some more example sentences with suǒyǒude. Notice that
      the -de is sometimes omitted.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suǒyǒude kāfēitīng wǒ dōu qùguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ruguo wǒ you qián wǒ jiù yào mǎi suǒyǒu zhàixiē Hàn-Yīng zìdiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dàoguo Měiguo suǒyǒu(de) you yìside dìfang.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve been to all the coffeehouses.
    </para>
    <para>
      If I had money, I’d like to buy all of these Chinese-English
      dictionaries.
    </para>
    <para>
      He has been to all the interesting places in the U.S.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yì: &quot;hundred
    </para>
    <para>
      single syllable to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      million&quot; After qiān, &quot;1000,&quot; and wan,
      &quot;10,000,&quot; the next represent a higher number in Chinese
      is yì, &quot;100,000,000.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      1,000
    </para>
    <para>
      10,000
    </para>
    <para>
      100,000
    </para>
    <para>
      1,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      10,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      100,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      1,000,000,000
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yìqiān
    </para>
    <para>
      yíwàn
    </para>
    <para>
      shíwàn
    </para>
    <para>
      yìbǎi wàn (&quot;one million&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      yìqiān wàn
    </para>
    <para>
      yíy\
    </para>
    <para>
      shíyì (&quot;one billion&quot;)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      10. A: Nǐ zhàicì hui guo kàndao nǐ lǎojiāde rén le ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Kàndao le. Tāmen shēng-huóde bú cuò, wǒ lǎojiā yě biànchéng
      yíge hěn rànaode dìfangr le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit back to your
      country?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, they’re living pretty well, and my hometown has become quite
      a bustling place.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      kàndao: &quot;to see, to perceive by sight&quot; This is another
      example of the ending -dao used as part of a compound verb of
      result. You have now seen -dao meaning (1) &quot;to successfully
      reach/obtain/find&quot; and (2) &quot;about.&quot; With verbs of
      perception, the meaning of -dao can be thought of as
      &quot;sucessfully reach&quot; by means of the senses, or &quot;to
      successfully perceive.&quot; Another instance of this is tīngdao
      &quot;to hear, to perceive by listening.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Běijīng speakers prefer kànjian and tīngjian in many contexts, but
      kàndao and tīngdao are used by all speakers of Standard Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      biàn: &quot;to change, to become different, to transform, to
      alter&quot;
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèige rén zhēnde biàn le, yǐqiān tā bú shi zhèiyangrde.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                This fellow has really changed, he wasn’t this way
                before.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèijiàn máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn yānsè le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                After this sweater was washed a few times, it changed
                color.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jǐniān bú jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn lǎo le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I hadn’t seen him for a few years;
              </para>
              <para>
                he had aged a lot. (refers to his appearance)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      You can also use biàn in the pattern biàn—de—STATE VERB, as in:
    </para>
    <para>
      Cong qùniàn dào xiànzài, tā        He has become a lot healthier
    </para>
    <para>
      biànde jiànkāngduō le.             since last year.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo shíjīnián méi jiàndao ta,       I haven’t seen him in over ten
      years,
    </para>
    <para>
      bù zhīdào tā biànde zěnme-         I wonder what he is like now?
    </para>
    <para>
      yang le?
    </para>
    <para>
      -chéng: &quot;become,&quot; &quot;into&quot; This is used with a
      number of verbs to form a compound: gǎichéng, &quot;to change (one
      thing) into (another)&quot;; fānyichéng, &quot;to translate
      into&quot;; zuòchéng, &quot;to make into&quot;; zhǎngchéng,
      &quot;to grow into.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bā tāde chènshān gǎichéng yíjiàn xiǎoháizide yīfu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qīng ni bā zhàipiān wénzhāng fānyichéng Rìwén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige haizi yǐjīng zhǎngchéng dàren le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I took his shirt and altered it into an article of clothing for a
      child.
    </para>
    <para>
      Please translate this article into Japanese.
    </para>
    <para>
      This child has already grown into an adult.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. you yòng                           to be useful
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. hēiyè                               (darkness of) night,
          nighttime
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. xīn                                heart; mind
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on Nos. 12 and 13
    </para>
    <para>
      hēiyè: This is mostly used in sentences where baitiān,
      &quot;(light of) day, daytime,&quot; is contrasted with its
      opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this
      unit). The normal word for &quot;nighttime&quot; is wǎnshang.
    </para>
    <para>
      xīn: The abstract concept &quot;heart, Tā(de) xīn hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuòle zhèijiàn shi, xīnli hěn nánguò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiěwánle zhěipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn gāoxìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xīnli xiǎngde he tā zuòde bù yíyàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      (For the organ &quot;heart,
    </para>
    <para>
      use xīnzàng, literally,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      or, in many contexts, &quot;mind&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      He has a good heart (i.e., he is kind).
    </para>
    <para>
      He felt very bad after he did that.
    </para>
    <para>
      He was very happy after he finished writing this short story.
    </para>
    <para>
      He acts differently than he thinks.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;heart-organ.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 3, Review Dialogue
    </para>
    <para>
      On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and.
      Anchorage), Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) are chatting.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zai fēijǐshang zuòle zhème yì-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tiān, gǎnjué zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhēn bu shūfu, měicì zuò fēi-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jī dōu xiàng shēng bìng yíyàng. Tèbié shi zài fēijǐshang huànle
      shíjiān, bāitiān biànchengle hēiyè, hēiyè biànchengle bái-tiān,
      tài nánshòu le!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì le, bù shūfude shihou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yǐnggāi hē diǎnr bǐngshuǐr. Wǒ qù gěi ni nòng dianr bǐngshuǐr lai,
      hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi wǒ shizài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hēbuxiàqù le. . . . Suàn le ba, women liàoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo
      yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zài guò jǐge zhōngtóu nǐ jiu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dào jiā le, xiǎng jiā ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiǎng. Zài Měiguo liǎngniān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le, yìtiān māng dào wǎn, méiyou xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xiànzài
      xiǎngqi jiā lai le. Nǐ shuō qíguài bu qíguài?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà méiyou shénme qíguài. Rén
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ma, zǒng yào you diǎnr jiātíng guānniàn. Tèbié shi Zhōngguo rén;
      Zhōngguo rén shi jiǎng xiàoshunde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ juéde zuò fùmǔ shi hěn bù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rōngyide, háizi yǐnggāi xiàoshun fùmǔ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèige xiǎngfǎ shi nǐ fùmǔ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiāo nide ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu shi, shi shèhuì jiāo wode.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How do you feel after being on a plane all day like this?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t feel well at all. Every time I take a plane it’s like
      getting ill. Especially with the time change on the plane,
      daylight turning into night and night turning back into daylight,
      how uncomfortable!
    </para>
    <para>
      Right; You should have some ice water when you don’t feel well.
      I’ll go get you some ice water, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, okay, but I really couldn’t drink any. . . . Forget it,
      let’s just chat and maybe it’ll get a little better.
    </para>
    <para>
      Just another few hours and you’ll be home. Are you homesick?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. The whole two years I was in America, I was busy all day long
      and never got homesick, but now here I am feeling homesick. Don’t
      you think that’s strange?
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s nothing strange about that. People are people! They have
      to have a sense of attachment to their family. Especially Chinese
      people; the Chinese put a lot of importance on filial obedience.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that it’s very difficult to be parents, so children ought
      to be filial toward their parents.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did your parents teach you that way of thinking?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, society taught it to me. My
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      “hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi... means literally, ’’as for being all right,
      it is all right, but...” This means &quot;It is. okay,
      but...&quot; or in more idiomatic English, &quot;Well, okay,
      but...&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ mǔqin conglái bù he wo tan xiàoshun.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēnde?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhēnde. Wǒ dìyǐcì zhuàn qián-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      de shihou, cái shíwǔsuì. Hui dao Jiāli, Jiù bǎ kǒudàili suǒ-yǒude
      qián dōu gěi wǒ mǔqin le, hái shuō wǒ yǐhòu yào xiàoshun mama.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ mama zěnme shuō?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tǎ kū le. Tā shuō wǒ néng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dull, néng zài shèhuishang zuò ge you yòngde rén Jiù shi zuì hǎode
      xiàoshun. Wǒ gěi tāde qián, tā dōu gěi wo mǎicheng shū. Yǐhòu, wǒ
      Jiu gèng yònggōng le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēn shi yíwěi hǎo māma.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi. . . . Wǒ xiě xìn gěi tā,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gàosu ta wǒ yào hé yíwèi Měiguó péngyou yìqǐ huilai guò shǔjià, tā
      hěn gāoxìng. Tā hěn huānyíng nǐ lái.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Duìbuqǐ, liǎngwèi xiānsēn,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐmen yào hē diǎn sénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Wǒ bū dà shūfu, bǔ yào shenme.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Ou, bú dà sūfǔ, yìbēi zè cá,
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Hǎode, xièxie ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Wǒ lái yipíng píjiǔ. Nǐmen
    </para>
    <para>
      you méiyou Heineken?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:      Yǒu.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Xièxie.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Bǔ kèqì.  Zèiwèi xiānsēn, nǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      hái yào sénme, qǐng gàosu wǒ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mother never talks to me about filial obedience.
    </para>
    <para>
      Really?
    </para>
    <para>
      Really. The first time I made money I was only fifteen. When I got
      home, I gave all the money I had in my pocket to my mother, and I
      said that in the future I must be filial toward her.
    </para>
    <para>
      What did she say?
    </para>
    <para>
      She cried. She said that if I could be independent and be a useful
      person in society that would be the best way to show filial
      obedience. She used all the money I gave her to buy books for me.
      After that, I worked even harder.
    </para>
    <para>
      She's really a good mother.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, she is. . . . She was very happy when I wrote her telling her
      that I was going to come back with an American friend for the
      summer vacation. She's very glad to have you at (welcomes you to)
      our house.
    </para>
    <para>
      Excuse me, what would you two gentlemen like to drink?
    </para>
    <para>
      I'm not feeling too well, I don't want anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, you don't feel well? How about a cup of hot tea?
    </para>
    <para>
      All right, thank you.
    </para>
    <para>
      I'd like a beer. Do you have Heineken?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you.
    </para>
    <para>
      You're welcome. Sir, if you want anything else, please let me
      know.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We have altered the spelling to show the stewardess's non-standard
      pronunciation.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Hǎode, xièxie ni.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Women shuō dao nǎr le? Duì le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nīmen jiāli chúle nǐ fùmǔ he zǔmǔ yǐwài hái you shénme rén ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ wangle, wo hái you yíge
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      mèimei, zài yínháng zuò shìde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ou, duì le, n? gēn wo shuōguo,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ zěnme wangle ne!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shuōdao wo mèimei, Jiù xiǎngdào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ mǔqin. Nǐ zhidao zài Zhōng-guō, zhòng nán qīng nude guānniàn
      háishi yǒude. Kěshi wǒ mèimei shi líkāi dàxué yǐhòu you zài
      Yīngguó niànle liǎngnián shū cái zuò shìde. Zhèi yě yào gǎnxiè wǒ
      mǔqin.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ mèimei xiànzài zh? zuò shi,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      háishi yě niàn diǎnr shū?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā zhǐ zuò shi. Buguò tā hěn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngxing, cháng kàn hěn duō guānyu dàlùde shū.
      Tā cháng shuō, &quot;Wo shi Zhōngguo rén, dàlùshang you shí-yì
      Zhōngguo rén, wǒ zěnme kéyi bù zhídào tāmende shēnghuó, gōngzuò,
      hé xuéxíde qíngkuàng ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāde huà hěn you dàolǐ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā you hěn duō dàlù láide
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      péngyou; nǐ hé tā tántan, yě huì Juéde hěn you yìsi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā duì dàlùde qíngxing zenme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rèxǐn, nǐ mǔqin you shénme kànfa ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā cháng shuō: &quot;Háizi zhǎng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàle, tāmen yào zǒu shénme lù yīnggāi zìjī kǎolū.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Zhēn hǎo, shízài shi tài hǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      All right. Thank you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Now, where were we? Oh yes: Is there anyone else in your family
      besides your parents and your grandmother?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You’ve forgotten that I also have a younger sister who works in a
      bank.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, of course. You told me before. How could I have forgotten!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Mentioning my sister reminds me of my mother again. You know, in
      China people still have the concept that men are superior to
      women. But after my sister graduated from college, she studied for
      two more years in England before she started working. That was
      also thanks to my mother.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Does your sister Just work now, or does she also take some
      classes?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She’s Just working, but she studies the mainland situation very
      enthusiastically. She reads a lot of books about the mainland. She
      often says, &quot;I’m Chinese, and there are one billion Chinese
      on the mainland. How can I be ignorant of the way they live, work,
      and study?&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      What she says is quite right.
    </para>
    <para>
      She has a lot of friends from the mainland; you’ll find it very
      interesting to talk with her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Does your mother have anything to say about her enthusiastic
      interest in the situation on the mainland?
    </para>
    <para>
      She often says, &quot;When children grow up, they should decide
      for themselves what road they want to take.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s great! That’s really wonderful.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      *gǎnxiè, &quot;to be grateful/thankful to&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Deng dao nǐ jiàndao tade shihou, When you meet her I’m sure
      you’ll
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ yídìng huì xǐhuan ta, yě huì like her, and our home, too.
      xǐhuan wǒmen jiāde.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Yídìng!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m sure I will, too!
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a conversation between a Chinese student and an
      American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the the U.S.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words you will need to understand this
      conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      Kěkǒukělè
    </para>
    <para>
      Coca Cola
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -ban                                (counter for a class of
      students)
    </para>
    <para>
      nūshēng                            coeds, women students
    </para>
    <para>
      zǎo                                 a long time ago
    </para>
    <para>
      diào yǎnlèi                        to cry (lit., &quot;fall
      tears&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What is the Chinese student’s girlfriend studying? Why is
          he worried about her?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What was the traditional Chinese attitude toward educating
          women?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. How did the Chinese student first meet his girlfriend?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Why do you suppose she would let herself cry in the
          library?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      What was her boyfriend’s reaction?
    </para>
    <para>
      5. How was she able to come to college?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a mother and son in Beijing talk after a day
      of work.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation second time through, look helow
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words you kělián sǐ hu fàngxīn rìzi jǐngshen
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      once straight through. Then, on the and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      will need to understand this conversation
    </para>
    <para>
      to he pitiful
    </para>
    <para>
      to die
    </para>
    <para>
      to worry
    </para>
    <para>
      days
    </para>
    <para>
      energy, spirits
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will he ahle to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What is Wang Li’s problem?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. How does the son propose to help her?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What
          does the son volunteer to do?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. What is the mother’s reaction to her son’s suggestion?
    </para>
    <para>
      5. What two other things would lift Wáng Li’s spirits?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the
      translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to
      the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
      correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1+
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation, a husband, and wife talk in their home in
      Běijīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following new words:
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Qīnghǎi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (a province in Western China)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìngrén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sick person, patient
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎnzhèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                anyway, in any case
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxia rén yě hǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                whether it's city people or country people
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yīyuàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hospital
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise h
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why was Xiùyun late coming home?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason
          does she insist he take the medicine?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What did they see in Qīnghǎi ten years ago?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          h. What are their professions?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. What kind of situation does the husband hope China will never
      have again?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce
      your answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Conversation between an American student and a Chinese student in
      their college dormitory in America.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zěnme yíge rén zài zhèli?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Hide nūpéngyou ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zài tūshūguǎn niàn tāde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Jīngjixué.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā zhēn yònggōng! Zhème hǎode
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tiānqi, hái zài pīnmìng niàn shū!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a! Gāngcái, wǒ qù gěi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ta sòngle yidiǎn Kěkǒukělè, wǒ gēn ta shuō, zhèiyang niànxiaqu shi
      yào shēng hìngde, kěshi tā bù ting, háishi zài nar niàn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiǎng nīde nūpengyou you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      diǎnr tèbié, women bānlide jīge nūshēng zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎi-biānr
      qu wánr le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhè he tāde jiātíng yǒu guānxi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A:     Zěnme ne?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     Tāde fùmù yǒu zhòng nan qīng
    </para>
    <para>
      nude lǎo guānniàn. Tāmen xiǎng érzi shi zìjīde, nuér zhǎngdàle
      zǒng yào Jiēhūnde, Jiēle hūn Jiù shi biérén Jiāde rén le, niàn shū
      you shénme yòng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Wǒ conglái méiyou xiǎngdào,
    </para>
    <para>
      xiànzài hái yǒu zhèiyangde Jiātíng, zhèiyangde fùmǔ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     Zhè méiyou shénme qíguài, bǎ
    </para>
    <para>
      lǎo guānniàn biàncheng xìn guānniàn bu shi yíjiàn róngyide shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Nà, nīde nūpéngyou yǒu xiōng-
    </para>
    <para>
      dì Jiěmèi ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How come you’re all alone here? Where’s your girlfriend?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s in the library studying her economics.
    </para>
    <para>
      She really works hard! The weather is so nice, and she’s still
      knocking herself out studying.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right! Just now, I went to take her a Coke, and I told her
      she was going to get sick if she kept on studying like this, but
      she wouldn’t listen. She Just went on studying.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think your girlfriend is a little unusual. Several of the women
      students in our class took off for the beach a long time ago.
    </para>
    <para>
      It has to do with her family.
    </para>
    <para>
      What do you mean?
    </para>
    <para>
      Her parents have the old idea of regarding men as superior to
      women. They think that a son is theirs, but a daughter gets
      married sooner or later when she grows up, and after she’s married
      she belongs to another family, so what use is it for her to get an
      education?
    </para>
    <para>
      I never imagined that there were still families and parents like
      that these days.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s nothing so strange about that; it’s not an easy thing to
      change one’s old ideas into new ideas.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then, does your girl friend have any brothers and sisters?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     Yǒu, Jiù yǒu yíge gēge.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yes, Just one older brother.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Tā niàn shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo? How does he do in school?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Mǎmǎhūhū, wǒ xiǎng tā bú shi
    </para>
    <para>
      yíge hěn yònggōngde xuéshēng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ rènshi ta?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Rènshi. Wǒ he tāmen shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhōngxué tóngxué, tā gēge zhīdao tā niànwánle zhōngxué jiu kéyi
      shàng dàxué, kěshi tā fùmǔ bú ràng mèimei niàn dàxué. Wǒ kàndao tā
      changcháng yíge rén zài túshūguǎn diào yǎnlèi, jiù wèn ta
      wèishénme, mànmànde, wǒ jiu zhīdao tāde qíngxing le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: 0, shi zhèiyang.’ Nà tā shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnme lái dàxué niàn shūde ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ fùmǔ bāngzhu ta. ^ùnián,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tā zìjī yě zhuànle diǎn qián. Wǒ mǔqin shuō zhèige háizi zènme
      xiǎng niàn shū, women duō bāngzhu ta yidiǎnr, ràng ta hǎohāo niàn
      shū ba.’ Zhèi-yàng tā jiù bú zuò shi, zhǐ niàn shū le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shi zhèiyang.’ Women qù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kànkan ta, ràng ta xiūxi-xiuxi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, zǒu.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Just so-so, I don’t think he’s a very hard worker.
    </para>
    <para>
      You know him?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. We were classmates in high school. Her brother knew that
      after he finished high school he could go to college, but her
      parents wouldn’t let her go. I used to see her alone in the
      library, crying, and I asked her why. Gradually, I found out about
      her situation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, so that’s the story! So then, how was it that she came to
      college?
    </para>
    <para>
      My parents helped her out. Also, last year she earned some money
      on her own. My mother said she wanted so badly to study, that we
      should help her out and let her do it properly.’ This way she can
      just study without having to work.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, is that so! Let’s go see her, and make her take a break.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Good, let’s go!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In Běijīng, a mother and son talk after a day of work.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mā, nín dào nǎr qu le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zài Lǎo Wáng jiā zuòle yihuǐr.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wáng LǏde qíngkuàng hǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yidiǎnr ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo yidiǎnr, bù kū le, kěshi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      háishi yìtiān dào wǎn méiyou yíjù huà.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēn ràng rén nánshòu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kě bu shi ma, shizài shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kělián, Wáng Li fùqin sǐle cái
    </para>
    <para>
      Where have you been, Mom?
    </para>
    <para>
      I was over at Lǎo Wáng’s for a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is Wáng Li’s situation better now?
    </para>
    <para>
      Somewhat better. She isn’t crying anymore, but she still doesn’t
      say a thing all day long.
    </para>
    <para>
      It really makes one feel bad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Doesn’t it, though? It’s really pitiful: first Wáng Li’s father
    </para>
    <para>
      bànnián mǔqin you sǐ le. Báitiān hǎo yidiǎnr, dàjiā ké^i qù péipei
      ta. Wǎnshang, nū-háizi yíge rén zài jiāli, zhēn rang rén bú
      fàngxǐn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mā, wǒ xiǎngdào yíge hǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bǎnfǎ, rang Wang LÌ bān dao zánmen jiā lái ba! Nín gēn tā liáoliao
      tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mm, zhèige bǎnfǎ hǎo shi hǎo,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kěshi zánmen jiā jiù zhè liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, wǒ bǎ nǐ fang zai
      nǎr ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiǎng Wáng Lì bānlái yǐhoù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ kéyi zǎi Wáng jiā zhù jǐtiān, děng Wáng Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo
      yì-diǎnr, wǒ zǎi bānhuilai ma!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo háizi, nǐ zhème rèxīn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo. . . . Wáng Li hěn xiàoshun, zhèixiē rìzi,
      tā huì chángcháng xiǎng tāde fùmǔ, duō hé tā tántan, mǎnmānrde, tā
      huì hǎo yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ zǎi qù zhǎozhao tā cóng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qiánde tǒngxué, rǎng tamen dōu lái hé ta tántan, péi ta chūqu
      zǒuzou.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le, děngdǎo tā shàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bān le, jiù hǎo le. Rén mángde shihou jǐngshén huì hǎo yìxiē.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì. Nà zánmen xiànzài jiù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qù jiē ta ba!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi shōushi-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎo zài qù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ gēn nín yíkuàir shōushi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dies, and then less than half a year later her mother dies, too.
      During the daytime it’s not so bad, everybody goes and keeps her
      company. But in the evening the girl is alone at home. It really
      makes one worry.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mom, I’ve thought of a good way (to solve the problem). Have Wáng
      Lì move to our house! If you can chat with her, maybe that will
      help.
    </para>
    <para>
      That is a good idea, but our place only has these two small rooms.
      Where would I put you?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think I could go live at the Wáng's house. When Wáng Li’s
      condition is a little better, I’ll move back here!
    </para>
    <para>
      Good boy. It’s good that you’re so eager to help others. . . .
      Wáng Lì is very filial, and she’ll miss her parents a lot during
      this time. If we talk with her a lot, gradually, she'll get
      better.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll go call on some of her former classmates and have them come
      talk with her and go out for walks with her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. When she starts work, everything will be all right. When a
      person is busy, their spirits improve.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. Well, let's go get her right now!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wait. Let’s straighten up the room before we go.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll straighten it up with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      A husband, and wife talk in Běijīng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiùyun, nǐ huílai le. Jīntiān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnme zěnme wǎn?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiàle bānr, wǒ you qù mǎi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      diSnr yào.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yǐjīng hǎo le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hái mǎi shénme yào?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ cái yìtiān bù fā shāo, jiù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shuō hǎo le? Kuài yidiǎnr bǎ zhèi liǎngzhǒng yào dōu chīxiaqu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ nǎr xūyào zěnme duō yào!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèizhǒng gǎnmào bu shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìtiān liǎngtiān jiù huì hǎode, nǐ yídìng děi bǎ zhèi jǐzhǒng yào
      dōu chīle.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ chī.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ gěi ni dào bēi rèshuǐ lai,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiànzài jiù chī.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ei°, shuōdao chī yào, wǒ jiu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎngqilai le, nǐ hái jìde shí-nián qián, zánmen zài Qīnghǎi
      xiāngxià kànjiande nèijiàn shi ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hi Xiùyun, you’re back. How come you’re so late tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      After work I went to buy some medicine.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think I’ve already recovered. What are you buying medicine for?
    </para>
    <para>
      Your fever has only been gone for one day and you say you’ve
      recovered? Come on and take these two medicines.
    </para>
    <para>
      As if I needed all this medicine!
    </para>
    <para>
      This kind of cold doesn’t get better in just a day or two.
    </para>
    <para>
      You have to take all of these medicines.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, okay, I’ll take them.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll get you a cup of hot water, and you take them right now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Say, speaking of taking medicine reminds me, do you remember what
      we saw out in the country of Qīnghǎi ten years ago?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme bu jìde, zánmen dōu shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren méi yào chī, zhēn nánshòu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kěshi, hái yǒu rén shuō
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèizhǒng qíngxing méi guānxi, fanzhèng Zhōngguo rén duō, zhēn shi
      bù jiǎng dàolǐ!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hài! Nèige shihou, shénme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qíguàide shir dōu you, bié shuō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Kéyi bù shuō, kěshi bū huì
    </para>
    <para>
      wàng. Zhōngguo yǒu jǐyì rén, chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxià
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How could I forget. We’re both doctors; seeing sick people without
      medicine to take was really upsetting.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      But you know what some people say? They say that this sort of
      situation doesn’t matter, that there are plenty of Chinese anyway.
      How crazy!
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh). Back then, there were all sorts of strange things; don’t
      talk about it any more.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We don’t have to talk about it, but we won't forge* it. ■ .er ■■
      are several hundred million peonle in China.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Ei is an interjection which tells that the speaker just thought of
      something.
    </para>
    <para>
      ren yě hǎo, you hing hù néng kàn yǐsheng, you hing méi yào chide
      shi, zài yě hù néng you le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: NǏ shuōde duì. Hǎo le, hǎo le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐde hing cái hǎo yidiǎnr, nǐ chile yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi ha.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiān hǎ yào chile, děng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yihuǐr, wo hái děi chūqu yítàng, yiyuànli hái you jǐjiàn shi děi
      hàn, wǒ qù kàn yixia jiu huilai.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zǎo diǎnr huílai.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Whether it’s people in the city or people in the country, we can’t
      have any more situations where people are sick and yet unahle to
      see a doctor or get medicine.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re right. Okay, your illness is only a little better, after
      you take your medicine go to hed early.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll take the medicine now, but I have to go out again in a while.
      I still have a few things I have to take care of at the hospital.
      I’ll be back right after I go take a look there.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t come back too late.’
    </para>
    <para>
      soc
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT U
    </para>
    <para>
      A Family History
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. More on ne, marker of absence of change/lack of completion.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The adverb duō (duō), &quot;how....”’
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. More on indefinite pronouns (&quot;any/no&quot;
          expressions).
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Review of you (Noun) phrases.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Reassuring someone that they need not worry.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone
          just said.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Commenting on other’s good fortune.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. A: Nǐ Laba zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Tā niánji dà le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Your father got up so early!
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s getting on in years, and
    </para>
    <para>
      he goes to bed early.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Xiǎo Wangde yeye you he nèixie xiǎo péngyou liáo tiānr
          ne!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Tā rén hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Wang’s grandfather is talking with those kids again!
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s a very good person, and he likes children a lot.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ nǎinai shēntǐ hǎo ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Hái hǎo, you shihou hái néng qǐlai shōushi shoushi wūzi.
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Zhāng jiāde érxífu hěn you guǐju.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you fuqi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A: Guòqù, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū duō nán!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Rénjia dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn yōu lǐmàode háizi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Has your grandmother’s health been good the past couple of years?
    </para>
    <para>
      Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the
      room.
    </para>
    <para>
      The Zhāng family’s daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, the Zhāng family’s grandmother is really blessed with good
      fortune.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to
      study!
    </para>
    <para>
      Now it’s better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on
      them anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a very well-mannered child.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Zhèi yì jiā rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.
        </para>
        <para>
          B:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          8.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          A:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          B:
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tǐngshuō tāmende sūnzi sūnnu xiànzài dōu niàn Si Shū ne!
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen Jiā guòqù shi you qián rén, you bù shǎo cáichǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi tǔdǐ ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      This whole family has had quite a good education.
    </para>
    <para>
      I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all)
      studying the Four Books now!
    </para>
    <para>
      Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of property.
    </para>
    <para>
      The property you’re talking about is land, isn’t it?
    </para>
    <para>
      9.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhùxialai ba, yě kéyi gěi women bāng dianr máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ báitiān you kè, zhǐ hǎo wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Stay (live) here and you can help us a bit.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have classes during the day;
    </para>
    <para>
      I can only work at night.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Wǒ mǔqin zǒng dānxǐn wǒ gěge zài wàibianr chǐ kǔ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen Jǐge xiǎo péngyou hùxiāng bāng máng, bú huì chǐ kǔde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a
      rough time away from home.
    </para>
    <para>
      His bunch of friends help each other out. They don’t have such a
      rough time.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VOCABULARY
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                baba
              </para>
              <para>
                bang máng bù shǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                father, dad, papa
              </para>
              <para>
                to help; help
              </para>
              <para>
                to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cáichǎn chī kǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                property
              </para>
              <para>
                to suffer, to undergo hardship
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dānxīn duo (duō)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be worried, to be uneasy how...
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                érxífu(r) (érxífer)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daught er-in-law
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fuqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                blessings, good fortune
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guīju
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rules of proper behavior, social etiquette, manners;
                rule (of a community or organization), established
                practice, custom
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòqù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the past
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hái hùxiāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fairly, passably mutually
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -jiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (counter for families)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kànbuqǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to look down on, to scorn, to despise
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǐmào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                manners, politeness
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nǎinai niánji
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother (on father’s side) age
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qǐlai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get up (in several senses)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rén
              </para>
              <para>
                rénjia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                person; body; self people; they; he, she; I
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēntǐ shōushi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                body; health
              </para>
              <para>
                to straighten up; to get one’s things ready
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Si Shū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng, Lúnyǔ.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sūnnū sūnzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Mèngzǐ)
              </para>
              <para>
                granddaughter (through one’s son) grandson (through
                one’s son)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǔdì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                land
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo péngyou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                little friend; kids
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      yéye you you guǐju you lǐmào you qián
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ hǎo zhùxialai
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      grandfather (on the father’s side) also
    </para>
    <para>
      to have manners, to he proper
    </para>
    <para>
      to he well mannered, to he polite
    </para>
    <para>
      to he rich
    </para>
    <para>
      can only, to have to, to he forced to
    </para>
    <para>
      to move and stay (in a place), to settle down
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit U, Reference Notes
    </para>
    <para>
      1. A: Nǐ “baba zhème zǎo jiu           Your father got up so
      early.
    </para>
    <para>
      qǐlai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tā niánji dà le, měitiān        He’s getting on in years, and
    </para>
    <para>
      shuǐde zǎo.                     he goes to bed early.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le: The adverb jiù is used to stress the
      earliness (zhème zǎo) of father’s getting up. On this use of jiù,
      review Unit 2, Notes on No. 9• Here are more examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu qǐlai le. He got up at five (that early).
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ mǎshàng jiu lái.                 I’ll be there in a minute.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù jiù, tā jiu líkāi le.           Shortly afterwards, he left.
    </para>
    <para>
      qǐlai: &quot;to get up,&quot; from a bed or just from a sitting
      position. In an abstract sense it means &quot;to arise,&quot;
      e.g., &quot;to arise and revolt&quot; Cqǐlai gemǐngi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ tiāntiān shénme shihou qǐlai? When do you get up every day?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā niánji dà le: Literally, &quot;As for him, the age is now
      big.&quot; Le is used here to indicate change of state, as it
      often is in sentences telling a person’s age (Tā sānshi suǐ le).
    </para>
    <para>
      You should learn the following typical examples of how to use
      niánji:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā (you) duo dà niánji le?         How old is he? (USED ONLY OF
      ADULTS)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā niánji dà le.                    He’s advanced in years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā niánji bù xiǎo le.              She’s not young any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Use Nín duo dà niánji le? to ask an adult’s age. To ask a child’s
      age, though, say Nǐ duo dà le? or Nǐ you duo dà? or Nǐ jǐsuǐ (le)?
    </para>
    <para>
      The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many
      Westerners are. It is not considered impolite to ask someone’s
      age, even women and old people. As in the West, old people are
      often proud of their age and glad to let you know it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měitiān shuǐde zǎo: Literally, &quot;every day goes to bed
      early.&quot; Měitiān is needed in Chinese to express the idea of
      &quot;habitual&quot; which in English is conveyed simply by the
      present tense of &quot;goes.&quot; Without měitiān, the Chinese
      sentence might refer to one particular instance only. For example,
      it might mean that grandfather went to bed early the night before.
    </para>
    <para>
      shuì, which you may know from the Welfare module, means &quot;to
      sleep,&quot; hut also &quot;to go to hed, to retire.&quot; It is
      like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the
      continuing performance of an action (sleeping) or the start of an
      action (trying to sleep, i.e., going to hed). In the following
      examples, the pair of translations show the ambiguity. In real
      conversation, of course, the ambiguity rarely causes problems
      because the listener interprets one way or the other according to
      the context:
    </para>
    <para>
      {Has he gone to bed?
    </para>
    <para>
      Did he sleep (and then get up)?
    </para>
    <para>
      {Has it started to rain?
    </para>
    <para>
      Did it rain (and then stop)?
    </para>
    <para>
      í Has the bell gone off?
    </para>
    <para>
      Diànlíng xiǎngle’ ma?             (
    </para>
    <para>
      I Did the bell ring (and then stop)?
    </para>
    <para>
      To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For
      example, the aspect marker ne specifies absence of change, lack of
      completion, and so rules out the second translation for each of
      the above three sentences: Tā shuì ne, &quot;He is sleeping,&quot;
      Xià yǔ ne, &quot;It’s raining,&quot; Diànlíng xiǎng ne, &quot;The
      bell is ringing.&quot; To be even more specific you could use
      ~zhe, the marker of duration (usually used in combination with
      ne): Tā shuìzhe ne, Xiàzhe yǔ ne, Diànlíng xiǎngzhe ne. Or you
      could use the marker zài for ongoing action:Tā zài shuì, &quot;He
      is (in the midst of) sleeping,&quot; etc. To be the most specific
      of all, you can use zài, -zhe, and ne all in the same sentence: Tā
      zài shuìzhe ne, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shuì can also be used to mean &quot;to lie down,&quot; regardless
      of whether the person sleeps or not. (The meaning &quot;lie
      down&quot; for shuì is only accepted by some speakers; others
      always use the verb tang, &quot;to lie down,&quot; which you
      learned in the Welfare module.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuì zai dìshang kàn diànshì. He lies on the floor and watches
      television.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn tā shuì dao zhuōzishang Look at him lying on the table! lai
      le!
    </para>
    <para>
      shuìde zǎo is another example of a manner expression following a
      verb plus -de, a structure which was introduced back in the
      Transportation module (Nǐ kāide tài kuài le, &quot;You are driving
      too fast&quot;). Shuìde wǎn means either &quot;to go to bed
      late&quot; or &quot;to sleep late.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      *xiǎng: &quot;to sound, to make a sound&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎo Wangde yéye you he nèixie xiǎo péngyou liáo tiānr ne.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā rén hěn hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Wang’s grandfather is talking with those kids again.’
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s a very good person, and he likes children a lot.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      yéye: &quot;grandfather,” only for the father’s father. Back in
      the Biographic Information module you learned zǔfù for
      &quot;paternal grandfather.&quot; Yéye is the same person, but is
      the word you would use when addressing him directly or when
      talking about him informally. See the diagram under nǎinai below
      (Notes on No. 3). COne's mother's father is lǎoyé or wàigōng.1
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo péngyou, &quot;little friends,&quot; is a warm term for young
      children. It may be used either to address children directly or to
      talk about them in the third person. The host of a children's
      television show, for example, would address the young viewers as
      xiǎo péngyou(men). You may someday need to use this word to
      address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that
      you meet on the street. And, of course, xiǎo péngyou is also used
      in its literal sense to refer to the &quot;young friends&quot; of
      a child.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo péngyou.' Tiān hēi le, kuài Little boy/girl, it's getting
      dark hui jiā qu ba.'                      out. You'd better go
      back home.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèixiē xiǎo péngyou dōu zài        Those kids are playing
      outdoors,
    </para>
    <para>
      wàitou wānr ne.
    </para>
    <para>
      liāo tiānr ne: Ne, which you first learned in the sentence Hái méi
      ne, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE or LACK OF
      COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite of le, which marks
      CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can
      or should you use ne? We can note two kinds of meaning for
      sentences in which absence-of-change ne often appears:
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Continued State, e.g.,
    </para>
    <para>
      Hai you ne.                          There is still some more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hai méiyou ne.                       Not yet.
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Ongoing Action, e.g.,
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā chī fàn ne.                       He's eating.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎinai zuò fàn ne.                  Grandma is cooking.
    </para>
    <para>
      Remember also that ne is often used in sentences which contain
      -zhe, the marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or
      zài, the marker of ONGOING ACTION.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuì jiào ne.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuìzhe ne.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài shuì ne.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (NO CHANGE)
    </para>
    <para>
      (DURATION + NO CHANGE) (ONGOING + NO CHANGE)
    </para>
    <para>
      He is sleeping.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action
      sentences that end in ahsence-of-change ne. In one of its many
      versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore
      the words you don’t know):
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo hàozir
    </para>
    <para>
      Shàng dēngtáir
    </para>
    <para>
      Tōu you he
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiabulái
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiao Yéye
    </para>
    <para>
      Yéye zá suàn ne ^(ONGOING ACTION)
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiào Nǎinai       y'
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎinai zhǔ fan ne^
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiào Niūer
    </para>
    <para>
      Bào māo lai
    </para>
    <para>
      Zēr! Zā! Deizhao le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A little mouse
    </para>
    <para>
      Went up the lampstand To steal oil to drink But he couldn’t get
      down He called Grandpa
    </para>
    <para>
      But Grandpa was crushing garlic He called Grandma But Grandma was
      cooking He called Granddaughter Who &quot;brought the cat Squeak!
      Scratch! Got him!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rén: Besides the meaning of ’’man, person,&quot; rén can also
      &quot;be used to refer more specifically to someone’s (1)
      character, (2) mental state of &quot;being, or (3) physical self.
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) character
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rén hěn rèxīn, chāngchàng bāngzhu biérén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rén zuò shi hǎo you xiǎoxīn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rén zhēn bú cuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) mental state
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā hēduō le, rén yòu diǎnr bú tài qīngchu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) physical self
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ rén hǎo diǎnr le ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Cao Yǔshēng bú shi shuō wǔ-diǎn zhōng kāi huì ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Tā rén ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gāngcái hái zài zhèr, zěnme yìhuǐr rén bú Jiàn le?
    </para>
    <para>
      Rén lǎo xǐn bu lǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He is a very warmhearted person.
    </para>
    <para>
      He often helps others.
    </para>
    <para>
      He does things well and carefully.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is a very nice person.
    </para>
    <para>
      He had too much to drink and is a little foggy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Are you better today? (i.e., your health)
    </para>
    <para>
      Didn’t Cáo Yǔshēng say there would be a meeting at five o’clock?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right!
    </para>
    <para>
      So where is he?
    </para>
    <para>
      He was Just here a minute ago, how could he have disappeared so
      fast?
    </para>
    <para>
      (saying) The person is old, but his heart is not old. (&quot;young
      at heart&quot;)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Ren yì zǒu, chá jiu liáng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (saying) As soon as the person has left, the tea gets cold.
      (describes someone who forgets a friendship no sooner than he has
      left—often used to describe Americans)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      3. A: Zhèi liǎngnián nǐ nǎinai shēntǐ hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Hái hǎo, you shihou hái néng qǐlai shōushi shoushi wūzi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Has your grandmother’s health been good the past couple of years?
    </para>
    <para>
      Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and straighten up the
      room.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèi liǎngnián: &quot;the last couple of years&quot; Zhèi before
      an amount of time often means &quot;the last&quot; or &quot;the
      past.&quot; Liang does not necessarily mean exactly
      &quot;two&quot; but can mean &quot;a couple,&quot; an indefinite
      small number.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guo liǎngtiān women Jiù qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We are going there in a couple of days.
    </para>
    <para>
      nǎinai: &quot;paternal grandmother&quot; For &quot;grandma and
      grandpa,&quot; the Chinese order is almost always yéye nǎinai. LA
      maternal grandmother is called lǎolao or wàipó.J Here is a tree
      showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are
      conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly
      or refer to them. The third row shows the more formal words which
      you learned in BIO; these are not used in addressing one’s
      grandparents directly. (The labels &quot;Northern&quot; and
      &quot;Southern,&quot; are generalizations; many more terms exist,
      but these are widely encountered.)
    </para>
    <para>
      (Northern) (Southern)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook_files/FSI-StandardChinese-Module07SOC-StudentTextAndWorkbook-2.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shēntǐ: &quot;body&quot; OR &quot;health&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde shēntǐ zhēn bang.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He is in great shape.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;bang, &quot;to be great/fantastic/terrific&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié zǒngshi pīnmìng niàn shū, děi duo zhùyì shēntǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Don’t always he knocking yourself out studying; you should look
      after your health more.
    </para>
    <para>
      hái hǎo: &quot;fairly good&quot; You first learned the adverb hái
      as meaning &quot;still.&quot; When used before a state verb, hái
      can also mean that the quality expressed by that verb may still be
      said to apply, although just barely. Often it may be translated as
      &quot;fairly, passably&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige dianyǐng hái bū cuè,        The movie was fairly good.
      Although
    </para>
    <para>
      suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi         it was a little long, it was
    </para>
    <para>
      duì wǒde Zhōngwén you bāngzhu. good for my Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sometimes, however, you
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige fànguǎnr hái keyi, yǒu jǐge cài nǐ keyi shishi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hái mámahūhū, jiù shi máng yidiǎnr.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōngguo you yìqiānniánde lìshǐ...
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: A, nǐ shuō shenme? Yìqiān-nián?.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: ōu, bū shi, sānqiānnián.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà hái chàbuduō.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shōushi: &quot;to straighten up&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ yīnggāi bǎ nǐde wūzi shōushi shoushi le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiansheng zǒngshi shuō wǒ wūzi shōushide bù gānjing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shi yì kāishǐ jiù zuòde bù hǎo, xiànzài méi bànfǎ shōushi
      le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      will need to find other translations:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      That restaurant isn’t too bad. They have a few dishes you might
      try.
    </para>
    <para>
      How have you been lately?
    </para>
    <para>
      Enh, all right, just a little busy.
    </para>
    <para>
      China has one thousand years of history...
    </para>
    <para>
      What? How’s that? One thousand years?.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, I mean three thousand years.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s more like it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You ought to straighten up your room (Le indicates &quot;It’s
      gotten to that point.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      My husband always says I don’t keep my room neat.
    </para>
    <para>
      This thing was handled poorly right from the start. Now there’s no
      way it can be remedied.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Shōushi xíngli means &quot;to pack one’s baggage.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Zhāng jiāde érxífu hěn yǒu guǐju.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn you fūqi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The Zhāng family’s daughter-in-law is a proper young woman.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, the Zhāng family’s grandmother is really blessed with good
      fortune.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhāng jia: &quot;the Zhāng family&quot; In Běijīng pronunciation,
      the jiā is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a suffix:
      Zhāngjia.
    </para>
    <para>
      érxífu: &quot;daughter-in-law&quot; In Běijīng, this word is often
      pronounced
    </para>
    <para>
      ěrxífur or érxífer (note the vowel change).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      guīju: A definite standard, regulation, or custom which forms part
      of the conduct of a group of people (e.g., a community, a company,
      a gang, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhao Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qīng kède shihou kèren yīnggāi xiān
      kāishǐ chī.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zai qù nèige guójiā yīqián, zuì hǎo wǒ neng zhīdao yìxiē nèrde
      guīju.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jūnrén you hěn duō tèbiéde guīju.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè shi wǒmende guīju.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhème duō guīju!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It is an old Chinese custom that when you have guests, the guests
      should start eating first.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before going to that country it would best if I could find out
      about some of their customs.
    </para>
    <para>
      Military people have a lot of special regulations.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s the way we do things here.
    </para>
    <para>
      All this formality!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You guīju, as you see in exchange U, means &quot;to have manners,
      to be proper (in benavior).&quot; Mei guīju is &quot;to be badly
      behaved,&quot; said, for example, of a child. (Bù guīju may be
      used to imply unfaithfulness of a wife.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhāng Taitai jiāo háizi jiāode Mrs. Zhāng teaches her children
      well, hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn you        they are all very
      well-behaved,
    </para>
    <para>
      guīju.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Sānr! Bié zhèiyangr. Ke- Cut it out, Xiǎo Sānr. What will the
      ren kànjian nǐ zènme méi           guests think when they see you
      mis-
    </para>
    <para>
      guīju, zěnme hǎo yìsi?             behaving so?
    </para>
    <para>
      fúqi: This is a traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy
      happiness in life. It is different from the Western idea of luck
      Ewhich is closer to Chinese yùnqiZI. Luck refers to chance
      occurrences like winning a lottery, while fúqi refers to one’s
      whole life situation. Some people have more fúqi and some less. In
      practice, fúqi is measured by a person’s wealth, prestige, and
      especially his or her family situation. In traditional China, for
      a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he had fúqi. In
      exchange U, the grandmother is said to have fúqi because her
      daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhēn yōu fúqi, búdàn yōu yíge   He is really blessed with good
      for-
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo jiātíng, you yōu yíge hǎo tune. Not only does he have a nice
      gōngzuò.                             family, but a good job, too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ fūqi zhēn hǎo, da érzi jì       You are really blessed with
      good for-
    </para>
    <para>
      qián, xiǎo nūér song huār!         tune. Your oldest son sent you
    </para>
    <para>
      money and your little girl gave you flowers
    </para>
    <para>
      Daughters-in-law: The relationship between the husband’s wife and
      his mother is different in traditional China from in the West. A
      wife, after all, is considered to become a member of her husband’s
      family, so she is supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new
      mother, and show her the same filial obedience. The husband’s
      mother, for her part, tries to find for her son a young woman who
      will obey and get along with her, who will work hard for the
      family and around the house.
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Guòqù, Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū duo nán.’
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Xiànzài hǎo le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad to
      study.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Now it’s better, no matter where they go, no one looks down on
      them anymore.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      guòqù: &quot;the past&quot; Distinguish this noun from the verb
      &quot;to pass,&quot; which in Beijing has a neutral-tone qu:
      guòqu. Since it is a time word, the noun guòqù may go either
      before the subject or between the subject and verb. Most commonly
      it is placed at the very beginning of the sentence, before the
      subject:
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòqu, tā zài Xiānggǎngde shihou, In the past, when he was in Hong
      tā jiāo shū.                         Kong, he taught school.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòqù, tā bāngguo wo hěn duō máng. In the past he has been a great
      help to me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòqù may also be used to modify a noun
    </para>
    <para>
      Nà dōu shi guòqùde shi le.’
    </para>
    <para>
      duō nán: &quot;how difficult.’&quot; Duō, used before a state verb
      to express a
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān tiānqi duō hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bù zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diàn-yīng piào you duō nán.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Duō piàoliangde háizi a.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zěnme kéyi zhème shuō? Duō ràng rén shěngqì.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn tā duō xǐhuan niàn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      phrase:
    </para>
    <para>
      Those are all things of the past.’
    </para>
    <para>
      in Běijīng often pronounced duō, is high degree, like
      &quot;how&quot; in English:
    </para>
    <para>
      How nice the weather is today.
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t know how hard it is to buy a movie ticket here.’
    </para>
    <para>
      What a beautiful child!
    </para>
    <para>
      How can he say such a thing? How infuriating!
    </para>
    <para>
      Look at how he loves to study.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ: Nǎr here is used as an indefinite
      pronoun, &quot;anywhere, no matter where.&quot; You learned about
      indefinite pronouns in the Meeting module, where you had the
      sentence Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi. A question word,
      such as shéi, shénme, něige or nǎr followed by the adverb dōu
      before the verb expresses the idea of &quot;any.&quot; When the
      verb has bù or méi before it, the pattern expresses the ideas of
      &quot;nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere,&quot; etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shéi dōu kéyi qù.                   Anyone may go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shéi dōu bù kéyi qù.                No one may go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shénme dōu kéyi yòng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shénme dōu bù kéyi yòng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Něige dōu yíyàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Něige dōu bù qīngchu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǎr dōu kéyi qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎr dōu méi zhèr hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You may use anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      You may not use anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      Any of them would be the same.
    </para>
    <para>
      None of them is clear.
    </para>
    <para>
      You can go anywhere.
    </para>
    <para>
      No place is as good as here.
    </para>
    <para>
      When bù or méi is used before the verb, the adverb yě can be used
      in place of dōu:
    </para>
    <para>
      Shéi yě bù kéyi qù.                 No one can go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shénme yě bù kéyi yòng.            You may not use anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      Něige yě bù qíngchu.               None of them is clear.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎr yě méi zhèr hǎo.                No place is as good as here.
    </para>
    <para>
      The &quot;any/no&quot; expression may be the subject or object of
      the sentence, or as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a
      prepositional verb:
    </para>
    <para>
      Mai gěi shéi dōu kéyi.              It’s okay to sell it to
      anyone.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mai gěi shéi dōu bu kéyi.           It’s not okay to sell it to
      any-
    </para>
    <para>
      Mài gěi shéi yě bu kéyi. J            one.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fang zai nǎr dōu yíyàng.           It’s the same wherever you put
      it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fàng zai nǎr dōu bù yíyàng.        It’s different every place you
      put it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dào něige yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. It would be all right to go to any
      post office to mail it•
    </para>
    <para>
      Gēn shéi shuō dōu (OR yě) méi It doesn’t matter who you tell it
      to. guānxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      kànbuqǐ: A resultative compound verb meaning &quot;to look down
      on, to scorn, to despise.&quot; Unlike other resultative verb
      compounds, this one occurs only with -de- or -bu-. (Méi kànqǐ and
      kànqǐ le are very rare.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié kànbuqǐ zhèixiē xiǎo shi. Don’t look down on these little
      matters.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuì kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén. I despise this kind of person most.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù yǐnggāi kànbuqǐ fùnū, nánrén    Don’t look down on women.
      Anything
    </para>
    <para>
      néng zuǒde shi, nùrén yě néng a man can do a woman can do. zuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      The positive form kàndeqǐ means to treat someone or something
      seriously because you believe them/it to be capable, important,
      worthy, etc. It may be translated as &quot;to think a lot
      of,&quot; &quot;to think highly of&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ kàndeqǐ ni cái ràng nǐ guan zhèijiàn shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng ràng biérén kàndeqǐ ni, n? děi bī biérén zuò-de
      hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s only because I think a lot of you that I’m letting you have
      charge of this matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you want to have others think highly of you, you have to do
      better than they.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A: Rénjia dōu juéde Xiǎo Wáng Everyone feels Xiǎo Wáng is a
      very shi ge hěn you lǐmàode          well-mannered child,
    </para>
    <para>
      háizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      rénjia: This pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in
      exchange 6 it means &quot;everyone, people (in general),
      they&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénjia dōu shuō nèige dìfang hěn People say that place is very
      pretty, hǎo kàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      It can also mean &quot;other people&quot; or &quot;someone
      else&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběnr shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi I can probably lend you this book,
      nī, būguò shi rénjiade, wǒ děi but it’s someone else’s. I have
      xiǎn wènwen.                        to ask them first.
    </para>
    <para>
      Besides referring to unspecified people, rénjia can also refer to
      specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party,
      &quot;he,&quot; &quot;she,&quot; or ’’they&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénjia bu jiè, suàn le ba.’
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ nūér you háizi le meiyou?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou—rénjia bú yào.’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wǒ gěi rénjia, rénjia bú yào. Zěnme ban?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn rénjia Xiǎo Huá xuéde duo hǎo, nǐ ne.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If he doesn’t want to lend it, then just forget it.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Has your daughter had any children yet?
    </para>
    <para>
      No—she doesn’t want any.’
    </para>
    <para>
      I tried to give it to her, but she didn’t want it. What can you
      do?
    </para>
    <para>
      Look at how well Xiǎo Huá does in her studies, but you.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Renjia may also refer to the speaker, in other words,
      &quot;l.&quot; In such a case, the speaker is being intentionally
      playful, witty, or cute:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ yào zenme duō?.’ Gěi rénjia yidiǎnr ma.'
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénjia bù xǐhuan zhèizhōng diànyīng.' Wèishénme yídǐng yào qù kàn?
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénjia děng nǐ yíge zhōngtōu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐntiǎn shi Xǐngqǐtiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!
    </para>
    <para>
      I don't like this kind of movie!
    </para>
    <para>
      Why do I have to go see it?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve been waiting for you for an hour.
    </para>
    <para>
      Today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!
    </para>
    <para>
      1ǐmào: &quot;manners, etiquette,&quot; the expression in speech
      and behavior of modesty and respectfulness. This includes
      politeness of speech, saying the right things at the right times,
      table manners, and so on. CLǏ is &quot;ritual.&quot; Mào is
      &quot;appearance.&quot;!
    </para>
    <para>
      Congqian zài Zhōngguo lǐmào hěn yàojǐn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Etiquette used to be very important in China.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yōu lǐmào means &quot;to be well-mannered,&quot; méiyou lǐmào
      &quot;to be ill-mannered.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      7. A: Zhèi yǐjiā rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tīngshuō tāmende sūnzi sūnnū xiànzài dōu ni àn Si Shū ne.'
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This whole family has had quite a good education.
    </para>
    <para>
      I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are (all)
      studying the Four Books now!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi yìjiā rén: &quot;this family&quot; You already a noun meaning
      &quot;family,&quot; for example, women jiā, also be used as a
      counter. It may be used alone ing. The translation is still
      &quot;family.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      know that jiā can be used as &quot;our family.&quot; But jiā can
      or with the noun rén follow-
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nèi yijiā, rénrén dōu gōngzuò, yìtiān dào wǎn méi rén zài jiā.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Everyone in that family works.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There's no one home all day long.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Cong zhèi sānjiā rénde qíngxing, nǐ kéyi zhīdao yìxiē guānyū
      Zhōngguo rénde shēnghuo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      From the situations of these three families, you can learn
      something about the life of the Chinese.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      niànguo bù shǎo shū: Literally, &quot;studied a lot of
      books.&quot; This is the GENERAL OBJECT shū which you first
      learned back in the Biographic Information module. It doesn't
      really mean &quot;books,&quot; but anything at all which is
      studied. Niàn shū Just means &quot;to study, to be in
      school,&quot; so we translate niànguo bù shǎo shū as &quot;to be
      very well educated&quot; or &quot;to have a good education.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Sūnzi, &quot;grandson,&quot; and sūnnu, &quot;granddaughter&quot;
      include only the children of one’s son. CThe children of one’s
      daughter are called wàisūnzi and wài-sūnnu.i Sūnnu may also have
      an -r ending: sūnnur (the real Běijīng pronunciation of -nur is
      kind of tricky; ask a native Běijīng speaker to say sūnnur for
      you).
    </para>
    <para>
      Si Shū: &quot;the Four Books,&quot; which are Daxué, &quot;The
      Great Learning&quot;; Zhōng-yōng, &quot;The Doctrine of the
      Mean&quot;; Lunyǔ, &quot;The Analects of Confucius&quot;; and
      Mèngzǐ, &quot;Mencius.&quot; Dàxué and Zhōngyōng are chapters from
      Lǐ Jì, &quot;The Book of Rites,&quot; which were raised to the
      status of separate &quot;books&quot; by the Southern Song Dynasty
      philosopher Zhū Xī. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the
      Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of
      Confucianism. Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four
      Books when they were children.
    </para>
    <para>
      8. A: Tāmen jiā guòqù shi yǒu qián Their family used to be rich,
      rén, yǒu bù shǎo cáichǎn.       They had quite a lot of property.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ shuōde cáichǎn shi           The property you’re talking
    </para>
    <para>
      tǔdì ba?                        about is land, isn’t it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      yǒu qián: &quot;to be rich,&quot; literally, &quot;to have
      money.&quot; You have now seen quite a few phrases built around
      the state verb yǒu:
    </para>
    <para>
      you yìsi to you bāngzhu to yǒu dǎolī to you xìngqu to yǒu yánjiū
      to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      be interesting, to be fun
    </para>
    <para>
      be helpful
    </para>
    <para>
      be reasonable, to be logical
    </para>
    <para>
      be interested
    </para>
    <para>
      be expert
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Like other state verbs (such as hǎo, &quot;to be good,&quot; ài,
      &quot;to love,&quot; huì, &quot;to be able to, to know how
      to,&quot;), yǒu can be modified by adverbs such as hěn,
      &quot;very&quot;; fēicháng, &quot;very, extremely&quot;; zhēn,
      &quot;really&quot;; tài, &quot;too&quot;; etc.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hěn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu qián.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nèiběn shū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhēn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you yìsi.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Lǐ Ping
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                méi xìngqu.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zenme shuō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shízài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                méiyou dàolǐ.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;He is very rich.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;That book is really interesting.&quot; &quot;Lǐ Ping is the
      least interested.&quot; &quot;To say that is really unreasonable.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You, of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is
      made negative with méi instead of bù. BÙ may nevertheless modify
      an adverb preceding yǒu:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bū tài yǒu qián.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He isn’t too rich.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You cannot use méi in this sentence because the negation goes with
      tài, not with yǒu. In fact, switching around the order of negative
      and adverb results in a big difference in meaning:
    </para>
    <para>
      Bū tài you yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tài méiyou yìsi.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Not too interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      So boring!
    </para>
    <para>
      you qián rén:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;wealthy people&quot; This is a sort of compound noun, so
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -de is not used.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      9. A: Nǐ zhùxialai ba, yě kéyi        Stay (live) here and you can
      help
    </para>
    <para>
      gěi wǒmen bāng dianr            us a bit.
    </para>
    <para>
      máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ báitiān you kè, zhǐ hǎo I have classes during the day;
      wǎnshang zuò diǎnr shǐ.          I can only work at night.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      either mean The ending not going away.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhùxialai: &quot;to stay; to settle down&quot; in a place. Zhù can
      &quot;to live, to reside&quot; or just &quot;to stay&quot;
      temporarily in a place, -xialai adds the meaning of coming to
      rest,
    </para>
    <para>
      Gang láide shihou bù zhīdao, zhùxialai yǐhǒu cái zhīdao wèishénme
      méi rén xǐhuan dǎo zhèige dìfang lái.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xiǎnzǎi qù zhǎo yige lùguǎn qu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méi guānxi, nǐ jiù zǎi wǒ jiā zhùxialai baJ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bāng máng: &quot;to help; help&quot; Unit 6. common.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When you first get here you don’t know, it’s only after you’ve
      lived here for a while that you realize why nobody likes to come
      here.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to go look for a hotel now
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s all right, why don’t you just stay at my house?
    </para>
    <para>
      You first saw this in the Welfare module, Both are very
    </para>
    <para>
      Then in Unit 2 of this module, you learned bāngzhu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bāngzhu is a little more formal than bāng máng, which is purely
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      conversational.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bāng máng is a verb-object phrase (literally,
      &quot;help-busy,&quot;—&quot;help me in my busy-ness&quot;). For
      example, you can say
    </para>
    <para>
      Bāng wo yidiǎnr máng.              Help me a little.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎi Měiguode shihou, tā         He helped me a lot when I was
      in
    </para>
    <para>
      bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng.            America.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bāngzhu, however, is just a verb. The word order is therefore
      simpler with bāngzhu than with bāngmáng.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bāngzhu wo.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bāng      wǒde máng.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                or
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gěi wo    bāng máng.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      &quot;He helps me.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      You can see that when bāng máng is used, the person helped is
      expressed either (1) in a phrase modifying máng or (2) in a
      prepositional phrase with gěi.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ hǎo: &quot;can only, have no choice hut to&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎ zhème dàde yù, women zhǐ hǎo hú qù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dǎjiǎ dōu hú yuǎnyi péi wo qù, wō zhǐ hǎo yíge rén qù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oqyou yuè lai yuè guǐ, hěn duō rén zhǐ hǎo zuò gōnggòng qìchē le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Since it’s raining so hard, we have no choice hut not to go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nobody wants to go with me. All I can do is go hy myself.
    </para>
    <para>
      With gasoline getting more and more expensive, many people have no
      choice hut to take the hus.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      10. A: Wō mùqin zǒng dǎnxǐn wǒ gēge zǎi wǎihianr chǐ kù.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tāmen jīge xiǎopéngyou hùxiǎng hang mǎng, hú huì chǐ kǔde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      dǎnxǐn: &quot;to he worried (that)&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐjīng shíyīdiǎn le, Xiǎo Ping hái méi huílai, tāde fùmǔ hěn
      dǎnxǐn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī hú hi dǎnxǐn, háizi dale, tǎ zìjī huì dǒngde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎde xuéxí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dǎnxǐn wǒ nǎinaide shēntǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dǎnxǐn tǎ you shénme wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ dǎnxǐn tǎ zuòbuhǎo nèijiǎn shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      My mother is always worried that my older brother is having a
      rough time away from home.
    </para>
    <para>
      His bunch of friends help each other out. They don’t have such a
      rough time.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s eleven o’clock already and Xiǎo Ping hasn’t gotten back home
      yet. His parents are very worried.
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t need to worry. When the child grows up he’ll understand.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m worried about his studies.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m worried about my grandmother’s health.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m worried that he has some problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s worried he won’t be able to do it well.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zǎi wǎihianr: Literally, &quot;on the outside,&quot; a common way
      of saying &quot;away from home&quot; or &quot;away from one’s
      hometown.&quot; The Chinese have an expression (in literary
      style), Zǎi jiǎ qiǎn rì hǎo, chū wǎi yì shi nán, &quot;At home one
      thousand days are good, but when one is on the outside (away from
      one’s hometown) even one moment is difficult.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      chǐ kǔ: &quot;to have a rough time, to suffer hardships&quot; Kǔ,
      &quot;bitter,&quot; when referring to life or an experience, means
      &quot;hardship, suffering, pain.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ chīle bù shǎo kù cái cong dǎ- He went through some rough times
      xué bìyè.                           before he graduated from
      college.
    </para>
    <para>
      Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde’ kǔ, If you haven’t experienced the
      suffer-jiù bù zhīdao jīntiānde shēng- ing of war, you don’t know
      that our huó láide bù róngyi.                life today didn’t
      come easily.
    </para>
    <para>
      Neng chi kǔ means &quot;to be able to take hardships,&quot;
      &quot;to have fortitude.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi   In China many people think that
      young
    </para>
    <para>
      niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng chī people ought to be able to take kǔ.
                                       hardship.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā neige rén hěn néng chī kǔ, He can take a lot of hardship. Don’t
      bú yòng dānxīn.                    worry.
    </para>
    <para>
      hùxiāng: &quot;mutually, reciprocally, with each other&quot; This
      is an adverb, so it must go after the subject (if there is one)
      and before the verb.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women kéyi hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ We can learn from each other. You
      jiāo wo Yǐngwén, wō Jiāo ni        teach me English and I’ll teach
      you
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngwén.                            Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;zhànzhēng, &quot;war&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit b, Review Dialogue
    </para>
    <para>
      Early in the morning the day after Hong Kong, Lǐ Ping’s
      grandmother (C) is when Lǐ Ping walks in.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Nǎinai, nín zhēn zǎo. Wǒ mā
    </para>
    <para>
      ne? *
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Tā ya, chūqu mǎi cai le. Erzi
    </para>
    <para>
      huilai le, zǒng yào duō mǎi diǎnr cài ma.’ Nǐde péngyou ne? Tā hái
      méiyou qǐlai La?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:      Qilai le, xǐ liǎn ne.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Xiǎo Ping a, nǐde péngyou
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiao shénme míngzi, wǒ you wang le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:      Jiao ’’Tāngmǔ.’’
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     5, &quot;Tāngmǔ,&quot; hái hǎo jì. Nǐ hé
    </para>
    <para>
      tā shuō, dàole zánmen jiā, Jiù shi yìjiā rén, shénme shir dōu bié
      kèqi. Tā yí kèqi, wǒ Jiu hù zhidao zěnme bàn hǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Wǒmen huilai yǐqián zài Tāngmǔ
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiā zhùle liǎngtiān, tā Laba māma duì wǒ hěn hǎo. Tāngmǔ rén yě
      hěn hǎo, zài Měiguode shihou, tā gěi wo bù shǎo bāngzhu.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Ò, zhèiyang hǎo, niánqīng rén
    </para>
    <para>
      yǐnggāi hùxiāng bāng máng. Ai.’ Jìde nī yéye zài Rìběn nèi shihou,
      pīnmìng niàn shū, rénjia Rìběn rén háishi kànbuqǐ ya, nǎr you
      shénme Rìběn péngyou. Zhǐ hǎo Jīge Zhōngguo xuésheng zhù zai yìqǐ.
      Ai.’
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Nǎinai, guǒqùde shi Jiu bié qù
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎng ta le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lǐ Ping (B) and Tom (A) arrive in straightening up the living
      room,
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re up so early, Grandma. Where’s Mom?
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, she went out to buy some groceries. When a son comes back,
      you’ve always got to buy some extra food. Where’s your friend?
      He’s not up yet, is he?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, he’s up. He’s washing his face.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Ping, what’s your friend’s name? I’ve forgotten it again.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;Tom. ’’
    </para>
    <para>
      Hm, &quot;Tom,&quot; that’s fairly easy to remember. You tell him
      that in our house he’s Just part of the family and he shouldn’t be
      polite about anything. Once he starts in with the politeness, I
      won’t know what to do.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before we came back we stayed at Tom’s house for a couple of days.
      His parents were very nice to me. Tom is also a very good person;
      when we were in America, he helped me a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm. That’s good. Young people ought to help each other out. (Sigh)
      I remember when your grandfather was in Japan, he studied like
      crazy, but those Japanese still looked down on him. He didn’t have
      any Japanese friends to speak of. The Chinese students just had to
      live together. (Sigh)
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma, don’t go thinking about things from bygone days anymore.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Questions ending in ne often ask the whereabouts of someone or
      something, hence the translation &quot;Where’s Mom?&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Xiànzài hǎodeduō le, nǐ zài
    </para>
    <para>
      wàibianr niàn shū, wǒ bu nàme dǎnxǐn le.                   ...
    </para>
    <para>
      (Tom enters. )
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Lǐ Nǎinai , nín zǎo!
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Zǎo, Tāngmǔ, zuòle yìtiān fēijǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      bù duō shuì yihuǐr?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shuìgòu le. Lǐ Nǎinai, nín
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuòzhe ba, women bāng nín shōushi.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Duō you līmàode háizi!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      These days, it’s much better. I don’t worry so much about you out
      there studying.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Good morning, Grandma Lǐ!
    </para>
    <para>
      Good morning, Tom. After a day on the airplane don’t you want to
      get some more sleep?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, I’ve gotten enough sleep. Grandma Lǐ, you sit down, we’ll
      straighten up for you.
    </para>
    <para>
      What a well-mannered child!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Lǐ Nǎinai, nín he érzi, érxífur
    </para>
    <para>
      zhù zai yìqǐ, sūnzi, sūnnǔ yě cháng lái, nínde fúqi zhēn hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      C:     Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Wǒ cháng
    </para>
    <para>
      shuō, women jiāde fúqi dōu shi wǒ nà xiàoshunde érxífur dàilaide.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ nǎinai you gāi’ shuō women
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiāde lìshǐ le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Lǐ Nǎinai, zhèixiē shir nín
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Hǎo wa. Shuōqilái huà jiu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      cháng le.’” Wǒ he Xiǎo Ping yéye dōu shi Shěnyáng rén. Rìben rén
      láile yǐhòu, cáichǎn ya, tǔdì ya, dōu bù néng guan le, líkāi jiā
      pǎo dàole Nánfāng. Xiǎo Ping bàba zài Shànghǎi niàn shū cái
      rànshile women zhèige érxífu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Grandma Lǐ, you’re so fortunate to live with your son and
      daughter-in-law, and to have your grandson and grandaughter come
      often.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s for sure. I often say that the good fortune of our f ami 1y
      was all brought to us by that filial daughter-in-law of mine.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here goes Grandma telling our family history again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma Lǐ, could you tell me about these things?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure! It’s a long story. Xiao Ping’s grandfather and I are both
      from Shěnyáng (Mukden). When the Japanese came, we couldn’t bother
      with our property or land any more; we left our home and fled to
      the South.. Xiǎo Ping’s father didn’t meet our daughter-in-law’
      until he was going to school in Shànghǎi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      *Tom knows that this way of addressing Grandma is proper for a
      friend of her grandson. He intentionally calls her Lǐ Nǎinai as
      soon as he sees her in order to establish the relationship.
    </para>
    <para>
      ”gāi: &quot;will probably&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      ’’’More literally, &quot;When it comes to telling it, the talk is
      long.&quot; ’’’’Notice that grandma’s phrasing shows that the
      woman is first a daughter-in-law, then a wife.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nei shihou nuhaizi shang da-
    </para>
    <para>
      xuéde duō hu duō?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Méiyou xiànzài zhème duō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women érxífu jiā xiāngdāng yǒu qián, érqiě yídàjiā rén yǒu
      qī-hāshígè, zài Sūzhōu shéi dōu zhīdao tāmen jiā.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèiyangrde jiātíng’ guīju
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yídìng bù shǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Shéi shuō hu shi ne.’ Tāmen
    </para>
    <para>
      jiāde xiáojie bù néng zài wài-hianr niàn shū, zhǐ néng qīng lāoshǐ
      dào jiāli jiāo diǎnr Si Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Ping mǔqin juéde yíge
      fùnǔ yào zài shèhuìshang dull, yídìng děi chūqu niàn shū. Jiù
      zhèiyang, tā cái pǎo dào Shànghǎi niàn shū qu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Zài nèi shihou, zhēn hu róngyi.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Zài dàxuéde shíhou, Xiǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      Píngde fùmǔ shi hěn hǎode péngyou, kěshi zěnme hàn ne? Women
      shénme dōu méiyou le, yě méiyou qián, zìjǐde érzi zěnme néng hé
      zhèiyangr yíwèi xiáojie jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Ping mā hu name xiǎng. . .
      .
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Tā zěnme xiǎng?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Tā shuō tā yào zhǎo yíge zìjǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐhuande rén jiēhūn, dìwei he qián dōu hu zhǒngyào. Ai, tā chile
      duōshao kǔ cái líkāile nèige dà jiātíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nà, nǐmen zěnme dào Xiānggǎng
    </para>
    <para>
      lái le ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:     Tāmen zài Yīngguó niànwán shū
    </para>
    <para>
      jiù lái Xiānggǎng zuǒ shi, yìnián yǐhòu you hǎ women jiē-lai le,
      zhèiyangr yìjiā rén cái zài Xiānggǎng zhùxialai le. Xiànzài wǒ
      niánji dà le, jiāli dà shir xiǎo shir dōu shi Xiǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      Were there many women who went to college in those days?
    </para>
    <para>
      Not as many as there are now. My daughter-in-law’s family was
      quite rich, and there were seventy or eighty people in that one
      big family. Everyone in Sūzhōu knew them.
    </para>
    <para>
      A family like that must have had a strict code of behavior.
    </para>
    <para>
      You bet they did! Their young ladies couldn’t go to school outside
      the home: they could only hire a teacher to come to the house and
      teach them a little of the Four Books and so forth. Xiǎo Ping’s
      mother felt that if a woman wanted to be independent in society,
      she had to leave home to study. That’s why she ran away to
      Shànghǎi to go to school.
    </para>
    <para>
      That must have been really hard back then.
    </para>
    <para>
      When they were in college, Xiǎo Ping’s parents were very good
      friends, but what were we to do? We didn’t have a thing left, and
      we didn’t have any money. How could our (own) son marry a young
      lady like that? But Xiǎo Ping’s mother didn’t think so. . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      What did she think?
    </para>
    <para>
      She said she wanted to find a person she herself liked to get
      married to, and that status and money weren’t important. (Sigh)
      What she went through to leave that big family.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, how did you come to Hong Kong?
    </para>
    <para>
      When they finished school in England they came to Hong Kong to
      work; a year later they brought us out, and then our whole family
      settled here. Now that I’m getting on in years, Xiǎo Ping’s mother
      takes care of all the big and small matters
    </para>
    <para>
      Ping mùqin guan. Nǐ shuō wǒ fúqi hǎo, zhēn shi yidiǎnr yě bū cuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǎinai, wǒ mǎ kuài huilai le
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ba?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Kuài huilai le, women qù bǎ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zǎofàn nònghǎo ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      A, B: Hǎo, zǒu ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      here at home. So when you say I’m blessed with good fortune,
      you’re absolutely right.
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma, Mom will be home soon, won’t she?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Let’s go get breakfast ready.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, let’s go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit U, Tape 2 Workbook
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once.
    </para>
    <para>
      You may
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in
      their courtyard in Beijing.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàjiě
    </para>
    <para>
      shàng bānde shàng bān, shàng xuéde shàng xué
    </para>
    <para>
      zuòbuliǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      yí
    </para>
    <para>
      gai
    </para>
    <para>
      zhàngfǔ
    </para>
    <para>
      gāi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;Older Sister,&quot; a familiar way of addressing a woman
      about one's own age or older
    </para>
    <para>
      They're either at the office or at school; some are at the office
      and others at school
    </para>
    <para>
      unable to do
    </para>
    <para>
      as soon as
    </para>
    <para>
      to build, to construct
    </para>
    <para>
      government
    </para>
    <para>
      should
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own housework?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What does she think of her daughter-in-law?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What can you infer about what housing is like in Older
          Sister Lin's neighborhood?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          k. From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-law
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her
      responsibilities.
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for
      dinner.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second time through, look below and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      pa                                  to be afraid
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒuchāode                         handwritten
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why is Xiao Lan hesitant to go to her boyfriend’s home for
          dinner?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Why does Xiao Lan think large families are difficult?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Where would the couple live if they got married? Why must
          they wait for a place of their own to live?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. What does Xiao Lan think of bringing to her boyfriend’s
          home that evening? Why?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following new words and phrases:
    </para>
    <para>
      quánjiā rén
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xìngkuí
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      guò rìzi
    </para>
    <para>
      rìzi bù hǎo guò
    </para>
    <para>
      qiāo men
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise U
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the whole family fortunately, luckily to live; to get along hard
      to get along to knock at the door
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
      will be able to give them orally in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What does Grandma think of the new generation of
          daughters-in-law?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. How does Grandma remember her own experience as a newlywed?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What is the difference between &quot;standards of
          conduct&quot; and &quot;manners&quot;?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Why does Grandma reprimand Xiǎo Yun? Do you think she was
      justified?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce
      your answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      In Beijing, two old neighbors meet in their courtyard.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Lin Dajiě, xī yifu na!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù xī zěnme ban, shàng bānde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shàng ban, shàng xuéde shang xué, jiālide shir hai bu shi dōu děi
      wǒ zuò!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Haizimen dōu mang, you nín zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiā, gěi tamen bāng bù shǎo mángr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ai, nianJi dà le, zuòbuliāo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      duōshǎo shir le!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ kàn, nín érxífur zài jiāde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shihour, yě bāng nín zuò bù shǎo shi a.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ shuōde yidiǎnr yě bú cuò,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ nèige érxífur bǐ wǒ érzi hāo-duō le, yí dào jiā, you zuò fàn,
      you xǐ yifu, you shōushi wūzi, ài! Kěxi wǒ bù néng shénme shir dōu
      kào ta ya.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wèishenme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Rénjia duō mang! Yíge yuè cái
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      néng hui jiā yícì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà tā bù néng zài nín jiāli
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhùxialai ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù xíng a! Wūzi tài xiǎo!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Erxífur huílaile, ràng ta zhù zai nǎr?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Shi a! Yàoshi you fángzi,
    </para>
    <para>
      yijiā rén zhù zai yíkuàir, hùxiāng bāngmángr, nà you duō hǎo! Duì
      le, ting wǒ nuér shuō, tāmen xuéxiào nèibiānr gàile hǎo duō xīn
      fángzi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Older Sister Lin, doing your laundry?
    </para>
    <para>
      If I didn’t do it what would we do; everyone is either at the
      office or at school, don’t I have to do all the house work in the
      end!
    </para>
    <para>
      Your children are all busy, but you’re at home helping them out a
      lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh), I’m getting old, I can’t do very much any more!
    </para>
    <para>
      I see that when your daughter-in-law is home she helps you do a
      lot of things too.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re absolutely right. That daughter-in-law of mine is much
      better than my son. As soon as she gets to the house, she cooks
      and washes and straightens up the room. (Sigh), it’s too bad I
      can’t depend on her for everything.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why not?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s so busy! She can only come home once a month.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, can’t she move in with you?
    </para>
    <para>
      That wouldn’t do! The house is too small! If my daughter-in-law
      came back, where would I have her stay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes! If you had enough housing, how nice it would be to have the
      whole family living together and helping each other. Oh yes—I hear
      from my daughter that a lot of new buildings have been built over
      by their school.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     Fángzi wèntí shi ge dà shir,
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngfǔ bú huì bù guǎn. Yǒule xǐn fangzi, zánmen jiu hǎo le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kě bu shi ma! Dàole nèige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shihour, nín jiu bú yòng dǎnxǐn le. Nín gēn nín érxífur yídìng
      néng bǎ zhèige jiā nòngde shūshufufude.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a! Nà jiu hǎo le!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo, Lin Dàjiě, bù zǎo le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ yě gāi hui jiā zuò fàn qu le. You shíjiān zài liáo a.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méi shir jiu lái zuòzuo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Màn zǒu a!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The housing problem is a big thing; the government wouldn’t ignore
      it. After we get some new housing Tin this areai we’ll be all
      right.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s for sure! When that time comes you won’t have to worry any
      more. I’m sure you and your daughter-in-law will be able to make a
      very comfortable home.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes.’ Then everything will be all right.’
    </para>
    <para>
      All right, Older Sister Lin, it’s getting late, and I should
      really be going back home to fix dinner. We’ll chat some more when
      we have time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Stop in sometime when you’re not busy. Take care!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In Běijīng, a S^-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman
      friend
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (F). They have been close friends for
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Xiǎo Lán, jǐntiǎn wǒ bàba zài
    </para>
    <para>
      jiā, wǎnshang dào women jiā chǐ fàn ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Wǒ bú qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Wèishénme? Wǒ bàba rén hěn
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo, nǐ bú bì dǎnxǐn.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:      Wǒ mā shuō . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Nǐ mā shuō shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Wǒ mā shuō: nǐ jiā rén duō, nǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      yéye, nǎinai hái zài, xiōngdì jiěmèi hǎojǐgè, jiāli guīju yě bù
      shǎo, pà wǒ qùle yǐhòu chǐ kǔ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Lán, my father is home today, why don’t you have dinner at
      our house tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not going.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why? My father’s a very good person you don’t have to worry.
    </para>
    <para>
      My mother said . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      What did your mother say?
    </para>
    <para>
      My mother said that you have a big family. Your grandparents are
      still alive, you have so many brothers and sisters, and your
      family has such a strict code of behavior, that she was afraid I
      would have a rough time after I went Ci.e., after I married you
      and went to live with your family!.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      “shūshufufude, &quot;very comfortable&quot; *“yě gāi, &quot;really
      should&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Hai, nǐ xiǎngde tài duō le, wo
    </para>
    <para>
      nainai guòqǔ zuò érxífude shihou chǐguo hěn duō kǔ, suōyǐ tā duì
      wō mama tèbié hǎo, nǐ xiǎng wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mama tāmen zěnme huì
      rang ni chǐ kǔ ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Xiànzài dāngrán hái hǎo, yǐhòu
    </para>
    <para>
      ne? Yídàjiā rén zhǔ zai yíkuàir, shíjiān chángle zǒng shi hěn
      máfande.
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ yě xiǎngdàole,
    </para>
    <para>
      niánji dàle, xiǎngfa youde shihou he niánqīng rén bǔ tài yíyàng,
      yǐhòu youle fángzi women bānchulai jiu xíng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Shénme shíhour cái néng yǒu
    </para>
    <para>
      fángzi ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Bié jí, wǒ xiǎng bǔ huì děng
    </para>
    <para>
      hěn cháng shíjiānde.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Èng.
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Nàme, jīntiān wǎnshang dào
    </para>
    <para>
      women jiā qu, hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Mm . . . Jīntiān wǎnshang dōu
    </para>
    <para>
      yǒu shéi?
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Zhǐ yǒu wǒ bàba, māma, hé wǒ,
    </para>
    <para>
      xiōngdì jiěmèi dōu bǔ zài.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Nà, yéye, nǎinai ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Yéye nǎinai hē cháde shihou
    </para>
    <para>
      guòlai zuò yixiar, ránhòu jiu hui tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Tōuyicì qǔ, wǒ dài diǎnr
    </para>
    <para>
      shénme hǎo a?
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Shénme dōu bǔ yào dài.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh come on, you’re thinking too much. Back when my grandmother was
      a daughter-in-law she had quite a rough time, so she’s
      particularly good to my mother. Really, how could my grandmother
      and mother give you a hard time.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course it’s okay now, but how about later on? When a large
      family lives together, it always gets difficult after a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve thought of that too. When people get older, their way of
      thinking is sometimes kind of different from young people.
      Afterwards when we get a place Cof our own] we’ll move out, and
      then it will be all right.
    </para>
    <para>
      And when will we be able to get a place to live?
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t worry, I don’t think we’ll have to wait too long.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then, how about going to our house tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm . . . Who’s going to be there tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      Just my father, mother, and I. None of my brothers and sisters
      will be there.
    </para>
    <para>
      What about your grandparents?
    </para>
    <para>
      They’ll come out and sit for a while when we have tea, and then
      they’ll go back to their room to rest.
    </para>
    <para>
      What should I bring, since this is my first visit?
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t bring anything at all.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;Fángzi here refers to any type of housing, including an
      apartment or just a room. The housing situation in Běijīng is so
      tight that this couple will probably have to wait months to get
      one room.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Na zěnme xíng? Tǐngshuō nǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yéyede zì xiěde hěn hǎo a?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      M:     Shǐ a, zěnme la?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Wǒ hàha you yítǎo shǒuchāode
    </para>
    <para>
      Si Shū, song gěi nǐ yéye hǎo hu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Na tài hǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:     Wǒ hui jiā shōushi yixiar jiu
    </para>
    <para>
      lái.
    </para>
    <para>
      M:     Děng yihuǐr wǒ lái jiē ni a.’
    </para>
    <para>
      B:      Èi!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How can I do that? I hear your grandfather is very good at writing
      characters?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right. Why?
    </para>
    <para>
      My father has a handwritten copy of the Four Books. How about if I
      give it to your grandfather?
    </para>
    <para>
      That would be great.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to go home now to straighten up a bit and then I’ll be
      right there.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll come and get you in a while.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      Conversation between a grandmother
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎo Yun na.’ Bādiǎn ban le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hai bu qǐlai.’
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǎinai, jintiān shi Xīngqītiān,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rang rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr ma.’
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎnzǎide niánqīng rén zhēn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you fūqi, shuì dao bādiǎn ban hái bu xiǎng qǐ. Women zuò érxífu-de
      shihou, wǔdiǎn zhōng jiu děi qǐlai, zuò quánjiā rénde zǎofǎn le,
      nǎr néng shuì dao bādiǎn ban?!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà dōu shi guǒqùde shir le!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A:     Shi a. Guǒqùde shi, zhēn shi
    </para>
    <para>
      méi bǎnfar shuō. Wǒ gēn nǐ yéye jiēhūnde shihou, nǐ yéye Jiā hěn
      you qián, yě you bù shǎo tǔdì, wǒmen jiāli méi shenme cáichǎn,
      dǎole rénjia jiāli, yídàjiā rén dōu kǎnzhe wǒ zhèige xīn láide
      érxífu. Zěnme ban ne? Wǒ zhī-hǎo zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèi-yangr*,
      yìtiān dǎo wǎn méiyou tíngde shihou. Ai! Xìngkuī nǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      zuǒle zhèiyangr zuǒ nèiyangr: ’’After i.e., &quot;do one task
      after another.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      and granddaughter in Běijīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Yun! It’s half past eight, aren’t you getting up!
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma, today’s Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!
    </para>
    <para>
      Young people today are so fortunate. They sleep until eight-thirty
      and still don’t want to get up. When we were daughters-in-law, we
      had to get up at five o’clock and make breakfast for the whole
      family. Who could sleep until eight-thirty!
    </para>
    <para>
      Those are all things of the past!
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. The things of the past are really sad to recall. When I
      married your grandfather, his family was rich and had a lot of
      land. Our family didn’t have much property. When I arrived in his
      household, everyone in that huge family stared at me, the new
      daughter-in-law. What could I do? Just keep slaving away. I didn’t
      stop the whole day long. (Sigh) It’s a good thing your grandfather
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      having done this thing, do that thing,&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yéye shi ge hao rén, wode rìzi cái hǎo guò yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Xiànzài bù tong le, xiànzài
    </para>
    <para>
      niánqīng rén jiéhūn yīhòu hú yòng zài dǎnxǐn zhèixiē le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kěshi guīju háishi děi you a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Dei you lǐmào, jiǎli lǎorén dōu qǐlai le, nǐ hái shuì zài
      chuángshang, nà zěnme xíng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo le, hǎo le, nǎinai, wǒ mǎ-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shàng jiu qǐlai le. Nī tīng, shéi zài qiǎo men na?!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hái wen shenme?’ Hái hu shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nīde péngyou lái le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Láojià, láojià, hǎo nǎinai,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nín qù kǎi mén ha, wǒ kuài hǎ wūzi shōushi yixiar.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ jiù qù, kuài
    </para>
    <para>
      shōushi ha!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      was a good man; that’s the only thing that made life a little
      easier.
    </para>
    <para>
      Things are different now. Now young people don’t have to worry
      about that sort of thing after they get married.
    </para>
    <para>
      But you still have to have standards of conduct! You have to have
      manners. If the old people in the family are up and you’re still
      in hed sleeping, is that any way to act?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, okay, grandma. I’ll get up right away. Listen, who’s
      knocking at the door?.’
    </para>
    <para>
      You have to ask? It’s your friend, of course.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, please, please, would you go get the door, dear grandma? I’ll
      straighten the room real quickly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll get it right away. You hurry and straighten up.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      °Hái, &quot;still&quot; is used in rhetorical questions; here it
      implies &quot;The answer to your question is so obvious, why are
      you still asking?&quot; Shénme, here in the neutral tone, means
      &quot;why, what for&quot; rather than &quot;what.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      °Hái bu shi is used in rhetorical questions; literally, it means,
      &quot;Is it not still (a case of...),&quot; or in more colloquial
      English, &quot;Could it be anything but....&quot; Here, it is best
      translated as &quot;of course.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      °hǎo nǎinai: A rather theatrical, humorously cajoling form of
      address, &quot;dear grandma.&quot; The girl uses this term in
      order to get her grandmother to do her the favor of answering the
      front door.
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 5
    </para>
    <para>
      Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. The pattern yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo, &quot;whether... or&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The adverb cai marking necessary condition.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Wèile, &quot;in order to.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5- Comparison of two words for &quot;afterwards,&quot; yǐhòu
          and hòulǎi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Inquiring about customs in the culture.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Expressing that you don’t understand something and asking
          another’s interpretation of it.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Expressing that you don’t see the value of something and
          asking another's point of view on it.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. Expressing partial agreement, specifying one's
          reservations.
        </para>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="4">
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    1.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhèi liǎngnián, nǐmende shōurù zěnmeyàng?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    What has your income been like the past couple of
                    years?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Zhèi liǎngnián, nongyè shēngchǎn qíngkuàng bu cuò,
                    shōurù yě hái hǎo.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    The past couple of years, agricultural production
                    conditions have been pretty good, and our income has
                    been all right, too.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    2.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    A:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Tāde shuōfǎ wǒ méi ting-dong, nǐ tǐngmíngbai le ma?
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    I didn’t understand the way he said that. Did you
                    understand it?
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    B:
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Méiyou, wǒ yě méi tīngmíngbai, érqiě zhèige tímu yě
                    tài nán le.
                  </para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    No, I didn’t understand it either.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Moreover this topic is too hard.
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
        <informaltable>
          <tgroup cols="2">
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        7. A: Tā wèishénme zǎohūn?
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    B: Qùnián tā fùqin sǐ le, méi rén zhàogu ta, zhǐ hǎo
                    jiehūn le.
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        8. A: Duōshù rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng dédao zìyou.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        9. Weile néng hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen yìjiā sāndài
                        zhù zai yiqi.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen zhèli you hěn
                        duō you yìside fēngsú.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        B: Shi a. Hòulái gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú yě
                        gǎibiàn le.
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        11. láodòng
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        12. láolì
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        13. gōngyè
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                  <para>
                    11. shāngyè
                  </para>
                  <itemizedlist>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        15. dàduōshù(r)
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        16. huó
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        17- xíguàn
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                      <para>
                        18. ting
                      </para>
                    </listitem>
                  </itemizedlist>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>
                    Why did she get married early?
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Last year her father died and there was no one to
                    take care of her. All she could do was get married.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Most people like freedom.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    But not many people can obtain freedom.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    All three generations live together so that they can
                    take care of each other.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    I’ve heard that in the past you had a lot of
                    interesting customs here.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    Yes. Later, when industry and commerce developed,
                    customs changed, too.
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to labor; labor
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    labor force, labor
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    industry
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    business, commerce
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    the great majority
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to live; to become alive; to survive; to be
                    live/alive/living; to be movable/moving
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to,
                    to be used to
                  </para>
                  <para>
                    to heed, to obey (someone’s orders)
                  </para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎochí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to keep, to preserve, to maintain
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                only in that case, only under this condition
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàduōshù(r)
              </para>
              <para>
                -dài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the great majority
              </para>
              <para>
                generation (counter); era, (historical) period
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                de dédao duōshù(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get
              </para>
              <para>
                to get
              </para>
              <para>
                the majority of, most of
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fādá
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be
                prosperous
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngsú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                custom(s)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎibiàn gōngyè gōngshāngyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change
              </para>
              <para>
                industry
              </para>
              <para>
                industry and commerce
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hǎochù hòulái huó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                benefit, advant age
              </para>
              <para>
                later, afterwards
              </para>
              <para>
                to live; to become alive; to survive; to be
                live/alive/living; to be movable/moving
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                láodòng láodònglì láolì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to labor
              </para>
              <para>
                labor force, labor; able-bodied persor labor force,
                labor
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                míngbai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be
                clear, to be obvious
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nóngyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                agriculture
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shāngyè shēngchǎn shōurù shuōfǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                commerce, business
              </para>
              <para>
                to produce; production
              </para>
              <para>
                income, earnings
              </para>
              <para>
                way of saying a thing; statement, version, argument
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to die
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tímu (tímù)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                topic, subject; title; (test) question, problem
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ting tóngyì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to heed, to obey (someone’s orders) to agree, to
                consent; agreement, consent
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèile
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in order to; for the purpose of; for the sake of
              </para>
              <para>
                lUT
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      xíguàn                             habit, custom, usual practice;
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      be accustomed to, to be used to
    </para>
    <para>
      . . .yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo                  whether...or...;
      both...and...
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yě jiù you hǎochù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                accordingly, correspondingly, so to be beneficial, to be
                good (for)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǎohūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child, to
                marry early
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhàngfu zhǎogu zhèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                husband
              </para>
              <para>
                to take of; care
              </para>
              <para>
                just, precisely, right
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      3. A: Xué pinyin yě hǎo, bù xué pinyin yě hǎo, Zhōngguo zì zong
      děi xue.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà cái néng bǎochíxiàqù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Whether you study romanization or not, you’ll always have to study
      Chinese characters.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be
      preserved.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      U. A: Jiāli láodònglì duō, shēnghuo yě jiù huì hǎo yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Kěshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng yǒu shénme hǎochù.
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde neige rén shi bu shi tā zhàngfu?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zheng shi tā!
    </para>
    <para>
      6. A: Gōngshāngyè fādá you shénme haochù?Nali dōu name zāng!
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bù tōngyì, gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo hǎochù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a
      little better.
    </para>
    <para>
      But now it’s not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is that person writing over there her husband?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s him all right!
    </para>
    <para>
      What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and
      commerce? It’s so dirty everywhere!
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a
      flourishing industry and commerce.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      1. A: Zhèi liSngnián, nīmende shōurù zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi liSngnián, nongyè shēngchǎn qíngkuàng hú cuò, shōurù yě
      hái hao.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What has your income heen like the past couple of years?
    </para>
    <para>
      These past couple of years agricultural production conditions have
      heen pretty good, and income is all right, too.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèiliǎngnián: See Unit U, Notes on No. 3-
    </para>
    <para>
      shōurù: &quot;income, earnings&quot; While in English you say
      &quot;income&quot; is &quot;large&quot; or &quot;small,&quot; in
      Chinese you say &quot;much&quot; (duō) or &quot;little&quot;
      (shǎo).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde shōurù hù shao.               Her income isn’t small. (lit.,
      &quot;little&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde shōurù hú tài duō.            His income isn’t very high.
    </para>
    <para>
      shēngchǎn: &quot;to produce (agricultural or industrial products),
      to manu-facture (industrial products); production, operation (of a
      plant)&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nīmen dōu shēngchǎn shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yōu rén shuō xiāngxiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuo qíngkuàng hǎo yìdiǎn
      le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō zhǎo Lī Guoqiáng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duìhuqī, xiànzài shi shēngchǎn shíjiān, hù néng zhǎo rén.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What (all) do you produce?
    </para>
    <para>
      Some people say that production and living conditions in the
      countryside have gotten somewhat better.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m looking for Lī Guoqiáng.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sorry, it’s production time now You can’t visit people.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      2. A: Tāde shuōfǎ wō méi tīng-dōng, nī tīngmínghai le ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Méiyou, wō yě méi tīngmínghai, érqiě zhèige tímu yě tài nán le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I didn’t understand the way he said that. Did you understand it?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, I didn’t understand it either.
    </para>
    <para>
      Moreover, this topic is too hard.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      mínghai: &quot;to he clear on, to understand,&quot; literally,
      &quot;hright-white&quot; This is an adjectival verh which may or
      may not he followed hy an object:
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài wō míngbai le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Now I see.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wō míngbai nīde yìsi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I understand what you mean.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcǎi nǐ you gěi wǒ jiǎngle Now that you've just explained it to
      yícǐ, wo bǐjiǎo míngbai le.        me again, I understand it
      better.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngbai can also be used to mean &quot;to be clear, to be
      obvious,&quot; as in:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shìqing hěn míngbai. This matter is very clear/obvious.
    </para>
    <para>
      tīngmíngbai: &quot;to hear and understand&quot; This is a compound
      verb of result with an adjectival verb, míngbai indicating the
      result. As just stated míngbai can mean either &quot;to
      understand&quot; or &quot;to be clear,&quot; but tingmíngbai means
      only &quot;to understand by listening,&quot; NOT &quot;to hear
      clearly.&quot; Use tīngqǐng-chu to mean &quot;to hear
      clearly.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuótiānde ke wǒ yidiǎnr dōu tīngbumíngbai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I couldn't understand a thing in yesterday's class.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcāi lǎoshí shuōde wo méi tīngqīngchu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I didn't hear (clearly) what the teacher just said.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Another verb of perception which can take míngbai to show the
      result is kàn, &quot;to see, to read.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn méi kànmíngbai zhèige       Did you understand the (test)
      question
    </para>
    <para>
      tímu?                               (when you read it)?
    </para>
    <para>
      As a compound verb of result, tingmíngbai can take the syllables
      -de- and -bu- to add the meaning of &quot;can&quot; and
      &quot;can't.&quot; (For the following example you need to know
      wàiwén, &quot;foreign language,&quot; and bù guǎn, &quot;no
      matter.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Gang xué yìzhong wàiwénde shihou, When you're just beginning to
      study bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai tǐngbu-      a foreign language, it's
      good for
    </para>
    <para>
      míngbai, duō ting duì nǐ yídìng    you to listen a lot whether you
    </para>
    <para>
      you hǎochù.                         understand or not.
    </para>
    <para>
      tímu: This noun has three commonly used meanings: (1) &quot;topic,
      subject,&quot; (2) &quot;title,&quot; and (3) &quot;question,
      problem&quot; (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmen jīntiān huàn yíge tan huàde tímu, tányitǎn shēnghuó
      fāngmiànde shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today let's change the topic of conversation and chat about things
      from daily life.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn shūde tímu shi Zhōngguó-
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The title of this book is Chinese
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      de Shèhuì.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Society.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zuótiān kǎoshìde tímu name duō, wǒ zhēn bù zhīdao xiān zuò něige
      hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There were so many problems on yesterday's test, I didn't know
      which to do first.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèiyangde tímu wǒ zài gāozhōng de shihou dōu zuòguo, xiànzài dōu
      wangle.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I did this sort of problems when I was in senior high school, but
      now I have forgotten all about them.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;gāozhōng, &quot;senior high,&quot; short for gǎojí zhōngxué
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      3. A: Xué pinyin yě hǎo, bù xué pinyin yě hǎo, Zhōngguo zì zǒng
      děi xué.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà cai néng bǎochíxiàqù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Whether you study roma.ni y.a+.ì nn or not, you’ll always have to
      study Chinese characters.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be
      preserved.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      . . . yě hǎo, . .. yě hǎo: This pattern can mean either (1)
      ’’whether... or... ”
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      or (2) ’’both. . . and....’’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ qù yě hǎo, bú qù yě hǎo, wo yídìng qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā ting yě hǎo, bù ting yě hǎo, zǒng you yìtiān tā huì míngbaide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā lái yě hǎo, bù lái yě hǎo, zánmen xiān chī fàn ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ qù yě hǎo, huòshi wō qù yě hǎo, zǒng děi you yíge rén qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the review dialogue, you will see an and..
    </para>
    <para>
      Buguò wō xiǎng, dàlù yě hǎo, Tái-wān yě hǎo, jǐshínián lái dōu
      yōule hěn dàde gǎibiàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rén yě hǎo, Měiguo rén yě hǎo, dōu yīnggāi bǎochí tāmende
      wénhuà chuántōng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Whether or not you are going, I'm going for sure.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whether he listens or not, there'll be a day when he understands.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whether or not he comes, let's start eating.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whether you go or I go, somebody has to go.
    </para>
    <para>
      example of the second meaning, &quot;both...
    </para>
    <para>
      But I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone big
      changes in the past few decades.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese people and American people should both preserve their
      cultural heritage.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      cái: You've already seen cái in talking about TIME (&quot;not
      until&quot;) as in Tā zuotiān cái láide, &quot;He didn't come
      until yesterday.&quot; Here you see another use of cái, &quot;not
      unless.&quot; It points out a NECESSARY CONDITION.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shi,
    </para>
    <para>
      tā guǎn
    </para>
    <para>
      cái xíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      As for this
    </para>
    <para>
      (if) he takes
    </para>
    <para>
      only in that
    </para>
    <para>
      case
    </para>
    <para>
      matter,
    </para>
    <para>
      care of it,
    </para>
    <para>
      will it be
    </para>
    <para>
      okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;it won't be okay unless he takes care of this matter.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are other examples:
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Shi ge Zhèiyang Piānyi Nǐ qù
              </para>
              <para>
                Zhèitào pānziwǎn you kèren lāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cāi gòu.
              </para>
              <para>
                cāi hǎo. wǒ cāi mǎi. wǒ cāi qù.
              </para>
              <para>
                wǒ cāi yòng.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;No fewer than ten is enough.&quot; &quot;Only in this way is
      it good.&quot; &quot;I won’t huy it unless it’s cheap.&quot;
      &quot;I won't go unless you do.&quot; &quot;I don’t use this set
      of dishes
    </para>
    <para>
      unless I have guests.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bǎochí: &quot;to keep, to preserve, to maintain&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi nǐ néng hǎochí měitiān jì’ sìge xǐn zì, yìniān kéyi jì
      yìqiān duō ge zì le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo shèhuì hěn duō dìfang dōu hǎochízhe lǎode fēngsú xíguǎn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you can keep on memorizing four new characters a day, you'll he
      ahle to memorize over a thousand a year.
    </para>
    <para>
      There are a lot of places in Chinese society which are still
      holding on to old customs and hahits.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                U.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiāli lāodònglì duō, shēnghuo yě jiù huì hǎo yidiǎnr.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life
                will be a little better.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Keshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng you shénme hǎochù.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                But now it's not necessarily an advantage to have a lot
                of people.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. h
    </para>
    <para>
      lāodònglì: &quot;work force,&quot; literally
      &quot;lahor-power&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Fùnu zài nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng In rural areas, women are a very
      zhòngyàode lāodònglì.              important source of labor.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lāodònglì may also he used to refer to ahle-hodied individuals who
      do manual labor:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen jiā you jǐge lāodònglì? How many able-bodied persons
          are there in their family?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You sìge ban lāodònglì.        There are four and a half.
          (The half
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      may be a child or an older person who cannot do as much work.)
    </para>
    <para>
      -lì hy itself means &quot;power&quot; or &quot;ability,&quot; and
      is used in combinations:
    </para>
    <para>
      nénglì    ability                  rénlì     manpower
    </para>
    <para>
      diànlì    electric power           tīnglì    hearing ability
    </para>
    <para>
      huōlì     firepower; thermal       shuǐlì    water power,
      hydraulic
    </para>
    <para>
      dònglì motivating power, force,                  power
    </para>
    <para>
      impetus, driving force
    </para>
    <para>
      °Jì, &quot;to remember,&quot; can also mean &quot;to commit to
      memory.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      yě Jiù: &quot;accordingly,&quot; literally &quot;also then&quot;
      Other translations for this are &quot;correspondingly,&quot;
      &quot;so.&quot; The tone of Jiù is often neutral.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā duì wǒ hěn hu kèqi, wo yě Jiu &quot;bù gēn tā shuō huà le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo Jiao ta bu yào bāng wo xǐ wan, tā yídìng yào xí, wǒ yě Jiu ràng
      ta xǐ le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shi liangnián yǐqián xuéde Zhōngwén kěshi yìzhí mei Jihui shuō,
      yě Jiu wàng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng qù, kěshi méi biérén yào qù, yě Jiu suàn le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo gang xué Zhōngwénde shíhou, hěn zhùyì fāyīn, shíjiān chángle yě
      Jiu bù guǎn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He was very rude to me, so I won’t talk with him anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      I told him not to help me wash the dishes, but he insisted, so I
      let him wash them.
    </para>
    <para>
      I studied Chinese two years ago, but I never had the chance to
      speak it, so I forgot it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I wanted to go, but nobody else did, so I said the heck with it.
    </para>
    <para>
      When I first started studying Chinese I payed a lot of attention
      to pronunciation, but as time went on, I stopped paying attention
      to it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hǎochù: &quot;benefit, advantage&quot; You may also hear hǎochù
      (Neutral-tone -chu). The phrase yǒu hǎochù means &quot;to be
      advantageous, to be beneficial.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ tiāntiān dōu he Jiǔ you shénme hǎochù.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What good does it do you to drink every day.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Use the pattern duì...yǒu hǎochù for &quot;to be good for..., to
      be of benefit to..
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: You rén shuō he piJiǔ duì shěntǐ you hǎochù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù yídìng ba, wǒ you xuěyā gāo, duì wo méi shenme hǎochù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Some people say that it is good for the health (body) to drink
      beer.
    </para>
    <para>
      Not necessarily! I have high blood pressure. It’s not good for me.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women yíkuàir niàn shū duì liǎngge rén dōu yǒu hǎochù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It would be advantageous to both of us to study together.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A: Zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén Is that person writing over
          there shi bu shi tā zhàngfu?          her husband?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zheng shi tā!                    That’s him all right!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén: ’’the person writing over there&quot;
      Notice once again that the preferred word order is to put the
      specifier-number-counter between the modifying phrase and the
      noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      Specifier-Number-
    </para>
    <para>
      Modifying phrase____________Counter__________Noun
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiě zìde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nèige
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rén
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hěn hǎo kànde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nèi sānge
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nuháir
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      It is also possible to put the nèige or zhèige at the head of the
      phrase (nèige xiě zìde rén) but especially in longer phrases it
      sounds better to keep nèige or zhèige close to the noun, as in the
      Reference List sentence above.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèng: &quot;just, right, exactly, precisely Like other adverbs,
      zhèng is placed in front of a verb.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo zheng yao zhao ni shangliang zhèijiàn shìqing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ chuān zhèige yánsè zhèng héshì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào kànde zhèng shi zhèiběn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuótiān lái kàn nǐde zhèng shi zhèige rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèng shi yǐnwei zhèige, tā cái zǒu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiù shi is more colloquial than zhèng shi tā!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I was just looking for you to talk about this matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      This color is just right for you (to wear).
    </para>
    <para>
      This is just the book I want to read.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is precisely the person who came to see you yesterday.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s precisely why he left.
    </para>
    <para>
      shi. For 5B, you could also say Jiù
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A: Gōngshāngyè fādá you shénme hǎochù? Náli dōu nàme zāng!
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bú tōngyì, gōngshāngyè fādá you bù shǎo hǎochù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and
      commerce? It’s so dirty everywhere!
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a
      flourishing industry and commerce.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngshāngyè: ’’industry and commerce’’ This is a compound of
      gōngyè ’’industry'* and shāngyè, &quot;commerce. ’’ Gōngyè and
      nongyè can also combine as gōngnongyè, as in gōngnongyè shēngchǎn,
      &quot;industrial and agricultural production.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      fādá: &quot;to be developed, to be well-developed; to be
      prosperous, to be flourishing&quot; This is an adjectival verb,
      that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal translation
      of the Reference List sentence above might be: &quot;(For)
      industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?&quot;
      In addition to describing industry, fādá can be used to describe a
      person’s muscular build or a developed country.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige guójiā hěn fādá.            This country is very
      prosperous.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen nàrde wenhuà hěn fādá.       The culture there is very
      developed.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t confuse the state verb fādá with the action verb fāzhǎn,
      which can take an object, e.g., fāzhǎn nongyè, &quot;to develop
      agricultureT”
    </para>
    <para>
      náli dōu...: &quot;everywhere&quot; Here you see another example
      of a question word (here náli &quot;where&quot;) used to mean
      &quot;every...&quot; or &quot;any...&quot; In order to get such a
      meaning, you must use náli (or shéi, shenme, etc.) before dōu or
      yě. Notice that the question word can come in various places in
      the sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      Q: Tā xiàtiān xiǎng qù shénme dìfang?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tā shénme dìfang dōu bú qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Q: Shéi yào qù nèibiānr kāi huì?
    </para>
    <para>
      A: Shéi dou qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zěnme zuò dōu bù xíng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Where is he going this summer?
    </para>
    <para>
      He is not going anywhere.
    </para>
    <para>
      Who is going to the meeting there?
    </para>
    <para>
      Everybody is going.
    </para>
    <para>
      Any way you do it, it Just doesn’t work.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tongyì: &quot;to agree, to consent; agreement, consent&quot; As a
      verb, the meaning of tongyì is the same as in English. But there
      is a difference in how you say WHO it is you agree with. In
      Chinese, you don’t agree with a person; you agree with an idea,
      opinion, statement, etc. In sentence
      <emphasis role="smallcaps">6b,</emphasis> the object zhèi yìdiǎn
      is up front in the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in
      the sentences below.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde xiǎngfa ní tongyì ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do you agree with his opinion?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wo tongyì tāde kànfa.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I agree with him (his ideas).
    </para>
    <para>
      CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say gēn...tongyì
      because we say &quot;agree with...&quot; in English, but there is
      no such form in Chinese. Instead, use the last example above.
      Tongyì may also be directly followed by a clause, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù tongyì tāmen jiēhūn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He doesn’t approve of (OR won’t agree to) their getting married.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a noun, tongyì means &quot;agreement” or &quot;consent.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Women xūyào tāmende tongyì cái néng zuò zhèijiàn shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We need their consent before we can do this.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Tā wèishénme zāohūn?             Why did she get married
          early?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Qùnián tā fùqin sǐ le, méi Last year her father died and there
      rén zhàogu ta, zhǐ hao          was no one to take care of her, so
    </para>
    <para>
      jiēhūn le.                        all she could do was get
      married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in
      China today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women
      are self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic
      conditions are starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country
      life.
    </para>
    <para>
      zāohūn: &quot;early marriage&quot; This can refer to two different
      things, sometimes causing confusion.
    </para>
    <para>
      First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl
      off long before she was an adult in order to bring some money into
      her parents’ home and to add to the number of able-bodied workers
      in her in-laws’ home. Her &quot;husband&quot; was also very
      young—as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and often younger
      than she.
    </para>
    <para>
      Second, these days zāohūn can simply mean marrying at a somewhat
      younger age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in
      exchange 7-
    </para>
    <para>
      Ershisìsuì jiēhūn zěnme néng       How can you say getting married
      at
    </para>
    <para>
      shuō shi zāohūn?                   twenty-four is early marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu In the past most people in China
      zāohūn.                              married at an early age.
    </para>
    <para>
      sǐ: &quot;to die&quot; This is a process verb, like bìng &quot;to
      become ill, to get sick,&quot; and therefore corresponds to the
      English &quot;to become dead&quot; rather than &quot;to be
      dead.&quot; Sǐ is a process verb; it describes an instantaneous
      change of state. In English one can say of a person with a
      terminal illness that he &quot;is dying,&quot; but this cannot be
      translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say Tā kuài
      (yào) sǐ le, &quot;He is about to die,&quot; or Tā huōbuliāo duō
      jiǔ le, &quot;He won’t live much longer,&quot; or Tā huōbucháng
      le, &quot;He hasn’t long to live.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīngshuō Lāo Liūde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has
      died.
    </para>
    <para>
      The verb sǐ is not usually negated with bù, but rather with méi or
      hái méi (even when it corresponds to English &quot;to be
      dead&quot;).
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèi shihou, tā fùqin méi sǐ,       At that time, his father was
      alive,
    </para>
    <para>
      kéyi chángcháng zhàogu ta.         and was able to take care of
      him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sǐ can &quot;be used directly &quot;before a noun as an adjective
      meaning &quot;dead.&quot; Shi side may &quot;be used to mean ”is
      dead.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi yìtiáo sǐ yu.              This is a dead fish.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèitiáo yu shi side.              This fish is a dead one OR This
    </para>
    <para>
      fish is dead.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sǐ may he considered &quot;blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when
      used for people. To he respectful, use guòqu le, ’’passed away,”
      or qùshì le, ’’left the world.” Sometimes you can avoid saying sǐ
      hy using hái zài or hái huozhe, ’’still living,” e.g., Nèi shihou
      tā yeye hái zài/hái huozhe, ”At that time, his grandfather was
      still living.” (See Notes on No. 15-)
    </para>
    <para>
      In some parts of traditional China, the usage of sǐ was affected
      hy superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today,
      during the lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take
      pains to avoid uttering sǐ, ”to die,” lest they he plagued hy had
      luck and death in the clan for the next twelve months. In Taiwan,
      the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word si, ’’four.”
      Some hospitals have no fourth floor; sìlou, ’’fourth floor,” could
      too easily become sǐlou, ’’death floor,” in rapid speech. For a
      similar reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license
      plates hearing the number h. And if money is given as a wedding
      present, the figure must not contain the number h, or the donor
      would be guilty of wishing death on the couple.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhàogu: ’’to look after, to take care of; care” You zhàogu can
      mean ’’to be well taken care of, to receive good treatment.” (For
      the first example, you need to know that yòueryuán means
      ’’kindergarten.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      Háizimen zài Jiāli bǐ zài yòuér-yuánli you zhàogu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yíge rén zài jiā, méiyou zhàogu bù xíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bìngde hěn lìhai, xūyào tèbié-(de) zhàogu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde háizi duì tā hěn hǎo, tāde shēnghuó you zhàogu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The children get better care at home than they would at
      kindergarten.
    </para>
    <para>
      With his being all alone at home, it won’t do for him to be
      without care.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is very ill and needs special care.
    </para>
    <para>
      His children are very good to him;
    </para>
    <para>
      his daily needs are well taken care of.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Duōshù rén dōu xǐhuan zìyou.    Most people like
          freedom.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Kěshi, hú shi hěn duō rén néng But not many people can obtain
      dédao zìyou.                      freedom.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      duōshù(r): &quot;majority, most,&quot; literally, &quot;the larger
      number&quot; Dàduōshù(r) is &quot;the great majority.&quot; In
      many instances, there isn’t much difference in meaning between
      duōshù and dàduōshù. Duōshù can be used to modify a noun, as in
      duōshùdǎng, &quot;the majority party,&quot; or duōshù mínzú,
      &quot;majority nationalities.&quot; CThe opposite of duōshù is
      shǎoshù, &quot;minority.&quot; See Traveling in China module, Unit
      1.J
    </para>
    <para>
      bú shi: &quot;it is not the case that&quot; To translate the
      subject &quot;not many people&quot; into Chinese, you need to use
      a verb (shi or you). You can’t put bù directly before hěn duō rén.
      Other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige dìfang, bú shi nǐ xiǎng qù jiù kéyi qù(de), nǐ děi xiān
      dédao tongyì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú shi wǒ bú yuànyi gēn ni jiēhūn , shi wǒ fùmǔ bù tongyì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You can’t go there any time you want You need to get approval
      first.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s not that I don’t want to marry you; it’s that my parents
      don’t approve.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dé: &quot;to get, to receive&quot; Dé is much more limited than
      English &quot;to get.&quot; Use dé only for passively receiving a
      prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you
      need to know kǎoshì, &quot;test&quot;; yōu, &quot;excellent&quot;
      Fused in mainland schools like the grade &quot;A&quot; in the
      U.S.!; fēn, &quot;points&quot;; jiǎng, &quot;prize&quot;; shuǒshì,
      &quot;Master’s degree.’’)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuótiānde kǎoshì wǒ déle ge        I got an &quot;A&quot; on
      yesterday’s test,
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;you.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ déle yìbǎi fēn.                  He got 100 (points).
    </para>
    <para>
      Shéi dé jiǎng le?                  Who won the prize?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shi něiniǎn déde shuǒshì?       What year did he receive his
      Master’s
    </para>
    <para>
      degree?
    </para>
    <para>
      De is also used for &quot;contracting&quot; diseases. (in the
      second example, lǎnwěiyǎn is &quot;appendicitis.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dé bìng le, bù néng qù le. He came down with something and
      cannot go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā déle lānwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng He got appendicitis and had to be
      kāi dāo.                            operated on immediately.
    </para>
    <para>
      dedao: &quot;to receive, to get, to gain, to obtain&quot; Add the
      ending -dào to the verb de to get the meaning of successful
      obtaining (cf. jièdao, &quot;to successfully borrow,&quot; in Unit
      1).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng He left immediately after getting
      jiù zǒu le.                         his passport.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gēn ta jiēhūn, jiù shi xiǎng dédao tāde qián.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hěn duō rén débudào zìyóu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cóng zhèli débudào shenme hǎochù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He only married her to get her money.
    </para>
    <para>
      Many people are unable to obtain freedom.
    </para>
    <para>
      He won’t be able to gain anything from this.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;To get&quot; in English often means to actively seek to
      obtain a thing. In those cases, do not use dé(dào). Use such verbs
      as ná/nádào/nálai, zhǎo/zhǎodào/ zhǎolai, nòngdao/nònglai, or a
      more specific verb such as mǎi, yào (&quot;to ask for&quot;), jiè;
      and qǐng(lai) or jiào(lai) for &quot;getting&quot; people.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Wèile néng hùxiāng zhàogu,          All three generations
          live together
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tāmen yìjiā sāndài zhù zai          so that they can take care of
      each
    </para>
    <para>
      yìqǐ.                                 other.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      wèile: &quot;in order to, for the purpose of; for the sake
      of&quot; A phrase with wèile may come at the very front of the
      sentence or after the subject.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā wèile yào dào Zhōngguo qù Because he wants to go to China to
      gōngzuǒ, suóyi xiànzài zài xué work, he is studying Chinese now.
      Zhōngwén ne.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile kàn diànyǐng, tā méi qù He didn’t go to class so he could go
      shàng kè.                            see a movie.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile may also come after shi:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shi dōu shi wèile tā. This was done all for him.
    </para>
    <para>
      This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under
      the categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is
      sometimes hard to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the
      one expressed by a particular sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      Benefit, sake
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ wèile tā cái láide.             I came only for his sake.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ.           I am (doing this) entirely for
      your
    </para>
    <para>
      sake.
    </para>
    <para>
      Purpose, goal
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile qián, tā shenme dōu zuǒde-chūlái.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile mǎi zhèiběn shū, tā qùle liùge shūdiàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ pǎo zhème yuǎnde lù, jiù shi wèile ná zhèizhāng piào?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile bǎochí niánqīng, tā yòng niūnǎi xǐzǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile yào is a common combination
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile yào qù kàn péngyou, jīntiān wǒ děi zǎo yidiǎnr xià bān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile yào niàn shū, wǒ zhèige Xǐngqītiān bù chūqu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile bú yào tài lèi, wǒ měitiān dōu zuǒ chē shàng bān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile néng dull shēnghuō, tā hěn zǎo jiù líkāi fùmǔ le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      For money, he is liable to do anything
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He went to six bookstores in order to get this book.
    </para>
    <para>
      You came all this way just to get that ticket?
    </para>
    <para>
      She washes with (cow's) milk to preserve her youth.
    </para>
    <para>
      which often means the same as wèile:
    </para>
    <para>
      In order to go visit a friend, I have to leave work a little early
      today.
    </para>
    <para>
      I'm not going out this Sunday so that I can study.
    </para>
    <para>
      In order not to get too tired, I take the bus to work every day.
    </para>
    <para>
      In order to live independently, she left her parents very early.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Motive or reason for some act, thought, or feeling
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile zhèijiàn shi, wǒ juéde hěn bù hǎo yìsi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I feel very embarrassed about (because of) this matter.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wèile zhèijiàn shi, tā yíyè dōu shuìbuzháo jiào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ jiù shi wèi(le) zhèijiàn shi láide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He couldn't get to sleep all night on account of this matter.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have come precisely because of this matter.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shi, You got angry over such a small nǐ
      jiù shēngqì la?                  thing?
    </para>
    <para>
      Even though you will find that wèile is sometimes idiomatically
      translated as &quot;because,&quot; as in these last examples, it
      is still not completely a synonym of yǐnwèi. When you want to say
      &quot;because,&quot; you should use yǐnwèi. When you want to say
      &quot;for the sake of&quot; or &quot;for the purpose of,&quot; use
      wèile.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen I’ve heard that in the past
          you had zhèli you hěn duō you           a lot of interesting
          customs here,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìside fēngsú.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a. Hòulái gōngshāngyè Yes. Later, when industry and
          fādále, fēngsú yě gǎibiàn le. commerce developed, customs
          changed, too.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      fēngsú: &quot;custom” The definition of fēngsú in a Chinese
      dictionary reads: ’’the sum total of etiquette, usual practices,
      etc., adhered to over a long period of time in the development of
      society.” Compare this with xíguàn: &quot;behavior, tendency or
      social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which
      is hard to change abruptly.&quot; Notice that xíguàn may refer to
      the practices or habits of either an individual or a community,
      whereas fēngsú refers only to those of a community.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòqù Zhōngguo you zǎohūnde        In the past China had the
      custom
    </para>
    <para>
      fēngsú.                             of early (child) marriage.
    </para>
    <para>
      hòulái: &quot;afterwards, later&quot; Both hòulái and yǐhòu are
      time nouns which can be translated as &quot;afterwards&quot; or
      &quot;later.&quot; But there are differences between them:
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Differences in patterns: Yǐhòu can either follow another
      element (trans-lated as &quot;after...&quot;) or it can be used by
      itself.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā láile yǐhòu, women Jiù zou le. After he came, we left.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài láiguo.        Afterwards, he never came back
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hòulái can only be used by itself.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le.        Afterwards he went to sleep.
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Differences in meaning:  Both jrǐhòu and hòulái may be used to
      refer to
    </para>
    <para>
      the past. For example, either yǐhòu or hòulái may be used in the
      sentence
    </para>
    <para>
      Kāishǐde shihou tā bù zhǐdào zěnme bàn, kěshi hòulái/yǐhòu
      xiǎngchūle yíge hǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      bànfa, &quot;in the beginning, he didn’t know what to do, but
      later he thought up a good way.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      But if you want to say &quot;afterwards&quot; or &quot;later&quot;
      referring to the future, you can only use yǐhòu. When it refers to
      the future time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways,
      depending on the context:
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài Let’s wait until the future to see
      shuō•                                about future matters.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòu n? you kòng, qǐng cháng In the future when you have time,
      lái wán.                            please come over more often.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.             I’ll tell you later on.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā        His child said that someday, he
      wants
    </para>
    <para>
      yào gēn yíge Rìběn rén jiēhūn. to marry a Japanese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Usage Note: Yǐhòu has the literal meaning of &quot;after
      that.&quot; It implies that some past event functions as a
      dividing point in time, a sort of time boundary. Yǐhòu refers to
      the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point
      of reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often
      translated as &quot;since.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu He only wrote one book, and hasn’t
      zài méi xiěguo.                     written any since (if he is
      still
    </para>
    <para>
      alive) OR He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote
      another. (if he is dead)
    </para>
    <para>
      gāibiàn: &quot;to change; change&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù míngbai tā wèishénme háishi I don’t understand why he still
      can't bù néng gaibiàn tāde guānniàn. change his ideas (way of
      thinking).
    </para>
    <para>
      Biàn, which you learned in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not
      as a noun. Biàn and gāibiàn may be interchangeable in a small
      number of contexts, but there is an essential difference between
      them: Biàn is a process verb, &quot;to become different,&quot; and
      gāibiàn is an action plus process, &quot;to alter in such a way as
      to become different.&quot;This can cause English-speaking students
      confusion because the English verb &quot;change&quot; covers both
      these meanings. Here are some examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde xiāngfā biàn le.              His way of thinking changed
      (became
    </para>
    <para>
      different).
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yínggāi gāibiàn zhèige       We should change this state of
    </para>
    <para>
      qíngkuāng.                          affairs (alter this state of
      affairs
    </para>
    <para>
      so that it becomes different).
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary
    </para>
    <para>
      lāodòng: The verb &quot;to do physical labor, to labor, to
      work&quot; or the noun &quot;physical labor, manual labor.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      shēngchān lāodòng                  productive labor
    </para>
    <para>
      lāodòng shōurù                     income from work
    </para>
    <para>
      huo: &quot;to live&quot; Huō, shēnghuo, and zhù may all be
      translated as &quot;to live&quot; but actually have different
      meanings. Huo basically refers to the body’s having life or
      breath, and is the opposite of sǐ. Shēnghuo emphasizes day-to-day
      living; it is used mostly when describing the needs or quality of
      daily life. Zhù is used to talk about residence in a particular
      place, either as one’s home, or temporarily (zhù lūguān, &quot;to
      stay at a hotel,&quot; and zhù yuan, &quot;to stay in the
      hospital&quot;).
    </para>
    <para>
      Yu zai shuǐli cai neng huo.         Fish can live only in water.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao    The people there live to be
      very
    </para>
    <para>
      hěn lǎo.                             old.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā huóde hěn cháng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dàgài huóbucháng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Huó often means &quot;to live&quot; in the sense
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā Jin yīyuànde shihou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le, kěshi tā
      you huóle yìnián cái sǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Huó can modify a noun directly, for example, huó yu, live
      fish,&quot; huó rén, &quot;living person.&quot; But to say,
      &quot;is he alive?&quot; you must use huó with the ending -zhe: Tā
      huozhe ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Huó can also mean &quot;movable, moving,&quot; as in: huózì,
      &quot;movable type&quot;; huóyè, &quot;loose-leaf&quot;
      Chuóyèjiāzi is &quot;loose-leaf binder&quot;!; huóshuǐ,
      &quot;flowing water.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      xíguàn: As a noun, this means &quot;habit&quot; or, in a more
      general sense,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;custom, usual practice.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎng zai
      chuángshang<anchor id="footnote4" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark73">4</link></superscript>
      kàn shū shi yíge bù hǎode xíguàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo you zǎo qǐde xíguàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Taitai bù xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái hui jiāde xíguàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige jùzi bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmen-de
      xíguàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      He had a long life.
    </para>
    <para>
      He probably won’t live much longer.
    </para>
    <para>
      of &quot;to survive&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      When he went into the hospital, no one thought he could live
      (survive), but he lived another year before he died
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s a bad habit to read in bed.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m an early riser. (Lit., &quot;I have the habit of getting up
      early.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      The wife doesn’t like her husband’s habit of not coming home until
      after midnight.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t know why this sentence is said this way. It’s just the way
      we say it.
    </para>
    <para>
      'to get/be used to,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As a verb, xíguàn means
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān shi wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎn-jìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ xīwàng
      hěn kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hěn bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán gǎi.
    </para>
    <para>
      to become/be accustomed to&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Today is my first day wearing glasses and I’m not used to them
      yet. I hope I can get used to them quickly.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not at all used to the food here.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m already used to doing it this way It’s very hard to change.
    </para>
    <para>
      ting: This word., which you already know as &quot;to listen,&quot;
      can also mean &quot;to heed, to obey&quot; someone’s suggestions,
      directions, or orders.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi What he says makes sense. You
      should ting tāde huà.                      listen to him (do as he
      says).
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ gàosu tā yīnggāi zhèiyang       I told him he should, do this,
      but
    </para>
    <para>
      zuò, tā bù tīng.                   he wouldn't listen.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎo ba, tīng nīde.                  Okay, I’ll do as you say.
      (nīde is
    </para>
    <para>
      short for nīde huà.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lī Ping’s classmate from Taiwan, Wáng
      Chéng (D), have Just gone to the movie The Dream of the Red
      Chamber*. On their way home , they chat.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Tāngmǔ, nī zěnme bù shuō huà?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Duìbuqī, kàn zhèige diànyīng,
    </para>
    <para>
      shizài ràng rén bu shūfu, tèbié shi kàn dao nèige dìfangr . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Nǎge dìfang?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jiù shi Dàiyù side shihou . . .
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ng, duì le, Dàiyù sīde shihou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèng shi Bǎoyù Jiēhūnde shihou. Kan dao zhèli, zhēn shi ràng rén
      hěn bu shūfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Nīmen you méiyou zhùyidào, hěn
    </para>
    <para>
      duō nude kàn dao zhège dìfang dōu kū le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ kàndao le. Ai, yǒude shihou,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ zhēnde bù míngbai, wèishenme hěn duō shūli háishi shuō
      Zhōng-guō chuántǒngde dà Jiātíng you bù shǎo hǎochu, hǎochu zài
      náli? Wèile bǎochí dà Jiātíngde chuán-tǒng, ràng niánqīngde yídài
      huò-zhě Jīdài chī name duō kǔ, zhè Jiù shi dà Jiātíngde hǎochù ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Dà Jiātíngde hǎochù xiànzài bu
    </para>
    <para>
      duō le. Nīmen zhīdào Zhōngguode dà Jiātíng gēn lìshī you guānxī.
      Zhōngguo shi nongyè shèhuì, shēngchǎn dōu yào kào rénlì, shéi
      Jiāde láolì duō, shéi Jiāde shēnghuo Jiù huì hǎo yìdiǎn. Lī Ping,
      nǐ xiǎng shi bu shi zhèyàng ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi, shi zhèiyangde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A:   Nàme, xiànzài qíngxing bù tong
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How come you aren’t talking, Tom?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sorry. Watching this movie was really distressing. Especially
      when it got to that part . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Which part?
    </para>
    <para>
      The part when Dàiyù dies . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, right, Dàiyù dies Just when Bǎoyù is getting married. At that
      point, I really felt uncomfortable.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you notice, a lot of women started crying when it got to that
      part.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. (Sigh) Sometimes I really don’t understand why a lot of books
      say that there were many advantages to the traditional Chinese
      large family. What advantages? Just in order to preserve the
      tradition of the large family, the younger generation or
      generations were made to suffer so much. That’s the advantage of
      the large family?
    </para>
    <para>
      The large family doesn’t have many advantages any more. You know,
      the large family has to do with Chinese history. China was an
      agricultural society, and production depended on manpower. If a
      family had a larger labor force they had a better life. Lī Ping,
      do you think that’s right?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, that’s right.
    </para>
    <para>
      But now the situation is different.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’This novel by Cáo Xuěqín (172U?-1?6U) tells of the twilight years
      of the Jiǎ family, grown wealthy in the service of Qīng Dynasty
      emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate
      young man of the house, Jiǎ Bǎoyù (Precious Jade), and his love
      for his cousin, Lin Dàiyù (Black Jade).
    </para>
    <para>
      le, xiànzài gōngshāngyè fādá le, wèishenme hái yǒu ren shuō dà
      Jiātíng hao ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Dà Jiātíngde guānniàn yǐjíng
    </para>
    <para>
      yǒu Jǐqiānniánde lìshǐ le, yào gaibiàn tā, xūyào bǐjiào chángde
      shíjiān. Dàlùde qíngxing wǒ bù qíngchu, Taiwānde qíngxing shi dà
      Jiātíng yuè lái yuè shǎo le. Suīrán Zhōngguo rén xǐhuan dà
      Jiātíng, Juédé dàjiā zhù zai yìqǐ, hùxiāng yǒu zhàogu, dànshi
      gōngshāngyè fādá le, gōngzuòde Jíhuì duō le, xiǎo Jiātíng yě Jiu
      yuè lái yuè duō le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:   Xiànzài dà Jiātíng yuè lái yuè
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎo, zǎohūnde fēngsú yě Jiu méiyou le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zāohūn hé dà Jiātíng yǒu shénme
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      guānxi ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      D:   You guānxi. Zhè zhǔyào° shi láo-
    </para>
    <para>
      lìde wèntí.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:   Nǐ xiǎng, zāohūn, zǎo you háizi,
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiāli láodònglì duō, lǎorén yě Jiu kéyi zǎo yidiǎn dédào zhàogu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:   Kěshi zài gōngshāngyè shèhuìli,
    </para>
    <para>
      duōshù lǎorén dōu yǒu shōurù. Xiànzài Táiwān yǐjíng shi
      gōngshāngyè shèhuì, zhèiyangde wèntí yě Jiu méiyou le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Dànshi, nǐ bié wàngle, dàlù hái
    </para>
    <para>
      shi nongyè shèhuì, zhàogu lǎorén-de wèntí hái shi dà wèntí,
      zǎohūnde fēngsú yě háishi yǒu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:   Nǐ dàgài nòngcuòle ba, dàlùde
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngfù zěnme huì tongyì rénmen zāohūn ne?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Now that industry and commerce are highly developed, why do some
      people still say that the large family is good?
    </para>
    <para>
      The concept of the large family has already existed for several
      thousand years. It’ll take a rather long time to change it. I
      don’t know about the situation on the mainland. But on Taiwan, the
      situation is that there are fewer and fewer large families.
      Although the Chinese like big families and think that if everyone
      lives together they can take care of each other, industry and
      commerce are flourishing and there are more Job opportunities, so
      there are more and more small families.
    </para>
    <para>
      Now as large families grow fewer and fewer, the custom of child
      marriage will disappear.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is child marriage related to the large family?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. It’s mainly a question of labor force.
    </para>
    <para>
      After all, with child marriage, children are born sooner, the
      family has more work hands, and the old people can get taken care
      of sooner.
    </para>
    <para>
      But in an industrial-commercial society, most of the old people
      have an income. Today Taiwan is already an industrial-commercial
      society, so that kind of problem doesn’t exist there anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      But don’t forget that the mainland is still an agricultural
      society. Caring for old people is still a big problem, and the
      custom of child marriage still exists there.
    </para>
    <para>
      You must be mistaken. How could the government on the mainland
      agree to let people marry as children?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhǔyào, &quot;mainly&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Wǒ shuōde shi nóngcūn,! shénme
    </para>
    <para>
      zǎohūn na, zhòng nán qīng nú a, zhèizhǒng shi zǒng shi he Jīngji
      bù fādá you guānxide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      D:   Wǒ shizài bù xǐhuan zaohūn. Wo
    </para>
    <para>
      xiang duōshù zǎohūnde rén hòulái-de shēnghuó dōu you diǎn wèntí.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:   Tèbié shi fùnū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì le, wǒ tīngshuōguo zhèiyang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìzhong shuōfā: Zhōngguo fùnu méiyou Jiēhūn yǐqián yào ting
      fùmǔde, Jiele hūn děi tīng zhàngfude, zhàngfu sǐle děi tīng
      érzide.^ Qīngwèn, Zhōngguo fùnu shénme shihou cái néng you tāmen
      zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, shénme shihou cái néng you yidiǎnr zìyóu ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, xiànzài méiyou rén Jiǎng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèixiē le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Suīrán méiyou rén Jiǎng, kěshi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèizhǒng chuántong sīxiǎng^ hái-shi you a!
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Nī shuōde yě you dàolǐ, háishi
    </para>
    <para>
      nàjù huà, Jīqiānniánde lǎo guānniàn bǔ shi hěn kuài kéyi
      gǎibiànde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ììg, búguò wǒ xiǎng, dàlù yě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎo, Táiwān yě hǎo, Jīshínián lái dōu yǒule hěn dàde gǎibiàn,
      fùnude dìwei yě dōu yǒule tígāo, chuántǒngde guānniàn yě zài biàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Ng, zheyidian wo tongyi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m talking about rural areas, Things like child marriage or
      regarding males as superior to females always have to do with an
      undeveloped economy.
    </para>
    <para>
      I really don’t like child marriage. I think that most people who
      are married as children have problems later on in life.
    </para>
    <para>
      Especially women.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. I’ve heard a saying to the effect that before a Chinese
      woman gets married she has to obey her parents, after she gets
      married she has to obey her husband, and after her husband dies
      she has to obey her son. I ask you, when will Chinese women be
      able to think for themselves? When will they be able to have a
      little freedom?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nobody is strict about those customs anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nobody is strict about them, but the traditional thinking is still
      there!
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right. It’s still the same old story. Ideas which are
      several thousand years old can’t be changed very quickly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yeah, but I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have undergone
      big changes in the past few decades. The status of women has
      improved, and traditional ideas are changing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, that I agree with.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I'nóngcūn, &quot;rural area&quot; (See Unit 6)
    </para>
    <para>
      ^Zhōngguo funu meiyou jiēhūn yiqian yao tīng fùmǔde: (1) méiyou
      jiēhūn yǐqián is completely equivalent to Jiēhūn yǐqián
      &quot;before getting married&quot;. The méiyou does not change the
      meaning. (2) Tīng fùmǔde is equivalent to tīng fùmǔde huà,
      &quot;to obey one’s parents.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      ^sīxiǎng, &quot;thought, thinking&quot; (See Life in China module,
      Unit h)
    </para>
    <para>
      ^tígāo, &quot;raise, improve(ment)&quot; (See Traveling in China
      module, Unit 2)
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Hǎo, women dào jiǎ le. Wang
    </para>
    <para>
      Chéng jìnqu zuòzuo ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      D:   Hǎo, jìnqù yíxià.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, we are at my house. Come in for a while, Wang Chéng, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll come in for a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her
      high-school-age granddaughter in Tianjin.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhāng Lǐ Shi                        (an old way of referring to a
    </para>
    <para>
      woman whose own surname is Lǐ and whose husband’s surname is
      Zhāng)
    </para>
    <para>
      zài shuō                           besides, moreover
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Can you infer how people generally learn about new policies
          like birth control in China?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What does Grandma think of the new policy?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What is the difference between the old and the new custom
          with regard to taking one’s husband’s surname after marriage?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences
      rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about
      the situation on the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second time through, look below and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words you will need to understand this
      conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      shichang                           market
    </para>
    <para>
      nóngmín                            peasant
    </para>
    <para>
      For this conversation, you also need to know what &quot;free
      markets&quot; are. The Chinese term is zìyou shìchǎng. These are
      government-controlled, negotiated-price markets which individual
      peasants, brigades, or communes hold in the cities at officially
      designated locations to sell agricultural products, livestock, and
      fish. After units have fulfilled state quotas for an agricultural
      sideline product, any surplus (with the exception of certain
      restricted products) may be sold on the open market. Free markets
      are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline production,
      stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve the
      supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement
      state-operated commerce.
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. How do free markets help peasants? How do they help
          agricultural production?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. How do free markets improve life for people in the cities?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What other developments in the countryside do the
          classmates think will affect the mainland’s economic
          situation?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. For how long did classmate B’s family live in the Jiangxi
          countryside?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      .Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in
      the family of a friend.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following words and phrases:
    </para>
    <para>
      lǎoxiānsheng                       old gentleman
    </para>
    <para>
      gǔhuī                               ashes (of a person)
    </para>
    <para>
      sònghuiqu                          to take back
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Where will Mr. Wang’s remains be buried?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What was the nature of family clashes between Mr. Wang and
          his five sons?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. From Mr. Wang’s point of view, what were the advantages in
          having his sons get married young?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. What did his sons think about early marriage?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. What did Mr. Wang gradually come to understand that made him
      give up trying to have his sons marry early?
    </para>
    <para>
      6. What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to
      suggest that you talk about a different topic?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
      look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want
      to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
      answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      In Tiānjīn, a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎolán, kàn hào na!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǎinai, jǐntiǎn hàoshang shuōle,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      &quot;Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge gòu le, sānge tài duō&quot;!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shénme? &quot;Yíge zuì hǎo&quot;? Wǒ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      méi tīngmínghai.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà shi shuō shēng háizi, shēng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge jiù gòu le, sānge tài duō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: <subscript>w</subscript>&quot;Shēng yíge zuì hǎo&quot;?
          Shēng ge nuháizi zěnme hàn? Hái děi zài shēng yíge nánde ma!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ei, nǎinai, nuháizi you shenme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hù hǎo? Nánháizi yě hǎo, nuháizi yě hǎo, dōu shi zìjīde háizi ya!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà hù yíyàng, nuháizi jiēle hūn,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shēngle háizi, háizi děi xing zhàngfude xìngr, nī xiǎng nánháizi
      he nuháizi yíyàng ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: <subscript>w</subscript>Nà wǒ hù tongyì. Nín yě shi nude,
          nín wèishenme nàme kànbuqī fùnu a?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bu shi kànhuqǐ, shèhuìde qíng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xing jiù shi zhèiyangr. Nǐ yéye xing Zhāng, wǒ zìjǐ xing LǏ,
      jiēhūn yǐhòu rénjia jiào wo Zhāng Lǐ Shi, zěnme méiyou rén jiào wo
      Lǐ Zhāng Shi?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèi shi jiù fēngsú, xiànzài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      méiyou zhèixiē shuōfǎr le. Wǒ shi Zhāng Xiǎolán, jiēhūn yǐhòu wǒ
      hái shi Zhāng Xiǎolán.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yǐhòu háizi yě xing Zhāng ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme bù kéyi, nín kàn duìmiànr-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      de Wáng Āyí, yǒule háizi jiào Wang Lin, yě méiyou rén shuō bù kéyi
      ma! Zài shuō, duō shēng háizi you
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Reading the paper, Xiǎolán?
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma, today it says in the paper, &quot;One is best, two are
      enough, three are too many&quot;!
    </para>
    <para>
      What? &quot;One is best&quot;? I don't understand.
    </para>
    <para>
      It's about having children. It's best to have one, two are enough,
      and three are too many.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;It's best to have one&quot;? What do you do if you have a
      girl? Then you have to try to have a boy!
    </para>
    <para>
      But Grandma, what's wrong with girls? Boys or girls, they're all
      one's own children!
    </para>
    <para>
      It's not the same thing. When a girl gets married and has a child,
      the child has to take the husband's surname. You think boys are
      the same as girls?
    </para>
    <para>
      That I don't agree with. You're a woman too. Why do you look down
      on women so much?
    </para>
    <para>
      It's not that I look down on them. That's the way society is. Your
      grandfather's name is Zhāng and mine is Lǐ. After we got married
      people called me Zhāng LǏ Shi. Why didn't anyone call me Lǐ Zhāng
      Shi!
    </para>
    <para>
      That's the old custom. Those terms aren't used anymore. I'm Zhāng
      Xiǎolán, and after I get married I'll still be Zhāng Xiǎolán.
    </para>
    <para>
      And will your children use the surname Zhāng too?
    </para>
    <para>
      Why not? Look at Auntie Wáng across the way. When she had her
      child it was called Wáng LÍn, and no one said there was anything
      wrong with that.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shénme hǎochur, dajiā shōurù dōu bù duō, háizi duōle, dàren duō
      kǔ!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:   Hǎole, hāole, jiù suàn nǐ shuōde
    </para>
    <para>
      duì. Kuài chī fàn ba! Chīwánle hái děi shàng xué qu na!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Besides, what’s the advantage in having a lot of children?
      Everyone has a small income, and if there are a lot of children,
      how hard it is for the adults!
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, okay, let’s say you’re right. Hurry up and eat! You have to
      go to school after you finish eating!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zuìjìn kàn bào le meiyou?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shénme bào?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dàlù bàozhī. You yíjiàn shìqing
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn you yìsi, bù zhīdào nǐ zhùyì le meiyou?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shénme shi?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zìyóu shìchāng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ng, wǒ yě kàndao le, wǒ xiàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhei shi yíge bāngzhu nóngmín zhuàn qiánde hāo bànfa.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Lìngwài yidiǎn, nóngmínde shōurù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      duō le, duì nóngyè shēngchǎn yě you hāochu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì, wǒ xiǎng wèile ràng xiāng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuó qíngkuàng hǎo yidiǎn, zhèiyangde
      shìchāng yǐnggāi bànxiaqu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Erqiě, chéngli rénde shēnghuó yě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      huì hǎo yidiǎnr, tāmen kéyi zài zìyóu shìchāng mǎidao xīnxiande
      cài, zhēnshi bú cuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yǐhòu zìyóu shìchāng yuè bàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yuè hǎo, xiāngxiade xiǎo gōngshāngyè yě huì fādáqilai, dàlùde
      jīngji qíngkuàng huì you hěn dàde gǎibiàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Have you been reading the papers lately?
    </para>
    <para>
      What papers?
    </para>
    <para>
      The mainland newspapers. I wonder if you’ve noticed something very
      interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      What?
    </para>
    <para>
      Free markets.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, I’ve seen that too. I think it’s a good way to help peasants
      make money.
    </para>
    <para>
      And another point is that it will be good for agricultural
      production if the peasants’ income goes up.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. I think they ought to continue running these markets in
      order to make production and living conditions in the country
      better.
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s more, life will be better for people in the cities. They
      can buy fresh foods at the free markets. It’s really pretty good.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the future, free markets will get better and better, small
      industry and commerce in the countryside will begin to prosper,
      and there will be big changes in the mainland’s economic
      situation.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ jìde nǐ lǎojiā zài Jiangxi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Ting wǒ fùqin shuō, tāmen
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jǐdài rén dōu zhù zai Jiāngxǐ xiāngxià.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiànzài lǎojiā hái yǒu rén ha?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yǒu, wǒ tíngshuō nerde qíngkuàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiànzài hú cuò le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà hǎo, yǒu jíhui xiǎng huíqu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kànkan ha?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yídìng!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I remember your family is from Jiāngxǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. My father tells me that they lived in the Jiāngxǐ countryside
      for several generations.
    </para>
    <para>
      You still have family there, don’t you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. I understand that the situation there is pretty good now.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s good, if you have the chance do you want to go hack to
      visit?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise u
    </para>
    <para>
      Conversation between two classmates in
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ tíngshuō Wang Tāode fùqin sǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Wang Tāo hé tā mǔqin xià
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xīngqīyī yào bǎ lǎoxiānshengde gǔhuǐ sònghuiqu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen lǎojiā zài nǎr?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zài Guǎngdōng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tíngshuō Wang Lǎoxiānsheng huó-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhede shihou chángcháng xǐhuan tan lǎojiāde shir?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a! Wang Lǎoxiānsheng rén
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn hǎo, jiù shi yǒu diǎnr lǎo guānniàn, zǒng xiǎng bǎochí dà
      jiātíngde chuántǒng, kěshi jiā-lide niánqīng rén duōshu dōu bù
      ting tāde huà, you shihou tā yě hěn bu gāoxìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A: ' Nǐ néng bu néng gěi wo jiǎng-jiang ne?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hong Kong.
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear that Wang Tāo’s father died.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Wang Tāo and his mother are going to take the old gentleman’s
      ashes back next Monday.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where’s their family from?
    </para>
    <para>
      Guǎngdōng.
    </para>
    <para>
      I understand that when Mr. Wang was alive he often liked to talk
      about the way things were back in their old home, is that right?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes! Mr. Wang was a very good person, but he was a bit
      old-fashioned in his way of thinking. He always wanted to keep the
      tradition of the large family, but most of the young people in the
      family wouldn’t listen to him. So sometimes he was very
      displeased.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can you tell me about it?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      °It is the custom to take the remains back to one’s hometown.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Xíng a! Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng you
    </para>
    <para>
      wǔge érzi, tā yuànyi érzimen zǎohūn, tā xiǎng, zǎo jiēhūn, zǎo you
      sūnzi, nà duo hǎo!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zǎohūn, lǎorén yě kéyi zǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yidiǎnr you zhàogu, zhè bú cuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zhèng shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèige yìsi. Keshi érzimen bú nàme xiǎng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen zěnme xiǎng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen shuō nèizhǒng &quot;zǎohūn,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiāli láodònglì duō, shōurù jiu duō, shēnghuo jiu hǎo&quot; de
      xiǎngfǎ shizài shi tài jiù le. Tāmen shi niánqīng rén, tāmende
      guānniàn dōu shi xīnde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wáng Lǎoxiānsheng zěnme bàn ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hòulái tā mànmànde yě míngbai
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiànzài gēn guòqù wánquán bù tong le, tā yě jiù bù shuō shenme le.
      Suōyi yìzhí dào Wáng Xiān-sheng sǐ, Jiāli yě méiyou shenme dà
      wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo le, women huàn ge tímu ba,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tántan nīde qíngxing. Nī zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Niàn shū niànde hǎo bu
      hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu cuò, jiù shi máng. Jǐntiǎn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you diǎn shíjiān xiūxi xiuxi, women qù hē chá hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Hǎo, zǒu ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure! Mr. Wáng had five sons. He wanted his sons to marry early.
    </para>
    <para>
      He thought that if Chis sons3 got married young, he would get
      grandsons sooner, and how great that would be.
    </para>
    <para>
      With early marriage, old people can be cared for sooner; that's
      good too.
    </para>
    <para>
      That's exactly what Mr. Wáng had in mind. But his sons didn't
      think think so.
    </para>
    <para>
      What did they think?
    </para>
    <para>
      They thought the idea that &quot;early marriage brings the family
      more manpower, and therefore more income and a better life&quot;
      is really too old. They're young people and all their ideas are
      new ones.
    </para>
    <para>
      What did Mr. Wáng do?
    </para>
    <para>
      Later he gradually came to understand that things are completely
      different now from the way they used to be, so he stopped talking
      about it. So there weren't any big problems in the family up until
      Mr. Wáng died.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, let's change the subject and talk about your situation. How
      have you been lately? Are your studies going well?
    </para>
    <para>
      Pretty well, its just that I'm busy. But today I have time to take
      a break. Let's go have some tea, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, let's go!
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 6 Politics and. Culture
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. -de huà, ’’if,&quot; ”in case.”
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Choosing between -guo and -le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. More on zài, &quot;in the midst of.”
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Bù guǎn. .. , ’’no matter.’’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Nǎr used in rhetorical questions to make a denial.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Qù and lai expressing purpose.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. (Amount of time) lai, ’’in the past...,” ’’over the
          past....’’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Requesting to speak with someone.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome
          circumstance.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Expressing scandalized disapproval.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng gùshi-de huà, wǒ gěi ni jiǎng yíge
          ya!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Suàn Le. Wǒmen xiǎ qí ba!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Tīngshuǒ jiěfàng yǐhòu, Gǒngchǎndǎng zuǒle xiě hǎo shi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Eng, you xiě zhèngcè shi hú cuò, you xiě hú tǎi hǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi rùguo Tuan ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiǎguo Hongwèibīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Nǐ tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhǎngde nuér àishang Xiǎo Wang le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhè zhēn shi mafan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì hen Wang-jiǎde rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Rúguo nī hú jièyìde huà, wǒ xiǎng hé nǐde mishu tan Jifēn
      zhōng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Tā zài dǎ zì, mashàng Jiù lai.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you want to listen to a story, I’ll tell you one.
    </para>
    <para>
      Forget it. Let’s play chess.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve heard that the Communist Party did some good things after
      liberation.
      <anchor id="footnote5" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark74">5</link></superscript>
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren’t too good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did Lǎo Wang’s son ever Join the Communist Youth League?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, hut I’ve heard that he was in the Red Guards.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang’s daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      Wáng.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhāng really hates the Wáng family.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you don’t mind, I’d like to talk with your secretary for a few
      minutes.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s typing, he’ll be here in a moment.
    </para>
    <para>
      6.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige háizi bú xiàng huà, bù guǎn zěnme shuō dōu bù tīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Zhōngguode értong!
    </para>
    <para>
      This child is too much. No matter what you say, he Just doesn’t
      listen.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, he’s certainly no Cnot like anyl child of &quot;New
      China.&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Zhèipiān duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō xiěde shi shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiěde shi yíge nongcūn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gànhude gùshi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Nǐ Jí Jímángmángde, zuò shénme qu a?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shàng xué qu a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. A: Zhèngfǔ shǐ hu shi hǎohù rénmende cáichǎn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shǐ. Zhèngfǔ shíxíng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎohù rénmen cáichǎnde zhèngcè.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, Zhōngguo zài shǐjièshangde
          dìwei yǒule hěn dàde gǎihiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      What is this short story about?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s the story of a cadre in a rural area.
    </para>
    <para>
      What are you in such a hurry to go do?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to school!
    </para>
    <para>
      Does the government protect people’s property?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting
      people’s property.
    </para>
    <para>
      Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China’s position in
      the world has changed greatly.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. A: Shínián lái, zhèi liǎngge chéngshǐde gōngshāngyè yuè
          lái yuè fādá le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B:   Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      shi fēnbùkāide.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the past ten years industry and commerce in these two cities
      have hecome more and more developed.
    </para>
    <para>
      This can’t he separated from the government’s leadership.
    </para>
    <para>
      ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. dang
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. yuányīn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      1U. Jiārù
    </para>
    <para>
      political party; (capital D-) the (Communist) Party
    </para>
    <para>
      reason, cause
    </para>
    <para>
      to Join
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                VOCABULARY
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ài àishang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to love
              </para>
              <para>
                to fall in love with
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎohù
              </para>
              <para>
                bù guan
              </para>
              <para>
                bú xiàng huà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to protect
              </para>
              <para>
                no matter (what, whether, etc.)
              </para>
              <para>
                to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk,
                acts, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                canjiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to participate in, to take part in, to Join, to attend
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéngshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                city; urban
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dang dǎ zì -de huà duǎnpiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (political) party to type (on a typewriter) if; in case;
                supposing that short (stories, articles)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                értóng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                child (formal word)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fen fēnkāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to divide, to separate, to split to separate, to split
                up
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gànbu Gòngchǎndǎng gùshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cadre
              </para>
              <para>
                the Communist Party story
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hen
              </para>
              <para>
                Hóngwàibīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to hate, to loathe, to detest (a) Red Guard; the Red
                Guards
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiǎrù Jiěfàng jièyì jíjímángmang jímáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to join
              </para>
              <para>
                to liberate, to emancipate; liberation
              </para>
              <para>
                to mind, to take offense
              </para>
              <para>
                in a big hurry
              </para>
              <para>
                to be hasty, to be hurried
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ...lái lǐngdǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                for the past...(amount of time) to lead, to direct, to
                exercise
              </para>
              <para>
                leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nóngcūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                country, rural area; rural; village
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ru
              </para>
              <para>
                rù Tuan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to enter; to Join
              </para>
              <para>
                to Join the Communist Youth League (Gòngqingtuán or
                Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuán)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -shang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (verb ending indicating starting and continuing)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shàng xué
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go to school; to attend school
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shijiè shijièshang shíxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                world
              </para>
              <para>
                in the world, in the whole world
              </para>
              <para>
                to practice, to carry out, to put into effect, to
                implement
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -tuán Tuan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                group, society
              </para>
              <para>
                the (Communist Youth) League
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -xia xia qí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                under
              </para>
              <para>
                to play chess
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuányīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                reason, cause
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngcè zhèngfǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                policy government
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      1. A: Nǐ yàoshi xiǎng tīng gùshi- If you want to listen to a
      story, de huà, wǒ gěi ni Jiang        I’ll tell you one.
    </para>
    <para>
      yíge ya!
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Suàn le. Women xià qí ha! Forget it. Let’s play chess.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      gùshi: &quot;story,&quot; only in the sense of a short, fictional
      tale. Remember that another word you have learned, xiǎoshuō, can
      also be used for &quot;story&quot; in the sense of a literary
      work. Also take special note that a news &quot;story&quot; should
      be translated as xǐnwěn (NOT gùshi).
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;To tell stories&quot; is Jiǎng (OR shuō) gùshi (don’t use
      the verb gàosu).
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐmen zhèr yǒu shénme értǒng Do you have any children’s stories
      gùshi ma?                          here? (in a bookstore)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèipiān gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo. This story is very well written.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gùshi may take as a counter either -ge, -duàn, or -pian (for
      written stories).
    </para>
    <para>
      -de huà: &quot;if,&quot; &quot;in case,&quot; or &quot;supposing
      that&quot; Used at the end of a clause which tells a hypothetical
      situation, often in combination with another word for
      &quot;if&quot; (yàoshi, rúguǒ, etc.) earlier in the same clause.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi nǐ bu qùde huà, wǒ yě bu If you don’t go, I won’t go. qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chǐ fàn chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chǐ If you eat more after you’re
      already de huà, dùzi Jiu bù shūfu le. full, your stomach won’t
      feel well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ qǐlai tài zǎode huà, wǒ Jiù If I get up too early I feel tired,
      huì Juéde lèi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yào shi wǒde huà, wǒ bu nàme zuò. If it had been me, I wouldn’t
      have
    </para>
    <para>
      done it that way.
    </para>
    <para>
      xià qí: &quot;play chess&quot; This is actually a general word for
      several different kinds of chess or other board games. CSpecific
      names do exist for each game: xiàngqí, &quot;Chinese chess&quot;;
      tiàoqí, &quot;(the Chinese form of) checkers&quot;; wéiqí,
      &quot;go&quot; (a board game); guojì xiàngqí (PRC) or xǐyáng qí
      (Taiwan), &quot;international or Western chess&quot;; etc.J
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gēn shéi xià qí?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Who did you play chess with?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xià qí xiàde hěn hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He plays chess very well.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      2. A: Tīngshuǒ jiěfàng yīhòu, Gòngchǎndǎng zuole xiě hǎo shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Eng, you xiě zhèngcè shi hú cuò, you xiē hú tài hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve heard that the Communist Party did some good things after
      liberation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, some policies were all right, hut some weren’t too good.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      jiěfàng: &quot;to liberate, to emancipate; liberation&quot; This
      word is applied in Communist ideology to the overthrow of what is
      considered &quot;reactionary&quot; rule. In China today jiěfàng
      may be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual
      area by Communist forces at any time from 19^+5 up until 1950
      (when the administrative authority of the Communist government had
      finally extended throughout the mainland and Hǎinán Island). For
      example, if someone says
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde Our area was liberated late (in the
      wǎn.                                revolution).
    </para>
    <para>
      this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date
      (perhaps in late 19^+9 or early 1950). Jiěfàng may also be used to
      refer to the end of &quot;China’s War of Liberation,&quot; marked
      by the official proclamation of the People’s Republic of China on
      October 1, 19^+9. For example,
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiěfàng yīhòude jīnián, wǒ zhù For the first few years after
      liber-zai Shànghǎi.                       ation I lived in
      Shànghǎi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gòngchǎndǎng: &quot;the Communist party,&quot; literally
      &quot;share-property party&quot; In a mainland China context, the
      Communist party is often referred to simply as Dǎng, &quot;the
      Party.” The official name is Zhongguo Gòngchǎndǎng, &quot;Chinese
      Communist Party (CCP).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngcè: &quot;policy&quot; (especially of a government)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn le.       The (government’s) policy has
      changed
    </para>
    <para>
      recently.
    </para>
    <para>
      3. A: Lǎo Wangde érzi rùguo Tuán ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Méiyou, tīngshuǒ cānjiāguo Hǒngwèibīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Did Lǎo Wang’s son ever join the Communist Youth League?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, but I’ve heard that he was in the Red Guards.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rù: &quot;to enter&quot; Rù is most often used in literary
      Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in a handful of
      set phrases like rù xué, &quot;to enter school, to start
      school,&quot; or rù yuàn, &quot;to be hospitalized.&quot;
      Otherwise, &quot;to enter&quot; is expressed by the verbs jin,
      jìnlai, or jìnqu.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the set phrases rù Tuán, &quot;to join the Communist Youth
      League,&quot; and rù Dǎng, &quot;to Join the Communist
      Party,&quot; rù is actually short for the verb jiǎrù (No. 11+ on
      the Reference List), which means &quot;to join&quot; an
      organization.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tuan: &quot;the League,&quot; short for Zhongguo Gòngchǎnzhùyì
      Qīngniāntuān, &quot;China Communist Youth League,&quot; also
      abbreviated as Gòngqingtuān. This is a nationwide organization for
      working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and
      twenty-five. Its aim is to cultivate members’ political awareness
      and their cultural and scientific knowledge. The League’s history
      goes back to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence have changed
      over the years. During the Cultural Revolution, the functions of
      the League were largely taken over by the Red Guards (see note on
      next page), but in 1973 the League began to recover its former
      influence. Today, the League organizes political study sessions as
      well as educational and recreational activities at schools,
      universities, factories, and other places of work. The League also
      provides leadership for the Young Pioneers (Shàoxiǎnduì), an
      organization for children from seven to fourteen.
    </para>
    <para>
      The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a
      close one, although the League is independently organized and has
      its own central committee with a national congress that meets
      periodically. Policy leadership for the League comes from the
      Youth Department of the Communist Party Central Committee. By no
      means do all League members go on to become Party members, but
      leadership experience in League activities makes many likely
      candidates for later Party membership.
    </para>
    <para>
      cānjiǎ: &quot;to Join; to participate in, to take part in; to
      attend&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Canjiā refers to the action of Joining a group or Joining in an
      activity. It also means &quot;to participate&quot; or &quot;to
      take part in.&quot; Cānjiǎ is also the word to use for &quot;to
      attend&quot; a meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a
      play, film, or other non-participatory event).
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo cānjiǎ Shìjiè Yínháng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women jìhuà xià xīngqī kai ge wanhuì,° nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiǎ?
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàjiǎ dou yinggāi cānjiǎ lāodòng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā cānjiāle yíge xùnliànbǎn.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào qù cǎnjiǎ míngtiǎn xiàwude huì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      China has Joined the World Bank.
    </para>
    <para>
      We’re planning to have an evening party next week. Would you like
      to Join in?
    </para>
    <para>
      Everyone should participate in (physical) labor.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is attending a training class OR He attended a training class,
      (depends on context)
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rùguo Tuan, cǎnjiǎguo Hongwèibing: You were introduced to the
      marker -guo in the Biographic Information module, with sentences
      like NǏ cōngqiān lāiguo ma?, &quot;Have you ever been here
      before?&quot; You also saw that -guo can provide by itself the
      meaning of &quot;ever&quot;: Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguo ma?, &quot;Has he
      ever been to China?&quot; In exchange 3, the speakers use -guo
      with the meaning of &quot;ever&quot; having done something.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;wǎnhuì, &quot;evening party&quot;       xùnliànbǎn,
      &quot;training class&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Why use -guo and not -le in these sentences? A helpful rule of
      thumb is to use -guo in Chinese when you would say
      &quot;ever&quot; in English. But -guo and &quot;ever&quot; do not
      always correspond; as you can see in sentence 3B, the English does
      not contain the word &quot;ever.&quot; The reason speaker B
      decided to use -guo there rather than le is that he knows Lǎo
      Wang’s son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using -guo rather than
      le implies that the Joining (cānjiā) was later undone—that the son
      is not a Red Guard now.
    </para>
    <para>
      The verb cānjiā tells an action that results in a new state: the
      action of Joining results in the state of being part of something.
      Similar verbs include zuò, &quot;to sit,&quot; (the action of
      sitting results in the state of being seated) and chuān (the
      action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes
      being on). Process verbs as well show the change from one state to
      a new state, like bìng (to go from wellness to sickness), dào (to
      go from not being here to being here). When -guo is used with
      these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is
      no longer in effect.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Hongwèibíng: &quot;the Red Guards,&quot; lit., &quot;Red
      Guard-Soldiers&quot; It was in Beijing in 1966 that middle school
      and college students first began to form groups calling themselves
      Hóngwèibìng. At that time CCP Chairman Máo Zedong had been trying
      with little success to stir up a mass movement against
      &quot;revisionist&quot; elements in the Chinese Communist Party,
      and to infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The
      newly formed Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at
      reactionary leaders in the schools. After Mao publicly expressed
      his support for the Red Guards, their movement quickly grew into a
      major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their
      opposition to Liu Shàoqí, then Chairman (head of state) of the
      PRC, was instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red
      Guards were crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means of
      transportation—many on foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural
      Revolution. The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine;
      Red Guards, other student groups, and tagalongs— altogether
      millions of young people—were to be seen everywhere, bringing
      Beijing’s political movements to the rest of the country.
    </para>
    <para>
      After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups
      nationwide had difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and
      after the first three years of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to
      1968) their power began to wane. They remained a prestige group,
      however, until their official abolishment in 1978.
    </para>
    <para>
      Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of
      the Red Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the
      country to Join in the movements of the time is beyond question.
      But the zealous excesses and cruelties of many Red Guards toward
      people of &quot;undesirable&quot; political or family backgrounds
      are equally well known.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’-Guo may also be used when the speaker does not know for sure
      whether the state is still in effect. But do not use -guo when you
      know for sure that the state is still in effect. For example, if
      you know that a person has come here and is still here, you can
      only say Tā lái le.
    </para>
    <para>
      b. A: Ní tīngshuǒ le ma, Lǎo Zhāngde nuěr àishang Xiǎo Wang le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhè zhēn shi máfan shir, Lǎo Zhang zuì hen Wáng jiāde rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Have you heard? Lǎo Zhang’s daughter has fallen in love with Xiǎo
      Wáng.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is really trouble. Lǎo Zhang really hates the Wáng family.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ài: ’to love (state verb)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng tǎ shi zhènde ài ní. I think she really loves you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you ài xuéxí, you ài láodòng, She loves study and loves
      physical shi ge hǎo tongzhì.                 labor. She is a good
      comrade.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ai can also mean to like, to be fond etc. It is usually used
      before a verb,
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuì ài chī tángcù páigǔ le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhēn ài jiǎng huà.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ ài kàn diànyǐng ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú ài.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wǒ fùqin ài xià qí.
    </para>
    <para>
      àishang: &quot;to fall in love (with
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài zhèige xuéxiào shàng kè yíge yuè yǐhòu, tā jiu àishang tāde
      Zhōngwén lǎoshī le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Cong dìyīcì kànjian ta, wǒ jiu àishang ta le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zhīdao nī bú ài wo le, xīhuan shang Wáng Cheng le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      I just love sweet and sour spareribs!
    </para>
    <para>
      He really loves to talk.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you like to go to the movies?
    </para>
    <para>
      No.
    </para>
    <para>
      My father is fond of (playing) chess.
    </para>
    <para>
      someone)’’
    </para>
    <para>
      After attending classes at this school for one month, he fell in
      love with his Chinese teacher.
    </para>
    <para>
      I fell in love with her right from the first time I saw her.
    </para>
    <para>
      I know you don’t love me anymore; you’ve taken a liking to Wáng
      Cheng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending -shang added to some
      verbs has the meaning of starting and then continuing, &quot;to
      set about (doing something), to fall into the habit of (doing
      something), to take to (doing something).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen you xiàshang qí le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nī you chōushang yān* le?!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      They have started to play chess again OR They’re back playing
      chess again.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re smoking again?!
    </para>
    <para>
      chǒu yān, &quot;to smoke&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénjia shuì jiào le, nǐ zěnme chàngshang gē le?.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There are people trying to sleep. What are you doing singing?.'
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Kànshang means &quot;to take a fancy to, to settle on&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ kànshang nèizhǒng chē le, děng wǒ yǒule qián wǒ yídìng mǎi
      yíliàng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I've taken a fancy to that kind of car. When I have money I'll cer
      tainly &quot;buy one.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      àishang Xiǎo Wang le: A new-situation le is extremely common when
      presenting an event as &quot;hot news,&quot; as the speaker does
      in this sentence. Hot news should, after all, he presented to the
      listener as something he doesn't already know—as a new situation.
      (For the second example you need to know zǒngtǒng,
      &quot;president,&quot; and fǎngwèn, &quot;to visit.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò I've found a new joh! le!
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐntiǎn hàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo It says in today's paper that the
      zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguo lái president of the U.S. is going to
      fǎngwèn le.                          come visit China!
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course, this le is sometimes optional. It may he omitted in the
      above two examples, hut not in sentence
      <emphasis role="smallcaps">Ua.</emphasis>
    </para>
    <para>
      hen: &quot;to hate,&quot; only in the literal meaning of &quot;to
      loathe, to detest, to have intense ill feelings toward&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hen nèiyìjiā rén.               I hate that whole family.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hen ta gěi wo dàilaile name I hate him for bringing me so much
      duō máfan.                           trouble.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuì hen zuò zhèizhōng shi. I detest doing this sort of thing
      most of all.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;To hate&quot; in the milder sense of &quot;to dislike&quot;
      or &quot;to wish to avoid&quot; is expressed in Chinese by other
      words. (For the last example below you need to know tǎoyàn,
      &quot;to dislike, to be disgusted with.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zǎoshang wǒ zhēn bú yào qǐlai.     I hate to get up in the
      morning.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiyang máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo I hate to put you to all this
      yìsi.                               trouble.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàng tā zhèiyangde rén méiyou I hate to see someone like him yíge
      hǎo gōngzuò, tài kěxī le. without a good job.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ tǎoyàn mǎi dōngxi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I hate shopping.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      *chang gē, &quot;to sing (songs)&quot; (a verb plus general
      object, like niàn shū)
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A: Rúguo nǐ bú jièyìde huà, wǒ xiǎng he nǐde mishu tan
          jifěn zhong.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Tā zài dǎ zì, mǎshàng jiù lái.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you don’t mind, I’d like to talk with your secretary for a few
      minutes.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s typing, he’ll be here in a moment.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. $
    </para>
    <para>
      jièyì: &quot;to take offense, to mind' a negative word (bù or
      bié).
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shi shuǒzhe wánrde, xīwàng nǐ bú yào jièyì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ bú huì jièyì ba?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú huì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ Jièyì bu Jièyì wǒ míngtiān dài ge pengyou qù canjiā nǐde
      wǎnhuì<anchor id="footnote6" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark75">6</link></superscript>?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This is mostly used when preceded by
    </para>
    <para>
      I was kidding (when I said that). I hope you don’t take offense.
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t mind, do you?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, that’s all right.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you mind if I take a friend along to your party tomorrow night?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dǎ zì: &quot;to type&quot; on a typewriter, literally &quot;to hit
      characters.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dǎ zì dǎde hěn kuài.            He types very fast.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zì here is a general object like huà in shuo huà. Speakers of
      English are often tempted to say dǎ zì zhèige for &quot;type
      this,&quot; but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is
      typed, use dǎ without the word zì. Some verb
    </para>
    <para>
      endings, especially -chulai, are often
    </para>
    <para>
      Gěi wo dǎ yíxiàr (zhèige).
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng ni bǎ zhèifēng xìn dǎ yíxiàr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ děi qù dǎ yifeng xìn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ dǎwán nèifēng xìn le ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèifēng xìn dǎchulai le meiyou?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bǎ zhèige dǎchulaile mǎshàng gěi ni sòngguoqu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Used as a noun, dǎ zì means &quot;typing&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xuéguo dǎ zì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài yíge zhōngxué Jiāo Yǐngw dǎ zì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      used with da:
    </para>
    <para>
      Type this for me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Please type this letter.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have to go type a letter.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have you finished typing that letter?
    </para>
    <para>
      Has that letter been typed?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll bring this over to you as soon as I finish typing it.
    </para>
    <para>
      like the school subject):
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve studied typing.
    </para>
    <para>
      She teaches English typing at a middle school.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zì, by itself, may be used as follows:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ dǎcuòle yíge zì.                I typed a character (letter or
      word)
    </para>
    <para>
      wrong.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn shū, zì tài xiǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The type is too small in this hook.
    </para>
    <para>
      zài dǎ zì: &quot;He’s (in the midst of) typing&quot; You first
      learned zài, the marker of ongoing action, in Meeting, Unit 2: Tā
      zài kāi huì, &quot;He is (in the midst of) attending a
      meeting.&quot; Use zài to specify that an action is in the midst
      of progressing or evolving.
    </para>
    <para>
      Because zài denotes &quot;continuing action,&quot; it is used with
      action verbs, which indicate the event has duration. On the other
      hand, process verbs, which indicate simply a change of state, are
      not compatible with zài: sǐ, &quot;to die,&quot; dào, &quot;to
      arrive,&quot; ting, &quot;to (come to a) stop,&quot; qù, &quot;to
      go.&quot; The verb sǐ, for example, describes the instantaneous
      transition from a living state to a dead state. It makes no sense
      to speak of being &quot;in the midst of dying&quot;; a person is
      either alive or dead.&quot; Likewise, you have either arrived
      (dàole) or not; are either stopped (tingle) or still moving; are
      either gone (qùle) or still present.
    </para>
    <para>
      You can make zài negative with either bù or méi. Questions are
      usually best formed with shi bu shi zài; some speakers use you
      méiyou zài or zài bu zai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sentences with zài often end in ne, the emphatic marker of absence
      of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Zhèige háizi bú xiàng huà, This child is too much. No
          matter bù guǎn zěnme shuō dōu         what you say, he Just
          doesn’t
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bù ting.                        listen.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Duì ma, zhè nǎr xiàng Xīn Yes, he’s certainly no Cnot like
      Zhōngguōde értōng!             any] child of &quot;New
      China.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      bú xiàng huà: &quot;to be outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be
      absurd&quot; Literally this means &quot;doesn’t resemble
      speech.&quot; As used today, bú xiàng huà may be applied not only
      to things which are said, but also to situations and people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiyang zhēn bú xiàng huà, Jiù yào qián bú zuò shi, zěnme xíng!
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú xiàng huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi shoushi.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is outrageous! To Just want money but not work. How can that
      do!
    </para>
    <para>
      This is too much! He made the room such a mess and doesn’t even
      straighten up.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige háizi yìtiān dào wan wánr, This child plays all day long
      and bú niàn shū, zhēn bú xiàng huà. doesn’t study. He’s really too
      much.
    </para>
    <para>
      bù guan: ”no matter...” The first half of a bù guan sentence
      contains either (1) an interrogative word, e.g.,
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Bù guǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shénme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                No matter what
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shéi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                who
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shénme shihou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                when
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nǎr
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                where
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèishénme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                why
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zěnme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duōshǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how much
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duo lèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how tired
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                etc
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Bù guǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tā qù bu qù shi bu shi zhēnde tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi
                Měiguo rén jintiǎn (háishi) míngtiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                No matter whether he goes or not whether it’s true or
                not whether he is Chinese or American whether it’s today
                or tomorrow etc.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      The last half of a bù guan sentence usually (not always) has dōu
      or sometimes yě.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù guan ní gěi duōshāo qián, wō dōu (yě) bú mài.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù guan ní xǔyào shénme, tā nèr yídìng (dōu) yōu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      No matter how much money you offer, I’m not selling it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      No matter what you need, he is sure to have it at his place. (Dōu
      is optional and yě is not used here.)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Bù guan xià bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù. Whether it rains or not, I’m
      going.
    </para>
    <para>
      nǎr: Literally ’’where,” used in rhetorical questions to make a
      denial. Compare this with Náli!, which you learned in the
      Biographic Information module to deny compliments.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèixiē fángzi dōu shi nǐde ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǎr a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā dào nǎr qù le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wō nǎr zhīdao!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō qù wen ta.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā nǎr zhidao! (stress on &quot;tā&quot;)
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do these houses all belong to you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Heck no!
    </para>
    <para>
      Where did he go?
    </para>
    <para>
      How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll go ask him.
    </para>
    <para>
      He doesn’t know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)
    </para>
    <para>
      Sāndiǎn zhōng nǎr néng dào!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How could we possibly arrive by three o’clock!
    </para>
    <para>
      értong: &quot;child&quot; This is the word used in formal
      contexts. It usually refers to children under approximately ten
      years of age.
    </para>
    <para>
      értong wénxué értong yīyuàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      children’s literature children’s hospital
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Zhèipiān duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō What is this short story
          about? xiěde shi shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B:   Xiěde shi yíge nongcūn        It’s the story of a cadre in a
    </para>
    <para>
      gànbude gùshi.                rural area.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      duǎnpiān: &quot;short,&quot; of written compositions. Duǎnpiān
      xiǎoshuō, &quot;short story&quot;?<superscript>1</superscript>In
      China, the short story began to develop as a genre as early as the
      Tang and Song dynasties. In modern times, Chinese short story
      writers were greatly influenced by Western short stories.
    </para>
    <para>
      nongcūn: This has three main uses: (1) &quot;country, rural
      area&quot;; (2) &quot;rural,&quot; when used to modify a noun; and
      (3) &quot;rural community, farm village&quot; (counter: ge). In
      mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the
      reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized
      units becoming production brigades (shēngchǎn dàduì).
    </para>
    <para>
      In the Welfare module, you learned another word for &quot;country,
      rural area&quot;: xiāngxià. Xiāngxià and nongcūn are comparable in
      meaning. Xiāngxià is chiefly a conversational word, however,
      rarely used in formal contexts. Xiāngxià may even be used in a
      disparaging manner; nongcūn, being more neutral
    </para>
    <para>
      in connotation, cannot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nōngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā māma cong nongcūn lai, dàilai hǎo duō xīnxian Jídàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài yíge nongcūn(de) yíyuàn gōngzuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige xuéxiàode xuésheng dōu dào nongcūn cānjiā lāodòng qu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Their home is in the country.
    </para>
    <para>
      The air in the country is much better than in the city.
    </para>
    <para>
      His mother came from the country and brought lots of fresh eggs
      with her.
    </para>
    <para>
      She works in a rural hospital.
    </para>
    <para>
      The students of this school have all gone to the country to
      participate in labor.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’The expressions zhèige cūnr, &quot;this village,&quot; wǒmen
      cūnr, &quot;our village,&quot; nǐmen cūnr, &quot;your
      village,&quot; etc., are nevertheless still used in the PRC.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo         What is the population of this
      farm
    </para>
    <para>
      rénkǒu?                              village? (not mainland,
      usage)
    </para>
    <para>
      gànbu: Usually translated into English &quot;by the French word
      &quot;cadre,&quot; this word has two meanings in
      China.<anchor id="footnote7" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark76">7</link></superscript>
      First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually
      central) Party or government. Second—this is the sense of gànhu in
      sentence 7B—it can have the broader meaning of any person who has
      a leadership job. There are cadres in the army, factories,
      schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist. It is
      always clear who is a gànbu and who is not; positions and people
      are well defined as cadre or not. Gànbu is contrasted with
      qúnzhòng, &quot;the masses.&quot; For example, certain meetings
      may be attended by &quot;cadres&quot; but not by &quot;the
      masses,&quot; and certain documents are distributed to
      &quot;cadres&quot; of a certain level but not to &quot;the
      masses.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Most cadres are &quot;not engaged in production&quot; Ctuōchǎn
      lei, but some are &quot;half released from production&quot; Ebàn
      tuōchǎnJ. Very few are &quot;not released from production&quot;
      Ebù tuōchǎnJ. In general, cadres’ salaries are higher than
      ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎo gànbu is translated as &quot;veteran cadre,&quot; that is, a
      cadre from before liberation.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the PRC, the English word &quot;cadre&quot; is usually
      pronounced &quot;cah-der,&quot; with the first syllable stressed.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Nǐ jíjímangmangde zuò         What are you in such a
          hurry to
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shénme qu a?                   go do?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Shàng xué qu a!               I’m going to school!
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      jíjímangmǎng: &quot;in a great hurry&quot; This comes from a
      repetition of each syllable of the adjectival verb jímang, which
      means &quot;hasty, hurried.&quot; Jí means &quot;anxious&quot; and
      mang, which you have learned as &quot;busy,&quot; here means ^īn a
      rushed manner.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid.
      For example:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Něige shi Chén Bin?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Gǎogāode neige.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Něige gǎogāode? Nǐ shi shuō hēihēi shòushòude neige?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi. Báibǎi pàngpàngde neige.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Which (of those people) is Chén Bin? The tall one.
    </para>
    <para>
      Which tall one? You mean the dark, thin one?
    </para>
    <para>
      No. The pale (light-complexioned), fat one.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Bǎobǎode means &quot;very full&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ chide bǎobǎode.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m very full.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB
      pattern: repeat the first syllable twice and then the second
      syllable twice.
    </para>
    <para>
      gāoxìng        becomes        gāogāoxìngxìng
    </para>
    <para>
      píngcháng     becomes        píngpíngchángcháng
    </para>
    <para>
      kèqi           becomes        kèkeqìqì
    </para>
    <para>
      Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify
      nouns, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā Jiù shi yíge píngpíngcháng- He is Just an ordinary fellow,
      chángde rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      or to modify verbs, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Women kèkeqìqìde tántan.           Let's talk it over politely.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      They left happily.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used
      in a comparative sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      zuò shénme qu: Literally, &quot;you are going in order to do
      what?&quot; Qù and lái may be used at the end of a sentence to
      show purpose: &quot;go in order to...&quot; or &quot;come in order
      to...&quot; Whether you choose lai or qu depends, in many cases,
      on the direction of the action; if the direction is towards
      &quot;here,&quot; use lai, and if it is &quot;away,&quot; use qu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wen tā qu ba!                       Go ask him!
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kuài máng qu ba!                Go about your business!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ kàn ni lai le.                   I’ve come to see you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Putting qu or lai before or after the verb phrase gives about the
      same meaning. In fact, in Běijīng speech, they may be used both
      before and after the verb phrase. The following three patterns are
      equivalent:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī qù wen tā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī wen tā qu.
    </para>
    <para>
      You go ask him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He came (has come) to get the tickets.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nī qù wen tā qu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      lái ná piào le.
    </para>
    <para>
      ná piào lai le. lái ná piào lai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are more examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuò shénme qu le? Shuì Jiào qu le. Hui Jiā qu le. Xī yīfu qu
      le. Nòng fàn qu le. Mǎi dōngxi qu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What did he go to do?
    </para>
    <para>
      He went to go to bed.
    </para>
    <para>
      He went to go home.
    </para>
    <para>
      He went to do some laundry.
    </para>
    <para>
      He went to get dinner ready.
    </para>
    <para>
      He went to do some shopping.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether qu and lai are
      being used to express ’’purpose” or &quot;direction.” For example,
      the phrase ná piào lai means &quot;bring the tickets here&quot; if
      lai is a directional ending, but &quot;come here in order to get
      the tickets&quot; if lai indicates purpose.
    </para>
    <para>
      shàng xué: This phrase means either &quot;to go to school&quot; in
      the sense of &quot;it’s eight o’clock, the children have already
      gone to school,&quot; or &quot;to attend school,&quot; as in
      &quot;I attended high school in Chicago.&quot; Xué is a general
      object like shū in niàn shū, &quot;to study.&quot; You can replace
      it by a more specific object such as xiǎoxué, &quot;elementary
      school,&quot; or Jíngshān Zhōngxué, &quot;Jíngshān Middle
      School.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shàng xué qu le.                 He has gone to school.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suīrán tā niānji dà le, kěshi Although he’s old, he still wants to
      tā hái xiang shàng xué.            go to school.
    </para>
    <para>
      9. A: Zhěngfǔ shi bu shi bǎohù rénmende cáichǎn?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Shi. Zhengfǔ shíxíng
    </para>
    <para>
      bǎohù rénmen caichande zhèngcè.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Does the government protect people’s property?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. The government is carrying out a policy of protecting
      people’s property.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngfǔ: &quot;government&quot; Zhèng originally meant
      &quot;political affairs,&quot; and fǔ was the word for
      &quot;government offices.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. He works in the U.S. government.
    </para>
    <para>
      Distinguish zhèngfǔ from guojiā, &quot;the state.&quot;* In PRC
      terminology, guojiā is the entire organization by means of which
      the ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative
      bodies, the military, police, courts, and prisons. Zhèngfǔ refers
      to the administrative bodies of the state—for example, the State
      Council.
    </para>
    <para>
      bǎohù: &quot;to protect&quot; from harm or loss, or &quot;to
      safeguard&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      huánjìng bǎohù
    </para>
    <para>
      fùnu értong bǎohù
    </para>
    <para>
      Cong xiǎo jiù děi bǎohù yǎnjīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní kàn rénjiade chē bǎohùde duo hǎo, níde ne?!
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yǐnggāi bǎohù guojiā cáichǎn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      environmental protection
    </para>
    <para>
      woman and child protection
    </para>
    <para>
      One should protect one’s eyes from the time one is a child.
    </para>
    <para>
      Look at how well maintained his car is! But yours!
    </para>
    <para>
      We should protect state property.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Here we are not talking about guojiā*s other meaning,
      &quot;country, nation.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Even &quot;before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to
      allay widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an
      end to private property &quot;by proclaiming bǎohǔ rénmín cáichǎn
      as an official policy.
    </para>
    <para>
      shíxíng: &quot;to carry out, to put into practice/effect, to
      implement&quot; an idea, plan, policy, system, or program.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng Whether or not this plan can be
      im-hái shi ge wèntí.                   plemented is still a
      question.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàge yuè women yào kāishǐ shi- Next month we are going to put a
      new xíng yìzhǒng xínde kǎoshì          method for testing into
      practice,
    </para>
    <para>
      bànfǎ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, Zhongguo zài shìjièshangde
          dìwei yǒule hěn dàde gaibiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      lǐngdǎo: &quot;to lead, to direct, to leader, leading cadre&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde lǐngdǎo nénglì hěn qiáng.°
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā nàme niánqǐng jiu lǐngdǎo name duō rén?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐmende gōngzuò zuòde bú cuò.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà dōu shi zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎode hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Under the leadership of the Communist Party, China’s position in
      the world has changed greatly.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shìqing women děi wèn-wen lǐngdǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā lǐngdǎo zhèige gōngzuò, zhèijiàn shi yídìng zuòbuhǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gòngqǐngtuán lǐngdǎo Shàoxiān-duì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      exercise leadership (over); leadership;
    </para>
    <para>
      He has great leadership ability.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is in charge of so many people at such a young age?
    </para>
    <para>
      You do your job well.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s all thanks to the good leadership of the government. (Lit.,
      &quot;That is all because the government leads well.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      We’ll have to ask our leading cadres about this.
    </para>
    <para>
      If he directs this project, it surely won’t be done well.
    </para>
    <para>
      The Communist Youth League exercises leadership over (provides
      guidance for) the Young Pioneers.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      so
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -xià: &quot;under,&quot; used only after certain nouns. The ones
      you have learned far in this course are lǐngdǎo, qíngkuàng,
      bāngzhù, zhàogu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì In this kind of situation, it is
      hǎo shénme dōu bú zuò.              best not to do anything.
    </para>
    <para>
      “nénglì, &quot;ability&quot;; qiáng, &quot;strong&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      shi j iè: ’’world.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige dìfang duì tā lái shuō To him, this place seemed like a new
      hǎoxiàng shi yíge xǐn shìjiè. world.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā duì dìsān shìjiè guójiāde       He is interested in the
      political
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèngzhi qíngkuàng you xìngqu. situation in third world countries.
    </para>
    <para>
      To say &quot;in the world,’’ use shìjièshàng. This is often
      equivalent to English ’’in the whole world.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Shìjièshàng méiyou yíge rén        There is no one like him in the
    </para>
    <para>
      xiàng tā zhèiyang.                 whole world.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ruìshì hiǎo zài shìjièshàng hěn Swiss watches are famous
      throughout you ming.                           the world.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shìjiè can also he used to modify other nouns:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo shi Shìjiè Yínhángde China is a member country of the
      chéngyuánguō.°                      World Bank.
    </para>
    <para>
      11. A: Shínián lái, zhèi liǎngge In the past ten years, industry
      and chéngshìde gōngshāngyè         commerce in these two cities
      have
    </para>
    <para>
      yuè lái yuè fādá le.           become more and more developed.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhè hé zhèngfǔde lǐngdǎo This can’t be separated from the shi
      fēnbukāide.                government’s leadership.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      shínián lái: &quot;for the past ten years&quot; or &quot;over the
      past ten years&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Shínián lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Over the past ten years, I’ve
      learned Yíngwén.                            a lot of English.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐnián lái wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao I haven’t gotten any letters from
      her tāde xìn le.                        for the past few years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lái is usually used with a relatively long period of time,
      especially months or years. There are no definite rules for how
      long is &quot;long,&quot; but you would not, for example, use lái
      to say &quot;for the last half hour&quot; (which would be zhèi
      bànge zhōngtōu).
    </para>
    <para>
      The expression of time may be preceded by zhèi, &quot;these,&quot;
      for example, zhèi jǐnián lái, &quot;for the past few years.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      chéngshì: &quot;city&quot; or &quot;(comparatively large)
      town&quot; Originally chéng meant a city wall and shi a
      &quot;market.&quot; (Shi is now also an administrative unit, as in
      Běijīng shi, &quot;Běijīng municipality.’’) &quot;chéngyuánguō,
      &quot;member country&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      You have already learned the word chéng for &quot;city,
      town.&quot; Cheng, which originally meant &quot;city walls,&quot;
      is now mostly used in set phrases such as jin cheng, &quot;to go
      into the city, to go into town, to go downtown&quot; (to the part
      within the original city walls); or chénglǐ, &quot;in the
      city,&quot; and chéngwài &quot;outside the city&quot; (again using
      the walls to differentiate the two). Chéng is also used to
      translate &quot;town&quot; in foreign place names, e.g.,
      Qiáozhìchéng, &quot;Georgetown.&quot; The Chinese also use xiǎo
      chéng to translate &quot;town&quot; when referring to foreign
      situations, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhù zai lí Niǔ Yuē hù yuǎnde He lives in a little town near New
      yíge xiǎo chéngli.                  York.
    </para>
    <para>
      But xiǎo chéng is not used to speak of a town in China; instead
      people say &quot;county&quot; (xiàn) or &quot;commune&quot;
      (gōngshè) or Just &quot;place&quot; (dìfang).
    </para>
    <para>
      To translate &quot;city,&quot; chéngshì is the word you will use
      most often.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lúndūn shi shiJiè you míngde       London is a world-famous
      metropolis,
    </para>
    <para>
      dà chéngshì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shànghǎi shi shìjièshang zuì       Shànghǎi is the largest city in
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      dàde chéngshì.                      world.
    </para>
    <para>
      fēnhukāi: &quot;cannot he separated&quot; A more English-sounding
      translation for sentence 11B would he, &quot;This is directly
      related to the government's leadership.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      The verh fēn means &quot;to separate, to divide,&quot; as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Women fēn yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu Let's split (share) an apple, okay?
      hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Bǎ nèige píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. Divide the apple in two.
    </para>
    <para>
      Píngguǒ fēn hǎo duo zhong.         There are lots of different
      kinds
    </para>
    <para>
      of apples. (Lit., &quot;Apples are divided into many kinds.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      The verh ending -kāi, which you have seen meaning &quot;open&quot;
      as in dǎkai, here is something like English &quot;apart.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Bǎ hāizimen fēnkāi.                 Keep the children apart.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bǎ hóngde gēn lānde fēnkāi.        Keep the red ones separate from
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      hlue ones.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi fēnde- These two sheets of paper can he
      kāide.                               taken apart.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on Additional Required. Vocabulary
    </para>
    <para>
      yuányǐn: &quot;reason, cause&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nà shi shénme yuányǐn?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shi shénme yuányǐn ta jīntiān méi lái?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shéi zhīdao, wèn tā zìjǐ qu ha!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wo niàn Zhōngwénde yuányǐn shi yīnwei wǒ yào dào Zhongguo qu
      gōngzuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo ding’ zhème duō Zhōngguo hàozhǐ shi yǒu yuányīnde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Why
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                is that?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Why
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                is it he didn’t come today?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Who
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                knows? Go ask him!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The reason I’m studying Chinese is that I am going to go work in
      China.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s a reason for my subscribing to so many Chinese newspapers.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ zuò zhèige jìhua yǒu méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Is there some special reason why you are making this plan?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányǐn yào zhèiyangr zuò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There’s no particular reason for doing it this way.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiārù: This is the formal word for &quot;to join.&quot; (You will
      recognize jiā, &quot;add,&quot; from canjiā and rù,
      &quot;enter,&quot; from rù Tuan.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Ding is the same word you learned in the Meeting module for
      &quot;to reserve.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      On the balcony of Lǐ Ping’s apartment, Tom (A) and Lǐ Ping’s
      sister Lǐ Wen <emphasis role="smallcaps">(ē)</emphasis> have a
      conversation.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Lǐ Wen, nǐ yíge rén zài zhèr       Are you playing chess
      all by your-
    </para>
    <para>
      xia qi?
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Suíbiàn wānrwanr, jǐntiǎn Bàba
    </para>
    <para>
      bú zài jiā, píngchāng zǒng shi wǒ he Bàba xià qí. Zenme, nǐ yě
      xiǎng wánr ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Bù, wǒ bú tài huì xià; rúguǒ
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ you kǒng, wǒ xiǎng he ni liāoliao.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Wǒ yě zhěng xiǎng he ni liao
    </para>
    <para>
      liao ne, qǐng zuò.’ Rúguǒ nǐ bú Jièyìde huà, wǒ xiǎng wen nǐ
      liǎngge wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Bú yào kèqi, qǐng wen ba.’
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Měiniǎn shǔjiàde shihou, nǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      dōu líkāi jiā, yíge rén qù lùxíng ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Chàbuduō shi zhèiyangr.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Nàme, nǐde fùmǔ hěn you qian
    </para>
    <para>
      ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Tāmen dōu zài dàxué jiāo shū,
    </para>
    <para>
      bú shi hěn you qiánde rén, érqiě wǒ luxíngde qian dōu shi wǒ zìjǐ
      zhuànde. Píngchāng shàng xuéde shihou, wǒ hai zuò diǎnr shir,
      xiàng dǎ zì, fānyi diǎnr xiǎo wénzhāng shenmede. Zhuànle qian,
      shǔjiàde shihou chūqu zǒuzou, kànkan shìjiè.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Zhēn bú cuò. Nǐ néng fānyi,
    </para>
    <para>
      nàme nǐde Zhōngwén hěn hǎo le? Néng shuō yě néng kàn?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Néng kàn yidiǎnr. Wo duì
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo wénhuà, Zhōngguo shè-huì hěn you xìngqu, hěn xiǎng yanjiū
      yanjiū. Suǒyǐ, rúguǒ nǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      self out here, Li Wen?
    </para>
    <para>
      Just fooling around. My father isn’t home today. Usually he and I
      play against each other. What’s up? Do you want to play too?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, I’m not too good at chess. But if you’ve got the time I’d like
      to chat with you a bit.
    </para>
    <para>
      It just so happens I felt like talking with you myself. Have a
      seat. If you don’t mind, I’d like to ask you a couple of
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Certainly, go right ahead.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you leave home and go traveling by yourself every summer?
    </para>
    <para>
      Just about.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then your parents must be very rich, I guess?
    </para>
    <para>
      They both teach college, Csol they’re not very rich; besides, I
      earn my own travel money. During the school year I usually do some
      outside work like typing, translating little articles, and so on.
      Then when I’ve earned the money I go away to see the world during
      summer vacation.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s great. If you’re able to translate, your Chinese must be
      very good. You can speak and also read?
    </para>
    <para>
      I can read a little. I’m very interested in Chinese culture and
      society, and I’d like very much to study them. So, if you don’t
      mind,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      °Lǐ Wén may be working out chess strategies or playing Chinese
      chess (which can be done alone).
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bú jièyìde huà, wo yě hěn xiǎng wèn nǐ jǐge wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qīng!
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīng Lǐ Ping shuō, nǐ zhīdao xiě dàlùde qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo you hěn duō tóngxué he péngyou, tāmen dōu shi cong dàlù laide.
      Tāmen zài nàr shēnghuole èrsānshínián, dāng-rán hěn qīngchù. Wo he
      tamen chángcháng zài yìqǐ, yě jiù zhīdaole yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīngshuǒ, Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ shíxíng nánnù píngděngde zhèngcè, suōyi
      Zhōngguo fùnǔde dìwèi tígāole hěn duō, Jiātíngde qíngkuàng yě he
      Jiěfàng yǐqián bù yíyàng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī shuōde duì. Zài Gòngchǎndǎng lǐngdǎoxià, bù guǎn shi nongcūn
      háishi chéngshì, nu-háizi hé nánháizi yíyàng, dōu kéyi shàng xué,
      zhǎngdàle yě yíyàng ké^ri you gōngzuò. Jiātíng, fùnu hé értong,
      dōu kéyi dédao shèhuìde bǎohù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè bú shi hěn hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, yīnggāi shi hěn hǎo, kěshi cōng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù niàn,
      zài zhèi shíniánlī, shèhuì-shang yǐnwèi zhèngzhide yuányǐn youle
      hěn duō wèntí. Wo kéyi gěi ni jiǎng yige gùshi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kuài shuōshuo ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī tīngzhe, ā. You yíwèi lǎo gànbu, zài Shànghǎi gōngzuò. Tā zhǐ
      you yíge nuér. Kěshi zài Liù Qī niánde shihour, līngdǎo shuō tā
      you zhèngzhi wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d like to ask you a few questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Be my guest!
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear from Lǐ Ping that you know a bit about the situation on the
      mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have a lot of classmates and friends who come from the mainland.
      They lived there for twenty or thirty years, so naturally they
      know quite well what goes on there. I spend a lot of time with
      them, so I’ve gotten to know something about it too.
    </para>
    <para>
      I understand that the Chinese government carries out a policy of
      equality of men and women, so the position of women has improved a
      great deal, and families are in quite a different way than before
      liberation.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, no
      matter whether in the countryside or the cities, girls can go to
      school Just as boys can, and when they grow up they can also get
      jobs Just the same. Families, women and children all receive
      society’s protection.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s great, isn’t it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yeah, it ought to be great, but in the ten years from *66 to *?6,
      a lot of social problems came about because of political reasons.
      I can tell you a story.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, please do!
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen t&quot; this. There was this old cadre who worked in
      Shànghǎi. She only had one daugher. But in ’67 the the leadership
      said she had political problems.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Zāogāo.’ Na tā nǔér yě yǒu
    </para>
    <para>
      māfan le.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Yidiǎnr dōu t&gt;ú cuǒ. Zhèige
    </para>
    <para>
      nǔhāizi bù néng rù Tuan, bù néng cānjiǎ Hongwèibīng. Péngyou,
      tongxué dōu líkāile ta. Yǒude shihour, zài dàjiēshang, hěn
      shóuxǐde rén yě hǎoxiàng bú rènshi ta yíyàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nà, tā zěnme bàn ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Nèige shíhou, tā juéde shēng-
    </para>
    <para>
      huó zhěn shi yidiǎnr xīwàng yě méiyou. Tā kāishí hèn tāde mǔqin.
      Tā yào líkāi ta, tā yào líkāi tāde jiā.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǒulái ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Hǒulāi, tāmen zhēnde fēnkāi le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nuér dàole nóngcǔn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Zhèiyang, tāde qíngkuāng huì
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo yidiǎnr ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Yidiǎnr yě méiyou. Zài nongcǔn
    </para>
    <para>
      suīrān tā gōngzuòde hěn hǎo, tā hāishi méiyou shénme zhèngzhi
      shēnghuo, lǐngdǎo hé rénmen yě méiyou yīnwei tā líkāile mǔqin jiu
      gāibiàn duì tāde kànfǎ.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nà, tā dàgài bú huì you shénme
    </para>
    <para>
      péngyou, yě bù róngyi àishang shénme rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Shi. Tài nan le. Tā àishangle
    </para>
    <para>
      yíge nānhāizi, nèige nānhāizi yě ài tā, érqiě yīnwei tā, bù né^g
      yǒu ge bǐjiǎo hǎode gōngzuǒ.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Zhè shízài tài bú xiàng huà le.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:     Jiǔniān yǐhòu, lǐngdǎo nǒng-
    </para>
    <para>
      qǐngchǔ le, tā mǔqin méiyou wèntí. Zhèige nuhāizi jíjímāng-māng
      pǎohuí Shànghǎi, kěshi tā zài yě jiànbudào tāde mǔqin le. Tā mǔqin
      yǐjīng sǐ zài yīyuànli le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Uh-oh.’ Then her daughter was in for some trouble too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Absolutely right. This girl couldn’t join the (Communist Youth),
      League or the Red Guards. Her friends and classmates all left her.
      Sometimes when she was walking down the street, people she knew
      well would act as if they didn’t know her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, what did she do?
    </para>
    <para>
      At that time she felt that her life was completely hopeless. She
      began to hate her mother. She wanted to leave her. She wanted to
      leave her home.
    </para>
    <para>
      And after that?
    </para>
    <para>
      Afterwards, they really did split up. The daughter went to the
      countryside.
    </para>
    <para>
      That way her situation got a little better, I guess?
    </para>
    <para>
      Not a bit. Although she worked very well in the countryside, she
      still didn’t have any political life. The leadership and the
      people didn’t change their opinion of her just because she left
      her mother, either.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, she probably didn’t have any friends, and it probably
      wasn’t easy to fall in love with anyone.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. It was really hard. She fell in love with a boy, and he loved
      her. But because of her, he couldn’t get a better job.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s really absurd.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nine years later, the leadership got it straightened out that her
      mother was (politically) okay. The girl rushed back to Shanghai in
      a flurry, but she was never to see her mother again. She had
      already died in a hospital.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
    <para>
      E:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yíge jiātíng jiù zhèiyang wan le! Ní zěnme huì zhīdao zhèige
      gùshi?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi nī zhùyi yíxiàr Qī Qī nian, Qī Bā niande Zhōngguo bào-zhī,
      jiu kéyi kàndao hěn duō zhèiyangde gùshi. Wo zài gěi ni jièshao
      yìhěn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shénme shū?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo Yī Jiǔ Qī Qī nian dào Yī Jiu Ofc Bā nian Duǎnpiān
      Xiǎoshuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī zhīdao, ruguo yōu rén xiǎng dōngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, Jiù yídìng
      yào yánjiū cōng Liù Liù nian dào Qī Liù niànde qíngkuàng. Yánjiūle
      yīhòu cai néng míngbai jīntiānde Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ hé Zhōngguo rén
      wèishenme yào gǎi-biàn zhè shínián lái zhèngzhi-shang,
      Jīngjishangde qíngkuàng, ràng Zhōngguo rén zhěnde dédao jiěfàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī néng bāng wo zhǎodào nèiběn shū ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wō yōu zhèiběn shū, kéyi song’ gei ni. Kàn shū hái bu gòu, yōu
      jīhui qù dàlù kànkan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wō yōu jīhui yídìng qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Just like that, a family was destroyed! How do you happen to know
      this story?
    </para>
    <para>
      If you watched the newspapers in '77 and ’78 you could see lots of
      stories like that. Let me recommend a book to you, too.
    </para>
    <para>
      What book?
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese Short Stories of 1977-1978.
    </para>
    <para>
      You know, if someone wants to understand Chinese society they have
      to study the situation from ’66 to ’76. Only after you’ve studied
      it can you understand why today the Chinese government and people
      are trying to change the political and economic conditions of the
      past ten years and let the Chinese people really be liberated.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can you help me find that book?
    </para>
    <para>
      I have it, and I can give it to you. But reading isn’t enough. If
      you get the chance, go visit the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      If I get the chance, I certainly will.
    </para>
    <para>
      *Sòng here means ”to give” something as a gift.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university
      teacher visits the home of her student, Gāo Xiǎohuà, who also
      works in a Shànghǎi factory, to talk with her mother.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      yèdà                                evening university
    </para>
    <para>
      pǎolai pǎoqù                       to run around
    </para>
    <para>
      xuéhuì                              to learn, to master
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngchǎng                          factory
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What kind of student is Xiǎohuà?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What was Teacher Liu’s main concern in visiting Comrade
          Fang Bǎolán?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What were schools like during the Cultural Revolution?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Did Teacher Liu come as a representative of the university,
      factory, or both? How do you know?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in
      northeast China talk at home.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second time through, look below and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Èr                             (the couple’s son,
      &quot;Little No. Two,”
    </para>
    <para>
      so called because he is their second child)
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào                            as long as, provided that
    </para>
    <para>
      gāogàn                              senior cadres
    </para>
    <para>
      běnrén                             herself, himself, oneself,
    </para>
    <para>
      myself, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Where did Xiǎo Er go after work?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What kind of trouble does Xiǎo Èr’s father anticipate?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What does Xiǎo Èr’s mother think of his girlfriend?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble?
          Why?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 4
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise a student talks with another student from
      mainland China in their dorm in Hong Kong.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following new word:
    </para>
    <para>
      wénxuéJiā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      writer, literary man
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they
          decide to do instead?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Where did Chén Bin learn to play chess? Why do you suppose
          he was living there?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What was the countryside like during the Cultural
          Revolution?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. What did Chén Bin do besides play chess?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. After Chén Bin’s experience, what does he think of the
          situation in mainland China?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
      look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want
      to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
      answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      A young woman named Gāo Xiǎohuá works at a factory in Shànghǎi and
      attends the factory’s evening university. One afternoon her
      teacher (A) at the university pays a visit to Gāo Xiǎohuá*s
      mother, Fāng Bǎolán (B).
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ shi Fāng Bǎolán Tongzhì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi. Nín guìxìng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ xing Liu, shi Gāo Xiǎohuá
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tongzhì zài yèdàde lǎoshī.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, shi Xiǎohuáde lǎoshī.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Kuài qǐng jìnlai zuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are you Comrade Fāng Bǎolán?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. May I ask your name?
    </para>
    <para>
      My name is Liú. I’m Comrade Gāo Xiǎohuá*s teacher at the evening
      university.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, Xiǎohuá*s teacher! Please come in and sit down.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Gāo sits down and Fāng brings some tea.)
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Liu Lǎoshī, Xiǎohuá zài yèdà
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnmeyàng a?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎohuá hěn yònggōng, xuéxide
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn hǎo. Kěshi wǒ zǒng juéde Xiǎohuá shēntǐ bú gòu hǎo. Měitiān
      dōu hǎoxiàng hěn lèi, shi bu shi shuìde bú gòu?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yidiǎnr dōu bú cuò, shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiūxide bú gòu. Zhèi háizi měitiān huílai niàn shū dōu děi niàn
      dao liǎng-sāndiǎn zhōng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiànzàide niánqīng rén zhèi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yang niàn shū shi you yuányīnde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shéi shuō bú shi ne? Shínián
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lái xuéxiàode qíngxing tài bú xiàng huà le. Nèi shihou háizi-men
      niànbuliǎo shū, cānjiāle Hōngwèibīng, yìtiān dào wǎn zài wàibiānr
      pǎolai pǎoqù, shénme yě méi xuéhuì. Xiànzài cānjiāle gōngzuò, zài
      bú niàn shū, zěnme néng bǎ gōngzuò zuòhǎo ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kěshi, shíniánde shū bú shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shítiān bànyuè* kéyi niànwánde.
    </para>
    <para>
      How is Xiǎohuá doing in the evening university, Teacher Liú?
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎohuá is very hardworking and does very well in her studies, but
      it does seem to me that her health is not good enough. She seems
      tired every day. Is it because she doesn’t get enough sleep?
    </para>
    <para>
      Absolutely right. She doesn’t get enough rest. Every day the child
      comes home and studies until two or three o’clock.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s a (good) reason for the way young people study now.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s for sure! For the past ten years conditions in the schools
      have been unspeakable. During that time, students couldn’t study.
      They joined the Red Guards and were out running around from
      morning till night. They didn’t learn a thing. Now that they are
      participating in work, if they go on without studying, how can
      they do their work well?
    </para>
    <para>
      But you can’t complete ten years of study in ten days or half a
      month.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’This is an idiom for &quot;a short time.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Women zuò lǎoshǐde, zuò fùmǔde hái děi bǎohù tāmende jiànkāng. Bù
      neng ràng tāmen tài lèi le. Nǐmen Xiǎohuá měitiān yídìng yào zǎo
      diǎnr xiūxi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhēn xièxie nín. Nín huíqu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yǐhòu yě tì wǒmen xièxie gōngchǎng he yèdàde lǐngdǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bú kèqi. Zhèixiē dōu shi wǒmen
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yínggāi zuòde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě huì zhàogu Xiǎohuá, ràng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tā hǎohāor gōngzuò, hǎohǎor xuéxi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo, wǒ zǒu le. Zàijiàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zàijiàn! You kòngr lái zuò a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Those of use who are teachers and parents still must protect their
      health. We can't let them get too tired. Your Xiǎohuá must go to
      bed earlier.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you very much. When you get back, thank the leadership at
      the factory and the evening university.
    </para>
    <para>
      Not at all. All this is what we should be doing.
    </para>
    <para>
      And I’ll take care of Xiǎohuá, and see that she works well and
      studies well.
    </para>
    <para>
      All right. I’ll be on my way. Good-bye.
    </para>
    <para>
      Good-bye. When you have time, come over and sit a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In at
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the city of Harbin in northeast China, a mother (B) and father (A)
      talk home.
    </para>
    <para>
      V       <subscript>w</subscript> V     <subscript>v</subscript>
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ei, Xiao Er xiale ban, Jiji-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      mángmángde you dào nǎr qù le?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā shuō, qù gēn tāde yíge tǒng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xué xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xué Yǐngwén dǎ zì? Shi nán-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tóngxué háishi nùtongxué?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jiù shi shàngcì láiguode nèige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nutongxué.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: <subscript>w</subscript>Xiǎo Er yàoshi àishang nèige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǔháizi jiù máfan le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You shénme máfan? Nà háizi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi dàxuéshēng, you you lǐmào, láile hái bāng wǒ zuò fàn
      shenme-de. You shénme bù hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zhǐdao shénme? Tā fùqin
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you zhèngzhi wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Say, where did Xiǎo Èr go off to in such a rush after work?
    </para>
    <para>
      He said he was going to learn English typing from a classmate.
    </para>
    <para>
      To learn English typing? Was it a male classmate or a female
      classmate?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s the female classmate who was over last time.
    </para>
    <para>
      If Xiǎo Er falls in love with that girl it’s going to be trouble.
    </para>
    <para>
      What trouble? That girl is a college student, and well mannered.
      And when she came over she even helped me cook and so on. What's
      wrong with that?
    </para>
    <para>
      What do you know? Her father has political problems.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu duì ha?.’ Wǒ tīng Xiǎo Èr
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shuō, jīnniān xiàtiān tā rù Tuan le. Yàoshi tā fùqin yǒu zhèngzhi
      wèntíde huà, tā néng rù Tuan ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Néng, xiànzài you zhèngcè, zhǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yào hāizi hǎo, jiù kéyi rù Tuan, bù guǎn tā fùmǔde wèntí you duo
      dà.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhè jiù duì le ma, wǒ shuō
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nèi hāizi shi hǎo hāizi!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bù xíng, hāishi děi ràng tāmen
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      fēnkāi, yǐhòu māfan tài duō!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shéi méiyou māfan? Gāogànde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hāizi jiù méiyou māfan le? Lin Biāo cóngqiān yě shi dà gànhur, nǐ
      néng ràng nǐ érzi gěn tā nuér jiēhūn ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo, hié shuō le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Hāizide shi zhēn hù hǎo hàn!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You shénme hù hǎo hànde?! Zhǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yào nèi hāizi hěnrén hǎo, tāmen you hùxiāng xǐhuan, jiù xíng le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo hǎo hǎo! Tīng nīde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      You must he wrong! I’ve heard from Xiǎo Èr that she joined the
      (Communist Youth) League this summer. If her father had political
      problems, could she join the League?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Now there’s a policy that as long as the child is good, he or
      she can enter the League, no matter how great his or her parents’
      problems are.
    </para>
    <para>
      There you have it, then! I said she was a good child.
    </para>
    <para>
      No, it won’t do. We should still make them break up. There will be
      too much trouble later on.
    </para>
    <para>
      Who doesn’t have trouble? Do you think the children of senior
      cadres don’t have any trouble? Lin Biāo was a big cadre too, but
      would you let your son marry his daughter?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, okay. Don’t say any more! Children’s matters are really hard
      to handle.
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s hard to handle? As long as the girl herself is good, and
      they like each other, it will be fine.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay. We’ll do as you say.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise H
    </para>
    <para>
      In Hong Kong, a student (A) talks with in their dorm.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Chén Bīn, jīntiān wǎnshang bù
    </para>
    <para>
      chūqu ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wàimian zài xià yǔ, bù xiǎng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      chūqu le, nǐ ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ yě bù chūqu, women xià qí
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo a!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      another student from mainland China (B)
    </para>
    <para>
      Chén Bīn, aren’t you going out tonight?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s raining outside. I don’t want to go out. How about you?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t want to go out either.
    </para>
    <para>
      How about playing chess?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duì le, nǐ xià qí xiàde zhème
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎo, shi zài nǎr xuéde?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nnnn . . .
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Duìbuqī, rúguo nǐ bú jièyìde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      huà, jiù jiǎng gěi wo tíngting.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou shenme.  Nǐ zhǐdao,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ zài nongcūn zhùguo shinian.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ zhǐdao.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ zhùde nèige dìfang zài shān-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      li, méiyou gōnggòng qìchē, gèng méiyou huǒchē. Erqiě, nèige shihou
      wǒ jiālide rén yě dōu cōng chéngshì bān dao xiāngxià qu le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà, nī yìnián sānbǎi liùshiwǔ-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tiān bù líkāi nèige dìfang le?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jiù shi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ měitiān zuò shénme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nèige dìfang you ge xiǎo tú
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shūguǎn .
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Lībianr you shénme shū?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, chúle zhèngzhi shū yīwài,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiù shi értong gùshi, méi shénme yìsi.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà nǐ zěnme bàn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Túshūguǎnli yě you rén xià qí,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ gēn tāmen xué, mànmànde, wǒ xià qí xiàde bú cuò le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Chúle xià qí nī hái zuò shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, xiěguo yidiǎn duǎnpiān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎoshuō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Òu! Nǐ shi ge wénxuéjiā! You
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jǐhui gěi wo kànkan, xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Say, you play chess so w*»ll. Where did you learn it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mnnn . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Excuse me, if you don’t mind, tell me about it.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s all right. You know I lived in the country for ten years.
    </para>
    <para>
      I know.
    </para>
    <para>
      The place I lived was in the mountains. There were no buses, much
      less trains. Also, at that time my whole family had moved from the
      city to the country.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then you didn’t leave the place 365 days a year?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right.
    </para>
    <para>
      So what did you do every day?
    </para>
    <para>
      There was a small library there.
    </para>
    <para>
      What kind of books did it have?
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, apart from political books, there were only children’s
      stories, which weren’t very interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, what did you do?
    </para>
    <para>
      There were people who played chess in the library. I learned from
      them. By and by I began to play chess pretty well.
    </para>
    <para>
      What did you do besides playing chess?
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, I wrote a few short stories.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, you’re a writer! When you have a chance, let me read some,
      okay?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiěde bù hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hai, hu yào kèqi ma! Duì le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you yíge wèntí, wǒ hěn zǎo jiù xiǎng wen ni.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shénme wèntí?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiànzài nǐ dàole Xianggang,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kàndàole hù tōngde shìjiè, nǐ xiǎng shénme? Nǐ hú hèn nèi
      shíniánde shenghuo ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Měi yícì xiǎngdào nèi shí
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      niánde shēnghuo, wǒ dōu hěn nánshòu, kěshi nèi hú shi wǒ yíge
      rénde shi, shi shèhuìde wèntí. Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài zhèngfǔde zhèngcè
      yǒule gǎihiàn. Wǒ xí-wàng zài zhèige zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎo-xiàde
      Zhōngguo rén hú yào zài you nèi shíniánde qíngkuàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Wǒ yě xǐwàng. Hǎo, women
    </para>
    <para>
      xià qí ha.
    </para>
    <para>
      They’re not very good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, don’t he polite! Oh yes, there’s a question I’ve heen wanting
      to ask you for a long time.
    </para>
    <para>
      What?
    </para>
    <para>
      Now that you’ve come to Hong Kong and seen a different world, what
      do you think? Aren’t you hitter about life during those ten years?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m always sad whenever I think of those ten years of life. But I
      am not alone in this, it’s a problem of society. I think that the
      government’s policy has changed. I hope that under the leadership
      of this government, what went on during those ten years will never
      happen to the Chinese people again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Me too. Okay, let’s play chess.
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT T
    </para>
    <para>
      Social Problems
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered, in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. (Adjectival Verb)-duō le, &quot;much more....&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. (Verb) (Verb) kàn, &quot;try and (Verb).&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. How to express &quot;not anymore,&quot; &quot;never
          again.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. The pattern cong X (Verb)-qǐ, &quot;to start (Verb)-ing from
      X.&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. How to express billions.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. The pattern lián...dōu..., &quot;even.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. The pattern zhǐ yào...Jiù..., &quot;provided that....&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Lái indicating that someone will perform a specified
          action.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. The pattern bú shi...Jiù shi...,
          &quot;either.•.or....&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Shǐ, &quot;to cause/make/enable.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of
          phenomena.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Expressing value Judgments about abstract phenomena.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. A: Nǐ juéde zuìjin shèhuìshang āndìng yidiǎnr ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Dāngrán, yǒule xǐn fǎlù, fàn zuìde rén shǎoduō le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jǐntiǎn you shénme guǎnggào.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Zhèr you yífèn Huáshèngdùn Youbào, náqu zhǎozhǎo kàn ha!
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you think society has heen calmer lately?
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course. Since there have heen new laws, there are far fewer
      people committing crimes.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d like see what ads there are today.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here’s a copy of the Washington Post. Take it and try to find
      some.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. A: Zuìjin jǐnián jiàoyu gōngzuò you hěn dàde jìnbù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, xuéxiàoli zài yě méiyou shénme luànqǐbāzāo-de qíngkuàng
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Nǐ shuō, zōngjiàode zéren shi shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi hú shi yíge j iǎndānde wèntí, wǒmen děi cong lìshǐ tánqǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒu-zhōng you duǒshǎo shi shòuguo
      jiàoyude?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài lián lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nǒngcūn dōu you
      xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài hù shǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s heen a lot of progress in work in education these past few
      years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, schools aren’t so messed up anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      What do you think the responsibility of religion is?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about
      history.
    </para>
    <para>
      How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received
      an education?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so
      there are probably a lot of people who are educated.
    </para>
    <para>
      6. A: Ming Bào bú cuò, shìjièxìng- The Ming Pao is not bad. It has
      de xǐnwén tā dōu yǒu.          all the world news.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Duì le. Ming Bào bú cuò, Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good. You
      bù néng bu kàn.                have to read it.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Zhǐ yào nǐ lái hang máng women jiù yǒu hànfa.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Zhè yǒu shénme? Yinggāide ma.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli hú shi xǐ dú, jiù shi shā
          rén.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Kàn zhèizhǒng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng shǐ rén nánshòu. Suàn le, hú yào
      kàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As long as you help out, we’ll he ahle to do it.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is nothing. It’s only right.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Look, there’s nothing in this article hut taking drugs and
      killing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Reading this kind of news will only make you feel had. Forget it,
      don’t read it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Běnlái tāde Zhōngwén hú cuò, líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle
          hěn duō.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Originally, his Chinese was pretty good, hut he’s heen away from
      China for a long time and he’s forgotten a lot.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <para>
      10. luàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      11. yǒu xiào
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to he confused, to he chaotic to he effective; to he valid
    </para>
    <para>
      VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                āndìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to &quot;be stable/settled/quiet
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                běnlái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with,
                in the first place
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                &quot;bù néng bu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have to, must
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cóng...(Verb)-qǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to start (Verb)-ing from...
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎlū fan fàn zuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                law
              </para>
              <para>
                to violate, to offend to commit a crime
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guǎnggào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                advert i s ement
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Huáshèngdùn Youbào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Washington Post
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iǎndān jiàoyu jìnbù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be simple
              </para>
              <para>
                to educate; education to progress; progress
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (V V) kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                try and (V), (V) and see how it is
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (used before a verb to express that something will be
                done)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lián...dōu/yě... luàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                even...
              </para>
              <para>
                to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to be in a mess;
                indiscriminately, recklessly, arbitrarily, any old way
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                luànqībāzāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous,
                jumbled, all thrown in together
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Ming Bào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to kill (in general); to kill (specifically with a knife
                or knifelike instrument); to try to kill
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cause, to enable (followed by a verb)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shìjièxìng shòu jiàoyu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                worldwide to receive an education
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xī dú
              </para>
              <para>
                -xing
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take drugs
              </para>
              <para>
                nature, -ness, -ibility
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you bànfa, (duì...) you xiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be able to deal with (something) to be effective; to
                be valid
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      zài yě bù/méi zéren zhǐ yào -zhōng zōngjiào zuǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      never again responsibility if only in; among (organized) religion
      crime; guilt
    </para>
    <para>
      1. A: Nǐ Juéde zuìjǐn shèhuìshang ending yidiǎnr ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      _    „ <subscript>w</subscript>      „ <subscript>w</subscript> à
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Dangran, youle xin falu, fàn zuìde rén shǎoduō le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do you think society has &quot;been a little calmer lately?
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course. Since there have &quot;been new laws, there are far
      fewer people committing crimes.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ending: &quot;to he
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      political and social
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      stable/settled/quiet,&quot; used to describe lives, countries
      situations. Ān is &quot;peaceful&quot; and ding is
      &quot;settled.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiànzài yéye nǎinai shēnghuo anding, shénme dōu hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù ending yǒu guānxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige guójiāde zhèngfǔ zhèi Jǐnián hěn bù āndìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Āndìngxiàlai means &quot;to situation, a place, or
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Now grandpa and grandma have a settled life; everything is fine.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think this has to do with political instability.
    </para>
    <para>
      These past few years this country’s government has been very
      unstable.
    </para>
    <para>
      a
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      settle down, to calm down,&quot; used in speaking of a person’s
      feelings.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiànzài hāizi dōu you gōngzuò le, shēnghuo cái āndìngxiàlai le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Now that the children all have Jobs, our life has finally settled
      down.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Shèhuìshang fàn zuìde wèntí tài duō, dàjiāde shēnghuo jiu méi
      bànfa āndìngxiàlai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When there’s too much of a crime problem in society, people’s life
      can’t settle down.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fǎlu: &quot;law&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi yǐjíng biànchengle fǎlǔ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige wèntí you fǎlu zài, fēi-cháng qingchǔ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yǒu fǎlu guǎn zhèjiàn shi ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmende fǎlǔ bǎohù értóng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiànzài niàn fǎlu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This has already become the law.
    </para>
    <para>
      Laws exist (lit., &quot;there are laws there&quot;) on this
      question. It’s very clear-cut.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is there a law dealing with this?
    </para>
    <para>
      Our law protects children.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is studying law now.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xin fǎlǔ: In March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth
      National People’s Congress, the Chinese government began to adopt
      many new laws. Beginning July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People’s
      Congress passed into effect twelve new legal codes, including a
      criminal code.
    </para>
    <para>
      fàn: &quot;to violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit
      (wrongs, crimes, errors)&quot; Here are some other words commonly
      used with the verh fàn:
    </para>
    <para>
      fàn zuì to commit crimes         fàn fǎ to break the law
    </para>
    <para>
      fàn guī to violate regulations
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng le,        There is no more hope for this
      child,
    </para>
    <para>
      fànle you fàn, zong shi bù         He violates the rules time and
      again,
    </para>
    <para>
      gǎi.                                and never reforms.
    </para>
    <para>
      zuì: &quot;crime, guilt,&quot; used in phrases like fàn zuì,
      &quot;to commit a crime,&quot; and you zuì, &quot;to be guilty (of
      a crime).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ fànle shénme zuì, wèishénme yào chi zhème duō kǔ?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What crime have I committed? Why do I have to suffer so much?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā shi bu shi zhēnde you zuì, lìshǐ huì huida wǒmende.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      History will give us an answer as to whether he is really guilty
      or not.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...shǎoduō le: &quot;a lot less, far fewer&quot; The adjectival
      verb duō, &quot;to be many, to be much,&quot; can be used after
      other adjectival verbs which can be qual-fied by degree, such as
      hǎoduō le, &quot;a lot better,&quot; duōduō le, &quot;a lot
      more.&quot; In such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as
      a process verb, showing a change of state, and therefore the
      phrase always ends in le_.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bǐ yǐqián shòuduō le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Qībānián yǐhòu, dào Zhōngguo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qùde jǐhui duōduō le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You’re a lot thinner than before.
    </para>
    <para>
      Since '?8, there have been a lot more opportunities to go to
      China.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                2.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wǒ xiǎng kànkan jīntiān you shénme guǎnggào.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’d like today.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                see what ads there are
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèr you yífèn Huáshèngdùn Youbào, náqu zhǎozhǎo kàn ba!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Here’s a Post, ' some.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                copy of the Washington take it and try to find
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Youbào: &quot;Post,&quot; in the name of a newspaper. The syllable
      you means &quot;post&quot; or &quot;mail,&quot; as in yōujú,
      &quot;post office.&quot; CNames of other newspapers are translated
      using the same pattern, X-bào: Shíbào is &quot;Times,&quot; Rìbào
      is &quot;Daily,&quot; Kuàibào is &quot;Express.&quot;!
    </para>
    <para>
      náqu...: &quot;take away&quot; This is a compound verb of
      direction. Many of the compound verbs you have seen have three
      syllables. But like dàolai in Unit 1 of this module (dàolai yìbēi
      chá), náqu has only two: the main action verb and the relative
      motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down, in, out,
      etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)
      °shc&gt;u, &quot;to be thin&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Relative Motion
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Main Verb
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Direction    Towards or Away
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ná ì zěu 1 pǎo &gt; kāi I bān J
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                r chu <emphasis role="smallcaps">&quot;ù </emphasis>Jin
              </para>
              <para>
                / xià \        flái
              </para>
              <para>
                \ shàng /       ]qù
              </para>
              <para>
                gUO
              </para>
              <para>
                I qǐ’ J
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      °-qī- is used only with -lái, never with -qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǎozhǎo kàn: ’’try to find” Zhǎo is the verb ”to look for, to
      search.” It is reduplicated here, meaning that the action lasts an
      indefinite amount of time: ’’look a little bit.” Kàn following a
      reduplicated verb means ’’and see (if it works, if it’s okay, if
      you can do it, etc.).”
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní shishi kàn ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zuòzuo kàn, zhèige shāfā zhēn shūfu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nī xiǎng tā kěn° Jiè wo tāde diànshì ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù zhīdào, nǐ qù wènwen kàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      • A: Wo duì nī zhèipiān wenzhāng you bù tóngde kànfǎ.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nī shuōshuo kàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Give it a try and see (if you can do it, if he will cooperate,
      etc.).
    </para>
    <para>
      Sit down and try it out. This sofa is really comfortable.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you think he’d be willing to lend me his television?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t know. Go ask him and see.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have a different point of view on (what you say in) your
      article.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let’s hear what it is.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      3. A: ZuìJin jǐnián Jiàoyu gōngzuò you hěn dàde jìnbù.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Shi a, xuēxiàoli zài yě meiyou shenme luànqībāzāo de qíngkuàng
      le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There’s been a lot of progress in work in education these past few
      years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, schools aren’t so messed up anymore.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiàoyu: ”to educate; education” Jiào is the same character as
      Jiāo, ”to teach,” but in jiàoyu is pronounced with a Falling tone.
      Yù means ”to cultivate, to raise.Jiàoyu has some different uses
      from English ”to educate.” It is used not only for institutional
      education but also for parents’ education of their children, and
      in the PRC for ’’education” of the people by the Communist Party.
      (For the first example, you need to know nǔlì, ”to make efforts.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      *kěn, ”to be willing to”
    </para>
    <para>
      Fùmǔ yǐnggāi jiàoyu háizi nǔlì xuexí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige háizi meiyou jiàoyuhǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmen vào gěi háizi aide jiàoyu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiātíng jiàoyu he xuéxiào Jiàoyu yíyàng zhòngyào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn shū duì wǒ jiàoyu hěn dà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kànle zhèige diànyǐng gěile women hěn dàde jiàoyu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Parents should teach their children to study hard.
    </para>
    <para>
      That child was poorly trained (in manners, morals, general
      knowledge).
    </para>
    <para>
      We should give children a loving education. (Taiwan usage)
    </para>
    <para>
      Education in the home is Just as important as school education.
      (Jiātíng jiàoyu consists of parents acting as examples in morals,
      character, family relations, hygiene, etc. )
    </para>
    <para>
      This hook has educated me a lot. (PRC usage)
    </para>
    <para>
      Seeing this movie has taught us a great deal. (PRC usage)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Another sense of jiàoyu is to try through reason to convince a
      person to do things according to certain rules, instructions, or
      demands:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ děi jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, You have to try to straighten out
      tā yuè lái yuè huài.               your child. He is becoming more
    </para>
    <para>
      and more of a scoundrel.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiàoyu is commonly used in the phrase shòu Jiàoyu, &quot;to
      receive an education,&quot; which is discussed in No. 5 below.
    </para>
    <para>
      jìnbù: &quot;to make nrogress, to advance&quot; or, as a noun,
      &quot;progress.&quot; Literally &quot;to put forward steps.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Yīxué jìnbùde nàme kuài.           Medicine is advancing so
      rapidly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde Yǐngwén you jìnbù le.         He has made some more progress
      with
    </para>
    <para>
      his English.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn.       His Chinese is progressing too
      slowly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jìnbù is commonly used with the verb you, especially you hěn dàde
      jìnbù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuìjin jīge yuè wǒmende xuéshěng Our students have made great
      progress yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù.              these last few months.
    </para>
    <para>
      You jìnbù is used as an adjectival verb, &quot;to be
      improved.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige xuexiào hěn you jìnbù.       That school is greatly
      improved.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the PRC, jìnbù is used as an adjectival verb meaning &quot;to
      be (politically) progressive,&quot; that is, suited to the needs
      of the times and stimulating the development of society.
    </para>
    <para>
      zài yě méiyou...le: &quot;not anymore...&quot; The advert zài and
      a negat ive, such as méiyou, can be used to express the idea of
      not doing something anymore. There are two word orders:
    </para>
    <para>
      méiyou ì                                      C(yě)    méiyou
    </para>
    <para>
      ) zài             OR            zài &lt;
    </para>
    <para>
      bú J                                       I(yě)    bù
    </para>
    <para>
      For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5» bú
      zài kū le, &quot;doesn't cry anymore.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      The second pattern is more emphatic. The word zài should be given
      special stress in these sentences:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ ZAI bù huilai le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I'm never coming back here again!
    </para>
    <para>
      If yě is added between zai and the negative, the meaning is about
      the same.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ ZAI yě bù chi tang le.          I'm never going to eat candy
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèitiáo lù hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZAI     That road is very dangerous,
      don't
    </para>
    <para>
      yě bié zǒu neitiao lù le.          ever take it again.
    </para>
    <para>
      luàn: &quot;to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be
      chaotic&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèr tài luàn, dào wàimian qu tantan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi jǐnián nèige guojiā yǒu diSnr luàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shìjiè hǎo duō dìfang hěn luàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde zhuōzishang zǒng shi hěn luàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèr tài luàn, Jiào xiǎoháir chūqu wánr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Duǐbuqǐ, wǒ xiěde hěn luàn, ni kàndedǒng ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      As an adverb, luàn means &quot;arbitrarily, iy.”
    </para>
    <para>
      Luàn Jiang!
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú yào luàn xiě.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐde dōngxi bú yào dàochù luàn fang.
    </para>
    <para>
      *dàochù, &quot;everywhere&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It's too chaotic (noisy) in here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let's go outside to talk.
    </para>
    <para>
      That country has been a little bit chaotic the last few years.
    </para>
    <para>
      So many places in the world are in disorder.
    </para>
    <para>
      His table top is always a mess.
    </para>
    <para>
      It's too noisy in here. Tell the children to go out and play.
    </para>
    <para>
      I'm sorry I wrote this so messily.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can you read it?
    </para>
    <para>
      any old way, at random, indiscriminate-
    </para>
    <para>
      Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't write it Just any old way.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't leave your things all over the place.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tāmen zuótiān luān chǐ luān he.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige rén luān gǎo nánnù guānxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bu yào luàn pǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      luànqībāzāo: &quot;to be in disorder, seven-eight-rotten&quot;
      Some people have sevens.&quot; It can refer to physical or
    </para>
    <para>
      Duìbuqǐ, fángjiān luànqǐbāzāode, wǒ jǐntiǎn hái méiyou shíjiān
      shōushi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheijiàn shìqing běnlái hěn hǎo, dànshi nèige rén bǎ ta gǎode
      luànqībāzāo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gēn yíge luànqǐbāzāode nánrén chūqu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.
    </para>
    <para>
      He/she is (sexually) loose.
    </para>
    <para>
      Quit running all over the place.
    </para>
    <para>
      to be in a mess,&quot; literally &quot;chaotic-translated this as
      &quot;at sixes and
    </para>
    <para>
      moral messes.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sorry, the room is a mess. I haven’t had the time to
      straighten up- yet today.
    </para>
    <para>
      Everything was fine at first, but then he came along and messed it
      up.
    </para>
    <para>
      She went out with a disreputable (unsavory) character.
    </para>
    <para>
      Luànqībāzāo is not made negative and is not used in comparative
      sentences.
    </para>
    <para>
      h. A: Nī shuō, zōngjiàode zéren shi shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi bú shi yíge jiǎndānde wèntí, women děi cóng lìshǐ tánqǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What do you think the responsibility of religion is?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s not a simple question. We have to begin by talking about
      history.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. h
    </para>
    <para>
      shuō: Followed by a question, nī shuō is used to ask the
      listener’s
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The forms nǐ shuō ne or nī shuō shi bu shi may be used at the end
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      opinion.
    </para>
    <para>
      of a statement to ask for confirmation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī shuō wǒ yīnggāi zěnme bàn?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng jiātíng jiàoyu hé shè-huì jiàoyu dōu bǐ xuéxiào jiàoyu
      zhòngyào, nī shuō ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige guǎnggào hěn you yìsi, nī shuō shi bu shi?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What do you think I should do?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that education in the home and in society are more
      important than school education. Do you agree?
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s a great advertisement, don’t you think?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zéren: &quot;responsibility, duty&quot; Also pronounced zérèn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Rúguǒ zhèijiàn shiqing zuòde bù hǎo, wǒ you zéren.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If this thing isn’t done well, it’s my responsibility.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎoshīde zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor xuexí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jiaoyu haizi shi funúde zéren ma!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiànzài fùnu jiěfàng le, nánrén yě you zéren zuò zhàixiē
          shìqing.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Shìqing nòng dao xiànzài zhài-yangr, zéren bú zài wǒmen.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The teacher’s responsibility is to help the students apply
      themselves to their studies.
    </para>
    <para>
      Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of women!
    </para>
    <para>
      Women are liberated now. Men also have the responsibility to do
      these things.
    </para>
    <para>
      It is not our responsibility that the situation was made the way
      it is now.
    </para>
    <para>
      cong lìshǐ tánqǐ: ’’begin by talking about history’’ In Unit 3 of
      this module, you learned that the directional ending -qilai,
      besides indicating upward motion, could also be used to indicate
      beginning an action (Nǐ jiějie zěnme duì zhengzhi wentí ràxǐnqilai
      le?). The ending -qǐ in tanqǐ also means ”to start,” but is used
      only in the fixed pattern cóng X (Verb)qǐ, &quot;to start
      (Verb)-ing from X.” While the English translation for sentence UB
      says &quot;begin by talking about history,&quot; the Chinese says
      literally, &quot;start talking from history.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheijiàn shi cong nǎr shuōqǐ? Where should I begin? (when about to
      tell a story, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù zhǐdào cong nǎr xiěqǐ.       I don’t know where to begin
      writing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women děi cong tour zuòqǐ.         We have to start from the
      beginning
    </para>
    <para>
      again. (Cong tour means &quot;from the beginning.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      cong ling zuòqǐ                    to start from scratch (lit.,
      &quot;start
    </para>
    <para>
      from zero&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Zài dàlùde shíyì rénkǒuzhōng you duoshǎo shi shòuguo
      jiàoyude?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ xiǎng xiànzài lián lí chéngshì hěn yuǎnde nongcun dōu you
      xuéxiào, shòuguo jiàoyude rén dàgài bù shǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How many of the one billion people on the mainland have received
      an education?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that now even villages far from the city have schools, so
      there are probably a lot of people who are educated.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      shíyì: &quot;one billion,&quot; literally &quot;ten
      one-hundred-millions&quot; Here are some more examples of how to
      express billions in Chinese:
    </para>
    <para>
      1 billion
    </para>
    <para>
      1.1 billion
    </para>
    <para>
      2 billion
    </para>
    <para>
      10 billion
    </para>
    <para>
      10.5 billion
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      1,000,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      1,100,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      2,000,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      10,000,000,000
    </para>
    <para>
      10,500,000,000
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shíyì shíyǐyì èrshiyì yìbǎiyì yìbǎilíngwǔyì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zài...rénkōuzhōng: &quot;in the population, of the
      population&quot; The syllable -zhōng can be added, to nouns, like
      the locational ending -lǐmiàn, to give the meaning &quot;in&quot;
      or &quot;among.&quot; It is often used with the verb zài.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài zheige jìhuàzhōng women hái you liǎngge xiǎo wèntí xūyào zài
      tan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There are still a couple of little questions we have to discuss in
      this plan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xuéshēngzhōng you bù shǎo shi cong nongcūn láide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài dìsān shìjiè guójiāzhōng, bù shǎo shi Yǎzhōu he Fēizhōude
      guojiā.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Many of the students are from the country.
    </para>
    <para>
      Many of the countries of the third world are countries of Asia and
      Africa.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, We can't very well ignore the women
      yě bù néng bú zhùyì a.' problems of life in society.
    </para>
    <para>
      shòu: &quot;to receive&quot; The types of things which can be
      &quot;received&quot; using the verb shòu are limited. Shòu is
      usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige zhōukān zài Měiguo hěn shòu huānyíng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This weekly is very well received (popular) in the United States.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (Receiver)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (Action)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Fùnu ertong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                falúde baohu.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (Women and children
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                receive
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the protection of the law.)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      shòu jiàoyu: &quot;to receive an education&quot; Shòuguo jiàoyu
      means &quot;educated&quot; (because of -guo, which indicates
      having experienced something).
    </para>
    <para>
      She is an educated person. How could she do such a thing?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā shi (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhōng shi?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shòuguo dàxué jiàoyu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He has (received) a college education.
    </para>
    <para>
      lián...dōu: &quot;even...&quot; Lian is a prepositional verb which
      literally means &quot;including,&quot; but in the lián...dōu
      pattern, &quot;even.&quot; A lián phrase always precedes the verb.
      Either the adverb dōu or yě is used in a sentence with lián.
      Notice how lián can be used with subjects, objects, and verbs:
    </para>
    <para>
      With subject
    </para>
    <para>
      Lián (Subject)
    </para>
    <para>
      dōu/yě . . . .
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Lián Lián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎoháizi shòuguo j iào-
              </para>
              <para>
                yude rén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dōu dong zhèijiàn shi.
              </para>
              <para>
                dōu tíngbudǒng tāde huà.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;Even children understand this.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;Even educated people can't understand what he says.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Jintiān tiānqi bù hǎo, lián tā zhème ài wánrde rén dōu hu chūqu
      le, nǐ wèishenme yào qù?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ hai shuō méiyou zhèijiàn shi, hú zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng hàozhǐ, lián
      Běijīngde hàozhǐ dōu xiěle zhèitiáo xǐnwén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The weather is had today. Even he, who likes to play so much,
      isn't going out. Why are you?
    </para>
    <para>
      How can you say it's not true. Not only the Hong Kong papers
      reported this piece of news, it was even in the Beijīng papers.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      With object
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      lián (Object)         dōu/yě . . . •
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="25*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lián lián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zìjǐde míngzi guǎnggào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dōu bú huì xiě. dōu kàn.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;He can't even write his own name.&quot; &quot;He even reads
      the ads.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā jīntiān bù shūfu, lián fàn yě bù xiǎng chī le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wō lián yíge zì dōu bú jìde le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān lián yìdiǎn fēng yě méiyou.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He isn't feeling well today. He won't even eat.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don't even remember one word.
    </para>
    <para>
      There isn't the least bit of wind today.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      With verb
    </para>
    <para>
      lián’ (Verb) dōu/yě méi/bù (Verb)
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dōu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                méi kàn wo.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dōu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù tīng.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (lián)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dōu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú wèn.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;She didn't even look at me.&quot; &quot;He wouldn't even
      listen.&quot; &quot;He didn’t even ask.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      ’lián is often optional in this pattern.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhāng Sān shi nǐde lǎo péngyou ba?
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhāng Sān is an old friend of yours, isn't he?
        </para>
        <para>
          I've never even met him. How could he be an old friend of
          mine?
        </para>
        <para>
          You didn't even taste the dish. How could you know it doesn’t
          taste good?
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wo lián Jiàn dōu méi Jiànguo ta, zěnme huì shi lǎo péngyou
          ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ lián cháng dōu méi cháng, zěnme zhīdao zhèige cài bù hǎo chī
      ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Ming Bào bú cuò, shìjièxìng- The Ming Pao is not bad. It
          has de xǐnwén tā dōu you.          all the world news.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Duì le. Ming Bào bú cuò, Yes, the Ming Pao is quite good, you
      bù néng bú kàn~               have to read it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      Ming Bào: A Hong Kong newspaper known for reporting without an
      overly dominant political point of view.
    </para>
    <para>
      shǐjièxǐng: The syllable -xing, &quot;character, nature,
      quality,&quot; can be used after a noun like the English endings
      -ness, -ity, or -ce, as in &quot;onesidedness,&quot;
      &quot;creativity,&quot; &quot;importance.&quot; The resulting
      abstract noun can be used alone or is frequently used, followed by
      -de, to modify another noun.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kěnéngxǐng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                possibility, likelihood
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhòngyàoxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                importance
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dulìxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                independent character
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xíguànxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                habitual
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liúxíngxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                epidemic
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lìshǐxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                historical
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yàoxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                property of a medicine
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                youxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                oiliness
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tā: You have learned tā as &quot;he'
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                &quot; or &quot;she,&quot; but sentence 6A is the first
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                time in this course that tā has been
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                used as &quot;it.&quot; (The word tā may also
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      be omitted from the sentence without changing the meaning.) You
      know that Chinese most often does not use any word for
      &quot;it,&quot; as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ qù ná.                             I’ll go get it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài zhuōzishang.                     It * s on the table.
    </para>
    <para>
      Furthermore, &quot;it&quot; is sometimes expressed in Chinese by
      repeating the entire noun phrase, for example
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ néng bāng wo zhǎodào        Can you help me find that
          book?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèiběn shū ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ you zhèiběn shū, kéyi       I have it, and I can give it
          to you.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      song gei ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      Least often, &quot;it&quot; is expressed by the pronoun tā.° There
      is no single rule which will tell you when you can use tā. It is
      often used as the object of bā:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bǎ ta ná dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ Where did you take it to? How come
      zěnme zhǎobudào?                    I can’t find it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Hái you yíge Jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta There’s one more dumpling left; you
      chile.                                 eat it.
    </para>
    <para>
      bù néng bu: &quot;cannot not&quot;—in other words, &quot;cannot
      but; have no choice but to; must&quot; The second bu is unstressed
      and usually neutral tone.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèile Jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù For the sake of my family, I have no
      néng bu zhèiyang zuò.              choice but to do this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gēn zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde       When together with this sort of
    </para>
    <para>
      shihou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn         person, one must be rather
      careful,
    </para>
    <para>
      yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      °One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that tā is
      used for &quot;it&quot; much more than in true spoken Chinese.
      This was originally an imitation of the structure of Western
      languages.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Zhǐ yào nǐ lái hang máng As long as you help out, we’ll
          he women Jiù yǒu bànfa.           ahle to do it.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Zhè you shénme? Yǐnggāide This is nothing. It’s only right! ma!
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào: &quot;as long as, provided that&quot; This is used in the
      pattern
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào...Jiù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bu yào kǎolu tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ Don’t think it over so much. If
      you xǐhuan Jiù hǎo le.                 like it, that’s all that
      matters.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhǐ yào wǒ Jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, Jiù kéyi hǎ zhèiběn shū
      kànwán.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As long as I have time tonight, I
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      can finish reading this hook.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhǐ yào hǎ shū niànhǎole, zhǎo gōngzuò Jiu méiyou wèntí le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As long as you do well in your studies, you won’t have any trouble
      finding a Joh.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      lái: In commands and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that
      a person will perform some action, and can usually go
      untranslated. When talking about one’s own intention, lái can be
      translated as &quot;let me&quot; or &quot;let’s.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ lái wèn ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo lái shuō liǎngjù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women lái tántan zhèige wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèige zì xiěde duì bu dui?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wo lái kànkan.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xiànzài qǐng Wáng Anmín Tongzhì lái gěi women JiǎngJiang huà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kuài qù máng ba! Women lái shōushi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chile fàn women zài lái zuò kāfēi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmen yìqǐ lái ban. Wo lái ban zhèr, nǐ dào nèibianr qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Zhènhàn, qǐng nǐ lái niàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Let me ask you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let me say a few words.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let’s discuss this question.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is this character written correctly?
    </para>
    <para>
      Let me take a look.
    </para>
    <para>
      Now let’s ask Comrade Wáng Anmín to speak to us.
    </para>
    <para>
      You go take care of what you have to do. We’ll straighten up.
    </para>
    <para>
      After dinner let’s make some coffee, (zài means &quot;then&quot;
      here.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Let’s move this together. I’ll take it from here, and you go over
      there
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Zhènhàn, would you read aloud please?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yǐnggāide: This is short for Wo bāngzhu ni shi yīnggāide, &quot;it
      is right that I help you.&quot; Use the phrase yǐnggāide to
      respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor which you
      consider natural under the circumstances.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      8. A: Nǐ kàn, zhèipiān wénzhāngli bú shi xǐ dú, jiù shi shā rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Kàn zhèizhōng xǐnwén, zhǐ néng shǐ rén nánshòu. Suàn le, bú yào
      kàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Look, there’s nothing in this article but taking drugs and killing
      people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Reading this kind of news will only make you feel bad. Forget it,
      don’t read it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;if it’s not...then it’s...&quot; or
      &quot;either...or...&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bú shi...jiù shi...:
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú shi tā, jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái you shéi huì zhèiyang
      zuò?
    </para>
    <para>
      It was either he or you. Who would do something like that besides
      one of you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎo Wang’s cooking is always either too salty or too hot.
    </para>
    <para>
      If he isn’t at home, then he’s at the office. He wouldn’t go
      anyplace else.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s always eating something or other. His mouth never stops
      going.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lǎo Wáng zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài là.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bú shi zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú huì
      qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bú shi chǐ zhèige, jiù shi chǐ nèige, zuǐ° méiyou tíngde
      shihou.
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐ dú: &quot;to take drugs&quot; Literally &quot;to inhale
      poison,&quot; but used for any method of drug taking. (For the
      last example you need to know kěkǎyǐn, &quot;cocaine,&quot; and
      hǎiluòyǐn, &quot;heroin.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yìtiān máng dào wǎn, zěnme He’s busy all day long. He wouldn't
      huì qù xǐ dú?                       go and take drugs!
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige háizi xǐ dú xīle hǎo Jǐ- That kid has been taking drugs for
      nián le, shēnt? yǐjīng huài le. years, and his health has gotten
      bad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xǐ shénme dú? Kěkǎyǐn háishi What drugs does he take? Cocaine
      or hǎiluòyǐn?                          heroin?
    </para>
    <para>
      shā rén: &quot;to kill, to murder&quot; or &quot;to try
      (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder&quot; The Chinese verbs for
      &quot;kill&quot; often consist of two parts: a verb telling the
      action (stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting
      process of dying. Here is a list of some common ones (this is only
      here to clarify a point of grammar—you don't have to memorize all
      these words):
    </para>
    <para>
      hàisǐ (by scheming)
    </para>
    <para>
      zhāsǐ (by stabbing)
    </para>
    <para>
      diànsǐ (by electric shock) dúsǐ (by poisoning)
    </para>
    <para>
      zuǐ, &quot;mouth&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      diàosǐ (by hanging)
    </para>
    <para>
      biēsǐ (by suffocation or drowning) lēisǐ (by strangling with a
      cord) qiāsī (by strangling with the hands) yǎsī (by crushing or
      running over) zhuàngsǐ (by a collision) qìsī (by making someone
      angry!) dǎsī (by a blow, beating, or gunshot)
    </para>
    <para>
      and the most general term of all
    </para>
    <para>
      nòngsǐ (by any means)
    </para>
    <para>
      In classical Chinese, shā originally meant &quot;to kill with a
      knife&quot; or &quot;to slaughter (an animal).&quot; Today, shā is
      still used for &quot;to slaughter&quot; or &quot;kill&quot;
      animals, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ huì bu hui shā Jī?              Do you know how to kill
    </para>
    <para>
      a chicken?
    </para>
    <para>
      In modern Chinese, shā can have (1) a general meaning or (2) a
      specific meaning.
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) The general meaning of shā is the same as nòngsǐ or the
      English &quot;to kill, to murder.&quot; This is the way shā is
      used when the method of killing is not stated or not known.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bā nèige rén shāsǐ le.          He killed that person. (method
      not
    </para>
    <para>
      considered)
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) The specific meaning of shā is to kill with a knife or
      knifelike instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this meaning, shā
      contrasts with all the other ways of killing listed above. When in
      your sentence you want to express the method of killing, you must
      choose an appropriate verb. It would be wrong to say Tā yòng qiāng
      bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le. Instead, you should say
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ He killed that man with a gun. le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shā takes on its specific meaning as soon as you start talking
      about methods, so in such sentences, you must choose your verb
      according to the mode of killing.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā bǎ tā tāitai shāsǐ le. He killed his wife.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zěnme nòngsǐde?                How did he kill her?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Dúsǐde.                         He poisoned her.
    </para>
    <para>
      One last point: Shā may express the action of only trying to kill,
      without implying that the person or animal actually died.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shā jī shāle liǎngdāo kěshi He cut the chicken twice, but
      didn’t méi bǎ ta shāsǐ.                    kill it.
    </para>
    <para>
      ‘qiāng, &quot;gun&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      shi: &quot;to cause, to make&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      shǐ (Object) (Verb) . . .
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǐ zhēn shǐ shǐ shǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rén wo wo tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nanshòu
              </para>
              <para>
                gāoxìng
              </para>
              <para>
                juéde you xǐwàng wàngle nèijiàn
              </para>
              <para>
                shi
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā xiǎngle bù shǎo banfǎ, yě méi shǐ tā érzi duì shàng dàxué you
      xìngqu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kàndao tā shǐ wo Juéde hěn gāo-xìng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      makes one sad
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;really makes me happy&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;makes me feel that there’s hope
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;made him forget that matter&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      He tried lots of different things, but couldn't interest his son
      in (going to) college.
    </para>
    <para>
      It made me very happy to see him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following shǐ,
      never with shǐ itself:
    </para>
    <para>
      Shi shénme yuányǐn shǐ tāmen       What was it that caused them to
    </para>
    <para>
      fēnkāi le?                           split up?
    </para>
    <para>
      Shǐ sometimes means &quot;to enable,&quot; particularly if
      followed by néng or other words of that meaning:
    </para>
    <para>
      Chile zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ By taking this new medicine, the
      pa-bìngren hǎode hěn kuài.            tient was able (enabled) to
      recover
    </para>
    <para>
      very quickly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Although shǐ may sometimes be translated by &quot;make,&quot;
      &quot;make&quot; may not always be translated by shǐ. When
      &quot;make&quot; means &quot;to compel&quot; someone to do
      something, it can be translated by jiào:
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě       Mr. Lǐ made him write it over
      again,
    </para>
    <para>
      yícì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9- Běnlǎi tāde Zhōngwén bú cuò,       Originally, his Chinese
          was pretty
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      líkāi Zhōngguo jiǔle, wàngle       good, but he’s been away from
    </para>
    <para>
      hěn duō.                             China for a long time and has
    </para>
    <para>
      forgotten a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      běnlǎi: &quot;originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin
      with, in the first place&quot; This is a moveable adverb; that is,
      it may come before or after the subject, but always before the
      verb.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlǎi has two main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation was
      originally one way but then it changed, and (2) to express that
      something has been the case since the beginning and is still the
      case. On the next page are examples of both meanings.
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) SITUATION HAS CHANGED
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ běnlái bú qù, xiànzài qù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ běnlái bù xǐhuan ta, kěshi xiànzài xǐhuan ta le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái shuō shi yào dào Xīngqī-wù cái néng zuòwán, dànshi wo
      tíngshuō tāmen yào zǎo yidiǎnr zuòwán.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái wǒ xiǎng jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyīng, hòulái tíngshuō kāi
      huì. Suàn le, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái wǒ Jīntiān yào qù Guǎng-zhōu, kěshi tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài
      děi míngtiān cái néng zǒu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shi běnlái shi kéyi bànde, kěshi shéi xiǎngdào huì yǒu
      zhèige qíngkuàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Originally I wasn’t going to go, but now I will.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally I didn’t like her, but now I do.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally it was said that they wouldn’t be finished until
      Friday, but now I hear they’re going to finish sooner.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I
      heard there was a meeting. Oh well.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll go another time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally I was going to Guǎngzhōu today, but the weather is bad,
      so now I probably won’t be able to go until tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      It could have been done, but who expected this to happen?
    </para>
    <para>
      <emphasis role="smallcaps">:th</emphasis> AND STILL IS
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Translations for this meaning include ”to begin with&quot;
      place.&quot; In this use, běnlái is often followed by Jiù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      and &quot;in the first
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ běnlái Jiù bù xǐhuan ta, xiànzài hái bu xǐhuan ta.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ bié qù nèige dìfang!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù bú qù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ bié zài qù le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù méi qù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ háishi Juéde nǐ yīnggāi qù yítàng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ běnlái Jiù yào qù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Běnlái Jiù gāi zhèiyang bàn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèige kāfēi zěnme zènme hēi?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kāfēi ma, běnlái Jiù shi hēide.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I never did like her, and I still don’t like her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t go there!
    </para>
    <para>
      I wasn’t going to go there in the first place.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t ever go there again.
    </para>
    <para>
      I never did go there.
    </para>
    <para>
      I still think you ought to go there.
    </para>
    <para>
      I am going. (I was intending to go even before you told me to.)
    </para>
    <para>
      We should have done this in the first place.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why is this coffee so black?
    </para>
    <para>
      Coffee is supposed to be black!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A clause with běnlái is often related to another with dāngrán:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige dōngxi běnlái Jiù shi nǐ- This thing belongs to you; of
      course de, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei ni! I would return it to you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái tā zài dàxué niànde shi She studied sociology in college,
      shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì she- so of course she’s interested in
      hui wèntí you xìngqu.              social problems.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on Additional Required Vocabulary
    </para>
    <para>
      you xiào: &quot;to be effective; to be valid&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige yào hěn you xiào.           This medicine is very
      effective.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèizhāng piào hái you xiào ma? Is this ticket still valid?
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li’s
      living room.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zài kàn shénme hàozhǐ?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ming Bào. Ming Bào hú cuò,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn you yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Zài Měiguo yě xiàng Xiānggǎng
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèiyang, shénme luànqībāzāode xǐnwén dōu wang hàozhǐshang xiě ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Píngchāng wǒ kàn Huashèngdùn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Youbào. Zhèige hàozhǐ hú cuò, guōnèi, guōwàide xǐnwén dōu you,
      dāngrán guǎnggào yě hù shǎo. Zhōngwén hàozhǐ, wǒ yě kàn, nèi
      shànghianr yě you nǐ shuōde nèizhong &quot;luànqībāzāo&quot; de
      xǐnwén.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nimen zhèiyang shuō, wǒ hù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnme tōngyì. Shénme shi &quot;luàn-qǐhāzāo&quot;? Shèhuì shēnghuó
      běnlái jiù shi zhèiyang ma.’
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Suàn le ba.’ Jīntiān shi shā
    </para>
    <para>
      rén, míngtiān shi xī dú, wǒ bú yào kàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Kàn háishi xūyào kànde, yǐnwèi
    </para>
    <para>
      shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, wǒmen yě bù néng bú zhùyì a!
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Xiānggǎngde shèhui wèntí zhēn
    </para>
    <para>
      duō! Shénme dìfangrde rén dōu you, shénmeyàngrde wèntí yě dōu you.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shèhui wèntí shi shìjièxìngde,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bù zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng you.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Ng, nàme, rénmen duì zhèixie
    </para>
    <para>
      wèntí jiu méiyou shénme bànfǎr ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bànfǎ hěn duō, dìfang bù tong,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bànfǎ yě bù yíyàng. Kěshi zhèixiē bànfǎ shi bu shi you xiào jiu bù
      zhīdào le.
    </para>
    <para>
      What newspaper are you reading?
    </para>
    <para>
      Ming Pao. It’s pretty good, very interesting.
    </para>
    <para>
      In America is it the same as in Hong Kong: they put all kinds of
      crazy news in the paper?
    </para>
    <para>
      I usually read the Washington Post. It’s a pretty good paper. It
      has domestic as well as international news. Of course there are a
      lot of ads, too. I read Chinese newspapers too, and they have
      &quot;all kinds of crazy news ’’ in them, as you put it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t really agree with what you are saying. What is &quot;all
      kinds of crazy news&quot;? That’s exactly the way life in society
      is!
    </para>
    <para>
      Forget it! Today it’s killing, tomorrow it’s drugs. I don’t want
      to read that.
    </para>
    <para>
      We still need to read it, because we can’t very well ignore the
      problems of life in society.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems. There are people from
      everywhere, and all kinds of problems.
    </para>
    <para>
      Problems in society are worldwide. Hong Kong isn’t the only place
      that has them.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, then is there nothing people can do about these problems?
    </para>
    <para>
      There are a lot of ways to deal with them. Different places have
      different ways of dealing with them. But whether these ways work
      or not is another question.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: You rén shuō zǒngjiào shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìzhōng banfǎ, bù guǎn shénme Jiào, dōu shi Jiào rén zuò hǎo
      shìrde. Kěshi wō xiǎng jiàoyu hěn zhōngyào, shòu jiàoyude rén yuè
      duō, shèhuide wèntí yuè shǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yào-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jǐn. Jīngji bù fǎdáde dìfang, rénmen fàn zuìde jīhui Jiu gèng duō.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Jiù shi ma, rén yào chī fàn,
    </para>
    <para>
      lián fàn dōu chībubǎo, tāmen zěnme néng bú fàn zuì ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō xiǎng méi nàme jiǎndān.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Fàn zuì hé hěn duō shi yōu guānxi, tèbié shi hé jiātíng yōu
      guānxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Nī jiǎngjiang kàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Zài jīngji fādáde dìfang, xiǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      jiātíng yuè lái yuè duō, érqiě fùmǔmen dōu yōu gōngzuò, dōu hěn
      máng, méiyou shíjiān duō guǎn háizi. You xiě niánqīngde fùmǔ yě
      hěn shǎo xiǎngdào zìjīde zéren, méiyou shénme jiātíng guānniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Nǐde huà yōu dàolī, kěshi dà
    </para>
    <para>
      lùde qíngxing ne? Nīmen zěnme xiǎng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a. Dàlù jīngji bù fādá,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      érqiě dàjiā yě dōu yōu jiātíng guānniàn. Kěshi, kànkan bàozhī,
      dàlùshang fàn zuìde rén yě bù shǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      āndìng yōu guānxi, tèbié shi cóng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù nián.
    </para>
    <para>
      Some people say that religion is one way. No matter what the
      religion, it always teaches people to do good. But I think
      education is important. The more educated people there are, the
      fewer social problems there will be.
    </para>
    <para>
      And also, a developed economy is important. In places where the
      economy isn’t well-developed, there are more opportunities for
      people to connnit crimes.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exactly. People have to eat. If they can’t even get enough to eat,
      how can you expect them not to commit crimes?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t think it’s so simple. Crime is related to many different
      things, especially to the family.
    </para>
    <para>
      Would you explain what you mean?
    </para>
    <para>
      Where the economy is developed, there are more and more small
      families; also, both parents have jobs and are very busy, so they
      don’t have time to take good care of the children. Some young
      parents seldom think of their own responsibilities and don’t have
      much of a sense of family attachment.
    </para>
    <para>
      That makes sense. But what about the situation on the mainland?
      What do you two think?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yeah, the mainland’s economy isn’t developed, and furthermore
      everyone has a sense of attachment to the family. But read the
      papers: there are quite a few people committing crimes on the
      mainland too.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think this has to do with the political instability, especially
      from ’66 to ’?6.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi ma, nèige shihou, shénme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      fǎlu dōu méiyou. Lián fàn zuì hú fàn zuì dōu nòngbuqīngchu, shèhui
      wèntí zěnme huì shǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Nǐde kànfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyì. Wǒ
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎng, zhǐ yǒu shǐ zhèngzhi āndìng, JǐngJi, wénhuà fādá, cái néng
      shǐ shèhui jìnbù.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Grandma Lǐ walks in.)
    </para>
    <para>
      G:    Nǐmen zài tán shénme, tánde
    </para>
    <para>
      zhème gāoxìng?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Lǐ Nǎinai, women zài tán shèhui
    </para>
    <para>
      wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      G:    Hǎo le, nǐmen tángòu le meiyou?
    </para>
    <para>
      Chile fàn zài tán xíng hu xíng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A, B, E: Xíng, chile fàn zài tán.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Yes. During that time there wasn't any law at all. If you can’t
      even tell the difference between committing a crime and not
      committing one, how can social problems be reduced?
    </para>
    <para>
      I agree very much with your view. I think that society can only be
      made to progress if the political situation is stabilized and the
      economy and culture are made to flourish.
    </para>
    <para>
      What are you talking about so cheerfully?
    </para>
    <para>
      We’re talking about social problems, Grandma Lǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, have you talked enough? How about continuing the
      conversation after dinner?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay! We’ll talk more after dinner.
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 7, Tape 2 Workbook
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      This conversation begins when two young friends run into each
      other at a trolley stop on the west side of Běijīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      bang                               to be great, to be fantastic
    </para>
    <para>
      bú jiàn bú                          don’t leave until we’ve met
      up’,
    </para>
    <para>
      sàn!
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Where is Xiǎo Liú working and what is he doing there?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. How does he keep up with his English?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What does the article say about education in the U.S.?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. What does Xiǎo Liú’s friend want him to do?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family
      in Washington, D.C.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second, time through, look helow and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Why do they say that the Ming Pao is a good newspaper?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for
          one’s relatives in Guangzhou?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this
          procedure? (Can’t their relatives in China buy a television
          themselves?)
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          h. To whom do the sisters want to send the television? Why?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. In what form will they make the payment?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise h
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a father and son in Běijīng talk about
      religion.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                You will need the following words
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                and. phrases:
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāngxìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to believe in
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iàotáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                church
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò lǐbài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to worship, to attend religious services
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nan Měi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                South America
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tour
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                head, chief, boss
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xué hao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to learn from good examples, to
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      learn to be a good person
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngkè
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      homework, schoolwork, classwork
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his
          mind?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his
          reaction?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What does his father have to say about religion? (There are
          four points.)
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Xué hǎo is considered very important for teenagers in
          China. How does this fit into the son’s concept of religion?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
      look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want
      to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
      answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the
      west side of
    </para>
    <para>
      Beijing.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hēi, Xiǎo Liu! Hǎo jiū hú jiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ xiànzài zài nǎr gōngzuò ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jiù zài zhèr, Beijing Túshūguǎn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hei, hǎo gōngzuò! Zài túshūguǎn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuò shénme?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Fǎnyì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yīngwén fǎnyì?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yǐngwén fǎnyì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zhēn you hànfa! Xuéle jǐ-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      niande Yīngwén zhēn you yòng le. Xiànzài zài fǎnyi shénme?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jintiǎn fǎnyide shi Huashèngdùn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Yoùbàode yìpiǎn wénzhāng, xiěde shi guǎnyú jiàoyude wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēn hù jiǎndǎn°! Lian hàozhǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dōu néng fǎnyi le. Nī you shí-jiǎn ma? Néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎng
      diǎnr?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǎnshang wǒ hai děi xué Yīngwén, jiù néng gēn ni liáo jīfēn
          zhōng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ hái xué Yīngwén?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yīngwén hú gòu, hù néng hù xué
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ya!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shéi jiǎo ni?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ gēge jīnnián xiàtiǎn cong
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Měiguo huilai le, tǎ jiāo wo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hey, Xiǎo Liú! Long time no see. Where are you working now?
    </para>
    <para>
      Right here, at the Beijing Library.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hey, what a great joh! What do you do there?
    </para>
    <para>
      Translation.
    </para>
    <para>
      English translation?
    </para>
    <para>
      English translation.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re really something! Those few years you’ve spent studying
      English really turned out to he useful. What are you translating
      now?
    </para>
    <para>
      Today I’m translating an article from the Washington Post on the
      topic of education.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s amazing! You can even translate newspapers now. Do you have
      some time? Can you tell me a little about it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tonight I have to study English, so I can only chat with you for a
      few minutes.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re still studying English?
    </para>
    <para>
      My English isn’t good enough. I have to study!
    </para>
    <para>
      Who teaches you?
    </para>
    <para>
      My brother came back from the U.S. this summer. He’s teaching me.
    </para>
    <para>
      °bù jiǎndǎn, &quot;not simple/ordinary/commonplace,&quot; in other
      words, &quot;amazing, phenomenal.&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēn hang’. Duì le, kuài’ shuō-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shuo nèipiān wenzhāng, wǒ tǐngshuō zài Meiguo shòuguo dàxué
      jiàoyude rén hěn duō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le, Měiguo shi dàxuéshēng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuì duōde guójiā.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēnde?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhēnde, dàjiā yìfāngmiàn gōngzuò,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìfāngmiàn xuéxí, yōu bù shāo rén dōu’ wǔshisuì le, hái zài dàxué
      niàn shū ne.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō xiǎng zhèi shi Měiguo Jìnbù-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      de yíge yuányǐn! Zhèipiān wénzhāng nǐ fānwánle ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kuài fānwán le, dàgài míngtiān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiu fānwán le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Néng bu néng gěi wo kànkan?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      —Zhōngwénde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wō wen yíxià wōmende lǐngdǎo,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dàgài méiyou shenme wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nà míngtiān wǎnshang liùdian
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bàn, wō hái zài zhèr děng ni, bú jiàn bú sàn a!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xíng, bú jiàn bú sàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      That’s fantastic! Oh yeah, tell me about that article. I hear that
      there are a lot of people with a college education in the U.S.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, the U.S. is the country with the most college students (in
      the world).
    </para>
    <para>
      Really?
    </para>
    <para>
      Really. Everyone works and studies at the same time. There are
      quite a few people who even at the age of fifty are still studying
      at a university.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think that’s also a reason why America is so progressive! Have
      you finished translating the article?
    </para>
    <para>
      Almost. I’ll probably finish tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Could you give it to me to read?
    </para>
    <para>
      —the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll ask our leader. There probably won’t be any problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then tomorrow evening at six-thirty I’ll wait for you here. And
      don’t leave until we’ve met up!
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, we won’t leave until we’ve met up!
    </para>
    <para>
      ’kuài here should not be translated as &quot;quickly&quot; or
      &quot;hurry up&quot;; it simply conveys the eagerness of the
      speaker to hear about the article, something like the British,
      &quot;Do tell me about that article.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      ° °Dōu here means &quot;as much as, even,&quot; so dōu wǔshisuì le
      means &quot;as old as fifty&quot; or &quot;even fifty years
      old.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      ”’Fānwán le means the same as fānyiwán le, &quot;finished
      translating.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington,
      D.C.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Èrjiě, nǐ kàn shénme hào ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Ming Bào, wǒ xǐhuan zhèige
    </para>
    <para>
      hàozhǐ, hù zuǒ yě hú you.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Erqiě, shìjièxìngde xǐnwén tā
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dōu you. Zhèige hào zhēnde hú cuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě xǐhuan tāde guǎnggào, duì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      women zhèixie zhù zai guǒwàide Zhōngguo rén hěn yǒu yòng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ kànjian shénme guǎnggào le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhème yǒu xìngqu?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ lai kàn, zhèr yǒu yige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      diànshì guǎnggào.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnme shuōde?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèige guǎnggào shuō, zhǐ yào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      women jì yìzhāng zhīpiào dào Xiānggǎng, Jiù kéyi gěi Jiāli rén mǎi
      cǎisè diànshì le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shi ma? Dàlù rén mǎi diànshì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hù rōngyi. Women lái kànkan, kàn néng hu néng gěi yéye nǎinai mǎi
      ge diànshì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bànfa shi zhèiyangr: Women hǎ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qian hé yéyede dìzhī Jì dao Xiānggǎng, Xiānggǎngde gōngsī Jì
      yìzhāng dānzi gěi tāmen, tāmen jiu kéyi zài Guǎngzhōude hǎihuò
      gōngsǐ qǔ diànshì le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Rúguǒ nèige diànshì hù hǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zěnme hàn?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nà shi gōngsǐde zéren, tāmen
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yídìng kéyi gěi° huàn yige hǎode.
    </para>
    <para>
      What newspaper are you reading, Sister No. Two?
    </para>
    <para>
      Ming Pao. I like it; it's neither too left nor too right.
    </para>
    <para>
      And it has all the world news. It's really quite a good paper.
    </para>
    <para>
      I like its advertisements too. They are very useful to us Chinese
      who live abroad.
    </para>
    <para>
      What ad did you see that you're so interested in?
    </para>
    <para>
      Come look, there's an ad for a television here.
    </para>
    <para>
      What does it say?
    </para>
    <para>
      It says that if we just send a check to Hong Kong, we can huy a
      color television for our family.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh? It's not easy for people on the mainland to huy televisions.
      Let's look and see if we can huy a T.V. for grandpa and grandma.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is the way it works: We send the money and grandpa's address
      to Hong Kong, and the company in Hong Kong sends them a receipt,’
      and then they can pick up the television at a department store in
      Guǎngzhōu.
    </para>
    <para>
      What if the television has something wrong with it?
    </para>
    <para>
      That's the company's responsibility. I'm sure they would exchange
      it for a good one.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dānzi here refers to a tíhuòdān, &quot;bill of lading,&quot; hence
      it may be translated loosely as &quot;receipt.&quot; (The specific
      translation for &quot;receipt&quot; is shōujù or fāpiào.)
    </para>
    <para>
      °°Gěi is a colloquial abbreviation for gěi tamen, &quot;for
      them.&quot;
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:   Duì, women jǐntiǎn jiù bǎ
              </para>
              <para>
                zhǐpiào jìchuqu.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Right. Let’s send out the check today.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      A:   M, nà bú cuò, xiànzài yéye
    </para>
    <para>
      nǎinai shēnghuo ǎndìng, shénme dōu hǎo, jiù shi shǎo yige diànshì.
      Yōule diànshì, tāmen yídìng hěn gāoxìng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Mm, that’s good. Now grandpa and
    </para>
    <para>
      grandma have a settled life, and all
    </para>
    <para>
      is well for them; the
    </para>
    <para>
      only thing
    </para>
    <para>
      they
    </para>
    <para>
      lack is a television.
    </para>
    <para>
      When they
    </para>
    <para>
      have
    </para>
    <para>
      a television I’m sure happy.
    </para>
    <para>
      they’ll be
    </para>
    <para>
      very
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      A father (B) and son (A) talk in Beijing.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bàba! Xiànzài zěnme you zenme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      duō rén xiāngxìn zǒngjiào le, zhēn qíguài!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ kànjian shénme shi le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zài lùkǒurshang nèige jiàotāng,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jǐntiǎn yōu hěn duō rén zài ner zuò lǐbài, yě yōu niánqīngde rén!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wōmende fǎlū shuō Zhōngguo rén
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      kéyi yōu zǒngjiào zìyou, zhèi méiyou shénme qíguài ma!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō jìde bàoshang shuō, zài Nan
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Měide yíge guojiā yōu yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào yōu hěn duō rén
      xiāngxìn, zhèixiē rén bǎ zìjǐde qián dōu gěile zhèige zōngjiào-de
      tour, kěshi zhèige tour shi ge huàirén, xīdú, shā rén, shénme
      luānqǐbāzāode shir dōu zuò. Suóyi wō juéde zōngjiào zìyou yě bù
      yídìng hǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zōngjiào bú shi yíjiàn Jiǎndān-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      de shi. Zōngjiào hé fàn zuì méiyou yídìngde guānxi. Zōngjiào yōu
      tāde dúlìxìng, yōude shihou hé zhèngzhi, wénhuà yōu guānxi, yōude
      shihou méiyou. Děng dào nǐ zhǎngdàle yǐhòu, rúguǒ n? yōu xìngqu
      kéyi yánjiū yanjiu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dad, how come there are so many people who believe in religion
      now? It’s so strange!
    </para>
    <para>
      Why, what have you seen?
    </para>
    <para>
      In that church on the corner, today there were a lot of people
      worshiping. There were young people there too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Our law does give the Chinese people freedom of religion. There’s
      nothing strange about that!
    </para>
    <para>
      I remember it said in the newspaper that there was some religion
      in South America a lot of people believed in, and the people gave
      all their money to the head of this religion, but he was a bad
      person who took drugs and killed people and did all sorts of crazy
      things. So I don’t think that freedom of religion is necessarily
      good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Religion isn’t a simple thing. It doesn’t have a definite
      relationship to crime. Religion has its independent character;
      sometimes it’s related to politics and culture, and sometimes it
      isn’t. When you grow up, if you’re interested, you can study it.
    </para>
    <para>
      “yìzhōng shénme zōngjiào, &quot;some religion&quot; Shénme here
      acts as an indefinite pronoun modifying zōngjiào and means that
      the speaker does not know how to describe or specify the religion
      precisely.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ tingshuǒ shìjièshang you hěn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      duō bù tóngde zōngjiào, yě you hěn duō you yìside zōngjiào gùshi,
      zài zhèixiě gùshili you xiě shi ràng rén xué hǎo, shi duì rén you
      hǎochùde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèi shi zhēnde. Yánjiū zōng-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Jiào xūyào hěn duōde zhishi, tèbié shi lìshǐ zhishi, shi hěn you
      yìside. Hǎo le, zhèige wèn-tí women yǐhòu zài tan. Nǐde gōngkè
      zuòwánle meiyou?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hái you yidiǎnr, wǒ mǎshàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiù qù zuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo, kuài qù ba! Zuòwánle
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gōngkè zài tan.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Hǎo!
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear that there are many different religions in the world and
      that there are a lot of interesting religious stories. Some of the
      stories have the purpose of teaching people from good examples, so
      they’re good for people.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s true. To study religion, you need a lot of knowledge,
      especially a knowledge of history. It’s very interesting. All
      right, we’ll talk about this question later. Is your homework
      done?
    </para>
    <para>
      I still have a little. I’ll go do it right away.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, hurry up! When you’ve finished your homework, we’ll talk
      some more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay!
    </para>
    <para>
      UNIT 8 Directions for the Future
    </para>
    <para>
      INTRODUCTION
    </para>
    <para>
      Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Action-Process compound verbs.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The directional ending -hui, &quot;hack.&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. The patterns (Verb) dong (Verb) xi and dǒng (Verb) xi
          (Verb).
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. The marker -de after phrases with a parallel structure.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. The adverb you, &quot;after all,&quot; &quot;anyway.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      6. The adverb phrase yě bu, &quot;don't even,&quot; &quot;won't
      even,&quot; &quot;wouldn't even.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Functional Language Contained in This Unit
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a
          situation.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Politely asking someone to quiet down.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a
          conversation.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. A: Míngtiān clou yǒu shéi kǎoshì ?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Deng yíxià wǒ gěi ni xiě yíge dānzi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: Bomǔ shuì wǔjiào ne ha?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié bǎ ta chǎoxǐng le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. A: Nǐ kàn zhèicìde shēngyì zěnmeyàng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù zhǐdào. Yào kàn yùnqi le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiě gǒngyìpǐn dàihuí Meiguo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ zhèr zhènghǎo yǒu jǐjiàn, nǐ dōu dàishang ba.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A: Hǎoxiàng shi Xiǎo L? cǒng ménkǒur guòqu le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: N? hǎohāorde zài zhèr niàn shù ba! Bié xiǎng dōng xiǎng
          xīde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Who’s taking the test tomorrow?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll write you a list in a minute.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is your mother taking a Enoontime3 nap?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sh! Keep it down. Don’t wake her up.
    </para>
    <para>
      How do you think business will go this time?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t know. It depends on luck.
    </para>
    <para>
      I want to go buy some handicrafts to take back to America.
    </para>
    <para>
      I just happen to have some here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Take them with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      That looked like Xiǎo L? who just passed by the door.
    </para>
    <para>
      You just tend to your studies
    </para>
    <para>
      Eproperly!! Don’t be thinking of this and that.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Qùnián tade Yǐngwén hái shuō-de name nántǐng, jīnnián
          hǎoxiàng hǎoduǒ le. Shi zěnme hui shi?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Shi zenme hui shi, tā mùqin téng ta, song ta qù Yīngguó niànle
      yìnián shù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it
      seems a lot better. What happened?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s this way: his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in
      England for a year.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Tā hái qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lán gàn shenme, rénjia you bù xǐhuan
          ta!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      What is he going to see Xiǎo Lán for? After all, she doesn’t like
      him.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ bié jí, wǒ lái quànquan ta.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Don’t get upset, I’ll try to persuade him.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    8. A: Nǐ shuō wō gāi hu gai qu?
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Nǐ kànzhe hàn ha, tíngshuō nèige dìfangr kuài dǎ
                    zhang le.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    9. A: Gāngcái wǒ qù gěi Wáng Dàifu sòngxíng, tā shuō
                    tā yuànyi gěi nín kànkan.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    B: Zhèi yíxiàzi hǎo le. Děng tā huilai wō qù kàn ta.
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    10. A: Zhèige shǎ háizi, zènme dàde shir yě hu zǎo
                    diǎnr gàosu wo!
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
              <para>
                B: Wō yuánlái gēn nín shuōguo, nín wàng le.
              </para>
              <para>
                ADDITIONAL REQUIRED VOCABULARY
              </para>
              <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    11. gànmá
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    12. lái
                  </para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                  <para>
                    13. hófù
                  </para>
                </listitem>
              </itemizedlist>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Do you think I should go?
              </para>
              <para>
                You do as you see fit, hut I hear that there’s about to
                he a war there.
              </para>
              <para>
                Just now when I went to see Dr. Wang off, he said he
                would he willing to see you CmedicallyD.
              </para>
              <para>
                (Now) that’s great. I’ll go see him when he gets hack.
              </para>
              <para>
                What a stupid kid, why didn’t you tell me about this
                before, since it’s such an important thing.
              </para>
              <para>
                I did tell you, but you’ve forgotten.
              </para>
              <para>
                (colloquial) why on earth, what for; to do what
              </para>
              <para>
                to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an
                event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to Join in (a
                game, etc.)
              </para>
              <para>
                uncle (father's elder brother); term for the father of
                one's friend
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      VOCABULARY
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bófù
    </para>
    <para>
      bómǔ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      uncle (father’s elder brother); term for the father of one’s
      friend
    </para>
    <para>
      aunt (wife of father’s elder brother); term for the mother of
      one’s friend
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      chǎoxǐng
    </para>
    <para>
      dàishang
    </para>
    <para>
      dānzi
    </para>
    <para>
      dǎ zhang
    </para>
    <para>
      děi kàn (or yào kàn)
    </para>
    <para>
      děng
    </para>
    <para>
      děng yíxià
    </para>
    <para>
      gāi
    </para>
    <para>
      gànmá
    </para>
    <para>
      gànshenme
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngyìpǐn
    </para>
    <para>
      guòqu
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎohǎor
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎoxiàng
    </para>
    <para>
      -hui
    </para>
    <para>
      kàn
    </para>
    <para>
      kànzhe
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎo
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎoshì
    </para>
    <para>
      lai
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be noisy; to disturb by making noise
    </para>
    <para>
      to wake (someone) up by being noisy
    </para>
    <para>
      to take along (Beijing)
    </para>
    <para>
      list; form
    </para>
    <para>
      to fight a war, to go to war
    </para>
    <para>
      to depend on
    </para>
    <para>
      when; by the time; till
    </para>
    <para>
      wait a while; in a little while
    </para>
    <para>
      should, ought to; to be someone’s turn to
    </para>
    <para>
      to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for
    </para>
    <para>
      to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for
    </para>
    <para>
      handicrafts
    </para>
    <para>
      to pass
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      well; properly; thoroughly to seem as if
    </para>
    <para>
      (counter for shi, ’’matter&quot;)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to depend on
    </para>
    <para>
      (followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable
    </para>
    <para>
      to take/give an exam, test, or quiz
    </para>
    <para>
      to take/give an exam, test, or quiz;
    </para>
    <para>
      exam, test
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event), to
      help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game, etc.)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nántíng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears; to be
      scandalous
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      quàn
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to advise, to urge, to try to persuade
    </para>
    <para>
      to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shēngyì (shēngyi) sòngxíng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      téng
    </para>
    <para>
      wǔj iào
    </para>
    <para>
      yào kàn (or děi kàn)
    </para>
    <para>
      yuánlái
    </para>
    <para>
      yuànyi
    </para>
    <para>
      yùnqi
    </para>
    <para>
      zěnme (yì)huí shi
    </para>
    <para>
      zenme (yì)huí shi zhèi yíxiàzi zhème hui shi zhènghǎo(r)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      &quot;business, trade
    </para>
    <para>
      to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a
      going-away party
    </para>
    <para>
      to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on
    </para>
    <para>
      noontime nap
    </para>
    <para>
      to depend on
    </para>
    <para>
      anyway; after all (used in questions and negative statements)
    </para>
    <para>
      original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding out the
      true situation)
    </para>
    <para>
      to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to
    </para>
    <para>
      luck
    </para>
    <para>
      what's it all about
    </para>
    <para>
      like this
    </para>
    <para>
      after this, as a result of this
    </para>
    <para>
      like this
    </para>
    <para>
      it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just in
      time, Just right, Just enough
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit fl, Reference Notes
    </para>
    <para>
      1. A: Míngtiān dōu you shéi
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎoshì?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: l)ěn[-; yíxià wǒ gěi ni xiě yígo dānzi .
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎoshì: &quot;to take/give an exam, t used as a verb-object
      compound or as if the context makes it clear.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kǎoshì yThou tā lei le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèicì kǎoshì tā kǎode bú cuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      NT Jīntiān kǎode zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      NTde JTngJixué kǎode zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ lái kǎokao nT.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kǎowán shi yThòu (OH Kǎowánle yThòu), women qù kàn diànyTng, hǎo
      bu hǎo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Who’s taking the test tomorrow?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll write you a list in a minute.
    </para>
    <para>
      est, or quiz; test, exam&quot; This may be noun. Kao as a verb may
      be used alone
    </para>
    <para>
      She was tired after taking the test.
    </para>
    <para>
      He did pretty well on the test this time.
    </para>
    <para>
      How did the test(s) go today?
    </para>
    <para>
      How did you do on your economics exam?
    </para>
    <para>
      ī.et me quiz you.
    </para>
    <para>
      het’s go to the movies after we’re done taking the test.
    </para>
    <para>
      děng yíxià may have its literal meaning, &quot;wait a minute, wait
      a while,&quot; or it may mean &quot;in a minute, in a while.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle women Jiù zǒu, hǎo bu
      hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      NT děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;TN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      NT xiān chT, děng yíxià wǒ xTwánle yTfu Jiù lái.
    </para>
    <para>
      NTmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Deng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde )ai zhǎo wo, qTng ni ràng ta J
      ìnJ ai .
    </para>
    <para>
      Wait a second, I want to make a phone call. We’ll go as soon as
      I’m finished, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wait a second, let me help you with that.
    </para>
    <para>
      You go ahead and eat. I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished washing
      the clothes.
    </para>
    <para>
      You go ahead and leave. T’il go in a will It?.
    </para>
    <para>
      In a while a Mr. Wáng will be coming to see me. Please let him in.
    </para>
    <para>
      2. A: Bómǔ shuì wǔjiào ne ba?        Is your mother taking a
      CnoontimeJ nap?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: X, xiǎo shēng diǎnr. Bié      Sh.' Keep it down. Don't
    </para>
    <para>
      bǎ ta chǎoxǐng le.            wake her up.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      bómǔ: &quot;wife of father's older brother,&quot; but also a term
      for the mother of one’s friend. Relationships between friends are
      often thought of and even spoken of in terms similar to family
      relationships. Friends are like brothers and sisters, and
      therefore a friend’s parents are addressed as aunt (bómǔ) and
      uncle (bófù).
    </para>
    <para>
      shuì wǔjiào: &quot;to take a nap,&quot; literally &quot;to sleep
      the afternoon sleep.&quot; Wǔshuì shíjiǎn is &quot;afternoon nap
      time,&quot; as in a school or organization.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ Jīntiān méi shíjiǎn shuì wǔjiào.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I didn’t have time to take my afternoon nap today.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jīntiān nǐmen yǒu meiyou wǔshuì shíjiǎn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou. Zhōngfàn yǐhòu Jiù kǎi huì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do you have an afternoon nap today?
    </para>
    <para>
      No. We have a meeting right after lunch.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and
      store schedules often make time for this, especially in hot
      weather.
    </para>
    <para>
      X: &quot;Sh.&quot;' This is the &quot;word&quot; you use to signal
      someone to keep quiet. It is said with rounded lips—like
      whispering the syllable xū.
    </para>
    <para>
      chǎoxǐng: &quot;to wake up by making noise&quot; Chǎo can mean
      &quot;to be noisy,&quot; or as in chǎoxǐng, &quot;to disturb by
      being noisy.&quot; lit can also mean &quot;to quarrel, to
      squabble.&quot;J Xǐng (Welfare module, Unit 1+) is &quot;to wake
      up,&quot; a process verb. The compound chǎoxǐng is therefore made
      up of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning
      &quot;by performing the action, to cause the pro
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      cess (change of state) to occur. You useful compound verbs:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zǒulèi le ba, zuòxia xiūxi yihuǐr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā zěnme bìng le? Shi bu shi zuótiān hede tài duō?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi hēde tài duō, shi chīde tài duō chǐbìng le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuì gòu le ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bǎ yǎnjing kǔhóng le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      can use this pattern to make a lot of
    </para>
    <para>
      You must be tired (from walking). Sit down and rest a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      How come he got sick? Was it that he had too much to drink
      yesterday?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, he didn’t have too much to drink. He got sick from eating too
      much.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you get enough sleep?
    </para>
    <para>
      She cried her eyes red.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      3. A: Nǐ kàn zheicìde shēngyì        How do you think business
      will
    </para>
    <para>
      zěnmeyàng?                     go this time?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bu zhīdao. Yào kàn yùnqi le. I don’t know. It depends on luck.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      shēngyì: &quot;business, trade&quot; Also pronounced shēngyi.
    </para>
    <para>
      yào kàn: &quot;depends on...&quot; By itself, kàn (which you know
      as &quot;to look at&quot; and &quot;to think, to have the opinion
      that&quot;) has another meaning, &quot;to depend on, to be up to,
      to be determined by.&quot; Often yào or děi is added before it.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ míngtiān shi qù háishi bú qù?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ng, děi kàn tiānqi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ jǐntiǎn kéyi zǎo diǎnr hui jiā ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: (Yào) kàn nī zuòdewán zuòbu-wán zhèixiē shi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nī néng gēn women qù Jiāzhōu ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jiù kàn shíjiān le, yào shi xiàtiān jiu kéyi le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Kàn nǐde le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Are you going tomorrow or not?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mm, that depends on the weather.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can I go home early today?
    </para>
    <para>
      That depends on whether you can finish these tasks.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can you go to California with us?
    </para>
    <para>
      That only depends on the time. If it’s in the summer I can go.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s all up to you now!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yùnqi: &quot;luck; to be lucky&quot; This word can be used either
      as a noun or as an adjectival verb. The following sentences show
      some of its uses as a noun:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde yùnqi zhēn bú cuò.            He really has good luck.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī yùnqi zhēn hǎo!                 You’re really lucky!
    </para>
    <para>
      CTo say &quot;to be unlucky,&quot; use dǎoméi or bù zǒu yùn.1
    </para>
    <para>
      U. A: Wǒ xiǎng qù mǎi xiē gōngyì- I want to go buy some
      handicrafts pǐn dàihuí Měiguó.             to take back to
      America.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ zhèr zhènghǎo yǒu jǐjiàn, I just happen to have some here.
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ dōu dàishang ba.            Take them with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      dàihuí: &quot;to bring/take back&quot; You have seen hui used as a
      main verb meaning &quot;to return to,&quot; in hui jiā, &quot;to
      return home,&quot; and hui guo, &quot;to return to one's
      country,&quot; and with the endings -lai and -qu as in huílai,
      &quot;to come back.&quot; Here you see it used as a directional
      ending. Dàihuí can only be
    </para>
    <para>
      used if it is followed by a place name, like Meiguo in sentence
      <emphasis role="smallcaps">Ua.</emphasis> Otherwise you should use
      dàihuilai or dàihuiqu, depending on whether the direction is
      toward or away from the point of reference.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèixiē cài women chībuwán, kéyi dàihuiqu ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zenme yuǎnde lù, zǒubuhuíqù le ba?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zǒudehuíqù. Xiànzài cái wǔ-diǎn zhōng, zǒuhuiqu zhǐ yào
          yíge bàn zhōngtóu jiu gòu le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ bǎ péngyou sòngqu yǐhòu, děi bǎ chē kǎihuilai, wǒ yào yòng.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhènghǎo(r):
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We can’t finish these dishes (of food May we take them back with
      us?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s such a long way. We can’t walk back, can we?
    </para>
    <para>
      Sure we can. It’s only five o’clock now. It will only take an hour
      and a half to walk back.
    </para>
    <para>
      After you’ve dropped your friend off, you have to drive the car
      back here I want to use it.
    </para>
    <para>
      tt
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (1) &quot;just right; just in time; just enough
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhèishuǎng xié wǒ chuān zhènghǎo (r).
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ láide zhènghǎo(r), wǎn jifēn zhōng wǒ jiu zǒu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèixiē qián zhènghǎo(r) mǎi nèige diànshì.
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) &quot;to be opportune&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zài zhèr zhènghǎo(r), bang wo yíge máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      (3) &quot;as it happens, it just so happens&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao Lǐ Xiansheng, jiù bǎ shìqing bàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      These shoes of yours fit me just right.
    </para>
    <para>
      You came just in time. If you’d come a few minutes later, I would
      have already left.
    </para>
    <para>
      This money is just enough to buy that T.V.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s a good thing (lit., &quot;opportune&quot;) you’re here. You
      can help me out.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I just happened to run into Mr. Lǐ today, so I took care of that
      matter.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi I was originally going to buy a sofa
      shāf ā”, jīntiān zhènghǎo(r)       next month, but today I
      happened to
    </para>
    <para>
      pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi le.       come across the right kind, so
      I
    </para>
    <para>
      bought it.
    </para>
    <para>
      *pèngdao, &quot;to run into, to come across&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      **shāfā, &quot;sofa&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      dàishang: ”to take along with one&quot; In the Beijing dialect,
      the verh ending -shang is sometimes used to mean &quot;along
      with&quot; a person. (For the first example you need to know tí,
      &quot;to carry from the hand at the side of the body.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā tíshang shūhāo Jiu zǒu le. She picked up her schoolbag and
      left.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige sǎn nǐ náshang ba.          Take this umbrella along with
      you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bàoshang háizi, wǒ názhe        You carry the child, and I’ll
      hold
    </para>
    <para>
      zhèige.                              this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Speakers who are not from Beijing would use different endings in
      these cases, for example -zhe or -qu (depending on the meaning of
      the sentence).
    </para>
    <para>
      5. A: Hǎoxíàng shi Xiǎo Lǐ cong měnkǒur guòqu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ hǎohāorde zài zhèr niàn shū ba! Bié xiǎng dǒng xiǎng xǐde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      guòqu: &quot;to pass, to go over&quot; guòqù (Falling-tone qù),
      &quot;the past&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòlai is &quot;to come over.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      That looked like Xiǎo Lǐ who Just passed by the door.
    </para>
    <para>
      You Just tend to your studies
    </para>
    <para>
      Iproperly3! Don’t be thinking of this and that.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Contrast guòqu (neutral-tone qu) with (see Unit U of this module).
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ guòqu kànkan.
    </para>
    <para>
      Menkǒu guòqu yíge rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nàr guòlai yíge rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yìhuīr Jiu guòqu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kuài guòlai!
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòlai zuò yihuǐr ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòlai!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Go over there and take a look.
    </para>
    <para>
      Someone passed by the door.
    </para>
    <para>
      Someone is coming over from there.
    </para>
    <para>
      It will pass in Just a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Come on over here!
    </para>
    <para>
      Come over (to my house) for a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Lit., &quot;Come over to sit awhile.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      C’mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)
    </para>
    <para>
      Guòqu is also a polite or respectful word for &quot;to die,&quot;
      similar to English &quot;to pass away.&quot; As mentioned in Unit
      5» Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding sǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎohāor: &quot;well; industriously; properly; thoroughly&quot; In
      Unit 1 of this module, you learned mànmānr &quot;slowly,&quot;
      which is a reduplication of the adjectival verb màn &quot;to be
      slow.&quot; In Beijing conversation, the second màn is said with
      the first tone, and -r is added, making mànmānr. In many other
      parts of China, it is said as mànmàn. Likewise, Beijing hǎohāor is
      often heard as hǎohǎo elsewhere. Reduplication allows an
      adjectival verb to be used before a verb as a modifier, with or
      without -de, for example, mànmàn(de) chi, &quot;to eat
      slowly,&quot; hǎohǎo(de) ting, &quot;to listen well.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Hǎohǎorde (hǎohǎode) has more specific meanings than Just
      &quot;well.&quot; It can mean &quot;properly,&quot;
      &quot;thoroughly,&quot; or &quot;nicely,&quot; or &quot;in
      perfectly good condition, with nothing the least bit wrong.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài hǎohǎorde niàn shū, yǐhòu hǎohǎorde gōngzuò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcái hai hǎohǎorde, xiànzài bù zhī zěnme hui shi you kū-qilai
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèngzhide shìqing gen xiǎohǎizi wǎnr yíyàng, liǎngtiǎn yǐqián hai
      hǎohǎorde, liǎngtiǎn yǐhòu Jiu dǎqilai le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Study properly now, and do your Job properly later on.
    </para>
    <para>
      Everything was fine Just a minute ago. Now I don’t know what
      happened, but she’s crying again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Politics is like children playing. First everything’s fine, and
      then a couple of days later they’re fighting.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiǎng dong xiǎng xǐ: &quot;to think of this and that, to let one’s
      mind wander*<superscript>1</superscript>Pong, &quot;east,&quot;
      and xǐ, &quot;west,&quot; are used in the patterns (Verb) dōng
      (Verb) xǐ and dōng (Verb) xǐ~(Verb) to express that a person’s
      action has no
    </para>
    <para>
      definite aim or that something is done haphazardly. More examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      kàn dōng kàn xǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      xué dōng xué xǐ zōu dōng zōu xǐ zhǎo dōng zhǎo xǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      You can also say dōng xiǎng xǐ xiǎng, examples in sentences:
    </para>
    <para>
      Guò mǎlùde shihou, bié zhème kàn dōng kàn xīde, duó wēixiǎn a.'
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zong shi xué dōng xué xīde yǐjīng shínián le, hái méi cong
      dàxué bìyè.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shénme dōngxi diū le, zhǎo dōng zhǎo xīde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      looking here and there studying this and that walking all about
      searching here and there
    </para>
    <para>
      dōng kàn xǐ kàn, etc. Here are some
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t let your eyes wander when you cross the street. It’s very
      dangerous !
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s been studying this and that for ten years, and still hasn’t
      graduated from college.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re hunting all over the place. What did you lose?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi liSngnián wǒ yìzhí zou dōng zou xǐ, méi shíjiān gēn Jiāli rén
      zài yìqǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The past couple of years I’ve been traipsing all over the place,
      and haven’t had any time to be with my family.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ...-de: Here you see a new use of the marker -de. After certain
      phrases, especially ones with a parallel structure, -de means
      &quot;that way,&quot; describing a way of looking, acting, or Just
      a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need these
      three items: lǎo, &quot;all the time, always&quot;;
    </para>
    <para>
      bù huāng bù máng, &quot;calm, not the least injection. ’’)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gànmá lǎo zǒuchǔ zǒujìnde?!
    </para>
    <para>
      Shíjiǎn kuài dào le, nǐ zěnme hái bù huāng bù mángde?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi bànge duō yuè, you dǎ zhēn you chī yàode, tāde tuǐ hǎoxiàng
      yǐjíng hǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi shénme xie! Yìzhī dà yìzhī xiǎode!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bit flustered&quot;; and dǎ zhēn, &quot;to get an
    </para>
    <para>
      How come you keep walking in and out?.’
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s almost time, how can you be so calm?
    </para>
    <para>
      During the past half month or so, with all the injections and
      medications , her leg seems to have already recovered.
    </para>
    <para>
      What kind of shoes are these, with one bigger than the other!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      6. A: Qùnián tāde Yǐngwén hái shuode nàme nántīng, jīn-nián
      hǎoxiàng hǎoduō le. Shi zěnme hui shi?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Last year his English still sounded so awful, but this year it
      seems a lot better. What happened?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Shi zènme hui shi, tā mǔqin téng ta, song ta qù Yīng-guō niànle
      yìnián shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s this way, his mother dotes on him and sent him to school in
      England for a year.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      téng: &quot;to be fond of, to be attached to, to dote on&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige háizi, bù guǎn nǐ zěnme téng ta, tā yě bu tīng huà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎinai zhēn téng wǒ dìdi!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi háizi zhēn
      kěài<anchor id="footnote8" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark77">8</link></superscript>!
      Ràng rén bù néng bu téng!
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā tèbié téng érzi, zǒng pà tā chībuhǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never does what
      you say.
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my younger brother.
    </para>
    <para>
      This child is adorable; you can’t help but be fond of him!
    </para>
    <para>
      She is especially attached to her son, and is always afraid that
      he won’t eat well.
    </para>
    <para>
      zěnme hui shi: &quot;what happened; what’s it all about; what’s
      the story&quot; Also said as zěnme yìhuí shi. Zěnme here means
      zěnmeyàng, &quot;what kind, of what nature.&quot; Hui is a counter
      for shi, as in You zhèihuí shi ma?, &quot;is there such a
      thing?&quot; or &quot;Did such a thing (really) happen?&quot; In
      the phrase zěnme yìhuí shi, the number yī is often dropped from
      yìhuí just as it can be dropped in phrases like chǐ (yí)ge
      píngguǒ, &quot;eat an apple.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Wūli What is this, anyway? Why is this
      zěnme nàme zāng?                   room so dirty?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi zěnme hui shi? Dōngxi What's going on, anyway? Things are
    </para>
    <para>
      yìtiān bǐ yìtiān guì!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      getting more and more expensive every day.
    </para>
    <para>
      zènme hui shi: Also zhème hui shi. This phrase has two main uses:
    </para>
    <para>
      (1) Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in
      sentence 6B.
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event, e.g.,
    </para>
    <para>
      Yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh, so that's the story.'
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ào zhīdao shi zhème hui shi wǒ J iu bù lái le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If I had known that was what it was all about, I wouldn't have
      come.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Iā you qù zhǎo Xiǎo Lan gàn shenme, rénjia you bù xǐhuan ta!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What is he going to see Xiǎo Lan for? After all, she doesn't like
      him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dotes on Do
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bié Ji, wǒ lái quànquan .a.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Don't get upset, I'll try to persuade him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhǎo: Literally, &quot;to look for,&quot; but when the object is a
      person it can mean, &quot;to call on&quot; a person. This is the
      way zhǎo is used in sentence TA, hence the translation &quot;going
      to see Xiǎo Lán,&quot; rather than &quot;going to look for Xiǎo
      Lan.&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xīngqītiān tǎ zǒngshi qù zhǎo péngyou.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      On Sundays, he always goes to see his friends.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèizhǒng wèntí zhǎo tǎ méi cuò!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When you have that kind of problem, you won't go wrong if you go
      to him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhǎo wǒ méi yòng, wǒ bù guǎn zhè shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It's useless to come to me about this matter, I'm not in charge of
      it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gàn shénme: &quot;to do what; what for, why&quot; Gan is the verb
      &quot;to do.&quot; Gan shénme and the similar gànmá can be used
      (1) to ask what someone is doing; (2) like wèishénme, except with
      a livelier, more conversational tone; or (3) rhetorically, to
      question the value or use of something.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ gànmá ne?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What are you doing?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ǐ míngtiǎn gàn shénme?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What are you doing tomorrow?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Gàn shénme lǎo gēnzhe wǒ!?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What are you doing always following me?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gēn, &quot;to follow&quot;
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Gànma mǎi zhèige? Name guì!
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní gànma zong ting tāde?!
    </para>
    <para>
      Hai zài zhèr gàn shénme? Kuài hui jiā ha!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi shi xiǎo shìqing ma! Ní gànma zhème shēngqì?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige dōngxi shi gànmáde?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǎnshang ní yídìng dào tā jiā qù yítàng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Gàn shenme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A: Bǎ zhèige sòngqu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What did you &quot;buy this for? It’s so expensive!
    </para>
    <para>
      How come you always do what he says?!
    </para>
    <para>
      Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!
    </para>
    <para>
      This is such a small matter! Why should you get so angry?
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s this thing for?
    </para>
    <para>
      You have to go to her house tonight.
    </para>
    <para>
      What for?
    </para>
    <para>
      To take this to her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lián ní dou hú qù, wǒ gàn shenme qù?!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you aren’t even going, why should I go?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      you: You have seen the adverb you meaning (1) ’’again,” as in Ní
      you lái le, ’’You’re here again” and (2) ’’both.. .and.as in You
      hǎo you piányi, T^Both good and inexpensive.” In sentence TA, you
      is used to stress that the speaker thinks what he is saying is a
      strong reason why something should he otherwise. This you is
      usually used in sentences with the verb made negative, or in
      rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is expected).
    </para>
    <para>
      IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you hù shǎ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ you hù zhīdào jintiǎn xià yǔ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní you méi kànjianguo ta, ni zěnme zhīdao tā hù hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you hú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn gōngzuò?
    </para>
    <para>
      IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you zhīdao shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      Shéi you néng kànde nàme yuǎn ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s no dummy, after all.
    </para>
    <para>
      After all, I didn’t know it was going to rain today.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’ve never seen him, after all; how could you know he’s no good?
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s not a diplomat, after all; why is he working in the embassy?
    </para>
    <para>
      What does he know, anyway? (Means, ”He doesn’t know anything.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      Who could have seen that far ahead, after all? (Means, ”No one
      could have seen that far.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      Bùzhǎng you zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      So what if he’s a (government) minister? (Means, ’’The fact that
      he’s a government minister is unimpressive.”)
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàoshi tā hù néng zuò, shéi you If he can't do it, who can?
      (Means, néng zuò ne?                         &quot;if he can't,
      nobody can.&quot;)
    </para>
    <para>
      quàn: &quot;to advise&quot; or &quot;to try to persuade&quot; a
      person. This describes the action of talking to someone in order
      to bring them around to a certain way of thinking. Sentence 7B
      might be translated simply as, &quot;Don't get upset, I'll talk to
      him.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ quàn ni háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhao gōngzuò nan
      na.'
    </para>
    <para>
      My advice to you is not to study literature. It would be awfully
      hard to find a job after you graduate.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde shi nǐ bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo máfande.
    </para>
    <para>
      You'd better not try to advise him about his affairs, otherwise
      he'll give you trouble.
    </para>
    <para>
      8. A: Nǐ shuō wō gāi bu gai qù?      Do you think I should go?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Nǐ kànzhe bàn ba, tíngshuō     You do as you see fit, but I
      hear
    </para>
    <para>
      nèige dìfangr kuài dǎ          that there's about to be a war
    </para>
    <para>
      zhàng le.                        there.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      gāi: &quot;should; ought to; to be someone's turn to (do
      something)&quot; Gāi is an auxiliary verb very similar in meaning
      to yinggāi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kuài qīdiǎn bàn le, wǒ gāi shàng It's almost seven-thirty. I
      should bān qu le.                          be leaving for work.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ gāi shuō shénme ne?              What should I say?
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāi is frequently used before the subject of a clause. In such
      cases it can also mean &quot;to be (someone's) turn to (do
      something).&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān gāi tā qǐng kè le.        Tomorrow it's his turn to
      treat.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèixiē shi běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshì-men
      dōu bāng máng zuòwán le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèicì gāi wǒ qǐng ni kàn dianyǐng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāi nǐ zǒu le OR Gāi nǐ le.
    </para>
    <para>
      It should have been me who did these things in the first place,
      but with me being sick the past few days, my colleagues finished
      them all for me.
    </para>
    <para>
      This time it's my turn to treat you to a movie.
    </para>
    <para>
      Your move OR It's your turn, (in playing a game)
    </para>
    <para>
      kànzhe: In front of another verb, kànzhe means &quot;(do
      something) as one sees fit.&quot; The &quot;locking&quot; in
      kànzhe refers to looking at the situation in order to decide what
      one is able to do and what is best to do. The most common phrase
      in which kànzhe appears is kànzhe bàn, &quot;to do as one thinks
      bes
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ shuō wǒ shi qù hǎo ne?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Do you think it would be best for me
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Háishi bú qù hǎo?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go or not to go?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zěnme shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                What should I say? Do what you think
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bàn ba!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                best!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                A:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nī yào mǎi shenme yánsède
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                What color shirt do you want to buy?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chènshǎn?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                B:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Buy what you think best.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      dǎ zhang: ”to fight a war, to go to war” This is a verb plus
      general object, like niàn shū. Zhang is not used by itself (except
      in a construction like Zhèi yízhang dale hǎojǐge yuè, ’’This
      battle/war was fought for many months,&quot; in which zhang simply
      precedes dǎ instead of following it).
    </para>
    <para>
      If you want to say ’’war&quot; by itself, you have to use another
      word, zhànzhēng, which is taught in the next module.
    </para>
    <para>
      9. A: Gangcái wǒ qù gěi Wang Daifu sòngxíng, tǎ shuo tǎ yuànyi gěi
      nín kànkan.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèi yíxiàzi hǎo le. Děng tǎ huílai wǒ qù kàn ta.
    </para>
    <para>
      Just now when I went to see Dr. Wáng off, he said he would be
      willing to see you Cmedically].
    </para>
    <para>
      (Now) that’s great. I’ll go see him when he gets back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      sòngxíng:  (1) &quot;to see off, to
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai
      sòngxíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      wish (someone) a good trip&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      At two this afternoon I’m going to the airport to see Mr. and Mrs.
      Zhāng off.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) &quot;to give a going-away party&quot;
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ jǐntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu        Are you busy tonight?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      meiyou shi?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Women jǐntiǎn wǎnshang chūqu We’re going out for dinner
          tonight chǐ fàn, gěi péngyou song- to have a going-away party
          for a xíng.                            friend.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhèi yíxiàzi: &quot;as a result of this&quot; This means that
      something has happened which brings a new turn to the situation.
      It can often be translated into English simply by using the word
      &quot;now.&quot; (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it
      from the translation.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Qián lái le, zhèi yíxiàzi keyi The money has come. Now we can buy
      mǎi fángzi le!                      the house!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi yíxiàzi zǎogǎo le, wǒde This is terrible! I don’t have
    </para>
    <para>
      qián bú gòu le.                     enough money (e.g., to pay for
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      things I just brought to the cashier).
    </para>
    <para>
      děng: &quot;when, by the time; till&quot; This word, which you
      first learned as &quot;to wait,&quot; can have these other
      meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that of
      děng dào, which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for
      &quot;when&quot; or &quot;by the time.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Děng wǒ dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài Běijīng.
    </para>
    <para>
      It wasn’t till I got to Běijīng that I found out he was there too.
    </para>
    <para>
      10. A:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige shǎ háizi, zenme dàde shir yě bu zǎo diǎnr gàosu wo!
    </para>
    <para>
      What a stupid kid, why didn’t you tell me about this before, since
      it’s such an important thing.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ yuánlái gēn nín shuǒguo, I did tell you, but you’ve
      forgotten, nín wàng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎ: &quot;to be stupid, to be silly, to be naive&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī zhen shǎ! Qián fàng zai yin- You’re really silly. It’s such a
    </para>
    <para>
      hángli duo hǎo! Fàng zai jiāli gàn shénme?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      good idea to put your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at
      home for?
    </para>
    <para>
      Shǎ háizi, bié zǒng wèn nèixiě shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly questions all the
      time?
    </para>
    <para>
      zǎo: Besides &quot;early,&quot; zǎo can also mean &quot;before,
      sooner,&quot; or &quot;long ago.&quot; Here are more examples.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen jīge nútongxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hài!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      .i! Wǒ zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Those women students took off for the beach a long time ago.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sometimes zǎo only conveys the speaker’s feeling of regret and
      irritation. &quot;A long time ago&quot; might actually be no more
      than a moment ago. In such cases, zǎo can be translated by
      intonation alone:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī zěnme bù zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎo zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why didn’t you say so (before)’. How can we make it in time now?
    </para>
    <para>
      If I had known that he was this way I wouldn’t have been so naive.
    </para>
    <para>
      yě bu: &quot;don’t even, won’t even, wouldn’t even&quot; do
      something that one should do.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bādiǎn bàn le, nī yě bu zǎo diǎnr It’s half past eight! Why didn’t
      you jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují le. get me up before? Now I won’t
      make it in time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ní yě &quot;bu kuài diǎnr shōushi, wǒmen dōu děngjí le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yě &quot;bu kuài diǎnr lai, cài yījīng liáng le!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Will you hurry up and get your things ready? We’re all getting
      itchy (from waiting).
    </para>
    <para>
      What is keeping him C&quot;Won’t he even come a little faster’’!?
      The food is cold already!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yuānlāi:  (1) &quot;originally” In this meaning, it is usually
      interchange
    </para>
    <para>
      able with běnlái, which you learned in Unit T.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài He didn’t used to eat meat. No he’s
      bù zhídào zěnme chiqilai le.       started eating it for some
      reason.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù Ōuzhōu, I hadn’t originally planned to go
      to hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ        Europe. Then she insisted on
      going,
    </para>
    <para>
      yě jiu
      gēnqu<anchor id="footnote9" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark78">9</link></superscript>
      wánrle yítàng.       so I went along for the fun of it.
    </para>
    <para>
      (2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known,
      especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to a
      puzzling situation. .This can sometimes be translated by &quot;it
      turns out that...&quot; or by ’’So...’.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      (Běnlái cannot be used for this meaning.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng shi tā xiěde, yuánlái jiù shi ní xiěde!
    </para>
    <para>
      À! Yuánlái nī jiù shi Xu Xian-sheng? Huānyíng, tài huānyíng le!
    </para>
    <para>
      À, yuánlái shi zhème hui shi!
    </para>
    <para>
      (3) Yuánláide may be used to modify a
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài bān dao chéngli qu
      zhù le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, so you wrote this! I thought he wrote it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! So you’re Mr. Xú? Welcome! Welcome indeed!
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! So that’s what happened!
    </para>
    <para>
      noun, with the meaning &quot;original&quot;:
    </para>
    <para>
      Our original plan was to go next Friday.
    </para>
    <para>
      Their original house was outside the city, (but) now they’ve moved
      into the city.
    </para>
    <para>
      Unit 8, Review Dialogue
    </para>
    <para>
      In Lǐ Ping and Tom’s room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed,
      when
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lǐ Ping (B) comes in.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:    Tāngmǔ, wo tǐngshuō nǐ yào qù
    </para>
    <para>
      dàlù le?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shǐ a, shàngwu wǒ dào lǐngshi-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      guǎn qù kàn yige péngyou. Zhèng-hǎor you yige gongsǐ dào dàlù qu
      tan shēngyì. Tāmen yào yige dǎ zì dǎde kuài, you dong diǎnr
      Zhōngwěnde rén.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ yùnqi zhēn hú cuò. Yào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qù duō jiǔ ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yào kàn qíngkuàng, dàgài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hànge yuè dào yíge yuè.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě dào Taiwan qù hànge yuè.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wáng Chéng qǐng wǒ hé Xiǎo Wén dào tā jiā qu wānr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Āhà! Zhè yíxiàr zhēn hú cuò,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǒ qù dàlù, nǐ qù Taiwǎn, huílai yǐhòu women lai yige kǎoshì,
      kàn-kan shéi duì shèhui qíngkuàng yǎnjiūde hǐjiǎo hǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo’
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      (Lī Ping’s grandmother (C) enters
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Xiǎo Ping, Tāngmǔ, nīmen dou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zài zhèr ne!
    </para>
    <para>
      B:    Nǎinai, nín zěnme hú shuì wǔ-
    </para>
    <para>
      jiào le?”
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Lǐ Nǎinai, duìhuqǐ, women hǎ
    </para>
    <para>
      nín chǎoxīng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tom, I hear you’re going to the mainland?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yeah! I went to the consulate this morning to visit a friend, and
      there Just happened to he a company going to the mainland on
      business. They wanted someone who could type fast and who
      understood a little Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re so lucky. How long are you going for?
    </para>
    <para>
      We’ll have to see. Prohahly two weeks to a month.
    </para>
    <para>
      And I’m going to Taiwan for two weeks. Wáng Chéng invited Xiǎo Wén
      (Lǐ Wén) and me to his house.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s great! You’re going to Taiwan and I’m going to the
      mainland. When we get hack we’ll have to have a little contest and
      see who’s done a better job of studying society.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hi, Xiǎo Ping. Hi, Tom.*
    </para>
    <para>
      How come you’re not taking your nap, grandma?**
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sorry Grandma Lī, we woke you up.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Méiyou, wǒ yě gāi qǐlai le.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāngmǔ a, nǐ dào dàlù qu, bú xiàng zài Měiguo, zài Xianggang; yào
      zhīdao duō zhàogu zìjǐ. Xiǎo Ping mama chūqu gěi ni mǎi diǎnr
      dōngxi dàishang.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ shénme dōu you,
    </para>
    <para>
      bú yòng dài le.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Xiǎo Wén (E) comes in quietly.)
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Wǒ nǎinai, wǒ mā dōu téng ni,
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ jiu dàishang ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Lǐ Nǎinai, wǒ hui Měiguo
    </para>
    <para>
      yǐqiān, hai xiǎng zài lai yícì, xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Zhèi haizi, zěnme bù xíng ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèr jiù shi nǐde jiā ya!
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Nín yào wǒ gěi nín dài diǎnr
    </para>
    <para>
      shénme dōngxi a?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Duì le, zhèr yǒu yìzhāng
    </para>
    <para>
      dānzi,”<anchor id="footnote10" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark79">10</link></superscript>
      <anchor id="footnote11" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark80">11</link> <anchor id="footnote12" /><link linkend="bookmark81">12</link></superscript> shi
      yìxiē gōngyìpǐn, qian Jiù zài zhèige xìnfēngrli, nǐ kànzhe mǎi ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Nǎinai, zánmen jiā you name
    </para>
    <para>
      xiě gōngyìpǐn, hái mǎi tā gàn shénme!
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Shǎ háizi, děng dao nǐ jiēhūnde
    </para>
    <para>
      shihou jiu yǒu yòng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Name nántīng!
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Nà you shénme nántīng, hǎo shir
    </para>
    <para>
      ma!
    </para>
    <para>
      No you didn’t. It was about time I got up anyway.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tom, when you go to the mainland, it won’t be like America or Hong
      Kong; you’ll have to know how to look after yourself. Xiǎo Ping’s
      mother went out to get you some things to take with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have everything, Grandma Lǐ, I don’t need to take anything else.
    </para>
    <para>
      My grandmother and mother are fond of you, go ahead and take the
      things!
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma Lǐ, I have to come back here once again before I go to
      America. Will that be okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, this youngster! How could it not be all right? This is your
      home!
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you want me to bring you back something?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, here’s a
      list.<superscript><link linkend="bookmark79">10</link></superscript>
      ’ It’s some handicrafts. The money is in this envelope. Buy what
      you can.
    </para>
    <para>
      We have so many handicrafts already, why do you want to buy more
      of them?
    </para>
    <para>
      Silly girl! They’ll come in handy when you get married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ugh! That sounds awful!
    </para>
    <para>
      What’s so awful about that? That (marriage) is a happy event.
    </para>
    <para>
      E:    Nimen zài zhèr, wǒ qu kànkan,
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎoxiàng mama huílai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Xiǎo Wen leaves.)
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǎinai, Xiǎo Wen zhēnde yào.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiēhūn le?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi zhème hui shi, Xiǎo Wen
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zài Yingguo niàn shūde shihou rènshile yíge Rìběn ren, xiànzài tǎ
      he Xiǎo Wen zài yíge yínhǎngli zuò shi, duì Xiǎo Wen hú cuò. Kěshi
      . . .
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Yuǎnlǎi, wǒ he Xiǎo Wen tǎ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hàba dōu hù tóngyì. Nǐ xiǎng ma, Zhōngguo rén he Rìběn rén zěnme
      yě méi hànfar hiàncheng yìjiǎzi’ ya! Kěshi Xiǎo Wen hé tǎ mǎma
      yuànyì, wǒmen yě jiu hù néng shūo shénme le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Xiǎo Wen mǎma zěnme shuō ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Tǎ quànle wo hǎojǐcì. Tǎde
    </para>
    <para>
      huà you dàoli. Tǎ shuō, Zhōngguo rén hé Rìběn rén shi dǎguo zhàng.
      Kěshi xiànzài, shìqing yǐjǐng guòqu jǐshíniǎn le, wèishenme hai
      yào ràng hǎizimen chǐ kǔ ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Bómǔ shuōde duì. Ei, wǒ lai
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎnggǎng zènme duō tiǎn le, zěnme hai méi kànjian ta ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    Tǎ hui Rìhěn kàn tā mǎma qu le,
    </para>
    <para>
      nèi shi ge xiàoshunde haizi. Děng nǐ cong dàlù huílaide shihou, tǎ
      yě gǎi huílai le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhēn you yìsi!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Don’t get
      up.<anchor id="footnote13" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark82">13</link></superscript>
      <anchor id="footnote14" /><superscript><link linkend="bookmark83">14</link></superscript> I
      think mom is hack, I’m going to go see.
    </para>
    <para>
      Is Xiǎo Wén really getting married, grandma?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s like this: When Xiǎo Wén was studying in England she met a
      Japanese guy. Now he works at the same hank as she does. He’s very
      nice to her, hut . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally, Xiǎo Wén’s father and I were both against it. After
      all, there’s Just no way that Chinese and Japanese can
      &quot;become part of the same family. But Xiǎo Wén and her mother
      wanted it, so there wasn’t anything we could say about it.
    </para>
    <para>
      What did Xiǎo Wén’s mother say about it?
    </para>
    <para>
      She tried to persuade me many times. What she said makes sense.
      She said that the Chinese and the Japanese did go to war, but now
      that it’s all been over for a few decades, why should the children
      still be made to suffer for it?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s right about that. By the way, I’ve been here in Hong Kong
      for so many days now, how is it that I haven’t seen him?
    </para>
    <para>
      He went back to Japan to visit his mother. He’s a very filial boy.
      He should be back by the time you come back from the mainland.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s so interesting!
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    You yìsi &quot;ba,! Tāngmǔ, nǐ &quot;bù zhǐ- Oh, it’s
      interesting all right,
    </para>
    <para>
      dào, rén lǎo le, guānniàn yě lǎo    You don’t know, Tom, when a
      person
    </para>
    <para>
      le, youde shíhour zhēnde yào gǎi-   gets old, their ideas get old
      too.
    </para>
    <para>
      gai le.                              Sometimes one really has to
      change
    </para>
    <para>
      a hit.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Xiǎo Ping’s mother CF1 comes in carrying some things.)
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Mā, nī huilai le?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      F:     Huilai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Bómǔ, wǒ shuō shénme hǎo ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nín shizài tài kèqi le.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:    Zhèidiǎn chide, yòngde, dōu
    </para>
    <para>
      dàiqu, zhèliǎngjiàn yīfu děngyixià chuānchuan kàn, héshì hu héshì.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Bomǔ, nà jiu xièxie le.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:    Nàme yidiǎndiǎn dōngxi xiè
    </para>
    <para>
      shenme. LÙshang hǎohǎo zhàogu zìjī, shìqing wǎnle jiu huílai,
      xiūxi jītiān zài hui Měiguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Ng, wǒ yídìng huílai.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Guò liǎngtiǎn, Xiǎo Ping, Xiǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wén yě yào zǒu le. Xiǎo Ping mā,2 jīnr^ wǎnshang
      zǎm<superscript>1</superscript>* hú zuò fàn le. Děng huǐr Xiǎo
      Ping bàba huílai, yíkuàir chūqu chi wǎnfàn, gěi hǎizimen songsong
      xíng, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:    Hǎode, hǎode.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hi mom, you’re back?
    </para>
    <para>
      Hi, yeah, I’m back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Auntie, what can I say? This is really too polite of you.
    </para>
    <para>
      This food and these things are for you to take with you. And these
      two things to wear you can try on later and see if they fit you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Well then, thanks a lot, auntie.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why should you thank me for these odds and ends! You just look
      after yourself very carefully while you’re traveling, and when the
      job is finished come back here and rest up for a few days before
      you go back to America.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll be sure and come back.
    </para>
    <para>
      In another day or two Xiǎo Ping and Xiǎo Wén will be leaving too.
      Mom, let’s not make dinner tonight. When Xiǎo Ping’s father gets
      back, we’ll all go out to dinner and have a going-away party for
      the kids, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      All right.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 1
    </para>
    <para>
      This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
      unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a
      pause for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker
      will confirm your answer.
    </para>
    <para>
      All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You
      may want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several
      times.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in
      Hangzhou.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it
      completely, you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the
      questions below as you listen a second time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand
      this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎo diǎnr shēngr                  a little more quietly
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo                                 to wrap
    </para>
    <para>
      tan liǎn'ài                         to be in love, to be going
      together
    </para>
    <para>
      (having a courtship)
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in Běijīng
      about her grandparents.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the
      second time through, look below and answer the questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are the new words for this conversation:
    </para>
    <para>
      qiánxiē nian                       a few years back
    </para>
    <para>
      zài shuō                           besides, moreover
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What is Xiǎo Yun doing? Why?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What is the latest news about Xiǎo Yun’s grandfather?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the
          company she talks about?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          U. According to the mother, what is the grandfather’s attitude
          toward work?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      5. What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the letter
      to grandfather?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
      answers which you have prepared.
    </para>
    <para>
      Exercise U
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhū Lǎozǒng                         (an affectionate name for Zhū
      De,
    </para>
    <para>
      a military leader of China and commander of the Eighth Route Army
      during the -war of resistance against Japan.)
    </para>
    <para>
      jūnduì                              army
    </para>
    <para>
      Questions for Exercise h
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. What did Wáng Lǎo Shífu do before the war of resistance
          against Japan? Was it a secure job?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. What happened to his business during the war of resistance
          against Japan?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. What did &quot;Zhū Laozǒng&quot; (Zhū De) do at that time?
          What did Wáng Lǎo ShTfu do for Zhū Laozǒng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
      look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want
      to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
      answers correctly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dialogue and. Translation for Exercise 2
    </para>
    <para>
      A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in Hangzhou.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ma, wǒ jiějie shénme shihou zǒu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      a?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǎnshang shiyidiǎn zhōngde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      huǒchě. Nǐ xiǎo diǎnr shēngr shuō huà. Bié bǎ tǎ chǎoxǐng le, ràng
      ta zài duō shuì yihuǐr.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ao, jiějie shuì wǔjiào na, wǒ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎo diǎnr shēngr. Mā, jiějie yào dàizǒude dōngxi dou zhǔnbèi-hǎo
      le ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Chàbuduō le, jiù shi hái you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìxiē gōngyìpǐn méiyou nònghǎo, nǐ huílaile, zhènghǎo bangbang
      mang, bǎ zhèixiē dōngxi bǎoqilai.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jiějie shi dào Měiguo qù niàn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shūde, dài gōngyìpǐn gàn shénme?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zài dàxuélī niàn shū zong huì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you ge hǎo péngyou, wàiguo rén xǐhuan Zhōngguo gōngyìpǐn, dàishang
      yidiǎnr, songsong rén, bú shi hěn hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Hǎo, wǒ yihuǐr jiù bǎohǎo le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Ma, when is older sister leaving?
    </para>
    <para>
      On the 11:00 train this evening. Speak a little more quietly.
      Don’t wake her, let her sleep a little while longer.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, sister is taking a (noontime) nap. I’ll speak more softly. Ma,
      have all the things older sister is going to take along with her
      been gotten ready?
    </para>
    <para>
      Just about, there are Just a few handicrafts not yet taken care
      of. You’ve come back just in time to help by wrapping these
      things.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sister’s going to America to go to school; what is she taking
      handicrafts for?
    </para>
    <para>
      In college you’re always going to have a good friend. Foreigners
      like Chinese handicrafts. So isn’t it a a good idea to take some
      along to give people as gifts?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll have them wrapped in a minute.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     Duì le, nǐ zài zhèr nòng, wǒ
    </para>
    <para>
      dào chúfáng kàn yíxià, kànkan cài hǎole méiyou.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A:     Wǎnshàng hai you kèren ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh—you take care of this here, and I’ll go take a look in the
      kitchen to see if the food is done.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are there guests coming tonight, too?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B:     You. Děng yíxià Zhōu Bómǔ hé
    </para>
    <para>
      tā érzi lai gěi nǐ jiějie sòng-xíng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mā, wǒ kàn, wǒ jiějie gēn Xiǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhōu hǎoxiàng bú cuò ma!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shǎ haizi! Nǐ jiějie gēn Xiǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhōu tan liàn’ài kuài yinian le, nǐ hái bù zhīdào!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yes, in a little while Mrs. (Auntie) Zhōu and her son are coming
      over to give your sister a send-off.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ma, I think older sister and Xiǎo Zhōu seem to be getting along
      pretty well!
    </para>
    <para>
      You dumb kid! Your sister and Xiǎo Zhōu have been in love for
      almost a year now. Didn’t you know?!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ao! Yuánlái shi zenme hui
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shir! Hǎo, mā, nǐ kuài máng qu ha! Zhèi diǎnr gōngyìpǐn jiāo gěi
      wǒ le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ kuài hǎo, hāowánle, dào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      chúfāng lai hǎng wo máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Xíng, wǒ yìhuǐr jiù lái.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh, so that’s what’s heen going on all along. Okay, mom, you go
      ahead with your work. Hand the handicrafts over to me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Get these wrapped quickly. When you’re done, come to the kitchen
      and help me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, I’ll he there in a minute.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3
    </para>
    <para>
      In Běijīng a mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).
    </para>
    <para>
      B:     Xiǎo Yun na, zuotiān kǎoshì
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎowán le, jǐntiǎn hái zài wūli máng shénme na?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiě jīfēng xìn, zhèixiě xìn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zǎo jiù gāi xiě le, Jǐntiǎn you yidiǎnr shíjiān, wǒ xiǎng hǎ
      ta-men xiěwán.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Gěi yéyede xìn xiěle méiyou?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Yéye name téng nǐ, kuài gěi tā xiě fēng xìn ha!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shāngcì yéye lái xìn shuō,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tāmen gōngsī qǐng tā qù hāng máng ne. Zhèijiàn shir, nín zěnme
      xiǎng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen gōngsī xiǎng gēn wàiguo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rén zuò shēngyì, qǐng yéye qù hāng máng, zhèijiàn shir, wǒ shénme
      yě hú yuànyi shuō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wèishénme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Qiánxiē nián, tāmen gōngsíde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rén shuō nǐ yéye, shuōde nàme nántīng. Xiànzài tāmen you wèntí le,
      you xiǎngdào nǐ yéye le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Suàn le ha, ràng tāmen kànzhe hàn ha. Wǒ hù xiǎng quàn nǐ yéye qù
      hāng zhèige máng. Niánji dàle, hǎohǎorde zài jiāli xiūxixiūxi hi
      shénme dōu hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Yun, your exams were over yesterday. What are you still
      working on here today?
    </para>
    <para>
      Writing a few letters. I should have written them a long time ago.
      I have a little time today, so I wanted to get them written.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have you written grandfather? He's so fond of you, you really
      should write him a letter!
    </para>
    <para>
      The last time grandfather wrote, he said that their company had
      asked him to go help out. What do you think of that?
    </para>
    <para>
      Their company wants to do business with foreigners, so they asked
      your grandfather to help out. I don’t want to say anything about
      this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why?
    </para>
    <para>
      A few years back, the people in the company were saying such awful
      things about your grandfather. But now, they go to him with their
      problems. The hell with it! Let them do what they like.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t want to advise your grandfather to help them. When a
      person gets old, it’s best for him to stay at home and get a lot
      of relaxation.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      “This means &quot;No comment. If I said anything about this, it
      wouldn’t be complimentary.&quot;
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Mā, wǒ xiǎng yéye yídìng bù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tongyì nínde shuōfǎr. Guòqùde shir yǐjíng guòqu le. Xiànzài you
      rén qǐng ta hang mang, zài shuō zhèixiē shir duì guojiā you
      hǎochù, tā yídìng huì qù zuòde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě zhīdao, nǐ yéye nèige
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rén zhǐ yào yǒu gōngzuò, hù guǎn duō nan, tā yě huì pīnmìng qù
      zuòde. Nǐ xiě xìnde shíhou, hié wàngle xiěshang, ràng tā hié tài
      lèi le, měitiān shuì ge xiǎo wǔjiào.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo. Xiěshang le. Nǎinai huì
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hǎohāor zhàogu yéyede. Nín fàng-xīn hǎo le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ài! Hǎo le, wǒ yào chūqu mǎi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dōngxi, nǐde xìn xiěwán le méiyou? Wǒ lai gěi nǐ jì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèi sānfēng xìn xiěwán le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      děng yíxiàr, wǒ tieshang youpiào. Hǎo, xiànzài hǎo le. Nín názǒu
      ha.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ zǒu le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A:     Mā, nín zǎo diǎnr huílai!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Ma, I’m sure that grandfather wouldn’t agree with that. What’s
      over is over (&quot;Past things are already past&quot;). Now
      someone asks him to help out, and besides, these things are good
      for the country. I’m sure he’ll do it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I know that too. Your grandfather is the kind of person who, as
      long there’s a joh, will knock himself out to do it, no matter how
      hard it is. When you write the letter, don’t forget to write that
      he mustn’t tire himself out too much, and to take a little
      noontime nap every day.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay. It’s written. Grandma will take good care of grandfather.
      Don't you worry.
    </para>
    <para>
      (Sigh) Okay, I’ve got to go out to huy some things. Have you
      finished writing your letters? I’ll mail them for you.
    </para>
    <para>
      These three are finished. Wait a second while I put stamps on
      them. Okay, they’re ready. Here they are.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m leaving.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ma, don’t he gone long!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dialogue and Translation for Exercise h
    </para>
    <para>
      In the office of a factory in Běijīng, are on the night shift:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wáng Lǎo Shīfu, nín xiūxi yì-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      huǐr ha. Wǒ zài zhèr kànzhe, nín hié dānxīn, wǒ hú huì shuì
      jiàode.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, wǒ hú lèi, zánmen liǎ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liáoliao tiānr ha!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      an older man (B) and a younger man (A)
    </para>
    <para>
      Old Master Wáng, you rest a while. I’ll watch things here, don’t
      worry. I won’t fall asleep.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not tired. Let’s us two have a chat!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wáng Lǎo Shīfu, wǒ tīngshuō,       Old Master Wáng, I’ve
          heard that
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nín jiěfàng qian jiù cānjiǎ gé     you joined the revolutionary
      ranks
    </para>
    <para>
      mi ng le, nínde gùshi yídìng hù     before liberation. You must
      have
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎo, gěi wo jiǎngjiang ba!        a lot of stories; tell me one!
    </para>
    <para>
      °liǎ: A colloquial word meaning liǎngge.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ zhǐdao, jiěfàng qian wǒ shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuò xiǎo mǎimaide, nèi shihou zuò xiǎo mǎimai duo nán! Neng bu
      néng zhuàn yidiǎnr qián dōu yào kàn yùnqi hǎo huài.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hòulái ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hòulái Rìběn rén lái le, Rìběn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      rén gēn zánmen dǎ zhàng. zhèi yí-xiàzi wǒde mǎimai . . .
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zuòbuxiàqu le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu shi, wǒde mǎimai yuè zuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yuè dà le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnme ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ xuéguo lìshǐ.  Nǐ zhīdao nèi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shihou Zhu Lǎozǒng gēn Rìběn rén dǎle yízhàng . . .
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhǐdao, nèi yízhàng dǎle hǎo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jǐge yuè. Nèi shihou nín gàn shénme ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ? Wǒ yìtiān dào wǎn názhe
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dānzi gěi Zhū Lǎozǒngde jūnduì mǎi dōngxi ya! Shénme chide,
      chuānde, yào a, wǒ dōu néng mǎidào.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ēi, zhēn you yìsi, nín zài gěi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wo jiǎngjiang.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ou, xiànzài bù néng jiǎng le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zánmen gāi chūqu kànkan le. Yàoshi méiyou shénme wèntí, huílai wǒ
      zài gěi nǐ jiǎng.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:     Nà zánmen zǒu ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      You know, before liberation I was in small business. At that time,
      it was so hard to do small business. Whether or not you could make
      a little money depended on whether your luck was good or bad.
    </para>
    <para>
      And later?
    </para>
    <para>
      Later the Japanese came. After the Japanese went to war with us,
      my business . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      You couldn’t carry it on.
    </para>
    <para>
      No, it got bigger and bigger.
    </para>
    <para>
      How was that?
    </para>
    <para>
      You’ve studied history. You know that at that time Zhū Lǎozǒng
      (Zhū Dé) fought with the Japanese . . .
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, they fought for many months. What were you doing at that
      time?
    </para>
    <para>
      Me? From morning to night T was carrying a list buying things for
      Zhū Cé’s army. Food, clothes, medicine, T could buy them all.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gee, that’s fascinating, tell me more.
    </para>
    <para>
      I can’t now. It’s time we went out and took a look. If there
      aren’t any problems, I’ll tell you more after we get back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Then let’s go!
    </para>
    <para>
      VOCABULARY
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to love
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ài shang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to fall in love with
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                āndìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to &quot;be peaceful and stable, to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      quiet and settled
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bàba
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                father, dad, papa
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                báitiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daytime
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -ban
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (counter for class of students)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be great, to be fantastic, to be terrific
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                T.U’, 7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bang máng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to help; help
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bangzhu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to help; help; as a help to, for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to wrap
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎochí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to keep, to preserve, to maintain
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎohù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to protect
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bèihòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                behind someone’s back
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -bèizi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all one’s life, lifetime
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                běnlái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with,
                in the first place
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                běnrén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                herself, himself, oneself, nyself, etc.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to compare
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                biàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change, to become different
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                biànchéng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change into
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2’, 7-3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìcǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                each other, one another, both; the same to you
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìngrén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sick person, patient
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bómǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                aunt (wife of father’s elder brother);
              </para>
              <para>
                (term for the mother of one’s friend)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                boshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Ph.D.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-2’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú fàngxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to worry
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù guǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                no matter (what, whether, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’, 7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù huāng bù máng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                calm, not the least bit flustered
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú Jiàn bú sàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                don’t leave until we’ve met up
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù Jiǎndān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                not ordinary, not commonplace; remarkable
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù néng bu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have to, must
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù shǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú shi...Jiù shi...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                if it isn’t...then it’s...; either... or...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú xiàng huà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk,
                acts, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                only (before an amount)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                only in that case, only under this
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                condition
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                caichan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                property
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cānjiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to participate in, to take part in;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to Join; to attend
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cháng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be long
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chang gē
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to sing (songs)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be noisy; to disturb by making
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                noise
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎoxǐng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to wake (someone) up by being noisy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -chéng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (verb ending) into
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéngshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                city; urban
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéngyuánguó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                member country
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǐbuxiàqù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be unable to eat
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chi kǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to suffer, to undergo hardship
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chōu yān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to smoke (tobacco)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chuáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bed
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2°, 7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chuántong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tradition, traditional
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                conglái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ever (up till now), always (up till
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                now)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                conglái bù/méi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                never (up till now)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cóng...(Verb)-qī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to begin (Verb)-ing from...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cūnr
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                village
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàduōshù(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the great majority
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                generation; era, (historical) period
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàishang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take along (Běijīng)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàjiě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                &quot;older sister&quot; (a respectful term
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                of address for a woman about one’s own age or older)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàlù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mainland, continent
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (political) party
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǎnxǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be worried, to be uneasy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dānzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                list; form
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pour, to dump
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending used for percep-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tion by one of the senses: Jiàndao, kàndao, tīngdao,
                etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending used to indicate
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                reaching; in xiǎngdào, tándào, etc., translated as
                &quot;about&quot; or &quot;of&quot;)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàochù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                everywhere
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàodé
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                morality, morals, ethics
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dào lājī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take out (dump) the garbage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàolī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                principle, truth, hows and whys;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                reason, argument, sense
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàxuéshēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                college student
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǎ zhàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to fight a war, to go to war
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǎ zhen
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get an injection
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǎ zì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to type (on a typewriter)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                de
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dédao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to receive, to get
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -de huà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                if; in case; supposing that
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                děi kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to depend on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                děng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                when; by the time; till
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                děng dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wait until; when, by the time
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                děng yíxià
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wait a minute; in a little while
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -diǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                point
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                diào yǎnlèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cry
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dìwei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                position, status
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǒngde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to understand, to grasp, to know
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duǎnpiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                short (stories, articles)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dúlì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be independent; independence
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duo (duō)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how (to what extent)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.It
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duo hǎo!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how great that is!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duōshù(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the majority (of), most (of)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark84">éi                     say!
      (interjection telling that the*</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      speaker just thought of something)
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark85">értong                 child (formal
      word)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark86">érxífu(r) (-fer)
            daughter-in-law*</link>
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fādá
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be
                prosperous
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*, 7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎlū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                law
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to translate
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to violate, to offend, to commit; to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                have an attack (of an old disease)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎnduì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to oppose, to be against
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -fāngmiàn (-mi an)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                aspect, side, area, respect
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎngwèn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to visit
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎnzhèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                anyway, in any case
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fàn zuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to commit a crime
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fāzhǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to develop, to expand, to grow
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                points
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to divide, to separate, to split
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngsú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                custom(s)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēnkāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to separate, to split up
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fùnū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                woman; women, womankind
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                blessings, good fortune
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                will probably
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.it’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                should, ought to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.It’, 7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to build, to construct
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāibiàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change; change(s)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’, 7-5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gànbu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cadre
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnjué
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                feeling, sensation; to feel, to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                perceive
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gànmǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                what for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gàn shenme
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to do what; (colloquial) why on earth,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                what for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnxiè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be thankful, to be grateful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāogàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                senior cadres
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāozhōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                senior high school
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’, 7.2’, 7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gèguó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                various countries
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gémìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                revolution
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gēn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to follow
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                male (for animals)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Gòngchǎndǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Communist Party
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngchǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                factory, mill, plant, works
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōnggong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandfather, grandpa (paternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngkè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                homework
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Gòngqǐngtuǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Communist Youth League
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngshāngyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                industry and commerce
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                industry
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngyìpǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                handicrafts
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take care of; to mind, to bother
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guǎnggào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                advertisement
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                concept, idea, notion
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānxin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be concerned/care about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānyú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as to, with regard to, concerning,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǔhuǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bone ashes, ashes (of a person)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guǐju
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rules of proper behavior, social
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3°, 7.1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                etiquette, manners; special customs, established
                practice, rule (of a community or organization)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guoJiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                country, state, nation; national
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòqù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the past
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass; to pass away, to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guò rìzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to live; to get along
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gùshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                story
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǔshū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ancient book
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      hai                    fairly, passably
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎiluòyín             heroin
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎochù                 benefit, advantage
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎohǎor                properly, carefully, thoroughly
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi... well, okay, but...
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎoxiàng               to seem as if, to seem like
    </para>
    <para>
      7.1+
    </para>
    <para>
      7.7’
    </para>
    <para>
      7.5
    </para>
    <para>
      7.1’, 7.8
    </para>
    <para>
      7.3’
    </para>
    <para>
      7.8
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hēiyè hèn Hongwèibīng hòulái Huáshèngdùn Youbào
    </para>
    <para>
      -hui
    </para>
    <para>
      huì huó
    </para>
    <para>
      húshuo hùxiāng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark87">(darkness of) night, nighttime</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark88">to hate, to loathe, to detest</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark89">(a) Red Guard; the Red Guards</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark90">later, afterwards
                               7-2*,</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark91">Washington Post</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark92">(counter for shi,
      &quot;matter&quot;)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark93">might; to he likely to; will</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark94">to live; to become alive; to
      survive;</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      to be live/alive/living; mobile, moving
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark95">to talk nonsense; nonsense,
      drivel*</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark96">mutually</link>
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to remember; to commit to memory
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -Jiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (counter for families)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iàndān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be simple
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to stress, to pay attention to, to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                be particular about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                prize
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiǎngjiu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be particular about; to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                elegant, to be tasteful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiàotáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                church, cathedral
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiàoyu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to educate; education
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiārù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to join
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiātíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jīdòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be agitated, to be worked up
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to borrow; to lend
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jièdao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to successfully borrow
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                J iěfàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to liberate, to emancipate; liberation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiēhūn (jiēhūn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get married
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jièyì^
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to mind, to take offense
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jíjímángmáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in a hurry, extremely rushed
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jímang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be hasty, to be hurried
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jìnbù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to progress; progress
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jìndàishǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                modern history
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                J īngshén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                energy, spirits
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jīnr
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                today (Běijīng)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jīnzhāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be nervous, to be upset
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jìzhu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to remember
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -Jù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sentence; (counter for sentences or
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                utterances, often followed by huà, &quot;speech&quot;)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jūnduì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                army
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                júzi shuǐ(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                orange juice (Běijīng)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (V V) kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                try and (v), (v) and see how it is
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to depend on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kànbuqǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to look down on, to scorn, to despise
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.^
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kàndao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to see
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kànzhe
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems
                reasonable
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take/give an exam, test, or quiz
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near,
                to be next to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎolu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consider, to think about; consideration
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎoshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take/give an exam, test, or quiz; exam, test
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                keài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be loveable, to be adorable
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kekǎyǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cocaine
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Kekǒukělè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Coca Cola
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’, 7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kelián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be pitiful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ken
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be willing to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cry
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ...lái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                for the past... (amount of time)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (used before a verb to express that
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                something will be done)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to do (something), to perform
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (something), to have (an event),
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to help oneself to (food, etc.),
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to join in (a game, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎjī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                garbage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lánwěiyán
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                appendicitis
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all the time, always
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                láodòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to labor
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                láodònglì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                labor force, labor; able-bodied
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                person
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎolao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother, grandma (maternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.b’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                láolì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                labor force; labor
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎo shīfu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                old master
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoshǔ (láoshu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mouse or rat
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoxiānsheng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                old gentlemen
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoyé
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandfather, grandpa (maternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎozǒng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (used with surname as an affectionate
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                term for a high-ranking PLA commander)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (Beijing colloquial word meaning
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liǎngge, ”two”)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lián...dōu/yě...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                even...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liáo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to chat
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liáo tiān(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to chat
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǐmào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                manners, politeness
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǐngdǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to lead, to direct, to exercise lead-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      ership (over); leadership; leader, leading cadre
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liùshi niándài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the decade of the sixties
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liúxia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to leave
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liúxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                luàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic;
                arbitrarily, recklessly, any old way
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                luànqǐbāzāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous,
                motley, all thrown in together
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      ma
    </para>
    <para>
      (marker for obviousness of reasoning)
    </para>
    <para>
      7.3
    </para>
    <para>
      mànmānr (manman)       slowly; gradually, by and by; taking
    </para>
    <para>
      one’s time (doing something); (tell) all about, in all details
    </para>
    <para>
      méi yìsi               to be uninteresting/boring; to be
    </para>
    <para>
      pointless/meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not
      worthy of respect, cheap
    </para>
    <para>
      míngbai                to understand, to be clear on, to
    </para>
    <para>
      comprehend; to be clear, to be intelligible
    </para>
    <para>
      Ming Bào               Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper)
    </para>
    <para>
      mǔ                      female (for animals)
    </para>
    <para>
      7.1
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      7-5
    </para>
    <para>
      7.7
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2*
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nàinai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother (paternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.k
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nà hai yòng shuō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                that goes without saying
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nan Mei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                South America
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánnū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                men and women, male-female
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánshòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to feel unhappy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nántīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be unpleasant to hear; to sound
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bad, to offend the ears; to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                scandalous
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ne
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (used in questions asking the where
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.<superscript>1</superscript>**
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                abouts of someone/something)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nénglì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ability
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánji (niánjì)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                age
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánqīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be young
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nòng (neng)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to do; to fool with; to get
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nóngcūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                country, rural area; rural
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5*, 7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nònglai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get and bring
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nóngmín
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                peasant
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-5*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nongyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                agriculture
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nylì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to make efforts
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nushěng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                coed, woman student
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                . 7.3*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      pà
    </para>
    <para>
      to be afraid
    </para>
    <para>
      7-<superscript>1</superscript>*
    </para>
    <para>
      pǎolai pǎoqù
    </para>
    <para>
      to run around
    </para>
    <para>
      7-6
    </para>
    <para>
      pèngdao
    </para>
    <para>
      to run into, to come across
    </para>
    <para>
      7.8
    </para>
    <para>
      -piān
    </para>
    <para>
      (counter for sheets, articles or
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      pieces of writing)
    </para>
    <para>
      piān
    </para>
    <para>
      to fool, to deceive
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      pǐchá bǐng
    </para>
    <para>
      pizza
    </para>
    <para>
      7.1
    </para>
    <para>
      píngděng
    </para>
    <para>
      equality, to be equal (of people)
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      pǐnmìng
    </para>
    <para>
      with all one’s might, for all one
    </para>
    <para>
      7.2
    </para>
    <para>
      is worth, desperately, like mad; to risk one’s life, to defy death
    </para>
    <para>
      pīzhǔn
    </para>
    <para>
      to give permission, to approve;
    </para>
    <para>
      7-5
    </para>
    <para>
      approval, permission, sanction
    </para>
    <para>
      pópo
    </para>
    <para>
      grandmother, grandma
    </para>
    <para>
      7.U
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gun
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be strong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiánxiě nián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a few years back, in recent years
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiāo men
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to knock at the door
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíguài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qǐlai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get up (in several senses)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -qilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending which indicates starting)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Qīnghǎi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (a province in western China)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngkuàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngxing
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to advise, to urge, to try to persuade
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quánjiā rén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the whole family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ràng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to make (someone a certain way)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                person; self; body
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rénj ia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                people; other people; someone else;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                they; he, she; I
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rèxǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be enthusiastic and interested,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be warmhearted, to be earnest
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rèxīnqilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to become enthusiastic and interested
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rìzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                day; date; time
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to enter; to join (an organization)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rù Tuán
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to join the Communist Youth League
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      (Gongqǐngtuán or Gongchǎnzhǔyì Qǐngniántuán)
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to kill (means unspecified); to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kill (specifically, with a knife
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                or knifelike instrument); to try
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to kill
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be stupid, to be dumb, to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                silly, to be naive
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shāfā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sofa
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -shang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (verb ending indicating starting
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                and continuing)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shàng xué
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go to school; to attend school
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shāngyè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                commerce, business
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Shàoxiānduì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Young Pioneers
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shèhuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                society; social
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngchǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to produce; production
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnghuó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to live; life; daily life; livelihood
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngyì (shēngyi)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                business, trade
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnqīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to apply (for)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēntǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                body; health
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cause (followed by a verb), to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                make, to enable
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shìchāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                market
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shìjiè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                world
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shijièshang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in the world, in the whole world
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shìjièxìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                worldwide
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shíxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to practice, to carry out, to put
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                into effect, to implement (a
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shizài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                really; to be real
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to receive
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be thin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shōuchāode
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                handwritten
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.it’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shòu Jiàoyu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to receive an education
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shōurù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                income, earnings
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shōushi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to straighten up; to get one’s
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                things ready
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shujià
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                summer vacation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuōbuqǐngchu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can’t explain clearly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuōdao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to speak of; as for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuōfǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                way of saying a thing; statement,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                version, argument
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuòshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Master’s degree
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2’, 7-5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3’, 7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Si Shū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Lunyǔ, Mengzǐ)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sǐxiǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                thought, way of thinking
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sònghuiqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take/escort back
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sòngxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to see (someone off), to wish
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (someone) a good trip; to give
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a going-away party
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark97">suàn le                 forget it,
      let’s drop the matter,</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      let it go at that; come off it, come on
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark98">sūnnu                   granddaughter
      (through one’s son)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark99">sūnzi                   grandson
      (through one’s son)</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark100">suǒyǒude...dou           all</link>
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tán liàn’ài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be in love, to be going together (courtship)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǎoyàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to dislike, to be disgusted with
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                téng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to carry (from the hand at the side of the body)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to jump, to leap
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tímu (-mù)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                topic, subject; title; examination question, test
                problem
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to heed (advice), to obey (orders)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tongjū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cohabit; cohabitation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tongyì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consent, to agree
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tour
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                head, chief, boss
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -tuán
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                group, society
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tuan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (Communist Youth) League
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǔdì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                land
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wàigōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandfather, grandpa (maternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wàipo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother, grandma (maternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1+°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wàiwén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                foreign language
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnhuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                evening party
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                late involvement and late marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèile
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in order to; for the purpose of; for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the sake of
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wénhuà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                culture; schooling, education,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                literacy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wénxuéJiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                writer, literary man
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wénzhāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                article, essay; prose (writing) style
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǒde tiān na!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                my God!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǔjiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                noontime nap
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark101">-xià                   under</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark102">xiàndài                to be modern;
      contemporary; modern</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      times
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark103">xiǎng                   to sound, to
      make a sound</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark104">xiàng                  to be like, to
      resemble; like;</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      such as
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎngbuchū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can’t think up, can’t come up with
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiangdāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quite, pretty, considerably
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎngdào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to think of
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāngxìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to believe (in); to trust, to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                be convinced (that)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                young
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo diǎnr shēng(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a little more quietly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo péngyou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                little friend; kids
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-^
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiàoshun
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be filial; filial obedience
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎoshuō(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fiction, novel
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xià qí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to play chess
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -xiaqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (resultative ending which indicates
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                continuing an action)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -xiaqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                down (directional ending used for
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                eating or drinking down)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xǐ dú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take drugs; drug taking
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xíguàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                habit, custom, usual practice; to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                accustomed to, to be used to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -xing
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nature, -ness, -ity
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìngkuǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fortunately, luckily
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìngqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                interest
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnli
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in one’s heart, in one’s mind
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                something weighing on one’s mind,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                worry
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnwén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                news
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Xīnwén Zhōukān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Newsweek
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xué hǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to learn from good examples, to learn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be a good person
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xuéhuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to learn, to master
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xuéqǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                semester, term (of school)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xuéshēnghuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                student association
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xué yī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to study medicine
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xùnliànbān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                training class
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yánjiū (-jiu, -jiù)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to study (in detail), to do research on; research
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yào kàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to depend on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Yàzhōu (Yǎ-)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Asia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yèdà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                evening university
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yě gāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                really should
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                .•.yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                whether...or...; both...and..•
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yě jiù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                accordingly, correspondingly, so
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yéye
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandfather (paternal)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’, 7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                medical science, medicine (used in
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                phrases like xué yǐ)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as soon as
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1’, 7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -yì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hundred million
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìbiān(r)...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                doing...while doing...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìbiān(r)...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìfāngmiàn..., yì-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                on the one hand...on the other hand;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fāngmiàn...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                for one thing..., for another thing...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìjiāzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                one family; the whole family; the same family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yímiàn(r)...
              </para>
              <para>
                yímiàn(r)—
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                doing...while doing...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìtiān dào wan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all day long
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yīxué
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                medical science, medicine
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yīyuàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hospital
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìzhí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all along, continuously, all the time (up until a
                certain point)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yònggōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be hardworking, to be industrious (in one’s studies)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                excellent
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to come up to (a certain level)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                also
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                anyway; after all
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you bànfǎ, (duì...)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be able to deal with (something)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you bāngzhu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be helpful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you dàolǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to make sense
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yòuéryuán
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kindergarten
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5'
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you guǐju
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have manners, to be proper
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you hǎochù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be beneficial, to be good (for)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu lǐmào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be well mannered, to be polite
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you qián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be rich
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                you xiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be effective; to be valid
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu xìngqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be interested
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu yánjiū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have done research on; to know a lot about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yǒu yòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be useful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuánlái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                original, former; originally, formerly; it turns out
                that...» so...! (expresses finding out the true
                situation)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuànyi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuányǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                reason, cause
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuè lái yuè...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                more and more..., increasingly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuè...yuè...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the more...the more...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yùnqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                luck
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zài shuō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                furthermore, besides, moreover
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5°, 7.8°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zài yě bù/méi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                never again
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a long time ago
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3°
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zāohūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                early marriage; child marriage; to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      marry as a child; to marry early
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zěnme (yì)huí shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                what’s it all about
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zènme (yì)huí shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                like this
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zéren (-rèn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                responsibility
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhěng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to grow
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhāngdà
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to grow up
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhàngfu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                husband
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhànzhēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                war
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.U*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhāobudào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can’t find, to be unable to find
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhàogu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take care of; care
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*. 7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèi yíxiàzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                after this, as a result of this
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhème (yì)huí shi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                like this
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Just, precisely, right
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngcè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                policy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7-5*. 7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngfǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                government
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1**, 7.6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhènghāo(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                it Just so happens that, to happen
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.8
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to, as it happens; Just in time,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Just right, Just enough
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngzhi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                politics; political
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhi hāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can only, to have to, to be forced to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhishi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                knowledge
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhi yào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                provided that, as long as
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6*, 7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -zhong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhongguo QIngnián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                China Youth (a periodical)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhòng nán qing nd
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to regard males as superior
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to females
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhōngxuéshēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                High School Student (a periodical)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhōukān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                weekly publication, weekly magazine
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhuàn qián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to earn money, to make money
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhǔrén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                host, master
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhùxialai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to move and stay (in a place), to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                settle down
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhǔyào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mainly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zìyóu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                freedom; to be free
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zìyóu shìchāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                free market
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.5*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                always; inevitably, without
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                exception; after all, in any case
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zōngjiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (organized) religion
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zōngtōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                president
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.6*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mouth
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                crime, guilt
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuìJin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lately, recently; the near future,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                soon
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be, to act as
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuòbuliāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be unable to do
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1*’
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò llbài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to worship, to go to church
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.7*
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuòxia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to sit down
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                7.1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      283
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote1">1</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark70" />
    </para>
    <para>
      Others: sentences with certain adverbs like yídìng, with potential
      resultative verbs, with the aspect marker -guo, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote2">2</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark71" />
    </para>
    <para>
      ’According to those pandas who answered our surveys.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote3">3</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark72" />
    </para>
    <para>
      ~bèihòu~ &quot;behind the back&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      You, as used in the second example above, can be thought of as
      meaning &quot;comes up to (a certain level).&quot; Gēn, which is
      usually used with yíyàng as in the example just cited, connotes
      exact comparison, so when your sentence compares concrete,
      measurable qualities like height or weight, it is usually better
      to use ...gēn...yíyàng—. For example, Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng gāo states
      explicitly that you are the same height as he, so it would be
      inappropriate to use xiàng there.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote4">4</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark73" />
    </para>
    <para>
      chuáng, &quot;bed&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote5">5</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark74" />
    </para>
    <para>
      The term &quot;liberation&quot; is used with such frequency that
      we introduce it here despite the controversy over whether anything
      in fact was liberated or freed. For most people in China it is
      simply Jargon for referring to 19^9» and the semantic content is
      of little importance.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote6">6</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark75" />
    </para>
    <para>
      *In English &quot;He is dying&quot; may look like an ongoing
      action, but it actually means &quot;He is very near to passing
      from a living state to a dead state.&quot; The passing itself is
      instantaneous. So to translate &quot;He is dying&quot; into
      Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g., Tā kuài yào sǐ
      le, &quot;He is going to die soon,&quot; or Tā huobucháng le,
      &quot;He won’t live long.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote7">7</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark76" />
    </para>
    <para>
      The word gànbu is also used in Taiwan, although not as frequently
      as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of leadership
      in many kinds of organizations, especially government, the army,
      and large corporations.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote8">8</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark77" />
    </para>
    <para>
      kěài, &quot;to be loveable/adorable&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote9">9</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark78" />
    </para>
    <para>
      ’Notice that grandma says literally &quot;You are both here.&quot;
      This, however, is not a statement made after looking for the two
      and finally finding them.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s simply a common way of greeting or starting a conversation:
      you state the obvious.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’’More literally, &quot;How is it you are no longer taking your
      nap?&quot; (New-situation le)
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote10">10</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark79" />
    </para>
    <para>
      In other words, they did wake her up with their talking.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote11">11</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark80" />
    </para>
    <para>
      Grandma is referring to living conditions—it’s not as comfortable
      on the mainland as in the U.S. or Hong Kong.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote12">12</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark81" />
    </para>
    <para>
      This is a natural example of how one who has freely extended
      favors is not shy to ask a favor in return.
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote13">13</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark82" />
    </para>
    <para>
      More literally, &quot;You people are here.&quot; Notice this
      simple way of leaving a group. &quot;You’re here&quot; is the
      functional equivalent of &quot;You stay here,&quot; i.e. &quot;I’m
      going to leave. Please go on talking without me.&quot; Another
      sentence you can use when leaving a group is Nǐmen tǎntan, wǒ xiǎn
      zǒu, &quot;You go on talking I’m going to leave.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript><link linkend="footnote14">14</link></superscript><anchor id="bookmark83" />
    </para>
    <para>
      Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
      talk about them in class.
    </para>
    <para>
      1. Why is his sister going to America? Why is she taking
      handicrafts?
    </para>
    <para>
      2. What will happen in the evening?
    </para>
    <para>
      3. What news does he learn about his sister?
    </para>
    <para>
      ■ i. hoes his mother seem nervous? How can vou tell?
    </para>
    <para>
      After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
      take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
      want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
      your answers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
      indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
      sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in
      Beijing where an older man and a younger man are on the night
      shift.
    </para>
    <para>
      Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the
      tape and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      You will need the following words and phrases:
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎo Shīfu                          old master
    </para>
    <para>
      gémìng                            revolution
    </para>
  </section>
</article>