Demipuppet
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FSI-Chinese-text


			
				
					
						
						
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<h1><a name="bookmark0"></a><span class="font9" style="font-weight:bold;"><a name="bookmark1"></a>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</span></h1>
<p><span class="font8">OPTIONAL MODULE:</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font8">Marriage, Birth and Death</span></p>
<p><span class="font5">SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF</span></p>
<p><span class="font5">THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</span></p>
<p><span class="font13">This publication is to be used primarily in support of training military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</span></p>
<p><span class="font13">Defense Language Institute</span></p>
<p><span class="font13">Foreign Language Center Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey. CA 93940</span></p>
<p><span class="font13">Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of the Department of Defense.</span></p>
<p><span class="font13">In DLIFLC publications, the words “he,&quot; “him,&quot; and “his” denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language texts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">OPTIONAL MODULE: CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Before starting the MBD Module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">August 1979</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">PREFACE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font11"> originated in an interagency-conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in Peking.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic institutions.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder, III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff, III (FSl); Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 197^+ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and other assistance.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of Texas, Earl M. Hickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 1977» Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also designed the communicationbased classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">All Chinese language material was prepared, or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and. Yunhui C. Yang, assisted, for part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and. Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C. Pola, and Kathleen Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. R</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ann'</span><span class="font1" style="font-variant:small-caps;">t-p?.</span><span class="font11"> of the Foreign Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</span><span class="font11"> was field-tested with the cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and the University of Virginia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Carnes R. Frith, Chairman</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">CONTENTS</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark2"><span class="font11">OBJECTIVES </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark3"><span class="font11">UNIT 1 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark4"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark5"><span class="font11">Part III </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark6"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark7"><span class="font11">UNIT 2 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark8"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark9"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark10"><span class="font11">UNIT 3 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark11"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark12"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark13"><span class="font11">UNIT 1+ Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark14"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark15"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark16"><span class="font11">UNIT 5 Part I </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark17"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark18"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark19"><span class="font11">UNIT 6 Part I </span></a></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><a href="#bookmark20"><span class="font11">Part II </span></a></p></li></ul>
<p><a href="#bookmark21"><span class="font11">Vocabulary </span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark22"><span class="font11">APPENDIX Unit Vocabulary Characters </span></a></p>
<p><span class="font11">OBJECTIVES</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">General</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the course.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Specific</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Ask about the age when most people get married.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">in marriage practices between the city and the country.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births, and funerals.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">U. Ask about the frequency of divorce.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6. Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day wedding.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when they have children.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite, and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">9. Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the mother's health before and after giving birth.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">express concern for that person.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">11. Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death and the funeral.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">13. Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a funeral.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Zhōngguo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèngíu</span><span class="font11"> shì bu shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíchàng niánqīng</span><span class="font11"> rén wan </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. Zhèngíu tíchàng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Nèige </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīngnián</span><span class="font11">, gōngzuò hen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǔlì</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">4.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nongcūn</span><span class="font11"> niánqīng rén yě </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng </span><span class="font11">wǎnhūn ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Wǎnhūn yǐjīng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngl</span><span class="font11">e yìzhǒng <sup>f</sup>ēngqì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6. Xiǎo Lǐ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11"> tǎ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font11"> hen jiǔ le, kěshi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìzhí</span><span class="font11"> bú yào Jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Zhège xiǎo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéngshì kě</span><span class="font11"> piào-liang le!</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Does the Chinese government advocate that young people marry late?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The government advocates late involvement and late marriage.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That young person is very hardworking.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do the young people in the countryside also practice late marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Late marriage has already become a common practice for young people.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎo Lǐ has been in love with her for a long time, but he’s never wanted to get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Boy, is this little town pretty!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíchàng</span><span class="font11">: ’to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Who advocates this?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nianqīng</span><span class="font11">: ’to be young’ green’. There are two different for the second syllable.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ niánqlngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">(literally</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">’years-light’ or ’years-characters with the same sound used</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">She’s so young and so beautiful!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When I was young, I didn’t like to read.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These young people all love to go</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kàn diànyǐng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the movies.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That young Chinese person speaks</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú cuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;pretty good English.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn</span><span class="font11">: ’to get married’, also pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiehūn</span><span class="font11">. Notice that in Chinese you talk of ’getting married’, while in English we talk of ’being married’. And it follows grammatically that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéhūn</span><span class="font11"> is a process verb, not a state verb. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font11"> will always be seen with an aspect marker such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le </span><span class="font11">or will be negated with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Have they gotten married yet? (This</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">is the equivalent of ’Are they married?)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ jiéhūn duo jiǔ le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How long have you been married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiéhūn</span><span class="font11"> is a verb-object compound, literally meaning ’to knot marriage’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jié</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūn</span><span class="font11"> can be separated by aspect markers, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> Nǐ shi shénme shíhou j iéhūnde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">To say ’get married to someone’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">When did you get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mr. Wang has been married three times.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">use the pattern </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn ... jiéhūn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">To whom did he get married?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Note on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span><span class="font11">: ’late involvement and late marriage’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǎnliàn</span><span class="font11"> is an abbreviation for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wan liàn’ài</span><span class="font11">, ’mature love’, (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font11"> means ’romantic love, courtship’), and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnhūn</span><span class="font11"> is an abbreviation for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎn jiéhūn</span><span class="font11">, ’late marriage’. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and might be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds fifty years (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage is allowable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīngnián</span><span class="font11">: ’youth, young person’. adjectival verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánqīng</span><span class="font11">, ’to be young</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiwèi qingnián lǎoshī yīnggāi dào dàxué qù jiāo shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In this sentence, the noun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīngnián</span><span class="font11"> is ’teacher’.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wo J ide sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī táng.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shi a, nèi shíhou women dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo le, yá bù xíng le.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǔlì</span><span class="font11">: ’to be hardworking, to be hard’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Do not confuse this noun with the ’. (See Notes on No. 1)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This young teacher should go to a university to teach.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">used to modify the noun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǎoshī,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I remember that thirty years ago you especially loved to eat candy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m old, and my teeth aren’t good any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">diligent’, or as an adverb, ’diligently,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Although he’s very hardworking, his English is still not good enough.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I have to study Chinese very hard.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nongcūn</span><span class="font11">: ’rural areas, countryside, village’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The air in the country is much</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hǎoduō le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better than in the city.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shíxíng</span><span class="font11">: ’to practice, to carry</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ zhèige Jìhua hen hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng shíxíng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi Jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chéng</span><span class="font11">: ’to constitute, to make,</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Their family lives in the country.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">out (a method, policy, plan, reform)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t think it can be carried out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This method has been in practice for three weeks, but the results aren’t good.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">to become’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hen hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù chéng wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wode nūer xianzai chengle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde xiǎo mèimei.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngqì</span><span class="font11">: ’established practice,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiànzài you bù shǎo qingnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, you yǒule niàn shūde fēngqì.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">His studies have been good all along, so after he graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute a problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My daughter has become an older sister. She really likes her little sister.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">custom; general mood’.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">There are a lot of young people now who don’t want to sell things in shops. This practice is really bad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Now in China there is again a general atmosphere of study.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11">: ’with’. You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11"> used between two nouns or pronouns as a conjunction meaning ’and’. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb meaning ’with’. The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font11">, which you have seen, also has both meanings, ’and’ and ’with’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Formerly, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font11"> was the most frequently used word for ’with’ or ’and’ in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11"> was more often written. But </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he </span><span class="font11">has come into wide conversational use in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pùtōnghuà</span><span class="font11">. In addition to this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hàn</span><span class="font11"> instead of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11">, which is the same character with another pronunciation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Generally speaking, if you use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēn</span><span class="font11"> you should not have any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn*ài</span><span class="font11">: ’to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship’. This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two people. Notice that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn*ài</span><span class="font11"> can be used both as noun and as a verb. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liàn’ài</span><span class="font11"> is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn ài</span><span class="font11">, not </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lià nài</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le. They’ve been in love for quite a few years now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le. They’ve just started to fall in love.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, Our love is only three days old and jiù bù xíng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;already it’s over.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The noun </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàn’ài</span><span class="font11"> is often used in the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tan liàn’ài</span><span class="font11">, ’to be romantically involved’ or more literally ’to talk of love’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen liāngge tan liàn’ài yǐjīng The two of them have been in love for tánle hen jiǔ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;quite a while now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo méiyou he tā tan liàn’ài. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m not in love with her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious intentions for the future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kě</span><span class="font11">: ’really, certainly*. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs. Kě can be used before a negative.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">liāngge kě hāo le’.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">The two of them are very good friends.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Kě bú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shi ma’.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Isn’t that so! (Really! </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> No kidding!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Nà kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bù xíng*.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">That really won’t do!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Na kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bú shi yíjiàn hāo shi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">That’s really not a good thing.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">yào xiāoxīn’.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">You’ve got to be careful!</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">Although some Chinese are fond of using the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kě</span><span class="font11">, to other Chinese it may sound too full of local color with which they do not identify.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are both in their late twenties.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wo jide shàngcì nǐ shuō nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">èrshibásuì le, hái méiyou j iéhūn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo niánqīng rén hǎoxiàng sānshisuì zuǒyòu cái jiéhūn, shi bu shi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì le. Women qīngnián you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hen duō shi yào zuò. Yào nǔlì gōngzuò, nǔlì xuéxí, bú yào zǎo jiehūn! Zhèngfǔ yě tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn. Zài chéngshì-li niánqīng rén dōu zài èrshi-wǔliùsuì yīhòu cái jiehūn.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nongcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì, tāmen yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Zài nongcūn, wǎn liàn'ài wǎn jiéhūn yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng xīn féngqì. Wǒ you yíge zài Bǒijīng jiāoqū gōngzuòde péngyou xià lǐbài jiehūn, nǐ yào bu yao hé wo yìqǐ qù kàn-kan? Wǒ gěi ni ānpai yixiar.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎojíle. Nà kǒ zhēn you</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yìsi, gang dào zhèr jiù you zhènme yíge hǎo jīhui.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I remember last time you told me that you're twenty-eight years old and you're not married yet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Right.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I've been meaning to ask you all along, it seems as if young people in China don't get married until they're about thirty, is that so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Right. We young people have a lot of things we have to do. We have to work hard and study hard; we shouldn't get married early.' The government also promotes late involvement and late marriage. In the city, young people don't get married before the age of twenty-five or twenty-six.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do the young people in the rural areas practice late marriage too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes, they do too. In the rural areas, late involvement and late marriage have already become a new common practice. I have a friend who works in the suburbs of Peking who's getting married next week. Do you want to go see it with me? I'll arrange it for you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Great. That would really be interesting. And such a good opportunity so soon after getting here.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn</span><span class="font11">: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">8 . Xiànzài Zhōngguo rén j iēhūn you shénme </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíshì</span><span class="font11">?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">9- A: Nǐ jiehūn de shíhou nǐde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐnqi sòngg</span><span class="font11">ei ni shénme </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐwù</span><span class="font11">?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò jìniàn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">10. A: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǔduō</span><span class="font11"> nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhùdao nuj iār</span><span class="font11"> qu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zhè gēn yǐqiánde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsū</span><span class="font11"> you hen dàde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qūbié</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B:</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Ke bú shi ma</span><span class="font11">! Zhēnshi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎi-biànl</span><span class="font11">e </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù shǎo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">11.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Ěrqiě</span><span class="font11"> zài nóngcūn yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">What kind of ceremony do the Chinese have when they get married now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What gifts did your relatives give you when you got married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They gave me a few small presents as mementos.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Many young men now go and live with the wife’s family after they get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This is very different from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Furthermore, late marriage is also practiced in rural areas.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíshì</span><span class="font11">: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of marital vows.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation owed to the family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside, where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐnqi</span><span class="font11">: ’relatives* </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐnqi</span><span class="font11"> is slightly different from the English word ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s immediate family are called </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiāli rén</span><span class="font11">.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Do you have a lot of relatives</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">in your family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women Jiā qinqi kě duō le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have lots of relatives in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">our family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǒnggei</span><span class="font11">: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font11"> has several meanings. One is ’to send’, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le</span><span class="font11">, ’I sent your luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Here you see </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font11"> with the prepositional verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font11"> ’for, to’ after it. You have also seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiāogei</span><span class="font11">, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font11"> is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is given. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gěi</span><span class="font11"> can also be used this way with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jì</span><span class="font11"> ’to send’, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎi </span><span class="font11">’to sell’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I sent this piece of clothing to my</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">mèimei le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;younger sister.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">/</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He sold his house to me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in the sentence, making it necessary to use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font11"> to put the indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object is specific and the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎ</span><span class="font11"> construction is preferred. When </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font11"> is followed by an indirect object, however, the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gěi</span><span class="font11"> is usually optional.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I am going to give him a small present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lǐwù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...sǒnggei ni shénme lǐwù?</span><span class="font11">: Wedding gifts for friends and relatives in the PRC are generally ’’useful’’ items. Common among these are </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nuǎnpíng</span><span class="font11">, hot water Jugs; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāpíng</span><span class="font11">, vases; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎidēng</span><span class="font11">, table lamps; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐ</span><span class="font11">, pens; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liánpěn</span><span class="font11">, wash basins; or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjù</span><span class="font11">, kitchen items.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuǒ</span><span class="font11">: ’to act as, to serve as’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tǎmen sǒnggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuǒ Jìniǎn</span><span class="font11">. is literally ’They gave me a few small presents to serve as mementos.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, A lot of students who graduated from hěn duō dōu zuǒ lǎoshī le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this school have become teachers.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yǒng zhèiběn xǐn shū zuò lǐwù, Would it be okay to use this new hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;book as a present?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò</span><span class="font11">, ’to act as, to serve as’ is often seen used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòng</span><span class="font11">, ’to use’ as in the example above, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòng ... zuò ...</span><span class="font11">, ’to use (something) as (something) else’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìniàn</span><span class="font11">: ’memento, remembrance; to commemorate’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ gěi ta yìzhang zhàopiàn zuò I’ll give him a photo as a memento, jìniàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font11">: ’many; a great deal (of), lots (of)’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǔduō</span><span class="font11"> is used as a number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Hai you duōshao qián?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Hái you xǔduō.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Tā mǎile xǔduō (zhang) huàr.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">How much money is there left?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There’s still a lot left, or There’s a lot more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He bought a lot of paintings.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǔduō</span><span class="font11"> has several things in common with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen duō</span><span class="font11">, in addition to similarity of meaning. Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō </span><span class="font11">and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen duō</span><span class="font11"> can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11">, and (3) be followed by a counter, but not usually </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā rènshi xǔduō rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā rènshi hen duō rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">He knows a lot of people.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā Jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā Jiànle hen duō(de) rén.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">He saw (met with) a lot of people.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Bìchǔli you hen duō (jiàn) dàyī.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">There are a lot of overcoats in the closet.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">He wrote a lot of books.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hen duō</span><span class="font11"> is probably more common than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font11">. Some speakers feel that they do not use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǔduō</span><span class="font11"> in conversation; many speakers, however, do not feel any restriction about using it in conversation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...zhùdao nǔjiār qu</span><span class="font11">: ’to go live with the wife's family' You've seen the prepositional verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font11"> used after main verbs, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nádao loushàng qu</span><span class="font11">, 'take it upstairs'. Following verbs expressing some kind of motion, the use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font11"> is fairly straightforward. But in the above example from the Reference List, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font11"> is used with a verb which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font11">, 'to live, to inhabit'. Here is another example of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhù</span><span class="font11"> used in a phrase expressing motion:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shi zuotiān zhùjinlaide. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He moved in yesterday.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The verbs </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhàn</span><span class="font11"> ’to stand’ and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font11"> ’to sit’ can also be used in phrases expressing motion.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qǐng ni zhàndao nèibianr qu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you please go stand over</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hao bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qǐng ni zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you please go sit up</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;front.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to former tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the man’s family, and of course, moved into his family’s house.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride carried special significance. It was called </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù zhuì</span><span class="font11"> and might take place when a family had only female children and the father wanted his daughter’s husband to take his last name in order to carry on the family line.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qūbié</span><span class="font11">: ’difference’ things, use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">... gēn ... you qūbié</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiběn zìdiǎn gēn nèibēn you hen dàde qūbié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào you shénme qūbié?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài nǎr?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">When expressing the difference between two</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">There is a big difference between this dictionary and that one.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What is the difference between this school and that one?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What is the difference between these two methods?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kě bú shi ma*.</span><span class="font11"> : ’Yes, indeed’., I’ll say!’, or more literally, ’Isn’t it so’. ’ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Kě bú shi ma!</span><span class="font11"> is often used in northern China to indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes perfect sense to the speaker, something like English ’Well, of course!’ or ’Really!’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù shǎo</span><span class="font11">: Literally ’not a little’, in other words, ’quite a lot’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you bù shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Měiguo bù shǎo rén you qìchē.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">érqiě</span><span class="font11">: ’furthermore, moreover’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiǎn tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià xuě.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He has a lot he wants to say to you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In America a lot of people have cars.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The weather is bad today, and furthermore it looks as if it’s going to snow.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ěrqiě</span><span class="font11"> is often used in the pattern </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú dan...érqiě </span><span class="font11">&quot;but also...’ or ’not only.. .moreover...’:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’not only. . .</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèizhěng huār hú dan hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng xiāng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it’s also very fragrant.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wo bú dan ài chī tang, érqiě shénme tian dōngxi dōu ài chī.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like to eat anything sweet.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Tā bú dàn xuéguo Zhongwén,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">érqiě xuéde bú cuo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wo bu dàn méiyou hé tā tan liàn’ài, érqiě wo yě bú dà xīhuan ta.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he has learned it quite well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I don’t like her very much.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The American exchange student and her language teacher continue their conversation:</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">you shénmeyàngde yíshì?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Méiyou shénme yíshì, jiù shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">qǐng qīnqi péngyou lai hē dianr chá, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin, shenmede.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Qīnqi péngyou song bu song</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">lǐwù?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Youde rén song yìdianr xiao</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">lǐwù zuò jìniàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: <sub>v</sub>Wǒ tīngshuō yǐqián nóngcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde shíhou, nánjiā yào song xuduō lǐwù. Zhèige fēngsū shi bu shi yě gǎibiàn le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shi a! Zhèizhǒng shìqing</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zài bù shǎo dìqū dōu méiyou le. Érqiě xiànzài yě yǒude nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhèi gēn yīqiánde fēngsū yě you hen dàde qūbié.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ke bū shi ma’. Zhēn shi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">gaibiànle bù shǎo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">What kind of ceremony is there when the Chinese get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There is no ceremony, we just invite friends and relatives to come and have some tea, candy, snacks, and so on.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do the friends and relatives give gifts?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Some people give small gifts as a memento.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve heard that it used to be that in the country, when a girl got married, the man’s family would have to give a lot of gifts. Has this custom changed too?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes! In many regions, this kind of thing doesn’t exist any more. Furthermore, now there are also young men who go to live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is also very different from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say! It has really changed a lot.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART III</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Nǐmen jiéhūn yǐqián </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuāngfāng </span><span class="font11">dōu hen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎoj iě</span><span class="font11"> ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">13. Xiànzài Zhōngguo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">líhūnd</span><span class="font11">e bú tài duō.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">14. Nèiduì </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūfù</span><span class="font11"> bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">15. Tā meinián you duoshāo tiānde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tànqǐnj ià</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">16. Fūfù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zōngshi něnggōu</span><span class="font11"> zài yìqǐ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐjiào</span><span class="font11"> hǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">17. A: Tǎmen shi. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐngguo xiǎngdǎng-</span><span class="font11">de </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolū</span><span class="font11"> yǐhōu cái jié-hūnde.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">A; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dànshi</span><span class="font11"> bù zhìdào wèishénme, tǎmen haishi you hen duō wèntí.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">18.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Nǎnnū yīngdǎng</span><span class="font11"> bǐcǐ liaojie yǐhōu zài jiehūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">19. Nǐ xiǎng tǎ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> bu hui bǎng wō </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějué</span><span class="font11"> zhèige wèntí?</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">Before you were married, did you both know each other very well?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There aren’t many people getting divorced in China now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That married couple doesn’t work in the same region.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How many days of leave does he get every year to visit family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s always better if married couples can be together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They gave it quite a bit of consideration before they got married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">But for some reason or other they still had a lot of problems.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A man and woman should know each other well before they get married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do you think he will help me solve this problem?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART III</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shuāngfāng</span><span class="font11">: ’both sides, both parties’</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo he Měiguo shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">This matter is known to both America and China.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐcǐ</span><span class="font11">: 'the one and the other; each other, mutually’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Suīrān women méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde bìng méiyou bànfa le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Although we didn't say anything, we both knew. There was nothing that could be done for his illness.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Yěude dàxuéshēng xǐhuan zài bìyède shíhou bǐcǐ song lǐwù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zhōumō hǎo!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’to understand; to acquaint oneself with,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Some college students like to give each other gifts when graduating.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Have a nice weekend.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You too!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to try to understand’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiàn shi, wo bù dong, hái děi qù liǎojiě yíxià.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo liǎojiě ta.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhěnde liǎojiě tā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Notice that when you want to say ’to someone’, the Chinese word to use is to have made someone’s acquaintance)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I don’t understand this, I have to go back and try to understand it again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I understand her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He feels that he doesn’t have a single friend who really knows him. know someone’ meaning ’to understand </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎojiě</span><span class="font11">, not </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènshi</span><span class="font11"> (which simply means</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">..■ líhūnde bú tài duo</span><span class="font11">: ’There aren’t many people getting divorced ... </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Líhūnde</span><span class="font11">, ’those (people) who get divorced’, is a noun phrase in which </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">líhūn </span><span class="font11">is nominalized by </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de</span><span class="font11">■</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fūfù</span><span class="font11">: ’husband and wife, married couple’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen fūfù liāngge dou fēicháng hǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Those two (that couple) are both</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">very nice.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">: ’do not work in the same region’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíge</span><span class="font11">, ’one’, is frequently used to mean ’one and the same’. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women dōu zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">All of us go to the same school.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī jiāochulaide.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">They are both the product of the same teacher.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tànqǐnjià</span><span class="font11">: ’leave for visiting family’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tàn qīn</span><span class="font11"> means to visit one’s closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān tā jiù qù Shanghai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tomorrow he’s going to Shanghai to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tan qīn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;visit his family.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒngshi</span><span class="font11">: ’always, all the time’. This adverb may also occur as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǒng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zǒngshi ài qù Huáměi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He always loves to go to the</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kāfēitīng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Huáměi Coffeehouse.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nénggòu</span><span class="font11">: ’can, to he able to’. This is a synonym of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">něng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jīngguo</span><span class="font11">: ’to pass by or through, to go through’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jīngguo</span><span class="font11"> can mean 1) to pass by or through something physically, or 2) to go through an experience.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīngguo zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">As a result of this study, I see things a lot more clearly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Every day on my way home from work I pass by the Bǎihuò Dàlou.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ měitiān xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dóu jīngguo Bǎihuò Dàlou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;...dōu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jīngguo Baihuò Dàláu.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ jīngguo zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian women zài lǐtou gōngzuò ma?</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">When you passed by this room, didn’t you see us working inside?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">etc.); considerable, a considerable</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His health is quite good.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngdāng</span><span class="font11">: ’quite, pretty (good, degree of’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde shēntǐ xiāngdāng hāo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">\</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kǎolū:</span><span class="font11"> ’to consider; consideration’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yǐjīng kaoliiguo le, ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I have already given it consideration</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">háishi yīnggāi shàng dàxué. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he should still go to college.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dànshi</span><span class="font11">: ’but’, a synonym of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kěshi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yǐjīng qùguo le, dànshi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I already went there, but I didn't</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wǒ méiyou kàndao ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánnū</span><span class="font11">: ’male and female’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nānnude shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters &quot;between men and women are the hardest to judge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīngdāng</span><span class="font11">: ’should, ought to’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yīngdāng</span><span class="font11"> is a less-frequently heard word for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīnggāi</span><span class="font11">. These two words share in common the following meanings:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(1) ’should’ in the sense of obligation or duty.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng We two are comrades, we should help (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ bāngmáng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;each other.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(2) ’ought to’ in the sense of ’it would be suitable to’.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s cold out, you should put on</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yīngdāng) duō chuān yìdiǎnr. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;some more clothing.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(3) ’should’ in the sense of ’it would be desirable to’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo wánr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(U) ’should’ in the sense of ’it is</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) kuài dào le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐjiào</span><span class="font11">: &nbsp;&nbsp;’r elat ively,</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">comparatively, by</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān bǐjiào rè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiàn yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo yìdiǎnr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèi liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">You should try this, it’s fun.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">expected’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s ten o’clock, he should be here soon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He’s been studying Chinese for three years, he should be pretty good by now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">comparison’. Also pronounced</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s hotter today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After this article of clothing is altered, it will be better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The past couple of days he’s been feeling better, he doesn’t have such a high fever any more.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all"></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǐj iào</span><span class="font11"> before other adverbial expressions like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú tài</span><span class="font11"> ’not too’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù zěnme</span><span class="font11"> ’not so’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bú nàme</span><span class="font11"> ’not so’ or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hen</span><span class="font11"> ’very’. Careful speakers, however, feel that bǐjiào should not be used in such cases.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11">: ’will; might; be likely to*. The auxiliary verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huì</span><span class="font11"> is used to express likelihood here.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān tā huì bu hui lai?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Will he come tomorrow?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ qù bǎ men guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài rè?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">If I go close the door, will you feel too hot?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiějué</span><span class="font11">: ’to solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a difficulty)’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ bú yao jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Don’t get anxious, the problem of money has already been solved.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Washington, D. C.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange student from Peking.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Women rènshi zhǐ you liǎngge</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">duō xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi lǎo péngyou le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì. Women tiǎntiǎn zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yíkuàir, zhēn hǎoxiàng shi lǎo péngyou le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shi shénme shíhour jiéhūnde ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: 0! Wǒ shi qiǎnniǎn jiehūnde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǐ èrshibǎsuì le. Nǐ àiren</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Tā sānshièr le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nīmen jiéhūnde shíhou kě bù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎo le’. Zhōngguo nianqīng rén dōu shi zhèige yàngzi ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì le. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">liàn wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rén yě dōu yào nǔlì xuéxí, nǔlì gōng-zuò, bú yào zǎo jiehūn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Chéngshili nude duo da</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jiéhūn?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Chàbuduō èrshiwǔsuì zuǒyòu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǎnde ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Dàgài èrshibǎsuì zuǒyòu.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Jiéhūnde shíhour you shénme-</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yàngde yíshì?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Méiyou shénme yíshì. Būguò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jiehūn nèitiǎn qīng qīnqi péngyou lai hēhe chǎ, chī diǎnr tang, diǎnxin shenmede. Yě you rén song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuò</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We’ve only known each other for two weeks or so, but we’re old friends already.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. We’re together every day; it really is as if we’re old friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been meaning to ask you all along when you were married.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh. I was married the year before last.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re twenty-eight years old. How about your spouse?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He’s thirty-two.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You certainly weren’t young when you were married! Is it this way for all Chinese young people?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. The government promotes late involvement and late marriage. Also, all young people should study hard and work hard, and shouldn't get married early.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">At what age do most women get married in the cities?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After about twenty-five.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">And men?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After about twenty-eight.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What kind of ceremony is there when someone gets married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There is no ceremony. But on the day of the marriage relatives and friends are invited to come and drink tea, eat a little candy, snacks and so forth. Some people also give a</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jìniàn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nōngcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì. Zài nóngcūnli wan</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">liàn’ài wan jiēhūn yě yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng fēngqì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">u</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nongcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shíhou nanjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bú yào le. Érqiě xiànzài you.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">xiē nan qīngnián jiēhūn yīhòu hái zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhè gēn yǐqiánde fēngsú you hěn dàde qùbié.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Kě bú shi ma! Zhēn shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">gǎibiànle bù shǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: You, kěshi bǐjiǎo shǎo.^,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Yīnwei jiēhūn yǐqián nánnū shuāngfāng bǐcǐ bǐjiǎo liǎojiě, you jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū, suōyi líhūnde bú tài duō.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ t’ngshuō Zhōngguo you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò, bú zhùzai yíge dìfang, zhè huì bu hui you wèntí ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">gōngzuò, suīrán měinián you bànge yuède tànqīnjià, dànshi hái you hěn duō bù fāngbiàn. Suóyi wèile ràng tamen gèng hǎode gōngzuò he xuéxí, yīng-dāng bāng tamen jiějué zhèige wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Duìjíle. Fūfù zǒngshi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nénggòu zài yìqī bǐjiào hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">small gift as a memento.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do the young people in rural areas also practice late marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. Late involvement and late marriage have already become a common practice in the rural areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the farm villages does the family of the husband still have to give a lot of presents when a girl gets married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Not any more. Furthermore now there are even young men who live with the wife’s family after they get married. This is very different 'from the customs of the past.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are there many people who get divorced in China now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes, there are, but relatively few. The man and the woman know each other rather well before they get married, and they give the matter quite a bit of consideration, so not too many people get divorced.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I hear there are some couples in China who don’t work in the same place. Do problems ever come about because of this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">If the husband and wife don’t work in the same place, even though they get half a month’s leave every year to visit family members, it’s still very inconvenient. So in order to let them work and study even better, we should help them solve this problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re so right. It’s always better if the husband and wife can be together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...nánjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?</span><span class="font11">: In traditional China, the groom’s family gave gifts to the bride’s family to compensate for the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In Taiwan, it is still the man’s family who in most cases pays for the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no longer exist.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō</span><span class="font11">?: Although allowed by law with the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group criticism.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">: Many couples still have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other’s work-place. The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city, usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse, but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...suǐràn měinián you bànge yuède tànqǐnjià</span><span class="font11">: There are two types of leave for visiting one’s family in the PRC. One is for unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other is for couples who are assigned to different places for work. These trips are paid for by one’s work unit (but communes have no family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can take a thirty day visit once every two years.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǐcǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">each other, mutually; you too, the same to you</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǐjiào (bījiǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bú dan bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">not only</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">quite a lot, quite a few</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chéng chéngshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to become, to constitute, to make city</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dànshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">but</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">érqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">furthermore</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngqì fēngsū fūfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">common practice; general mood custom</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">married couple, husband and wife</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gǎibiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to change</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">he huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">with; and</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">might, to be likely to, will</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiéhūn (jiehūn)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jiějué^ jingguo jìniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to get married</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to solve</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to go through, to pass by or through memento, memorial</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">kǎolū</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kě</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kě bū shi ma!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to consider; consideration indeed, really</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">liàn’ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be romantically involved with; love</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">liǎojiě (liáojie) líhūn lǐwù (lǐwu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to understand; understanding to get divorced gift, present</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">nánjiá(r) nánnu nénggòu niánqīng nongcūn nūjiā(r) nǔlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the husband’s family male and female can, to be able to to be young rural area, countryside the wife’s family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qīngnián qīnqi qūbié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">youth, young person relatives</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">difference, distinction</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, ‘reform, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shuāngfāng song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">both sides, both parties to give (something as a gift)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tan qīn tànqīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to visit family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tànqīnjià tíchàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">leave for visiting family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">late involvement and late marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiāngdāng xǔduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">quite, pretty, very</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yīngdāng yíshì yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">ceremony</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">all along, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zhèngfǔ zhùdao zǒngshi zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">government</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to move to, to go live at always</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 2</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Hòutiān shi nǐmen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiao j ie dàxǐde rìzi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Xǐnlāng</span><span class="font11"> zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font11"> hěn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāoshi</span><span class="font11">, yě hěn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàngjìn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Women Xiùyún gēn tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowǎng </span><span class="font11">yǐjīng yìniánduō le, duì tā hěn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyì</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">4. A: Nǐmen gěn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánfāngd</span><span class="font11">e fùmǔ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shóu</span><span class="font11"> hu shóu?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bu tài shóu. Kěshi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zāo</span><span class="font11"> jiù tīngshuōguo.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;Tǎmen yì lai </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíqǐn</span><span class="font11"> women</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">j iù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāying</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">5. A: &nbsp;Tǎmen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tánlāi tānqù</span><span class="font11"> tánle</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hěn jiǔ bù néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">juédìng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Kěshi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hōulāi haishi</span><span class="font11"> wǒ gào-su tamen yīnggāi zěnme bàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ nùérde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlǐ</span><span class="font11"> zài Éméi Cān-tīng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǔxíng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Tīngshuō </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiehūn lǐfú</span><span class="font11"> shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnniāng</span><span class="font11"> zìjī zuòde, tā zhēn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nénggàn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Wǒ zhù yīyuànde shíhou nǐmen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hai</span><span class="font11"> song huā lai, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ài</span><span class="font11">, zhēn shi tài xièxie le.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">The day after tomorrow is your daughter’s wedding day.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The bridegroom works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and very ambitious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Our Xiùyún has been seeing him for over a year now, and she's very pleased with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Did you know the groom's parents very well before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Not too well. But we'd heard of them long before.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As soon as they came to propose the marriage we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They talked and talked for a long time and couldn't decide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">But later it was I who told them what they should do, after all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My daughter's wedding will be held at the Omei Restaurant.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I hear that the wedding gown was made by the bride herself. She's really capable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When I was in the hospital you even sent flowers. Thanks so much.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiáojie</span><span class="font11">: ’daughter’. You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiáojie</span><span class="font11"> meanirfg ’Miss’ or ’young lady’. Here it is used to mean ’daughter'. Note, however, that it is used only in referring to someone else’s daughter, not in referring to one’s own daughter(s).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you jǐwèi xiaojie? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How many daughters does he have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn piàoliang. Your daughter is really pretty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiáojie</span><span class="font11">, meaning either ’Miss’ or ’daughter’, is not in current usage in the PRC.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dā xǐde rìzi</span><span class="font11">: ’wedding day’, literally ’hig joyful day’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐ</span><span class="font11"> ’to he glad, joyful’, is used in several expressions having to do with weddings. The character for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ</span><span class="font11"> is often used as a decoration. For weddings, two </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐ </span><span class="font11">characters together are used as a decoration.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ren hen lāoshi</span><span class="font11">: ’he’s very honest’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ren</span><span class="font11">, ’person’, can he used to refer to a person’s character. It can he used with a noun or pronoun before it, for example </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā ren hen lāoshi</span><span class="font11">, literally ’As for him, his person is very honest’. The wording </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā rén ...</span><span class="font11"> is often used to talk about the way someone truly is:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā rén hen āi bāngzhu bié rén.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Liu Xiānsheng rén hen tèbié, shénme shìqing dōu yào wen yige wèishenme.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā rén hen kèqi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Sometimes </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rén</span><span class="font11"> refers to a person’s</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái you dianr bu qǐngchu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He (is the sort of person who) likes to help others.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mr. Liu is a different sort of person, he has to ask ’why’ about everything.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He’s a very polite sort of person.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">mental state of being:</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I had too much to drink and I’m still a little foggy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ren</span><span class="font11"> also sometimes refers to a person’s physical self. This meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied, something like ’And</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">as for the person himself, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi he tā tōng diànhuà, jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì jiàn miàn, tā rén fēichāng piàoliàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu niàn shū qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān, shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowǎng</span><span class="font11">: ’to associate with, t boyfriend-girlfriend relationships.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde jiāowǎng.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">example:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">All along I had only talked to her over the phone, but this morning I met her for the first time. She’s very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They hadn’t even been married for one month when her husband went to California to go to school. He was in America, but his heart was in Taiwan, how could he possibly study well?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">have dealings with’, often said of</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There’s no special relationship between him and me. (Said by a daughter in explanation to her mother.)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">In the PRC </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowǎng</span><span class="font11"> is not used this way; use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènshi</span><span class="font11">, ’to know (a person)’ or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāo péngyou</span><span class="font11">, ’to make friends’ instead. In the PRC, you will hear </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāowǎng </span><span class="font11">used in phrases such as ’’</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lǐangguo rénmínde jiāowǎng”</span><span class="font11">, ’the contact (association) between the peoples of these two countries’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánfāng</span><span class="font11">: ’’the bridegroom’s side”, a phrase which often refers to the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the bridegroom’s family, relatives, and friends collectively. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nanfāng</span><span class="font11">, ’’the bridegroom’s side”, happens to be a homonym of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nanfāng</span><span class="font11">, ’the South’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rén Jiéhūnde shíhou, When Chinese get married, the groom’s nǎnfāng dà qǐng kè. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;family hosts a big feast.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">V __</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nǎnfāng nūfāng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Before a marriage, the groom’s side</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bǐcǐ song lǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and the bride’s side give each</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">other gifts.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">E</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nūfāng</span><span class="font11"> means ’’the bride’s side, referring either to ’’the bride” herself, or to ’the bride’s family, relatives, and friends collectively’.]</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shou</span><span class="font11">: ’to be familiar with ...’ Also pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shú</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shou</span><span class="font11"> is used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hé</span><span class="font11"> for people and with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duì</span><span class="font11"> for places.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hé tā hen shou. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I know him very well.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn shóu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">She knows Taipei very well.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shóu</span><span class="font11"> also means ’to be cooked sufficiently’ and ’to be ripe’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎo</span><span class="font11">: You've learned this as the verb 'to be early' , now you see it used to mean 'long ago'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù huílai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I knew long ago that you wouldn't</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">come back.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I heard about it long ago.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zǎo</span><span class="font11"> is usually followed by </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù</span><span class="font11"> to stress the idea of 'as early as that’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zǎo jiu gaosu tǎ neijian &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I told him that long ago. (Said to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shi le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;correct an impression that he</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">didn't actually know it so early. )</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lai kàn ni, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I've been meaning to come see you</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yìzhí méi shíjiǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;for a long time, but I never had</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tíqǐn</span><span class="font11">: 'to bring up a proposal of marriage' Traditionally, the man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage. The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently, however, the children simply inform their parents of their own arrangement.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">daying</span><span class="font11">: 'to agree (to something),</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎ dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tǎ xiànzài you bù gěi le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ dǎying ta le, dāngrǎn yīnggāi péi ta qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ dǎying zuòde shi, yídìng yào zuòdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wèishénme bú zuò?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiù yǐnggǎi zuòdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ méi dǎying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dǎyjng</span><span class="font11"> can also mean 'to answer'.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">to consent, to promise'</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he won't give it to me?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You promised him, of course you should go with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You must do what you promise to do.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Why don't you do this thing that you have promised?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You ought to do things that you promise•</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I didn't promise to give you a passport.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme méi dāying?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He called you, how come you didn’t answer?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. $</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tánlai tánqù</span><span class="font11">: ’to talk over’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué We discussed it for a long time, but</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhèige wèntí.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">still couldn’t solve the problem.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tánlai tánqù, tánde hen you yìsi.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">It got very interesting, conversing back and forth.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">juédìng</span><span class="font11">: ’to decide’.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ juedìng yào qù.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve decided that I’m going.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yǐjīng juedìng jiù zhènme ban.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve already decided that it’ll be this way.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hái méi juedìng gāi zěnme ban.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I haven’t yet decided what should be done.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Notice that when you want to say ’I can’t decide whether (to do something)’ or ’I haven’t decided whether (to do something)’, the object of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">juedìng</span><span class="font11"> is a choice-type question.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu qù.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I haven’t yet decided whether to go or not.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I can’t decide whether to go or not.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hěn nán juédìng rang bu rang ta qù.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ shi bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán juédìng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I’m having a hard time deciding whether to let him to or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s hard to decide whether or not I should go back.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font11">: ’afterwards, later’. You have already learned another word which can be translated as ’’afterwards” or ’’later”: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái </span><span class="font11">are both nouns which express time. Here is a brief comparison of them.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(1) Yǐhòu can either follow another element ’in which case it is translated as ’’after ...”) or it can be used by itself.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Tā láile yǐhòu, women jiù zǒu After he came, we left.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài láiguo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Afterwards, he never came back again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hòulái</span><span class="font11"> can only be used by itself.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Hòulái, tā shuì jiao le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Afterwards, he went to sleep.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(2) Both </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font11"> may be used to refer to the past. (For example, in the reference list sentence, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> may be substituted for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hòulái</span><span class="font11">. But if you want to say &quot;afterwards&quot; or &quot;later&quot; referring to the future, you can only use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11">. When it refers to the future time, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> can be translated in various ways, depending on the context:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài shuō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yǐhòu nǐ you kòng, qǐng cháng lái wán.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn ren Jiéhūn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Let’s wait until </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">the future</span><span class="font11"> to see about </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font11"> matters.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">future</span><span class="font11"> when you have the time, please come over more often.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll tell you </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">later on</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His child said that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">someday</span><span class="font11">, he wants to marry a Japanese.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Usage Note</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> has the meaning of &quot;after that&quot;. It can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, as a sort of time boundary, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐhòu</span><span class="font11"> refers to the period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is often translated as &quot;since&quot;.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ránhòu</span><span class="font11"> stresses the succession of one event.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo shàngwū zhǐ you liǎngjié kè, ránhòu jiù méi shi le, women kéyi chuqū wánr.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He only wrote one book, and hasn't written any since.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">event upon the completion of a prior</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I have only two classes in the morning, and after that I don't have anything else to do, so we</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font11">: 'in the end, after all' You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font11"> meaning 'still' that is, that something remains the same way as it was. Here </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">háishi</span><span class="font11"> is used to mean that the speaker feels that, all things considered, something is the case after all.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Háishi tā duì.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He is right, after all.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūxíng</span><span class="font11">: 'to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony, etc.)' For this example you need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">diānlǐ</span><span class="font11"> means 'ceremony'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè dianlǐ.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be held.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No, 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11">: ’even, (to go) so far as to’ You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11"> meaning ’still’*as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ hái zài zhèr!</span><span class="font11">, ’You’re still here!’. You’ve also seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11"> meaning ’also, additionally’, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo hái yào mǎi yìpǐng qìshuǐ.</span><span class="font11">, ’I also want to buy a bottle of soda.’ Here you see </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái </span><span class="font11">meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐmen hái song huār lai</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hái</span><span class="font11"> expresses the speaker’s feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or necessary.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhēn shi tài xièxie le</span><span class="font11">: ’I really thank you so much.’’ You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tài</span><span class="font11"> used to mean ’very, extremely’, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tài hǎo le!</span><span class="font11">, ’Wonderful!’. Notice that here it is used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xièxie</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">A woman goes to visit her old friend her daughter and future son-in-law.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhège Xīng-</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">qītiān jiù shi nǐmen èr xiáo-jiede dàxǐde rìzi! Zhèli shi sònggei xīnláng xinniángde lǐwù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie*. Xièxie’. Nǐ tai</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kèqi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Nǐ yídìng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hěn mǎng ba’. Hūnlǐ dōu zhǔnbèi-hǎo le meiyou?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zuì mángde shíhou yǐjīng guò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">le, xiànzài chàbuduō dōu zhǔn-bèihǎo le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Xīnláng shi náli ren a? Zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">náli gōngzuò?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Xīnláng shi Héběi rén, zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Xiùyún gēn tā shi biéren</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jièshào rènshide háishi zìjǐ rènshide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shi Xiùyúnde lǎoshī jiěshàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yǐjīng liǎngnián le, duì ta hěn mǎnyì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǐmen gēn nánfāngde fùmǔ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yǐqián shou bu shōu?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bù shóu, kěshi women zǎo jiù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">tīngshuōguo tamen le. Tāmen liǎngwèi dōu zài TáiDà jiāo shū. Tāmen yì lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ kànjian qǐngtiēshang xiězhe</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hūnlǐ zài Guǒbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng. Nali dìfang you dà you piàoliang. Zhen hǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">and to present her with a gift for</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Congratulations! This Sunday is your second daughter’s big day!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Here’s a present for the bride and groom.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you! That’s so nice of you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s just a little something. You must be busy! Is everything all ready for the wedding?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The busiest time has already passed; almost everything is ready now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where is the groom’s family from? Where does he work?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The groom’s family is from Hopei. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and ambitious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Were Xiuyun and he introduced by someone else or did they meet by themselves?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They were introduced by Xiuyun’s teacher. Xiuyun and he have been seeing each other for two years now, and she’s very pleased with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Did you know the groom’s parents well before?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">No, but we had heard of them long before. They both teach at Taiwan University. As soon as they came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I saw on the invitation that the wedding is being held at the Ambassador Hotel. It’s very spacious and beautiful there. That’s great.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shi a! Women gēn nǎnfāngde fùmú tǎnlǎi tǎnqù tǎnle hǎo Jiu, bù zhīdào zài nǎli Jǔxíng hūnlǐ zuì hǎo. Hòulǎi haishi wǒ Juédìng zài Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Ng! Guobǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Duì le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Xīnniǎngde Jiēhūn lǐfū zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">nǎli mǎide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zuòde.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǐmen èr xiǎojie zhēn nénggàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Tiān bù zǎo le, wǒ gāi zou le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Nǐ hai zìjǐ song lǐwù lai, zhēn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shi xièxie! Xīngqǐtiān yídìng lǎi, ǎ!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. We discussed it back and forth for a long time with his parents. We didn’t know where it would be best to hold the wedding. Afterwards I was the one who decided that we would have it at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh! Not only is the Ambassador Hotel a beautiful place, but the food there is especially good too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That’s right.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where did you buy the bride’s wedding gown?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it herself.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Your second daughter sure is capable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It's getting late, I ought to be going.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You even brought the gifts yourself. Thank you so much. Be sure to come on Sunday!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo</span><span class="font11">. Traditional wedding foods included </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāshēng</span><span class="font11">, peanuts; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnzǐ</span><span class="font11">, lotus seeds; and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎozi</span><span class="font11">, dates, all of which symbolize fertility in that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng(zǐ)</span><span class="font11"> means &quot;give birth to&quot; (a son); </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnzǐ</span><span class="font11"> sounds like part of the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎnshēng guìzǐ</span><span class="font11">, &quot;have sons consecutively&quot;; and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎozi</span><span class="font11"> sounds like part of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǎoshēng guì-zǐ</span><span class="font11">, &quot;have an early son.&quot; The wedding marked the beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family line. Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to family preference.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún- zìjǐ zuòde</span><span class="font11">: Wedding gowns in Taiwan these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red one at the celebration.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">9. Xīnláng Jiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Jǐdūjiào</span><span class="font11">, fùmǔ xīwàng tāmen zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiàotáng</span><span class="font11"> Jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Xīnniáng jiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Fo</span><span class="font11">, fùmǔ bú rang tamen zài Jiàotáng Jiéhūn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">11. Tāmen yào zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎyuàn gōngzhèng j iēhūn</span><span class="font11"> ma?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Hūnlǐ yǐhòu bādiān zhōng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù xí</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">13. Zhège wèntí hen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzá</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">lk. Wǒde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìjian</span><span class="font11"> shi děng liāngge xīngqī women zài tantan.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">15. Tāmen qǐng shéi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghūn</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">16. A: Hūnlǐ yǐhòu tāmen māshàng Jiù qù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dù mìyuè</span><span class="font11"> ma?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bù, yào děng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huí mén</span><span class="font11"> yǐhòu cái qù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">17. Hòutiān yídìng lai chī </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐjiǔ</span><span class="font11">!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">18. A: Nǐmen xiáojie hūnlǐshàng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font11"> shi nāliāngwèi a?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">B: Yíwèi shi lai </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò méid</span><span class="font11">e Lǐ Jiàoshòu.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">19. Nàwěi youzhèngjú </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Juzhāng</span><span class="font11"> shi women Jiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōniánd</span><span class="font11">e lāo péngyou.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">20.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Tāndao</span><span class="font11"> jiehūn, nǐ yě yīnggāi kuài diān qù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zū</span><span class="font11"> Jiàn Jiéhūn lǐfú.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">The family of the bridegroom are Christians and the parents hope they will be married in church.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The family of the bride are Buddhists and -her parents won’t let them be married in church.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are they going to have a civil marriage in court?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After the wedding ceremony the banquet will start at eight.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This question is very complicated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My opinion is that we should wait two weeks and talk about it again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Whom did they ask to witness the marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After the wedding are they going to leave right away to go on their honeymoon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">No, they’re going to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her family before they go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Be sure to come to the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Who are the two people who are going to be the introducers at your daughter’s wedding?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">One is Professor Li who was the go-between.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That postmaster is a friend of our family from many years back.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Speaking of the wedding, you really ought to hurry up and go rent a wedding gown.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART IT</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Jǐdūjiào</span><span class="font11">: ’to believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is one way of saying 'to be a (Protestant) Christian'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn Fo</span><span class="font11">: 'to believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying 'to be a Buddhist'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài fǎyuàn</span><span class="font11">: 'in court' </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font11"> is the verb 'to be in, at, or on', in other words 'to be located (someplace). </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zài</span><span class="font11"> must be followed by a place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a place word or phrase may be difficult for the non-native speaker to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or phases must have a locational ending such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-li</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-shang</span><span class="font11"> added to them. (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài chēshang mǎi piào</span><span class="font11">., 'You buy the ticket on the bus.')</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place words. The phrase 'in court' does not need a locational ending, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài fǎyuàn</span><span class="font11">. Here are some other words which can function as place words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-shi</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǐ</span><span class="font11">) 'house, apartment', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jú</span><span class="font11"> 'office, shop', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dian</span><span class="font11"> 'inn, shop', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-chǎng</span><span class="font11"> 'field, open ground', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ting</span><span class="font11"> 'hall, room', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-suǒ</span><span class="font11"> 'place, room', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jiān</span><span class="font11"> 'house, rooms', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎn</span><span class="font11"> 'public office, hall'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì Jiàn!</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">See you at the office this afternoon!</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Zài běnshì you wǔge yóuzhèng- There are five post offices in this</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font4">Jú!.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">city.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">cáiféngdiàn zuòde</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">ba?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">You must have had that tailor's.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">made at a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ zài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">canting kàndao ta</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">le ma?</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Did you see him in the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dining room?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Other words</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">which behave in a</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">similar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">way are:</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">càishichǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">market</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">fùjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">area</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">cèsuǒ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">toilet</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fúwùtái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">service desk</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dàfàndiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hotel</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Gōngānjú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Bureau of Public Security</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shāngdiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">store</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gongsī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">company</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dàlou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">building</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">apartment</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dashiguan dìqū fàndiàn fǎngjiǎn fànguǎnzi feinting fēijichǎng</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">embassy region restaurant</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">room restaurant dining room airport</span></p>
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<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngyuǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">park</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huìkèshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">reception room</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huǒchēzhàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">railroad station</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">jǐngchǎjú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">police station</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">kǎfēitīng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">coffeehouse</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lǎoj iǎ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hometown</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">and many more...including proper names of Restaurants, buildings, associations, organizations, etc.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzhèng</span><span class="font11">: ’notarization, government witness’. A </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzhèng rén</span><span class="font11"> is a notary public.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rù xí</span><span class="font11">: ’to take one’s seat at a banquet’, literally ’to enter the mat(ted area)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women kuài diānr zhùnbèi, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let’s get ready a little faster,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tǎmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the banquet starts at b:00.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yào rù xí le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzǎ</span><span class="font11">: ’to be complicated, to be complex’. Questions, problems, or situations can be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzǎ</span><span class="font11"> if there are many pieces or factors figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzǎ</span><span class="font11"> to imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎmen jiǎde qíngkuàng tài fùzǎ, wǒ gǎobuqīngchu.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige wèntí tài fùzǎ, hěn nǎn shuōqīngchu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige jùzi tài fùzǎ, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr xiě.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Their family situation is too complicated, I can’t make heads or tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This question is so complicated, it’s very hard to explain it clearly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This sentence is too complicated, it would be best not to write it this way.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fùzǎ</span><span class="font11"> can also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example you need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sìxiǎng</span><span class="font11"> means ’thinking, thought’.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎde sìxiǎng hěn fùzǎ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His thinking is very complex.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùzǎ</span><span class="font11"> in this case would, be </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāndān</span><span class="font11"> ’to be simple’, as in ’simple-minded’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Fùzá is also pronounced </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǔzā</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 14</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìj iàn</span><span class="font11">: ’idea, view, opinion, suggestion’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wo Juéde duì women hen you bāngzhu.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hen xiāng zhīdào, zài zhèige wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèng-fǔde yìjian shi shénme?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shanghai, zài dào Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian zěnmeyang?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài dào Shànghāi qu. Yīnwei zài guò yíge yuè, Wǔhàn fēi-cháng rèle.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He just told us his opinions on this book, and I feel that they’re really helpful to us.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’d very much like to know what the Chinese government’s view is on this question.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’d like to go to Shanghai first and then to Wuhan, what’s your opinion?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My opinion is to first go to Wuhan, then to Shanghai, because after a month, Wuhan will be extremely hot.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1J?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhènghǔn</span><span class="font11">: ’to witness a marriage’. Witnesses formerly were persons of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal. He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to have been asked.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note</span><span class="font11">s on</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">No</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dù mìyuè</span><span class="font11">: ’to spend one’s honeymoon’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dù</span><span class="font11"> is the verb ’to spend, to pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mìyuè</span><span class="font11"> is literally 'honey-moon'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huímén</span><span class="font11">: 'the bride's first visit to her own family on the third day after the wedding', literally 'return to the door'. When the newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐjiǔ</span><span class="font11">: ’wedding banquet’ . Notice that in the Reference List sentence the phrase </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lai chǐ xǐjiǔ</span><span class="font11"> is translated as ’to come to the wedding banquet’. A more literal translation might be ’come to eat a wedding feast!. The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chi</span><span class="font11"> could also be rendered into English by ’attend’ or ’take part’, as in ’Be sure to come take part in the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlǐshàng</span><span class="font11">: ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at the wedding’ while in Chinese you say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūnlǐshàng</span><span class="font11">, literally ’on the wedding'. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Shang</span><span class="font11"> would also be the locative ending to use for ’at the meeting (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huìshang</span><span class="font11">).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font11">: ’introducer’. This is one person in the cast of people who play a part in getting two people together in marriage. Originally, the ’’introducer&quot; functioned in much the same way as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative. Today, most young people find their own mates. The &quot;introducers&quot;, however, still have a ceremonial function. They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony (one for the bride and one for the groom).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò méi</span><span class="font11">: ’to act as the go-between for two families whose children are to be married’. This person arranged the details of the match. He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom, settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò meide</span><span class="font11"> was also the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jièshaorén</span><span class="font11">. Traditionally, the go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his stamp on the wedding certificate.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo? I’ll act as go-between for you, all right?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhang Tàitai qǐng wo tī tāde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mrs. Chang asked me to act as go-</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nùér zuò méi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;between for her daughter.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">júzhǎng</span><span class="font11">: ’head of an office or bureau’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Júzhǎng</span><span class="font11"> is only used when the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-jú</span><span class="font11">, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">youzhèngjú</span><span class="font11">, ’post office’. You’ve also seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bùzhǎng</span><span class="font11">, ’minister of a bureau’ and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kēzhang</span><span class="font11">, ’section chief’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōnián</span><span class="font11">: ’many years’.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Here are some examples:</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women duōnián bú jiàn le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">We haven’t seen each other for many years.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi méi tīngshuōguo zhèige rén.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">We’ve been working together for many years.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been living here for many years, but I’ve never heard of this person.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándao</span><span class="font11">: ’to talk about, to speak of’. This is used to refer to something that was Just brought up in conversation. You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font11"> used as a main verb meaning ’to go to, to arrive at’, and as a prepositional verb meaning ’to towards’. Now you see that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào</span><span class="font11"> is also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to, up to’, but its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tan</span><span class="font11">, ’to talk, to chat’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font11"> can be translated as ’about’ or ’of’. Here are some other examples of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font11"> used with verbs you’ve already studied:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ Jiù lái le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jintiān nǐ gēn ta Jiǎngdao wo méiyou?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde háizi•</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">We were even talking of you Just now, and here you are!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Did you talk about me with him today?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I often think of my child.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Notice that in the Reference List sentence, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tándao</span><span class="font11"> is used at the beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use ’speaking of ...’ in English. Here are some other examples:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tándao Jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiang.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">When it comes to talking about marriage, I have to think it over.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he knows a lot more than I do.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11">: ’really, after all’. You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> meaning ’too, also’. Another common meaning of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> is ’(even though) ... nevertheless, still’. For example:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little English.</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bu shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái kéyi.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">How was the movie?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It wasn’t great, but it was pretty good nevertheless.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ suīrān méi dàoguo Tiān An &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although I’ve never been to Tian An</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Men, yě zài diànshìshang &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Men, I’ve seen it on television,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kànj ianguo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In addition, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> often is used to contrast the thought expressed in the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased something like this: &quot;in spite of anything which might be believed to the contrary, indeed what I am saying </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span><span class="font11"> true.&quot; Sometimes, however, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> is used when there is not much to contrast it with, and means little more than &quot;we really ought to agree that what I am saying is true.&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There are many different possible ways to translate this </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> into English. The following examples are meant to show some of its range of meaning and some of its possible translations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiànzài shíyǐdiǎn ban le, wǒ yě yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí míngtiān zài tan ba’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfù tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi yinggāide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù zhǐdào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǐ zěnme hǎi méi bǎ zhèxiē yǐfu xǐwān?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren, báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou zhènme duō shij iān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women liāngge rènshi yě you jǐniǎn le, nǐ yǐnggāi liǎojiě wo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to class. Let’s talk about our question tomorrow, okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The population of China is too large, it really is right for the government to promote late marriage and late involvement.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don’t know.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How come you still haven’t finished washing these clothes?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m not your servant, after all; I work during the day too, and I don’t have all that much time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Now you (really) ought to understand, don’t you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We have known each other for several years, after all; you ought to understand me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The day before a young couple is to the mother of the bride:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Míngtiān shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">nǐmen xiáojie dàxǐde rǐzi! Xīnláng shi shénme rén a? Tāmen shi zěnme rènshide?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shi péngyou jièshàode.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Nánfāngde fùqin gēn wǒ xiān-sheng zài youzhèngjú shi tongshì, búguò yǐqián bú tài shóu. Hòulái lìngwài yíge xǐng Lǐde tongshì jiù lái zuò méi, jièshào tamen rènshi. Tāmen jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yě yìnián duō le. Nàge nánháizi xiànzài èrshibǎsuì, rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn. Xiànzài zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā bàngōngshìlide rén dōu shuō tā nénggàn. Xiùyún duì ta hěn mānyì, érqiě Xiùyún yǐjīng èrshisìsuì le, yě dàole gāi jiéhūnde shíhou le, suoyi nánfāng yì lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ kàn qǐngtiēshang shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wǔdiǎn zhōng zài Guobīn Dà-fàndiàn jǔxíng hūnlǐ, liùdiǎn zhōng rù xí. Nà dìfang hěn dà, cài yě hěn hǎo, míngtiān yídìng hěn rènao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tándaò jǔxíng hūnlǐ a, yìjian</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">duō le. Zhēn fùzá. Xiān shi liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng jiéhūn, kěshi nánfāngde fùmǔ bù dāying. Tāmen xìn Jīdūjiào, yídìng yào dào jiàotáng qù. Women jiā xìn Fo, zěnme kéyi rang tamen dào jiàotáng qù jǔxíng hūnlǐ ne! Hòulái, liǎngjiā tánlái tánqù, zuìhòu cái juédìng háishi zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">be married, a friend pays a visit to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Congratulations! Tomorrow’s your daughter’s big day! Who’s the bridegroom? How did they meet?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They were introduced by friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The father of the groom is a colleague of my husband’s at the post office, but they didn’t know each very well before. Afterwards, another colleague by the name of Li came to act as the go-between and introduced them. They have been seeing each other for over a year now. The young man is twenty-eight years old now. He’s very honest and ambitious. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. The people at his office all say he’s very capable. Xiuyun is very pleased with him, and besides, she’s twenty-four years old; she has reached the time when she should get married. So as soon as his family came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I see it says on the invitation that the ceremony will be held at the Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock, and that the banquet starts at six. It’s a very big place, and the food is very good. It should be very lively tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As far as the wedding ceremony is concerned, there were a lot of different opinions. It was really complicated. At first the two children wanted to go to court and have a civil marriage, but the parents of the groom didn’t agree to that. They’re Christians, and insisted on going to a church. Our family is Buddhist; how could we let them go to a church to hold the wedding! Later, our two families discussed it back and</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jǔxíng hūnlǐ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Shi qǐng shénme rén zhènghūn</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">a?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zhènghūnrén shi Youzhèngjū</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Zhang Júzhǎng. Tā gēn nánfāngde fùqin shi duōniánde lǎo péngyou, suóyi yì qǐng ta, tā mǎshàng jiu daying le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: You méiyou jièshàorén? Jiè</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shàorén shi shéi ya?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Nánfāngde jièshàorén jiù shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">lai zuò méide nàwèi Lī Xiān-sheng. Women zhèbiān jiù qǐngle Zhang Zǐmíng Jiàoshòu. Tā shi Xiùyūn niàn dàxué shíhoude lāoshī.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Xǐnniángde jiéhūn lǐfú shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zài shénme dìfang zuòde?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bú shi zuòde, shi zūde.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tāmen jiehūn yǐhòu yào dào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">náli qù dù mìyuè?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Tāmen jìhua yào dào Alǐ Shān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">qù wan yíge xīngqī, būguò tāmen jiéhūn yǐhòu bù néng mǎshàng zǒu, yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wǒ xiang</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">nǐmen yídìng hen máng. Wǒ yīnggāi zǒu le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Nǐ nàme kèqi, hái zìjǐ lai</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">song lǐwù lai. Xièxie, xièxie! Míngtiān yídìng lai chī xījiǔ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">forth, and finally we decided it would be best to hold the wedding at the Ambassador Hotel.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Whom did you ask to witness the marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The witness is Postmaster Zhang. He’s an old friend of many years of the groom’s father, so as soon as we went to ask him, he agreed right away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are there any introducers? Who are they?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The introducer for the groom’s side is the Mr. Li who was the go-between. For our side we asked Professor Zhang Ziming. He was a teacher of Xiuyun’s when she was in college.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where was the bride’s wedding gown made?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It wasn’t (specially) made, it’s rented.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After they’re married, where are they going to spend their honeymoon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They’re planning to go to Mt. Ali for a week, but they can’t leave right after the wedding. They have to wait until after the bride’s first visit to her new parents’ home before they go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh, okay. Well, you must be very busy, so I should be leaving now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re so polite, you even brought presents over in person. Thank you! Be sure to come to the banquet tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay, see you tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">. ..liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng .jiehūn</span><span class="font11">: Traditional wedding ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in temples or pagodas). Modern ones are likely to &quot;be held in hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and food is then easier to prepare.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tǎmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shan qù</span><span class="font11">: Ālǐ Shān and Rìyuè Tan (Sun-Moon Lake) are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An average honeymoon stay might last one week.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">(sound of sighing)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dàxǐ</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dàxǐde rìzi daying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">great rejoicing</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wedding day</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to agree (to something), to consent, to promise</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dù mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">duōnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">many years</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fǎyuàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Fo fùzá (fǔzá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">court of law</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Buddha</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be complicated</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngzhèng jiēhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">civil marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hái háishi hōulái hui men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">even, (to go) so far as to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">after all</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">later, afterwards</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the return of the bride to her parents' home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hūnlǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">j iàotáng jiāowāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">church</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to associate with, to have dealings with</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jīdūjiào jiēhūn lǐfú j ièshaorén juédìng jǔxíng Juzhǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Christianity wedding gown introducer to decide to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.) head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jú</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">...-lái...-qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">(indicates repeating the action over and over again)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lǎoshi (lǎoshí)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be honest</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">rnǎnyì mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be pleased honeymoon</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">nánfāng nēnggàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the groom's side, the groom's family to be capable</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">ren</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">person, self, body</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rù xí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shàngjìn shou</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be ambitious</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tándao</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tánlai tánqù tíqīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to talk back and forth</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiáojiě (xiáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xījiù xìn xìn Fo xīnláng xīnniáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding banquet; wedding wine to believe (in) to be a Buddhist bridegroom bride</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yě yìjian</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">indeed, in fact, admittedly opinion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">záo zhènghūn zhènghūnrén zū</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zuò mei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">long ago</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to witness a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">chief witness at a wedding ceremony to rent</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Wǒ tīngshuō Zhōngguo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kòngzhi </span><span class="font11">rénkǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chénggōng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. Zài chéngshìli zhùde rén yào you yíge hāizi děi zuòdao </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sān tōngguò</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Sān tōngguòde yìsi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiùshi shuō</span><span class="font11"> děi you sānge dìfang </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font11"> zhèwèi fùnǔ shēng hāizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">1+. A: Něi sānge </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font11"> ne?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zhèwei fùnǔde gōngzuò dānwèi, tā zhùde dìfangde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǔmín wěiyuānhuì</span><span class="font11">, he </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuǒ</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēnju</span><span class="font11"> shénme </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pīzhǔn</span><span class="font11"> fùn</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ùmen</span><span class="font11"> shēng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāo-háir</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Gègè</span><span class="font11"> chéngshì měinián zhǐ kéyi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zēngjiā yídìng shùmud</span><span class="font11">e hāizi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Women </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìqū</span><span class="font11"> jīnniānde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǔshēng-lù</span><span class="font11"> bù gāo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Wǒ zhǐ néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnpèig</span><span class="font11">ei nǐmen zhèiyìqǔ bābǎige </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">míng* é</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">9. Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shí-xíng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">miǎnfèid</span><span class="font11">e.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">11. Wǒ yījīng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dédao</span><span class="font11"> pīzhǔn, kéyi you yìjiān xìn fāngzi.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I hear that population control work has been done very successfully in China.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">People who live in the city, if they want to have a child, must have ’the three approvals’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">’The three approvals’ means that a woman must have the consent of three places in order to have a child.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Which three units?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The woman’s work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place she lives, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">On what basis does the Chinese government give official permission for women to give birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The various cities can only increase by a specific number of children every year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The birth rate in our municipal area this year isn’t very high.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I can only assign a quota of eight hundred to your area.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The population of China is too large so the government encourages the people to practice birth control.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">All contraceptive devices are free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I have already received permission to get a new room.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kòngzhi</span><span class="font11">: ’to control; control’. dominate; to command’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige fǎngjiānde wěndù kòng-zhude hù hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shíjiān méi hànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě bànbudao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde hìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ Jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì hǎoqilai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèi-jià fēijī, hú rang ta qǐfēi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">This can also he translated as ’to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">The temperature in this room isn’t well regulated. It’s cold one minute and hot the next.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There is no way to control time; no one can do it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His illness is under control now; maybe in another few days he will start to get better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Some people have taken control of this airplane and won’t let it take off.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chénggōng</span><span class="font11">: ’to succeed; to he Zhèihěn shū chénggōng le.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">successful’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This hook was a success.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn chénggōng.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His hook came off very well.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This soup is a success, everyone loves it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure to succeed.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài chī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng chénggōng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòdào</span><span class="font11">: ’to achieve, to make (a goal)’.. In Unit 2, Part II, you saw </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tandao</span><span class="font11"> ’to talk about, to speak of’, with the ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font11"> meaning literally ’to, up to’. Here you see </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font11"> used as an ending after the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò</span><span class="font11"> ’to make’. You may think of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-dào</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuòdào</span><span class="font11"> as conveying the meaning of reaching a goal.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào I have already succeeded in doing le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shuōguo, zuǒtiān nǐ yào qù, You said that you wanted to go nǐ zuòdào le ma? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;yesterday. Did you do so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sān tōngguò</span><span class="font11">: ’the three approvals’. The ’three approvals’ have &quot;been in effect since 1973/7^. At that time, the minimum marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before they can have a child. The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāntŌngguò guiding</span><span class="font11"> for city residents effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child, a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to live without food rations. (A government slogan is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíge zuì hǎo, liǎngge gòule</span><span class="font11">, &quot;One is best, two is enough.’’) Applications to have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by one’s work unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third child is strongly discouraged and life would be very difficult for it should it be born. Special gifts, privileges, and awards are given to one-child families. In the countryside, one can find four to six children in a household, but they of course could not easily move to the city.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiùshi shuō</span><span class="font11">: ’to mean; in other words, that is to say’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào you jìhuade shēng xiǎo-háir.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Planned parenthood means having children in a planned way.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’Hébì’ yě jiùshi shuō ’wèi-shénme xūyào’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě jiùshi shuō women juéde tā zhìbuhǎo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎo-xiàng yě jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde shēntǐ bù hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When what follows is a more pointed </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùshi shuō</span><span class="font11"> can be used in place of</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hái méiyou zuòdao sān tōngguò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tongyì</span><span class="font11">: ’consent, agreement; to or thinks)’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hébì</span><span class="font11"> * means ’why must’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She can’t have children any more; that is to say, we feel that she cannot be cured.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The fact that he doesn’t telephone you would seem to imply that he doesn’t like you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The doctor said that he couldn’t eat meat, in other words, eating meat isn’t good for his health.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">explanation of what has just been said, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě jiùshi shuō,</span><span class="font11"> e.g.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not yet gotten the three approvals.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">agree, to agree with (what someone says</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">A: Tongyì bu tongyì?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Do you agree?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ bù tongyì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I don’t agree.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ bù tongyì nǐde huà. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I don’t agree with what you say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Although in English we can say ’I agree with you’, in Chinese it is wrong to say either </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ gēn nǐ tongyì</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ tǒngyì ni</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tongyì</span><span class="font11"> can be used in two ways: without an object, or with an object like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā shuōde</span><span class="font11"> ’what he said’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde huà</span><span class="font11"> ’what he said’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde jìhua</span><span class="font11"> ’his plan’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāde yìjian</span><span class="font11"> ’his opinion’. If you want to say ’I don’t agree with you’, you can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tongyì, Nǐ shuōde</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ bù tǒngyì</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde huà</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde yìjian,</span><span class="font11"> etc.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. U</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font11">: ’(work) unit’. This word is used in the PRC as a cover term for any organization or department of an organization. It may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a government organization, a store, or an army unit.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">? is a common way of asking where someone works; compared with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài nǎr gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">?, the question </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">? sounds more official.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women dānwèi you hen duō nù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are a lot of women teachers in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lāoshī. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our unit. (Here, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānwèi</span><span class="font11"> refers to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">a school. )</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò dānwèi</span><span class="font11">, as in the Reference List sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì</span><span class="font11">: ’neighborhood committee’. The official duties of a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government. Although the government pays a committee’s elected delegates, there is no official connection between the two. The power of the committee in local affairs remains large.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuǒ</span><span class="font11">: ’local police station’. The local police station is the lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pàichūsuǒ</span><span class="font11"> is familiar with the history and political situation of every one of its residents. Along with the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzuò dānwèi</span><span class="font11"> and the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì</span><span class="font11">, it affects the daily life of each citizen.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēnju</span><span class="font11">: ’according to, on the basis of; basis’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what basis do you say this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">huà?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shuōde huà you méiyou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Is there a basis for what you're</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">gēnju? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saying?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǐzhǔn</span><span class="font11">: 'to give official permission (to someone to do something)'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dānwèi pǐzhǔn ta jiēhūn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her unit gave her permission to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">marry.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xuéxiào pǐzhǔn ta qù Shanghai His school gave him permission to go le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to Shanghai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ mai zhèige diànshì shi dédao I got permission to buy this pǐzhǔnde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;television.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fùnǔmen</span><span class="font11">: 'women'. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Men</span><span class="font11"> is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns. You have seen it in the pronouns </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">women</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zánmen</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐmen</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎmen</span><span class="font11">. After a noun, however, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font11"> is never obligatory. It is usually used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature you may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as well).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǔshimen, xiānshengmen. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ladies and gentlemen.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-men</span><span class="font11"> must be of unspecified number; it is wrong to say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liàngge fùnǔmen</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānge jiàoshòumen</span><span class="font11">, etc.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gègè</span><span class="font11">: 'each and every, all of the various'. The first </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gè</span><span class="font11"> (a specifier like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-</span><span class="font11">) literally means 'each...' or 'the various, the different...'. The second </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font11"> is the counter </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge</span><span class="font11">, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíge rén</span><span class="font11"> 'one person'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In September all the schools open,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kāi xué le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Each of the American states has its</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zíjǐde zhèngfǔ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;government.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zēngjiā</span><span class="font11">: 'to increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)'.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Jīnnián women xuexiàode xue-shēng zēngjiā le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiānr gōngzuò, hǎo bu hāo?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The students in our school increased this year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The patients in this hospital cannot increase any further.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be okay if I give you some more work to do?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Women dānwèi you zēngjiāle liǎngge bàngōngshì.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">They added two more offices on to our unit.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font11">: ’specific, certain, definite, set’. In addition to the meaning of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídìng</span><span class="font11"> which you already know, namely ’certainly, surely’, it can also mean ’set (by regulation, decision, or convention), fixed, particular,’ as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā ban shìqing you yídìng bànfa. He goes about doing things with a</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">definite method.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn māma.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set date.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shìqū</span><span class="font11">: ’city proper, municipal area’, the area within a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chěngshì</span><span class="font11"> where population and buildings are relatively concentrated. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shìqu</span><span class="font11"> is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it to the suburbs E</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiāoqū</span><span class="font11">l. It is an administratively more exact term than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chěngshì</span><span class="font11">. CThe Peking municipal area, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Beijing shìqū</span><span class="font11">, is made up of eight urban districts, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chěngqū</span><span class="font11">.I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūshēnglū</span><span class="font11">: ’birth rate’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chūshēng</span><span class="font11"> means ’to be born’. The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūshēnglū </span><span class="font11">is usually considered to be the number of births per one thousand population in one year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēnpèi</span><span class="font11">: ’distribute; allot; assign; distribution’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi I’ve heard that you’ll be assigned</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gěi ni fēnpei gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">work next month.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào fángzi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I hope that housing can be assigned soon.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù gōngzuò le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in Manchuria.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">míng*é</span><span class="font11">: ’the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of people’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míng’é</span><span class="font11"> does not exactly correspond to ’quota’. ’Quota’ is a fixed number of places which must be filled. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Míng’é</span><span class="font11"> is (1) a fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such place. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bābǎige míng’é</span><span class="font11"> is literally ’800 name given-numbers’, i.e. ’a quota of 800 names.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn</span><span class="font11">: Literally, ’avoid-pregnancy’, i.e. ’contraception’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shíxíng bìyùn</span><span class="font11"> ’to carry out (the government policy of encouraging) contraception, to practice birth control’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">miǎnfèide</span><span class="font11">: Literally ’exempt from charge’, i.e. ’free (of charge)’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi cānguān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Sānyuè Báhao, funù he haizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi miǎnfēide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Lǔxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú shi miǎnfèide.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">You can visit this exhibit for free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free of charge.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly not free!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dedao</span><span class="font11">: &nbsp;’to receive, to get’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He left immediately after getting his passport.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has gotten permission to stay in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Beijing gōngzuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Peking to work.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìjiān xīn fángzi</span><span class="font11">: ’a new room’. Notice that although you have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fāngzi</span><span class="font11"> meaning ’house’, it is being used here in the wider sense of ’a place to live’. In this phrase it is preceded by the counter for rooms of a house, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiān</span><span class="font11">. Thus the whole phrase means ’a new room’, not ’a new house’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very scarce. (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a newly married couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a room that does not exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living quarters have private baths, toilets, or kitchens. Later, when children come along, they will continue to live in the same size room.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkoude gōngzuò zuòde hěn chénggōng. Nǐ kéyi bu kéyi gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">chéngshìli shi zěnme zuòde. Zài chéngshìli rúguo you rén yào you yíge haizi, děi zuòdào sān tōngguò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Shénme shi sān tōngguò?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Jiùshi děi you nǐ gōngzuò</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuānhuì, hé pàichūsuǒde tōngyì.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zhèi sānge dānwèi gēnju</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shénme pǐzhǔn fùnǔmen shēng xiǎoháir?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Gègè chéngshì měinián you</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yídìngde chūshēnglǔ, yě jiùshi shuō měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude haizi. Zhèixiē míng’é jiù an rénkou fēnpèigei gègè shìqū. Gègè shìqū zài <sub>w </sub>fēnpèigei yào shēng háizide nǔ-tongzhì, suoyi fùnu dōu shi dédao pǐzhǔn yǐhòu cai huáiyùnde.</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zài nongcūn, rénmen yě</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng bìyùn ma?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">B: Yě shíxíng bìyùn, kěshi bú</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">xiàng chéngshìli zuòde nàme chénggōng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Bìyùn gōngjù guì bu gui?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">bìyùn, suoyi bìyùn yào hé bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done very successfully in China. Could you tell me about it?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay. First I’ll talk about how it’s being done in the cities. In the city if there’s someone who wants to have a child, they have to get the ’three approvals’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What are the ’three approvals’?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It means that you must have the consent of your work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">On what basis do these three units give official permission to women to have children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Each year the various cities have specific birth rates; that is to say, each year they can only increase by a specific number of children. These quotas are distributed among the various cities according to population. The various cities then distribute them to women comrades who want to have children. So women don't get pregnant until they receive official permission.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do the people in the country also practice birth control?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">They practice birth control too, but it isn't as successful as in the city.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are contraceptive devices expensive?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The government encourages people to practice birth control, so all contraceptive medicines and devices are free.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">12. Zài Zhōngguo, you gōngzuòde fùnu shēng háizi you chǎnjià, hái you </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzì</span><span class="font11">■</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">13. Hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnū yòng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèzhōng</span><span class="font11"> hìyùn gōngjù shíxíng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìhuà shēngyù</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">1U. Zhōngguo ren zuò </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">juéyù shōushù-</span><span class="font11">de duō hu duō?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">15. Bìyùn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shīhàid</span><span class="font11">e rén kéyi dào yíyuàn qu zuò </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">réngōng liú-chǎn</span><span class="font11">, hái kéyi you liǎngge xíngqíde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jia</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">16. Zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎoshù mínzū</span><span class="font11"> dìqū rénkǒu bǐjiǎo shǎo.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">17. Zhōngguo rén </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn hōngtáng </span><span class="font11">duì </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnfù</span><span class="font11"> shi yìzhōng hěn hǎode </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíngyǎngpǐn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">18. Tǎ hé hiérén </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hù tong</span><span class="font11">, tā shi wō zuì </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qìnjìnd</span><span class="font11">e péngyou.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">19.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Shǒuxiān</span><span class="font11"> yào qù gěi Mama mǎi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiānhuā</span><span class="font11">, ránhòu hái yào gěi ni hǎ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wánjù</span><span class="font11"> xiūlihǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">20. Tándao Zhōngguode nongcūn, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèdìd</span><span class="font11">e </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qíngkuàng</span><span class="font11"> dōu hù tong.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">In China working women get maternity leave when they have a child and they still receive their pay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Many Chinese women use various kinds of contraceptive devices to carry out family planning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are there many Chinese people who have contraceptive surgery performed on them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A person who fails at hirth control can go to the hospital to have an abortion performed, and they can also have two weeks of leave.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The population is relatively small in the national minority areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Chinese believe that brown sugar is a very nutritional food for women who have given birth within the last month.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She’s different from other people, she’s my closest friend.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">First I have to go buy fresh flowers for your mother, and then I have to fix your toy for you too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As for the rural areas of China, the situation is different in various places.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnjià</span><span class="font11">: ’maternity leave’. The syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎn,</span><span class="font11"> literally ’to give birth to’ is used in compounds meaning ’maternity, delivery, birth’. It can also be used outside the context of human reproduction in compounds meaning ’to produce, production’, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’product’.]</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngzī</span><span class="font11">: ’wages, pay’, literally ’labor-capital’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...you chānjià, hái you gōngzi</span><span class="font11">: For a normal birth, a woman is given fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèzhōng</span><span class="font11">: ’various kinds, every kind’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ge</span><span class="font11"> ’each’ is a specifier like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhèi-</span><span class="font11"> ’this’ or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nèi-</span><span class="font11"> ’that’. As a specifier, it can be followed by counters. Here you see </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge-</span><span class="font11"> used with the counter </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-zhǒng</span><span class="font11"> ’types, kinds, sort, species’. Here are some other ways </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gè-</span><span class="font11"> is used:</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">u</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā néng dào gèguō qù luxíng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It’s great that he can go to all</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zhēn bú cuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sorts of countries.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Xuéshengmen yinggāi you gèrén-de xuéxi jìhua.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu you.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Students should each have their own plan of study.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Each and every unit has movie tickets for tomorrow.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Sometimes </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ge-</span><span class="font11"> is followed directly by the noun.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This afternoon every unit is having</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">kāi huì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a meeting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn gōngju</span><span class="font11">: ’contraceptive devices’. This does not refer to birth control pills. E</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bìyùnpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’birth control products’ includes both </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùnyào </span><span class="font11">’birth control pills’ and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìyùn gōngjù</span><span class="font11">.i</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìhuà shēngyù</span><span class="font11">: ’family planning, planned parenthood’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jìhuà</span><span class="font11"> means</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’plan; to plan’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shēngyù</span><span class="font11"> literally means ’to give birth to and raise’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. lh</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">juéyù</span><span class="font11">: ’sterilization,’ or ’to sterilize, to be sterilized,’ applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization for women is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the cities than in the countryside.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā juédìng juéyù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He has decided on sterilization.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sterilization is one good way to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">rénkōu wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa. solve China’s population problem.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǒushù</span><span class="font11">: ’surgery’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn chénggōng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The surgery the doctor performed on him was very successful.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1$</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shībài</span><span class="font11">: ’to fail’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zuò mǎimai shībài le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He failed in business.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shibài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On what basis do you say that he</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;failed?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">réngōng liúchǎn</span><span class="font11">: ’abortion’, more literally, ’artificial miscarriage’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn</span><span class="font11">: ’go to the hospital to have an abortion performed’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zuò réngōng liúchǎn</span><span class="font11"> here means ’to have an abortion done', not of course ’to do an abortion'. Compare the following two sentences:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The doctor performed an abortion on</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">liúchǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;her.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zuòle réngōng liúchǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She had an abortion.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīshēng</span><span class="font11">) performed the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the sentence (tā) had the abortion performed. In some cases, a verb-object in Chinese can mean either 'to do something' or 'to have something done'. Here are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you? zuòde?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn guì. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;It's really expensive to have clothes</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">made in America.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jià</span><span class="font11">: 'leave, vacation'. You have seen this as part of the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnjià</span><span class="font11"> ’maternity leave’. Here you see it used by itself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǎoshù mǐnzú</span><span class="font11">: 'minority natiionalities', often translated as 'national minorities’. Besides the Han people, China has over fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols (mostly in the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū</span><span class="font11">, 'Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region'), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighurs (in the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xīnjiāng Wéiwú-ěr Zìzhìqū</span><span class="font11">, 'Xinxiang Uighur Autonomous Region'), and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo kàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo you wǔshijǐge shǎoshù-mínzú.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The clothing of the national minorities is very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn</span><span class="font11">: ’to believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in, to have faith in’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiāngxìn, women liǎngguǒ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I believe that the friendship between</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">rénmínde yǒuyì yídìng huì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the people of our two countries</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">búduàn fāzhǎn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;will constantly grow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Compare </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāngxìn</span><span class="font11"> to the verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xìn</span><span class="font11">, which you learned in the last unit. For the second example you need to know </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> is a verb meaning ’it’s up to...’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bié xìn tāde huà. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t believe what he says.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xìn bu xìn you ni. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Believe it or not, as you like.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hōngtáng</span><span class="font11">: ’brown sugar’, literally ’red sugar’. The Chinese often use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling ginger root and brown sugar in water CjiāngtāngC, or simply brown sugar water Ctángshuǐ3.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnfù</span><span class="font11">: ’a woman who has given birth within the last month’. [Contrast this word with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yùnfù</span><span class="font11"> ’a pregnant woman*.3 The birth of a child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first month of life.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíngyǎngpǐn</span><span class="font11">: ’a nutritional food item’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yíngyǎng</span><span class="font11"> means ’nutrition’, for example:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dòujiāng hěn you yíngyǎng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Soy bean milk is very nitritious.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-Pin</span><span class="font11"> is a syllable used in many words to mean ’item, article, product’, [for example </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jìniànpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’souvenir’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yòngpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’item of use’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǎnpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’produce’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngyèpǐn</span><span class="font11"> ’industrial product’3.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother’s health continues to be an important consideration even after the child is born. Both mother’s and baby’s health are carefully attended to after birth, while Western medicine emphasizes the mother’s health only as long as she is carrying the child.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù tōng</span><span class="font11">: ’to be not the same, to be different’. This is often used in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the pattern </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...he ... bù tong</span><span class="font11">,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">is different from ...’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Hùzhào he luxíngzhèng wanquan bù tong, nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">A passport and a travel permit are completely different. Don’t mistake them.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián he qùniánde qíngkuàng hěn bù tong.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The situation in the factory this year is very different from last year.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù tong</span><span class="font11"> can also be used as a noun as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde dānwèi he nǐde you hěn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There is a big difference between</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dàde bù tong. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his work unit and yours.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You should be aware that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tong</span><span class="font11"> ’same’, cannot be used as the main verb of a sentence to mean ’to be the same’. To say, ’These two things are the same’, you must say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi yíyàngde</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qǐnjìn</span><span class="font11">: ’to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn qǐnjìn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;These two are on intimate terms.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qǐnjìn ta. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Everyone wants to be friends with him.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōuxiān</span><span class="font11">: ’first (of all), in the anyone/anything else’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào jiějué women chǎng shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn he xiūxi wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Women shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde wèntí.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiānhuā</span><span class="font11">: ’fresh flowers’, as which the Chinese are also fond of.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">first place, first; first, before</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The first thing we want to do at today’s meeting is to solve our factory’s problems in production.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving the dining and rest problems of the guests.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Recently there have been many foreign friends. We must first of all solve the lodging problems.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">;ed to dried or artificial flowers,</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wánjù</span><span class="font11">: ’(children’s) toy’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān érzi guō shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi ge wánjù.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tomorrow is let’s buy</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">our boy’s birthday, him a toy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Here you see the specifier </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-gè </span><span class="font11">are some more examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’d very much like to go visit lots of places in America. America is a great country.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve visited and sightseen lots of places in China for three weeks, it’s time to go back home.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gèdì</span><span class="font11">: ’each place; various places’ ’each’ used in another compound. Here</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hen xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde guójiā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒu-lānle sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Peking</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control worker:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tīngshuō Zhōngguo kōngzhi rén-koude gōngzuò zuòde hen chéng-gōng. Nǐ néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng nīmen shi zěnme zuòde?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">C: Shōuxiān, zhèngfǔ tíchàng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">wǎnhūn. Érqiě, yìhānde shuō, zài chéngli jiéle hūnde rén liǎngnián yǐhòu cái yào haizi. Tāmen yào xiǎohair yǐqián yīnggāi zuòdao sān tōngguò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;*Sān tōngguò' shi shénme</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yìsi ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'Sān tōngguò* yě jiùshi shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yīnggāi dédao nǐ gōngzuò dānwèi , nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuánhuì hé pàichūsuǒ zhèi-sānge dìfangde tongyì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gè dānwèi gēn^u shénme biāo-</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zhūn pīzhǔn fùnūmen shēng xiǎohair ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gè chéngshì dōu you yídìngde</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">rénkōu chūshēnglū, měinián měige chéngshì zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude haizi. Zhèixie míng'é Jiù fēnpèigei gègè shìqūde xiāng shēng háizide nutóngzhì. Fùnū dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cái huáiyùnde.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bù xiāng yào háizide kéyi shíxíng bìyùn; hìyùn gōngjù hé bìyùn yào dōu shi miǎnfèide.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ruguo bìyùn shībàile zěnme</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bàn?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Kéyi dào yīyuàn zuò réngōng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">liǔchān, shǒushù bǔbì zìjǐ gěi qián, hái you liāngge xīngqīde</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being done very successfully in China. Could you explain to me what you do?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">First, the government promotes late marriage. Furthermore, generally speaking, in the city, married people don’t have children until after two years. Before they have a child they should have the 'three approvals*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What does the 'three approvals' mean?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The 'three approvals* means that you should have the consent of your work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police station.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">According to what criteria do the various units give official permission to women to have children?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">All the various cities have set population birth rates, and each year they can only increase by a certain number of children. These quotas are apportioned among women comrades in all the various cities who want to have children. Women do not become pregnant until they receive official permission.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Those who do not want to have children can practice birth control; all contraceptive medicines and contraceptive devices are free.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What is done if birth control fails?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">One can go to the hospital to have an abortion. A person doesn't have to pay for the operation herself, and</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jià, you you gōngzī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wo hǎoxiàng tīngshuō Zhōngguo</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fùnū shēng háizide shihou you wǔshiliùtiānde chǎnjià, érqiě kéyi duō mǎi yìxiē yíngyǎngpǐn, shi hu shi?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Duì le, chǎnjià you gōngzī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Chǎnfù hái kéyi mǎi yìliǎngjīn hongtáng, duō mǎi yìliǎngjīn jīdàn. Zhōngguo rén dōu xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù hěn hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">qīnqi péngyou song hu song lǐwù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Qīnqi hé qīnjìnde péngyou</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">háishi huì song yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù, xiàng xiǎoháizide yǐfu la, xiǎo tǎnzi la, xiǎo màozi la, wánjù shenmede. Yě you rén huì song yìxiē shuǐguǒ huōzhǎ xiǎnhuā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Yíge jiātíng kéyi you jǐge</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎoháir?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Zài chéngshìli niánqīng fūfù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zuì duō yào liǎngge háizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;Nongcūnde qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gèdì nongcūnde qíngkuàng hù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tong. Rénkǒu duōde dìfang zhèngfǔ tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù. Nóngcūnlide rén yě yòng gè-zhǒng hìyùn gōngjù. Bù shǎo rén yōule liǎngge háizi yǐhòu jiù zuò juéyù shǒushù, nánde zuò, nude zuò, dōu kéyi. Nōngmín juéde zuò Juéyù shǒushù hǐ yòng hìyùn gōngjù fānghiànde duō.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">there is two weeks' leave with pay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It seems to me I've heard that when Chinese women have children they get 56 days' maternity leave, and they can also huy extra nutritional food items. Is that so?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That's right. The maternity leave is paid. In the month after delivery, a woman can also huy one or two catties of hrown sugar, and one or two extra catties of eggs. Chinese believe that hrown sugar is very good for women during the month after delivery.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When someone has a hahy, do relatives and friends give presents?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Relatives and close friends will still give a few small gifts, like clothes for the hahy, little blankets, little hats, toys, and so forth. There are also people who will give a little fruit or fresh flowers.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How many children can one family have?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the city young couples have two children at the most.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What's the situation like in the rural areas?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The situation in rural areas is different in different places. Where there's a large population the government promotes family planning. People in the rural areas also use all the various kinds of contraceptive devices. Quite a few people undergo contraceptive surgery after they've had two children. Either men or women may have this done. The peasants feel that having contraceptive surgery performed is much more convenient than using contraceptive devices.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Keshi zài shaoshù mínzú dìqū, yīnwei rénkǒu shǎo, zhèngfǔ hù tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù, suoyi yìbānde jiātíng kéyi duō you jǐge xiǎoháir.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">But in the areas populated hy minority nationalities, because the population is smaller, the government doesn’t advocate family planning, so the average family can have a few more children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qǐnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?</span><span class="font11">: As stated in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bìyùn bù tong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">contraception to be different</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnjià chénggōng<sub>s </sub>chūshēnglù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">maternity leave</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to succeed, to be successful birth rate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dānwèi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">unit</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(indicates successful accomplishment of something)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dédao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to receive, to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to assign, to apportion, to allot</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gèdì gègè gēnjù (gēnju) gèzhǒng gōngzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the various places, each place various according to, based on various kinds, types wages, pay</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">hóngtáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">brown sugar</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jià jiātíng jìhua shēngyù juéyù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">vacation, leave</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">planned parenthood, family planning sterilization</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">neighborhood committee</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">kòngzhi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to control</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">-men miǎnfèi ming’é</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">plural suffix</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be free of charge</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">nóngmín nii</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">peasant female</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">pàichūsuǒ(r) pīzhǔn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the local police station to give official permission</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">qíngkuàng qīnjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">situation</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be close (to a person)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">réngōng liúchǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">abortion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">sān tōngguò shǎoshù mínzú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">&quot;the three approvals&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">minority nationality, national minority</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngyù shībài shìqū shōushù shōuxiān shùmu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to give birth to and raise to fail urban area or district operation, surgery first number</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tongguò tóngyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass, to approve to consent, to agree</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">wánjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">toy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiāngxìn xiānhuā xiǎoháir</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to believe fresh flowers child, children</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yě jiù shi shuō yìbān yìbānde shuō yídìng yíngyǎngpǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to mean; in other words ordinary, general, common generally speaking to be specific</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">food items of special nutritional value</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zengjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to increase</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surroundins Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Nǐde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font11"> zhēn hǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. Zhang Tàitaide </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xífu tǒuyìtāí </span><span class="font11">jiù gěi ta shēngle yige dǎ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Wǒ zhèli you yíge </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǒngbāo</span><span class="font11"> shi gěi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bǎohaod</span><span class="font11">e.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">b. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bù gǎn dāng</span><span class="font11">!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Nǐ zhēnshi tǎi kèqi le. Hébì </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pòfei</span><span class="font11"> ne?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6. A: Nǐde nūér shēngxialaide shíhou you duo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhong?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Qi</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎng</span><span class="font11"> ban.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">7. A: Wǒ gang </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèil</span><span class="font11">e ta bù jiù, tā you kū le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Dàgǎi you yào </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chi nǎi</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngde</span><span class="font11"> hěn piàoliang.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">9. A: Nǐ zhège háizi hěn you </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúxiàng</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ěrduo</span><span class="font11"> zhǎngde zhēn dǎ.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tuǒ nínde fú</span><span class="font11">*.</span></p></li></ul>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">You are really blessed with good fortune.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mrs. Zhang’s daughter-in-law in her first pregnancy presented her with a fine grandson.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I have a &quot;red envelope&quot; for the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m flattered. You shouldn’t have.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re too polite. Why should you spend so much money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How much did your daughter weigh when she was born?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Seven and a half pounds.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I just fed him not long ago, and now he’s crying again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He probably wants to nurse again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She is very pretty.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This child of yours has a lucky physiognomy. His ears are really big.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s because of your lucky influence.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúqi</span><span class="font11">: ’blessings, good fortune, luck’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo hěn you fúqi, érzi bāng wo I’m very fortunate, my son helps me bù shǎo máng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ zhen méi fúqi, gang chū men jiù xià yǔ le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip and then it rains.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xífu</span><span class="font11">: ’daughter-in-law, son’s wife’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā xífu hāo piāoliang! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her daughter-in-law is so beautiful!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo xífu gōngzuò mángjíle. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My daughter-in-law is very busy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōu-</span><span class="font11">: ’first’, (literally ’head’) as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tōuyitiān</span><span class="font11">, ’the first day’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tōu-</span><span class="font11"> is used much like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11">: before a number and a counter, which may or may not be followed by a noun.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tōuyicì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first time</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">touyige rén &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first person</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tóuliāngge rén &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first two people</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tousānběn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the first three volumes</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyige</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tou-</span><span class="font11"> is stressed and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yi</span><span class="font11"> is in the neutral tone. Also notice that the word for ’two’ is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāng-</span><span class="font11"> (not </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font11"> as is usually the case when a counter follows).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Now here is a comparison of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tou-</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">(1)</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Touyige rén</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge rén</span><span class="font11"> are both translated as ’the first person’ and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyige</span><span class="font11"> is for the most part interchangeable with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">(2) Although the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yǐ</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyige</span><span class="font11"> is unstressed and written without a tone mark over it, the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yī</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dìyíge</span><span class="font11"> is stressed and said with a second tone (or sometimes with a first tone).</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">(3) The word for ’two’ is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liāng</span><span class="font11"> after </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tou-</span><span class="font11">, but </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">èr</span><span class="font11"> after </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dìèrge </span><span class="font11">means ’the second one’, while </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touliāngge</span><span class="font11"> means ’the first two’.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">(L) </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tou-</span><span class="font11"> must be used with a counter, but </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11"> can be used with just a number after it. Here are some examples of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dì-</span><span class="font11"> used with a number but no counter after it:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yào māi zhège dōngxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dìyī, zuòde hen hāo; dìèr, hen piányi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I’m going to buy this. First, it’s very well made; second, it’s inexpensive.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He is first, I’m second.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">But </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyī-</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touliāng-</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tóusān-</span><span class="font11"> always have a counter word after the number.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāi</span><span class="font11">: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term or not. Literally </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tāi</span><span class="font11"> means ’embryo’. The expression </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">touyitāi</span><span class="font11"> can also be said </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">toutāi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tóusāntāi dōu shi nude, dào dìsìtāi cai shēngle ge érzi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The first three hahies were all girls it wasn’t until the fourth that she had a boy.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shēng tōutǎide shíhou, shēntǐ bú cud. Shēng dìèr-tāide shíhou jiù bù xíng le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">When she had her first baby, she was still in pretty good health. But when she had her second, it wasn’t good any more.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font11">; ’to give birth to...’ Notice that the Chinese verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font11"> is used in an active sense which is not always reflected in the English. Compare the various translations of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēng</span><span class="font11"> in the Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sūnzi</span><span class="font11">: ’grandson’. This only refers to the son of one’s son. The son of one’s daughter and son-in-law is called </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàisūnzi</span><span class="font11">. Here is a chart showing how these terms relate to each other.</span></p>
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<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-1.png" alt="" style="width:117pt;height:35pt;">
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">spouse</span></p>
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<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-2.png" alt="" style="width:57pt;height:27pt;">
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<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-3.png" alt="" style="width:138pt;height:57pt;">
<p><span class="font11">(grandson) (granddaughter)</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">nuer</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(daug</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hter</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">nuxu son-in-law)</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-4.png" alt="" style="width:84pt;height:36pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">waisūnzi waisūnnu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(grandson) (granddaughter)</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hóngbāo</span><span class="font11">: 'a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or bribe’. These gifts of money may be given to children by people at least a generation older. This usually happens at festive occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given varies greatly but there is one thing to remember: ‘Do not give an amount with the number four in it! The number four, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">si</span><span class="font11">, closely resembles the verb &quot;to die,&quot; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font11">, and is therefore considered unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real opportunity to make money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up for.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bǎobao</span><span class="font11">: Literally ■’little treasure’, in other words ’the little darling’ or ’the baby’. This word is usually used by women. Some people use the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font11"> (with or without </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font11">) in addressing or speaking about babies or children.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The second </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎo</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font11"> is neutral tone; even though it was originally also third tone, it does not make the first </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎo</span><span class="font11"> change to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎli</span><span class="font11">). The first </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎo</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎobao</span><span class="font11"> is pronounced low,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎohǎo</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiao bǎobǎo</span><span class="font11">.) IThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some terms used by both men and women include </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(xiǎo) bēibì</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">(xiǎo) guāiguai</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo jiǎhuo</span><span class="font11">. Some terms used mostly by men include </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo bēibei</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo budiǎnr</span><span class="font11">.J</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 4</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù gǎn dāng</span><span class="font11">: ’I’m flattered'. Literally, this means 'I dare not assume (the honor you pay me)'. This is a polite response to a compliment (such as 'You speak Chinese very well'), to a respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their coat), or to a respectful phrase (like '</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Qǐngjiǎo</span><span class="font11">').</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pòfei</span><span class="font11">: 'spend money (on someone)', also sometimes translated as 'to spend recklessly'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Rang nín pòfei. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> Jiao nín pòfei•</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shi wǒ sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qiǎn shi yīnggāide.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I have caused you to spend a lor, of money. (i.e., 'you shouldn't have spent all that money on me')</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He’s my grandson, it’s only right that I should spend a little money on him.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shēngrìde shíhou, Wang Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù shǎo.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">For his birthday, Mr. Wang really</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">spent quite a bit of money on him.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you duo zhòng</span><span class="font11">: 'how heavy?' </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhòng</span><span class="font11"> is the adjectival verb 'to be heavy’. Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and height. In each the pattern is literally 'have how much (of some quality)'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ you duo dǎ? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nèizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhòng? How heavy is that table?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you duo gāo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How tall is she?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bang</span><span class="font11">: 'pound (unit of weight)’. In addition to the traditional Chinese units of weight such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎn</span><span class="font11"> 'picul (100 liters approximately)', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jIn</span><span class="font11"> 'catty (1 1/3 lbs.)', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liǎng</span><span class="font11"> 'tael (105 grams approximately)’, and the metric system of weights, such as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngliǎng</span><span class="font11"> *100 grams’ and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōng jin</span><span class="font11"> ’kilogram', you also find customary American units such as 'pound' used.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes </span><span class="font11">o</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">n N</span><span class="font11">o. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gang</span><span class="font11"> wèi</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le tā bù jiǔ</span><span class="font11">: This means 'It's only been a short while SINCE I fed him.', NOT 'I fed him for only a short while.' Chinese can distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and the duration of something not happening by putting these two types of duration phrases in different places in the sentence.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Let's review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn't happen and TIME ELAPSED since something happened.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long an activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with phrases telling the time when something happened, which come before the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Simple duration</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Ta zai Xianggang zhù liāng-tiān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">He’s staying in Hong Kong for two days.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù zǒu le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">He sat for five minutes and then left.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Time when</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Ta shi zuǒtian dàode.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">She arrived yesterday.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">2.</span><span class="font11"> The amount of time something did not happen, that is the TIME WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is expressed in negative sentences with time phrases before the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Time Within with a Negative Verb</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women yìnián méi jiàn le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yijīng yíge yuè méi qù nar le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">We haven’t seen each other for a year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I haven’t been going there for a month now.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">3. To express the time elapsed since an activity took place the duration phrase is again placed after the verb.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Wo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zuòwánle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtou le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been done for an hour already.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Tā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">cai zěule yíge xīngqi.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">It’s been only a week since he left</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Wo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been out of the room only a</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">bù jiù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;short while.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 7</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī nǎi</span><span class="font11">: ’to eat (mother’s) milk’, in other words, **to breastfeed” and by extension ’to drink milk’, even from a bottle. Similarly, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wèi nai </span><span class="font11">can mean ’to feed milk (to a baby)* without specifying mother’s milk or otherwise. To distinguish between breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chī māmade nǎi</span><span class="font11">, ’to eat mother’s milk’. And from the mother’s point of view, one can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama zìji gěi haizi wèi nǎi</span><span class="font11">, ’the mother nurses the child herself.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tǎ zhǎngde hěn piàoliang</span><span class="font11">: * She’s very pretty.’ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhǎngde piàoliang </span><span class="font11">literally means ’grow pretty’, but it should be translated simply as ’is pretty*. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Zhangde ...</span><span class="font11"> is often used in descriptions of the appearance of living things. In these cases, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǎngde ...</span><span class="font11"> is absent of any meaning such as ’has grown ...’, ’has come to be ...’ or ’has become ...’; it simply means ’is, are*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎ zhǎngde hěn hǎokàn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is very beautiful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yíyàng gāo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She is just as tall as I am.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo mèi- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Her face looks just like my little</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">mei yíyàng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sister.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There is almost no difference in meaning between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā hěn piàoliang</span><span class="font11"> and</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang</span><span class="font11">. Both are used frequently. But there is a difference in meaning between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎngde hěn gāo</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā zhǎnggāo le</span><span class="font11">: the former means ’He is very tali’, and the latter ’He has grown tall*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fúxiàng</span><span class="font11">: ’auspicious physiognomy’. This phrase implies something more than ’lucky face’. The word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fú</span><span class="font11"> expresses the destiny of a person to enjoy a life of good fortune. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiang</span><span class="font11"> is a person’s looks considered from the point of view of fortune telling. Traditionally, it was believed that a person's destiny could be determined from the individual variations of his hands, bones, face, ears, hair, and so forth. The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiàng</span><span class="font11"> includes the face, ears, hairline, and bumps on the head.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">...erduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ</span><span class="font11">: Portraits of some of the most admired men in Chinese history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are thought to indicate wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in particular were so endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mrs. Song’s daughter-in-law, Bǎolǎn, has just recently had a baby. A friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Song Taitai, nín xífu shēngle</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">meiyou?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shēng le. Shēngle ge nánháizi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;ōu! Nín fùqi zhēn hao. Tā</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tóuyitāi jiù gěi nin shēngle yige da súnzi. Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie! Lai kànkan</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wǒ xífu gēn xiǎo bǎobao ba!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bǎolǎn! Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Nǐ hǎo ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ hen hǎo. Zhāng Bomù, nín</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ou! Nǐ zhè haizi hen you</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fúxiāng, ǒrduo zhǎngde name da!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie! Tuō nínde fú!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tā shēngxialaide shíhou you</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">duō zhòng a?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Qībàng ban.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ùg, zhēn bù xiǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">S: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tā zhēn néng chī. Bǎolàn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">gāng wèile ta bù jiù, xiànzài you kū le. Dàgài you yào chǐ nǎi le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Tā kūde shēngyin hen dà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shēntǐ yídìng hen jiànkāng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Duì! Tā cōng yǐyuàn huílai</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíge lǐbài jiù zhǎngle yíbàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ lái yǐqiǎn xiǎngzhe nǐ</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yīnggāi shēngle, suōyi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law had the baby yet?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. It’s a boy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh! How lucky you are. She had a nice big grandson for you—and it was her first! Congratulations.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you. Come see my daughter-in-law and the baby!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Congratulations, Bǎolǎn! How are you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh! He’s got a very lucky physiognomy. Such big ears,’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you! It’s because of your lucky influence!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How much did he weigh at birth?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Seven and a half pounds.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Hm. That’s really pretty big.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He eats like a horse. Bǎolǎn just fed him a little while ago, and now he’s crying again. He probably wants to nurse again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He cries so loudly. He must be very healthy.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes! In the week after he came back from the hospital, he gained a pound.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Before I came I thought you should have had the baby by now, so I got a zhùnbèile yíge hóngbāo. Shi gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Bù gǎn dang. Nín tai kèqi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">le. Hébì pofei ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">Z:</span><span class="font11"> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bú shi kèqi. Zhí shi yìdiǎn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎo yìsi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie! Xièxie!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">’red envelope* ready. It’s for the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You shouldn’t have. That’s too polite of you. Why should you spend money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m not being polite. This is just a little something to express my feelings.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
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<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn chǎnfù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyuè</span><span class="font11"> yīqián hu kéyi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuī fēng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">11. Chǎnfù zuò </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzid</span><span class="font11">e shíhou yào tèbié </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Zhōngguo rén dōu shuō chī Zhōngyàode shíhou, hú yào chī </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnglěng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">13. Yīshēng shuō wǒ déle </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshī</span><span class="font11">, zuì hǎo hú yào </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font11"> lěngshuī.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">1U. Nǐ yīnggāi duō </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǎngz</span><span class="font11">he, zhùyi xiūxi, zhèyang cai néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huīfud</span><span class="font11">e kuài.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">15. Jiàndao Wang Bùzhǎngde shíhou </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiǎnwàn dāngxīn</span><span class="font11">, hié suíhiàn shuō huà.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">16. Tā jiéhūn yǐqián duì tā xiān-sheng liǎojiěde húgòu, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguō</span><span class="font11"> jiéhūn yǐhōu hěn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tòngkǔ</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">17. Nǐ kàn tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo kuài</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàzi </span><span class="font11">jiù hǎ fàn zuōhǎo le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">18. Nà shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wángjiād</span><span class="font11">e xífu, zhènme </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pang</span><span class="font11">!</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">Chinese people believe that women who have just given hirth should stay out of drafts until the child is a full month old.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women who have just given hirth should he especially careful during the month after delivery.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Chinese people say that when you take Chinese medicine, you shouldn’t eat raw or cold things.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The doctor says I’ve got rheumatism and that it would he hest for me not to come in contact with cold water.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You should lie down more and pay attention to your rest; that’s the only way you’ll recover quickly.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When you see Secretary Wang, he sure to watch yourself, don’t he careless in what you say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Before she got married she didn’t understand her husband well enough and as a result she suffered a lot after the marriage.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Look at how fast he is, he got dinner ready in no time at all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That is the Wang family’s daughter-in-law, she’s so fat!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎnyuè</span><span class="font11">: ’thirtieth day after a child is born’, literally, ’full-month’. (it also means ’full moon’.) This refers to a baby’s completion of the first full month of life and is a cause of celebration.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wángjiā háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, The Wang’s hahy is about to be a qīng dàjiā qù chī mǎnyuè &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;month old, and they’re asking</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jiù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;everyone to go take part in the</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">’full month’ banquet.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chuī fēng</span><span class="font11">: Literally, ’to blow wind’, but actually ’to be in a current of air, a draft, the wind’. Although what blows is the wind, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēng</span><span class="font11"> ’wind’ seems to be in the object position in this phrase. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chǎnfù bù keyi chuī fēng </span><span class="font11">does not mean ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot blow wind&quot;, but rather, ’’Women recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.&quot; Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of the very poor overall health situation of the country, and because of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the three (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nīde bìng gang hǎo, bu yào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;You're just over your illness,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">chūqu chuī fēng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;don’t go out in a draft.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuò yuèzi</span><span class="font11">: Literally, ’to sit the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzi</span><span class="font11">', </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yuèzi</span><span class="font11"> being the month after giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take special care of her health. There are different motivations underlying this custom. Woman’s most important function (indeed her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line. Therefore it was essential to take special precautions for her own health so that she would nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was that a woman’s body at this time was &quot;dirty&quot; and to avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zuò yuèzide shíhou, kě xiǎo- During the first month after delivery xìn, méi chūguo yìtiān men. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;she was extremely careful. She</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">didn’t go out once.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font11">: ’to be careful’, literally, ’small-heart’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiǎoxīn</span><span class="font11"> is an adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object following.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zhèige rén bù zěnmeyàng, hé This guy is nothing special, you’d tā zuò péngyou yào xiǎoxīn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;better be careful making friends</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎoxīn.’ Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng. Careful.’ There’s a red light up ahead.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎoxīn nèige rén! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful of that person.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎoxīn guò mǎlù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Be careful crossing the street.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēngleng</span><span class="font11">: 'raw or cold foods'. Traditional Chinese medicine divides foods into </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font11"> an</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">d yang Yin</span><span class="font11"> are &quot;cool&quot; (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">liángxìngde</span><span class="font11">) foods, that is, foods that make the system cool; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11"> foods are &quot;hot&quot; (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rèxìngde</span><span class="font11">), that is, they make the system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on the degree temperature at which the food is eatenj but are rather inherent in the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables and fruits are </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font11"> or cool while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown sugar, and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are all particularly </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11"> or hot. Generally speaking, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11"> foods harmonize with body temperature while </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin</span><span class="font11"> foods shock the system. Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be maintained. Too much </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yang</span><span class="font11"> food can cause the body's &quot;heat&quot; to rise too much (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shàng huo</span><span class="font11">), minor symptoms of which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the tongue, and constipation. On the ocher hand, too much </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yin </span><span class="font11">food is bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The body's &quot;heat&quot; (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font11">) can be regulated by eating one or the other kind of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font11"> naturally rises, one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to lower the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huo</span><span class="font11"> (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qing huo</span><span class="font11">), and in the winter one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the eating of one kind of food or the other: one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to counteract infections and fevers, while one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods to build up one's strength if one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women giving birth should eat plenty of the &quot;hot&quot; type of foods.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shēngleng</span><span class="font11">, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been considered bad for women who are pregnant or have just given birth. Given sanitary conditions in traditional China, this is understandable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Chi shēnglengde dōngxi yídìng When eating raw things, be sure to yào xǐgānjing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wash them well.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11">: 'to get, </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">a</span><span class="font11"> catch (a disease)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo de bìng yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā de bìng yǐqián, shēntǐ hen hāo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā dede shi shénme bìng?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Dé bìng</span><span class="font11"> means 'to get an illness'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After I got sick, I couldn't study any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Before she got ill, her health was very good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What illness was it that she got?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Here are some examples of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé</span><span class="font11"> followed by the name of an illness:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā dé gānmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou He didn't go out after he got a cold, chūlaiguo.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">QÙniān dōngtiān, tā dele xuěyā gāo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Last winter, he got high blood pressure.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of de:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīnniān guè shēngrì wo dele &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I got a new book on my birthday this</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yìběn xīn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎodì jīntiān néng de hǎojǐ- Little brother will be able to get ge hongbāo! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a lot of &quot;red envelopes&quot; today!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Of course, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> cannot be used in all cases when we would say ’get’ in English. For one thing, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> only means to receive passively, whereas English ’get’ sometimes denotes actively seeking to obtain, as in ’I’m going to the supply room to get some paper and pens’, or ’I got a package of cereal at the supermarket’. In these cases, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dé</span><span class="font11"> would not be appropriate in Chinese. To show you some other ways in which the English word ’get’ is expressed in Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences which do not use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">de</span><span class="font11"> although the English translation uses ’get*:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuotian lai nǐde diānhuā le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yesterday you got a phone call (but</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">you weren’t here to get it.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuotian wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him (and was there to receive it.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ shōudàole yíge zhāngdān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ cóng tā nār bǎ jiègei tade nèiběn shū nāhuilai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yǒ gěi wǒ nǎ yíge lai•</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Cong shenme dìfang wo néng mǎidao yíge xiāng zhèiyangrde?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He got a raise in wages.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He got a raise in salary.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I got a bill.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I got the book back which I lent him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Get one for me too.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where can I get (buy) one of those?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshi</span><span class="font11">: ’rheumatism’, literally</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you fēngshi, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde lìhai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’wind-humid’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg hurts severely.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font11">: ’to touch’, only in the sense of one object coming into contact with another. The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font11"> can also mean to come into contact with something in a violent way, ’to hit, to bump into’. Whether </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pèng</span><span class="font11"> means merely ’to touch’ or ’to bump into’ must be determined by context.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Ni bie peng zheige zhuōzi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Don’t touch this table.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde chē kě bùdeliǎo. Biérén His car is terrific! Other people pèng dōu bù néng pèng, gèng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;can’t even touch it, not to mention</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bú yào shuō Jièqu kāi le! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;borrowing it to drive!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">CSome other words meaning ’to touch’ are </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">āi</span><span class="font11"> ’to be close to, to be next to, to be touching’</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Ta zui pa da zhen. Zhen hai méi āidao ta, tā jiù dà jiao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōng</span><span class="font11">: ’to touch, to handle’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ bié dōng wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuǐr wǒ huí-laile zìjǐ shōushi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mō</span><span class="font11">: ’to feel, to rub, to touch’ Here ’to be soft, yielding to the touch’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiàn yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshang-qu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng hěn shūfu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries out before the needle has even touched her.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Don't touch the things on my desk, in a while when I come back I’ll straighten them up myself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">you also need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ruǎn</span><span class="font11"> means</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This piece of clothing is really nice very soft to the touch; it must be very comfortable to wear.]</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1U</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tang</span><span class="font11">: ’to lie down’. This is an action verb. Under most circumstances it requires some kind of complement: either a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> phrase telling where the subject ended up in a lying position, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Ta tangzai chuangshang le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He lay down on the bed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Tā zài chuangshang tǎngzhe.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">or the directional ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-xia(lai)</span><span class="font11">,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dàifu jiào wo tǎngxia.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">or the completion </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">le</span><span class="font11">, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tangle bàntiān, háishi bu shūfu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā tangle yìhuǐr, jiù Juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He is/was lying on the bed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The doctor told me to lie down.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt ill.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After I laid down for a while, I felt better.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huīfu</span><span class="font11">: ’to restore; to return to health)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèige gōngchāng yījīng huīfu shēngchǎn le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu gōngzuò.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ shàngge yuè shēng bìng-le, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu yìdiǎnr.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Kan nǐde yàngzi, huīfude bú cuò.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">(an original state); to recover (one’s</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This factory has already restored production. (Production in many areas was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural Revolution.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She went to the countryside several years ago. Only recently did she return to work.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I was sick last month and only this week am feeling like myself again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Looking at your appearance I’d say you’re pretty well recovered.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1$</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānwàn</span><span class="font11">: ’by all means, for sure’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nèitiáo jiēshang chē tài duō, nī qiānwàn bié qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nī gāng Xue kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qiānwàn zhùyì, bú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě máfan.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">literally ’thousand ten-thousands*.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There are too many cars on that street, you are absolutely not to go there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’ve only just learned to drive a car, be sure to be careful.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Be sure to be careful, don’t write this incorrectly, if you do it’ll be so much trouble.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dāngxīn</span><span class="font11">: ’to watch out, to watch oneself, to be cautious’. Not to be confused with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dānxīn</span><span class="font11">, ’to worry’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Gāng xiàle xuě, chū men dāngxīn! It’s just snowed, watch yourself when you go out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Kāi chē shàng jiē dāngxīn yì- Watch yourself when you go out diǎnr a! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;driving downtown!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguǒ</span><span class="font11">: ’as a result, and so ...’. One of the uses of this word is to connect the thought of one sentence with the next. (Another is as the noun ’result(s)*.) It provides a transition from one sentence to another, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">'As a result, then &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Below is a monologue which takes place in Peking,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">in which the apeaker uses the word </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguo</span><span class="font11"> in this way several times. (This is not meant to he an example of eloquence; in fact, you should not use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiéguo</span><span class="font11"> as repetitively as this speaker.)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wo tīngshuō Xiǎo Wang he Xiǎo Lǐ tan liàn’ài le. Tǎnde zěnme yàng ne? Tǎnde hú cuò. Liǎngge rén dōu méiyou yìjian. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎngde fùqin bù tongyì. Zhèijiàn shi kě jiù hù hǎo hàn le. Xiǎngle hàntiān, jiéguS haishi Xiǎo Wang qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuǎnhuì. Jūwěihuìde gànhu hé Xiǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, jiéguǒ hai hù xíng. Zěnme hàn? Xiǎo Wang you qù zhǎo pàichūsuS. PàichūsuSde gànhu you lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, haishi méiyou jiéguS. Zuìhòu nǐ xiǎng zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle, shuō jiéhūn yīhòu hù hānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā. Zhèihuǐr Lǎo Wǎng mǎnyì le. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎng Xiǎo Lǐ gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I heard that Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ are in love. How serious? Really serious. The two of them had no problems with the idea (of getting married). But then Xiǎo Wǎng’s father didn’t agree. The whole thing became difficult to arrange. They thought for a long time, and as a result it was Xiǎo Wǎng who went to seek out the neighborhood committee. The neighborhood committee cadres talked with Old Wǎng (Xiǎo Wǎng’s father) for a long time. But then it still didn’t go over. What to do? Xiǎo Wǎng then went to seek out the local police station. And the police station cadres went to talk with Old Wǎng too, but still no result. Well what do you think happened in the end? Xiǎo Lǐ went herself to talk with Old Wǎng. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out, that she would take care of the old gentleman. That’s when Old Wǎng became satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ were happily married.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tòngkū</span><span class="font11">: ’to be in pain, to be suffering’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā nèi shíhou hen tòngkū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She was in a great deal of pain at</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">that time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Liàn’ài shībàile tā hěn tòngkū. It was very hard on him when they broke up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zheijiàn shìqing ràng ta &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This matter pained him a great deal,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fēichǎng tòngkū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duo kuài</span><span class="font11">: ’how fast’.’ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Duo</span><span class="font11"> or the alternate form </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duome</span><span class="font11"> is used in exclamatory sentences to mean ’how ...!’ Here are some more examples:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nǐ kàn cai shuōle liǎngjù huà, tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duo</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">You see you only have to say two sentences and she gets unhappy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">rang rén bù hǎo yìsi!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">It really makes a person embarrassed!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèi kùzi zhènme duǎn, chuǎn-shang duo nánshdu!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo bǎ chē yǎoshi fǎngzi chuangshang. Duo ben!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiǎzi</span><span class="font11">: in no time’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ huà hái méi shuōwán, tā yíxiǎzi jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdao wèishénme?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">These pants are so short, when you wear them they’ll be so uncomfortable.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This book is so well written!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’in a flash, at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I hadn’t yet finished speaking when he got angry all of a sudden. Who knows why?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wángjiā</span><span class="font11">: ’the Wang family’, referring either to the people, the social unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a place word).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǎng</span><span class="font11">: ’to be fat, to get fat’. The verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pǎng</span><span class="font11"> can be used in two ways: one as an adjectival verb ’to be fat’, the other as a process verb ’to get fat’. To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are two features admired in babies and children.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Adjectival verb (state)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā hěn pǎng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tǎ xiǎo shíhou bú pǎng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hěn pǎ pǎng, shénme dou bù gǎn chī.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Process verb</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pǎng duō le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi bu shi pǎngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē a?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He is fat.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She wasn’t fat when she was little.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m afraid of being fat, I don’ dare eat anything.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Lately his health got better and he got very fat.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Haven’t you put on just a little bit of weight, Older Brother?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng and her daughter-in-law to see the daughter-in-law’s new baby:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nín zhēn you fúqi, nínde xífu tōuyitāi Jiù gěi nín shēngle yíge dā pang sūnzi. Nínde xífu he xiao bāobao cōng yīyuàn huílaile meiyou? Tāmen dōu hāo ba?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie*. Tāmen dōu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hāo, jīntiān zāoshang gāng cong yǐyuàn huílai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wo zhèli you yíge hōngbāo,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shi gěi xiāo bāobaode.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Ai! Bù gān dāng, nín zhēn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shi tài kèqi le, hébì pòfei ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Nali, nāli! Zhǐ shi yìdiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiāo yìsi. Hāizi you duō zhòng a?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Haizi shēngxialaide shíhou</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shi bābàng qī. Zhège hāizi shēntǐ zhēn hāo, zhēn neng chǐ. Gāng wèibāo, yíxiāzi you è le. NĪ ting, tā you kū le, shēngyin zhēn dà, dàgāi you yào chǐ nāi le. Women qù kànkan.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you’re so lucky! Your daughter-in-law had a big fat grandson for you—and it was just her first! Have your daughter-in-law and the little darling come back from the hospital yet? They’re both doing well, I hope?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you! They’re both fine. They just came back from the hospital this morning.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I have a ’red envelope’ for the baby here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Oh! You shouldn’t have. You’re really too kind. Why should you spend all this money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Don’t be silly. This is Just a little something to express my feelings. How much does the baby weigh?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He was eight pounds seven ounces at birth. He’s really a healthy baby, and he eats a lot. Right after his feeding, in no time he’s hungry again. Listen, he’s crying again. What a loud voice! He probably wants to nurse again. Let’s go see.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;ō! Fang Bōmu, nín yě lāi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">le!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">F : Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ ’. Wō lāi kàn nǐ ěrzi lai le! Zhège hāizi zhāngde zhēn hāo, duō you fúxiàng!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Xièxie, xièxie! Tuō nínde</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fú!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Oh! Auntie Fāng, you’ve come too!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Congratulations! I’ve come to see your son! He looks so good! What a lucky physiognomy!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thank you! It’s all thanks to your lucky influence!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yuèzili yào xiǎoxīn, bú yào chi shēnglěngde dōngxi, bú yào chuī fēng, bú yào pèng lěng shuǐ, yě bú yào chū men. Nǐ kàn, Liújia nàge xífu zuò yuèzi bú zhùyì, chǎng kāi diàn bīngxiāng, yòng lěng shuǐ, jiéguō dele fēngshī, tòngkúde hěn. Xiànzài hai yào tiǎntiǎn chi Zhōngyào. Nǐ qiǎnwàn yào dāngxīn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Z: &nbsp;&nbsp;Shi a’. Wǒ yǐjīng gàosu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">ta le, yuèzili shénme shi dōu bú yào zuò, duō tǎngzhe, duō xiūxi, duō chi hǎode, shēntǐ jiù huifude kuài yidiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Wǒ zōu le, guò jǐtiǎn zài</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lái kàn nǐ gēn xiǎo bǎobao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">C: &nbsp;&nbsp;Deng yíxià. Nǐ dài jǐge</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hōngdàn qu, mǎnyuède shihou zài qǐng ni chi mǎnyuèjiú.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">F: &nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ yídìng lái.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">How are you feeling? You have to be careful for the first month after giving birth. Don’t eat raw or cold foods, stay out of drafts, avoid cold water, and don’t leave the house. Look at Mrs. Liú who didn’t pay attention during the first month after giving birth; she opened the refrigerator a lot and used cold water, and ended up getting rheumatism. She suffered so much. Now she still has to take Chinese medicine every day. Be absolutely sure you watch out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Right’. I’ve already told her. You shouldn’t do anything at all during the first month after giving birth. You should lie down a lot, get a lot of rest, eat a lot of good food, and then your health will come back faster.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m going to leave now. I’ll come back in a few days to see you and the baby.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wait a second. Take a few red eggs with you. We’ll invite you to the celebration dinner when the baby is one month old.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">All right, I'll be sure to come.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hōngdàn</span><span class="font11">: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red is the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of health and prosperity to the farmer. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Hōngdàn</span><span class="font11"> are sometimes also used as gifts from a newly-engaged couple to their friends.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-bang</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bǎobao (bǎobao)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bīngxiāng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bù gǎn dāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pound (unit of weight)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">refrigerator, ice box</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m flattered, You shouldn't have,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I don't deserve this</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">chī nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">chuī fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to have air blow on oneself, to be</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">in a draft</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">dāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to watch out</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">de</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">duo kuài!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">how fast!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">ěrduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">ear</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">rheumatism</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fúqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">blessings, luck</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fúxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">hongbāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">a red envelope with a gift or bribe</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">of money in it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hongdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">eggs dyed red</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huīfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to recover</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">as a result; result, results</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">a full month after the birth of a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuèjiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">celebration meal one month after a</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">baby is born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">pang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be fat</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to touch</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pofei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to spend a lot of money (on someone),</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to go to some expense</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">qiānwàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">by all means, be sure to; (in com</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bination with a negative sentence)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">by no means, under no circumstances</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shēnglěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">raw or cold foods</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">grandson</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">-tāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">birth</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tang tòngkǔ touyige tóuyìtāi tuō nínde fú</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wangjia wèi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎoxīn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xífu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíxiǎzi yuèzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhang zhòng zuo yuèzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to lie,to recline</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to he painful</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the first</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the first pregnancy, the first hahy</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the Wang family to feed</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hahy, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be careful daughter-in-law</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">an instant, a moment, a while month of confinement after giving birth to a child</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be heavy</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Wǒ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjin chūchai</span><span class="font11"> qu le, méi néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānj iā</span><span class="font11"> zhège huì.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. Wǒ zài shàng Xīngqīèr jiù tīngdao tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zùmù qùshìd</span><span class="font11">e </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāoxi</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Míngtiān wǒ yào qù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">diàosāng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">U. Míngtiān wǒ yào bāng tāmen bàn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānglǐ</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Wǒ fùqin </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàng</span><span class="font11"> xǐhuan he jiù, shàngge yuè </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hùrán </span><span class="font11">juédìng zài yě bù hē le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6. Wǒ fùqin </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fànl</span><span class="font11">e </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnzàngbìng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Women </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjǐn</span><span class="font11"> bǎ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā sòngd</span><span class="font11">ao TāiDà Yīyuàn qu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Yīshēng shuō jīngguo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font11">, yǐjīng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùguolai</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">9. Nǐ zùmù yíxiàng hen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎozhòng </span><span class="font11">shēntǐ.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqud</span><span class="font11">e shíhou, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji </span><span class="font11">yídìng hen dà le ba?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">11. Wǒ tīngwánle yǐhòu xīnli hen jiù bù néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngjìngx</span><span class="font11">iàlai.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Hen bàoqiàn, wǒ méi néng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnhui-lai</span><span class="font11"> diàosāng.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been out of town on business lately, so I wasn’t able to participate in this meeting.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Last Tuesday I heard the news that his grandmother had passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tomorrow I’m going to present my condolences at the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tomorrow I’m going to help them take care of the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My father always liked to drink, but last month he decided all of a sudden that he would never drink again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My father had a heart attack.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The doctor said that she had been saved through emergency treatment.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Your grandmother always took good care of herself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She must have been quite old when she passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After I listened to it I couldn't calm down for quite a while.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m sorry I couldn’t rush back in time for the funeral.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zuìjìn</span><span class="font11">; ’lately, recently; in the near future*. This word can either refer to the near past or the near future.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How has she been lately?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zuìjìn tā hěn hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Lately she’s, been very well.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zuìjìn zài niàn shū. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve been studying lately.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo zuìjìn yào dào Jiāzhōu qù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m going to be going to California</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">in the near future.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chūchāi</span><span class="font11">: ’to go away on official business’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān chūchāi, jǐntiān hěn máng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhècì chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhějiàn shi, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài bàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhècì chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi ni.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cānjiā</span><span class="font11">: ’to participate in; to performance, etc.); to join’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ jìhua xià Xǐngqīyī yào dào Niǔ Yūē qu war. Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng cānjiā?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yào cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuǒtiān women gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le ma?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tomorrow I’m going away on business, so today is a busy day.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where are you going on this business trip?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll get to this matter after my business trip.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When I come back from this business trip, I’ll be able to bring you back a little something.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m planning to go to New York next week to relax. Do you want to join in?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for Mrs. Zhang, did you come too?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shàng Xīngqīèr</span><span class="font11">: ’on last Tuesday’. Notice that with an expression stating a time when something occurs. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> is optional. Here are some more</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">examples:</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège huì zài xiàge yuè kāi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">This meeting will</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> is used here In this</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">sentence</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">he held</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">next month.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège haizi zài qùniǎn qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū le.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">This child began studying last fall.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">at home</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiéhūn lǐfū.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Last week I bought a wedding gown.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Yījiǔliǔsānniǎn wǒ rènshi-le ta.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I met him in 1963.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Yījiǔwǔlíngniǎn wǒ jiù kànguo zhèběn shū.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I read this book back in 1950.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǔmǔ</span><span class="font11">: ’(paternal) grandmother'. Remember that this refers exclusively to the father's mother. The mother's mother is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wàizǔmǔ</span><span class="font11">. EA grandmother is usually addressed by her son's children as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nāinai</span><span class="font11">.J Here is a chart showing these terms:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zǔfù zǔmǔ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wàizǔfù &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wàizǔmǔ</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-5.png" alt="" style="width:350pt;height:102pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùshì</span><span class="font11">: 'to pass away'. Literally, this means 'to go (from this) world'. It is a euphemism for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font11"> 'to die', which is introduced in Unit 6.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎo Wāngde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng It's been two years since Xiǎo Wang's liǎngniǎn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;father died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎoxi</span><span class="font11">: 'news, information, tidings'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèiliǎngtiǎn bàozhǐshang you &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark23"><span class="font11">hěn duō guānyu Zhōngguode</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark24"><span class="font11">xiǎoxi.</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiǎn bàozhǐshang you shénme</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark25"><span class="font11">xīn xiǎoxi?</span></a></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">The past couple of days there's been a lot of news about China in the newspaper.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What news is there in the newspaper today?</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women jiā liǎngge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu méiyou.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Our family hasn’t sent a letter in two months, there’s no news at all. (Said hy one family member who is separated from the rest.)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāoxi</span><span class="font11"> can be used with the counter </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-ge</span><span class="font11"> to mean ’a piece of news, an item of news’:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ you yíge hǎo xiāoxi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I have a piece of good news.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">diàosāng</span><span class="font11">: ’to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral’. At a traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present their condolences to the family of the deceased in a brief formal ceremony.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao Today when I was at the funeral I nín jiā lǎotàitai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;saw your grandmother.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 4</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sānglǐ</span><span class="font11">: ’the funeral ceremony’. C</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sāng-</span><span class="font11"> in some combinations means ’funeral’, for example, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāngfú</span><span class="font11"> ’funeral clothing’, or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sāngshì</span><span class="font11"> ’funeral’.! On a volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers help with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family stay with the coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it at night.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíxiàng</span><span class="font11">: ’always (up to now)’, has been so all along up until now (and else change).</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">This adverb indicates that something may either continue the same way or</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve always like to eat sweet snacks</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He has always done very well in his studies.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Teacher Wú has always liked children</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Mr. Xià has always been very polite.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">time word. It may go before the verb,</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yíxiàng ài chi tian diǎnxin.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hen hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wú Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan haizi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xià Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn kèqi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hūrǎn</span><span class="font11">: ’suddenly’. This is a or at the front of the sentence.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hai méiyou jì.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I suddenly remembered that I hadn’t mailed my letter yet.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Hūrán, tā pǎolai le, hāoxiàng you shénme shi.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were something wrong.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Hūrán tiān xià yǔ le, xiàde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Suddenly it started raining, raining</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">hāo dà.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">very hard.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán jiù zǒu le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He came in and sat down for a while, and then left all of a sudden.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài yě bù he le</span><span class="font11">: ’will never drink again’. Sometimes people ask what is the word for ’never’ in Chinese. The answer is that ’never’ is not expressed by one word, but rather by a combination of adverbs and negative. Not only is ’never’ rendered into Chinese by several words, but the word patterns are different for sentences expressing completed action, habitual action, or planned action. For these examples you need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yongyuān </span><span class="font11">is the word for ’forever’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo cǒnglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cài.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ cónglái bu kàn nèiyangde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ve never read those kinds of books,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde wèntí yongyuān bù néng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His problems can never be solved,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jiějué.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo zài yě bú qù nàli le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’ll never go there again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The adverb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> and a negative, such idea of not doing something anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bìng hāole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài hē jiǔ.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yǐhòu wǒ bu zài zuò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bú yào zài dā ta le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méiyou</span><span class="font11">, can be used to express the</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After he got well, he didn’t drink anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the future I won’t do it again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Don’t hit him any more.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">If </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the phrase is more emphatic.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài bù huílai le’. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m never coming back here again.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">If </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> is added between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> and the negative, the meaning is approximately the same.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zài yě bù chǐ táng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I’m never going to eat candy again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nèitiáo lù bù hāo zǒu, nǐ zài That road is hard to go on, don’t yě Lie zǒu nèitiáo lù le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ever take it again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nǐ zài yě bié kàn zhèzhǒng shū le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nàge fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài yě méi qùguo le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Women shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài yě méi kànjian ta le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Sānge yuè yǐqián xiàguo yìchǎng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi xiàguo le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">More on ’Again*</span><span class="font11">: Up until now you’ve which did not express a completed event and</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Don’t ever read, this kind of book again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That restaurant is too expensive; I only went there once and then I never went back again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We were schoolmates, but after we left the school, I never saw him again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Three months ago it rained once, and since then it hasn’t rained again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> ’again’ used in sentences òu used in sentences which did.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān zài lai ba.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Come again tomorrow.’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">òu, nǐ you lai le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Oh, you’ve come again.’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">But there are further qualifications on the use of ’again’ in Chinese. While </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài</span><span class="font11"> always refers to activities which have not yet occurred, that is future activities or events, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> is not totally limited to activities or events which are completed or past. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You</span><span class="font11"> may be used in present or future situations if the thing being talked about is so certain that it may be treated like something which has actually happened.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhè you yào duōshao qián a?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèi yìtiān you yào wan le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiànzài wǒ you you gōngzuò le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">And tomorrow is Monday again.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">And how much money is needed again for this?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">And this day is about to end too. (Said at the end of a long busy day with many things left to do.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Now I have a job again.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fàn</span><span class="font11">: ’to have an attack (of a revert to (an old habit)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you fàn lǎo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu shūfu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">disease), to have a recurrence of, to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">That old problem of his is acting up again. He hasn’t been feeling well the last few days.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Shàngge yuè tā fan bìng le, xuěyā hǎo gāo</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bié fan nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shàng xué qu ba!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xǐnzàngbìng</span><span class="font11">: ’heart disease’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood pressure was really high!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Don't fall back into your old habit (of skipping sbhool), get yourself to school.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xǐnzàng</span><span class="font11"> is ’heart’..</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 7</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjǐn</span><span class="font11">: ’in a hurry’. This adverb means that someone decided to hurry up and start doing something. It can often be translated as 'to hurry up and', or ’to rush to (do something)'. Here are some examples:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nàbiān chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎnjǐn qù kǎnkan!</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Jīntiǎn xiàwǎ, tā zǒu le, zhōngwǎ wǒ gǎnjǐn péi ta qù chī wǔfàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Kuài jiǎdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjǐn zǒu le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">There's been a car accident over there, hurry up and go look!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I hurried to go out to lunch with him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It's almost nine o'clock. I have to hurry up and leave.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Gǎnjǐn</span><span class="font11"> means only that someone hurries to start the action. It does not mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to say 'He made dinner in a hurry, so it didn’t come out well', meaning that he finished cooking it in a very short time, you cannot use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnjǐn</span><span class="font11">; you could say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yǐnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde tài kuài, suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Lǎorénjiǎ</span><span class="font11"> is a respectful way of referring to or addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is almost always preceded by </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nín</span><span class="font11">, as in</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qīngwèn nín lǎorénjiā, dào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Excuse me, sir, how do I get to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngshān Lù zěnme zǒu? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Zhongshan Road?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nǐ lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Shēntǐ hǎo ba?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">How have you been lately? Have you been in good health, I hope?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">A third party can be referred to as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shi búbì jízhe bàn.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do this.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I've come to give him some pastries.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ gěi tā lǎorénjiā song yidiǎn diǎnxin lai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo wènguo wǒ zùfù le, tā lāo- I asked my grandfather, and he said rénjia shuō míngnián zánmen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;our whole family is going to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">quánjiā qù Shanghai. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shanghai next year.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Here are two examples of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāorénjia</span><span class="font11"> being used as a respectful word for ’old people’:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Jǐntiān, liāngwèi lāorénjia tánde hen gāoxìng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Today those two (old people) had a very pleasant conversation.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Older people like to eat soft foods.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Lāorénjiamen dōu xǐhuan chi ruānde dōngxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In Peking, the syllable </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāo</span><span class="font11"> in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lāorénjia</span><span class="font11"> receives the heaviest stress of the three syllables, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jia</span><span class="font11"> is in the neutral tone.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font11">: ’to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere), to see someone off or out’. The basic meaning of this word is to accompany someone who is leaving, but as you can see from the various translations given, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">song</span><span class="font11"> can be used in a wide variety of circumstances. Here are some examples:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ qù bā kèren sòngdao dàmén wàitou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ song ta huí jiā.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā míngtiān zǒu, women dào jīchāng qu song ta.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ song ta dào xuéxiào qu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">To specify that you are taking someone this way:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo kāi chē song ta dào xuéxiào qu.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I’m going to show the guests out the front door.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Escort her home, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> Walk her home. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> Take her home.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She’s leaving tomorrow and we’re going to the airport to see her off.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or I walked there with him. )</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">in a car, you can phrase your sentence</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I drove her to school.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 8</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐngguò</span><span class="font11">: You have seen </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jǐngguo</span><span class="font11"> meaning ’to go thru’. Here it is used to mean ’though’ in the sense of ’by means of’. It can also be translated ’as a result of’, ’after’, ’through’, or ’via’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā shēntǐ yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò yíduàn shí-jiānde bǎoyǎng, kěnéng huì hǎo yìdiǎn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīngguò sāntiānde kǎolù, wǒ juédìng he tǎ jiēhūn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīngguò dàjiǎde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chénggōng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎo-lùn.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">His health has been bad.all along, but I think after a short period of taking care of himself, he might get a little better.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After three days of consideration, I’ve decided to marry him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As a result of everyone’s hard work, this matter has succeeded.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This plan must go through discussion.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font11">: ’emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to receive emergency treatment’. Notice that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jíjiù</span><span class="font11"> can mean to give or get emergency treatment.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jíjiùde dìsǎntiān le, bù zhīdào you méiyou xīwàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde chēzi yǐjīng wánle, rén zài jíjiù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Gāngcǎi chū chēhuò, you jǐge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng zhèngzài jíjiù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jíjiù</span><span class="font11"> refers only to aid given in nature, usually those where life is in injury or acute attacks of an illness.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Today is already the third day of emergency (intensive care) treatment. I don’t know if there’s . any hope.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is undergoing emergency treatment.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There’s just been a car accident, and several people were injured. The doctor is administering first-aid.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">incidents of a relatively serious danger; for example, cases of severe</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùguolai</span><span class="font11">: ’to save’, literally ’to save over’. The directional verb ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòlai</span><span class="font11"> ’over’ sometimes shows the recovery of an original desirable or normal state. For example, in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiùguolai</span><span class="font11"> it implies the change from a condition in which death is imminent to one in which the patient can be expected to' live.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Daren qíngkuàng hai hǎo, haizi jiùbuguòlai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège jùzi xiěcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta gǎiguolai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège dìzhǐ xiěde bǔ duì, nín děi gǎiguolai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The adult’s condition is all right, but the child cannot be saved.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This sentence is wrong, I have to correct it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This address is wrong, you have to correct it.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zuò huǒchē zuòle sāntiān lèi-huài le, yào shuì yídà Jiao cái néng xiūxiguolai.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shàngwù mangle sìwùge zhòngtou zhōngwù shuì ge wùjiào, rén •jiù xiūxiguolai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tiān tài lěng, hē kōu jiu jiù nuǎnhuoguolai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo hǎoxiàng hìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi banfa nuanhuoguolai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">After three days on the train, I’m exhausted. I’ll have to have a good long sleep before I can be well rested.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the morning I ran around for four or five hours, but then after a nap at noon, I felt very rested.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm you up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I seem to be sick, I’ve got on all these clothes and I still can’t get warm.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎozhòng</span><span class="font11">: ’to take care of oneself, to take care of (one’s health)’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Haohao baozhong shenti, bie lèihuài le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In telling someone to be sure to take preceded by </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duō</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duōduō</span><span class="font11"> ’more (than</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yílù píng’ān, duō bǎozhòng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐde bìng gāng hǎo, duōduō bǎozhòng.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Take good care of your health, don’t wear yourself out.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">care of himself, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bǎozhòng</span><span class="font11"> is usually usual)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Have a good trip, and take good care of yourself.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You just got over your illness, take real good care of yourself.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font11">: ’to pass away’. Like English ’pass away’, this is a euphemism for ’to die’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tāde zǔfù zuotiān wǎnshang guòqu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ mùqin shi shénme shíhou guòqude?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wō mùqin guòqude shíhou, wo hái hen xiǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font11">: &nbsp;’(a person’s) age’,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">you should learn by heart:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">His grandfather passed away last night.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When did your mother pass away?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I was still very young when my mother passed away.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Here are some frequently used patterns</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nín duo dà niánji le? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;How old are you? (polite way of</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">asking an adult’s age)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā niánji bù xiǎo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;She’s not young any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā niánji dà le. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> Tā shàngle He’s getting on in years, niánji le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">[Although the adjectival verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dà</span><span class="font11"> ’to be big’ is used after </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">niánji</span><span class="font11"> to mean ’to be old’, when you want to say ’to be young’, you should use the adjectival verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qīng</span><span class="font11"> ’to be light* rather than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎo</span><span class="font11"> ’to be small’; for example, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā niánji hái qīng, bù yīnggāi ràng ta qù gōngzuò</span><span class="font11">, ’He’s still young, you shouldn’t make him go get a job.’]</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 11</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">píngjìng</span><span class="font11">: ’to be calm’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Pingjìngxiàlai</span><span class="font11">, ’to calm down’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Shuǐshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, ye méiyou fēng, hen píngjìng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Kànjian jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō le.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">As in the last example above, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">pingjìng</span><span class="font11"> is heart’ to describe one’s emotional state.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">There wasn’t a single boat on the water, and there was no wind. It was very calm.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When I saw that everyone in the family was all right, I felt much calmer.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">often used with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xīnli</span><span class="font11"> ’in the</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān tā hěn shēngqì, wǒ méi bànfa ràng ta pingjìngxiàlai.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">He got very angry today and there was no way I could get him to calm down.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font11">: ’was not able to’• Here you see the auxiliary verb </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">néng </span><span class="font11">used with the negative </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">. You have learned that state verbs (auxiliary verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11">, (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù hǎo</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù zhīdao</span><span class="font11">) not with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi</span><span class="font11">. Here, however, you see </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font11"> instead of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font11">. This is an exception to the rule that all state verbs are always negated with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù</span><span class="font11">. Actually, either </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font11"> would be acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers, however, feel that there is a subtle difference between </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù néng</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">méi néng</span><span class="font11"> when referring to an event in the past. For example, one can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo zuōtiān méi néng qù</span><span class="font11"> as well as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wo zuotiān bù néng qù</span><span class="font11">. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zuótiān méi néng qù</span><span class="font11"> hints at the fact that there was a failure to attain the state of being able to go, whereas </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Wǒ zuotiān bù néng qù</span><span class="font11"> merely describes the state of being unable to go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">in implication may make very little difference in the actual import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts it may be of some significance. (For the first example sentence, you need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mìmi </span><span class="font11">means ’secret’.)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wǒ bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">*mìmi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, wǒ méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei Zhang Sān zhàn zai pángbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng rang ta zhīdao.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǎnhuilai</span><span class="font11">: ’to rush back’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Dōu liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiàwǔ wǔdiǎn zhōng, women you ge huì, nǐ gǎndehuílai gǎnbuhuílai?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because it’s a secret.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng Sān was standing there, and I didn’t want to let him know about it.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">It’s six o’clock already, I think she probably won’t make it back in time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can you make it back in</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father’s death:</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jīngguò Táinánde shíhou tīngdao nǐ fùqin qùshìde xiǎoxi. Zhēn bàoqiàn, wǒ mei néng gǎnhuilai diàosāng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ fùqin dele bìng, hen kuài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jiù guòqu le. Women you xiē zài wàidìde qǐnqi dōu méi néng láidejí cānjiā sānglǐ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ jìde nī fùqin shēntī</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yíxiàng bú cuò, zhècì déle shénme bìng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: 0, wǒ fùqin shēntī shi bú cuò,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jiùshi xīnzàng bú tài hǎo, zhècì hūrán fànle xīnzàngbìng, women gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ laorénjia sòngdao TaiDà Yīyuàn qu. Kěshi jīngguo jíjiù, háishi méi j iùguolai.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ zǔmǔ yě shi xīnzàngbìng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">qùshìde. Hǎoxiàng niánji dàlede rén déle xīnzàngbìng yǐhòu, hen nan zhìhǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng guòqude shíhou bú tài tòngkǔ ba?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shìde. Tǎ guòqude shíhou</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">bǐjiào píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bú tài tòngkǔ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Nǐ zhèxiē tiǎn yídìng mángde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hen lèi le. Nǐ yào bǎozhòng shēntī. Guò xiē shíhou wǒ zài lāi kàn ni.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Xièxie ni. Yǐhòu you gōngfu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zài guòlai zuòzuo.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Hǎo. Zàijiàn!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zàijiàn!</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I went away on business lately and I heard the news of your father’s death when I was passing through Tainan. I’m so sorry I couldn’t make it back in time to go to the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My father passed away very soon after he became ill. We even have relatives outside the area who couldn’t make it to the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As I recall your father’s health was always pretty good, what illness did he get this time?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Well, my father’s health </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">was</span><span class="font11"> pretty good, only his heart wasn’t so good. This time he had a sudden heart attack, and we rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital. But even the emergency treatment didn’t save him.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">My grandmother also died of heart disease. Older people seem to be very hard to cure after they get heart disease. When your father passed away he wasn’t in much pain, I hope?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">No. He was rather calm when he passed away. He didn’t seem to be in too much pain.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You must be very tired from being so busy these past few days. You have to take good care of yourself. I’ll be back to see you again soon.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Thanks. When you have time come over again and sit awhile.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay. Good-bye.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Good-bye.’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">13. Wǒ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dǎ chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font11"> gàosu ta.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">11. Tā lǎo péngyoude mǔqin shàngge ■xīngqī </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòshì</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">15. Tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāngxīnj</span><span class="font11">íle.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">16. Nǐ fùqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsuì, kéyi shuō shi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chāngshòu</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">17.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Zài shuō</span><span class="font11"> ta guòshìde shíhou ye hu tài tòngkǔ.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">18. Nǐ hú hi tài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánguò</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">19. Wǒ mǔqin </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hǎnlāi</span><span class="font11"> xīwàng </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">érnǔm</span><span class="font11">en yíhèizi dōu zài tā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnhiān</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">20. Wo </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font11"> jīnniān </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qubuliǎo</span><span class="font11"> Xiāng-gǎng le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">21.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Jiānglái</span><span class="font11"> you jīhui zài qù ha!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">22. Wǒ mǔqin cháng shuō tā hú yuànyi j iānglái </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zàngz</span><span class="font11">ai guōwài.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">23. Ràng ta zài jiā </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānxǐn</span><span class="font11"> xiūxi.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">21. A: Tā shuō tā qùshì yǐhòu yào </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒzàng</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Bìngqiǒ</span><span class="font11"> xīwàng tade háizimen néng hǎ tāde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔhuī</span><span class="font11"> sònghuí guōnèi.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I called him long distance to tell him.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His old friend’s mother passed away last week.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He was terribly broken up.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Your father was already 75 years old. That’s quite a long life, actually.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Besides that, he wasn’t in too much pain when he died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You don’t have to feel too sad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Originally my mother hoped that her children would stay with her all her life.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My oldest brother can’t go to Hong Kong this year any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Go sometime in the future if you get the chance.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My mother often said that when the time came she didn’t want to be buried abroad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Let her rest without worry in her home.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">He says that after he passes away he wants to be cremated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Moreover he hopes his children will be able to take his ashes back to his home country.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">da chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font11">: ’to make a long-distance telephone call’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qǐng nǐmen shēngyin xiǎo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Would you all he a little quieter,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yídiǎn, wǒ zài dǎ chángtú &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;. please? I’m making a long-distance</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">diànhuà ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;call!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">diànhuà</span><span class="font11"> can also be used with the meaning ’a telephone call’ as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You nǐde diànhuà</span><span class="font11">, ’There’s a telephone call for you’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Chángtú diànhuà</span><span class="font11"> can be used in the same way:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wèi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Sānr! There’s a long-distance</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">chángtú diànhuà! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;phone call for you!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In the Meeting Module you saw the expression </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">lái diànhuà</span><span class="font11"> ’a telephone call is received’ or ’make a telephone call here’. Here is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángtú diànhuà </span><span class="font11">used in the same pattern:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān zǎoshàng you ren gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This morning someone called long-</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">ni lái chángtú diànhuà le, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;distance for you, but you weren’t</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nǐ bú zài. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 1H</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòshǐ</span><span class="font11">: ’to pass away, to die’. You have now seen ’to die’ expressed three different ways: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùshì</span><span class="font11">, and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòshì</span><span class="font11">. All may be used in conversation, although </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guòqu</span><span class="font11"> is probably the most common.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shāngxǐn</span><span class="font11">: Literally, hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted’</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tā zhènme shāngxǐn, wèi-shénme?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Tā núpengyou zou le, zenme néng bù shāngxǐn?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Women j iāde gǒu sǐle, wǒ shāngxīnle hǎo cháng shíjiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nàme hǎode yíge háizi sǐle, zhēn ràng rén shāngxǐn.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">’to wound the heart’.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">’To be grieved, to be</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Why is he so broken-hearted?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">His girlfriend left, how can he not be broken-hearted?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After the family dog died, I was broken-hearted for a real long time</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It really grieves one for such a good child to die.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chángshòu</span><span class="font11">: ’long life, longevity; to live a long life’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yào xiang chángshòu, jiù bù yīnggāi dūo he jiu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Běifāng chángshòude rén bī Nanfāng duō.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">If you want to live a long life, you shouldn’t drink excessively.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There are more people who live long in the North than in the South.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. IT</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shuō</span><span class="font11">: ’furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides’. Often following a clause with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zài shuō</span><span class="font11">, one of the adverbs </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yě</span><span class="font11"> ’also’ or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">you</span><span class="font11"> ’also’ is used.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nī néng lai ma?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wo gānmào le, tiānqi you zhènme bù hǎo, zài shuō haizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge rén fàngzai jiāli, wō bu fàngxīn. Gǎitiān, wo yídìng lai, hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā hen nénggàn, zài shuō you nàme piàoliang, nī jiù tongyì le ba?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">How about it? Can you come today?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and the weather is so bad. Moreover the child is too small to leave alone at home. I would worry. I’ll come for sure another day, okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">She’s very capable, and what’s more, she’s so beautiful too. So you will agree (to marry her), won’t you? (said by a matchmaker to a young man)</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wō děng ni bàntiān le, wō yào hé ni tan yixia.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wo gāng xià kè. Zài shuō wō hái méi chī fàn ne’. Gǎitiān zài shuō ba’.</span></p></li></ul>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve been waiting for you for ages.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I want to have a talk with you.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven’t eaten yet! Let’s talk some other day!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No■ 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nánguò</span><span class="font11">: ’to be sad, to verb can be used to refer to either</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yīshēng shuō tā muqinde bìng hěn lìhai, women dōu hěn nánguò.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">be distressed, to feel bad’. physical or emotional</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">This adjectival distress.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The doctor said his mother’s illness was very serious, and we were all very sad.</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān tā chǐle hǎo duō shēngcài, xiànzài dùzili nánguò le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bié nánguò le, rén yǐjīng sǐle nánguò yě méiyou yòng le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hěn nánguò.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎo Wángde jiāli you nàme duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén nánguò.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his stomach hurts (he feels bad) .</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Don’t be sad, he’s already dead, and it’s no use being sad.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Teacher Song is very sad today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There’s so much trouble in Xǐao Wáng’s family, it really makes a person sad.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">běnlái</span><span class="font11">’originally, at first, in the first place’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Běnlái wo xiǎng jǐntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng. Hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì. Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Běnlái wǒ jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái néng zou le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I heard there was a meeting. So I’ll forget it and go another time.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Originally I was going to Canton today, but the weather is bad so I’ll probably have to wait until tomorrow before X can leave.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíbèizi</span><span class="font11">: ’all one’s life, in one’s (whole) life, throughout one’s life, as long as one lives, a lifetime’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèngfù bāng tā bǎ zài wàiguō-de qián zhǎohuilai le. Tā yíbèizi yě méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hǎo gāoxìng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā you sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi. Xiànzài lǎole, gāi xiūxi xiūxi le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">The government helped her get back money she had outside the country. She had never seen so much money in her whole life. She was really happy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">She has three sons and for these three sons she was busy her whole life. Now she is old and should take it easy.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shēnbiān</span><span class="font11">: ’at/by one’s side; (have something) on one, with one’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wo you yíge háizi zài nongcūn, yíge háizi zài shēnbiān.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Rúguo tā shēnbiān you hǎo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfǎ chū-lai gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I have one child out in the country and one child here with me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">If she has several children at her feet, then she just can’t go out and work.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font11">; ’oldest brother'. Remember that 'older brother' is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēge</span><span class="font11">, but the oldest of several children is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font11">. In addition </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàgē</span><span class="font11"> can be used between men to show a friendly relationship of unequal status.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qùbuliǎo</span><span class="font11">: 'cannot go*. This is a compound verb or result, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">kanbujian</span><span class="font11"> 'cannot see' or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chǐbubǎo</span><span class="font11"> 'cannot eat one's fill'. The ending </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-liǎo </span><span class="font11">is in compounds of potential result (those with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de-</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-bu-</span><span class="font11"> between the main verb and the resultative ending) with the meaning of 'be able to'. You may be thinking (and rightly so) that this is just the meaning added by the use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-de-</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-bu-</span><span class="font11">. This has led some people to label </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">-liǎo</span><span class="font11"> as a 'dummy' resultative ending since it does not seem to add any additional information like other more specific endings do (e.g. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wan</span><span class="font11"> 'finish').</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wàimian shēngyǐn hǎo dà.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shizài shuìbuliǎo jiào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān ting diàn, kànbuliǎo diǎnyǐngr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zuìjìn dùzi bù shūfu, chǐ-buliǎo shēngcài.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhènme duō cài, chìbuliǎo le'.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiàwu wǒ you shi, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xià ban, jintiān wǎnhuì nǐ qùdeliǎo qubuliǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ bú yào dāo jīchǎng lai song wo, nǐ yì kū wǒ j iù zōubu-liǎo le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">It's so noisy outside. I really can't sleep at all.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Today they're turning off the electricity, so we can't watch the movie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can't eat lettuce.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">So many dishes, we won't be able to eat them!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This afternoon I'm busy, I can't go to the library, let's talk about it tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You get off work at 9:00, can you go to the evening meeting?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Don't come to the airport to see me off; as soon as you start to cry, I won't be able to leave.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 21</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiānglǎi</span><span class="font11">: 'in the future*. Like other time words, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiānglai</span><span class="font11"> can be used between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the sentence before the subject.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jiānglai ZhōngMěi guānxi yuè &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the future as Sino-American</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lái yuè hǎo, women zài Měiguo relations get better and better, jiù bǐjiào rōngyi mǎidào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;it will be easier for us to buy</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguode dōngxi. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chinese goods in America.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ jiānglái yào dào Shànghǎi lǐngshìguān qù gōngzuò.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">In the future I want to work in the consulate in Shanghai.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 23</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānxǐn</span><span class="font11">: ’to feel at ease, to set to keep one’s mind (on something)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā xiānshēng nǔlì zuò shi, tā keyi ānxǐn dú shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒde hāizi gōngzuòde hěn hāo, wǒ yě jiù ānxǐn le.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">o'ne’s mind at ease, to be at peace;</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">With her husband working hard at his Job, she could keep her mind on her studying.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at ease.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 2k</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bìngqie</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">’furthermore, moreover,</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">and, besides’.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ yào bā bìngqie xuěhāo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">gōngzuò zuò hāo yào bā Zhōngwén</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I want to do a good and do a good job</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">job at work and studying Chinese.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Zhèige hāizi hěn nùlì bìngqiě hěn cōngmīng.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">This child is very industrious and intelligent too.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Wǒ jìhua zhèige xīngqī bā zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwán, bìngqiě fānyicheng Zhōngwén.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">I plan to finish writing this essay this week and furthermore translate it into Chinese.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">After the funeral of an elderly man a friend comes to visit the family:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zuotiān huílai cai zhīdao lǎo xiānsheng guòshìde xiǎoxi, érqiě tīngshuō sānglǐ yě bānguo le, wǒ méi néng gǎn-huilai diāosāng, zhēn shi bāoqiān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wo fùqin xīnzàng yíxiàng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hú tài hǎo, zuìjìn liǎngniān, yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī yào, jiéguo wèntí hǎoxiāng shǎole yìdiǎn, kěshi liǎngge xīngqī yīqiǎn hūrān fānle lǎo bìng, wǒ dǎgē jiù gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ lǎorénjia sǒngdao TǎiDā Yīyuān jíjiù, bìngqiě dǎ changtú diānhuā bǎ wo jiāo-huilai. Tā niānji dā le, suīrān jīngguò jǐtiān jíjiù haishi méi jiùguolai, zāi shāng Xīngqīèr qùshì le; búguǒ tā qùshìde shíhou bǐjiǎo píngjìng, hǎoxiāng bú tāi tòngkū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">V</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Fùqin qùshì, érnu yídìng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hěn shāngxīn. Búguǒ lǎo xiānsheng qīshiduōsuì qùshì yě suān shi chǎngshòu le. Zāi shuō tā gudqude shíhou bú tāi tòngkū, nǐmen xiōngdì jiěmèi yě dōu zāi tā shēnbiān, tā yě jiù ānxīn le, nǐ yě bú yāo tāi nanguò. Lǎo xiānsheng zāngzai nǎli?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ fùqin shuōguo, yāo huǒ-</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zāng. Tā shuō tā zhèyíbèizi kǒngpā huíbuliǎo lǎojiā le, jiāo women jiānglāi bǎ gúhuī sònghuí lǎojiā qu, suoyi women jiù zhǔnbèi zhǎo tā shuōde bān.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">who came to Taiwan from the mainland,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I've been away on business lately, and I didn't find out until I got back yesterday that your father had passed away. And I hear that the funeral has already been held. I'm really sorry I didn't make it back in time to attend the funeral.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My father's heart was never too good. The past two years, the doctor told him to take medicine every day, and there didn't seem to be so much of a problem any more, but two weeks ago he had a sudden attack of his old illness. My oldest brother rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital for emergency treatment. He also called me long distance to get me to come back. He was quite old, and even after several days of emergency treatment they still weren't able to save him. He passed away last Tuesday, but at the time he was rather calm, and he didn't seem to be in too much pain.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When a father passes away, the children always feel very grieved. But for your father to pass away at over seventy is really quite a long life. Besides, he wasn't in too much pain when he passed away, and all you brothers and sisters were at his side, so he could set his mind at ease; so don't be too sad. Where will he be buried?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My father had said he wanted to be cremated. He said that he probably wouldn't be able to return to his hometown in his lifetime, and he told us to take his ashes back to his hometown someday. So we're planning to do as he asked.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Vocabulary</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">ānxǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bǎozhòng běnlái bìngqiē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to take good care (of oneself) originally moreover, and</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">cānj iā chángshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to take part in; to attend</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chūchāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be out of town on business</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dǎ chángtū diànhuà dàgē diàosāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to make a long-distance phone call oldest brother</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">érnū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">children</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to have an attack (of an old disease)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gāndeshàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gǎnhuilai gǎnjīn gǔhuī guòqu guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to rush back quickly bone ashes to pass away, to die to pass away, to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">huǒzàng hūrǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to cremate; cremation suddenly</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jiānglai Jí jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the future, someday</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">first aid; to administer emergency treatment</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">j iùguolai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to save</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lǎorénjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">polite way of addressing or referring to an old person (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ní lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjiā</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-liǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">can, to be able to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">nǎnguò</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">niánji (niánji)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be sad age</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">píngjìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be calm</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">qubuliǎo qùshì</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">sānglǐ shāngxīn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shēnbiān</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">song</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiāoxi xīnzàng xīnzàngbìng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíbèizi yíxiang</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">zài shuō zàng zuìjin zǔmǔ</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">cannot go</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to pass away, to die</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">funeral</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to escort, to take (someone to a place)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">news</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">heart</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">heart disease</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">all one’s life</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">furthermore, besides</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to bury</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">recently; soon</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">grandmother (on the father’s side)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Customs Surrounding</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART I</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">1. Xiǎo Lǐde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama sǐ</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">2. A: NǏ shuō women </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu gāi </span><span class="font11">cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Women </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yīngdāng</span><span class="font11"> qù yíxià.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">3. Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chū bin</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">4. Yìbān rénde sānglǐ méiyou name duōde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font11"> le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">5. Yìbān cānjiā sānglǐde rén dōu song </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn huò huāquān</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">6. Xiě wǎnliàn </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǎnzh</span><span class="font11">èng lāibují le.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">7. Women qù mǎi yige huāquān </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font11">?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">8. Nianqīng fùnù xǐhuan chuān </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huā</span><span class="font11"> yīfu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">9.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Na</span><span class="font11"> néng rang ni pòfei?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">10. Wō qù gei ta mǎi diān xiǎo lǐwù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shi le</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">11.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Zhǐ yǎo</span><span class="font11"> bú tài guì, wō hāishi </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dā</span><span class="font11"> jìchéngchē qu.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">12. Nǐ shuō women liǎngge rén </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font11"> song ta yítāo pǎnzi-wǎn zěnmeyāng?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">13. Nǐ </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiǎode Yāngmíngshān Gōngmù </span><span class="font11">zài nali ma?</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">Xiao Li’s mother died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do you think we should go to the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We should go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The funeral procession for Xiao Li’s mother is today.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Most people’s funerals don’t have so many special customs anymore.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Most people who attend a funeral send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">It’s too late to write a funeral scroll anyway.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How about if we go buy a flower wreath?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Young women like to wear multicolored clothing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How could I make you spend money?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll just go and buy her a little present.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As long as it’s not too expensive, it would be best if I took a taxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What do you say the two of us give him a set of dishes together?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do you know where Yangmingshan Public Cemetery is?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mama</span><span class="font11">: ’mother, mom’ Although this can he used as a term of address, like English ’Mom’ or ’Mommy’, it can also he used in informal conversation to refer to one’s own or someone else’s mother, as in </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǒ mama</span><span class="font11"> ’my mother’, or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā mama</span><span class="font11">* his mother’. For the term of direct address ’Mom’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mā</span><span class="font11"> is prohahly more commonly used than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Mama</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ mama shàng hān qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;My mother has left for work.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiàwù, Mama jiù zuò huǒche lāi This afternoon, Mom came hy train kàn wo le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to visit me.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sǐ</span><span class="font11">: ’to die’ This is a process verh, like </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hìng</span><span class="font11"> ’to become ill, to get sick’, and therefore corresponds more closely to the English ’to become dead’ than it does ’to be dead’. In English one can talk about a person who has a terminal illness, saying ’He is dying’, but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In Chinese one can say </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā kuài (yào) sǐle</span><span class="font11">, ’He is about to die,’ or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Tā huòbuliǎo duo jiù le</span><span class="font11">, ’He won’t live much longer.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tīngshuō Lao Liùde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has died.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Sǐ</span><span class="font11"> can be used directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning ’dead’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Shi sǐde</span><span class="font11"> may be used to mean ’is dead’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhè shi yìtiāo sǐ yù. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a dead fish.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèitiáo yu shi sǐde. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This fish is (a) dead (one).</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu</span><span class="font11">: ’is it (true) or isn’t it (true that) ...’ This phrase is a more formal-sounding equivalent of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi</span><span class="font11">; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fǒu</span><span class="font11"> in literary Chinese means ’or not’. In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu</span><span class="font11"> is more restricted than shi</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">bu</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> </span><span class="font11">shi. First of all, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu</span><span class="font11"> has a more educated, formal ring to</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">it than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi</span><span class="font11">. Secondly, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi fǒu </span><span class="font11">verbal expression, as in the following</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèzhǒng tiān shi fǒu huì xià yù?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jǐnnián dōngtiān, nǐ shi fǒu xiāng dào Màiāmì qu?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi fǒu zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège jìhua qù zuò?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">is usually used only before another examples:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Is (this weather) going to rain?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Are you hoping to go to Miami this winter?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are you planning to act according to this plan?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎngyixiǎng, nǐ duì zhège rén shi fǒu liǎojiě.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ niánji hù xiǎo le, nǐ shi fǒu kǎolūguo jiéhūnde wèntí?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīnnián, nǐmen xuéxiǎode xué-shēng shi fǒu zēngjiā le?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ hù zhīdào wǒde yìjian shi fǒu néng dédao tǒngyì.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèizhong dōngxi zài zhèli shi fǒu mǎidedāo?</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">You ought to think about whether you understand this person or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re not young anymore, have you considered the question of marriage?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">This year did the (number of) students in your school increase?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I don't know whether my opinion will be agreed with or not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Can this sort of thing be bought here?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 3</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">chū bin</span><span class="font11">: ’to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the tomb'. Literally, this means 'take out the coffin’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Liújiā míngtiān chū bin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Liu's have the funeral procession</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied fùqin chūle bin yǐhòu, hui &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;his father's coffin to the cemetery</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jiā jiù bìng le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he went home and then got sick.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 4</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǐju</span><span class="font11">: 'fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs'.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Anzhao Zhōngguode guīju, gěi sǐrén chūle bin yǐhòu hái yāo zuò shénme?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Kèren lái le, zāi máng yě yāo he běi chá, zhè shi wǒmende guīju.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the coffin of the deceased to the cemetery, what else should be done?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he should have a cup a cup of tea. This is our custom.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">You guīju</span><span class="font11"> means 'to have manners':</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège háizi bù dong shi, méi guīju, zhēn rāng rén bù hǎo yìsi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wángjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, you you guīju, zhēn hǎo.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">This child does not understand about things, he has no manners• It really embarasses a person.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The Wáng's oldest son is good looking and he is well mannered. He's really great.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Guīju</span><span class="font11"> as an adjectival verb means ’to be proper, to be correct (of a person)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Lǎo Wǎngde nūér rén hěn guīju. Lǎo Wang’s daughter is very proper.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11">: Some of the uses of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11"> do not correspond to ’all*. ’All’ in English is often described as ’collective’, that is, referring to all the members in a group. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">D5u</span><span class="font11"> in Chinese is often described as ’distributive’, that is referring to the members of a group as individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as ’each’. Notice that in the Reference List sentence </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dōu</span><span class="font11"> in combination with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìbān</span><span class="font11"> and another noun produces this meaning.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Hěn duō Zhōngguo rén dǎole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niǎn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qiǎnjǐniǎn, xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yīhōu dōu dào nongcūn qu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yìbān Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén nan.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the United States.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Several years ago many students went to the countryside after they graduated.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The average Chinese thinks that English is harder to learn than Chinese.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">wǎnliàn</span><span class="font11">: ’funeral scroll, scroll of condolence’, literally ’elegiac— couplet’. C</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Liǎn</span><span class="font11"> is short for </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">duìliǎn</span><span class="font11"> ’a written or inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)’.] Traditionally, white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the deceased by friends. More recently a new practice has developed which is to send scrolls or wreaths bearing one character: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">diǎn</span><span class="font11">, ”to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has been brought in by Western custom.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎwǔ wǒ dào Liūjiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I’m going to the Liu’s, xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu hǎo? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;could you write a funeral scroll</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">for them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huò</span><span class="font11">: ’or’. You have learned </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huòshi</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huōzhě</span><span class="font11"> for ’or’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huō</span><span class="font11"> is a more literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān wǎnshang huō míngtiān Come over to my house tonight or wǎnshang nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tomorrow night, okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huāquān</span><span class="font11">: ’flower wreath’, literally ’flower circle’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;I want to buy a flower wreath to send</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Liujiā sōngqu. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the Liu’s.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 6</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fanzheng</span><span class="font11">: ’anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fǎnzhèng</span><span class="font11"> may come either before or after the subject of the sentence.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ jí shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbu-shàng kāi huì le, mǎnmǎn zǒu ba!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Fǎnzhèng wǒ bù mǎi, méi qián méi guānxi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ fǎnzhèng méi shi, women jiù tántan zhèige wèntí ba.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Fǎnzhèng</span><span class="font11"> is often prefaced by a matter whether...':</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bù guǎn nǐ qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">What are you so anxious for, we won’t make it in time for the meeting anyway, so let’s just take our time!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn’t matter that I don’t have any money.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I don’t have anything to do anyway, so let’s talk about this.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m going anyway; it’s okay if you don’t go </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span><span class="font11"> It’s okay if you don’t go; anyway, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">I’m</span><span class="font11"> going.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">clause beginning with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bù guǎn</span><span class="font11"> ’no</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">No matter whether you go or not, I'm going anyway.</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. T</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font11">: ’how; how about; in what way'. This is a literary word which means about the same as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zěnmeyǎng</span><span class="font11">. In a more plain, colloquial style, the Reference List sentence could also be said as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women qù mǎi yige huāquān zěnmeyǎng</span><span class="font11">? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on the written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the population learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home. A speaker from Peking might consider </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Women mǎi yige huāquān rúhé</span><span class="font11"> to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You should be able to understand </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rúhé</span><span class="font11">, but use it yourself only in speaking with people who use it, or in writing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Míngtiān Lǎo Zhāng qǐng women Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all dǎjiā chǐ fǎn, nǐ juéde rúhà? of us to eat, what do you think?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèjiǎn shìde jiéguǒ rúhé? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;What was the outcome of this matter?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">&quot;Jiǎo wǒ rúhé bù xiāng ta?&quot; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;(it makes me so that) How could I</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">not miss her?&quot; (name of famous popular song of the 30's)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 8</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huā</span><span class="font11">: ’to be multicolored’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jīntiān tā chuānle yíjiǎn huā yīfu, hǎo piāoliāng!</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Today she’s wearing a multicolored dress. It’s gorgeous.’</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 9</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǎ néng rang ni pòfei</span><span class="font11">: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Nǎ</span><span class="font11"> or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǎr</span><span class="font11"> (Peking) is used in rhetorical questions.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā méi qián, nǎ néng jiēhūn’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Yéye nali nǎ(r) néng name shuō huǎ’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ shi women jiǎde rén, nǎ(r) néng bú rang ni zhīdao zánmen jiǎde shi ne?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ shuōde shi jǐbǎiniánqiánde shi, nǎ shíhoude Měiguo nǎ(r) you shenme chéngshì ’.</span></p>
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<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wǒ nǎ(r) míngbai’.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rén, nǎ(r) huì bù míngbai!</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ kǎn, nǎ(r) you zhèyang ban shìde, bù jīngguò jūmín wěiyuánhuì, jiù xiǎng shēng háizi, nǎ nǎ(r) xíng?</span></p>
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<div>
<p><span class="font11">Tā yìzhí zǎi chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dǎoguo nongcūn ne!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zěnmeyǎng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuǎi jiēhūn le ba?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Nǎr a! Nūjiā fùmǔ bú yuǎn-yi , máf an dǎ le ’.</span></p></li></ul>
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<p><span class="font11">He has no money, how can he get married?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How can you talk like that in front of Grandpa?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re family, how could we not let you know what’s going on in our family?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’m talking about something several hundred years ago, how could America have had any cities at that time?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Like heck I understand!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You’re such a smart person, how could you not understand?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Look, how can you go about things like this? You want to have a child without going through your neighborhood committee, how can that be okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When has he ever been to the countryside! He’s always lived in the city!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How’s it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going to get married soon?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You must be kidding! The girl’s parents don’t want it. There’s a lot of trouble.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 10</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiù shi le</span><span class="font11">: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean ’...that’s all’. It can have several different implications, depending on the context: ’’Don’t worry, this matter can simply be taken care of like this.’’ (something is virtually taken care of)</span></p>
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<p><span class="font11">(1)</span></p>
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<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ you wàngle bǎ shū dàilai, búguǒ wǒ yídìng jiègei ni jiù shi le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">I forgot to bring the book again, but I’m going to lend it to you for sure, don’t worry.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ zhào nín shuōde bàn jiù shi le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ll simply do as you say.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Deng yixià gěi ni bàn jiù shi le, nǐ jí shenme!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ll take care of it for you in a moment, don’t worry, why are you so anxious?</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Anzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, you shénme hǎo tánde?.’</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Do it according to this plan and that’s all there is to it! What else is there to discuss?</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">2) ’Only, just this, nothing more than this’.</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Zhèliǎngge háizi chàbuduǒ, búguǒ Lǎo Dà cōngming yidiǎnr jiù shi le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">These two children are about the same, but the older one is a little more intelligent, that’s all.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Tā lái, méiyou shénme shi, búguǒ xiǎng yào nàběn shū jiù shi le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">When he came he wasn’t up to anything special, he just wanted that book, that’s all.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">(3) ’that’s all that can be done</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">about it’.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Fǎnzhèng wǒ gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi le.</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">In any case, I've told you, and that’s all I can do.</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 11</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐ yào</span><span class="font11">: ’as long as, so long as,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhǐ yào wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang you kǒng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū kànwán.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">i f only’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading this book.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dā</span><span class="font11">: ’to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)’</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Wo yě yào dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu xíng?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wo dācuòle chē, jiéguō pāodao Běitou qu le.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Měitiān wō dā sìlù chē shàng bān.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I’m going to school too, can I get a ride with you?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in Běitou.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I take the Route 1 bus to work every day.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 12</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font11">: ’to combine, to put together, to unite’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">He</span><span class="font11"> is a verb meaning ’to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge’. You should learn to use </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">he</span><span class="font11"> in the following combinations: </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hézai yìqǐ</span><span class="font11"> ’to combine (two or more things together)’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">héqilai</span><span class="font11"> ’to combine (forces), to come together, to put together’, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">héchéng</span><span class="font11"> ’to combine into, to merge into’.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Women liāngjiā héqilai mǎixiale zhè liùjiān fángzi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèliāngge jùzi hécheng yíge, rōngyi shuō yidiǎnr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèliāngbān hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ you shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài duō.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Our two families bought these six rooms together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">If you combine these two sentences into one, it’s easier to say.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">If these two classes are combined, there are only ten students; that’s still not too many.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 13</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xiāode</span><span class="font11">: ’know’. This is a synonym of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhídao</span><span class="font11">, and can be used in most of the same ways that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zhǐdao</span><span class="font11"> can be used. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Xiāode</span><span class="font11"> is not, however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern areas.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngmù</span><span class="font11">: ’public cemetery’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Gāngcái tā you dào gōngmù qu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Just now she went to the cemetery</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">le, gěi tā māma song yibā &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;again and left a-bunch of flowers</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">huā. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(on her mother’s grave).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Two friends who work together at the</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tīngshuō Xiǎo Lǐde Mama sǐle.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ xiǎng women shi fǒu gǎi qù cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Women gēn Xiǎo Lǐ yǐjīng shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">shíjǐniǎnde lǎo péngyou le, nǎ néng bū qù.’</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Sānglǐ you méiyou shénme</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">tēbié guīju? Wǒ zhǎngde zhènme da le, hai méi cānjiāguo sānglǐ ne!</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Zhǐ yāo bù chuān huā yīfu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">dāgāi jiù kéyi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Women gāi song diǎn shénme</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">dōngxi ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Yìbān rén dōu song wǎnliān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">huǒ huāquān. Women liǎngge rén kéyi héqilai song yíge huāquān. Nǐ kān rúhé?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Dāngrǎn hǎo....NǏ zhīdao bu</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">zhidao tā māma nǎtiān chú bin?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Xiā Lǐbāisān xiāwǎ sāndiǎn.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Yào zāngzai nǎli?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Yāngmíngshān Dìyī Gōngmù.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Zěnme qù?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wǒ yě bù xiǎode. &nbsp;Fǎnzhèng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">dào shíhou women dā jìchéngchē qu jiù shi le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xiànzài qù kànkan Xiǎo Lǐ?</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Bù xíng. Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">you shìqing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ’s mother died. Do you think we should go to the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">We’ve been friends with Xiǎo Lǐ for over ten years, how could we not go.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Are there any apecial customs at funerals? I’ve reached this age without ever having been to a funeral.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">As long as you don’t wear multicolored clothes it should be okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Should we send some kind of gift?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Most people send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. The two of us can send a flower wreath together. What do you think?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Of course that would be good....Do you know what day his mother’s funeral procession will be?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where is she going to be buried?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery No. 1.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">How do you get there?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I don’t know either. Anyway, when the time comes we’ll just take a cab there.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ now?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I can’t. I’m busy tonight.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Name míngtiān Jiàn.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Míngtiān jiàn.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Then I’ll see you tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">See you tomorrow.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">PART II</span></p>
<div>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">14. Zài Táiběi you rén </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènwéi </span><span class="font11">Yāngmíngshǎn gōngmù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ </span><span class="font11">hǎo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">15. Shéi dōu xīwàng tǎde </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zīsūn hòudài fādá</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">16.</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;"> Jiǎngj iu</span><span class="font11"> fēngshuǐ hǎo hu hǎo hǎishi jiù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guǎnniàn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">17. Wǒ mǔqin bù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mixìn</span><span class="font11">, tā shuō </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǔzàng</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒzàng</span><span class="font11"> dōu kéyi.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">18. Women </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídào</span><span class="font11"> qù </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn </span><span class="font11">ba!</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">19. Wǒ kàndao chū bìnde rén </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu </span><span class="font11">zhǐ zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shǒubìs</span><span class="font11">hang </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dài xiào</span><span class="font11">.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">20. Wǒ cōnglāi bù chuān </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huī</span><span class="font11"> yīfu.</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">21'. Keren dōu yào zài </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānmíngbù-</span><span class="font11">shang qiān ming, zhè shi wǒmende </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">In Taipei there are people who believe that the feng-shui in Yangmingshan demetery is good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Everyone hopes that his descendants will be prosperous.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">To be particular about whether the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font11"> is good or not is an old way of thinking.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">My mother isn’t superstitious; she says that either burial or cremation is okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Let’s go to the Paradise Funeral Home together, okay?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I saw that most of the people in the funeral procession were only wearing mourning on their arm.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I never wear gray clothing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The guests are all supposed to sign their name in a guest book. This is our custom.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTES ON PART II</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 14</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">rènwéi</span><span class="font11">: ’to think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)’. This is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed an opinion or made a judgment about a person or thing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ rènwéi zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode wèntí.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">I think this is a very important question.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I don’t think you should do this</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ bú rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn shi.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ</span><span class="font11">: Literally ’wind and water’, this means the geographical outlay of something to he built, such as a grave or the foundation of a house. The traditional Chinese science of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngshuǐ</span><span class="font11">, or geomancy, is concerned with the good and bad influences which the location of a grave or building are believed to exert over a family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are influenced by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in arranging the most auspicious placement for it’s family grave.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font11"> of this house is no good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèlide fēngshuǐ bú cuò. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font11"> here is pretty good.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 15</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zǐsūn</span><span class="font11">: ’sons and grandsons’, or used in a more general sense, ’offspring descendants’. For this example, you have to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huangdì</span><span class="font11"> means ’the Yellow Emperor’, a legendary ruler thought of as the father of Chinese civilization.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rén dōu shi Huangdì- The Chinese are all descendants of de zǐsūn. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the Yellow Emperor.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hōudài</span><span class="font11">: ’descendants, posterity, later generations’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒmende hōudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu Our descendants should all remember zhèijiàn shi.’ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;this.’</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā méiyou hōudài. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;He is without descendants.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fādā</span><span class="font11">: ’to be prosperous, to be flourishing; to be developed, to be well-developed’. For the first example, you need to know that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gōngshāngyè </span><span class="font11">means ’industry and commerce’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Měiguode gōngshāngyè fēichāng America’s industry and commerce are fādǎ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very developed.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhèijiā rénjiā hěn fādǎ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;This family is prosperous.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 16</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jiǎngjiu</span><span class="font11">: ’to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay attention to, to strive for’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhège rén hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn This person is particular about what jiǎngjiu chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;he eats and what he wears.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nèige haizi tài jiǎngjiu chuān. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That kid pays too much attention to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">what she wears.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Jiǎngjiu</span><span class="font11"> can also mean ’to be elegant’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">guānniàn</span><span class="font11">: ’way of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of), mentality (of).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng, yǒude bù yíyàng.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐniān niān-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù huì biàncheng yizhǒng guānniàn.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">You watch, in more few years, it will have become an accepted notion that young people should get involved late and marry late.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 17</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">míxìn</span><span class="font11">: ’to be superstitious (about); superstition’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Shāngchāode shíhou Zhōngguo rén During the Shang Dynasty, the Chinese bǐjiào míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;were relatively superstitious, now</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bù míxìn le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;they aren’t so much any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yǒude Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious about shuǐ. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tǔzàng</span><span class="font11">: ’to bury (a dead person)’, literally ’ground-bury’. This word is used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead body, for example cremation or burial at sea. CIf no contrast with other forms of disposal is implied, then the word for ’to bury’ is simply </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zàng</span><span class="font11"> (for formal burials), </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">máj</span><span class="font11"> (for informal burials), </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">mǎizàng</span><span class="font11">, or </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ānzàng</span><span class="font11"> (literally ’peacefully bury’, a respectful term).2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Éguo rén shuōguo tāmen yào &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Russians said they wanted to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">māizàng Měiguo. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bury Americans.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǒzàng</span><span class="font11">: ’to cremate; cremation*. In this word, you may think of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">zàng</span><span class="font11"> ’to bury’ as extended to mean ’to dispose of (a dead body)’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Huǒ</span><span class="font11"> means ’fire’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Note on No. 18</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yídào</span><span class="font11">: ’together’. You have already learned </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yìqǐ</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">yíkuàir</span><span class="font11"> for ’together’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Yídào</span><span class="font11"> is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin and is little used by northerners.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yàohuá hé tāde nūpéngyou yídào Yàohuā and his girlfriend went to kàn diànyǐngr qu le. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;see a movie.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Háizimen zài yídào wánr.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">The children are playing together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 19 </span><span class="font11">meaning which is prohahly used hy more people than </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu</span><span class="font11"> is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàduō</span><span class="font11">.</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàdōu:</span><span class="font11"> ’for the most part, mostly’. Another word with the same</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Zài Yìndu rénmín dàdōu (or &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In India the people are mostly Hindu,</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dàduō) xìn Yìndujiào.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rén dàduō shi nóngmín. Chinese for the most part are rural people.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shōuhì</span><span class="font11">: ’arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)’. Other words for ’arm’ used in different regions are </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēhei</span><span class="font11"> and </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēho</span><span class="font11"> (Peking </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gēhe</span><span class="font11">).</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎo Lǐ gēbo shòule shāng, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm, and also</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Xiǎo Wǎngde tuǐ yě shòule &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Xiǎo Wǎng was hurt in the leg.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shang.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Gǎngcái, wō bù xiǎoxin pèngdao- Just now I was careless and bumped le ménshang, dào xiànzài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;into the.door, and my arm still</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">shǒubì hai téng ne. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hurts now.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">dàixiào</span><span class="font11">: ’to wear mourning’. Formerly, people wore certain types of clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to foot). Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is usually still worn to indicate a death in the family. These include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the arm or in the hair, or a black armband.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Tā fùqin sǐle kuài sānnián le, Her father has been dead for almost tā hái dàixiào ne! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;three years and she is still wearing</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">mourning!</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 20</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cōnglái bù</span><span class="font11">: ’never, never does...’. In the last unit, you saw the pattern </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">cōnglái méi(you</span><span class="font11">), meaning ’have never...’ or ’had never...’. </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Cōnglái </span><span class="font11">means ’from the past up until now (it has always been this way)’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Wǒ cōnglái bú yuànyi zǎoshang I never want to study in the morning, niàn shū.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">huǐ</span><span class="font11">: &nbsp;&nbsp;’to be gray’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Zài Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu The great majority of people in China xǐhuan chuān lánsè hé huīsède like to wear blue or gray clothing, yīfu.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Notes on No. 21</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qiānmíngbù</span><span class="font11">: ’guest book’, literally, ’sign-name record book’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">qián míng</span><span class="font11">: ’to sign one’s name’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Qǐng ni zài zhèli qiān míng. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Please sign here.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font11">: ’custom, habit’. The definition of </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font11"> in a Chinese dictionary reads: ’behavior, tendency, or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change abruptly’. Compare this with </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font11"> ’custom’, which you learned in Unit 1: ’the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered to over a long period of time in the development of society’.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Notice that </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">xíguàn</span><span class="font11"> may refer to the way of an individual or of a community, whereas </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fēngsú</span><span class="font11"> only refers to the way of a community.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Taipei</span><span class="font11">:</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">An American student attending Taiwan with a Chinese classmate and friend:</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tīngshuō Wang Lāoshīde fùqin</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">qùshì le. Nǐ xiang women shi fou gāi qù cānjiā sānglǐ?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Wo xiang women yīngdāng qù.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tīngshuō sānglǐ zài Jílè</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Bìnyíguān jǔxíng. Nǐ xiāode Jílè Bìnyíguān zài náli ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Xiāode. Jiù zài Nánjīng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Dōnglù.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Wo cónglái méi cānjiāguo</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Zhōngguo rénde sānglǐ, &quot;bù zhīdào nǐmen you nāxiē guīju. Nī néng &quot;bu néng gēn wo jiāngyijiāng?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Kéyi. Xiànzài yibān rénde</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">sānglǐ dōu hěn jiāndān, méiyou tài duōde guīju. Búguò, nǐ hú yào chuān héngde, lùde, huòshi huāde yīfu. Chuān hēide, huīde, lānde dōu kéyi. Qù cānjiā sānglǐde rén dàdōu song wānlián huò huāquān. Wō xiāng women kéyi héqilai song yige huāquān.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Hāo.</span></p></li>
<li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Dào bìnyíguānde shíhou, nǐ</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">yí jin mén jiù huì kàndao zhuōzishang fàngzhe qiānmíngbù, nī yào zài shàngmian qiān míng.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Ng. Wang Lāoshīde fùqin yào</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">tǔzàng haishi huǒzàng, nī tīngshuō le ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Tīngshuō shi yào tǔzàng.</span></p></li></ul>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Yào zàngzai náli?</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">National University is talking</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I heard that Teacher Wang’s father died. Do you think we should attend the funeral?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I think we ought to go.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I hear that the funeral is going to he held at the Paradise Funeral Home. Do you know where that is?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. it’s on Nanking East Road.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ve never been to a Chinese funeral, so I don’t know what special practices you have. Could you tell me about them?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay. These days the average person’s funeral is very simple. There aren’t too many special customs. But you shouldn’t wear red, green, or multicolored clothing. Black, gray, and blue would all be okay to wear. Most people who attend a funeral send a a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. I think we could send a flower wreath together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">When you get to the funeral home, as soon as you go in the door you’ll see a guest book on the table. You should sign your name in it.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Uh huh. Have you heard whether Teacher Wang’s father is going to be buried or cremated?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I heard he’s going to be buried.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Where is he going to be buried?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Yào zàngzai Yángmíngshān</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">Gōngmù, yīnwei tǎmen rènwéi nàlide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rén zàngzai nàli, tāde zǐsūn houdài jiù huì fādǎ.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tǎiwān xiànzài you xiē rén</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">hai you diǎn míxìn, shi hu shi?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Shìde, búguò zhèxiē dōu shi</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">jiù guānniàn. Niǎnqīng rén dàdōu hù jiǎngjiu zhèxiē le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Tǎiwān xiànzài hǎi you dài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">xiàode xíguàn ma?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: You. Nǐ méi kàndao Wǎng</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">tā shōubìshang jiù dàizhe xiào ne. Yǐqiǎnde rén dài xiào yào dài yìniǎn! Xiànzàide rén duōhàn zhǐ dài yìhǎitiān le.</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">A: Míngtiān women shénme shíhou</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">qù?</span></p>
<ul style="list-style:none;"><li>
<p><span class="font11">B: Xiàwu yìdiǎn zhōng wō zài</span></p></li></ul>
<p><span class="font11">TǎiDà ménkōu děng ni, women yídào qù.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">A: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hǎo.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery, because they believe that the </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">fengshui</span><span class="font11"> there is good, and that if a person is buried there his descendants will be prosperous.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">There are still some people in Taiwan who are a little superstitious, aren’t there?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. But these are all old notions. For the most part, young people don’t pay much attention to this kind of thing any more.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Does the custom of wearing mourning still exist in Taiwan?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Yes. Didn’t you see Teacher Wǎng, she’s wearing mourning on her arm. Before, people had to wear mourning for a year’. Now most people only wear it for a hundred days.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">What time shall we go there tomorrow?</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">I’ll wait for you at the gate of Taiwan University at one o’clock, and we can go together.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Okay.</span></p>
<p><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume government agricultural land), deceased city residents are required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate family is allowed two days of paid leave, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">sàng jià</span><span class="font11">. The funeral involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the presence of relatives and people from his work unit. Those present are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in carved wood or porcelain boxes in a </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">gǔhuǐ cúnfàngchù</span><span class="font11">, a building reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to the family of the deceased but people sometimes give money or other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large feast at the deceased's home. There is an attitude which says a funeral is a time of gladness when the deceased enters the world of the non-living. CA funeral is a &quot;white joyous event,&quot; </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">bái xīshì</span><span class="font11">. A wedding is a &quot;red event.&quot; Together they are sometimes referred to as </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">hongbái xīshì</span><span class="font11">, red and white joyous events.J</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bìnyíguǎn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">chū bin conglái bù conglái dōu conglái mei</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dā</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">dàdōu dài xiao</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fādá fānzhèng fēngshuǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gāi gōngmù guānniàn guīju</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">héqilai hòudài huā huāquān huī huò huōzàng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jiǎngjiu</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn jiù shi le</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">māma míxin</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nǎ (náli , nǎr)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">qiān ming qiānmíngbù</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">rènwéi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">funeral home</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to hold a funeral procession never</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">always (in the past)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">have never</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">for the most part</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to wear mourning</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be developed, to be prosperous anyway, in any case</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the Chinese science of geomancy</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(that is, the influence of land</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">scape on people and their fortunes)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">public cemetery</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">concept, notion, view</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">special customs, established rules</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to combine, to join together descendants</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be multicolored flower wreath to be gray</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">or</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">cremation</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">..., that’s all</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">mother, mom</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be superstitious; superstition</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to sign one’s name</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">guest book</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to think that, to believe that</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rúhé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is it (literary form)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shi fou shoubì si</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi</span><span class="font11">) arm</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to die</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tǔzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">wǎnliàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral scroll</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiāode xíguàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to know habit, custom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Yàngmíngshān yídào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">a mountain in suburban Taipei together</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zhǐ yào zǐsūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">as long as, if only descendants</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bǐcǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">each other, mutually</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">relatively, comparatively</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bú dàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">not only</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bù shǎo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">a lot, many</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">chéng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to become, to constitute, to make</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">chéngshì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-6.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">city</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dànshi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">érqiě</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-7.png" alt="" style="width:43pt;height:68pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">but</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">furthermore</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fēngqì</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fēngsú</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-8.png" alt="" style="width:48pt;height:53pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">common practice</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">custom</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fūfù -fá-</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">married couple, husband and wife</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gǎibiàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-9.png" alt="" style="width:60pt;height:52pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to change with; and might, to be likely to, will</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jiéhūn (jiehūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to get married.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">jiéjué ílípj*;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to solve</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jīngguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to go through, to pass hy or through</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jìniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">memento, memorial</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">kǎoiū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to consider; consideration</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">kě Cíf&quot;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">indeed, really</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">kě hú shi ma!</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">V' —</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">lian ai &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font3" style="font-variant:small-caps;">'XIítR^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to he romantically involved with</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">liǎojiě (liáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to understand; understanding</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font7"><sup>líhSn</sup> $</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to divorce</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">lǐwù (lǐwu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gift, present</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">„ .-/ \ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tfl &amp;</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nanjia(r)</span></p>
<p><span class="font14" style="font-style:italic;">„ &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nannu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">-jr-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the husband’s family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">male and female</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;4ít</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nenggou &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">jSj^ ol&amp;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">can, to he ahle to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">niánqīng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font14" style="font-style:italic;">ìfò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to he young</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">nongcūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">rural area, countryside</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nujiā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nfilì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">the wife’s family</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">shuāngfāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-10.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">both sides, both parties</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-11.png" alt="" style="width:23pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to give (something as a gift)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tan qīn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-12.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:23pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">to</span><span class="font11"> visit family</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qīngniān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">youth, young person</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qīnqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">relatives</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qūbié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">difference, distinction</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to practice, to carry out (a method policy, plan, reform, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tànqīnjià</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tíchàng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">leave for visiting family to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-13.png" alt="" style="width:80pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">late involvement and late marriage</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎngdāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">quite, pretty, very</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xǔduō</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-14.png" alt="" style="width:32pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">many, a great deal (of), a lot (of)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yīngdāng</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-15.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yíshì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">ceremony</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yìzhí</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">all along, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhèngfu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">government</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhùdao</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to move to, to go live at</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zongshi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">always</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font10" style="font-weight:bold;">ZUO</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">ài</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-16.png" alt="" style="width:19pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">(sound, of sighing)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dàxǐde rìzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">laying</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-17.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:23pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-18.png" alt="" style="width:51pt;height:23pt;">
<p><span class="font11">dù mìyuè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-19.png" alt="" style="width:47pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">duōnián</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-20.png" alt="" style="width:30pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">wedding day</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to agree (to something), to consent, to promise</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to pass</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">many years</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fǎyuàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-21.png" alt="" style="width:40pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Fō</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fùzá (fǔzá)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">court of law</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Buddha</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be complicated</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gōngzhèng jiēhūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">civil marriage</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-22.png" alt="" style="width:101pt;height:92pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">hui men</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">even, (to go) so far as to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">after all</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">later, afterwards</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">hūnlǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-23.png" alt="" style="width:43pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">wedding</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiāotáng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiāowǎng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jǐdūjiāo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiéhūn līfu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jièshaorén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">juédìng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-24.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:23pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jǔxíng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Júzhǎng</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-25.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:58pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">church</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to associate with, to have dealings with</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">Christianity</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wedding gown</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">introducer</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to decide</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">Ju</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">lǎoshi (lǎoshí)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-26.png" alt="" style="width:33pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be honest</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyì</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">mìyuè</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-27.png" alt="" style="width:39pt;height:59pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be pleased</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">honeymoon</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nanfāng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">nénggàn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-28.png" alt="" style="width:46pt;height:58pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the groom's side, the groom's family</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be capable</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">rén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">person, self, body</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">rù xí</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-29.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">shàngjìn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-30.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">shóu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-31.png" alt="" style="width:20pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be ambitious</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tándao</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-32.png" alt="" style="width:41pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tánlai tánqù</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-33.png" alt="" style="width:76pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tíqīn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-34.png" alt="" style="width:50pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to discuss back and forth</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎojiě (xiáojie)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xǐjiǔ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xìn /j'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font14" style="font-style:italic;">I</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xìn Fó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnláng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnniáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font14" style="font-style:italic;">w&lt;</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">a way of referring to someone else’s daughter</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">wedding banquet</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to believe (in)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be a Buddhist</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bridegroom</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">bride</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yìjian</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-35.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:23pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">indeed, in fact, admittedly</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">opinion</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zǎo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">long ago</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhènghūn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zhènghūnrén</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-36.png" alt="" style="width:68pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zu</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-37.png" alt="" style="width:23pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zuo mei</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to witness a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">a witness for a marriage</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to rent</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman considering marriage)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bìyùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">contraception</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bù tong yf'- I?]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be different</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnjià </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">jl-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">maternity leave</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chénggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to succeed, to be successful</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">phūshēnglù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">birth rate</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dānwèi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;text-decoration:underline;">\^L</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">unit</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">(indicates successful accomplishment of something)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dédao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to receive, to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to assign, to apportion</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gèdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the various places, each place</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gègè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">various</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gēnjù (gēnju)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">according to, based on</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gè zhǒng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">various kinds, types</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">góngzī</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">wages, pay</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">hongtang</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-38.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">brown sugar</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">vacation, leave</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiātíng</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-39.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">family</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jìhua shēngyù</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">planned parenthood, family planning</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">juéyù</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-40.png" alt="" style="width:34pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">sterilization</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the neighborhood committee of the place you live</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">kòngzhi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to control</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-41.png" alt="" style="width:100pt;height:85pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">plural suffix</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be free of charge</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nóngmín</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">peasant</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nù</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">female</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">pàichūsuo(r)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the local police station</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">pizhǔn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to give official permission</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">qíngkuàng</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">• V*</span></p>
<p><span class="font7">&quot;u</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qīnjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">réngōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">liūchǎn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">X- yfòj</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">sān tōngguò</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shǎoshù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">mi nzú &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Jz</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font7">it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shíbài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shìqū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shǒushù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shǒuxiān</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shùmu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tongyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">wánjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiāngxìn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">situation</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be close (to a person abortion</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">&quot;the three approvals&quot;</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">national minority</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">give birth to and. raise to fail</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">urban area or district operation, surgery first</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">number</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to pass, to approve to consent, to agree</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">toy</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to believe</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiānhuā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fresh flowers</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">xiǎohair </span><span class="font7">'J'WG</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">child, children</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yě jiù shi shuō</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to mean; in other words</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yìbān</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-42.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">ordinary, general, common</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yìbānde shuō</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">generally speaking</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yídìng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be specific</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">yíngyǎngpǐn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">food items of special nutritional value</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">zēngjiā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to increase</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-bang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pound (unit of weight)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bǐngxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">refrigerator, ice box</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">bù gǎn dang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">I’m flattered! You shouldn’t have!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chī nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">chuǐ fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dāngxǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to watch out</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">dé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to get</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">duo kuài ! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font7">• 1'^’</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">how fast!</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">ěrduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">ear</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">rheumatism</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fúqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">blessings, luck</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fúxiàng &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font14" style="font-style:italic;">féj</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">hóngbāo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font7">^í. </span><span class="font7" style="text-decoration:underline;"><sub>t</sub></span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">hóngdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">eggs dyed red</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">huīfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to recover</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">jiéguǒ (jiēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">as </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">a</span><span class="font11"> result</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuè </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">jjfa</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">a full month after the hirth of a baby</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuèjiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">celebration meal one month after a baby is born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">pàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be fat</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to touch</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">pòfei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to spend </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">a</span><span class="font11"> lot of money on someone</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qiānwàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">by all means, be sure to; (in a negative sentence) by no means, under no circumstances</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngleng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">raw or cold foods</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be born</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">grandson</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">-tāi </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">jfìc]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">fetus, embryo</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">tǎng </span><span class="font11" style="font-style:italic;">J^fa]</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to lie down</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">tòngkǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be painful</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">tóuyige</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">touyìtāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the first pregnancy, the first hahy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">tuō nínde fú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">thanks to your lucky influence</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Wang jiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">the Wang family</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to feed</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎo hǎohao yjx^e^</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">hahy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎoxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to he careful</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xífu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">daughter-in-law</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yíxiǎzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">an instant, a moment, a while</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yuèzi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;J&quot;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">month of confinement after giving hirth to a child</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zhǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to grow; to he (pretty, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zhòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to he heavy</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zuò yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to go through the month of confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the first</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">ānxīn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-43.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bǎozhòng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to take good care (of oneself)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">běnlái</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-44.png" alt="" style="width:40pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">originally</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bìngqiě</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">moreover</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">canjiā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-45.png" alt="" style="width:26pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to take part in; to attend</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">chángshòu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-46.png" alt="" style="width:31pt;height:27pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">chūchāi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-47.png" alt="" style="width:28pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be out of town on business</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dǎ chángtú diānhuā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to make a long-distance phone call</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dāgē</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-48.png" alt="" style="width:32pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">diāosāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">oldest brother</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">ernú</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">fān</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">children</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to have an attack (of a disease)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gǎndeshāng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gǎnhuilai</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-49.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">gǎnjǐn</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">gǔhuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">guòqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to rush hack quickly</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hone ashes to pass away to pass away</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huòzàng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">hūrán</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to cremate; cremation</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">suddenly</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiānglái</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">jíjiù</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">j iùguolai</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">the future, someday</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">first aid; to administer emergency treatment</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to save</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">lǎorénjia</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-50.png" alt="" style="width:56pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">-liǎo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">polite way of referring to an older person (</span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">nǐ lǎorénjia</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lǎorénjia</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">can, to be able to</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nánguò</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-51.png" alt="" style="width:41pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be sad</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">niánji (niánjì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">age</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">píngjìng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be calm</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qùbuliǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">cannot go</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">qùshì &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass away</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">sānglǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">L** shāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to be grieved.</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">shēnbiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to escort, to take (someone to a place)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font6">• - &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;■f'èi '$</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">xiaoxi &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="font6">&gt;Fjí\*f</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">news</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnzǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">heart</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnzàngbìng i</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">heart disease</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yíbèizi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">all one’s life</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">yíxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">(have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zài shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">furthermore, besides</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to bury</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zuìjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">recently</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">grandmother (on the father’s side)</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">bìnyíguān</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-52.png" alt="" style="width:59pt;height:26pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">funeral home</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">chū bin</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-53.png" alt="" style="width:35pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to hold, a funeral procession; a funeral procession</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">cónglái</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-54.png" alt="" style="width:44pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">always (in the past)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">conglǎi bù/méi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">never</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dādōu</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-55.png" alt="" style="width:36pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">dài xiāo</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-56.png" alt="" style="width:35pt;height:27pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">for the most part</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to wear mourning</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fādā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-57.png" alt="" style="width:38pt;height:22pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fǎnzhèng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-58.png" alt="" style="width:31pt;height:19pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">fēngshuǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-59.png" alt="" style="width:42pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be developed, to be prosperous</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">anyway, in any case</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-60.png" alt="" style="width:110pt;height:129pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">public cemetery</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">concept, notion, view</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">special customs, established rules</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">héqilai</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-61.png" alt="" style="width:62pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to combine, to join together</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">hòudài</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-62.png" alt="" style="width:40pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">descendants</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huā</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be multicolored</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huāquān</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">flower wreath</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huí</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be gray</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huò 4.</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">or</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">huozàng</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-63.png" alt="" style="width:34pt;height:29pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">cremation</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiāngjiu</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-64.png" alt="" style="width:34pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to be particular about</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Jílè Bìnyíguān</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-65.png" alt="" style="width:95pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">jiù shi le</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">mama</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">mother, mom</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">míxìn</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to be superstitious; superstition</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">nā (nali, nār)</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)'</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">qiān ming</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-66.png" alt="" style="width:30pt;height:25pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">to sign one's name</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">qiānmíngbù</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-67.png" alt="" style="width:52pt;height:30pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">guest book</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">rūhé</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">rènwéi</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-68.png" alt="" style="width:37pt;height:21pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">shi fǒu</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-69.png" alt="" style="width:31pt;height:20pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to think that, to believe that</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be how, how is it; how, in what way (literary form)</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu shi</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">shǒuhì</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-70.png" alt="" style="width:33pt;height:24pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">arm</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">sǐ</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<div>
<p><span class="font11">tǔzàng</span></p><img src="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-71.png" alt="" style="width:34pt;height:27pt;">
</div><br clear="all">
<p><span class="font11">to die</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wǎnlián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral scroll</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎode</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">to know</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">xí guan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">habit, custom</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">Yǎngmíngshān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">a mountain in suburban Taipei</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yí dào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">together</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">yīngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zhǐ yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">as long as, if only</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">zǐsūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:middle;">
<p><span class="font11">descendants</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">ài &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sound of sighing) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD 2</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">ānxīn &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to be without worry, to feel at MBD 5</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">ease, to feel relieved</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">-bang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">pound (unit of weight)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǎobao (bǎobǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǎozhòng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to take good care (of oneself)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">běnlái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">originally</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǐcǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">each other, mutually; you too, the same to you</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bǐjiào (bǐjiǎo)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">bìngqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">moreover, and</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bīngxiāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">refrigerator, ice box</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral home</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bìyùn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">contraception</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bú dan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">not only</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bù gǎn dāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have, I don’t deserve this</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bù shǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">quite a lot, quite a few</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bù tong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be different</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">cānj iā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to take part in; to attend</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">a woman who has given birth within the last month</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chángshòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">long life, longevity; to live a long time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chǎnj ià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">maternity leave</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chéng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to become, to constitute, to make</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">chénggōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to succeed, to be successful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chengshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">city</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chī nǎi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to nurse, to suckle</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chū bin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to hold a funeral procession</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">chūchāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be out of town on business</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chuī fēng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">chūshēnglū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">birth rate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">conglái bù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">never</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">conglái dōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">always (in the past)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">cōnglái méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">have never</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">travel by, take (a taxi, bus,</span></p></td><td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">train, airplane, etc.)</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dǎ chángtú diānhuà</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to make a long-distance phone call</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dàdōu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">for the most part</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dāgē</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">oldest brother</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">&quot;MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dài xiāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to wear mourning</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to watch out</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dānshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">but</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">.MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dānwèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">unit</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-dāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">(indicates successful accomplishment of something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dàxǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">great rejoicing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dāxīde rìzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding day</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dāying</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to agree (to something), to consent, to promise</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dédao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to receive, to get</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">diaosāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to present one’s condolences at a funeral</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">dù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">dù mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">duo kuāi.’</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">how fast.'</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">duōnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">many years</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">ěrduo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ear</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">érnu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">children</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">érqiě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">furthermore</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fādá</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be developed, to be prosperous</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to have an attack (of an old disease)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fǎnzhèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">anyway, in any case</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fǎyuàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">court of law</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngqì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">common practice; general mood</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngshī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rheumatism</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngshuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of landscape on people and their fortunes)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fēngsū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">custom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fēnpèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to assign, to apportion, to allot</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Fó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Buddha</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fūfù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">married couple, husband</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">and wife</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">fuqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">blessings, luck</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fuxiàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lucky physiognomy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fùzá (fùzá)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be complicated</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">should, ought to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gǎibiàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to change</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">gāndeshàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be able to catch up, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">able to make it in time</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">gǎnhuilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to rush back</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gǎnjǐn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">quickly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gèdì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the various places, each place</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gègè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">various</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gēnju (gēnju)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">according to, based on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gè zhōng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">various kinds, types</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngmù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">public cemetery</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngzhèng jiēhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">civil marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gōngzī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wages, pay</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">guānniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">concept, notion, view</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gǔhuī</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bone ashes</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">guiju</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">special customs, established</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rules</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">guòqu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">guòshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">hái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">even, (to go) so far as to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">háishi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">after all</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">he</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">with; and</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">héqilai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to combine, to join</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">together</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hōngbāo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">a red envelope with a gift or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">bribe of money in it</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hōngdàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">eggs dyed red</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hōngtáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">brown sugar</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">houdài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">descendants</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">hòulái</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">later, afterwards</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be multicolored</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huāquān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">flower wreath</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be gray</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">might, to be likely to, will</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hui men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the return of the bride to her</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huīfu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to recover</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hūnlǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">huǒzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to cremate; cremation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">huozàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">cremation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hūrán</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">suddenly</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">vacation, leave</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiangjiu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be particular about; to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">elegant, to be tasteful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiānglai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the future, someday</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jiàotáng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">church</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">j iāowāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to associate with, to have</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">dealings with</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jiātíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jídūjiào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Christianity</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">JieguS (jiēguǒ)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">as a result; result, results</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jiehūn (jiehūn)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to get married</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiehūn lǐfū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding gown</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiějue</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to solve</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">j ièshaorén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">introducer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jìhua shēngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">planned parenthood, family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">planning</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">JíJiù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">first aid; to administer</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">emergency treatment</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jílè Bìnyíguǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Paradise Funeral Home</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">(in Taipei)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jingguo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to go through, to pass by or</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">through</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jìniàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">memento, memorial</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jiù shi le</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">... , that’s all</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">J iùguolai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to save</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">juedìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to decide</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jueyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">sterilization</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Jūmín wěiyuánhuì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">neighborhood committee</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">jǔxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to hold (a meeting, ceremony,</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">etc. )</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Júzhǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">head of an office or bureau (of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">which the last syllable is </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">jú</span><span class="font11">)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">kǎolū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to consider; consideration</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">kě</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">indeed, really</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">kě bú shi ma</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">for sure</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">kòngzhi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to control</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">...-lai ...-qù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">(indicates repeating the action over and over again)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">laorénjia</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">polite way of addressing or referring to an old person </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">ní laorénjia</span><span class="font11">, </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">tā lāorénjia</span><span class="font11">)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lǎoshi (lǎoshi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he honest</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">liàn’ài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to he romantically involved with; love</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">-liǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">can, to he ahle to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">liǎojiě (liáojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to understand; understanding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">líhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to get divorced</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">lǐwù (lǐwu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">gift, present</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">mama</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">mother, mom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he pleased</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">a full month after the hirth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">of a hahy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">mǎnyuèjiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">celebration meal one month</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">after a hahy is horn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">-men</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">plural suffix</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">miǎnfèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he free of charge</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">míng’é</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the number of people assigned</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">or allowed, quota (of people)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">míxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be superstitious;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">superstition</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">mìyuè</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">honeymoon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nǎ (náli, nǎr)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nanfāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the groom’s side, the grocm’s family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nánguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be sad</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nánjiā(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the husband’s family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nánnù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">male and female</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">nénggàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to be capable</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nénggòu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">can, to be able to</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">niánji (niánjì)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">age</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">niánqing</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be young</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nongcūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rural area, countryside</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nongmín</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">peasant</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">female</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nùjiā(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the wife’s family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">nǔlì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be hardworking, to be</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">diligent; diligently, hard</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">pàichūsuǒ(r)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">the local police station</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he fat</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pèng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to touch</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">píngjìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he calm</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pizhǔn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to give official permission</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">pòfei</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to spend a lot of money (on</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Y1BD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">someone), to go to some ex-</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">pense</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qiān míng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to sign one’s name</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qiānmíngbù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">guest hook</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qiānwan</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">hy all means, he sure to; (in</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">combination with a negative</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">word) hy no means, under no</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">circumstances</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qíngkuàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">situation</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qingnián</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">youth, young person</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qinjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to he close (to a person)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qīnqi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">relatives</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qūhié</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">difference, distinction</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">qǔbuliǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">cannot go</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">qùshì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass away, to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">person, self, hody</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">réngōng liúchǎn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">abortion</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">r^.iwéi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to think that, to believe that</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rù xí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to take one’s seat (at a gather</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">ing, meeting, or banquet)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">rúhé</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">how, in what way; how (someone</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)</span></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">sān tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">&quot;the three approvals&quot;</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">sānglǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shàngjìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be ambitious</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shāngxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be broken-hearted</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shǎoshù mínzú</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">minority nationality, national minority</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shēnbiān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shēnglěng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">raw or cold foods</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD it</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngxialai</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be born</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shēngyù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to give birth to and raise</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shi fǒu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">(literary form meaning </span><span class="font11" style="text-decoration:underline;">shi bu </span><span class="font11">shi)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shībài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to fail</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shìqū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">urban area or district</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shíxíng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shóu (shū)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shǒubì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">arm</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shǒushù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">operation, surgery</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shǒuxiān shū (shóu)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">first</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">to be familiar (with), to know well</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">shuāngfāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">both sides, both parties</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">shùmu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">number</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">sǐ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to die</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to give (something as a gift)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">song</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to escort, to take (someone to a place)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">sūnzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">grandson</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">-tài</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">birth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">tan qin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to visit family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tandao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to talk about; speaking of ...</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">tang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to lie, to recline</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tánlai tánqù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to talk back and forth</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tanqin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tànqínjià</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">leave for visiting family</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tíchàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to advocate, to promote, to initiate</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tí qin</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to bring up a proposal of marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tōngguò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to pass, to approve</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tòngkǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be painful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tongyì</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to consent, to agree</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tóuyige</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the first</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tóu(yì)tāi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the first pregnancy, the first baby</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tuō nínde fū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">tǔzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">Wangj iā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">the Wang family, the Wangs</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wánjù</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">toy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wǎnliàn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">funeral scroll</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">late involvement and late</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wèi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to feed</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">*MBD</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">U</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiānhuā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">fresh flowers</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎngdāng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">quite, pretty, very</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎngxìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to believe</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎo bǎobao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">baby, darling (term of endear</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">ment for a young child)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiaode</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to know</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎohair</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">child, children</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎojiě (xiǎojie)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">daughter (referring to someone</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">else’s daughter)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">xiāoxi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">news</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xiǎoxīn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be careful</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xífu</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">daughter-in-law</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD U</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xíguān</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">habit, custom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xǐjiǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">wedding banquet; wedding wine</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to believe (in)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xìn Fó</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be a Buddhist</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnlǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bridegroom</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnniǎng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">bride</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnzàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">heart</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xīnzàngbìng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">heart disease</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">xǔduō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">many, a great deal (of),</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">a lot (of)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
</table>
<div>
<p><span class="font11">Yāngmíngshān</span></p>
<p><span class="font4"><sup>y</sup>ě</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yě jiù shi shuō yìhān</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yìbānde shuō</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíbèizi yídào yídìng yìjian yīngdāng yíngyǎngpīn</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíshì yíxiàng</span></p>
<p><span class="font11">yíxiàzi</span></p>
</div><br clear="all">
<p><a href="#bookmark26"><span class="font11">a mountain in surburban Taipei &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark27"><span class="font11">indeed, in fact, admittedly &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark28"><span class="font11">to mean; in other words &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark29"><span class="font11">ordinary, general, common &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark30"><span class="font11">generally speaking &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark31"><span class="font11">all one’s life &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark32"><span class="font11">together &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark33"><span class="font11">to be specific &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark34"><span class="font11">opinion &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark35"><span class="font11">should, ought to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark36"><span class="font11">food items of special &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font11">nutritional value</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark37"><span class="font11">ceremony &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark38"><span class="font11">(have) always, (had) always, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<p><span class="font11">consistently, all along</span></p>
<p><a href="#bookmark39"><span class="font11">an instant, a moment, a while &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;MBD</span></a></p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">yìzhí</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">all along, all the time (up until a certain point)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">month of confinement after</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">giving birth to a child</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zài shuō</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">furthermore, besides</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zàng</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">to bury</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zǎo</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">long ago</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zēngjiā</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to increase</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 3</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhang</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1+</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhèngfǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">government</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhènghūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to witness a marriage</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhènghūnrén</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">chief witness at a wedding</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">ceremony</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhǐ yào</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">as long as, if only</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhong</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to be heavy</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD ll</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zhù dao</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to move to, to go live at</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zǐsūn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">descendants</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 6</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zǒngshi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">always</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zū</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to rent</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">zūijìn</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">recently; soon</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zǔmǔ</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">grandmother (on the father’s</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 5</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">side)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zuò</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to serve as, to act as; as</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 1</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zuò méi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to act as go-between (for the</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 2</span></p></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;">
<p><span class="font11">families of a man and woman considering marriage)</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;"></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">zuò yuèzi</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">to go through the month of</span></p></td><td style="vertical-align:top;">
<p><span class="font11">MBD 4</span></p></td></tr>
</table>
<p><span class="font11">confinement and special care after childbirth</span></p>
<p><span class="font10">GPO 5B7-00l/3096</span></p>
<p><span class="font2" style="font-weight:bold;">155</span></p>
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