FSI-Chinese-text/Numerisés-new/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText.xml

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  <info>
    <title>FSI - Standard Chinese - Optional Module MBD - Student
Text</title>
    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Foreign Service</firstname>
        <surname>Institute</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>
  </info>
  <para>
    <anchor id="caption1" />
  </para>
  <section xml:id="standard-chinese-a-modular-approach">
    <title><anchor id="bookmark0" /><anchor id="bookmark1" />STANDARD
    CHINESE A Modular Approach</title>
    <para>
      OPTIONAL MODULE:
    </para>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth and Death
    </para>
    <para>
      SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF
    </para>
    <para>
      THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      This publication is to be used primarily in support of training
      military personnel as part of the Defense Language Program
      (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning the use of
      materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:
    </para>
    <para>
      Defense Language Institute
    </para>
    <para>
      Foreign Language Center Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio
      of Monterey. CA 93940
    </para>
    <para>
      Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores,
      etc., which may be considered as controversial from some points of
      view are sometimes included in language training for DLIFLC
      students, since military personnel may find themselves in
      positions where clear understanding of conversations or written
      material of this nature will be essential to their mission. The
      presence of controversial statements—whether real or apparent—in
      DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the
      opinions of the writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of
      the Department of Defense.
    </para>
    <para>
      In DLIFLC publications, the words “he,&quot; “him,&quot; and “his”
      denote both masculine and feminine genders. This statement does
      not apply to translations of foreign language texts.
    </para>
    <para>
      STANDARD CHINESE: A MODULAR APPROACH
    </para>
    <para>
      OPTIONAL MODULE: CUSTOMS SURROUNDING MARRIAGE, BIRTH AND DEATH
    </para>
    <para>
      Before starting the MBD Module, you should have at least completed
      the Arranging a Meeting Module.
    </para>
    <para>
      August 1979
    </para>
    <para>
      PREFACE
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard. Chinese: A Modular Approach originated in an
      interagency-conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in
      August 1973 to address the need generally felt in the U.S.
      Government language training community for improving and updating
      Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Taipei and in
      Peking.
    </para>
    <para>
      The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible
      enough in form and content to meet the requirements of a wide
      range of government agencies and academic institutions.
    </para>
    <para>
      A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of
      the Central Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the
      Defense Language Institute, the State Department’s Foreign Service
      Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security Agency,
      and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian
      Forces Foreign Language School. The representatives have included
      Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and John Boag (CIA); Colonel John
      F. Elder, III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major Bernard
      Muller-Thym (DLl); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff, III (FSl);
      Kazuo Shitama (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE);
      and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz (CFFLS).
    </para>
    <para>
      The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in
      197^+ in space provided at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of
      the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies provided funds and
      other assistance.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning
      council was formed consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the
      Defense Language Institute, Patricia O’Connor of the University of
      Texas, Earl M. Hickerson of the Language Learning Center, and
      James Wrenn of Brown University. In the Fall of 1977» Lucille A.
      Barale was appointed deputy project coordinator. David W.
      Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R. Sheehan
      of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning
      council and contributed material to the project. The planning
      council drew up the original overall design for the materials and
      met regularly to review their development.
    </para>
    <para>
      Writers for the first half of the materials were John H. T.
      Harvey, Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in
      close cooperation with the planning council and with the Chinese
      staff of the Foreign Service Institute. Mr. Harvey developed the
      instructional formats of the comprehension and production
      self-study materials, and also designed the communicationbased
      classroom activities and wrote the teacher’s guides. Lucille A.
      Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student
      text. By 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the
      staff. Led by Ms. Barale they have worked as a team to produce the
      materials subsequent to Module 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      All Chinese language material was prepared, or selected by Chuan
      0. Chao, Ying-chi Chen, Hsiao-jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi
      Li, and. Yunhui C. Yang, assisted, for part of the time by
      Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
      Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and. Henry Khuo helped in the preparation
      of a preliminary corpus of dialogues.
    </para>
    <para>
      Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent
      Basciano, Lisa A. Bowden, Beth Broomell, Jill W. Ellis, Donna
      Fong, Judith J. Kieda, Renee T. C. Liang, Thomas Madden, Susan C.
      Pola, and Kathleen Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M.
      Rann'<emphasis role="smallcaps">t-p?.</emphasis> of the Foreign
      Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced
      by Ms. Chao, Ms. Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr.
      Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was read by Ms. Barale, Ms.
      Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype.
    </para>
    <para>
      The graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign
      Service Institute Audio-Visual staff, under the general
      supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual.
    </para>
    <para>
      Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach was field-tested with the
      cooperation of Brown University, the Defense Language Institute,
      the Foreign Service Institute, the Language Learning Center, the
      United States Air Force Academy, the University of Illinois, and
      the University of Virginia.
    </para>
    <para>
      The Defense Language Institute printed the preliminary materials
      used for field testing and has likewise printed this edition.
    </para>
    <para>
      Carnes R. Frith, Chairman
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese Core Curriculum Project Board
    </para>
    <para>
      CONTENTS
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark2">OBJECTIVES </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark3">UNIT 1 Part I </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark4">Part II </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark5">Part III </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark6">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark7">UNIT 2 Part I </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark8">Part II </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark9">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark10">UNIT 3 Part I </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark11">Part II </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark12">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark13">UNIT 1+ Part I </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark14">Part II </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark15">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark16">UNIT 5 Part I </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark17">Part II </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark18">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark19">UNIT 6 Part I </link>
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          <link linkend="bookmark20">Part II </link>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark21">Vocabulary </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark22">APPENDIX Unit Vocabulary Characters
      </link>
    </para>
    <para>
      OBJECTIVES
    </para>
    <para>
      General
    </para>
    <para>
      The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth
      and Death is to furnish you with the linguistic skills and
      cultural Background information you need to take part in
      conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard
      to courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in
      China, and to conduct yourself in a culturally appropriate manner
      when you come in contact with Chinese people at the time of one of
      these significant events in their lives.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed
      the Arranging a Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this
      module at any later point in the course.
    </para>
    <para>
      Specific
    </para>
    <para>
      When you have finished this module, you should be able to:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Ask about the age when most people get married.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences
          there are
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      in marriage practices between the city and the country.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for
          weddings, births, and funerals.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Ask about the frequency of divorce.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who
          play a role in arranging a present-day traditional marriage.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony
          in a modern-day wedding.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Ask about population control efforts, changes in population
          control policy, restrictions on young people having children,
          what factors are taken into consideration in family planning,
          and how old most couples are when they have children.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s
          health, appetite, and weight, and describe the baby in terms
          of traditional values.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with
          regard to the mother's health before and after giving birth.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Present condolences to someone whose relative has died,
          comfort and
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      express concern for that person.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the
          circumstances of the death and the funeral.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when
          attending a funeral.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 1
    </para>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Zhōngguo zhèngíu shì bu shi tíchàng niánqīng rén wan
          Jiéhūn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Zhèngíu tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Nèige qīngnián, gōngzuò hen nǔlì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. Nongcūn niánqīng rén yě shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Wǎnhūn yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng
          <superscript>f</superscript>ēngqì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Xiǎo Lǐ he tǎ liàn’ài hen jiǔ le, kěshi yìzhí bú yào
          Jiéhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Zhège xiǎo chéngshì kě piào-liang le!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Does the Chinese government advocate that young people marry late?
    </para>
    <para>
      The government advocates late involvement and late marriage.
    </para>
    <para>
      That young person is very hardworking.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do the young people in the countryside also practice late
      marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      Late marriage has already become a common practice for young
      people.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Lǐ has been in love with her for a long time, but he’s never
      wanted to get married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Boy, is this little town pretty!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      tíchàng: ’to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to
      encourage’
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde?            Who advocates this?
    </para>
    <para>
      nianqīng: ’to be young’ green’. There are two different for the
      second syllable.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ niánqlngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (literally
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’years-light’ or ’years-characters with the same sound used
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She’s so young and so beautiful!
    </para>
    <para>
      When I was young, I didn’t like to read.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài        These young people all love to
      go
    </para>
    <para>
      kàn diànyǐng.                       to the movies.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo          That young Chinese person
      speaks
    </para>
    <para>
      rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú cuò.        pretty good English.
    </para>
    <para>
      jiéhūn: ’to get married’, also pronounced jiehūn. Notice that in
      Chinese you talk of ’getting married’, while in English we talk of
      ’being married’. And it follows grammatically that jiéhūn is a
      process verb, not a state verb. Jiéhūn will always be seen with an
      aspect marker such as le or will be negated with méi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?             Have they gotten married yet?
      (This
    </para>
    <para>
      is the equivalent of ’Are they married?)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ jiéhūn duo jiǔ le?              How long have you been married?
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning ’to knot
      marriage’. Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as
      de or guo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? or Nǐ shi shénme shíhou j iéhūnde?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      To say ’get married to someone’
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When did you get married?
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Wang has been married three times.
    </para>
    <para>
      use the pattern gēn ... jiéhūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      To whom did he get married?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      wǎnliàn wǎnhūn: ’late involvement and late marriage’. Wǎnliàn is
      an abbreviation for wan liàn’ài, ’mature love’, (liàn’ài means
      ’romantic love, courtship’), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for wǎn
      jiéhūn, ’late marriage’. This policy has been promoted since the
      1960s, but only actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult
      to generalize about the required minimum marriage ages, as they
      differ from city to city and might be nonexistant in certain rural
      and national minority areas, where the government is trying to
      increase the population. The minimum age has been progressively
      raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were eased a bit.
      In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds fifty years
      (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage is
      allowable.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      qīngnián: ’youth, young person’. adjectival verb niánqīng, ’to be
      young
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiwèi qingnián lǎoshī yīnggāi dào dàxué qù jiāo shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      In this sentence, the noun qīngnián is ’teacher’.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wo J ide sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī táng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi a, nèi shíhou women dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
          le, yá bù xíng le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǔlì: ’to be hardworking, to be hard’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do not confuse this noun with the ’. (See Notes on No. 1)
    </para>
    <para>
      This young teacher should go to a university to teach.
    </para>
    <para>
      used to modify the noun lǎoshī,
    </para>
    <para>
      I remember that thirty years ago you especially loved to eat
      candy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m old, and my teeth
      aren’t good any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      diligent’, or as an adverb, ’diligently,
    </para>
    <para>
      Although he’s very hardworking, his English is still not good
      enough.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have to study Chinese very hard.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      nongcūn: ’rural areas, countryside, village’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli        The air in the country is much
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎoduō le.                           better than in the city.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.
    </para>
    <para>
      shíxíng: ’to practice, to carry
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhèige Jìhua hen hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng shíxíng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi Jiéguǒ bù hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      chéng: ’to constitute, to make,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Their family lives in the country.
    </para>
    <para>
      out (a method, policy, plan, reform)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t think it can be
      carried out.
    </para>
    <para>
      This method has been in practice for three weeks, but the results
      aren’t good.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to become’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hen hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù chéng wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wode nūer xianzai chengle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde xiǎo mèimei.
    </para>
    <para>
      fēngqì: ’established practice,
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài you bù shǎo qingnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài dōngxi,
      zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, you yǒule niàn shūde fēngqì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      His studies have been good all along, so after he graduates,
      setting up a job for him won’t constitute a problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      My daughter has become an older sister. She really likes her
      little sister.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      custom; general mood’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There are a lot of young people now who don’t want to sell things
      in shops. This practice is really bad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Now in China there is again a general atmosphere of study.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      he: ’with’. You have seen he used between two nouns or pronouns as
      a conjunction meaning ’and’. Here you see it used as a
      prepositional verb meaning ’with’. The word gēn, which you have
      seen, also has both meanings, ’and’ and ’with’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Formerly, gēn was the most frequently used word for ’with’ or
      ’and’ in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
      written. But he has come into wide conversational use in
      pùtōnghuà. In addition to this variation, school children in
      Taiwan are sometimes taught to say hàn instead of he, which is the
      same character with another pronunciation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Generally speaking, if you use he or gēn you should not have any
      problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.
    </para>
    <para>
      liàn*ài: ’to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love,
      courtship’. This is the socially acceptable way to describe a
      romantic relationship between two people. Notice that liàn*ài can
      be used both as noun and as a verb. (Liàn’ài is written with an
      apostrophe to show where the syllable division is: liàn ài, not
      lià nài.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le. They’ve been in love for quite a few
      years now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le. They’ve just started to fall in
      love.
    </para>
    <para>
      Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, Our love is only three days old
      and jiù bù xíng le.                     already it’s over.
    </para>
    <para>
      The noun liàn’ài is often used in the phrase tan liàn’ài, ’to be
      romantically involved’ or more literally ’to talk of love’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen liāngge tan liàn’ài yǐjīng The two of them have been in love
      for tánle hen jiǔ le.                   quite a while now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo méiyou he tā tan liàn’ài.       I’m not in love with her.
    </para>
    <para>
      In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people
      are seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have
      serious intentions for the future.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      kě: ’really, certainly*. This is an adverb which intensifies state
      verbs. Kě can be used before a negative.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tāmen
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liāngge kě hāo le’.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                The two of them are very good friends.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Kě bú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi ma’.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nà kě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù xíng*.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                That really won’t do!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Na kě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú shi yíjiàn hāo shi.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                That’s really not a good thing.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ kě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yào xiāoxīn’.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                You’ve got to be careful!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě, to other
      Chinese it may sound too full of local color with which they do
      not identify.
    </para>
    <para>
      Peking:
    </para>
    <para>
      An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They
      are both in their late twenties.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wo jide shàngcì nǐ shuō nǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      èrshibásuì le, hái méiyou j iéhūn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo niánqīng rén hǎoxiàng sānshisuì zuǒyòu cái jiéhūn, shi bu
      shi?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le. Women qīngnián you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hen duō shi yào zuò. Yào nǔlì gōngzuò, nǔlì xuéxí, bú yào zǎo
      jiehūn! Zhèngfǔ yě tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn. Zài chéngshì-li
      niánqīng rén dōu zài èrshi-wǔliùsuì yīhòu cái jiehūn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nongcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì, tāmen yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zài nongcūn, wǎn liàn'ài wǎn jiéhūn yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng xīn
      féngqì. Wǒ you yíge zài Bǒijīng jiāoqū gōngzuòde péngyou xià lǐbài
      jiehūn, nǐ yào bu yao hé wo yìqǐ qù kàn-kan? Wǒ gěi ni ānpai
      yixiar.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Hǎojíle. Nà kǒ zhēn you
    </para>
    <para>
      yìsi, gang dào zhèr jiù you zhènme yíge hǎo jīhui.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I remember last time you told me that you're twenty-eight years
      old and you're not married yet.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right.
    </para>
    <para>
      I've been meaning to ask you all along, it seems as if young
      people in China don't get married until they're about thirty, is
      that so?
    </para>
    <para>
      Right. We young people have a lot of things we have to do. We have
      to work hard and study hard; we shouldn't get married early.' The
      government also promotes late involvement and late marriage. In
      the city, young people don't get married before the age of
      twenty-five or twenty-six.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do the young people in the rural areas practice late marriage too?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, they do too. In the rural areas, late involvement and late
      marriage have already become a new common practice. I have a
      friend who works in the suburbs of Peking who's getting married
      next week. Do you want to go see it with me? I'll arrange it for
      you.
    </para>
    <para>
      Great. That would really be interesting. And such a good
      opportunity so soon after getting here.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      ...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn: This is quite a change from
      Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen
      and males at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend
      off economic difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less
      strict in the countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at
      age twenty.
    </para>
    <para>
      PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      8 . Xiànzài Zhōngguo rén j iēhūn you shénme yíshì?
    </para>
    <para>
      9- A: Nǐ jiehūn de shíhou nǐde qǐnqi sònggei ni shénme lǐwù?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen sònggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù zuò jìniàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. A: Xǔduō nan qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nuj iār qu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhè gēn yǐqiánde fēngsū you hen dàde qūbié.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Ke bú shi ma! Zhēnshi gǎi-biànle bù shǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Ěrqiě zài nóngcūn yě shíxíng wǎnhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What kind of ceremony do the Chinese have when they get married
      now?
    </para>
    <para>
      What gifts did your relatives give you when you got married?
    </para>
    <para>
      They gave me a few small presents as mementos.
    </para>
    <para>
      Many young men now go and live with the wife’s family after they
      get married.
    </para>
    <para>
      This is very different from the customs of the past.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Furthermore, late marriage is also practiced in rural areas.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      yíshì: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range
      of different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement
      to the taking of marital vows.
    </para>
    <para>
      In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not
      uncommon to find families going into debt because of the joyous
      occasion, which marked a new generation added to the family line.
      This elaborate ritual served to strengthen familial bonds and the
      newlyweds’ feeling of obligation owed to the family.
    </para>
    <para>
      In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to
      purchase food for guests, celebration space, and free time for
      preparation limit the celebration often to procedural formality
      alone—registration with the local police bureau. Wedding dinners
      may still be enjoyed in the countryside, where there are fewer
      restrictions on time and food.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English
      word ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate
      family, that is parents or children, but is used to refer to all
      other relatives. (One’s immediate family are called Jiāli rén.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?            Do you have a lot of relatives
    </para>
    <para>
      in your family?
    </para>
    <para>
      Women Jiā qinqi kě duō le!         We have lots of relatives in
    </para>
    <para>
      our family.
    </para>
    <para>
      sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several
      meanings. One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu
      le, ’I sent your luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone
      something as a present.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after
      it. You have also seen Jiāogei, ’to hand over to ..., to submit
      to...’. When gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional
      verb, it must be followed by the indirect object, that is, the
      person or thing to whom something is given. Gěi can also be used
      this way with jì ’to send’, and mǎi ’to sell’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ       I sent this piece of clothing
      to my
    </para>
    <para>
      mèimei le.                          younger sister.
    </para>
    <para>
      /
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.         He sold his house to me.
    </para>
    <para>
      In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up
      front in the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the
      indirect object after the main verb. This usually happens in
      sentences where the object is specific and the bǎ construction is
      preferred. When song is followed by an indirect object, however,
      the gěi is usually optional.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.     I am going to give him a small
      present.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo        I am going to give him a small
      present.
    </para>
    <para>
      lǐwù.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...sǒnggei ni shénme lǐwù?: Wedding gifts for friends and
      relatives in the PRC are generally ’’useful’’ items. Common among
      these are nuǎnpíng, hot water Jugs; huāpíng, vases; tǎidēng, table
      lamps; bǐ, pens; liánpěn, wash basins; or cānjù, kitchen items.
    </para>
    <para>
      zuǒ: ’to act as, to serve as’. Tǎmen sǒnggei wo yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù
      zuǒ Jìniǎn. is literally ’They gave me a few small presents to
      serve as mementos.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige xuéxiǎo bìyède xuésheng, A lot of students who graduated
      from hěn duō dōu zuǒ lǎoshī le.         this school have become
      teachers.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǒng zhèiběn xǐn shū zuò lǐwù, Would it be okay to use this new
      hǎo bu hǎo?                         book as a present?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuò, ’to act as, to serve as’ is often seen used with yòng, ’to
      use’ as in the example above, yòng ... zuò ..., ’to use
      (something) as (something) else’.
    </para>
    <para>
      jìniàn: ’memento, remembrance; to commemorate’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ gěi ta yìzhang zhàopiàn zuò I’ll give him a photo as a memento,
      jìniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      xǔduō: ’many; a great deal (of), lots (of)’. Xǔduō is used as a
      number (it can be followed by a counter) to modify other nouns.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hai you duōshao qián?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hái you xǔduō.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā mǎile xǔduō (zhang) huàr.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How much money is there left?
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s still a lot left, or There’s a lot more.
    </para>
    <para>
      He bought a lot of paintings.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xǔduō has several things in common with hen duō, in addition to
      similarity of meaning. Used as modifiers in front of nouns, both
      xǔduō and hen duō can (1) be used alone, (2) be used with de, and
      (3) be followed by a counter, but not usually -ge.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rènshi xǔduō rén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā rènshi hen duō rén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He knows a lot of people.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā Jiànle xǔduō(de) rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā Jiànle hen duō(de) rén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He saw (met with) a lot of people.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Bìchǔli you hen duō (jiàn) dàyī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There are a lot of overcoats in the closet.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā xiěle xǔduō (běn) shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He wrote a lot of books.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hen duō is probably more common than xǔduō. Some speakers feel
      that they do not use xǔduō in conversation; many speakers,
      however, do not feel any restriction about using it in
      conversation.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...zhùdao nǔjiār qu: ’to go live with the wife's family' You've
      seen the prepositional verb dào used after main verbs, as in nádao
      loushàng qu, 'take it upstairs'. Following verbs expressing some
      kind of motion, the use of dào is fairly straightforward. But in
      the above example from the Reference List, dào is used with a verb
      which is not usually thought of as expressing motion, zhù, 'to
      live, to inhabit'. Here is another example of zhù used in a phrase
      expressing motion:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shi zuotiān zhùjinlaide.        He moved in yesterday.
    </para>
    <para>
      The verbs zhàn ’to stand’ and zuò ’to sit’ can also be used in
      phrases expressing motion.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng ni zhàndao nèibianr qu,       Would you please go stand over
    </para>
    <para>
      hao bu hǎo?                         there.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng ni zuòdao qiǎnbianr qu,       Would you please go sit up
    </para>
    <para>
      hǎo bu hǎo?                         front.
    </para>
    <para>
      Due to the lack of housing, which might involve a wait of from one
      to three years for newlyweds, it is not infrequent now to find the
      groom join the household of his new bride. This is in contrast to
      former tradition, which stated that the woman became part of the
      man’s family, and of course, moved into his family’s house.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the past, for the groom to join the household of his new bride
      carried special significance. It was called rù zhuì and might take
      place when a family had only female children and the father wanted
      his daughter’s husband to take his last name in order to carry on
      the family line.
    </para>
    <para>
      qūbié: ’difference’ things, use ... gēn ... you qūbié.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn zìdiǎn gēn nèibēn you hen dàde qūbié.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige xuéxiào gēn nèige xuéxiào you shénme qūbié?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiliǎngge bànfǎde qūbié zài nǎr?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When expressing the difference between two
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There is a big difference between this dictionary and that one.
    </para>
    <para>
      What is the difference between this school and that one?
    </para>
    <para>
      What is the difference between these two methods?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Kě bú shi ma*. : ’Yes, indeed’., I’ll say!’, or more literally,
      ’Isn’t it so’. ’ Kě bú shi ma! is often used in northern China to
      indicate hearty agreement, or to indicate that something makes
      perfect sense to the speaker, something like English ’Well, of
      course!’ or ’Really!’.
    </para>
    <para>
      bù shǎo: Literally ’not a little’, in other words, ’quite a lot’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you bù shǎo huà yào gēn ni shuō.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Měiguo bù shǎo rén you qìchē.
    </para>
    <para>
      érqiě: ’furthermore, moreover’
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiǎn tiānqi bù hǎo, érqiě hǎoxiàng yào xià xuě.
    </para>
    <para>
      He has a lot he wants to say to you.
    </para>
    <para>
      In America a lot of people have cars.
    </para>
    <para>
      The weather is bad today, and furthermore it looks as if it’s
      going to snow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ěrqiě is often used in the pattern bú dan...érqiě &quot;but
      also...’ or ’not only.. .moreover...’:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’not only. . .
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèizhěng huār hú dan hǎo kàn, érqiě fēicháng xiāng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This kind of flower is not only pretty, but it’s also very
      fragrant.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wo bú dan ài chī tang, érqiě shénme tian dōngxi dōu ài chī.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I not only like to eat candy, (moreover) I like to eat anything
      sweet.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā bú dàn xuéguo Zhongwén,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      érqiě xuéde bú cuo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wo bu dàn méiyou hé tā tan liàn’ài, érqiě wo yě bú dà xīhuan ta.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Not only has he studied Chinese, but moreover he has learned it
      quite well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Not only am I not in love with her, moreover I don’t like her very
      much.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Peking:
    </para>
    <para>
      The American exchange student and her language teacher continue
      their conversation:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōngguo rén jiéhūnde shíhou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you shénmeyàngde yíshì?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou shénme yíshì, jiù shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qǐng qīnqi péngyou lai hē dianr chá, chi diǎnr tang, diānxin,
      shenmede.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Qīnqi péngyou song bu song
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lǐwù?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Youde rén song yìdianr xiao
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lǐwù zuò jìniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      A: <subscript>v</subscript>Wǒ tīngshuō yǐqián nóngcūnli nūháizi
      jiéhūnde shíhou, nánjiā yào song xuduō lǐwù. Zhèige fēngsū shi bu
      shi yě gǎibiàn le?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Shi a! Zhèizhǒng shìqing
    </para>
    <para>
      zài bù shǎo dìqū dōu méiyou le. Érqiě xiànzài yě yǒude nan
      qīngnián jiehūn yǐhòu zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhèi gēn yīqiánde fēngsū
      yě you hen dàde qūbié.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Ke bū shi ma’. Zhēn shi
    </para>
    <para>
      gaibiànle bù shǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What kind of ceremony is there when the Chinese get married?
    </para>
    <para>
      There is no ceremony, we just invite friends and relatives to come
      and have some tea, candy, snacks, and so on.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do the friends and relatives give gifts?
    </para>
    <para>
      Some people give small gifts as a memento.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve heard that it used to be that in the country, when a girl got
      married, the man’s family would have to give a lot of gifts. Has
      this custom changed too?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes! In many regions, this kind of thing doesn’t exist any more.
      Furthermore, now there are also young men who go to live with the
      wife’s family after they get married. This is also very different
      from the customs of the past.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll say! It has really changed a lot.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART III
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Nǐmen jiéhūn yǐqián shuāngfāng dōu hen liǎoj iě ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde bú tài duō.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          14. Nèiduì fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Tā meinián you duoshāo tiānde tànqǐnj ià?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. Fūfù zōngshi něnggōu zài yìqǐ bǐjiào hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. A: Tǎmen shi. jǐngguo xiǎngdǎng-de kǎolū yǐhōu cái
          jié-hūnde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      A; Dànshi bù zhìdào wèishénme, tǎmen haishi you hen duō wèntí.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. Nǎnnū yīngdǎng bǐcǐ liaojie yǐhōu zài jiehūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          19. Nǐ xiǎng tǎ huì bu hui bǎng wō jiějué zhèige wèntí?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Before you were married, did you both know each other very well?
    </para>
    <para>
      There aren’t many people getting divorced in China now.
    </para>
    <para>
      That married couple doesn’t work in the same region.
    </para>
    <para>
      How many days of leave does he get every year to visit family?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s always better if married couples can be together.
    </para>
    <para>
      They gave it quite a bit of consideration before they got married.
    </para>
    <para>
      But for some reason or other they still had a lot of problems.
    </para>
    <para>
      A man and woman should know each other well before they get
      married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you think he will help me solve this problem?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART III
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      shuāngfāng: ’both sides, both parties’
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shìqing shi Zhōngguo he Měiguo shuāngfāng dōu zhīdaode.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This matter is known to both America and China.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bǐcǐ: 'the one and the other; each other, mutually’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Suīrān women méiyou shuō huà, kěshi bǐcǐ dōu zhīdao, tāde bìng
      méiyou bànfa le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Although we didn't say anything, we both knew. There was nothing
      that could be done for his illness.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yěude dàxuéshēng xǐhuan zài bìyède shíhou bǐcǐ song lǐwù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhōumō hǎo!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bǐcǐ, bǐcǐ!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liǎojiě:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’to understand; to acquaint oneself with,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Some college students like to give each other gifts when
      graduating.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have a nice weekend.’
    </para>
    <para>
      You too!
    </para>
    <para>
      to try to understand’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn shi, wo bù dong, hái děi qù liǎojiě yíxià.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo liǎojiě ta.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ juéde tā méiyou yíge péngyou zhěnde liǎojiě tā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notice that when you want to say ’to someone’, the Chinese word to
      use is to have made someone’s acquaintance)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I don’t understand this, I have to go back and try to understand
      it again.
    </para>
    <para>
      I understand her.
    </para>
    <para>
      He feels that he doesn’t have a single friend who really knows
      him. know someone’ meaning ’to understand liǎojiě, not rènshi
      (which simply means
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 13
    </para>
    <para>
      ..■ líhūnde bú tài duo: ’There aren’t many people getting divorced
      ... Líhūnde, ’those (people) who get divorced’, is a noun phrase
      in which líhūn is nominalized by -de■
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1U
    </para>
    <para>
      fūfù: ’husband and wife, married couple’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen fūfù liāngge dou fēicháng hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Those two (that couple) are both
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      very nice.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò: ’do not work in the same region’. Yíge,
      ’one’, is frequently used to mean ’one and the same’. Here are
      some more examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Women dōu zài yíge xuéxiào niàn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      All of us go to the same school.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tāmen liāngge dōu shi yíge lǎoshī jiāochulaide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      They are both the product of the same teacher.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 15
    </para>
    <para>
      tànqǐnjià: ’leave for visiting family’. Tàn qīn means to visit
      one’s closest relatives, usually parents, a spouse, or children.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān tā jiù qù Shanghai        Tomorrow he’s going to Shanghai
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      tan qīn le.                         visit his family.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      zǒngshi: ’always, all the time’. This adverb may also occur as
      zǒng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zǒngshi ài qù Huáměi            He always loves to go to the
    </para>
    <para>
      kāfēitīng.                          Huáměi Coffeehouse.
    </para>
    <para>
      nénggòu: ’can, to he able to’. This is a synonym of něng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 17
    </para>
    <para>
      jīngguo: ’to pass by or through, to go through’. Jīngguo can mean
      1) to pass by or through something physically, or 2) to go through
      an experience.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīngguo zhèicì xuéxí yǐhòu wǒ kě qīngchu duō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a result of this study, I see things a lot more clearly.
    </para>
    <para>
      Every day on my way home from work I pass by the Bǎihuò Dàlou.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ měitiān xià bān huí jiāde shíhou, dóu jīngguo Bǎihuò Dàlou
                       ...dōu
    </para>
    <para>
      jīngguo Baihuò Dàláu.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ jīngguo zhèige wūzide shíhou, nǐ méiyou kànjian women zài lǐtou
      gōngzuò ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      When you passed by this room, didn’t you see us working inside?
    </para>
    <para>
      etc.); considerable, a considerable
    </para>
    <para>
      His health is quite good.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiāngdāng: ’quite, pretty (good, degree of’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde shēntǐ xiāngdāng hāo.
    </para>
    <para>
      \
    </para>
    <para>
      kǎolū: ’to consider; consideration’
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǐjīng kaoliiguo le, ta          I have already given it
      consideration
    </para>
    <para>
      háishi yīnggāi shàng dàxué.        he should still go to college.
    </para>
    <para>
      dànshi: ’but’, a synonym of kěshi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǐjīng qùguo le, dànshi         I already went there, but I
      didn't
    </para>
    <para>
      wǒ méiyou kàndao ta.                see her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 18
    </para>
    <para>
      nánnū: ’male and female’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nānnude shìqing zuì nan shuō. Matters &quot;between men and women
      are the hardest to judge.
    </para>
    <para>
      yīngdāng: ’should, ought to’. Yīngdāng is a less-frequently heard
      word for yīnggāi. These two words share in common the following
      meanings:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) ’should’ in the sense of obligation or duty.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zánmen shi tóngzhì, yīngdāng We two are comrades, we should help
      (or yīnggāi) bǐcǐ bāngmáng.        each other.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) ’ought to’ in the sense of ’it would be suitable to’.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wàitou lěng, nǐ yīnggāi (or        It’s cold out, you should put
      on
    </para>
    <para>
      yīngdāng) duō chuān yìdiǎnr.       some more clothing.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) ’should’ in the sense of ’it would be desirable to’.
        </para>
        <para>
          Nǐ yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) shìyishi, zhēn hǎo wánr.
        </para>
        <para>
          (U) ’should’ in the sense of ’it is
        </para>
        <para>
          Shídiǎn zhōng le, tā yīnggāi (or yīngdāng) kuài dào le.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sānnián le, yīnggāi xuéde bú cuò le.
        </para>
        <para>
          bǐjiào:   ’r elat ively,
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          comparatively, by
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Jīntiān bǐjiào rè.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèijiàn yīfu gǎile yǐhòu, bǐjiào hǎo yìdiǎnr.
        </para>
        <para>
          Zhèi liǎngtiān tā bǐjiào shūfu yìdiǎnr, bù zěnme fā shāo le.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          You should try this, it’s fun.
        </para>
        <para>
          expected’.
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s ten o’clock, he should be here soon.
        </para>
        <para>
          He’s been studying Chinese for three years, he should be
          pretty good by now.
        </para>
        <para>
          comparison’. Also pronounced
        </para>
        <para>
          It’s hotter today.
        </para>
        <para>
          After this article of clothing is altered, it will be better.
        </para>
        <para>
          The past couple of days he’s been feeling better, he doesn’t
          have such a high fever any more.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      You may sometimes hear Chinese speakers use bǐj iào before other
      adverbial expressions like bú tài ’not too’, bù zěnme ’not so’, bú
      nàme ’not so’ or hen ’very’. Careful speakers, however, feel that
      bǐjiào should not be used in such cases.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 19
    </para>
    <para>
      huì: ’will; might; be likely to*. The auxiliary verb huì is used
      to express likelihood here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān tā huì bu hui lai?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Will he come tomorrow?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ qù bǎ men guānhǎo, nǐ huì bu hui juéde tài rè?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If I go close the door, will you feel too hot?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiějué: ’to solve, to settle (a problem), to overcome (a
      difficulty)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bú yao jí, qiǎnde wèntí yǐjīng jiějué le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Don’t get anxious, the problem of money has already been solved.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Washington, D. C.
    </para>
    <para>
      A graduate student in Chinese studies talks with an exchange
      student from Peking.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Women rènshi zhǐ you liǎngge
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      duō xīngqī, kěshi yǐjīng shi lǎo péngyou le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì. Women tiǎntiǎn zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yíkuàir, zhēn hǎoxiàng shi lǎo péngyou le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ yìzhí xiǎng wènwen ni nǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi shénme shíhour jiéhūnde ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: 0! Wǒ shi qiǎnniǎn jiehūnde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ èrshibǎsuì le. Nǐ àiren
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā sānshièr le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nīmen jiéhūnde shíhou kě bù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiǎo le’. Zhōngguo nianqīng rén dōu shi zhèige yàngzi ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le. Zhèngfǔ tíchàng wǎn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liàn wǎnhūn. Nianqīng rén yě dōu yào nǔlì xuéxí, nǔlì gōng-zuò, bú
      yào zǎo jiehūn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Chéngshili nude duo da
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiéhūn?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Chàbuduō èrshiwǔsuì zuǒyòu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǎnde ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dàgài èrshibǎsuì zuǒyòu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Jiéhūnde shíhour you shénme-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yàngde yíshì?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Méiyou shénme yíshì. Būguò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiehūn nèitiǎn qīng qīnqi péngyou lai hēhe chǎ, chī diǎnr tang,
      diǎnxin shenmede. Yě you rén song diǎnr xiǎo lǐwu zuò
    </para>
    <para>
      We’ve only known each other for two weeks or so, but we’re old
      friends already.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. We’re together every day; it really is as if we’re old
      friends.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve been meaning to ask you all along when you were married.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh. I was married the year before last.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re twenty-eight years old. How about your spouse?
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s thirty-two.
    </para>
    <para>
      You certainly weren’t young when you were married! Is it this way
      for all Chinese young people?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. The government promotes late involvement and late marriage.
      Also, all young people should study hard and work hard, and
      shouldn't get married early.
    </para>
    <para>
      At what age do most women get married in the cities?
    </para>
    <para>
      After about twenty-five.
    </para>
    <para>
      And men?
    </para>
    <para>
      After about twenty-eight.
    </para>
    <para>
      What kind of ceremony is there when someone gets married?
    </para>
    <para>
      There is no ceremony. But on the day of the marriage relatives and
      friends are invited to come and drink tea, eat a little candy,
      snacks and so forth. Some people also give a
    </para>
    <para>
      jìniàn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nōngcūnlǐde niánqīng rén yě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíxíng wǎnhūn ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì. Zài nóngcūnli wan
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      liàn’ài wan jiēhūn yě yǐjīng chéngle yìzhǒng fēngqì.
    </para>
    <para>
      u
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nongcūnli nūháizi jiéhūnde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíhou nanjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú yào le. Érqiě xiànzài you.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiē nan qīngnián jiēhūn yīhòu hái zhùdao nūjiār qu. Zhè gēn
      yǐqiánde fēngsú you hěn dàde qùbié.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kě bú shi ma! Zhēn shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gǎibiànle bù shǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You, kěshi bǐjiǎo shǎo.^,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Yīnwei jiēhūn yǐqián nánnū shuāngfāng bǐcǐ bǐjiǎo liǎojiě, you
      jīngguo xiāngdāngde kǎolū, suōyi líhūnde bú tài duō.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ t’ngshuō Zhōngguo you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìqū gōngzuò, bú zhùzai yíge dìfang, zhè
      huì bu hui you wèntí ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      gōngzuò, suīrán měinián you bànge yuède tànqīnjià, dànshi hái you
      hěn duō bù fāngbiàn. Suóyi wèile ràng tamen gèng hǎode gōngzuò he
      xuéxí, yīng-dāng bāng tamen jiějué zhèige wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Duìjíle. Fūfù zǒngshi
    </para>
    <para>
      nénggòu zài yìqī bǐjiào hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      small gift as a memento.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do the young people in rural areas also practice late marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Late involvement and late marriage have already become a
      common practice in the rural areas.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the farm villages does the family of the husband still have to
      give a lot of presents when a girl gets married?
    </para>
    <para>
      Not any more. Furthermore now there are even young men who live
      with the wife’s family after they get married. This is very
      different 'from the customs of the past.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll say! It’s really changed a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are there many people who get divorced in China now?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes, there are, but relatively few. The man and the woman know
      each other rather well before they get married, and they give the
      matter quite a bit of consideration, so not too many people get
      divorced.
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear there are some couples in China who don’t work in the same
      place. Do problems ever come about because of this?
    </para>
    <para>
      If the husband and wife don’t work in the same place, even though
      they get half a month’s leave every year to visit family members,
      it’s still very inconvenient. So in order to let them work and
      study even better, we should help them solve this problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re so right. It’s always better if the husband and wife can be
      together.
    </para>
    <para>
      NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      ...nánjia hái yào song xǔduō lǐwù ma?: In traditional China, the
      groom’s family gave gifts to the bride’s family to compensate for
      the loss of their daughter. (For the loss of the daughter might
      also entail a substantial loss of property and servants.) In
      Taiwan, it is still the man’s family who in most cases pays for
      the wedding arrangements. In the PRC today, these customs no
      longer exist.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài Zhōngguo líhūnde duō bu duō?: Although allowed by law with
      the mutual consent of both parties, it is not easy to obtain a
      divorce in the PRC. With the exceptions of one party being either
      politically questionable or terminally ill, the majority of
      couples are asked to resolve their differences via study and group
      criticism.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...you yìxiē fūfù bú zài yíge dìfang gōngzuò: Many couples still
      have to be split up in order for each to have work. (Jobs are
      arranged for and assigned by the local government.) This is, of
      course, a great hardship since it is improbable that either will
      be able to arrange a transfer of job to the other’s work-place.
      The splits are arranged in order to increase rural population and
      provide labor for rural jobs. The partner left in the city,
      usually the woman, can go to the countryside to join her spouse,
      but rural life is so difficult that this is not likely.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...suǐràn měinián you bànge yuède tànqǐnjià: There are two types
      of leave for visiting one’s family in the PRC. One is for
      unmarried children to return home to see their parents, the other
      is for couples who are assigned to different places for work.
      These trips are paid for by one’s work unit (but communes have no
      family leave provisions). If the person on leave is working
      relatively near his home, he is allowed a fifteen day visit once
      per year and a worker who is located relatively far from home can
      take a thirty day visit once every two years.
    </para>
    <para>
      Vocabulary
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǐcǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                each other, mutually; you too, the same to you
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǐjiào (bījiǎo)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú dan bù shǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                not only
              </para>
              <para>
                quite a lot, quite a few
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéng chéngshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to become, to constitute, to make city
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dànshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                but
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                érqiě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                furthermore
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngqì fēngsū fūfù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                common practice; general mood custom
              </para>
              <para>
                married couple, husband and wife
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎibiàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                he huì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                with; and
              </para>
              <para>
                might, to be likely to, will
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiéhūn (jiehūn)
              </para>
              <para>
                Jiějué^ jingguo jìniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get married
              </para>
              <para>
                to solve
              </para>
              <para>
                to go through, to pass by or through memento, memorial
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎolū
              </para>
              <para>
                kě
              </para>
              <para>
                kě bū shi ma!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consider; consideration indeed, really
              </para>
              <para>
                I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liàn’ài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be romantically involved with; love
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liǎojiě (liáojie) líhūn lǐwù (lǐwu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to understand; understanding to get divorced gift,
                present
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánjiá(r) nánnu nénggòu niánqīng nongcūn nūjiā(r) nǔlì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the husband’s family male and female can, to be able to
                to be young rural area, countryside the wife’s family
              </para>
              <para>
                to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qīngnián qīnqi qūbié
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                youth, young person relatives
              </para>
              <para>
                difference, distinction
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shíxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
                ‘reform, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuāngfāng song
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                both sides, both parties to give (something as a gift)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tan qīn tànqīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to visit family
              </para>
              <para>
                to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tànqīnjià tíchàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                leave for visiting family
              </para>
              <para>
                to advocate, to promote, to initiate
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                late involvement and late marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāngdāng xǔduō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quite, pretty, very
              </para>
              <para>
                many; a great deal (of), a lot (of)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yīngdāng yíshì yìzhí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                should, ought to
              </para>
              <para>
                ceremony
              </para>
              <para>
                all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngfǔ zhùdao zǒngshi zuò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                government
              </para>
              <para>
                to move to, to go live at always
              </para>
              <para>
                to serve as, to act as; as
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 2
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Hòutiān shi nǐmen xiao j ie dàxǐde rìzi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Xǐnlāng zài Taiwan Yínháng gōngzuò, rén hěn lāoshi, yě hěn
          shàngjìn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Women Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng yǐjīng yìniánduō le, duì tā
          hěn mǎnyì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. A: Nǐmen gěn nánfāngde fùmǔ shóu hu shóu?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu tài shóu. Kěshi zāo jiù tīngshuōguo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B:  Tǎmen yì lai tíqǐn women
    </para>
    <para>
      j iù dāying le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. A:  Tǎmen tánlāi tānqù tánle
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn jiǔ bù néng juédìng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Kěshi hōulāi haishi wǒ gào-su tamen yīnggāi zěnme bàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Wǒ nùérde hūnlǐ zài Éméi Cān-tīng jǔxíng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Tīngshuō jiehūn lǐfú shi xīnniāng zìjī zuòde, tā zhēn
          nénggàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Wǒ zhù yīyuànde shíhou nǐmen hai song huā lai, ài, zhēn shi
          tài xièxie le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The day after tomorrow is your daughter’s wedding day.
    </para>
    <para>
      The bridegroom works at the Bank of Taiwan. He’s very honest and
      very ambitious.
    </para>
    <para>
      Our Xiùyún has been seeing him for over a year now, and she's very
      pleased with him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you know the groom's parents very well before?
    </para>
    <para>
      Not too well. But we'd heard of them long before.
    </para>
    <para>
      As soon as they came to propose the marriage we agreed to it.
    </para>
    <para>
      They talked and talked for a long time and couldn't decide.
    </para>
    <para>
      But later it was I who told them what they should do, after all.
    </para>
    <para>
      My daughter's wedding will be held at the Omei Restaurant.
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear that the wedding gown was made by the bride herself. She's
      really capable.
    </para>
    <para>
      When I was in the hospital you even sent flowers. Thanks so much.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      xiáojie: ’daughter’. You have seen xiáojie meanirfg ’Miss’ or
      ’young lady’. Here it is used to mean ’daughter'. Note, however,
      that it is used only in referring to someone else’s daughter, not
      in referring to one’s own daughter(s).
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you jǐwèi xiaojie?              How many daughters does he
      have?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐmen xiáojie zhēn piàoliang. Your daughter is really pretty.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiáojie, meaning either ’Miss’ or ’daughter’, is not in current
      usage in the PRC.
    </para>
    <para>
      dā xǐde rìzi: ’wedding day’, literally ’hig joyful day’. Xǐ ’to he
      glad, joyful’, is used in several expressions having to do with
      weddings. The character for xǐ is often used as a decoration. For
      weddings, two xǐ characters together are used as a decoration.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      ren hen lāoshi: ’he’s very honest’. Ren, ’person’, can he used to
      refer to a person’s character. It can he used with a noun or
      pronoun before it, for example Tā ren hen lāoshi, literally ’As
      for him, his person is very honest’. The wording Tā rén ... is
      often used to talk about the way someone truly is:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rén hen āi bāngzhu bié rén.
    </para>
    <para>
      Liu Xiānsheng rén hen tèbié, shénme shìqing dōu yào wen yige
      wèishenme.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā rén hen kèqi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sometimes rén refers to a person’s
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hēde tài duō, rén hái you dianr bu qǐngchu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He (is the sort of person who) likes to help others.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Liu is a different sort of person, he has to ask ’why’ about
      everything.
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s a very polite sort of person.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mental state of being:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I had too much to drink and I’m still a little foggy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Ren also sometimes refers to a person’s physical self. This
      meaning is mostly used in situations where a contrast is implied,
      something like ’And
    </para>
    <para>
      as for the person himself,        For
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yìzhí zhǐshi he tā tōng diànhuà, jīntiān zǎoshang, cái dìyīcì
      jiàn miàn, tā rén fēichāng piàoliàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen jiéhūn bu dào yíge yuè, xiānsheng jiù dào Jiāzhōu niàn shū
      qu le, rén zài Měiguo, xīn zài Tǎiwān, shū zěnme niàndehǎo ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      jiāowǎng: ’to associate with, t boyfriend-girlfriend
      relationships.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hé tā méiyou shénme tèbiéde jiāowǎng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      example:
    </para>
    <para>
      All along I had only talked to her over the phone, but this
      morning I met her for the first time. She’s very beautiful.
    </para>
    <para>
      They hadn’t even been married for one month when her husband went
      to California to go to school. He was in America, but his heart
      was in Taiwan, how could he possibly study well?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      have dealings with’, often said of
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s no special relationship between him and me. (Said by a
      daughter in explanation to her mother.)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In the PRC jiāowǎng is not used this way; use rènshi, ’to know (a
      person)’ or jiāo péngyou, ’to make friends’ instead. In the PRC,
      you will hear jiāowǎng used in phrases such as ’’lǐangguo rénmínde
      jiāowǎng”, ’the contact (association) between the peoples of these
      two countries’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      nánfāng: ’’the bridegroom’s side”, a phrase which often refers to
      the bridegroom himself, and sometimes refers to the bridegroom’s
      family, relatives, and friends collectively. Nanfāng, ’’the
      bridegroom’s side”, happens to be a homonym of nanfāng, ’the
      South’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rén Jiéhūnde shíhou, When Chinese get married, the
      groom’s nǎnfāng dà qǐng kè.                 family hosts a big
      feast.
    </para>
    <para>
      V __
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiéhūn yǐqiǎn nǎnfāng nūfāng       Before a marriage, the groom’s
      side
    </para>
    <para>
      bǐcǐ song lǐ.                       and the bride’s side give each
    </para>
    <para>
      other gifts.
    </para>
    <para>
      ENūfāng means ’’the bride’s side, referring either to ’’the bride”
      herself, or to ’the bride’s family, relatives, and friends
      collectively’.]
    </para>
    <para>
      shou: ’to be familiar with ...’ Also pronounced shú. Shou is used
      with hé for people and with duì for places.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hé tā hen shou.                  I know him very well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā duì Tǎiběi hěn shóu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She knows Taipei very well.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shóu also means ’to be cooked sufficiently’ and ’to be ripe’.
    </para>
    <para>
      zǎo: You've learned this as the verb 'to be early' , now you see
      it used to mean 'long ago'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎo zhǐdào nǐ bù huílai.        I knew long ago that you
      wouldn't
    </para>
    <para>
      come back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎo tīngshuō le.                 I heard about it long ago.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zǎo is usually followed by jiù to stress the idea of 'as early as
      that’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎo jiu gaosu tǎ neijian        I told him that long ago. (Said
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      shi le.                             correct an impression that he
    </para>
    <para>
      didn't actually know it so early. )
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zǎo jiù xiǎng lai kàn ni,       I've been meaning to come see
      you
    </para>
    <para>
      yìzhí méi shíjiǎn.                  for a long time, but I never
      had
    </para>
    <para>
      the time.
    </para>
    <para>
      tíqǐn: 'to bring up a proposal of marriage' Traditionally, the
      man's parents would visit the parents of the woman they wished
      their son to marry in order to bring up the subject of marriage.
      The situation in Taiwan is changing rapidly today, but some
      marriages are still proposed in this way. More frequently,
      however, the children simply inform their parents of their own
      arrangement.
    </para>
    <para>
      daying: 'to agree (to something),
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ dǎying gěi wo nèijiàn dōngxi, zěnme tǎ xiànzài you bù gěi le?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ dǎying ta le, dāngrǎn yīnggāi péi ta qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ dǎying zuòde shi, yídìng yào zuòdào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ dāyinglede shi, wèishénme bú zuò?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ dāyingguode shi, jiù yǐnggǎi zuòdào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ méi dǎying gěi ni yíge hùzhào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dǎyjng can also mean 'to answer'.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to consent, to promise'
    </para>
    <para>
      He agreed to give me that thing. How is that now he won't give it
      to me?
    </para>
    <para>
      You promised him, of course you should go with him.
    </para>
    <para>
      You must do what you promise to do.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why don't you do this thing that you have promised?
    </para>
    <para>
      You ought to do things that you promise•
    </para>
    <para>
      I didn't promise to give you a passport.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā jiao ni, nǐ zěnme méi dāying?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He called you, how come you didn’t answer?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. $
    </para>
    <para>
      tánlai tánqù: ’to talk over’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tánlai tánqù, yě bù néng jiějué We discussed it for a long time,
      but
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhèige wèntí.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      still couldn’t solve the problem.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tánlai tánqù, tánde hen you yìsi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It got very interesting, conversing back and forth.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      juédìng: ’to decide’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ juedìng yào qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve decided that I’m going.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yǐjīng juedìng jiù zhènme ban.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve already decided that it’ll be this way.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ hái méi juedìng gāi zěnme ban.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I haven’t yet decided what should be done.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notice that when you want to say ’I can’t decide whether (to do
      something)’ or ’I haven’t decided whether (to do something)’, the
      object of juedìng is a choice-type question.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hái méi juédìng qù bu qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I haven’t yet decided whether to go or not.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù néng juédìng wǒ qù bu qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I can’t decide whether to go or not.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ hěn nán juédìng rang bu rang ta qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ shi bu shi gāi huíqu hěn nán juédìng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m having a hard time deciding whether to let him to or not.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s hard to decide whether or not I should go back.
    </para>
    <para>
      hòulái: ’afterwards, later’. You have already learned another word
      which can be translated as ’’afterwards” or ’’later”: yǐhòu. Yǐhòu
      and hòulái are both nouns which express time. Here is a brief
      comparison of them.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) Yǐhòu can either follow another element ’in which case it
          is translated as ’’after ...”) or it can be used by itself.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tā láile yǐhòu, women jiù zǒu After he came, we left.
    </para>
    <para>
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài láiguo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Afterwards, he never came back again.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hòulái can only be used by itself.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hòulái, tā shuì jiao le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Afterwards, he went to sleep.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) Both yǐhòu and hòulái may be used to refer to the past.
          (For example, in the reference list sentence, yǐhòu may be
          substituted for hòulái. But if you want to say
          &quot;afterwards&quot; or &quot;later&quot; referring to the
          future, you can only use yǐhòu. When it refers to the future
          time, yǐhòu can be translated in various ways, depending on
          the context:
        </para>
        <para>
          Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài shuō.
        </para>
        <para>
          Yǐhòu nǐ you kòng, qǐng cháng lái wán.
        </para>
        <para>
          Wo yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.
        </para>
        <para>
          Tāde háizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn ren Jiéhūn.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
        <para>
          Let’s wait until the future to see about future matters.
        </para>
        <para>
          In the future when you have the time, please come over more
          often.
        </para>
        <para>
          I’ll tell you later on.
        </para>
        <para>
          His child said that someday, he wants to marry a Japanese.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Usage Note: Yǐhòu has the meaning of &quot;after that&quot;. It
      can imply that some past event functions as a dividing point in
      time, as a sort of time boundary, and yǐhòu refers to the period
      from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
      reference (usually the time of speaking). In this usage it is
      often translated as &quot;since&quot;.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhǐ xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ránhòu stresses the succession of one event.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo shàngwū zhǐ you liǎngjié kè, ránhòu jiù méi shi le, women kéyi
      chuqū wánr.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He only wrote one book, and hasn't written any since.
    </para>
    <para>
      event upon the completion of a prior
    </para>
    <para>
      I have only two classes in the morning, and after that I don't
      have anything else to do, so we
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      háishi: 'in the end, after all' You have seen háishi meaning
      'still' that is, that something remains the same way as it was.
      Here háishi is used to mean that the speaker feels that, all
      things considered, something is the case after all.
    </para>
    <para>
      Háishi tā duì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He is right, after all.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      jūxíng: 'to hold (a meeting, banquet, celebration, ceremony,
      etc.)' For this example you need to know that diānlǐ means
      'ceremony'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān jǔxíng bìyè dianlǐ.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tomorrow the graduation ceremony will be held.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No, 8
    </para>
    <para>
      hái: ’even, (to go) so far as to’ You have seen hái meaning
      ’still’*as in Nǐ hái zài zhèr!, ’You’re still here!’. You’ve also
      seen hái meaning ’also, additionally’, as in Wo hái yào mǎi yìpǐng
      qìshuǐ., ’I also want to buy a bottle of soda.’ Here you see hái
      meaning additionally in the sense of additional effort. The
      sentence Nǐmen hái song huār lai, hái expresses the speaker’s
      feeling that sending flowers went beyond what was expected or
      necessary.
    </para>
    <para>
      zhēn shi tài xièxie le: ’I really thank you so much.’’ You have
      seen tài used to mean ’very, extremely’, as in Tài hǎo le!,
      ’Wonderful!’. Notice that here it is used with xièxie.
    </para>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      A woman goes to visit her old friend her daughter and future
      son-in-law.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhège Xīng-
    </para>
    <para>
      qītiān jiù shi nǐmen èr xiáo-jiede dàxǐde rìzi! Zhèli shi sònggei
      xīnláng xinniángde lǐwù.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Xièxie*. Xièxie’. Nǐ tai
    </para>
    <para>
      kèqi le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yìdiǎn xiǎo yìsi. Nǐ yídìng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn mǎng ba’. Hūnlǐ dōu zhǔnbèi-hǎo le meiyou?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zuì mángde shíhou yǐjīng guò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      le, xiànzài chàbuduō dōu zhǔn-bèihǎo le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xīnláng shi náli ren a? Zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      náli gōngzuò?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xīnláng shi Héběi rén, zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā rén hěn laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiùyún gēn tā shi biéren
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jièshào rènshide háishi zìjǐ rènshide?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi Xiùyúnde lǎoshī jiěshàode.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Xiùyún gēn tā jiāowǎng dào xiànzài yǐjīng liǎngnián le, duì ta hěn
      mǎnyì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐmen gēn nánfāngde fùmǔ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yǐqián shou bu shōu?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù shóu, kěshi women zǎo jiù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tīngshuōguo tamen le. Tāmen liǎngwèi dōu zài TáiDà jiāo shū. Tāmen
      yì lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Wǒ kànjian qǐngtiēshang xiězhe
    </para>
    <para>
      hūnlǐ zài Guǒbīn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng. Nali dìfang you dà you
      piàoliang. Zhen hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      and to present her with a gift for
    </para>
    <para>
      Congratulations! This Sunday is your second daughter’s big day!
    </para>
    <para>
      Here’s a present for the bride and groom.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you! That’s so nice of you.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s just a little something. You must be busy! Is everything all
      ready for the wedding?
    </para>
    <para>
      The busiest time has already passed; almost everything is ready
      now.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where is the groom’s family from? Where does he work?
    </para>
    <para>
      The groom’s family is from Hopei. He works at the Bank of Taiwan.
      He’s very honest and ambitious.
    </para>
    <para>
      Were Xiuyun and he introduced by someone else or did they meet by
      themselves?
    </para>
    <para>
      They were introduced by Xiuyun’s teacher. Xiuyun and he have been
      seeing each other for two years now, and she’s very pleased with
      him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you know the groom’s parents well before?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, but we had heard of them long before. They both teach at
      Taiwan University. As soon as they came to propose the marriage,
      we agreed to it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I saw on the invitation that the wedding is being held at the
      Ambassador Hotel. It’s very spacious and beautiful there. That’s
      great.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      B: Shi a! Women gēn nǎnfāngde fùmú tǎnlǎi tǎnqù tǎnle hǎo Jiu, bù
      zhīdào zài nǎli Jǔxíng hūnlǐ zuì hǎo. Hòulǎi haishi wǒ Juédìng zài
      Guóbǐn Dàfàndiàn jǔxíng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ng! Guobǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě hǎo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Duì le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xīnniǎngde Jiēhūn lǐfū zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǎli mǎide?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún zìjǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuòde.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐmen èr xiǎojie zhēn nénggàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Tiān bù zǎo le, wǒ gāi zou le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ hai zìjǐ song lǐwù lai, zhēn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shi xièxie! Xīngqǐtiān yídìng lǎi, ǎ!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yes. We discussed it back and forth for a long time with his
      parents. We didn’t know where it would be best to hold the
      wedding. Afterwards I was the one who decided that we would have
      it at the Ambassador Hotel.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! Not only is the Ambassador Hotel a beautiful place, but the
      food there is especially good too.
    </para>
    <para>
      That’s right.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where did you buy the bride’s wedding gown?
    </para>
    <para>
      It isn't bought. Xiuyun made it herself.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Your second daughter sure is capable.
    </para>
    <para>
      It's getting late, I ought to be going.
    </para>
    <para>
      You even brought the gifts yourself. Thank you so much. Be sure to
      come on Sunday!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      Guǒbǐn Dàfàndiàn bù zhǐ shi dìfang piàoliang, nàlide cài yě tèbiě
      hǎo. Traditional wedding foods included huāshēng, peanuts; liǎnzǐ,
      lotus seeds; and zǎozi, dates, all of which symbolize fertility in
      that shēng(zǐ) means &quot;give birth to&quot; (a son); liǎnzǐ
      sounds like part of the phrase liǎnshēng guìzǐ, &quot;have sons
      consecutively&quot;; and zǎozi sounds like part of zǎoshēng
      guì-zǐ, &quot;have an early son.&quot; The wedding marked the
      beginning of that generation's carrying on of the family line.
      Today few adhere to these symbols and food is served according to
      family preference.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú shi mǎide, shi Xiùyún- zìjǐ zuòde: Wedding gowns in Taiwan
      these days are frequently hand-made or tailor-made, as tailoring
      is affordable and the quality of work surpasses that of ready-made
      items. Brides may wear two gowns: a white one for the ceremony
      (which may be in a church nowadays) and a traditional Chinese red
      one at the celebration.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Xīnláng Jiā xìn Jǐdūjiào, fùmǔ xīwàng tāmen zài Jiàotáng
          Jiéhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Xīnniáng jiā xìn Fo, fùmǔ bú rang tamen zài Jiàotáng
          Jiéhūn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Tāmen yào zài fǎyuàn gōngzhèng j iēhūn ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Hūnlǐ yǐhòu bādiān zhōng rù xí.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Zhège wèntí hen fùzá.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lk. Wǒde yìjian shi děng liāngge xīngqī women zài tantan.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Tāmen qǐng shéi zhènghūn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. A: Hūnlǐ yǐhòu tāmen māshàng Jiù qù dù mìyuè ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Bù, yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. Hòutiān yídìng lai chī xǐjiǔ!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. A: Nǐmen xiáojie hūnlǐshàng jièshaorén shi nāliāngwèi a?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      B: Yíwèi shi lai zuò méide Lǐ Jiàoshòu.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          19. Nàwěi youzhèngjú Juzhāng shi women Jiā duōniánde lāo
          péngyou.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          20. Tāndao jiehūn, nǐ yě yīnggāi kuài diān qù zū Jiàn Jiéhūn
          lǐfú.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      The family of the bridegroom are Christians and the parents hope
      they will be married in church.
    </para>
    <para>
      The family of the bride are Buddhists and -her parents won’t let
      them be married in church.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are they going to have a civil marriage in court?
    </para>
    <para>
      After the wedding ceremony the banquet will start at eight.
    </para>
    <para>
      This question is very complicated.
    </para>
    <para>
      My opinion is that we should wait two weeks and talk about it
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whom did they ask to witness the marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      After the wedding are they going to leave right away to go on
      their honeymoon?
    </para>
    <para>
      No, they’re going to wait until after the bride’s first visit to
      her family before they go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Be sure to come to the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Who are the two people who are going to be the introducers at your
      daughter’s wedding?
    </para>
    <para>
      One is Professor Li who was the go-between.
    </para>
    <para>
      That postmaster is a friend of our family from many years back.
    </para>
    <para>
      Speaking of the wedding, you really ought to hurry up and go rent
      a wedding gown.
    </para>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART IT
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      xìn Jǐdūjiào: ’to believe in (Protestant) Christianity' This is
      one way of saying 'to be a (Protestant) Christian'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      xìn Fo: 'to believe in Buddha' This is one way of saying 'to be a
      Buddhist'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      zài fǎyuàn: 'in court' Zài is the verb 'to be in, at, or on', in
      other words 'to be located (someplace). Zài must be followed by a
      place word or a place phrase. Just what is considered to be a
      place word or phrase may be difficult for the non-native speaker
      to figure out. Words which are not considered to be place words or
      phases must have a locational ending such as -li or -shang added
      to them. (Nǐ zài chēshang mǎi piào., 'You buy the ticket on the
      bus.')
    </para>
    <para>
      The names of institutions in Chinese are considered to be place
      words. The phrase 'in court' does not need a locational ending,
      zài fǎyuàn. Here are some other words which can function as place
      words by themselves. Many of these end with syllables such as -shi
      (shǐ) 'house, apartment', -jú 'office, shop', -dian 'inn, shop',
      -chǎng 'field, open ground', -ting 'hall, room', -suǒ 'place,
      room', -jiān 'house, rooms', guǎn 'public office, hall'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān xiàwu zài bàngōngshì Jiàn!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      See you at the office this afternoon!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zài běnshì you wǔge yóuzhèng- There are five post offices in this
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="5">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jú!.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                city.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ zài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cáiféngdiàn zuòde
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ba?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                You must have had that tailor's.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                made at a
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Nǐ zài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                canting kàndao ta
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                le ma?
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Did you see him in the
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dining room?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Other words
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                which behave in a
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                similar
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                way are:
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                càishichǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                market
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fùjìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                area
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cèsuǒ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                toilet
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúwùtái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                service desk
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàfàndiàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hotel
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Gōngānjú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Bureau of Public Security
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shāngdiàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                store
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gongsī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                company
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàlou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                building
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngyù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                apartment
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      dashiguan dìqū fàndiàn fǎngjiǎn fànguǎnzi feinting fēijichǎng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      embassy region restaurant
    </para>
    <para>
      room restaurant dining room airport
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngyuǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                park
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huìkèshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                reception room
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huǒchēzhàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                railroad station
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jǐngchǎjú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                police station
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎfēitīng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                coffeehouse
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoj iǎ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hometown
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      and many more...including proper names of Restaurants, buildings,
      associations, organizations, etc.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gōngzhèng: ’notarization, government witness’. A gōngzhèng rén is
      a notary public.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      rù xí: ’to take one’s seat at a banquet’, literally ’to enter the
      mat(ted area)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women kuài diānr zhùnbèi,          Let’s get ready a little
      faster,
    </para>
    <para>
      tǎmen liùdiǎn zhōng jiù            the banquet starts at b:00.
    </para>
    <para>
      yào rù xí le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 13
    </para>
    <para>
      fùzǎ: ’to be complicated, to be complex’. Questions, problems, or
      situations can be fùzǎ if there are many pieces or factors
      figuring into the problem. It is also possible to use fùzǎ to
      imply that the situation is messy, problem-ridden.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎmen jiǎde qíngkuàng tài fùzǎ, wǒ gǎobuqīngchu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige wèntí tài fùzǎ, hěn nǎn shuōqīngchu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige jùzi tài fùzǎ, zuì hǎo bú zhèiyangr xiě.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Their family situation is too complicated, I can’t make heads or
      tails of it. (This sentence has an ambiguity in both languages.)
    </para>
    <para>
      This question is so complicated, it’s very hard to explain it
      clearly.
    </para>
    <para>
      This sentence is too complicated, it would be best not to write it
      this way.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Fùzǎ can also be used in a complimentary way. (For this example
      you need to know that sìxiǎng means ’thinking, thought’.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎde sìxiǎng hěn fùzǎ.             His thinking is very complex.
    </para>
    <para>
      This sentence might be said of an Einstein. The opposite of fùzǎ
      in this case would, be jiāndān ’to be simple’, as in
      ’simple-minded’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fùzá is also pronounced fǔzā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 14
    </para>
    <para>
      yìj iàn: ’idea, view, opinion, suggestion’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcái tā tánle duì zhèiběn shūde yìjian, wo Juéde duì women hen
      you bāngzhu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ hen xiāng zhīdào, zài zhèige wèntíshang, Zhōngguo zhèng-fǔde
      yìjian shi shénme?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiāng xiān qù Shanghai, zài dào Wǔhàn, nǐde yìjian zěnmeyang?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒde yìjian shi xiān qù Wǔhàn, zài dào Shànghāi qu. Yīnwei zài guò
      yíge yuè, Wǔhàn fēi-cháng rèle.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He just told us his opinions on this book, and I feel that they’re
      really helpful to us.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d very much like to know what the Chinese government’s view is
      on this question.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d like to go to Shanghai first and then to Wuhan, what’s your
      opinion?
    </para>
    <para>
      My opinion is to first go to Wuhan, then to Shanghai, because
      after a month, Wuhan will be extremely hot.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 1J?
    </para>
    <para>
      zhènghǔn: ’to witness a marriage’. Witnesses formerly were persons
      of good reputation and venerable old age. Today, familiarity is
      most important. The witness makes a brief speech during the
      ceremony and stamps the marriage certificate with his name seal.
      He receives no remuneration for this service, but is honored to
      have been asked.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      dù mìyuè: ’to spend one’s honeymoon’. Dù is the verb ’to spend, to
      pass (something which is an amount of time, like a holiday). Mìyuè
      is literally 'honey-moon'.
    </para>
    <para>
      huímén: 'the bride's first visit to her own family on the third
      day after the wedding', literally 'return to the door'. When the
      newlyweds return home for this first visit, the family of the
      bride is given a chance to entertain the couple. More friends and
      relatives are invited and introduced to them. (It is the groom's
      family which arranges the marriage ceremony.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 17
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐjiǔ: ’wedding banquet’ . Notice that in the Reference List
      sentence the phrase lai chǐ xǐjiǔ is translated as ’to come to the
      wedding banquet’. A more literal translation might be ’come to eat
      a wedding feast!. The verb chi could also be rendered into English
      by ’attend’ or ’take part’, as in ’Be sure to come take part in
      the wedding banquet the day after tomorrow’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 18
    </para>
    <para>
      hūnlǐshàng: ’at the wedding’. Notice that in English you say ’at
      the wedding’ while in Chinese you say hūnlǐshàng, literally ’on
      the wedding'. -Shang would also be the locative ending to use for
      ’at the meeting (huìshang).
    </para>
    <para>
      jièshaorén: ’introducer’. This is one person in the cast of people
      who play a part in getting two people together in marriage.
      Originally, the ’’introducer&quot; functioned in much the same way
      as match-makers - finding a good mate for a friend or relative.
      Today, most young people find their own mates. The
      &quot;introducers&quot;, however, still have a ceremonial
      function. They accompany the bride and groom during the ceremony
      (one for the bride and one for the groom).
    </para>
    <para>
      zuò méi: ’to act as the go-between for two families whose children
      are to be married’. This person arranged the details of the match.
      He acted as a go-between for the families of the bride and groom,
      settling points which were usually of a financial nature. Often
      the zuò meide was also the jièshaorén. Traditionally, the
      go-between was an older woman who made a profession of it. She was
      paid for her services in money if the family was wealthy or in the
      best pork legs if they were poor. Today any adult can act as the
      go-between, although the practice is becoming less and less
      common. During the wedding ceremony, the go-between places his
      stamp on the wedding certificate.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo gěi ni zuò méi, hǎo bu hǎo? I’ll act as go-between for you, all
      right?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhang Tàitai qǐng wo tī tāde       Mrs. Chang asked me to act as
      go-
    </para>
    <para>
      nùér zuò méi.                       between for her daughter.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 19
    </para>
    <para>
      júzhǎng: ’head of an office or bureau’. Júzhǎng is only used when
      the Chinese name of the office or bureau ends with the syllable
      -jú, as in youzhèngjú, ’post office’. You’ve also seen bùzhǎng,
      ’minister of a bureau’ and kēzhang, ’section chief’.
    </para>
    <para>
      duōnián: ’many years’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Here are some examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women duōnián bú jiàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We haven’t seen each other for many years.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women zài yìqǐ gōngzuòle duōnián le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo zhù zài zhèr duōnián le, kěshi méi tīngshuōguo zhèige rén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We’ve been working together for many years.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve been living here for many years, but I’ve never heard of this
      person.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 20
    </para>
    <para>
      tándao: ’to talk about, to speak of’. This is used to refer to
      something that was Just brought up in conversation. You have seen
      dào used as a main verb meaning ’to go to, to arrive at’, and as a
      prepositional verb meaning ’to towards’. Now you see that dào is
      also used as a verb ending. Literally, it means ’to, up to’, but
      its translation into English sometimes changes, depending on the
      meaning of the verb it is used with. When used with tan, ’to talk,
      to chat’, -dào can be translated as ’about’ or ’of’. Here are some
      other examples of -dào used with verbs you’ve already studied:
    </para>
    <para>
      Women gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ Jiù lái le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jintiān nǐ gēn ta Jiǎngdao wo méiyou?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ chángchang xiǎngdao wǒde háizi•
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We were even talking of you Just now, and here you are!
    </para>
    <para>
      Did you talk about me with him today?
    </para>
    <para>
      I often think of my child.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notice that in the Reference List sentence, tándao is used at the
      beginning of the sentence to introduce a topic, like we use
      ’speaking of ...’ in English. Here are some other examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tándao Jiéhūnde shi, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiang.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tándao zěnme xiě Zhōngguo zì, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When it comes to talking about marriage, I have to think it over.
    </para>
    <para>
      When we talk about writing Chinese characters, he knows a lot more
      than I do.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yě: ’really, after all’. You have seen yě meaning ’too, also’.
      Another common meaning of yě is ’(even though) ... nevertheless,
      still’. For example:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ suīrán shi Zhōngguorén wǒ yě huì shuō yìdiǎn Yǐngwén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Although I am Chinese, I can still speak a little English.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèige diànyǐng zěnmeyàng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bu shi hěn hǎo, dànshi yě hái kéyi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How was the movie?
    </para>
    <para>
      It wasn’t great, but it was pretty good nevertheless.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ suīrān méi dàoguo Tiān An      Although I’ve never been to Tian
      An
    </para>
    <para>
      Men, yě zài diànshìshang           Men, I’ve seen it on
      television,
    </para>
    <para>
      kànj ianguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      In addition, yě often is used to contrast the thought expressed in
      the sentence with another thought. This meaning can be paraphrased
      something like this: &quot;in spite of anything which might be
      believed to the contrary, indeed what I am saying is true.&quot;
      Sometimes, however, yě is used when there is not much to contrast
      it with, and means little more than &quot;we really ought to agree
      that what I am saying is true.&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      There are many different possible ways to translate this yě into
      English. The following examples are meant to show some of its
      range of meaning and some of its possible translations.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài shíyǐdiǎn ban le, wǒ yě yào shàng kè le, wǒmende wèntí
      míngtiān zài tan ba’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfù tíchàng wǎnliàn wǎnhūn yě shi
      yinggāide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāmen wèishénme yào líhūn, wǒ yě bù zhǐdào.
    </para>
    <para>
      A: Nǐ zěnme hǎi méi bǎ zhèxiē yǐfu xǐwān?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Wǒ yě bú shi nǐde yòngren, báitiān wǒ yě shàng bān, wǒ méiyou
      zhènme duō shij iān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ xiànzài yě gāi míngbai le ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Women liāngge rènshi yě you jǐniǎn le, nǐ yǐnggāi liǎojiě wo.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s eleven-thirty. I really have to be going to class. Let’s talk
      about our question tomorrow, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      The population of China is too large, it really is right for the
      government to promote late marriage and late involvement.
    </para>
    <para>
      Why they wanted to get a divorce, I really don’t know.
    </para>
    <para>
      How come you still haven’t finished washing these clothes?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not your servant, after all; I work during the day too, and I
      don’t have all that much time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Now you (really) ought to understand, don’t you?
    </para>
    <para>
      We have known each other for several years, after all; you ought
      to understand me.
    </para>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      The day before a young couple is to the mother of the bride:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Míngtiān shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐmen xiáojie dàxǐde rǐzi! Xīnláng shi shénme rén a? Tāmen shi
      zěnme rènshide?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shi péngyou jièshàode.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nánfāngde fùqin gēn wǒ xiān-sheng zài youzhèngjú shi tongshì,
      búguò yǐqián bú tài shóu. Hòulái lìngwài yíge xǐng Lǐde tongshì
      jiù lái zuò méi, jièshào tamen rènshi. Tāmen jiāowǎng dào xiànzài
      yě yìnián duō le. Nàge nánháizi xiànzài èrshibǎsuì, rén hěn
      laoshi, yě hěn shàngjìn. Xiànzài zài Táiwān Yínháng gōngzuò. Tā
      bàngōngshìlide rén dōu shuō tā nénggàn. Xiùyún duì ta hěn mānyì,
      érqiě Xiùyún yǐjīng èrshisìsuì le, yě dàole gāi jiéhūnde shíhou
      le, suoyi nánfāng yì lái tíqīn women jiù dāying le.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Wǒ kàn qǐngtiēshang shuō
    </para>
    <para>
      wǔdiǎn zhōng zài Guobīn Dà-fàndiàn jǔxíng hūnlǐ, liùdiǎn zhōng rù
      xí. Nà dìfang hěn dà, cài yě hěn hǎo, míngtiān yídìng hěn rènao.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Tándaò jǔxíng hūnlǐ a, yìjian
    </para>
    <para>
      duō le. Zhēn fùzá. Xiān shi liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng
      jiéhūn, kěshi nánfāngde fùmǔ bù dāying. Tāmen xìn Jīdūjiào, yídìng
      yào dào jiàotáng qù. Women jiā xìn Fo, zěnme kéyi rang tamen dào
      jiàotáng qù jǔxíng hūnlǐ ne! Hòulái, liǎngjiā tánlái tánqù, zuìhòu
      cái juédìng háishi zài Guobīn Dàfàndiàn
    </para>
    <para>
      be married, a friend pays a visit to
    </para>
    <para>
      Congratulations! Tomorrow’s your daughter’s big day! Who’s the
      bridegroom? How did they meet?
    </para>
    <para>
      They were introduced by friends.
    </para>
    <para>
      The father of the groom is a colleague of my husband’s at the post
      office, but they didn’t know each very well before. Afterwards,
      another colleague by the name of Li came to act as the go-between
      and introduced them. They have been seeing each other for over a
      year now. The young man is twenty-eight years old now. He’s very
      honest and ambitious. He works at the Bank of Taiwan. The people
      at his office all say he’s very capable. Xiuyun is very pleased
      with him, and besides, she’s twenty-four years old; she has
      reached the time when she should get married. So as soon as his
      family came to propose the marriage, we agreed to it.
    </para>
    <para>
      I see it says on the invitation that the ceremony will be held at
      the Ambassador Hotel at five o’clock, and that the banquet starts
      at six. It’s a very big place, and the food is very good. It
      should be very lively tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      As far as the wedding ceremony is concerned, there were a lot of
      different opinions. It was really complicated. At first the two
      children wanted to go to court and have a civil marriage, but the
      parents of the groom didn’t agree to that. They’re Christians, and
      insisted on going to a church. Our family is Buddhist; how could
      we let them go to a church to hold the wedding! Later, our two
      families discussed it back and
    </para>
    <para>
      jǔxíng hūnlǐ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shi qǐng shénme rén zhènghūn
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      a?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhènghūnrén shi Youzhèngjū
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhang Júzhǎng. Tā gēn nánfāngde fùqin shi duōniánde lǎo péngyou,
      suóyi yì qǐng ta, tā mǎshàng jiu daying le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: You méiyou jièshàorén? Jiè
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shàorén shi shéi ya?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nánfāngde jièshàorén jiù shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      lai zuò méide nàwèi Lī Xiān-sheng. Women zhèbiān jiù qǐngle Zhang
      Zǐmíng Jiàoshòu. Tā shi Xiùyūn niàn dàxué shíhoude lāoshī.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xǐnniángde jiéhūn lǐfú shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zài shénme dìfang zuòde?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bú shi zuòde, shi zūde.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tāmen jiehūn yǐhòu yào dào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      náli qù dù mìyuè?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tāmen jìhua yào dào Alǐ Shān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qù wan yíge xīngqī, būguò tāmen jiéhūn yǐhòu bù néng mǎshàng zǒu,
      yào děng huí mén yǐhòu cái qù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: 0, hǎo hǎo hǎo. Wǒ xiang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      nǐmen yídìng hen máng. Wǒ yīnggāi zǒu le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ nàme kèqi, hái zìjǐ lai
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      song lǐwù lai. Xièxie, xièxie! Míngtiān yídìng lai chī xījiǔ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      forth, and finally we decided it would be best to hold the wedding
      at the Ambassador Hotel.
    </para>
    <para>
      Whom did you ask to witness the marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      The witness is Postmaster Zhang. He’s an old friend of many years
      of the groom’s father, so as soon as we went to ask him, he agreed
      right away.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are there any introducers? Who are they?
    </para>
    <para>
      The introducer for the groom’s side is the Mr. Li who was the
      go-between. For our side we asked Professor Zhang Ziming. He was a
      teacher of Xiuyun’s when she was in college.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where was the bride’s wedding gown made?
    </para>
    <para>
      It wasn’t (specially) made, it’s rented.
    </para>
    <para>
      After they’re married, where are they going to spend their
      honeymoon?
    </para>
    <para>
      They’re planning to go to Mt. Ali for a week, but they can’t leave
      right after the wedding. They have to wait until after the bride’s
      first visit to her new parents’ home before they go.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh, okay. Well, you must be very busy, so I should be leaving now.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re so polite, you even brought presents over in person. Thank
      you! Be sure to come to the banquet tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay, see you tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      NOTES ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      . ..liǎngge háizi yào dào fǎyuàn gōngzhèng .jiehūn: Traditional
      wedding ceremonies were held at home or in ancestral halls (not in
      temples or pagodas). Modern ones are likely to &quot;be held in
      hotels or restaurants, as there is more room and food is then
      easier to prepare.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎmen jìhua yào dào Ālǐ Shan qù: Ālǐ Shān and Rìyuè Tan (Sun-Moon
      Lake) are the two most popular honeymoon spots on Taiwan. An
      average honeymoon stay might last one week.
    </para>
    <para>
      Vocabulary
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (sound of sighing)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dàxǐ
              </para>
              <para>
                dàxǐde rìzi daying
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                great rejoicing
              </para>
              <para>
                wedding day
              </para>
              <para>
                to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dù
              </para>
              <para>
                dù mìyuè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass
              </para>
              <para>
                to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duōnián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                many years
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎyuàn
              </para>
              <para>
                Fo fùzá (fǔzá)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                court of law
              </para>
              <para>
                Buddha
              </para>
              <para>
                to be complicated
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngzhèng jiēhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                civil marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hái háishi hōulái hui men
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                even, (to go) so far as to
              </para>
              <para>
                after all
              </para>
              <para>
                later, afterwards
              </para>
              <para>
                the return of the bride to her parents' home (usually on
                the third day after the wedding)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hūnlǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wedding
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iàotáng jiāowāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                church
              </para>
              <para>
                to associate with, to have dealings with
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jīdūjiào jiēhūn lǐfú j ièshaorén juédìng jǔxíng Juzhǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Christianity wedding gown introducer to decide to hold
                (a meeting, ceremony, etc.) head of an office or bureau
                (of which the last syllable is jú)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ...-lái...-qù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (indicates repeating the action over and over again)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoshi (lǎoshí)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be honest
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rnǎnyì mìyuè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be pleased honeymoon
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánfāng nēnggàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the groom's side, the groom's family to be capable
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ren
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                person, self, body
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rù xí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shàngjìn shou
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be ambitious
              </para>
              <para>
                to be familiar (with), to know well
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tándao
              </para>
              <para>
                tánlai tánqù tíqīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to talk about; speaking of ...
              </para>
              <para>
                to talk back and forth
              </para>
              <para>
                to bring up a proposal of marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiáojiě (xiáojie)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daughter (referring to someone else’s daughter)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xījiù xìn xìn Fo xīnláng xīnniáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wedding banquet; wedding wine to believe (in) to be a
                Buddhist bridegroom bride
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yě yìjian
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                indeed, in fact, admittedly opinion
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                záo zhènghūn zhènghūnrén zū
              </para>
              <para>
                zuò mei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                long ago
              </para>
              <para>
                to witness a marriage
              </para>
              <para>
                chief witness at a wedding ceremony to rent
              </para>
              <para>
                to act as go-between (for the families of a man and
                woman considering marriage)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 3
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Wǒ tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkǒude gōngzuò zuòde hen
          chénggōng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Zài chéngshìli zhùde rén yào you yíge hāizi děi zuòdao sān
          tōngguò.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Sān tōngguòde yìsi yě jiùshi shuō děi you sānge dìfang
          tongyì zhèwèi fùnǔ shēng hāizi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      1+. A: Něi sānge dānwèi ne?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèwei fùnǔde gōngzuò dānwèi, tā zhùde dìfangde jǔmín
          wěiyuānhuì, he pàichūsuǒ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Zhōngguo zhèngfǔ gēnju shénme pīzhǔn fùnùmen shēng
          xiāo-háir?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Gègè chéngshì měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng shùmude
          hāizi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Women shìqū jīnniānde chǔshēng-lù bù gāo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Wǒ zhǐ néng fēnpèigei nǐmen zhèiyìqǔ bābǎige míng* é.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Zhōngguo rénkǒu tài duō, zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shí-xíng
          bìyùn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Wǒ yījīng dédao pīzhǔn, kéyi you yìjiān xìn fāngzi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I hear that population control work has been done very
      successfully in China.
    </para>
    <para>
      People who live in the city, if they want to have a child, must
      have ’the three approvals’.
    </para>
    <para>
      ’The three approvals’ means that a woman must have the consent of
      three places in order to have a child.
    </para>
    <para>
      Which three units?
    </para>
    <para>
      The woman’s work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place she
      lives, and the local police station.
    </para>
    <para>
      On what basis does the Chinese government give official permission
      for women to give birth?
    </para>
    <para>
      The various cities can only increase by a specific number of
      children every year.
    </para>
    <para>
      The birth rate in our municipal area this year isn’t very high.
    </para>
    <para>
      I can only assign a quota of eight hundred to your area.
    </para>
    <para>
      The population of China is too large so the government encourages
      the people to practice birth control.
    </para>
    <para>
      All contraceptive devices are free.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have already received permission to get a new room.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      kòngzhi: ’to control; control’. dominate; to command’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige fǎngjiānde wěndù kòng-zhude hù hǎo, yìhuǐr lěng, yìhuǐr rè.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shíjiān méi hànfa kòngzhi, shéi yě bànbudao.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde hìng yǐjīng kòngzhizhù le, yěxǔ Jǐtiān yǐhòu, tā huì
      hǎoqilai.
    </para>
    <para>
      You yìxiē rén kòngzhile zhèi-jià fēijī, hú rang ta qǐfēi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This can also he translated as ’to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The temperature in this room isn’t well regulated. It’s cold one
      minute and hot the next.
    </para>
    <para>
      There is no way to control time; no one can do it.
    </para>
    <para>
      His illness is under control now; maybe in another few days he
      will start to get better.
    </para>
    <para>
      Some people have taken control of this airplane and won’t let it
      take off.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chénggōng: ’to succeed; to he Zhèihěn shū chénggōng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      successful’.
    </para>
    <para>
      This hook was a success.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèihěn shū xiěde hěn chénggōng.
    </para>
    <para>
      His hook was written very successfully, (i.e., His hook came off
      very well.)
    </para>
    <para>
      This soup is a success, everyone loves it.
    </para>
    <para>
      So long as you work hard at it, your effort is sure to succeed.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige tāng chénggōng le, dàjiā dōu ài chī.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhǐ yào nǐ nǔlì, nǐde shìqing yídìng néng chénggōng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      zuòdào: ’to achieve, to make (a goal)’.. In Unit 2, Part II, you
      saw tandao ’to talk about, to speak of’, with the ending -dào
      meaning literally ’to, up to’. Here you see -dào used as an ending
      after the verb zuò ’to make’. You may think of -dào in zuòdào as
      conveying the meaning of reaching a goal.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiān shi, wǒ yǐjīng zuòdào I have already succeeded in doing
      le.                                   this.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuōguo, zuǒtiān nǐ yào qù, You said that you wanted to go nǐ
      zuòdào le ma?                    yesterday. Did you do so?
    </para>
    <para>
      sān tōngguò: ’the three approvals’. The ’three approvals’ have
      &quot;been in effect since 1973/7^. At that time, the minimum
      marriage age was pushed upward, but most recently it has been
      relaxed to ages twenty-five for males and twenty-three for
      females. Most couples must still wait a number of years before
      they can have a child. The sāntŌngguò guiding for city residents
      effectively means that, without these three approvals for a child,
      a pregnancy must end in abortion or else the child will have to
      live without food rations. (A government slogan is Yíge zuì hǎo,
      liǎngge gòule, &quot;One is best, two is enough.’’) Applications
      to have children are reviewed and permission granted or denied by
      one’s work unit, based on the total allowable city quota. A third
      child is strongly discouraged and life would be very difficult for
      it should it be born. Special gifts, privileges, and awards are
      given to one-child families. In the countryside, one can find four
      to six children in a household, but they of course could not
      easily move to the city.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      yě jiùshi shuō: ’to mean; in other words, that is to say’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jìhuà shēngyù yě jiùshi shuō yào you jìhuade shēng xiǎo-háir.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Planned parenthood means having children in a planned way.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’Hébì’ yě jiùshi shuō ’wèi-shénme xūyào’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù néng zài shēng xiǎoháizi, yě jiùshi shuō women juéde tā
      zhìbuhǎo le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù gěi ni dǎ diànhuà hǎo-xiàng yě jiùshi shuō tā bù xīhuan ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàifu shuō tā bù néng chī ròu, yě jiùshi shuō chi ròu duì tāde
      shēntǐ bù hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      When what follows is a more pointed jiùshi shuō can be used in
      place of
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā bù kéyi shēng háizi, jiùshi shuō tā hái méiyou zuòdao sān
      tōngguò.
    </para>
    <para>
      tongyì: ’consent, agreement; to or thinks)’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’Hébì * means ’why must’.
    </para>
    <para>
      She can’t have children any more; that is to say, we feel that she
      cannot be cured.
    </para>
    <para>
      The fact that he doesn’t telephone you would seem to imply that he
      doesn’t like you.
    </para>
    <para>
      The doctor said that he couldn’t eat meat, in other words, eating
      meat isn’t good for his health.
    </para>
    <para>
      explanation of what has just been said, yě jiùshi shuō, e.g.
    </para>
    <para>
      She cannot have a child; that is to say, she has not yet gotten
      the three approvals.
    </para>
    <para>
      agree, to agree with (what someone says
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A: Tongyì bu tongyì?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Do you agree?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ bù tongyì.
        </para>
        <para>
          I don’t agree.
        </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wǒ bù tongyì nǐde huà.             I don’t agree with what you
      say.
    </para>
    <para>
      Although in English we can say ’I agree with you’, in Chinese it
      is wrong to say either Wǒ gēn nǐ tongyì or Wǒ tǒngyì ni. Tongyì
      can be used in two ways: without an object, or with an object like
      tā shuōde ’what he said’, tāde huà ’what he said’, tāde jìhua ’his
      plan’, tāde yìjian ’his opinion’. If you want to say ’I don’t
      agree with you’, you can say Wǒ bù tongyì, Nǐ shuōde, wǒ bù
      tǒngyì, Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde huà, Wǒ bù tǒngyì nǐde yìjian, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. U
    </para>
    <para>
      dānwèi: ’(work) unit’. This word is used in the PRC as a cover
      term for any organization or department of an organization. It
      may, for instance refer to a factory, a school, a government
      organization, a store, or an army unit.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò? is a common way of asking where
      someone works; compared with Nǐ zài nǎr gōngzuò?, the question Nǐ
      zài něige dānwèi gōngzuò? sounds more official.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women dānwèi you hen duō nù        There are a lot of women
      teachers in
    </para>
    <para>
      lāoshī.                             our unit. (Here, dānwèi refers
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      a school. )
    </para>
    <para>
      To specify that you are talking about a place of work, you can say
      gōngzuò dānwèi, as in the Reference List sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      jūmǐn wěiyuánhuì: ’neighborhood committee’. The official duties of
      a neighborhood committee are diverse, ranging from sanitation
      maintenance to political study. Its actual role and duty remain
      ambiguous, as well as its relationship with the government.
      Although the government pays a committee’s elected delegates,
      there is no official connection between the two. The power of the
      committee in local affairs remains large.
    </para>
    <para>
      pàichūsuǒ: ’local police station’. The local police station is the
      lowest level of the Bureau of Public Security. In addition to
      taking care of matters of a criminal nature, the pàichūsuǒ is
      familiar with the history and political situation of every one of
      its residents. Along with the gōngzuò dānwèi and the jūmǐn
      wěiyuánhuì, it affects the daily life of each citizen.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      gēnju: ’according to, on the basis of; basis’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō zhèige        On what basis do you say this?
    </para>
    <para>
      huà?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shuōde huà you méiyou           Is there a basis for what
      you're
    </para>
    <para>
      gēnju?                              saying?
    </para>
    <para>
      pǐzhǔn: 'to give official permission (to someone to do
      something)'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dānwèi pǐzhǔn ta jiēhūn le.        Her unit gave her permission to
    </para>
    <para>
      marry.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xuéxiào pǐzhǔn ta qù Shanghai His school gave him permission to go
      le.                                    to Shanghai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ mai zhèige diànshì shi dédao I got permission to buy this
      pǐzhǔnde.                           television.
    </para>
    <para>
      fùnǔmen: 'women'. -Men is a plural ending for nouns and pronouns.
      You have seen it in the pronouns women, zánmen, nǐmen, and tǎmen.
      After a noun, however, -men is never obligatory. It is usually
      used with nouns which designate humans (although in literature you
      may sometimes see it used with nouns referring to animals as
      well).
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǔshimen, xiānshengmen.             Ladies and gentlemen.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note that the group referred to by a noun phrase with -men must be
      of unspecified number; it is wrong to say liàngge fùnǔmen or sānge
      jiàoshòumen, etc.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      gègè: 'each and every, all of the various'. The first gè (a
      specifier like zhèi-) literally means 'each...' or 'the various,
      the different...'. The second ge is the counter ge, as in yíge rén
      'one person'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiǔyuèli, gègè xuéxiào dōu         In September all the schools
      open,
    </para>
    <para>
      kāi xué le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguode gègè zhōu dōu you         Each of the American states has
      its
    </para>
    <para>
      zíjǐde zhèngfǔ.                     government.
    </para>
    <para>
      zēngjiā: 'to increase; to increase by (such-and-such an amount)'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīnnián women xuexiàode xue-shēng zēngjiā le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige yīyuànde bìngrén bù néng zài zēngjiā le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijǐtiān nǐ máng bu máng, zài gěi ni zēngjiā yìdiānr gōngzuò,
      hǎo bu hāo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The students in our school increased this year.
    </para>
    <para>
      The patients in this hospital cannot increase any further.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have you been busy the past few days? Would it be okay if I give
      you some more work to do?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women dānwèi you zēngjiāle liǎngge bàngōngshì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      They added two more offices on to our unit.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yídìng: ’specific, certain, definite, set’. In addition to the
      meaning of yídìng which you already know, namely ’certainly,
      surely’, it can also mean ’set (by regulation, decision, or
      convention), fixed, particular,’ as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā ban shìqing you yídìng bànfa. He goes about doing things with a
    </para>
    <para>
      definite method.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Měiniān zài yídìngde rìzi, tā dōu huíqu kàn māma.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Every year he goes back to see his mother on a set date.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      shìqū: ’city proper, municipal area’, the area within a chěngshì
      where population and buildings are relatively concentrated. Shìqu
      is used when you are emphasizing the city proper or contrasting it
      to the suburbs Ejiāoqūl. It is an administratively more exact term
      than chěngshì. CThe Peking municipal area, Beijing shìqū, is made
      up of eight urban districts, chěngqū.I
    </para>
    <para>
      chūshēnglū: ’birth rate’. Chūshēng means ’to be born’. The
      chūshēnglū is usually considered to be the number of births per
      one thousand population in one year.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      fēnpèi: ’distribute; allot; assign; distribution’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ tīngshuō xiàge yuè jiù kéyi I’ve heard that you’ll be assigned
    </para>
    <para>
      gěi ni fēnpei gōngzuò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      work next month.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ xīwang néng zǎo yìdiān fēnpèidào fángzi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I hope that housing can be assigned soon.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tīngshuō tā fēnpèi dào Dōngběi qù gōngzuò le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I've heard that he has been assigned to go work in Manchuria.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      míng*é: ’the number of people assigned or allowed; quota of
      people’. Míng’é does not exactly correspond to ’quota’. ’Quota’ is
      a fixed number of places which must be filled. Míng’é is (1) a
      fixed number of places which must not be exceeded, or (2) one such
      place. Bābǎige míng’é is literally ’800 name given-numbers’, i.e.
      ’a quota of 800 names.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      bìyùn: Literally, ’avoid-pregnancy’, i.e. ’contraception’. Shíxíng
      bìyùn ’to carry out (the government policy of encouraging)
      contraception, to practice birth control’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      miǎnfèide: Literally ’exempt from charge’, i.e. ’free (of charge)’
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige zhǎnlǎn kéyi miǎnfèi cānguān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sānyuè Báhao, funù he haizi dào gōngyuán qù dōu shi miǎnfēide.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǔxíng bù piányi a! Fēijīpiào kě bú shi miǎnfèide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You can visit this exhibit for free.
    </para>
    <para>
      On March 8th, women and children can go to parks free of charge.
    </para>
    <para>
      Travelling is not cheap. Plane tickets are certainly not free!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      dedao:  ’to receive, to get’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dédao hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zōu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He left immediately after getting his passport.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā dédao pīzhǔn kéyi liúzai        He has gotten permission to
      stay in
    </para>
    <para>
      Beijing gōngzuò.                    Peking to work.
    </para>
    <para>
      yìjiān xīn fángzi: ’a new room’. Notice that although you have
      seen fāngzi meaning ’house’, it is being used here in the wider
      sense of ’a place to live’. In this phrase it is preceded by the
      counter for rooms of a house, jiān. Thus the whole phrase means ’a
      new room’, not ’a new house’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Living quarters in Peking and many other Chinese cities are very
      scarce. (Housing in Shanghai is more critical than Peking.) When a
      newly married couple applies for housing, they will be assigned a
      room that does not exceed 8-10 square meters. Rarely do living
      quarters have private baths, toilets, or kitchens. Later, when
      children come along, they will continue to live in the same size
      room.
    </para>
    <para>
      Peking:
    </para>
    <para>
      A Canadian tourist talks with her guide:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tīngshuō Zhōngguo kòngzhi rénkoude gōngzuò zuòde hěn chénggōng. Nǐ
      kéyi bu kéyi gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Hǎo. Wǒ xiān shuōshuo zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      chéngshìli shi zěnme zuòde. Zài chéngshìli rúguo you rén yào you
      yíge haizi, děi zuòdào sān tōngguò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Shénme shi sān tōngguò?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Jiùshi děi you nǐ gōngzuò
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dānwèi, nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín wěiyuānhuì, hé pàichūsuǒde tōngyì.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zhèi sānge dānwèi gēnju
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shénme pǐzhǔn fùnǔmen shēng xiǎoháir?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Gègè chéngshì měinián you
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yídìngde chūshēnglǔ, yě jiùshi shuō měinián zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā
      yídìng shùmude haizi. Zhèixiē míng’é jiù an rénkou fēnpèigei gègè
      shìqū. Gègè shìqū zài <subscript>w</subscript> fēnpèigei yào shēng
      háizide nǔ-tongzhì, suoyi fùnu dōu shi dédao pǐzhǔn yǐhòu cai
      huáiyùnde.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zài nongcūn, rénmen yě
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíxíng bìyùn ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yě shíxíng bìyùn, kěshi bú
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiàng chéngshìli zuòde nàme chénggōng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Bìyùn gōngjù guì bu gui?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhèngfǔ tíchàng rénmín shíxíng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bìyùn, suoyi bìyùn yào hé bìyùn gōngjù dōu shi miǎnfèide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being
      done very successfully in China. Could you tell me about it?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay. First I’ll talk about how it’s being done in the cities. In
      the city if there’s someone who wants to have a child, they have
      to get the ’three approvals’.
    </para>
    <para>
      What are the ’three approvals’?
    </para>
    <para>
      It means that you must have the consent of your work unit, the
      neighborhood committee of the place you live, and the local police
      station.
    </para>
    <para>
      On what basis do these three units give official permission to
      women to have children?
    </para>
    <para>
      Each year the various cities have specific birth rates; that is to
      say, each year they can only increase by a specific number of
      children. These quotas are distributed among the various cities
      according to population. The various cities then distribute them
      to women comrades who want to have children. So women don't get
      pregnant until they receive official permission.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do the people in the country also practice birth control?
    </para>
    <para>
      They practice birth control too, but it isn't as successful as in
      the city.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are contraceptive devices expensive?
    </para>
    <para>
      The government encourages people to practice birth control, so all
      contraceptive medicines and devices are free.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      12. Zài Zhōngguo, you gōngzuòde fùnu shēng háizi you chǎnjià, hái
      you gōngzì■
    </para>
    <para>
      13. Hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnū yòng gèzhōng hìyùn gōngjù shíxíng jìhuà
      shēngyù.
    </para>
    <para>
      1U. Zhōngguo ren zuò juéyù shōushù-de duō hu duō?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Bìyùn shīhàide rén kéyi dào yíyuàn qu zuò réngōng
          liú-chǎn, hái kéyi you liǎngge xíngqíde Jia.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. Zài shǎoshù mínzū dìqū rénkǒu bǐjiǎo shǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù shi yìzhōng hěn
          hǎode yíngyǎngpǐn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. Tǎ hé hiérén hù tong, tā shi wō zuì qìnjìnde péngyou.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          19. Shǒuxiān yào qù gěi Mama mǎi xiānhuā, ránhòu hái yào gěi
          ni hǎ wánjù xiūlihǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          20. Tándao Zhōngguode nongcūn, gèdìde qíngkuàng dōu hù tong.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In China working women get maternity leave when they have a child
      and they still receive their pay.
    </para>
    <para>
      Many Chinese women use various kinds of contraceptive devices to
      carry out family planning.
    </para>
    <para>
      Are there many Chinese people who have contraceptive surgery
      performed on them?
    </para>
    <para>
      A person who fails at hirth control can go to the hospital to have
      an abortion performed, and they can also have two weeks of leave.
    </para>
    <para>
      The population is relatively small in the national minority areas.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese believe that brown sugar is a very nutritional food for
      women who have given birth within the last month.
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s different from other people, she’s my closest friend.
    </para>
    <para>
      First I have to go buy fresh flowers for your mother, and then I
      have to fix your toy for you too.
    </para>
    <para>
      As for the rural areas of China, the situation is different in
      various places.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      chǎnjià: ’maternity leave’. The syllable chǎn, literally ’to give
      birth to’ is used in compounds meaning ’maternity, delivery,
      birth’. It can also be used outside the context of human
      reproduction in compounds meaning ’to produce, production’, as in
      chǎnpǐn ’product’.]
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngzī: ’wages, pay’, literally ’labor-capital’.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...you chānjià, hái you gōngzi: For a normal birth, a woman is
      given fifty-six days of paid leave; for a difficult birth, seventy
      days; and for twins, ninety days after the birth. After this
      period, one hour per day is allowed off in order to nurse the
      baby.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 13
    </para>
    <para>
      gèzhōng: ’various kinds, every kind’. Ge ’each’ is a specifier
      like zhèi- ’this’ or nèi- ’that’. As a specifier, it can be
      followed by counters. Here you see ge- used with the counter
      -zhǒng ’types, kinds, sort, species’. Here are some other ways gè-
      is used:
    </para>
    <para>
      u
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā néng dào gèguō qù luxíng        It’s great that he can go to
      all
    </para>
    <para>
      zhēn bú cuò.                        sorts of countries.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xuéshengmen yinggāi you gèrén-de xuéxi jìhua.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiānde diànyǐngr piào gègè dānwèi dōu you.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Students should each have their own plan of study.
    </para>
    <para>
      Each and every unit has movie tickets for tomorrow.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Sometimes ge- is followed directly by the noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān xiàwu gè dānwèi dōu        This afternoon every unit is
      having
    </para>
    <para>
      kāi huì.                            a meeting.
    </para>
    <para>
      bìyùn gōngju: ’contraceptive devices’. This does not refer to
      birth control pills. EBìyùnpǐn ’birth control products’ includes
      both bìyùnyào ’birth control pills’ and bìyùn gōngjù.i
    </para>
    <para>
      jìhuà shēngyù: ’family planning, planned parenthood’. Jìhuà means
    </para>
    <para>
      ’plan; to plan’. Shēngyù literally means ’to give birth to and
      raise’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. lh
    </para>
    <para>
      juéyù: ’sterilization,’ or ’to sterilize, to be sterilized,’
      applies to operations for men and women. Sterilization for women
      is still much more common than for men; and more prevalent in the
      cities than in the countryside.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā juédìng juéyù.                   He has decided on
      sterilization.
    </para>
    <para>
      Juéyù shi jiějué Zhōngguo          Sterilization is one good way
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      rénkōu wèntíde yíge hāo bànfa. solve China’s population problem.
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒushù: ’surgery’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàifu gěi ta zuòde shǒushù hěn chénggōng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The surgery the doctor performed on him was very successful.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1$
    </para>
    <para>
      shībài: ’to fail’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuò mǎimai shībài le.           He failed in business.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ gēnju shénme shuō tā shibài     On what basis do you say that
      he
    </para>
    <para>
      le?                                 failed?
    </para>
    <para>
      réngōng liúchǎn: ’abortion’, more literally, ’artificial
      miscarriage’.
    </para>
    <para>
      dào yīyuàn qu zuò réngōng liúchǎn: ’go to the hospital to have an
      abortion performed’. Zuò réngōng liúchǎn here means ’to have an
      abortion done', not of course ’to do an abortion'. Compare the
      following two sentences:
    </para>
    <para>
      Yīshēng gěi ta zuòle réngōng       The doctor performed an
      abortion on
    </para>
    <para>
      liúchǎn.                            her.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuòle réngōng liúchǎn.          She had an abortion.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the first sentence, the subject of the sentence (yīshēng)
      performed the abortion. In the second sentence, the subject of the
      sentence (tā) had the abortion performed. In some cases, a
      verb-object in Chinese can mean either 'to do something' or 'to
      have something done'. Here are some more examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhènme hǎode yīfu, shéi gěi nǐ Who made such nice clothes for you?
      zuòde?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Měiguo zuò yīfu hěn guì.       It's really expensive to have
      clothes
    </para>
    <para>
      made in America.
    </para>
    <para>
      jià: 'leave, vacation'. You have seen this as part of the word
      chǎnjià ’maternity leave’. Here you see it used by itself.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎoshù mǐnzú: 'minority natiionalities', often translated as
      'national minorities’. Besides the Han people, China has over
      fifty national minorities which are spead out over fifty to sixty
      percent of the land area and make up six percent of the total
      population of the country. The largest minorities are the Mongols
      (mostly in the Nèi Měnggú Zìzhìqū, 'Inner Mongolian Autonomous
      Region'), the Hui (Chinese Muslims), Tibetans, Uighurs (in the
      Xīnjiāng Wéiwú-ěr Zìzhìqū, 'Xinxiang Uighur Autonomous Region'),
      and the Miao (found in several southern provinces).
    </para>
    <para>
      Shǎoshù mínzúde yīfu dōu hěn hǎo kàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo you wǔshijǐge shǎoshù-mínzú.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The clothing of the national minorities is very beautiful.
    </para>
    <para>
      China has fifty-odd minority nationalities.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1?
    </para>
    <para>
      xiāngxìn: ’to believe (that), to trust (someone), to believe in,
      to have faith in’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiāngxìn, women liǎngguǒ        I believe that the friendship
      between
    </para>
    <para>
      rénmínde yǒuyì yídìng huì          the people of our two countries
    </para>
    <para>
      búduàn fāzhǎn.                      will constantly grow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Compare xiāngxìn to the verb xìn, which you learned in the last
      unit. For the second example you need to know you is a verb
      meaning ’it’s up to...’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié xìn tāde huà.                   Don’t believe what he says.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xìn bu xìn you ni.                  Believe it or not, as you
      like.
    </para>
    <para>
      hōngtáng: ’brown sugar’, literally ’red sugar’. The Chinese often
      use brown sugar in cooking and for medicinal purposes. For
      example, a common remedy for colds is a hot drink made by boiling
      ginger root and brown sugar in water CjiāngtāngC, or simply brown
      sugar water Ctángshuǐ3.
    </para>
    <para>
      chǎnfù: ’a woman who has given birth within the last month’.
      [Contrast this word with yùnfù ’a pregnant woman*.3 The birth of a
      child is celebrated on the successful completion of the first
      month of life.
    </para>
    <para>
      yíngyǎngpǐn: ’a nutritional food item’. Yíngyǎng means
      ’nutrition’, for example:
    </para>
    <para>
      Dòujiāng hěn you yíngyǎng.         Soy bean milk is very
      nitritious.
    </para>
    <para>
      -Pin is a syllable used in many words to mean ’item, article,
      product’, [for example jìniànpǐn ’souvenir’, yòngpǐn ’item of
      use’, chǎnpǐn ’produce’, gōngyèpǐn ’industrial product’3.
    </para>
    <para>
      As the Reference List sentence shows, the mother’s health
      continues to be an important consideration even after the child is
      born. Both mother’s and baby’s health are carefully attended to
      after birth, while Western medicine emphasizes the mother’s health
      only as long as she is carrying the child.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 18
    </para>
    <para>
      bù tōng: ’to be not the same, to be different’. This is often used
      in
    </para>
    <para>
      the pattern ...he ... bù tong,
    </para>
    <para>
      is different from ...’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hùzhào he luxíngzhèng wanquan bù tong, nǐ bú yào nòngcuò le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A passport and a travel permit are completely different. Don’t
      mistake them.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige gōngchǎng jīnnián he qùniánde qíngkuàng hěn bù tong.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The situation in the factory this year is very different from last
      year.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Bù tong can also be used as a noun as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde dānwèi he nǐde you hěn        There is a big difference
      between
    </para>
    <para>
      dàde bù tong.                       his work unit and yours.
    </para>
    <para>
      You should be aware that tong ’same’, cannot be used as the main
      verb of a sentence to mean ’to be the same’. To say, ’These two
      things are the same’, you must say Zhèiliǎngge dōngxi shi
      yíyàngde.
    </para>
    <para>
      qǐnjìn: ’to be close (to), to be on intimate terms (with)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiliǎngge rén hěn qǐnjìn.        These two are on intimate
      terms.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàjiā dōu yuànyi qǐnjìn ta.        Everyone wants to be friends
      with him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 19
    </para>
    <para>
      shōuxiān: ’first (of all), in the anyone/anything else’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān dàjiā kāi huì shōuxiān shi yào jiějué women chǎng
      shēngchǎnshàngde wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài fàndiànli shōuxiān yào zhùyi jiějuéhāo kèrenmende chī fàn he
      xiūxi wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuìjìn wàiguo péngyou hěn duō. Women shōuxiān yào jiějué zhùde
      wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiānhuā: ’fresh flowers’, as which the Chinese are also fond of.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      first place, first; first, before
    </para>
    <para>
      The first thing we want to do at today’s meeting is to solve our
      factory’s problems in production.
    </para>
    <para>
      A hotel must first of all pay attention to solving the dining and
      rest problems of the guests.
    </para>
    <para>
      Recently there have been many foreign friends. We must first of
      all solve the lodging problems.
    </para>
    <para>
      ;ed to dried or artificial flowers,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wánjù: ’(children’s) toy’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān érzi guō shēngrì, gěi ta mǎi ge wánjù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tomorrow is let’s buy
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      our boy’s birthday, him a toy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 20
    </para>
    <para>
      Here you see the specifier -gè are some more examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      I’d very much like to go visit lots of places in America. America
      is a great country.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve visited and sightseen lots of places in China for three
      weeks, it’s time to go back home.
    </para>
    <para>
      gèdì: ’each place; various places’ ’each’ used in another
      compound. Here
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hen xiang dào Měiguo gèdì qù kànyikàn, Měiguo shi ge wěidàde
      guójiā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Zhōngguo gèdì cānguān yǒu-lānle sānge xīngqi, wǒ gāi huí guǒ
      le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Peking:
    </para>
    <para>
      A Canadian student in Peking interviews a population control
      worker:
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Wo zài Jiānádàde shihou jiù
    </para>
    <para>
      tīngshuō Zhōngguo kōngzhi rén-koude gōngzuò zuòde hen chéng-gōng.
      Nǐ néng hu néng gěi wo jiǎngyijiǎng nīmen shi zěnme zuòde?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          C: Shōuxiān, zhèngfǔ tíchàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      wǎnhūn. Érqiě, yìhānde shuō, zài chéngli jiéle hūnde rén liǎngnián
      yǐhòu cái yào haizi. Tāmen yào xiǎohair yǐqián yīnggāi zuòdao sān
      tōngguò.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   *Sān tōngguò' shi shénme
    </para>
    <para>
      yìsi ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:    'Sān tōngguò* yě jiùshi shuō
    </para>
    <para>
      yīnggāi dédao nǐ gōngzuò dānwèi , nǐ zhùde dìfangde jūmín
      wěiyuánhuì hé pàichūsuǒ zhèi-sānge dìfangde tongyì.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Gè dānwèi gēn^u shénme biāo-
    </para>
    <para>
      zhūn pīzhǔn fùnūmen shēng xiǎohair ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Gè chéngshì dōu you yídìngde
    </para>
    <para>
      rénkōu chūshēnglū, měinián měige chéngshì zhǐ kéyi zēngjiā yídìng
      shùmude haizi. Zhèixie míng'é Jiù fēnpèigei gègè shìqūde xiāng
      shēng háizide nutóngzhì. Fùnū dōu shi dédao pīzhǔn yǐhòu cái
      huáiyùnde.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù xiāng yào háizide kéyi shíxíng bìyùn; hìyùn gōngjù hé bìyùn yào
      dōu shi miǎnfèide.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Ruguo bìyùn shībàile zěnme
    </para>
    <para>
      bàn?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Kéyi dào yīyuàn zuò réngōng
    </para>
    <para>
      liǔchān, shǒushù bǔbì zìjǐ gěi qián, hái you liāngge xīngqīde
    </para>
    <para>
      When I was in Canada I heard that population control work is being
      done very successfully in China. Could you explain to me what you
      do?
    </para>
    <para>
      First, the government promotes late marriage. Furthermore,
      generally speaking, in the city, married people don’t have
      children until after two years. Before they have a child they
      should have the 'three approvals*.
    </para>
    <para>
      What does the 'three approvals' mean?
    </para>
    <para>
      The 'three approvals* means that you should have the consent of
      your work unit, the neighborhood committee of the place you live,
      and the local police station.
    </para>
    <para>
      According to what criteria do the various units give official
      permission to women to have children?
    </para>
    <para>
      All the various cities have set population birth rates, and each
      year they can only increase by a certain number of children. These
      quotas are apportioned among women comrades in all the various
      cities who want to have children. Women do not become pregnant
      until they receive official permission.
    </para>
    <para>
      Those who do not want to have children can practice birth control;
      all contraceptive medicines and contraceptive devices are free.
    </para>
    <para>
      What is done if birth control fails?
    </para>
    <para>
      One can go to the hospital to have an abortion. A person doesn't
      have to pay for the operation herself, and
    </para>
    <para>
      jià, you you gōngzī.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Wo hǎoxiàng tīngshuō Zhōngguo
    </para>
    <para>
      fùnū shēng háizide shihou you wǔshiliùtiānde chǎnjià, érqiě kéyi
      duō mǎi yìxiē yíngyǎngpǐn, shi hu shi?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Duì le, chǎnjià you gōngzī.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chǎnfù hái kéyi mǎi yìliǎngjīn hongtáng, duō mǎi yìliǎngjīn jīdàn.
      Zhōngguo rén dōu xiāngxìn hōngtáng duì chǎnfù hěn hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou,
    </para>
    <para>
      qīnqi péngyou song hu song lǐwù?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Qīnqi hé qīnjìnde péngyou
    </para>
    <para>
      háishi huì song yìxiē xiǎo lǐwù, xiàng xiǎoháizide yǐfu la, xiǎo
      tǎnzi la, xiǎo màozi la, wánjù shenmede. Yě you rén huì song yìxiē
      shuǐguǒ huōzhǎ xiǎnhuā.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Yíge jiātíng kéyi you jǐge
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎoháir?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Zài chéngshìli niánqīng fūfù
    </para>
    <para>
      zuì duō yào liǎngge háizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:   Nongcūnde qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng?
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Gèdì nongcūnde qíngkuàng hù
    </para>
    <para>
      tong. Rénkǒu duōde dìfang zhèngfǔ tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù.
      Nóngcūnlide rén yě yòng gè-zhǒng hìyùn gōngjù. Bù shǎo rén yōule
      liǎngge háizi yǐhòu jiù zuò juéyù shǒushù, nánde zuò, nude zuò,
      dōu kéyi. Nōngmín juéde zuò Juéyù shǒushù hǐ yòng hìyùn gōngjù
      fānghiànde duō.
    </para>
    <para>
      there is two weeks' leave with pay.
    </para>
    <para>
      It seems to me I've heard that when Chinese women have children
      they get 56 days' maternity leave, and they can also huy extra
      nutritional food items. Is that so?
    </para>
    <para>
      That's right. The maternity leave is paid. In the month after
      delivery, a woman can also huy one or two catties of hrown sugar,
      and one or two extra catties of eggs. Chinese believe that hrown
      sugar is very good for women during the month after delivery.
    </para>
    <para>
      When someone has a hahy, do relatives and friends give presents?
    </para>
    <para>
      Relatives and close friends will still give a few small gifts,
      like clothes for the hahy, little blankets, little hats, toys, and
      so forth. There are also people who will give a little fruit or
      fresh flowers.
    </para>
    <para>
      How many children can one family have?
    </para>
    <para>
      In the city young couples have two children at the most.
    </para>
    <para>
      What's the situation like in the rural areas?
    </para>
    <para>
      The situation in rural areas is different in different places.
      Where there's a large population the government promotes family
      planning. People in the rural areas also use all the various kinds
      of contraceptive devices. Quite a few people undergo contraceptive
      surgery after they've had two children. Either men or women may
      have this done. The peasants feel that having contraceptive
      surgery performed is much more convenient than using contraceptive
      devices.
    </para>
    <para>
      Keshi zài shaoshù mínzú dìqū, yīnwei rénkǒu shǎo, zhèngfǔ hù
      tíchàng jìhuà shēngyù, suoyi yìbānde jiātíng kéyi duō you jǐge
      xiǎoháir.
    </para>
    <para>
      But in the areas populated hy minority nationalities, because the
      population is smaller, the government doesn’t advocate family
      planning, so the average family can have a few more children.
    </para>
    <para>
      NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      Rénmen shēng háizide shíhou, qǐnqi péngyou song bu song lǐwù?: As
      stated in the dailogue, friends and relatives in the PRC give
      useful items for the baby, like clothes, hats, cups, or perhaps a
      chicken for the mother. These are presented casually.
    </para>
    <para>
      Vocabulary
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìyùn bù tong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                contraception to be different
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnfù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a woman who has given birth within the last month
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnjià chénggōng<subscript>s</subscript> chūshēnglù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                maternity leave
              </para>
              <para>
                to succeed, to be successful birth rate
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dānwèi
              </para>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                unit
              </para>
              <para>
                (indicates successful accomplishment of something)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dédao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to receive, to get
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēnpèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to assign, to apportion, to allot
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gèdì gègè gēnjù (gēnju) gèzhǒng gōngzī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the various places, each place various according to,
                based on various kinds, types wages, pay
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hóngtáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                brown sugar
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jià jiātíng jìhua shēngyù juéyù
              </para>
              <para>
                jūmín wěiyuánhuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                vacation, leave
              </para>
              <para>
                family
              </para>
              <para>
                planned parenthood, family planning sterilization
              </para>
              <para>
                neighborhood committee
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kòngzhi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to control
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -men miǎnfèi ming’é
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                plural suffix
              </para>
              <para>
                to be free of charge
              </para>
              <para>
                the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of
                people)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nóngmín nii
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                peasant female
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pàichūsuǒ(r) pīzhǔn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the local police station to give official permission
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngkuàng qīnjìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation
              </para>
              <para>
                to be close (to a person)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                réngōng liúchǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                abortion
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sān tōngguò shǎoshù mínzú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                &quot;the three approvals&quot;
              </para>
              <para>
                minority nationality, national minority
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngyù shībài shìqū shōushù shōuxiān shùmu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to give birth to and raise to fail urban area or
                district operation, surgery first number
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tongguò tóngyì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass, to approve to consent, to agree
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wánjù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                toy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāngxìn xiānhuā xiǎoháir
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to believe fresh flowers child, children
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yě jiù shi shuō yìbān yìbānde shuō yídìng yíngyǎngpǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to mean; in other words ordinary, general, common
                generally speaking to be specific
              </para>
              <para>
                food items of special nutritional value
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zengjiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to increase
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Customs Surroundins Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit U
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Nǐde fúqi zhēn hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Zhang Tàitaide xífu tǒuyìtāí jiù gěi ta shēngle yige dǎ
          sūnzi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Wǒ zhèli you yíge hǒngbāo shi gěi xiǎo bǎohaode.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      b. Bù gǎn dāng!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Nǐ zhēnshi tǎi kèqi le. Hébì pòfei ne?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. A: Nǐde nūér shēngxialaide shíhou you duo zhong?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Qibǎng ban.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. A: Wǒ gang wèile ta bù jiù, tā you kū le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dàgǎi you yào chi nǎi le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. A: Nǐ zhège háizi hěn you fúxiàng, ěrduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tuǒ nínde fú*.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You are really blessed with good fortune.
    </para>
    <para>
      Mrs. Zhang’s daughter-in-law in her first pregnancy presented her
      with a fine grandson.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have a &quot;red envelope&quot; for the baby.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m flattered. You shouldn’t have.’
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re too polite. Why should you spend so much money?
    </para>
    <para>
      How much did your daughter weigh when she was born?
    </para>
    <para>
      Seven and a half pounds.
    </para>
    <para>
      I just fed him not long ago, and now he’s crying again.
    </para>
    <para>
      He probably wants to nurse again.
    </para>
    <para>
      She is very pretty.
    </para>
    <para>
      This child of yours has a lucky physiognomy. His ears are really
      big.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s because of your lucky influence.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      fúqi: ’blessings, good fortune, luck’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo hěn you fúqi, érzi bāng wo I’m very fortunate, my son helps me
      bù shǎo máng.                         a lot.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zhen méi fúqi, gang chū men jiù xià yǔ le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You really have bad luck. You just leave on a trip and then it
      rains.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      xífu: ’daughter-in-law, son’s wife’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xífu hāo piāoliang!             Her daughter-in-law is so
      beautiful!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo xífu gōngzuò mángjíle.          My daughter-in-law is very
      busy.
    </para>
    <para>
      tōu-: ’first’, (literally ’head’) as in tōuyitiān, ’the first
      day’. Tōu- is used much like dì-: before a number and a counter,
      which may or may not be followed by a noun.
    </para>
    <para>
      tōuyicì                             the first time
    </para>
    <para>
      touyige rén                         the first person
    </para>
    <para>
      tóuliāngge rén                      the first two people
    </para>
    <para>
      tousānběn                           the first three volumes
    </para>
    <para>
      In touyige, tou- is stressed and yi is in the neutral tone. Also
      notice that the word for ’two’ is liāng- (not èr as is usually the
      case when a counter follows).
    </para>
    <para>
      Now here is a comparison of tou- and dì-:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (1) Touyige rén and dìyíge rén are both translated as ’the
          first person’ and touyige is for the most part interchangeable
          with dìyíge.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (2) Although the yǐ in touyige is unstressed and written
          without a tone mark over it, the yī in dìyíge is stressed and
          said with a second tone (or sometimes with a first tone).
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          (3) The word for ’two’ is liāng after tou-, but èr after dì-.
          Dìèrge means ’the second one’, while touliāngge means ’the
          first two’.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      (L) Tou- must be used with a counter, but dì- can be used with
      just a number after it. Here are some examples of dì- used with a
      number but no counter after it:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào māi zhège dōngxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dìyī, zuòde hen hāo; dìèr, hen piányi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shi dìyī, wǒ shi dìèr.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m going to buy this. First, it’s very well made; second, it’s
      inexpensive.
    </para>
    <para>
      He is first, I’m second.
    </para>
    <para>
      But touyī-, touliāng-, tóusān- always have a counter word after
      the number.
    </para>
    <para>
      tāi: This is the counter for pregnancies, whether carried to term
      or not. Literally tāi means ’embryo’. The expression touyitāi can
      also be said toutāi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tóusāntāi dōu shi nude, dào dìsìtāi cai shēngle ge érzi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The first three hahies were all girls it wasn’t until the fourth
      that she had a boy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shēng tōutǎide shíhou, shēntǐ bú cud. Shēng dìèr-tāide shíhou
      jiù bù xíng le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      When she had her first baby, she was still in pretty good health.
      But when she had her second, it wasn’t good any more.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shēng; ’to give birth to...’ Notice that the Chinese verb shēng is
      used in an active sense which is not always reflected in the
      English. Compare the various translations of shēng in the
      Reference List, the above examples and the dialogue.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      sūnzi: ’grandson’. This only refers to the son of one’s son. The
      son of one’s daughter and son-in-law is called wàisūnzi. Here is a
      chart showing how these terms relate to each other.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-1.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      spouse
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-2.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-3.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
    <para>
      (grandson) (granddaughter)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nuer
    </para>
    <para>
      (daughter
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nuxu son-in-law)
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-4.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      waisūnzi waisūnnu
    </para>
    <para>
      (grandson) (granddaughter)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      hóngbāo: 'a red envelope with money in it, given as a gift or
      bribe’. These gifts of money may be given to children by people at
      least a generation older. This usually happens at festive
      occasions, like New Years or a birthday. The amount given varies
      greatly but there is one thing to remember: ‘Do not give an amount
      with the number four in it! The number four, si, closely resembles
      the verb &quot;to die,&quot; sǐ, and is therefore considered
      unlucky. Chinese youth were without any real opportunity to make
      money in the past, so this is one way that it is made up for.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎo bǎobao: Literally ■’little treasure’, in other words ’the
      little darling’ or ’the baby’. This word is usually used by women.
      Some people use the word bǎobao (with or without xiǎo) in
      addressing or speaking about babies or children.
    </para>
    <para>
      The second bǎo in bǎobao is neutral tone; even though it was
      originally also third tone, it does not make the first bǎo change
      to a rising tone, as you might expect (e.g. nǎli). The first bǎo
      in bǎobao is pronounced low,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      without any rise in pitch. (Some people also say hǎohǎo and xiao
      bǎobǎo.) IThere are many other words used to refer to babies. Some
      terms used by both men and women include (xiǎo) bēibì, (xiǎo)
      guāiguai, xiǎo jiǎhuo. Some terms used mostly by men include xiǎo
      bēibei and xiǎo budiǎnr.J
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 4
    </para>
    <para>
      bù gǎn dāng: ’I’m flattered'. Literally, this means 'I dare not
      assume (the honor you pay me)'. This is a polite response to a
      compliment (such as 'You speak Chinese very well'), to a
      respectful gesture (such as helping someone put on their coat), or
      to a respectful phrase (like 'Qǐngjiǎo').
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      pòfei: 'spend money (on someone)', also sometimes translated as
      'to spend recklessly'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Rang nín pòfei. or Jiao nín pòfei•
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā shi wǒ sūnzi, wèi ta pòfei liǎngge qiǎn shi yīnggāide.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have caused you to spend a lor, of money. (i.e., 'you shouldn't
      have spent all that money on me')
    </para>
    <para>
      He’s my grandson, it’s only right that I should spend a little
      money on him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā shēngrìde shíhou, Wang Xiānsheng pòfeide zhēn bù shǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      For his birthday, Mr. Wang really
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      spent quite a bit of money on him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      you duo zhòng: 'how heavy?' Zhòng is the adjectival verb 'to be
      heavy’. Notice the similarity between asking age, weight and
      height. In each the pattern is literally 'have how much (of some
      quality)'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ you duo dǎ?                      How old are you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèizhāng zhuōzi you duo zhòng? How heavy is that table?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you duo gāo?                     How tall is she?
    </para>
    <para>
      This pattern is usually confined to measurements of some sort.
    </para>
    <para>
      bang: 'pound (unit of weight)’. In addition to the traditional
      Chinese units of weight such as dǎn 'picul (100 liters
      approximately)', jIn 'catty (1 1/3 lbs.)', liǎng 'tael (105 grams
      approximately)’, and the metric system of weights, such as
      gōngliǎng *100 grams’ and gōng jin ’kilogram', you also find
      customary American units such as 'pound' used.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      gang wèile tā bù jiǔ: This means 'It's only been a short while
      SINCE I fed him.', NOT 'I fed him for only a short while.' Chinese
      can distinguish between the duration of a continued activity and
      the duration of something not happening by putting these two types
      of duration phrases in different places in the sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let's review time when and time spent, and take a look at how you
      express TIME WITHIN WHICH something didn't happen and TIME ELAPSED
      since something happened.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Simple duration phrases, that is phrases telling how long
          an activity went on, follow the verb. These contrast with
          phrases telling the time when something happened, which come
          before the verb.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Simple duration
    </para>
    <para>
      Ta zai Xianggang zhù liāng-tiān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He’s staying in Hong Kong for two days.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā zuòle wǔfēn zhōng, jiù zǒu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He sat for five minutes and then left.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Time when
    </para>
    <para>
      Ta shi zuǒtian dàode.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She arrived yesterday.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. The amount of time something did not happen, that is the
          TIME WITHIN WHICH the activity has not taken place, is
          expressed in negative sentences with time phrases before the
          verb.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Time Within with a Negative Verb
    </para>
    <para>
      Women yìnián méi jiàn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yijīng yíge yuè méi qù nar le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      We haven’t seen each other for a year.
    </para>
    <para>
      I haven’t been going there for a month now.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. To express the time elapsed since an activity took place
          the duration phrase is again placed after the verb.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Time elapsed in an affirmative sentence
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuòwánle yǐjīng yíge zhōngtou le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ve been done for an hour already.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cai zěule yíge xīngqi.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                It’s been only a week since he left
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāng líkāi zhèige wūzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ve been out of the room only a
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      bù jiù.                         short while.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 7
    </para>
    <para>
      chī nǎi: ’to eat (mother’s) milk’, in other words, **to
      breastfeed” and by extension ’to drink milk’, even from a bottle.
      Similarly, wèi nai can mean ’to feed milk (to a baby)* without
      specifying mother’s milk or otherwise. To distinguish between
      breast feeding and bottle feeding, one can say chī māmade nǎi, ’to
      eat mother’s milk’. And from the mother’s point of view, one can
      say mama zìji gěi haizi wèi nǎi, ’the mother nurses the child
      herself.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ zhǎngde hěn piàoliang: * She’s very pretty.’ Zhǎngde piàoliang
      literally means ’grow pretty’, but it should be translated simply
      as ’is pretty*. Zhangde ... is often used in descriptions of the
      appearance of living things. In these cases, zhǎngde ... is absent
      of any meaning such as ’has grown ...’, ’has come to be ...’ or
      ’has become ...’; it simply means ’is, are*.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ zhǎngde hěn hǎokàn.              She is very beautiful.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhǎngde gēn wo yíyàng gāo.      She is just as tall as I am.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde lian zhǎngde gēn wo mèi-      Her face looks just like my
      little
    </para>
    <para>
      mei yíyàng.                         sister.
    </para>
    <para>
      There is almost no difference in meaning between Tā hěn piàoliang
      and
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhǎngde hěn piàoliang. Both are used frequently. But there is a
      difference in meaning between Tā zhǎngde hěn gāo and Tā zhǎnggāo
      le: the former means ’He is very tali’, and the latter ’He has
      grown tall*.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      fúxiàng: ’auspicious physiognomy’. This phrase implies something
      more than ’lucky face’. The word fú expresses the destiny of a
      person to enjoy a life of good fortune. Xiang is a person’s looks
      considered from the point of view of fortune telling.
      Traditionally, it was believed that a person's destiny could be
      determined from the individual variations of his hands, bones,
      face, ears, hair, and so forth. The xiàng includes the face, ears,
      hairline, and bumps on the head.
    </para>
    <para>
      ...erduo zhǎngde zhēn dǎ: Portraits of some of the most admired
      men in Chinese history depict them with long ears. (Long ears are
      thought to indicate wisdom.) It was thought that rulers in
      particular were so endowed. Buddha is also pictured with long
      ears, as he appeared in Indian portrayals.
    </para>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      Mrs. Song’s daughter-in-law, Bǎolǎn, has just recently had a baby.
      A friend of the family, Mrs. Zhāng, comes to pay them a visit:
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Song Taitai, nín xífu shēngle
    </para>
    <para>
      meiyou?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          S:   Shēng le. Shēngle ge nánháizi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Z:   ōu! Nín fùqi zhēn hao. Tā
    </para>
    <para>
      tóuyitāi jiù gěi nin shēngle yige da súnzi. Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ.
    </para>
    <para>
      S:   Xièxie, xièxie! Lai kànkan
    </para>
    <para>
      wǒ xífu gēn xiǎo bǎobao ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:    Hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bǎolǎn! Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Nǐ hǎo ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Wǒ hen hǎo. Zhāng Bomù, nín
    </para>
    <para>
      lai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Ou! Nǐ zhè haizi hen you
    </para>
    <para>
      fúxiāng, ǒrduo zhǎngde name da!
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Xièxie! Tuō nínde fú!
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Tā shēngxialaide shíhou you
    </para>
    <para>
      duō zhòng a?
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Qībàng ban.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Ùg, zhēn bù xiǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      S:   Tā zhēn néng chī. Bǎolàn
    </para>
    <para>
      gāng wèile ta bù jiù, xiànzài you kū le. Dàgài you yào chǐ nǎi le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Tā kūde shēngyin hen dà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shēntǐ yídìng hen jiànkāng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Duì! Tā cōng yǐyuàn huílai
    </para>
    <para>
      yíge lǐbài jiù zhǎngle yíbàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Wǒ lái yǐqiǎn xiǎngzhe nǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      yīnggāi shēngle, suōyi
    </para>
    <para>
      Mrs. Song, has your daughter-in-law had the baby yet?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. It’s a boy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! How lucky you are. She had a nice big grandson for you—and it
      was her first! Congratulations.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you. Come see my daughter-in-law and the baby!
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      Congratulations, Bǎolǎn! How are you?
    </para>
    <para>
      Well Mrs. Zhāng! I’m fine, thanks.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! He’s got a very lucky physiognomy. Such big ears,’
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you! It’s because of your lucky influence!
    </para>
    <para>
      How much did he weigh at birth?
    </para>
    <para>
      Seven and a half pounds.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hm. That’s really pretty big.
    </para>
    <para>
      He eats like a horse. Bǎolǎn just fed him a little while ago, and
      now he’s crying again. He probably wants to nurse again.
    </para>
    <para>
      He cries so loudly. He must be very healthy.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes! In the week after he came back from the hospital, he gained a
      pound.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before I came I thought you should have had the baby by now, so I
      got a zhùnbèile yíge hóngbāo. Shi gěi xiǎo bǎobaode.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Bù gǎn dang. Nín tai kèqi
    </para>
    <para>
      le. Hébì pofei ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Bú shi kèqi. Zhí shi yìdiǎn
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎo yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      B:   Xièxie! Xièxie!
    </para>
    <para>
      ’red envelope* ready. It’s for the baby.
    </para>
    <para>
      You shouldn’t have. That’s too polite of you. Why should you spend
      money?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not being polite. This is just a little something to express
      my feelings.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you!
    </para>
    <para>
      PART II
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Zhōngguo rén xiāngxìn chǎnfù mǎnyuè yīqián hu kéyi chuī
          fēng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Chǎnfù zuò yuèzide shíhou yào tèbié xiǎoxīn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Zhōngguo rén dōu shuō chī Zhōngyàode shíhou, hú yào chī
          shēnglěng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Yīshēng shuō wǒ déle fēngshī, zuì hǎo hú yào pèng
          lěngshuī.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      1U. Nǐ yīnggāi duō tǎngzhe, zhùyi xiūxi, zhèyang cai néng huīfude
      kuài.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Jiàndao Wang Bùzhǎngde shíhou qiǎnwàn dāngxīn, hié suíhiàn
          shuō huà.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. Tā jiéhūn yǐqián duì tā xiān-sheng liǎojiěde húgòu, jiéguō
          jiéhūn yǐhōu hěn tòngkǔ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. Nǐ kàn tā duo kuài, yíxiàzi jiù hǎ fàn zuōhǎo le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. Nà shi Wángjiāde xífu, zhènme pang!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Chinese people believe that women who have just given hirth should
      stay out of drafts until the child is a full month old.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women who have just given hirth should he especially careful
      during the month after delivery.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chinese people say that when you take Chinese medicine, you
      shouldn’t eat raw or cold things.
    </para>
    <para>
      The doctor says I’ve got rheumatism and that it would he hest for
      me not to come in contact with cold water.
    </para>
    <para>
      You should lie down more and pay attention to your rest; that’s
      the only way you’ll recover quickly.
    </para>
    <para>
      When you see Secretary Wang, he sure to watch yourself, don’t he
      careless in what you say.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before she got married she didn’t understand her husband well
      enough and as a result she suffered a lot after the marriage.
    </para>
    <para>
      Look at how fast he is, he got dinner ready in no time at all.
    </para>
    <para>
      That is the Wang family’s daughter-in-law, she’s so fat!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      mǎnyuè: ’thirtieth day after a child is born’, literally,
      ’full-month’. (it also means ’full moon’.) This refers to a baby’s
      completion of the first full month of life and is a cause of
      celebration.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wángjiā háizi kuài mǎnyuè le, The Wang’s hahy is about to be a
      qīng dàjiā qù chī mǎnyuè           month old, and they’re asking
    </para>
    <para>
      jiù.                                everyone to go take part in
      the
    </para>
    <para>
      ’full month’ banquet.
    </para>
    <para>
      chuī fēng: Literally, ’to blow wind’, but actually ’to be in a
      current of air, a draft, the wind’. Although what blows is the
      wind, fēng ’wind’ seems to be in the object position in this
      phrase. Chǎnfù bù keyi chuī fēng does not mean ’’Women recently
      delivered of a child cannot blow wind&quot;, but rather, ’’Women
      recently delivered of a child cannot have wind blow on them.&quot;
      Traditionally, Chinese women were to stay out of drafts because of
      the very poor overall health situation of the country, and because
      of the importance of caring for the next generation. Of the three
      (Confucian) ways to be unfilial, the worst was to be heirless.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nīde bìng gang hǎo, bu yào         You're just over your illness,
    </para>
    <para>
      chūqu chuī fēng.                     don’t go out in a draft.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      zuò yuèzi: Literally, ’to sit the yuèzi', yuèzi being the month
      after giving birth during which a woman is supposed to take
      special care of her health. There are different motivations
      underlying this custom. Woman’s most important function (indeed
      her only one) was to aide in perpetuating the family line.
      Therefore it was essential to take special precautions for her own
      health so that she would nurse a healthy baby. Another idea was
      that a woman’s body at this time was &quot;dirty&quot; and to
      avoid offending the door gods she should not go past them.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zuò yuèzide shíhou, kě xiǎo- During the first month after
      delivery xìn, méi chūguo yìtiān men.        she was extremely
      careful. She
    </para>
    <para>
      didn’t go out once.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎoxīn: ’to be careful’, literally, ’small-heart’. Xiǎoxīn is an
      adjectival verb which can be used with or without an object
      following.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zhèige rén bù zěnmeyàng, hé This guy is nothing special, you’d
      tā zuò péngyou yào xiǎoxīn.        better be careful making
      friends
    </para>
    <para>
      with him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎoxīn.’ Qiánbianr shi hóngdēng. Careful.’ There’s a red light up
      ahead.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎoxīn nèige rén!                  Be careful of that person.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎoxīn guò mǎlù.                   Be careful crossing the
      street.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      shēngleng: 'raw or cold foods'. Traditional Chinese medicine
      divides foods into yin and yang Yin are &quot;cool&quot;
      (liángxìngde) foods, that is, foods that make the system cool;
      yang foods are &quot;hot&quot; (rèxìngde), that is, they make the
      system hot. These characteristics are not dependant on the degree
      temperature at which the food is eatenj but are rather inherent in
      the food. For example crab, white sugar, and most vegetables and
      fruits are yin or cool while hot pepper, lard, millet, brown
      sugar, and certain fruits such as canteloupe and lichee nuts are
      all particularly yang or hot. Generally speaking, yang foods
      harmonize with body temperature while yin foods shock the system.
      Nonetheless, a balance between the two kinds of foods must be
      maintained. Too much yang food can cause the body's
      &quot;heat&quot; to rise too much (shàng huo), minor symptoms of
      which might include a cough, fever, dry mouth, blisters on the
      tongue, and constipation. On the ocher hand, too much yin food is
      bad for the stomach and can cause diarrhea.
    </para>
    <para>
      The body's &quot;heat&quot; (huo) can be regulated by eating one
      or the other kind of foods. Thus in hot weather, when the huo
      naturally rises, one should eat &quot;cool&quot; foods to lower
      the huo (qing huo), and in the winter one should eat
      &quot;hot&quot; foods. Likewise, certain illnesses call for the
      eating of one kind of food or the other: one should eat
      &quot;cool&quot; foods to counteract infections and fevers, while
      one should eat &quot;hot&quot; foods to build up one's strength if
      one has a disease which makes him weak. In particular, women
      giving birth should eat plenty of the &quot;hot&quot; type of
      foods.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shēngleng, raw or cold foods, have also traditionally been
      considered bad for women who are pregnant or have just given
      birth. Given sanitary conditions in traditional China, this is
      understandable.
    </para>
    <para>
      Chi shēnglengde dōngxi yídìng When eating raw things, be sure to
      yào xǐgānjing.                      wash them well.
    </para>
    <para>
      de: 'to get, a catch (a disease)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo de bìng yǐhòu, méi bànfa niàn shū le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā de bìng yǐqián, shēntǐ hen hāo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dede shi shénme bìng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Dé bìng means 'to get an illness'.
    </para>
    <para>
      After I got sick, I couldn't study any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Before she got ill, her health was very good.
    </para>
    <para>
      What illness was it that she got?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Here are some examples of dé followed by the name of an illness:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā dé gānmào yǐhòu, jiù méiyou He didn't go out after he got a
      cold, chūlaiguo.
    </para>
    <para>
      QÙniān dōngtiān, tā dele xuěyā gāo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Last winter, he got high blood pressure.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Here are some more examples sentences showing various uses of de:
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīnniān guè shēngrì wo dele        I got a new book on my birthday
      this
    </para>
    <para>
      yìběn xīn shū.                      year.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎodì jīntiān néng de hǎojǐ- Little brother will be able to get
      ge hongbāo!                         a lot of &quot;red
      envelopes&quot; today!
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course, de cannot be used in all cases when we would say ’get’
      in English. For one thing, de only means to receive passively,
      whereas English ’get’ sometimes denotes actively seeking to
      obtain, as in ’I’m going to the supply room to get some paper and
      pens’, or ’I got a package of cereal at the supermarket’. In these
      cases, dé would not be appropriate in Chinese. To show you some
      other ways in which the English word ’get’ is expressed in
      Chinese, here are some Chinese sentences which do not use de
      although the English translation uses ’get*:
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuotian lai nǐde diānhuā le.       Yesterday you got a phone call
      (but
    </para>
    <para>
      you weren’t here to get it.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuotian wo jiēdāo tāde diānhuā Yesterday I got a phone call from
      le.                                 him (and was there to receive
      it.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zēngjiā gōngzī le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā jiā xīnshuǐ le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shōudàole yíge zhāngdān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cóng tā nār bǎ jiègei tade nèiběn shū nāhuilai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǒ gěi wǒ nǎ yíge lai•
    </para>
    <para>
      Cong shenme dìfang wo néng mǎidao yíge xiāng zhèiyangrde?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He got a raise in wages.
    </para>
    <para>
      He got a raise in salary.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I got a bill.
    </para>
    <para>
      I got the book back which I lent him.
    </para>
    <para>
      Get one for me too.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where can I get (buy) one of those?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fēngshi: ’rheumatism’, literally
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you fēngshi, tiān yì lěng tuǐ téngde lìhai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’wind-humid’.
    </para>
    <para>
      He has rheumatism, as soon as it gets cold, his leg hurts
      severely.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      pèng: ’to touch’, only in the sense of one object coming into
      contact with another. The verb pèng can also mean to come into
      contact with something in a violent way, ’to hit, to bump into’.
      Whether pèng means merely ’to touch’ or ’to bump into’ must be
      determined by context.
    </para>
    <para>
      Ni bie peng zheige zhuōzi.         Don’t touch this table.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde chē kě bùdeliǎo. Biérén His car is terrific! Other people
      pèng dōu bù néng pèng, gèng        can’t even touch it, not to
      mention
    </para>
    <para>
      bú yào shuō Jièqu kāi le!          borrowing it to drive!
    </para>
    <para>
      CSome other words meaning ’to touch’ are āi ’to be close to, to be
      next to, to be touching’
    </para>
    <para>
      Ta zui pa da zhen. Zhen hai méi āidao ta, tā jiù dà jiao.
    </para>
    <para>
      dōng: ’to touch, to handle’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bié dōng wo zhuōzishangde dōngxi, děng yìhuǐr wǒ huí-laile zìjǐ
      shōushi.
    </para>
    <para>
      mō: ’to feel, to rub, to touch’ Here ’to be soft, yielding to the
      touch’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiàn yīfu zhēn hǎo, mōshang-qu ruǎnruǎnde; chuānzhe yídìng hěn
      shūfu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She is extremely afraid of getting shots. She cries out before the
      needle has even touched her.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Don't touch the things on my desk, in a while when I come back
      I’ll straighten them up myself.
    </para>
    <para>
      you also need to know that ruǎn means
    </para>
    <para>
      This piece of clothing is really nice very soft to the touch; it
      must be very comfortable to wear.]
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1U
    </para>
    <para>
      tang: ’to lie down’. This is an action verb. Under most
      circumstances it requires some kind of complement: either a zài
      phrase telling where the subject ended up in a lying position, as
      in
    </para>
    <para>
      Ta tangzai chuangshang le.         He lay down on the bed.
    </para>
    <para>
      or the durative apsect marker -zhe, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā zài chuangshang tǎngzhe.
    </para>
    <para>
      or the directional ending -xia(lai),
    </para>
    <para>
      Dàifu jiào wo tǎngxia.
    </para>
    <para>
      or the completion le, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Tangle bàntiān, háishi bu shūfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā tangle yìhuǐr, jiù Juéde hǎo yìdiǎnr le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He is/was lying on the bed.
    </para>
    <para>
      as in
    </para>
    <para>
      The doctor told me to lie down.
    </para>
    <para>
      I lay down for quite a long time, but still felt ill.
    </para>
    <para>
      After I laid down for a while, I felt better.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huīfu: ’to restore; to return to health)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèige gōngchāng yījīng huīfu shēngchǎn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā qiánjǐnián dào nóngcūn qu le. Zuìjìn cái huīfu gōngzuò.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ shàngge yuè shēng bìng-le, zhèige xīngqi cái huīfu
          yìdiǎnr.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kan nǐde yàngzi, huīfude bú cuò.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (an original state); to recover (one’s
    </para>
    <para>
      This factory has already restored production. (Production in many
      areas was stopped during the turmoil of the Great Cultural
      Revolution.)
    </para>
    <para>
      She went to the countryside several years ago. Only recently did
      she return to work.
    </para>
    <para>
      I was sick last month and only this week am feeling like myself
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Looking at your appearance I’d say you’re pretty well recovered.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1$
    </para>
    <para>
      qiānwàn: ’by all means, for sure’
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèitiáo jiēshang chē tài duō, nī qiānwàn bié qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nī gāng Xue kāi chē, qiānwàn xiāoxīn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qiānwàn zhùyì, bú yào xiěcuò le, xiěcuòle kě máfan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      literally ’thousand ten-thousands*.
    </para>
    <para>
      There are too many cars on that street, you are absolutely not to
      go there.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’ve only just learned to drive a car, be sure to be careful.
    </para>
    <para>
      Be sure to be careful, don’t write this incorrectly, if you do
      it’ll be so much trouble.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dāngxīn: ’to watch out, to watch oneself, to be cautious’. Not to
      be confused with dānxīn, ’to worry’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāng xiàle xuě, chū men dāngxīn! It’s just snowed, watch yourself
      when you go out.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kāi chē shàng jiē dāngxīn yì- Watch yourself when you go out diǎnr
      a!                            driving downtown!
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      jiéguǒ: ’as a result, and so ...’. One of the uses of this word is
      to connect the thought of one sentence with the next. (Another is
      as the noun ’result(s)*.) It provides a transition from one
      sentence to another, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      'As a result, then        Below is a monologue which takes place
      in Peking,
    </para>
    <para>
      in which the apeaker uses the word jiéguo in this way several
      times. (This is not meant to he an example of eloquence; in fact,
      you should not use jiéguo as repetitively as this speaker.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo tīngshuō Xiǎo Wang he Xiǎo Lǐ tan liàn’ài le. Tǎnde zěnme yàng
      ne? Tǎnde hú cuò. Liǎngge rén dōu méiyou yìjian. JiéguS Xiǎo
      Wǎngde fùqin bù tongyì. Zhèijiàn shi kě jiù hù hǎo hàn le. Xiǎngle
      hàntiān, jiéguS haishi Xiǎo Wang qù zhǎo jūmín wěiyuǎnhuì.
      Jūwěihuìde gànhu hé Xiǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, jiéguǒ hai hù xíng.
      Zěnme hàn? Xiǎo Wang you qù zhǎo pàichūsuS. PàichūsuSde gànhu you
      lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle hàntiān, haishi méiyou jiéguS. Zuìhòu nǐ
      xiǎng zěnmeyàng, Xiǎo Lǐ zìjǐ lai hé Lǎo Wang tǎnle, shuō jiéhūn
      yīhòu hù hānchuqu zhù, tā zhàogu lǎorénjiā. Zhèihuǐr Lǎo Wǎng
      mǎnyì le. JiéguS Xiǎo Wǎng Xiǎo Lǐ gāogāoxìngxìng jiéhūn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I heard that Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ are in love. How serious?
      Really serious. The two of them had no problems with the idea (of
      getting married). But then Xiǎo Wǎng’s father didn’t agree. The
      whole thing became difficult to arrange. They thought for a long
      time, and as a result it was Xiǎo Wǎng who went to seek out the
      neighborhood committee. The neighborhood committee cadres talked
      with Old Wǎng (Xiǎo Wǎng’s father) for a long time. But then it
      still didn’t go over. What to do? Xiǎo Wǎng then went to seek out
      the local police station. And the police station cadres went to
      talk with Old Wǎng too, but still no result. Well what do you
      think happened in the end? Xiǎo Lǐ went herself to talk with Old
      Wǎng. She said that after they married they wouldn’t move out,
      that she would take care of the old gentleman. That’s when Old
      Wǎng became satisfied. So in the end Xiǎo Wǎng and Xiǎo Lǐ were
      happily married.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tòngkū: ’to be in pain, to be suffering’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā nèi shíhou hen tòngkū.          She was in a great deal of pain
      at
    </para>
    <para>
      that time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Liàn’ài shībàile tā hěn tòngkū. It was very hard on him when they
      broke up.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zheijiàn shìqing ràng ta           This matter pained him a great
      deal,
    </para>
    <para>
      fēichǎng tòngkū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 17
    </para>
    <para>
      duo kuài: ’how fast’.’ Duo or the alternate form duome is used in
      exclamatory sentences to mean ’how ...!’ Here are some more
      examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn cai shuōle liǎngjù huà, tā jiù bù gāoxìng le. Duo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You see you only have to say two sentences and she gets unhappy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rang rén bù hǎo yìsi!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It really makes a person embarrassed!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèi kùzi zhènme duǎn, chuǎn-shang duo nánshdu!
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiběn shū xiěde duo hǎo!
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo bǎ chē yǎoshi fǎngzi chuangshang. Duo ben!
    </para>
    <para>
      yíxiǎzi: in no time’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ huà hái méi shuōwán, tā yíxiǎzi jiù shēngqì le. Shéi zhīdao
      wèishénme?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      These pants are so short, when you wear them they’ll be so
      uncomfortable.
    </para>
    <para>
      This book is so well written!
    </para>
    <para>
      I left the car keys on the bed. How stupid!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’in a flash, at one blow, at one fell swoop, all at once,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I hadn’t yet finished speaking when he got angry all of a sudden.
      Who knows why?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 18
    </para>
    <para>
      Wángjiā: ’the Wang family’, referring either to the people, the
      social unit, or their home (in which case it can be used as a
      place word).
    </para>
    <para>
      pǎng: ’to be fat, to get fat’. The verb pǎng can be used in two
      ways: one as an adjectival verb ’to be fat’, the other as a
      process verb ’to get fat’. To the Chinese, a fat baby is not only
      a healthy baby, it is a beautiful one. Plumpness and roundness are
      two features admired in babies and children.
    </para>
    <para>
      Adjectival verb (state)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā hěn pǎng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tǎ xiǎo shíhou bú pǎng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hěn pǎ pǎng, shénme dou bù gǎn chī.
    </para>
    <para>
      Process verb
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuìjìn shēntī hǎole, tā pǎng duō le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shi bu shi pǎngle yìdiǎndiǎn, Èrgē a?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He is fat.
    </para>
    <para>
      She wasn’t fat when she was little.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m afraid of being fat, I don’ dare eat anything.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lately his health got better and he got very fat.
    </para>
    <para>
      Haven’t you put on just a little bit of weight, Older Brother?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      Mrs. Fang pays a visit to Mrs. Zhāng and her daughter-in-law to
      see the daughter-in-law’s new baby:
    </para>
    <para>
      F:   Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ! Zhāng Taitai,
    </para>
    <para>
      nín zhēn you fúqi, nínde xífu tōuyitāi Jiù gěi nín shēngle yíge dā
      pang sūnzi. Nínde xífu he xiao bāobao cōng yīyuàn huílaile meiyou?
      Tāmen dōu hāo ba?
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Xièxie, xièxie*. Tāmen dōu
    </para>
    <para>
      hāo, jīntiān zāoshang gāng cong yǐyuàn huílai.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:   Wo zhèli you yíge hōngbāo,
    </para>
    <para>
      shi gěi xiāo bāobaode.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Ai! Bù gān dāng, nín zhēn
    </para>
    <para>
      shi tài kèqi le, hébì pòfei ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      F:   Nali, nāli! Zhǐ shi yìdiān
    </para>
    <para>
      xiāo yìsi. Hāizi you duō zhòng a?
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Haizi shēngxialaide shíhou
    </para>
    <para>
      shi bābàng qī. Zhège hāizi shēntǐ zhēn hāo, zhēn neng chǐ. Gāng
      wèibāo, yíxiāzi you è le. NĪ ting, tā you kū le, shēngyin zhēn dà,
      dàgāi you yào chǐ nāi le. Women qù kànkan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Congratulations! Mrs. Zhāng, you’re so lucky! Your daughter-in-law
      had a big fat grandson for you—and it was just her first! Have
      your daughter-in-law and the little darling come back from the
      hospital yet? They’re both doing well, I hope?
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you! They’re both fine. They just came back from the
      hospital this morning.
    </para>
    <para>
      I have a ’red envelope’ for the baby here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Oh! You shouldn’t have. You’re really too kind. Why should you
      spend all this money?
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t be silly. This is Just a little something to express my
      feelings. How much does the baby weigh?
    </para>
    <para>
      He was eight pounds seven ounces at birth. He’s really a healthy
      baby, and he eats a lot. Right after his feeding, in no time he’s
      hungry again. Listen, he’s crying again. What a loud voice! He
      probably wants to nurse again. Let’s go see.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      C:   ō! Fang Bōmu, nín yě lāi
    </para>
    <para>
      le!
    </para>
    <para>
      F : Gōngxǐ, gōngxǐ ’. Wō lāi kàn nǐ ěrzi lai le! Zhège hāizi
      zhāngde zhēn hāo, duō you fúxiàng!
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Xièxie, xièxie! Tuō nínde
    </para>
    <para>
      fú!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh! Auntie Fāng, you’ve come too!
    </para>
    <para>
      Congratulations! I’ve come to see your son! He looks so good! What
      a lucky physiognomy!
    </para>
    <para>
      Thank you! It’s all thanks to your lucky influence!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      F:   Nǐ shēntǐ hao bu hao?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yuèzili yào xiǎoxīn, bú yào chi shēnglěngde dōngxi, bú yào chuī
      fēng, bú yào pèng lěng shuǐ, yě bú yào chū men. Nǐ kàn, Liújia
      nàge xífu zuò yuèzi bú zhùyì, chǎng kāi diàn bīngxiāng, yòng lěng
      shuǐ, jiéguō dele fēngshī, tòngkúde hěn. Xiànzài hai yào tiǎntiǎn
      chi Zhōngyào. Nǐ qiǎnwàn yào dāngxīn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Z:   Shi a’. Wǒ yǐjīng gàosu
    </para>
    <para>
      ta le, yuèzili shénme shi dōu bú yào zuò, duō tǎngzhe, duō xiūxi,
      duō chi hǎode, shēntǐ jiù huifude kuài yidiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:   Wǒ zōu le, guò jǐtiǎn zài
    </para>
    <para>
      lái kàn nǐ gēn xiǎo bǎobao.
    </para>
    <para>
      C:   Deng yíxià. Nǐ dài jǐge
    </para>
    <para>
      hōngdàn qu, mǎnyuède shihou zài qǐng ni chi mǎnyuèjiú.
    </para>
    <para>
      F:   Hǎo hǎo hǎo, wǒ yídìng lái.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How are you feeling? You have to be careful for the first month
      after giving birth. Don’t eat raw or cold foods, stay out of
      drafts, avoid cold water, and don’t leave the house. Look at Mrs.
      Liú who didn’t pay attention during the first month after giving
      birth; she opened the refrigerator a lot and used cold water, and
      ended up getting rheumatism. She suffered so much. Now she still
      has to take Chinese medicine every day. Be absolutely sure you
      watch out.
    </para>
    <para>
      Right’. I’ve already told her. You shouldn’t do anything at all
      during the first month after giving birth. You should lie down a
      lot, get a lot of rest, eat a lot of good food, and then your
      health will come back faster.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to leave now. I’ll come back in a few days to see you
      and the baby.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wait a second. Take a few red eggs with you. We’ll invite you to
      the celebration dinner when the baby is one month old.
    </para>
    <para>
      All right, I'll be sure to come.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      hōngdàn: Red eggs symbolize a combination of lucky influences: red
      is the color of happiness and dignity, while eggs are symbols of
      health and prosperity to the farmer. Hōngdàn are sometimes also
      used as gifts from a newly-engaged couple to their friends.
    </para>
    <para>
      Vocabulary
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -bang
              </para>
              <para>
                bǎobao (bǎobao)
              </para>
              <para>
                bīngxiāng
              </para>
              <para>
                bù gǎn dāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pound (unit of weight)
              </para>
              <para>
                baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
              </para>
              <para>
                refrigerator, ice box
              </para>
              <para>
                I’m flattered, You shouldn't have,
              </para>
              <para>
                I don't deserve this
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chī nǎi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to nurse, to suckle
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chuī fēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have air blow on oneself, to be
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                in a draft
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dāngxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to watch out
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                de
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duo kuài!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how fast!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ěrduo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ear
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rheumatism
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                blessings, luck
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúxiàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lucky physiognomy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hongbāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a red envelope with a gift or bribe
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                of money in it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hongdàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                eggs dyed red
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huīfu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to recover
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiēguǒ (jiēguǒ)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as a result; result, results
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a full month after the birth of a
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                baby
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuèjiǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                celebration meal one month after a
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                baby is born
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be fat
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to touch
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pofei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to spend a lot of money (on someone),
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go to some expense
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiānwàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                by all means, be sure to; (in com
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bination with a negative sentence)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                by no means, under no circumstances
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnglěng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                raw or cold foods
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngxialai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be born
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sūnzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandson
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -tāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                birth
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      tang tòngkǔ touyige tóuyìtāi tuō nínde fú
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wangjia wèi
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎo bǎobao (xiǎo bǎobǎo)
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎoxīn
    </para>
    <para>
      xífu
    </para>
    <para>
      yíxiǎzi yuèzi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhang zhòng zuo yuèzi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to lie,to recline
    </para>
    <para>
      to he painful
    </para>
    <para>
      the first
    </para>
    <para>
      the first pregnancy, the first hahy
    </para>
    <para>
      thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
    </para>
    <para>
      the Wang family to feed
    </para>
    <para>
      hahy, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
    </para>
    <para>
      to be careful daughter-in-law
    </para>
    <para>
      an instant, a moment, a while month of confinement after giving
      birth to a child
    </para>
    <para>
      to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      to be heavy
    </para>
    <para>
      to go through the month of confinement and special care after
      childbirth
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 5
    </para>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Wǒ zuìjin chūchai qu le, méi néng cānj iā zhège huì.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. Wǒ zài shàng Xīngqīèr jiù tīngdao tā zùmù qùshìde xiāoxi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Míngtiān wǒ yào qù diàosāng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      U. Míngtiān wǒ yào bāng tāmen bàn sānglǐ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Wǒ fùqin yíxiàng xǐhuan he jiù, shàngge yuè hùrán juédìng
          zài yě bù hē le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Wǒ fùqin fànle xǐnzàngbìng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Women gǎnjǐn bǎ tā lǎorénjiā sòngdao TāiDà Yīyuàn qu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Yīshēng shuō jīngguo jíjiù, yǐjīng jiùguolai le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Nǐ zùmù yíxiàng hen bǎozhòng shēntǐ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Tā guòqude shíhou, niánji yídìng hen dà le ba?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Wǒ tīngwánle yǐhòu xīnli hen jiù bù néng píngjìngxiàlai.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Hen bàoqiàn, wǒ méi néng gǎnhui-lai diàosāng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve been out of town on business lately, so I wasn’t able to
      participate in this meeting.
    </para>
    <para>
      Last Tuesday I heard the news that his grandmother had passed
      away.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tomorrow I’m going to present my condolences at the funeral.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tomorrow I’m going to help them take care of the funeral.
    </para>
    <para>
      My father always liked to drink, but last month he decided all of
      a sudden that he would never drink again.
    </para>
    <para>
      My father had a heart attack.
    </para>
    <para>
      We rushed him to Taiwan University Hospital.
    </para>
    <para>
      The doctor said that she had been saved through emergency
      treatment.
    </para>
    <para>
      Your grandmother always took good care of herself.
    </para>
    <para>
      She must have been quite old when she passed away.
    </para>
    <para>
      After I listened to it I couldn't calm down for quite a while.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m sorry I couldn’t rush back in time for the funeral.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      zuìjìn; ’lately, recently; in the near future*. This word can
      either refer to the near past or the near future.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?           How has she been lately?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zuìjìn tā hěn hǎo.              Lately she’s, been very
          well.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuìjìn zài niàn shū.            I’ve been studying lately.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo zuìjìn yào dào Jiāzhōu qù.      I’m going to be going to
      California
    </para>
    <para>
      in the near future.
    </para>
    <para>
      chūchāi: ’to go away on official business’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān chūchāi, jǐntiān hěn máng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhècì chūchāi, qù shénme dìfang?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhějiàn shi, děng wo chūle chāi yǐhòu zài bàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhècì chūchāi huílai, kéyi dài diǎn dōngxi gěi ni.
    </para>
    <para>
      cānjiā: ’to participate in; to performance, etc.); to join’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ jìhua xià Xǐngqīyī yào dào Niǔ Yūē qu war. Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng
      cānjiā?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuǒtiān women gěi Zhāng Tàitai sòngxíng, nǐ yě cānjiā le ma?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tomorrow I’m going away on business, so today is a busy day.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where are you going on this business trip?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll get to this matter after my business trip.
    </para>
    <para>
      When I come back from this business trip, I’ll be able to bring
      you back a little something.
    </para>
    <para>
      attend; to go to (a meeting, gathering,
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m planning to go to New York next week to relax. Do you want to
      join in?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow afternoon.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday when we gave the going-away party for Mrs. Zhang, did
      you come too?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      zài shàng Xīngqīèr: ’on last Tuesday’. Notice that with an
      expression stating a time when something occurs. zài is optional.
      Here are some more
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhège huì zài xiàge yuè kāi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This meeting will
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zài is used here In this
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      sentence
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      he held
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      next month.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhège haizi zài qùniǎn qiūtiān kāishǐ zài jiā niàn shū le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This child began studying last fall.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      at home
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ zài shàngge lǐbài mǎile yíjiàn jiéhūn lǐfū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Last week I bought a wedding gown.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zài Yījiǔliǔsānniǎn wǒ rènshi-le ta.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I met him in 1963.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zài Yījiǔwǔlíngniǎn wǒ jiù kànguo zhèběn shū.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I read this book back in 1950.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zǔmǔ: ’(paternal) grandmother'. Remember that this refers
      exclusively to the father's mother. The mother's mother is
      wàizǔmǔ. EA grandmother is usually addressed by her son's children
      as nāinai.J Here is a chart showing these terms:
    </para>
    <para>
      zǔfù zǔmǔ                     wàizǔfù       wàizǔmǔ
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-5.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qùshì: 'to pass away'. Literally, this means 'to go (from this)
      world'. It is a euphemism for sǐ 'to die', which is introduced in
      Unit 6.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Wāngde fùqin qùshì yǐjīng It's been two years since Xiǎo
      Wang's liǎngniǎn le.                       father died.
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎoxi: 'news, information, tidings'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèiliǎngtiǎn bàozhǐshang you     The
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark23">hěn duō guānyu Zhōngguode</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark24">xiǎoxi.</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiǎn bàozhǐshang you shénme
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark25">xīn xiǎoxi?</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      The past couple of days there's been a lot of news about China in
      the newspaper.
    </para>
    <para>
      What news is there in the newspaper today?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Women jiā liǎngge yuè méiyou xìn le, shénme xiāoxi dōu méiyou.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Our family hasn’t sent a letter in two months, there’s no news at
      all. (Said hy one family member who is separated from the rest.)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiāoxi can be used with the counter -ge to mean ’a piece of news,
      an item of news’:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ you yíge hǎo xiāoxi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have a piece of good news.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      diàosāng: ’to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a
      funeral’. At a traditional funeral, the guests, by groups, present
      their condolences to the family of the deceased in a brief formal
      ceremony.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān wǒ qù diàosāng, jiàndao Today when I was at the funeral I
      nín jiā lǎotàitai.                  saw your grandmother.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 4
    </para>
    <para>
      sānglǐ: ’the funeral ceremony’. CSāng- in some combinations means
      ’funeral’, for example, sāngfú ’funeral clothing’, or sāngshì
      ’funeral’.! On a volunteer basis, family, friends, and villagers
      help with funeral preparations. Members of the immediate family
      stay with the coffin to guard it during the day and sleep with it
      at night.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      yíxiàng: ’always (up to now)’, has been so all along up until now
      (and else change).
    </para>
    <para>
      This adverb indicates that something may either continue the same
      way or
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve always like to eat sweet snacks
    </para>
    <para>
      He has always done very well in his studies.
    </para>
    <para>
      Teacher Wú has always liked children
    </para>
    <para>
      Mr. Xià has always been very polite.
    </para>
    <para>
      time word. It may go before the verb,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yíxiàng ài chi tian diǎnxin.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā yíxiàng niàn shū niànde hen hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wú Lǎoshī yíxiàng xǐhuan haizi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xià Xiānsheng yíxiàng hěn kèqi.
    </para>
    <para>
      hūrǎn: ’suddenly’. This is a or at the front of the sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hūrǎn xiǎngqilai, wǒde xìn hai méiyou jì.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I suddenly remembered that I hadn’t mailed my letter yet.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hūrán, tā pǎolai le, hāoxiàng you shénme shi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Suddenly, he came running in, as if there were something wrong.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Hūrán tiān xià yǔ le, xiàde        Suddenly it started raining,
      raining
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hāo dà.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      very hard.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā jìnlai zuòle yìhuǐr, hūrán jiù zǒu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He came in and sat down for a while, and then left all of a
      sudden.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zài yě bù he le: ’will never drink again’. Sometimes people ask
      what is the word for ’never’ in Chinese. The answer is that
      ’never’ is not expressed by one word, but rather by a combination
      of adverbs and negative. Not only is ’never’ rendered into Chinese
      by several words, but the word patterns are different for
      sentences expressing completed action, habitual action, or planned
      action. For these examples you need to know that yongyuān is the
      word for ’forever’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo cǒnglai méi chīguo Zhōngguo I’ve never eaten Chinese food, cài.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cónglái bu kàn nèiyangde        I’ve never read those kinds of
      books,
    </para>
    <para>
      shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde wèntí yongyuān bù néng        His problems can never be
      solved,
    </para>
    <para>
      jiějué.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo zài yě bú qù nàli le.            I’ll never go there again.
    </para>
    <para>
      The adverb zài and a negative, such idea of not doing something
      anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bìng hāole yǐhòu, tā méiyou zài hē jiǔ.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǐhòu wǒ bu zài zuò le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bú yào zài dā ta le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      as méiyou, can be used to express the
    </para>
    <para>
      After he got well, he didn’t drink anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the future I won’t do it again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t hit him any more.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If zài is placed in front of the negative, the meaning of the
      phrase is more emphatic.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zài bù huílai le’.                I’m never coming back here
      again.’
    </para>
    <para>
      If yě is added between zài and the negative, the meaning is
      approximately the same.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zài yě bù chǐ táng le.          I’m never going to eat candy
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèitiáo lù bù hāo zǒu, nǐ zài That road is hard to go on, don’t yě
      Lie zǒu nèitiáo lù le.          ever take it again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ zài yě bié kàn zhèzhǒng shū le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nàge fàndiànde cài tài guì, wǒ zhǐ qùle yícì, jiù zài yě méi qùguo
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women shi tǒngxué, kěshi líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, wǒ jiù zài yě méi
      kànjian ta le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sānge yuè yǐqián xiàguo yìchǎng yǔ, yǐhòu jiù zài yě méi xiàguo
      le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      More on ’Again*: Up until now you’ve which did not express a
      completed event and
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Don’t ever read, this kind of book again.
    </para>
    <para>
      That restaurant is too expensive; I only went there once and then
      I never went back again.
    </para>
    <para>
      We were schoolmates, but after we left the school, I never saw him
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Three months ago it rained once, and since then it hasn’t rained
      again.
    </para>
    <para>
      seen zài ’again’ used in sentences òu used in sentences which did.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān zài lai ba.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Come again tomorrow.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      òu, nǐ you lai le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Oh, you’ve come again.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      But there are further qualifications on the use of ’again’ in
      Chinese. While zài always refers to activities which have not yet
      occurred, that is future activities or events, you is not totally
      limited to activities or events which are completed or past. You
      may be used in present or future situations if the thing being
      talked about is so certain that it may be treated like something
      which has actually happened.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān you shi Xīngqīyī le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè you yào duōshao qián a?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèi yìtiān you yào wan le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiànzài wǒ you you gōngzuò le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      And tomorrow is Monday again.
    </para>
    <para>
      And how much money is needed again for this?
    </para>
    <para>
      And this day is about to end too. (Said at the end of a long busy
      day with many things left to do.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Now I have a job again.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      fàn: ’to have an attack (of a revert to (an old habit)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you fàn lǎo máobìng le, zhèjǐtiān hěn bu shūfu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      disease), to have a recurrence of, to
    </para>
    <para>
      That old problem of his is acting up again. He hasn’t been feeling
      well the last few days.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Shàngge yuè tā fan bìng le, xuěyā hǎo gāo
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié fan nǐde lǎo mǎobìng le, kuài qù shàng xué qu ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      xǐnzàngbìng: ’heart disease’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Last month he had a recurrence; and his blood pressure was really
      high!
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't fall back into your old habit (of skipping sbhool), get
      yourself to school.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xǐnzàng is ’heart’..
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 7
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gǎnjǐn: ’in a hurry’. This adverb means that someone decided to
      hurry up and start doing something. It can often be translated as
      'to hurry up and', or ’to rush to (do something)'. Here are some
      examples:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nàbiān chū chēhuò le, nǐ gǎnjǐn qù kǎnkan!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jīntiǎn xiàwǎ, tā zǒu le, zhōngwǎ wǒ gǎnjǐn péi ta qù chī wǔfàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kuài jiǎdiǎn le, wǒ yào gǎnjǐn zǒu le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There's been a car accident over there, hurry up and go look!
    </para>
    <para>
      He was leaving this afternoon, so at noontime I hurried to go out
      to lunch with him.
    </para>
    <para>
      It's almost nine o'clock. I have to hurry up and leave.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Gǎnjǐn means only that someone hurries to start the action. It
      does not mean that the action is finished quickly. For example, to
      say 'He made dinner in a hurry, so it didn’t come out well',
      meaning that he finished cooking it in a very short time, you
      cannot use gǎnjǐn; you could say Yǐnwei tā zuò fàn zuòde tài kuài,
      suǒyi zuòde bù hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tā lǎorénjiā: Lǎorénjiǎ is a respectful way of referring to or
      addressing old people. When addressing someone directly, it is
      almost always preceded by nǐ or nín, as in
    </para>
    <para>
      Qīngwèn nín lǎorénjiā, dào         Excuse me, sir, how do I get to
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngshān Lù zěnme zǒu?            Zhongshan Road?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ lǎorénjiā, zuìjìn zěnmeyàng? Shēntǐ hǎo ba?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How have you been lately? Have you been in good health, I hope?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A third party can be referred to as tā lǎorénjiā:
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā lǎorénjiā shuō le, zhèjiàn shi búbì jízhe bàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He said that we don't need to be in a rush to do this.
    </para>
    <para>
      I've come to give him some pastries.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ gěi tā lǎorénjiā song yidiǎn diǎnxin lai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo wènguo wǒ zùfù le, tā lāo- I asked my grandfather, and he said
      rénjia shuō míngnián zánmen        our whole family is going to
    </para>
    <para>
      quánjiā qù Shanghai.                Shanghai next year.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are two examples of lāorénjia being used as a respectful word
      for ’old people’:
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐntiān, liāngwèi lāorénjia tánde hen gāoxìng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today those two (old people) had a very pleasant conversation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Older people like to eat soft foods.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Lāorénjiamen dōu xǐhuan chi ruānde dōngxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      In Peking, the syllable lāo in lāorénjia receives the heaviest
      stress of the three syllables, and jia is in the neutral tone.
    </para>
    <para>
      song: ’to take (someone somewhere), to escort (someone somewhere),
      to see someone off or out’. The basic meaning of this word is to
      accompany someone who is leaving, but as you can see from the
      various translations given, song can be used in a wide variety of
      circumstances. Here are some examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ qù bā kèren sòngdao dàmén wàitou.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ song ta huí jiā.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā míngtiān zǒu, women dào jīchāng qu song ta.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      To specify that you are taking someone this way:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo kāi chē song ta dào xuéxiào qu.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m going to show the guests out the front door.
    </para>
    <para>
      Escort her home, or Walk her home. or Take her home.
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s leaving tomorrow and we’re going to the airport to see her
      off.
    </para>
    <para>
      I took him to school. (E.g., I drove him there or I walked there
      with him. )
    </para>
    <para>
      in a car, you can phrase your sentence
    </para>
    <para>
      I drove her to school.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      jǐngguò: You have seen jǐngguo meaning ’to go thru’. Here it is
      used to mean ’though’ in the sense of ’by means of’. It can also
      be translated ’as a result of’, ’after’, ’through’, or ’via’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā shēntǐ yìzhí bù hǎo, dànshi wǒ xiǎng jīngguò yíduàn shí-jiānde
      bǎoyǎng, kěnéng huì hǎo yìdiǎn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīngguò sāntiānde kǎolù, wǒ juédìng he tǎ jiēhūn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīngguò dàjiǎde nǔlì, zhèjiàn shìqing chénggōng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège jìhua bìxū jīngguò tǎo-lùn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      His health has been bad.all along, but I think after a short
      period of taking care of himself, he might get a little better.
    </para>
    <para>
      After three days of consideration, I’ve decided to marry him.
    </para>
    <para>
      As a result of everyone’s hard work, this matter has succeeded.
    </para>
    <para>
      This plan must go through discussion.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jíjiù: ’emergency treatment; to administer emergency treatment, to
      receive emergency treatment’. Notice that jíjiù can mean to give
      or get emergency treatment.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān yǐjīng shi jíjiùde dìsǎntiān le, bù zhīdào you méiyou
      xīwàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde chēzi yǐjīng wánle, rén zài jíjiù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcǎi chū chēhuò, you jǐge rén shòushāng le, yīshēng zhèngzài
      jíjiù.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jíjiù refers only to aid given in nature, usually those where life
      is in injury or acute attacks of an illness.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today is already the third day of emergency (intensive care)
      treatment. I don’t know if there’s . any hope.
    </para>
    <para>
      His car is finished (totalled), and he himself is undergoing
      emergency treatment.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s just been a car accident, and several people were injured.
      The doctor is administering first-aid.
    </para>
    <para>
      incidents of a relatively serious danger; for example, cases of
      severe
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiùguolai: ’to save’, literally ’to save over’. The directional
      verb ending guòlai ’over’ sometimes shows the recovery of an
      original desirable or normal state. For example, in jiùguolai it
      implies the change from a condition in which death is imminent to
      one in which the patient can be expected to' live.
    </para>
    <para>
      Daren qíngkuàng hai hǎo, haizi jiùbuguòlai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège jùzi xiěcuò le, wǒ yào bǎ ta gǎiguolai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège dìzhǐ xiěde bǔ duì, nín děi gǎiguolai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The adult’s condition is all right, but the child cannot be saved.
    </para>
    <para>
      This sentence is wrong, I have to correct it.
    </para>
    <para>
      This address is wrong, you have to correct it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zuò huǒchē zuòle sāntiān lèi-huài le, yào shuì yídà Jiao cái néng
      xiūxiguolai.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shàngwù mangle sìwùge zhòngtou zhōngwù shuì ge wùjiào, rén •jiù
      xiūxiguolai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tiān tài lěng, hē kōu jiu jiù nuǎnhuoguolai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo hǎoxiàng hìng le, chuān zhènme duō yīfu dōu méi banfa
      nuanhuoguolai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      After three days on the train, I’m exhausted. I’ll have to have a
      good long sleep before I can be well rested.
    </para>
    <para>
      In the morning I ran around for four or five hours, but then after
      a nap at noon, I felt very rested.
    </para>
    <para>
      The weather is too cold, a sip of wine will warm you up.
    </para>
    <para>
      I seem to be sick, I’ve got on all these clothes and I still can’t
      get warm.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      bǎozhòng: ’to take care of oneself, to take care of (one’s
      health)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Haohao baozhong shenti, bie lèihuài le.
    </para>
    <para>
      In telling someone to be sure to take preceded by duō or duōduō
      ’more (than
    </para>
    <para>
      Yílù píng’ān, duō bǎozhòng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐde bìng gāng hǎo, duōduō bǎozhòng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Take good care of your health, don’t wear yourself out.
    </para>
    <para>
      care of himself, bǎozhòng is usually usual)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Have a good trip, and take good care of yourself.
    </para>
    <para>
      You just got over your illness, take real good care of yourself.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      guòqu: ’to pass away’. Like English ’pass away’, this is a
      euphemism for ’to die’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tāde zǔfù zuotiān wǎnshang guòqu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ mùqin shi shénme shíhou guòqude?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wō mùqin guòqude shíhou, wo hái hen xiǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      niánji:  ’(a person’s) age’,
    </para>
    <para>
      you should learn by heart:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      His grandfather passed away last night.
    </para>
    <para>
      When did your mother pass away?
    </para>
    <para>
      I was still very young when my mother passed away.
    </para>
    <para>
      Here are some frequently used patterns
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nín duo dà niánji le?              How old are you? (polite way of
    </para>
    <para>
      asking an adult’s age)
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā niánji bù xiǎo le.               She’s not young any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā niánji dà le. or Tā shàngle He’s getting on in years, niánji
      le.
    </para>
    <para>
      [Although the adjectival verb dà ’to be big’ is used after niánji
      to mean ’to be old’, when you want to say ’to be young’, you
      should use the adjectival verb qīng ’to be light* rather than xiǎo
      ’to be small’; for example, Tā niánji hái qīng, bù yīnggāi ràng ta
      qù gōngzuò, ’He’s still young, you shouldn’t make him go get a
      job.’]
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      píngjìng: ’to be calm’. Pingjìngxiàlai, ’to calm down’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shuǐshàng yìzhī chuán dōu méiyou, ye méiyou fēng, hen píngjìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Kànjian jiāli rén dōu hěn hǎo, xīnli píngjìngdeduō le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      As in the last example above, pingjìng is heart’ to describe one’s
      emotional state.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      There wasn’t a single boat on the water, and there was no wind. It
      was very calm.
    </para>
    <para>
      When I saw that everyone in the family was all right, I felt much
      calmer.
    </para>
    <para>
      often used with xīnli ’in the
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jīntiān tā hěn shēngqì, wǒ méi bànfa ràng ta pingjìngxiàlai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He got very angry today and there was no way I could get him to
      calm down.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      méi néng: ’was not able to’• Here you see the auxiliary verb néng
      used with the negative méi. You have learned that state verbs
      (auxiliary verbs are one type of state verbs) are negated with bù,
      (bù hǎo, bù zhīdao) not with méi. Here, however, you see méi néng
      instead of bù néng. This is an exception to the rule that all
      state verbs are always negated with bù. Actually, either bù néng
      or méi néng would be acceptable in this sentence. Some speakers,
      however, feel that there is a subtle difference between bù néng
      and méi néng when referring to an event in the past. For example,
      one can say Wo zuōtiān méi néng qù as well as Wo zuotiān bù néng
      qù. Wǒ zuótiān méi néng qù hints at the fact that there was a
      failure to attain the state of being able to go, whereas Wǒ
      zuotiān bù néng qù merely describes the state of being unable to
      go, without making any implications about failure (to attain the
      state of being able to go). Such a subtle difference
    </para>
    <para>
      in implication may make very little difference in the actual
      import of a sentence in some contexts, although in other contexts
      it may be of some significance. (For the first example sentence,
      you need to know that mìmi means ’secret’.)
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuotiān nǐ wen wo, wǒ bù néng gàosu ni, yīnwei zhè shi
    </para>
    <para>
      *mìmi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuotiān, nǐ wen wo, wǒ méi néng gàosu ni, yīnwei Zhang Sān zhàn
      zai pángbiān, wǒ bù xiǎng rang ta zhīdao.
    </para>
    <para>
      gǎnhuilai: ’to rush back’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Dōu liùdiǎn zhōng le, wǒ xiǎng tā dàgài gǎnbuhuílai le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàwǔ wǔdiǎn zhōng, women you ge huì, nǐ gǎndehuílai gǎnbuhuílai?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because it’s a
      secret.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yesterday when you asked me, I couldn’t tell you, because Zhāng
      Sān was standing there, and I didn’t want to let him know about
      it.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It’s six o’clock already, I think she probably won’t make it back
      in time.
    </para>
    <para>
      At five in the afternoon we have a meeting. Can you make it back
      in
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      A woman goes to visit her friend after hearing of her father’s
      death:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jīngguò Táinánde shíhou tīngdao nǐ fùqin qùshìde xiǎoxi. Zhēn
      bàoqiàn, wǒ mei néng gǎnhuilai diàosāng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ fùqin dele bìng, hen kuài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiù guòqu le. Women you xiē zài wàidìde qǐnqi dōu méi néng láidejí
      cānjiā sānglǐ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ jìde nī fùqin shēntī
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yíxiàng bú cuò, zhècì déle shénme bìng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: 0, wǒ fùqin shēntī shi bú cuò,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiùshi xīnzàng bú tài hǎo, zhècì hūrán fànle xīnzàngbìng, women
      gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ laorénjia sòngdao TaiDà Yīyuàn qu. Kěshi jīngguo
      jíjiù, háishi méi j iùguolai.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ zǔmǔ yě shi xīnzàngbìng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qùshìde. Hǎoxiàng niánji dàlede rén déle xīnzàngbìng yǐhòu, hen
      nan zhìhǎo. Lǎo xiānsheng guòqude shíhou bú tài tòngkǔ ba?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shìde. Tǎ guòqude shíhou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      bǐjiào píngjìng, hǎoxiàng bú tài tòngkǔ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Nǐ zhèxiē tiǎn yídìng mángde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hen lèi le. Nǐ yào bǎozhòng shēntī. Guò xiē shíhou wǒ zài lāi kàn
      ni.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xièxie ni. Yǐhòu you gōngfu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zài guòlai zuòzuo.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hǎo. Zàijiàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zàijiàn!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I went away on business lately and I heard the news of your
      father’s death when I was passing through Tainan. I’m so sorry I
      couldn’t make it back in time to go to the funeral.
    </para>
    <para>
      My father passed away very soon after he became ill. We even have
      relatives outside the area who couldn’t make it to the funeral.
    </para>
    <para>
      As I recall your father’s health was always pretty good, what
      illness did he get this time?
    </para>
    <para>
      Well, my father’s health was pretty good, only his heart wasn’t so
      good. This time he had a sudden heart attack, and we rushed him to
      Taiwan University Hospital. But even the emergency treatment
      didn’t save him.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      My grandmother also died of heart disease. Older people seem to be
      very hard to cure after they get heart disease. When your father
      passed away he wasn’t in much pain, I hope?
    </para>
    <para>
      No. He was rather calm when he passed away. He didn’t seem to be
      in too much pain.
    </para>
    <para>
      You must be very tired from being so busy these past few days. You
      have to take good care of yourself. I’ll be back to see you again
      soon.
    </para>
    <para>
      Thanks. When you have time come over again and sit awhile.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay. Good-bye.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Good-bye.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      13. Wǒ dǎ chángtú diànhuà gàosu ta.
    </para>
    <para>
      11. Tā lǎo péngyoude mǔqin shàngge ■xīngqī guòshì le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Tā shāngxīnjíle.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. Nǐ fùqin yǐjīng qīshiwǔsuì, kéyi shuō shi chāngshòu le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. Zài shuō ta guòshìde shíhou ye hu tài tòngkǔ.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. Nǐ hú hi tài nánguò le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          19. Wǒ mǔqin hǎnlāi xīwàng érnǔmen yíhèizi dōu zài tā
          shēnhiān.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          20. Wo dàgē jīnniān qubuliǎo Xiāng-gǎng le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          21. Jiānglái you jīhui zài qù ha!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          22. Wǒ mǔqin cháng shuō tā hú yuànyi j iānglái zàngzai guōwài.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          23. Ràng ta zài jiā ānxǐn xiūxi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      21. A: Tā shuō tā qùshì yǐhòu yào huǒzàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Bìngqiǒ xīwàng tade háizimen néng hǎ tāde gǔhuī sònghuí guōnèi.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I called him long distance to tell him.
    </para>
    <para>
      His old friend’s mother passed away last week.
    </para>
    <para>
      He was terribly broken up.
    </para>
    <para>
      Your father was already 75 years old. That’s quite a long life,
      actually.
    </para>
    <para>
      Besides that, he wasn’t in too much pain when he died.
    </para>
    <para>
      You don’t have to feel too sad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally my mother hoped that her children would stay with her
      all her life.
    </para>
    <para>
      My oldest brother can’t go to Hong Kong this year any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Go sometime in the future if you get the chance.
    </para>
    <para>
      My mother often said that when the time came she didn’t want to be
      buried abroad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let her rest without worry in her home.
    </para>
    <para>
      He says that after he passes away he wants to be cremated.
    </para>
    <para>
      Moreover he hopes his children will be able to take his ashes back
      to his home country.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 13
    </para>
    <para>
      da chángtú diànhuà: ’to make a long-distance telephone call’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng nǐmen shēngyin xiǎo           Would you all he a little
      quieter,
    </para>
    <para>
      yídiǎn, wǒ zài dǎ chángtú         . please? I’m making a
      long-distance
    </para>
    <para>
      diànhuà ne!                          call!
    </para>
    <para>
      You saw in the Post Office-Telephone Module that diànhuà can also
      be used with the meaning ’a telephone call’ as in You nǐde
      diànhuà, ’There’s a telephone call for you’. Chángtú diànhuà can
      be used in the same way:
    </para>
    <para>
      Wèi! Xiǎo Sānr! You nǐde         Xiǎo Sānr! There’s a
      long-distance
    </para>
    <para>
      chángtú diànhuà!                    phone call for you!
    </para>
    <para>
      In the Meeting Module you saw the expression lái diànhuà ’a
      telephone call is received’ or ’make a telephone call here’. Here
      is chángtú diànhuà used in the same pattern:
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān zǎoshàng you ren gěi       This morning someone called
      long-
    </para>
    <para>
      ni lái chángtú diànhuà le,         distance for you, but you
      weren’t
    </para>
    <para>
      nǐ bú zài.                           here.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 1H
    </para>
    <para>
      guòshǐ: ’to pass away, to die’. You have now seen ’to die’
      expressed three different ways: guòqu, qùshì, and guòshì. All may
      be used in conversation, although guòqu is probably the most
      common.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 15
    </para>
    <para>
      shāngxǐn: Literally, hurt, to be sad, to be broken-hearted’
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tā zhènme shāngxǐn, wèi-shénme?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tā núpengyou zou le, zenme néng bù shāngxǐn?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Women j iāde gǒu sǐle, wǒ shāngxīnle hǎo cháng shíjiān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nàme hǎode yíge háizi sǐle, zhēn ràng rén shāngxǐn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’to wound the heart’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’To be grieved, to be
    </para>
    <para>
      Why is he so broken-hearted?
    </para>
    <para>
      His girlfriend left, how can he not be broken-hearted?
    </para>
    <para>
      After the family dog died, I was broken-hearted for a real long
      time
    </para>
    <para>
      It really grieves one for such a good child to die.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      chángshòu: ’long life, longevity; to live a long life’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yào xiang chángshòu, jiù bù yīnggāi dūo he jiu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běifāng chángshòude rén bī Nanfāng duō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      If you want to live a long life, you shouldn’t drink excessively.
    </para>
    <para>
      There are more people who live long in the North than in the
      South.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. IT
    </para>
    <para>
      zài shuō: ’furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides’. Often
      following a clause with zài shuō, one of the adverbs yě ’also’ or
      you ’also’ is used.
    </para>
    <para>
      A: Zěnmeyàng? Jīntiān nī néng lai ma?
    </para>
    <para>
      B: Zhèiliǎngtiān xià xuě, wo gānmào le, tiānqi you zhènme bù hǎo,
      zài shuō haizi tài xiǎo, bǎ tā yíge rén fàngzai jiāli, wō bu
      fàngxīn. Gǎitiān, wo yídìng lai, hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā hen nénggàn, zài shuō you nàme piàoliang, nī jiù tongyì le ba?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      How about it? Can you come today?
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s snowed these two days, and I caught a cold, and the weather
      is so bad. Moreover the child is too small to leave alone at home.
      I would worry. I’ll come for sure another day, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      She’s very capable, and what’s more, she’s so beautiful too. So
      you will agree (to marry her), won’t you? (said by a matchmaker to
      a young man)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wō děng ni bàntiān le, wō yào hé ni tan yixia.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wo gāng xià kè. Zài shuō wō hái méi chī fàn ne’. Gǎitiān
          zài shuō ba’.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’ve been waiting for you for ages.
    </para>
    <para>
      I want to have a talk with you.
    </para>
    <para>
      I just got out of class. And furthermore I haven’t eaten yet!
      Let’s talk some other day!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No■ 18
    </para>
    <para>
      nánguò: ’to be sad, to verb can be used to refer to either
    </para>
    <para>
      Yīshēng shuō tā muqinde bìng hěn lìhai, women dōu hěn nánguò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      be distressed, to feel bad’. physical or emotional
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This adjectival distress.
    </para>
    <para>
      The doctor said his mother’s illness was very serious, and we were
      all very sad.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jīntiān tā chǐle hǎo duō shēngcài, xiànzài dùzili nánguò le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bié nánguò le, rén yǐjīng sǐle nánguò yě méiyou yòng le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān Song Lǎoshī hěn nánguò.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Wángde jiāli you nàme duō máfan. Zhēn ràng rén nánguò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He ate a lot of raw vegetables today, so now his stomach hurts (he
      feels bad) .
    </para>
    <para>
      Don’t be sad, he’s already dead, and it’s no use being sad.
    </para>
    <para>
      Teacher Song is very sad today.
    </para>
    <para>
      There’s so much trouble in Xǐao Wáng’s family, it really makes a
      person sad.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 19
    </para>
    <para>
      běnlái’originally, at first, in the first place’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái wo xiǎng jǐntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng. Hòulái tīngshuō kāi
      huì. Suànle, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Běnlái wǒ jīntiān qù Guangzhou, tiānqì bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān
      cái néng zou le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Originally I wanted to go see a movie this afternoon. Later I
      heard there was a meeting. So I’ll forget it and go another time.
    </para>
    <para>
      Originally I was going to Canton today, but the weather is bad so
      I’ll probably have to wait until tomorrow before X can leave.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yíbèizi: ’all one’s life, in one’s (whole) life, throughout one’s
      life, as long as one lives, a lifetime’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèngfù bāng tā bǎ zài wàiguō-de qián zhǎohuilai le. Tā yíbèizi yě
      méiyou jiànguo zhènme duō qián, hǎo gāoxìng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā you sānge érzi, wèi zhèi sānge érzi mángle yíbèizi. Xiànzài
      lǎole, gāi xiūxi xiūxi le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      The government helped her get back money she had outside the
      country. She had never seen so much money in her whole life. She
      was really happy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      She has three sons and for these three sons she was busy her whole
      life. Now she is old and should take it easy.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shēnbiān: ’at/by one’s side; (have something) on one, with one’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo you yíge háizi zài nongcūn, yíge háizi zài shēnbiān.
    </para>
    <para>
      Rúguo tā shēnbiān you hǎo jǐge háizi jiù méiyou bànfǎ chū-lai
      gōngzuò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I have one child out in the country and one child here with me.
    </para>
    <para>
      If she has several children at her feet, then she just can’t go
      out and work.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 20
    </para>
    <para>
      dàgē; ’oldest brother'. Remember that 'older brother' is gēge, but
      the oldest of several children is dàgē. In addition dàgē can be
      used between men to show a friendly relationship of unequal
      status.
    </para>
    <para>
      qùbuliǎo: 'cannot go*. This is a compound verb or result, like
      kanbujian 'cannot see' or chǐbubǎo 'cannot eat one's fill'. The
      ending -liǎo is in compounds of potential result (those with -de-
      or -bu- between the main verb and the resultative ending) with the
      meaning of 'be able to'. You may be thinking (and rightly so) that
      this is just the meaning added by the use of -de- or -bu-. This
      has led some people to label -liǎo as a 'dummy' resultative ending
      since it does not seem to add any additional information like
      other more specific endings do (e.g. wan 'finish').
    </para>
    <para>
      Wàimian shēngyǐn hǎo dà.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shizài shuìbuliǎo jiào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān ting diàn, kànbuliǎo diǎnyǐngr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ zuìjìn dùzi bù shūfu, chǐ-buliǎo shēngcài.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhènme duō cài, chìbuliǎo le'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàwu wǒ you shi, qùbuliǎo túshūguǎnle, míngtiān zài shuō ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ jiǔdiǎn zhōng xià ban, jintiān wǎnhuì nǐ qùdeliǎo qubuliǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ bú yào dāo jīchǎng lai song wo, nǐ yì kū wǒ j iù zōubu-liǎo le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      It's so noisy outside. I really can't sleep at all.
    </para>
    <para>
      Today they're turning off the electricity, so we can't watch the
      movie.
    </para>
    <para>
      My stomach has been uncomfortable lately, I can't eat lettuce.
    </para>
    <para>
      So many dishes, we won't be able to eat them!
    </para>
    <para>
      This afternoon I'm busy, I can't go to the library, let's talk
      about it tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      You get off work at 9:00, can you go to the evening meeting?
    </para>
    <para>
      Don't come to the airport to see me off; as soon as you start to
      cry, I won't be able to leave.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 21
    </para>
    <para>
      jiānglǎi: 'in the future*. Like other time words, jiānglai can be
      used between the subject and the verb, or at the front of the
      sentence before the subject.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiānglai ZhōngMěi guānxi yuè       In the future as Sino-American
    </para>
    <para>
      lái yuè hǎo, women zài Měiguo relations get better and better, jiù
      bǐjiào rōngyi mǎidào           it will be easier for us to buy
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguode dōngxi.                  Chinese goods in America.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ jiānglái yào dào Shànghǎi lǐngshìguān qù gōngzuò.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In the future I want to work in the consulate in Shanghai.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 23
    </para>
    <para>
      ānxǐn: ’to feel at ease, to set to keep one’s mind (on
      something)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā xiānshēng nǔlì zuò shi, tā keyi ānxǐn dú shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒde hāizi gōngzuòde hěn hāo, wǒ yě jiù ānxǐn le.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      o'ne’s mind at ease, to be at peace;
    </para>
    <para>
      With her husband working hard at his Job, she could keep her mind
      on her studying.
    </para>
    <para>
      My child is doing well at work, and I can now feel at ease.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 2k
    </para>
    <para>
      bìngqie:
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ’furthermore, moreover,
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      and, besides’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ yào bā bìngqie xuěhāo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gōngzuò zuò hāo yào bā Zhōngwén
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I want to do a good and do a good job
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      job at work and studying Chinese.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zhèige hāizi hěn nùlì bìngqiě hěn cōngmīng.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This child is very industrious and intelligent too.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ jìhua zhèige xīngqī bā zhèipiān wénzhāng xiěwán, bìngqiě
      fānyicheng Zhōngwén.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I plan to finish writing this essay this week and furthermore
      translate it into Chinese.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      After the funeral of an elderly man a friend comes to visit the
      family:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wo zuìjìn chūchāi qu le,
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zuotiān huílai cai zhīdao lǎo xiānsheng guòshìde xiǎoxi, érqiě
      tīngshuō sānglǐ yě bānguo le, wǒ méi néng gǎn-huilai diāosāng,
      zhēn shi bāoqiān.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wo fùqin xīnzàng yíxiàng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hú tài hǎo, zuìjìn liǎngniān, yīshēng jiao ta tiāntiān chī yào,
      jiéguo wèntí hǎoxiāng shǎole yìdiǎn, kěshi liǎngge xīngqī yīqiǎn
      hūrān fānle lǎo bìng, wǒ dǎgē jiù gǎnjīn bǎ tǎ lǎorénjia sǒngdao
      TǎiDā Yīyuān jíjiù, bìngqiě dǎ changtú diānhuā bǎ wo jiāo-huilai.
      Tā niānji dā le, suīrān jīngguò jǐtiān jíjiù haishi méi jiùguolai,
      zāi shāng Xīngqīèr qùshì le; búguǒ tā qùshìde shíhou bǐjiǎo
      píngjìng, hǎoxiāng bú tāi tòngkū.
    </para>
    <para>
      V
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Fùqin qùshì, érnu yídìng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hěn shāngxīn. Búguǒ lǎo xiānsheng qīshiduōsuì qùshì yě suān shi
      chǎngshòu le. Zāi shuō tā gudqude shíhou bú tāi tòngkū, nǐmen
      xiōngdì jiěmèi yě dōu zāi tā shēnbiān, tā yě jiù ānxīn le, nǐ yě
      bú yāo tāi nanguò. Lǎo xiānsheng zāngzai nǎli?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ fùqin shuōguo, yāo huǒ-
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zāng. Tā shuō tā zhèyíbèizi kǒngpā huíbuliǎo lǎojiā le, jiāo women
      jiānglāi bǎ gúhuī sònghuí lǎojiā qu, suoyi women jiù zhǔnbèi zhǎo
      tā shuōde bān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      who came to Taiwan from the mainland,
    </para>
    <para>
      I've been away on business lately, and I didn't find out until I
      got back yesterday that your father had passed away. And I hear
      that the funeral has already been held. I'm really sorry I didn't
      make it back in time to attend the funeral.
    </para>
    <para>
      My father's heart was never too good. The past two years, the
      doctor told him to take medicine every day, and there didn't seem
      to be so much of a problem any more, but two weeks ago he had a
      sudden attack of his old illness. My oldest brother rushed him to
      Taiwan University Hospital for emergency treatment. He also called
      me long distance to get me to come back. He was quite old, and
      even after several days of emergency treatment they still weren't
      able to save him. He passed away last Tuesday, but at the time he
      was rather calm, and he didn't seem to be in too much pain.
    </para>
    <para>
      When a father passes away, the children always feel very grieved.
      But for your father to pass away at over seventy is really quite a
      long life. Besides, he wasn't in too much pain when he passed
      away, and all you brothers and sisters were at his side, so he
      could set his mind at ease; so don't be too sad. Where will he be
      buried?
    </para>
    <para>
      My father had said he wanted to be cremated. He said that he
      probably wouldn't be able to return to his hometown in his
      lifetime, and he told us to take his ashes back to his hometown
      someday. So we're planning to do as he asked.
    </para>
    <para>
      Vocabulary
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ānxǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎozhòng běnlái bìngqiē
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take good care (of oneself) originally moreover, and
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cānj iā chángshòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take part in; to attend
              </para>
              <para>
                long life, longevity; to live a long time
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chūchāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be out of town on business
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dǎ chángtū diànhuà dàgē diàosāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to make a long-distance phone call oldest brother
              </para>
              <para>
                to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a
                funeral
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                érnū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                children
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have an attack (of an old disease)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāndeshàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnhuilai gǎnjīn gǔhuī guòqu guòshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to rush back quickly bone ashes to pass away, to die to
                pass away, to die
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huǒzàng hūrǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cremate; cremation suddenly
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiānglai Jí jiù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the future, someday
              </para>
              <para>
                first aid; to administer emergency treatment
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iùguolai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to save
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎorénjiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                polite way of addressing or referring to an old person
                (ní lǎorénjiā, tā lǎorénjiā)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -liǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can, to be able to
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nǎnguò
              </para>
              <para>
                niánji (niánji)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be sad age
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                píngjìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be calm
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      qubuliǎo qùshì
    </para>
    <para>
      sānglǐ shāngxīn
    </para>
    <para>
      shēnbiān
    </para>
    <para>
      song
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiāoxi xīnzàng xīnzàngbìng
    </para>
    <para>
      yíbèizi yíxiang
    </para>
    <para>
      zài shuō zàng zuìjin zǔmǔ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      cannot go
    </para>
    <para>
      to pass away, to die
    </para>
    <para>
      funeral
    </para>
    <para>
      to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be heartbroken
    </para>
    <para>
      one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
    </para>
    <para>
      to escort, to take (someone to a place)
    </para>
    <para>
      news
    </para>
    <para>
      heart
    </para>
    <para>
      heart disease
    </para>
    <para>
      all one’s life
    </para>
    <para>
      (have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
    </para>
    <para>
      furthermore, besides
    </para>
    <para>
      to bury
    </para>
    <para>
      recently; soon
    </para>
    <para>
      grandmother (on the father’s side)
    </para>
    <para>
      Customs Surrounding
    </para>
    <para>
      Marriage, Birth, and Death: Unit 6
    </para>
    <para>
      PART I
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          1. Xiǎo Lǐde mama sǐ le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          2. A: NǏ shuō women shi fǒu gāi cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Women yīngdāng qù yíxià.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          3. Xiǎo Lǐde māma jīntiān chū bin.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          4. Yìbān rénde sānglǐ méiyou name duōde guǐju le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          5. Yìbān cānjiā sānglǐde rén dōu song wǎnliàn huò huāquān.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          6. Xiě wǎnliàn fǎnzhèng lāibují le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          7. Women qù mǎi yige huāquān rúhé?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          8. Nianqīng fùnù xǐhuan chuān huā yīfu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          9. Na néng rang ni pòfei?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          10. Wō qù gei ta mǎi diān xiǎo lǐwù jiù shi le.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          11. Zhǐ yǎo bú tài guì, wō hāishi dā jìchéngchē qu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          12. Nǐ shuō women liǎngge rén héqilai song ta yítāo pǎnzi-wǎn
          zěnmeyāng?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          13. Nǐ xiǎode Yāngmíngshān Gōngmù zài nali ma?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Xiao Li’s mother died.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you think we should go to the funeral?
    </para>
    <para>
      We should go.
    </para>
    <para>
      The funeral procession for Xiao Li’s mother is today.
    </para>
    <para>
      Most people’s funerals don’t have so many special customs anymore.
    </para>
    <para>
      Most people who attend a funeral send a funeral scroll or a flower
      wreath.
    </para>
    <para>
      It’s too late to write a funeral scroll anyway.
    </para>
    <para>
      How about if we go buy a flower wreath?
    </para>
    <para>
      Young women like to wear multicolored clothing.
    </para>
    <para>
      How could I make you spend money?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll just go and buy her a little present.
    </para>
    <para>
      As long as it’s not too expensive, it would be best if I took a
      taxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      What do you say the two of us give him a set of dishes together?
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you know where Yangmingshan Public Cemetery is?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART I
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 1
    </para>
    <para>
      mama: ’mother, mom’ Although this can he used as a term of
      address, like English ’Mom’ or ’Mommy’, it can also he used in
      informal conversation to refer to one’s own or someone else’s
      mother, as in wǒ mama ’my mother’, or tā mama* his mother’. For
      the term of direct address ’Mom’, Mā is prohahly more commonly
      used than Mama.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ mama shàng hān qu le.           My mother has left for work.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiàwù, Mama jiù zuò huǒche lāi This afternoon, Mom came hy train
      kàn wo le.                           to visit me.
    </para>
    <para>
      sǐ: ’to die’ This is a process verh, like hìng ’to become ill, to
      get sick’, and therefore corresponds more closely to the English
      ’to become dead’ than it does ’to be dead’. In English one can
      talk about a person who has a terminal illness, saying ’He is
      dying’, but this does not translate directly into Chinese. In
      Chinese one can say Tā kuài (yào) sǐle, ’He is about to die,’ or
      Tā huòbuliǎo duo jiù le, ’He won’t live much longer.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Tīngshuō Lao Liùde fùqin sǐ le. I heard that Lāo Liu’s father has
      died.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sǐ can be used directly before a noun as an adjective, meaning
      ’dead’. Shi sǐde may be used to mean ’is dead’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhè shi yìtiāo sǐ yù.               This is a dead fish.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèitiáo yu shi sǐde.               This fish is (a) dead (one).
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 2
    </para>
    <para>
      shi fǒu: ’is it (true) or isn’t it (true that) ...’ This phrase is
      a more formal-sounding equivalent of shi bu shi; fǒu in literary
      Chinese means ’or not’. In spoken Standard Chinese, the use of shi
      fǒu is more restricted than shi bu shi. First of all, shi fǒu has
      a more educated, formal ring to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      it than shi bu shi. Secondly, shi fǒu verbal expression, as in the
      following
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèzhǒng tiān shi fǒu huì xià yù?
    </para>
    <para>
      Jǐnnián dōngtiān, nǐ shi fǒu xiāng dào Màiāmì qu?
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shi fǒu zhùnbèi ànzhao zhège jìhua qù zuò?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      is usually used only before another examples:
    </para>
    <para>
      Is (this weather) going to rain?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Are you hoping to go to Miami this winter?
    </para>
    <para>
      Are you planning to act according to this plan?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Nǐ yīnggāi xiǎngyixiǎng, nǐ duì zhège rén shi fǒu liǎojiě.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ niánji hù xiǎo le, nǐ shi fǒu kǎolūguo jiéhūnde wèntí?
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīnnián, nǐmen xuéxiǎode xué-shēng shi fǒu zēngjiā le?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ hù zhīdào wǒde yìjian shi fǒu néng dédao tǒngyì.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèizhong dōngxi zài zhèli shi fǒu mǎidedāo?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You ought to think about whether you understand this person or
      not.
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re not young anymore, have you considered the question of
      marriage?
    </para>
    <para>
      This year did the (number of) students in your school increase?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don't know whether my opinion will be agreed with or not.
    </para>
    <para>
      Can this sort of thing be bought here?
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 3
    </para>
    <para>
      chū bin: ’to transport the coffin to the burial place or to the
      tomb'. Literally, this means 'take out the coffin’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Liújiā míngtiān chū bin.           The Liu's have the funeral
      procession
    </para>
    <para>
      tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zuotiān, Liu Xiānsheng gěi tā Yesterday, after Mr. Liu accompanied
      fùqin chūle bin yǐhòu, hui         his father's coffin to the
      cemetery
    </para>
    <para>
      jiā jiù bìng le.                    he went home and then got
      sick.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 4
    </para>
    <para>
      guǐju: 'fixed standards of conduct, regulations, or customs'.
    </para>
    <para>
      Anzhao Zhōngguode guīju, gěi sǐrén chūle bin yǐhòu hái yāo zuò
      shénme?
    </para>
    <para>
      Kèren lái le, zāi máng yě yāo he běi chá, zhè shi wǒmende guīju.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      According to Chinese custom, after accompanying the coffin of the
      deceased to the cemetery, what else should be done?
    </para>
    <para>
      When a guest comes, no matter how busy he is, he should have a cup
      a cup of tea. This is our custom.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      You guīju means 'to have manners':
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège háizi bù dong shi, méi guīju, zhēn rāng rén bù hǎo yìsi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wángjiāde lǎodā zhǎngde hǎokān, you you guīju, zhēn hǎo.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      This child does not understand about things, he has no manners• It
      really embarasses a person.
    </para>
    <para>
      The Wáng's oldest son is good looking and he is well mannered.
      He's really great.
    </para>
    <para>
      Guīju as an adjectival verb means ’to be proper, to be correct (of
      a person)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Lǎo Wǎngde nūér rén hěn guīju. Lǎo Wang’s daughter is very proper.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 5
    </para>
    <para>
      dōu: Some of the uses of dōu do not correspond to ’all*. ’All’ in
      English is often described as ’collective’, that is, referring to
      all the members in a group. D5u in Chinese is often described as
      ’distributive’, that is referring to the members of a group as
      individuals. This usage sometimes is translated as ’each’. Notice
      that in the Reference List sentence dōu in combination with yìbān
      and another noun produces this meaning.
    </para>
    <para>
      Hěn duō Zhōngguo rén dǎole Měiguo dōu xiǎng niǎn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qiǎnjǐniǎn, xǔduō xuéshēng bìyè yīhōu dōu dào nongcūn qu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yìbān Zhōngguo rén dōu juéde xué Yīngwén bǐ xué Zhōngwén nan.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      A lot of Chinese want to study after they get to the United
      States.
    </para>
    <para>
      Several years ago many students went to the countryside after they
      graduated.
    </para>
    <para>
      The average Chinese thinks that English is harder to learn than
      Chinese.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wǎnliàn: ’funeral scroll, scroll of condolence’, literally
      ’elegiac— couplet’. CLiǎn is short for duìliǎn ’a written or
      inscribed couplet (pair of parallel sentences)’.] Traditionally,
      white cloth scrolls in one to three strips were written for the
      deceased by friends. More recently a new practice has developed
      which is to send scrolls or wreaths bearing one character: diǎn,
      ”to sacrifice.” Sending flowers has been brought in by Western
      custom.
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎwǔ wǒ dào Liūjiā qu, nǐ gěi This afternoon I’m going to the
      Liu’s, xiě ge wǎnliàn hǎo bu hǎo?         could you write a
      funeral scroll
    </para>
    <para>
      for them?
    </para>
    <para>
      huò: ’or’. You have learned huòshi and huōzhě for ’or’. Huō is a
      more literary variant, but it can still be heard in conversation.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān wǎnshang huō míngtiān Come over to my house tonight or
      wǎnshang nǐ dào wǒ zhèli lai       tomorrow night, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      yítàng hǎo bu hǎo?
    </para>
    <para>
      huāquān: ’flower wreath’, literally ’flower circle’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ xiǎng mǎi ge huāquān gěi        I want to buy a flower wreath
      to send
    </para>
    <para>
      Liujiā sōngqu.                      to the Liu’s.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 6
    </para>
    <para>
      fanzheng: ’anyway, anyhow, either way, in any case, all the same’.
      Fǎnzhèng may come either before or after the subject of the
      sentence.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ jí shenme, fǎnzhèng gǎnbu-shàng kāi huì le, mǎnmǎn zǒu ba!
    </para>
    <para>
      Fǎnzhèng wǒ bù mǎi, méi qián méi guānxi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ fǎnzhèng méi shi, women jiù tántan zhèige wèntí ba.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù, nǐ bú qù yě kéyi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Fǎnzhèng is often prefaced by a matter whether...':
    </para>
    <para>
      Bù guǎn nǐ qù bu qù, fǎnzhèng wǒ yào qù.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      What are you so anxious for, we won’t make it in time for the
      meeting anyway, so let’s just take our time!
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m not going to buy it anyway, so it doesn’t matter that I don’t
      have any money.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t have anything to do anyway, so let’s talk about this.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m going anyway; it’s okay if you don’t go or It’s okay if you
      don’t go; anyway, I’m going.
    </para>
    <para>
      clause beginning with bù guǎn ’no
    </para>
    <para>
      No matter whether you go or not, I'm going anyway.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. T
    </para>
    <para>
      rúhé: ’how; how about; in what way'. This is a literary word which
      means about the same as zěnmeyǎng. In a more plain, colloquial
      style, the Reference List sentence could also be said as Women qù
      mǎi yige huāquān zěnmeyǎng? Spoken Standard Chinese draws more on
      the written style in an area like Taiwan, where a majority of the
      population learn Standard Chinese in school, rather than at home.
      A speaker from Peking might consider Women mǎi yige huāquān rúhé
      to sound a little stiff and unnatural. You should be able to
      understand rúhé, but use it yourself only in speaking with people
      who use it, or in writing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Míngtiān Lǎo Zhāng qǐng women Tomorrow Lǎo Zhāng has invited all
      dǎjiā chǐ fǎn, nǐ juéde rúhà? of us to eat, what do you think?
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèjiǎn shìde jiéguǒ rúhé?         What was the outcome of this
      matter?
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;Jiǎo wǒ rúhé bù xiāng ta?&quot;        &quot;(it makes me so
      that) How could I
    </para>
    <para>
      not miss her?&quot; (name of famous popular song of the 30's)
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 8
    </para>
    <para>
      huā: ’to be multicolored’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jīntiān tā chuānle yíjiǎn huā yīfu, hǎo piāoliāng!
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Today she’s wearing a multicolored dress. It’s gorgeous.’
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 9
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǎ néng rang ni pòfei: Nǎ or nǎr (Peking) is used in rhetorical
      questions.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā méi qián, nǎ néng jiēhūn’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Yéye nali nǎ(r) néng name shuō huǎ’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ shi women jiǎde rén, nǎ(r) néng bú rang ni zhīdao zánmen jiǎde
      shi ne?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ shuōde shi jǐbǎiniánqiánde shi, nǎ shíhoude Měiguo nǎ(r) you
      shenme chéngshì ’.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wǒ nǎ(r) míngbai’.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǐ name cōngmingde rén, nǎ(r) huì bù míngbai!
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ kǎn, nǎ(r) you zhèyang ban shìde, bù jīngguò jūmín wěiyuánhuì,
      jiù xiǎng shēng háizi, nǎ nǎ(r) xíng?
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Tā yìzhí zǎi chéngli zhùzhe, nǎ(r) dǎoguo nongcūn ne!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnmeyǎng? Xiǎo Zhāng kuǎi jiēhūn le ba?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Nǎr a! Nūjiā fùmǔ bú yuǎn-yi , máf an dǎ le ’.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      He has no money, how can he get married?
    </para>
    <para>
      How can you talk like that in front of Grandpa?
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re family, how could we not let you know what’s going on in
      our family?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’m talking about something several hundred years ago, how could
      America have had any cities at that time?
    </para>
    <para>
      Like heck I understand!
    </para>
    <para>
      You’re such a smart person, how could you not understand?
    </para>
    <para>
      Look, how can you go about things like this? You want to have a
      child without going through your neighborhood committee, how can
      that be okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      When has he ever been to the countryside! He’s always lived in the
      city!
    </para>
    <para>
      How’s it going? Is Xiǎo Zhāng going to get married soon?
    </para>
    <para>
      You must be kidding! The girl’s parents don’t want it. There’s a
      lot of trouble.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 10
    </para>
    <para>
      jiù shi le: This phrase is used at the end of a sentence to mean
      ’...that’s all’. It can have several different implications,
      depending on the context: ’’Don’t worry, this matter can simply be
      taken care of like this.’’ (something is virtually taken care of)
    </para>
    <para>
      (1)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wǒ you wàngle bǎ shū dàilai, búguǒ wǒ yídìng jiègei ni
                jiù shi le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I forgot to bring the book again, but I’m going to lend
                it to you for sure, don’t worry.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wǒ zhào nín shuōde bàn jiù shi le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ll simply do as you say.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Deng yixià gěi ni bàn jiù shi le, nǐ jí shenme!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ll take care of it for you in a moment, don’t worry,
                why are you so anxious?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Anzhao zhège jìhua zuò jiù shi le, you shénme hǎo
                tánde?.’
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Do it according to this plan and that’s all there is to
                it! What else is there to discuss?
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      2) ’Only, just this, nothing more than this’.
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Zhèliǎngge háizi chàbuduǒ, búguǒ Lǎo Dà cōngming yidiǎnr
                jiù shi le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                These two children are about the same, but the older one
                is a little more intelligent, that’s all.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Tā lái, méiyou shénme shi, búguǒ xiǎng yào nàběn shū jiù
                shi le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                When he came he wasn’t up to anything special, he just
                wanted that book, that’s all.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (3) ’that’s all that can be done
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                about it’.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Fǎnzhèng wǒ gēn ni shuōguo jiù shi le.
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                In any case, I've told you, and that’s all I can do.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 11
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào: ’as long as, so long as,
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhǐ yào wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang you kǒng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèběn shū
      kànwán.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      i f only’.
    </para>
    <para>
      As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading this book.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dā: ’to travel by, to take (a bus, car, train, boat, etc.)’
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo yě yào dào xuéxiào qu, dā nínde chē xíng bu xíng?
    </para>
    <para>
      Wo dācuòle chē, jiéguō pāodao Běitou qu le.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měitiān wō dā sìlù chē shàng bān.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      I’m going to school too, can I get a ride with you?
    </para>
    <para>
      I got on the wrong bus, and ended up in Běitou.
    </para>
    <para>
      I take the Route 1 bus to work every day.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Note on No. 12
    </para>
    <para>
      héqilai: ’to combine, to put together, to unite’. He is a verb
      meaning ’to combine, to put together, to unite, to merge’. You
      should learn to use he in the following combinations: hézai yìqǐ
      ’to combine (two or more things together)’, héqilai ’to combine
      (forces), to come together, to put together’, héchéng ’to combine
      into, to merge into’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Women liāngjiā héqilai mǎixiale zhè liùjiān fángzi.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèliāngge jùzi hécheng yíge, rōngyi shuō yidiǎnr.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèliāngbān hézai yìqǐ, zhǐ you shíge xuéshēng, hái bú suàn tài
      duō.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Our two families bought these six rooms together.
    </para>
    <para>
      If you combine these two sentences into one, it’s easier to say.
    </para>
    <para>
      If these two classes are combined, there are only ten students;
      that’s still not too many.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 13
    </para>
    <para>
      xiāode: ’know’. This is a synonym of zhídao, and can be used in
      most of the same ways that zhǐdao can be used. Xiāode is not,
      however, commonly used in Peking; it is mostly used in southern
      areas.
    </para>
    <para>
      gōngmù: ’public cemetery’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gāngcái tā you dào gōngmù qu       Just now she went to the
      cemetery
    </para>
    <para>
      le, gěi tā māma song yibā          again and left a-bunch of
      flowers
    </para>
    <para>
      huā.                                     (on her mother’s grave).
    </para>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      Two friends who work together at the
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tīngshuō Xiǎo Lǐde Mama sǐle.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Nǐ xiǎng women shi fǒu gǎi qù cānjiā tāde sānglǐ?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Women gēn Xiǎo Lǐ yǐjīng shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      shíjǐniǎnde lǎo péngyou le, nǎ néng bū qù.’
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Sānglǐ you méiyou shénme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tēbié guīju? Wǒ zhǎngde zhènme da le, hai méi cānjiāguo sānglǐ ne!
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Zhǐ yāo bù chuān huā yīfu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dāgāi jiù kéyi le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Women gāi song diǎn shénme
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dōngxi ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yìbān rén dōu song wǎnliān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      huǒ huāquān. Women liǎngge rén kéyi héqilai song yíge huāquān. Nǐ
      kān rúhé?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Dāngrǎn hǎo....NǏ zhīdao bu
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      zhidao tā māma nǎtiān chú bin?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiā Lǐbāisān xiāwǎ sāndiǎn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yào zāngzai nǎli?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yāngmíngshān Dìyī Gōngmù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Zěnme qù?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wǒ yě bù xiǎode.  Fǎnzhèng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      dào shíhou women dā jìchéngchē qu jiù shi le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Xiǎng bu xiǎng xiànzài qù kànkan Xiǎo Lǐ?
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Bù xíng. Wǒ jīntiān wǎnshang
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      you shìqing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Bank of Taiwan are having a talk:
    </para>
    <para>
      I heard that Xiǎo Lǐ’s mother died. Do you think we should go to
      the funeral?
    </para>
    <para>
      We’ve been friends with Xiǎo Lǐ for over ten years, how could we
      not go.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Are there any apecial customs at funerals? I’ve reached this age
      without ever having been to a funeral.’
    </para>
    <para>
      As long as you don’t wear multicolored clothes it should be okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      Should we send some kind of gift?
    </para>
    <para>
      Most people send a funeral scroll or a flower wreath. The two of
      us can send a flower wreath together. What do you think?
    </para>
    <para>
      Of course that would be good....Do you know what day his mother’s
      funeral procession will be?
    </para>
    <para>
      Next Wednesday afternoon at 3.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where is she going to be buried?
    </para>
    <para>
      In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery No. 1.
    </para>
    <para>
      How do you get there?
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t know either. Anyway, when the time comes we’ll just take a
      cab there.
    </para>
    <para>
      Do you want to go see Xiǎo Lǐ now?
    </para>
    <para>
      I can’t. I’m busy tonight.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Name míngtiān Jiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Míngtiān jiàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Then I’ll see you tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      See you tomorrow.
    </para>
    <para>
      PART II
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          14. Zài Táiběi you rén rènwéi Yāngmíngshǎn gōngmù fēngshuǐ
          hǎo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          15. Shéi dōu xīwàng tǎde zīsūn hòudài fādá.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          16. Jiǎngj iu fēngshuǐ hǎo hu hǎo hǎishi jiù guǎnniàn.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          17. Wǒ mǔqin bù mixìn, tā shuō tǔzàng, huǒzàng dōu kéyi.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          18. Women yídào qù Jílè Bìnyíguǎn ba!
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          19. Wǒ kàndao chū bìnde rén dàdōu zhǐ zài shǒubìshang dài
          xiào.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          20. Wǒ cōnglāi bù chuān huī yīfu.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      21'. Keren dōu yào zài qiānmíngbù-shang qiān ming, zhè shi wǒmende
      xíguàn.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      In Taipei there are people who believe that the feng-shui in
      Yangmingshan demetery is good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Everyone hopes that his descendants will be prosperous.
    </para>
    <para>
      To be particular about whether the fengshui is good or not is an
      old way of thinking.
    </para>
    <para>
      My mother isn’t superstitious; she says that either burial or
      cremation is okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      Let’s go to the Paradise Funeral Home together, okay?
    </para>
    <para>
      I saw that most of the people in the funeral procession were only
      wearing mourning on their arm.
    </para>
    <para>
      I never wear gray clothing.
    </para>
    <para>
      The guests are all supposed to sign their name in a guest book.
      This is our custom.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      NOTES ON PART II
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 14
    </para>
    <para>
      rènwéi: ’to think (that), to consider (that), to believe (that)’.
      This is a very common verb used to express that someone has formed
      an opinion or made a judgment about a person or thing.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ rènwéi zhè shi yíge hěn zhòngyàode wèntí.
    </para>
    <para>
      I think this is a very important question.
    </para>
    <para>
      I don’t think you should do this
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Wǒ bú rènwéi nǐ yīnggāi zuò zhèjiàn shi.
    </para>
    <para>
      fēngshuǐ: Literally ’wind and water’, this means the geographical
      outlay of something to he built, such as a grave or the foundation
      of a house. The traditional Chinese science of fēngshuǐ, or
      geomancy, is concerned with the good and bad influences which the
      location of a grave or building are believed to exert over a
      family and its descendants. In particular, the dead are influenced
      by and able to influence the celestial bodies for the benefit of
      the living. Each family, therefore, is naturally interested in
      arranging the most auspicious placement for it’s family grave.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège fángzide fēngshuǐ bù hǎo.    The fengshui of this house is
      no good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèlide fēngshuǐ bú cuò.           The fengshui here is pretty
      good.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 15
    </para>
    <para>
      zǐsūn: ’sons and grandsons’, or used in a more general sense,
      ’offspring descendants’. For this example, you have to know that
      Huangdì means ’the Yellow Emperor’, a legendary ruler thought of
      as the father of Chinese civilization.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rén dōu shi Huangdì- The Chinese are all descendants of
      de zǐsūn.                           the Yellow Emperor.
    </para>
    <para>
      hōudài: ’descendants, posterity, later generations’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒmende hōudài dōu yīnggāi jìzhu Our descendants should all
      remember zhèijiàn shi.’                          this.’
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā méiyou hōudài.                   He is without descendants.
    </para>
    <para>
      fādā: ’to be prosperous, to be flourishing; to be developed, to be
      well-developed’. For the first example, you need to know that
      gōngshāngyè means ’industry and commerce’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguode gōngshāngyè fēichāng America’s industry and commerce are
      fādǎ.                               very developed.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhèijiā rénjiā hěn fādǎ.           This family is prosperous.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 16
    </para>
    <para>
      jiǎngjiu: ’to be particular about, to be meticulous about, to pay
      attention to, to strive for’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhège rén hěn jiǎngjiu chī, hěn This person is particular about
      what jiǎngjiu chuān.                     he eats and what he
      wears.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nèige haizi tài jiǎngjiu chuān.    That kid pays too much
      attention to
    </para>
    <para>
      what she wears.
    </para>
    <para>
      Jiǎngjiu can also mean ’to be elegant’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐmen jiāde jiāju zhēn jiǎngjiu. Your furniture is truly elegant.
    </para>
    <para>
      guānniàn: ’way of thinking, concept, notion, view, sense (of),
      mentality (of).
    </para>
    <para>
      Měiguo rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude yíyàng,
      yǒude bù yíyàng.
    </para>
    <para>
      Nǐ kàn ba, zài guò jǐniān niān-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn wǎnhūn jiù
      huì biàncheng yizhǒng guānniàn.
    </para>
    <para>
      Sometimes the American way of thinking and the Chinese way is the
      same, sometimes not.
    </para>
    <para>
      You watch, in more few years, it will have become an accepted
      notion that young people should get involved late and marry late.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 17
    </para>
    <para>
      míxìn: ’to be superstitious (about); superstition’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Shāngchāode shíhou Zhōngguo rén During the Shang Dynasty, the
      Chinese bǐjiào míxìn, xiànzài bǐjiào       were relatively
      superstitious, now
    </para>
    <para>
      bù míxìn le.                        they aren’t so much any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǒude Zhōngguo rén míxìn fēng- Some Chinese are superstitious
      about shuǐ.                                  fengshui.
    </para>
    <para>
      tǔzàng: ’to bury (a dead person)’, literally ’ground-bury’. This
      word is used only in contrast to other ways of disposing of a dead
      body, for example cremation or burial at sea. CIf no contrast with
      other forms of disposal is implied, then the word for ’to bury’ is
      simply zàng (for formal burials), máj (for informal burials),
      mǎizàng, or ānzàng (literally ’peacefully bury’, a respectful
      term).2
    </para>
    <para>
      Éguo rén shuōguo tāmen yào         The Russians said they wanted
      to
    </para>
    <para>
      māizàng Měiguo.                    bury Americans.
    </para>
    <para>
      huǒzàng: ’to cremate; cremation*. In this word, you may think of
      zàng ’to bury’ as extended to mean ’to dispose of (a dead body)’.
      Huǒ means ’fire’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Note on No. 18
    </para>
    <para>
      yídào: ’together’. You have already learned yìqǐ and yíkuàir for
      ’together’. Yídào is mostly used by speakers of southern Mandarin
      and is little used by northerners.
    </para>
    <para>
      Yàohuá hé tāde nūpéngyou yídào Yàohuā and his girlfriend went to
      kàn diànyǐngr qu le.                see a movie.
    </para>
    <para>
      Háizimen zài yídào wánr.
    </para>
    <para>
      The children are playing together.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 19 meaning which is prohahly used hy more people than
      dàdōu is dàduō.
    </para>
    <para>
      dàdōu: ’for the most part, mostly’. Another word with the same
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Zài Yìndu rénmín dàdōu (or         In India the people are mostly
      Hindu,
    </para>
    <para>
      dàduō) xìn Yìndujiào.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rén dàduō shi nóngmín. Chinese for the most part are
      rural people.
    </para>
    <para>
      shōuhì: ’arm (from the wrist to the shoulder)’. Other words for
      ’arm’ used in different regions are gēhei and gēho (Peking gēhe).
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Lǐ gēbo shòule shāng,         Xiǎo Lǐ was hurt in the arm,
      and also
    </para>
    <para>
      Xiǎo Wǎngde tuǐ yě shòule          Xiǎo Wǎng was hurt in the leg.
    </para>
    <para>
      shang.
    </para>
    <para>
      Gǎngcái, wō bù xiǎoxin pèngdao- Just now I was careless and bumped
      le ménshang, dào xiànzài           into the.door, and my arm still
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒubì hai téng ne.                 hurts now.
    </para>
    <para>
      dàixiào: ’to wear mourning’. Formerly, people wore certain types
      of clothes while in mourning (sackcloth or white from head to
      foot). Nowadays, customs differ widely, but some small item is
      usually still worn to indicate a death in the family. These
      include a white flower in the hair, a coarse cloth patch on the
      arm or in the hair, or a black armband.
    </para>
    <para>
      Tā fùqin sǐle kuài sānnián le, Her father has been dead for almost
      tā hái dàixiào ne!                  three years and she is still
      wearing
    </para>
    <para>
      mourning!
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 20
    </para>
    <para>
      cōnglái bù: ’never, never does...’. In the last unit, you saw the
      pattern cōnglái méi(you), meaning ’have never...’ or ’had
      never...’. Cōnglái means ’from the past up until now (it has
      always been this way)’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Wǒ cōnglái bú yuànyi zǎoshang I never want to study in the
      morning, niàn shū.
    </para>
    <para>
      huǐ:   ’to be gray’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Zài Zhōngguo dàduōshù rén dōu The great majority of people in
      China xǐhuan chuān lánsè hé huīsède like to wear blue or gray
      clothing, yīfu.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notes on No. 21
    </para>
    <para>
      qiānmíngbù: ’guest book’, literally, ’sign-name record book’.
    </para>
    <para>
      qián míng: ’to sign one’s name’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Qǐng ni zài zhèli qiān míng.       Please sign here.
    </para>
    <para>
      xíguàn: ’custom, habit’. The definition of xíguàn in a Chinese
      dictionary reads: ’behavior, tendency, or social practice
      cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard to change
      abruptly’. Compare this with fēngsú ’custom’, which you learned in
      Unit 1: ’the sum total of etiquette, usual practices, etc. adhered
      to over a long period of time in the development of society’.
    </para>
    <para>
      Notice that xíguàn may refer to the way of an individual or of a
      community, whereas fēngsú only refers to the way of a community.
    </para>
    <para>
      Taipei:
    </para>
    <para>
      An American student attending Taiwan with a Chinese classmate and
      friend:
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tīngshuō Wang Lāoshīde fùqin
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qùshì le. Nǐ xiang women shi fou gāi qù cānjiā sānglǐ?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Wo xiang women yīngdāng qù.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tīngshuō sānglǐ zài Jílè
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Bìnyíguān jǔxíng. Nǐ xiāode Jílè Bìnyíguān zài náli ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiāode. Jiù zài Nánjīng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Dōnglù.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Wo cónglái méi cānjiāguo
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Zhōngguo rénde sānglǐ, &quot;bù zhīdào nǐmen you nāxiē guīju. Nī
      néng &quot;bu néng gēn wo jiāngyijiāng?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Kéyi. Xiànzài yibān rénde
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      sānglǐ dōu hěn jiāndān, méiyou tài duōde guīju. Búguò, nǐ hú yào
      chuān héngde, lùde, huòshi huāde yīfu. Chuān hēide, huīde, lānde
      dōu kéyi. Qù cānjiā sānglǐde rén dàdōu song wānlián huò huāquān.
      Wō xiāng women kéyi héqilai song yige huāquān.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Hāo.
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Dào bìnyíguānde shíhou, nǐ
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      yí jin mén jiù huì kàndao zhuōzishang fàngzhe qiānmíngbù, nī yào
      zài shàngmian qiān míng.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Ng. Wang Lāoshīde fùqin yào
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tǔzàng haishi huǒzàng, nī tīngshuō le ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Tīngshuō shi yào tǔzàng.
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Yào zàngzai náli?
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      National University is talking
    </para>
    <para>
      I heard that Teacher Wang’s father died. Do you think we should
      attend the funeral?
    </para>
    <para>
      I think we ought to go.
    </para>
    <para>
      I hear that the funeral is going to he held at the Paradise
      Funeral Home. Do you know where that is?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. it’s on Nanking East Road.
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ve never been to a Chinese funeral, so I don’t know what special
      practices you have. Could you tell me about them?
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay. These days the average person’s funeral is very simple.
      There aren’t too many special customs. But you shouldn’t wear red,
      green, or multicolored clothing. Black, gray, and blue would all
      be okay to wear. Most people who attend a funeral send a a funeral
      scroll or a flower wreath. I think we could send a flower wreath
      together.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      When you get to the funeral home, as soon as you go in the door
      you’ll see a guest book on the table. You should sign your name in
      it.
    </para>
    <para>
      Uh huh. Have you heard whether Teacher Wang’s father is going to
      be buried or cremated?
    </para>
    <para>
      I heard he’s going to be buried.
    </para>
    <para>
      Where is he going to be buried?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Yào zàngzai Yángmíngshān
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      Gōngmù, yīnwei tǎmen rènwéi nàlide fēngshuǐ hǎo, rén zàngzai nàli,
      tāde zǐsūn houdài jiù huì fādǎ.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tǎiwān xiànzài you xiē rén
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      hai you diǎn míxìn, shi hu shi?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Shìde, búguò zhèxiē dōu shi
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      jiù guānniàn. Niǎnqīng rén dàdōu hù jiǎngjiu zhèxiē le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Tǎiwān xiànzài hǎi you dài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      xiàode xíguàn ma?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: You. Nǐ méi kàndao Wǎng
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      tā shōubìshang jiù dàizhe xiào ne. Yǐqiǎnde rén dài xiào yào dài
      yìniǎn! Xiànzàide rén duōhàn zhǐ dài yìhǎitiān le.
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          A: Míngtiān women shénme shíhou
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      qù?
    </para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>
          B: Xiàwu yìdiǎn zhōng wō zài
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>
      TǎiDà ménkōu děng ni, women yídào qù.
    </para>
    <para>
      A:    Hǎo.
    </para>
    <para>
      In Yangmíngshān Public Cemetery, because they believe that the
      fengshui there is good, and that if a person is buried there his
      descendants will be prosperous.
    </para>
    <para>
      There are still some people in Taiwan who are a little
      superstitious, aren’t there?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. But these are all old notions. For the most part, young
      people don’t pay much attention to this kind of thing any more.
    </para>
    <para>
      Does the custom of wearing mourning still exist in Taiwan?
    </para>
    <para>
      Yes. Didn’t you see Teacher Wǎng, she’s wearing mourning on her
      arm. Before, people had to wear mourning for a year’. Now most
      people only wear it for a hundred days.
    </para>
    <para>
      What time shall we go there tomorrow?
    </para>
    <para>
      I’ll wait for you at the gate of Taiwan University at one o’clock,
      and we can go together.
    </para>
    <para>
      Okay.
    </para>
    <para>
      NOTE ON THE DIALOGUE
    </para>
    <para>
      Funeral procedures in the PRC today are very simple. In the
      interest of sanitation (bodies might have some communicable
      disease) and economy (ground burials are expensive and consume
      government agricultural land), deceased city residents are
      required to be cremated. By government regulation the immediate
      family is allowed two days of paid leave, sàng jià. The funeral
      involves someone saying a few kind words about the deceased in the
      presence of relatives and people from his work unit. Those present
      are dressed plainly, bearing a white flower. Ashes are placed in
      carved wood or porcelain boxes in a gǔhuǐ cúnfàngchù, a building
      reserved for this purpose. It is not necessary to give anything to
      the family of the deceased but people sometimes give money or
      other small items. In the countryside, there might be a large
      feast at the deceased's home. There is an attitude which says a
      funeral is a time of gladness when the deceased enters the world
      of the non-living. CA funeral is a &quot;white joyous event,&quot;
      bái xīshì. A wedding is a &quot;red event.&quot; Together they are
      sometimes referred to as hongbái xīshì, red and white joyous
      events.J
    </para>
    <para>
      bìnyíguǎn
    </para>
    <para>
      chū bin conglái bù conglái dōu conglái mei
    </para>
    <para>
      dā
    </para>
    <para>
      dàdōu dài xiao
    </para>
    <para>
      fādá fānzhèng fēngshuǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gāi gōngmù guānniàn guīju
    </para>
    <para>
      héqilai hòudài huā huāquān huī huò huōzàng
    </para>
    <para>
      jiǎngjiu
    </para>
    <para>
      Jílè Bìnyíguǎn jiù shi le
    </para>
    <para>
      māma míxin
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nǎ (náli , nǎr)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qiān ming qiānmíngbù
    </para>
    <para>
      rènwéi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      funeral home
    </para>
    <para>
      to hold a funeral procession never
    </para>
    <para>
      always (in the past)
    </para>
    <para>
      have never
    </para>
    <para>
      travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      for the most part
    </para>
    <para>
      to wear mourning
    </para>
    <para>
      to be developed, to be prosperous anyway, in any case
    </para>
    <para>
      the Chinese science of geomancy
    </para>
    <para>
      (that is, the influence of land
    </para>
    <para>
      scape on people and their fortunes)
    </para>
    <para>
      should, ought to
    </para>
    <para>
      public cemetery
    </para>
    <para>
      concept, notion, view
    </para>
    <para>
      special customs, established rules
    </para>
    <para>
      to combine, to join together descendants
    </para>
    <para>
      to be multicolored flower wreath to be gray
    </para>
    <para>
      or
    </para>
    <para>
      cremation
    </para>
    <para>
      to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful
    </para>
    <para>
      Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
    </para>
    <para>
      ..., that’s all
    </para>
    <para>
      mother, mom
    </para>
    <para>
      to be superstitious; superstition
    </para>
    <para>
      how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
    </para>
    <para>
      to sign one’s name
    </para>
    <para>
      guest book
    </para>
    <para>
      to think that, to believe that
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rúhé
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how, in what way; how (someone or something) is; how is
                it (literary form)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi fou shoubì si
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (literary form meaning shi bu shi) arm
              </para>
              <para>
                to die
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǔzàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial
                at sea)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnliàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funeral scroll
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāode xíguàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to know habit, custom
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Yàngmíngshān yídào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a mountain in suburban Taipei together
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhǐ yào zǐsūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as long as, if only descendants
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      bǐcǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      each other, mutually
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      relatively, comparatively
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bú dàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      not only
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bù shǎo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      a lot, many
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chéng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to become, to constitute, to make
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chéngshì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-6.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      city
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dànshi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      érqiě
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-7.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      but
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      furthermore
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fēngqì
    </para>
    <para>
      fēngsú
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-8.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      common practice
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      custom
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fūfù -fá-
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      married couple, husband and wife
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gǎibiàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-9.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to change with; and might, to be likely to, will
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiéhūn (jiehūn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get married.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiéjué ílípj*;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to solve
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jīngguo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go through, to pass hy or through
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jìniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                memento, memorial
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎoiū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consider; consideration
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kě Cíf&quot;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                indeed, really
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kě hú shi ma!
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s for sure
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                V' —
              </para>
              <para>
                lian ai
                    <emphasis role="smallcaps">'XIítR^</emphasis>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he romantically involved with
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liǎojiě (liáojie)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to understand; understanding
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                <superscript>líhSn</superscript> $
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to divorce
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǐwù (lǐwu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gift, present
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                „ .-/ \      tfl &amp;
              </para>
              <para>
                nanjia(r)
              </para>
              <para>
                „                    1
              </para>
              <para>
                nannu         -jr-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the husband’s family
              </para>
              <para>
                male and female
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                '    -       4ít
              </para>
              <para>
                nenggou     jSj^ ol&amp;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can, to he ahle to
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánqīng      ìfò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he young
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nongcūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rural area, countryside
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      nujiā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nfilì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the wife’s family
    </para>
    <para>
      to be hardworking, to be diligent; diligently, hard
    </para>
    <para>
      shuāngfāng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-10.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      both sides, both parties
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-11.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to give (something as a gift)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tan qīn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-12.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to visit family
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qīngniān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                youth, young person
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qīnqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                relatives
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qūbié
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                difference, distinction
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shíxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to practice, to carry out (a method policy, plan,
                reform, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      tànqīnjià
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tíchàng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      leave for visiting family to advocate, to promote, to initiate
    </para>
    <para>
      wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-13.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      late involvement and late marriage
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiǎngdāng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      quite, pretty, very
    </para>
    <para>
      xǔduō
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-14.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      many, a great deal (of), a lot (of)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yīngdāng
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-15.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      should, ought to
    </para>
    <para>
      yíshì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ceremony
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yìzhí
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhèngfu
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      government
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhùdao
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to move to, to go live at
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zongshi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      always
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ZUO
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to serve as, to act as; as
    </para>
    <para>
      ài
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-16.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      (sound, of sighing)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dàxǐde rìzi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      laying
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-17.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-18.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
    <para>
      dù mìyuè
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-19.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      duōnián
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-20.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wedding day
    </para>
    <para>
      to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
    </para>
    <para>
      to pass
    </para>
    <para>
      to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
    </para>
    <para>
      many years
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fǎyuàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-21.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Fō
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fùzá (fǔzá)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      court of law
    </para>
    <para>
      Buddha
    </para>
    <para>
      to be complicated
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gōngzhèng jiēhūn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      civil marriage
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-22.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hui men
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      even, (to go) so far as to
    </para>
    <para>
      after all
    </para>
    <para>
      later, afterwards
    </para>
    <para>
      the return of the bride to her parents’ home (usually on the third
      day after the wedding)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hūnlǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-23.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wedding
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiāotáng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiāowǎng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Jǐdūjiāo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiéhūn līfu
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jièshaorén
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      juédìng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-24.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jǔxíng
    </para>
    <para>
      Júzhǎng
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-25.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      church
    </para>
    <para>
      to associate with, to have dealings with
    </para>
    <para>
      Christianity
    </para>
    <para>
      wedding gown
    </para>
    <para>
      introducer
    </para>
    <para>
      to decide
    </para>
    <para>
      to hold (a meeting, ceremony, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      head of an office or bureau (of which the last syllable is Ju)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      lǎoshi (lǎoshí)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-26.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be honest
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mǎnyì
    </para>
    <para>
      mìyuè
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-27.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be pleased
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      honeymoon
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nanfāng
    </para>
    <para>
      nénggàn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-28.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the groom's side, the groom's family
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be capable
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rén
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      person, self, body
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rù xí
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-29.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shàngjìn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-30.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shóu
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-31.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to take one’s seat (at a gathering, meeting, or banquet)
    </para>
    <para>
      to be ambitious
    </para>
    <para>
      to be familiar (with), to know well
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tándao
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-32.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tánlai tánqù
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-33.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tíqīn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-34.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to talk about; speaking of ...
    </para>
    <para>
      to discuss back and forth
    </para>
    <para>
      to bring up a proposal of marriage
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiǎojiě (xiáojie)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xǐjiǔ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìn /j'
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìn Fó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnláng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnniáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                w&lt;
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      a way of referring to someone else’s daughter
    </para>
    <para>
      wedding banquet
    </para>
    <para>
      to believe (in)
    </para>
    <para>
      to be a Buddhist
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bridegroom
    </para>
    <para>
      bride
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yìjian
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-35.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      indeed, in fact, admittedly
    </para>
    <para>
      opinion
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zǎo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      long ago
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhènghūn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zhènghūnrén
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-36.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zu
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-37.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zuo mei
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to witness a marriage
    </para>
    <para>
      a witness for a marriage
    </para>
    <para>
      to rent
    </para>
    <para>
      to act as go-between (for the families of a man and woman
      considering marriage)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìyùn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                contraception
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù tong yf'- I?]
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be different
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnfù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a woman who has given birth within the last month
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnjià jl-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                maternity leave
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chénggōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to succeed, to be successful
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                phūshēnglù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                birth rate
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dānwèi       \^L
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                unit
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -dào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (indicates successful accomplishment of something)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dédao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to receive, to get
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēnpèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to assign, to apportion
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gèdì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the various places, each place
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gègè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                various
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gēnjù (gēnju)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                according to, based on
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gè zhǒng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                various kinds, types
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      góngzī
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      wages, pay
    </para>
    <para>
      hongtang
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-38.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      brown sugar
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      vacation, leave
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiātíng
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-39.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      family
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jìhua shēngyù
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      planned parenthood, family planning
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      juéyù
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-40.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      sterilization
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jūmín wěiyuánhuì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the neighborhood committee of the place you live
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      kòngzhi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to control
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-41.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      plural suffix
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be free of charge
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the number of people assigned or allowed, quota (of people)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nóngmín
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      peasant
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nù
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      female
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      pàichūsuo(r)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the local police station
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      pizhǔn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to give official permission
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qíngkuàng
    </para>
    <para>
      • V*
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;u
    </para>
    <para>
      qīnjìn
    </para>
    <para>
      réngōng
    </para>
    <para>
      liūchǎn        X- yfòj
    </para>
    <para>
      sān tōngguò
    </para>
    <para>
      shǎoshù
    </para>
    <para>
      mi nzú     Jz
    </para>
    <para>
      shēngyù
    </para>
    <para>
      it
    </para>
    <para>
      shíbài
    </para>
    <para>
      shìqū
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒushù
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒuxiān
    </para>
    <para>
      shùmu
    </para>
    <para>
      tōngguò
    </para>
    <para>
      tongyì
    </para>
    <para>
      wánjù
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiāngxìn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      situation
    </para>
    <para>
      to be close (to a person abortion
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;the three approvals&quot;
    </para>
    <para>
      national minority
    </para>
    <para>
      give birth to and. raise to fail
    </para>
    <para>
      urban area or district operation, surgery first
    </para>
    <para>
      number
    </para>
    <para>
      to pass, to approve to consent, to agree
    </para>
    <para>
      toy
    </para>
    <para>
      to believe
    </para>
    <para>
      xiānhuā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fresh flowers
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      xiǎohair 'J'WG
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      child, children
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yě jiù shi shuō
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to mean; in other words
    </para>
    <para>
      yìbān
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-42.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ordinary, general, common
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yìbānde shuō
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      generally speaking
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yídìng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be specific
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      yíngyǎngpǐn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      food items of special nutritional value
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      zēngjiā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to increase
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -bang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pound (unit of weight)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǐngxiāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                refrigerator, ice box
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù gǎn dang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’m flattered! You shouldn’t have!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chī nǎi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to nurse, to suckle
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chuǐ fēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dāngxǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to watch out
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dé
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                duo kuài !      • 1'^’
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how fast!
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ěrduo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ear
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rheumatism
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                blessings, luck
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fúxiàng       féj
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lucky physiognomy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hóngbāo    ^í. <subscript>t</subscript>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a red envelope with a gift or bribe of money in it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hóngdàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                eggs dyed red
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huīfu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to recover
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiéguǒ (jiēguǒ)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as a result
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuè jjfa
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a full month after the hirth of a baby
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuèjiǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                celebration meal one month after a baby is born
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be fat
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to touch
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pòfei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to spend a lot of money on someone
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiānwàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                by all means, be sure to; (in a negative sentence) by no
                means, under no circumstances
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngleng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                raw or cold foods
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngxialai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be born
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sūnzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandson
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -tāi jfìc]
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fetus, embryo
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǎng J^fa]
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to lie down
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tòngkǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be painful
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      tóuyige
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                touyìtāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the first pregnancy, the first hahy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tuō nínde fú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                thanks to your lucky influence
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wang jiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Wang family
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to feed
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo hǎohao yjx^e^
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hahy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎoxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he careful
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xífu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daughter-in-law
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yíxiǎzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                an instant, a moment, a while
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuèzi     J&quot;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                month of confinement after giving hirth to a child
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to grow; to he (pretty, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he heavy
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò yuèzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go through the month of confinement and special care
                after childbirth
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      the first
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ānxīn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-43.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be without worry, to feel at ease to feel relieved
    </para>
    <para>
      bǎozhòng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to take good care (of oneself)
    </para>
    <para>
      běnlái
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-44.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      originally
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      bìngqiě
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      moreover
    </para>
    <para>
      canjiā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-45.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to take part in; to attend
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chángshòu
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-46.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      long life, longevity; to live a long time
    </para>
    <para>
      chūchāi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-47.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be out of town on business
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dǎ chángtú diānhuā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to make a long-distance phone call
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dāgē
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-48.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      diāosāng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      oldest brother
    </para>
    <para>
      to present one’s condolences at a funeral, to attend a funeral
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      ernú
    </para>
    <para>
      fān
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      children
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to have an attack (of a disease)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gǎndeshāng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be able to catch up, to be able to make it in time
    </para>
    <para>
      gǎnhuilai
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-49.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      gǎnjǐn
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǔhuī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to rush hack quickly
    </para>
    <para>
      hone ashes to pass away to pass away
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huòzàng
    </para>
    <para>
      hūrán
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to cremate; cremation
    </para>
    <para>
      suddenly
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiānglái
    </para>
    <para>
      jíjiù
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      j iùguolai
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      the future, someday
    </para>
    <para>
      first aid; to administer emergency treatment
    </para>
    <para>
      to save
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      lǎorénjia
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-50.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      -liǎo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      polite way of referring to an older person (nǐ lǎorénjia, tā
      lǎorénjia)
    </para>
    <para>
      can, to be able to
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nánguò
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-51.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be sad
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      niánji (niánjì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      age
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      píngjìng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be calm
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="50*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qùbuliǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cannot go
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qùshì           {it
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass away
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sānglǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funeral
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                L** shāngxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be grieved.
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnbiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                song
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to escort, to take (someone to a place)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                • -                 ■f'èi '$
              </para>
              <para>
                xiaoxi       &gt;Fjí\*f
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                news
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnzǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnzàngbìng i
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart disease
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yíbèizi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all one’s life
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yíxiàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (have) always, (had) always, consistently, all along
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zài shuō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                furthermore, besides
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to bury
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuìjìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                recently
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǔmǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother (on the father’s side)
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      bìnyíguān
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-52.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      funeral home
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      chū bin
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-53.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to hold, a funeral procession; a funeral procession
    </para>
    <para>
      cónglái
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-54.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      always (in the past)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      conglǎi bù/méi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      never
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dādōu
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-55.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      dài xiāo
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-56.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      travel by, take (a taxi, bus, train, airplane, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      for the most part
    </para>
    <para>
      to wear mourning
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fādā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-57.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fǎnzhèng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-58.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      fēngshuǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-59.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be developed, to be prosperous
    </para>
    <para>
      anyway, in any case
    </para>
    <para>
      the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence of
      landscape on people and their fortunes)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-60.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      should, ought to
    </para>
    <para>
      public cemetery
    </para>
    <para>
      concept, notion, view
    </para>
    <para>
      special customs, established rules
    </para>
    <para>
      héqilai
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-61.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to combine, to join together
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      hòudài
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-62.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      descendants
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huā
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be multicolored
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huāquān
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      flower wreath
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huí
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be gray
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huò 4.
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      or
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      huozàng
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-63.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      cremation
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      jiāngjiu
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-64.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be particular about
    </para>
    <para>
      Jílè Bìnyíguān
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-65.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      Paradise Funeral Home (in Tapei)
    </para>
    <para>
      jiù shi le
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mama
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      mother, mom
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      míxìn
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to be superstitious; superstition
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      nā (nali, nār)
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)'
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qiān ming
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-66.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to sign one's name
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      qiānmíngbù
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-67.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      guest book
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rūhé
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      rènwéi
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-68.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      shi fǒu
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-69.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to think that, to believe that
    </para>
    <para>
      to be how, how is it; how, in what way (literary form)
    </para>
    <para>
      (literary form meaning shi bu shi)
    </para>
    <para>
      shǒuhì
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-70.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      arm
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      sǐ
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      tǔzàng
    </para>
    <para>
      <inlinemediaobject>
        <imageobject>
          <imagedata fileref="FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText_files/FSI-StandardChinese-OptionalModuleMBD-StudentText-71.png" />
        </imageobject>
      </inlinemediaobject>
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      to die
    </para>
    <para>
      burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial at sea)
    </para>
    <para>
      wǎnlián
    </para>
    <para>
      funeral scroll
    </para>
    <para>
      xiǎode
    </para>
    <para>
      to know
    </para>
    <para>
      xí guan
    </para>
    <para>
      habit, custom
    </para>
    <para>
      Yǎngmíngshān
    </para>
    <para>
      a mountain in suburban Taipei
    </para>
    <para>
      yí dào
    </para>
    <para>
      together
    </para>
    <para>
      yīngdāng
    </para>
    <para>
      should, ought to
    </para>
    <para>
      zhǐ yào
    </para>
    <para>
      as long as, if only
    </para>
    <para>
      zǐsūn
    </para>
    <para>
      descendants
    </para>
    <para>
      ài                   (sound of sighing)                   MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      ānxīn               to be without worry, to feel at MBD 5
    </para>
    <para>
      ease, to feel relieved
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -bang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pound (unit of weight)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎobao (bǎobǎo)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                baby, darling (term of endearment for a young child)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǎozhòng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take good care (of oneself)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                běnlái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                originally
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǐcǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                each other, mutually; you too, the same to you
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bǐjiào (bǐjiǎo)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                relatively, comparatively; fairly, rather
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìngqiě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                moreover, and
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bīngxiāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                refrigerator, ice box
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìnyíguǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funeral home
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bìyùn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                contraception
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bú dan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                not only
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù gǎn dāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’m flattered, You shouldn’t have, I don’t deserve this
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù shǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quite a lot, quite a few
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bù tong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be different
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cānj iā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take part in; to attend
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnfù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a woman who has given birth within the last month
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chángshòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                long life, longevity; to live a long time
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chǎnj ià
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                maternity leave
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chéng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to become, to constitute, to make
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chénggōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to succeed, to be successful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chengshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                city
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chī nǎi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to nurse, to suckle
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chū bin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to hold a funeral procession
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chūchāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be out of town on business
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chuī fēng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have air blow on oneself; to be in a draft
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chūshēnglū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                birth rate
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                conglái bù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                never
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                conglái dōu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                always (in the past)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cōnglái méi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                have never
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      dā
    </para>
    <para>
      travel by, take (a taxi, bus,
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 6
    </para>
    <para>
      train, airplane, etc.)
    </para>
    <para>
      dǎ chángtú diānhuà
    </para>
    <para>
      to make a long-distance phone call
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 5
    </para>
    <para>
      dàdōu
    </para>
    <para>
      for the most part
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 6
    </para>
    <para>
      dāgē
    </para>
    <para>
      oldest brother
    </para>
    <para>
      &quot;MBD 5
    </para>
    <para>
      dài xiāo
    </para>
    <para>
      to wear mourning
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 6
    </para>
    <para>
      dāngxīn
    </para>
    <para>
      to watch out
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 1+
    </para>
    <para>
      dānshi
    </para>
    <para>
      but
    </para>
    <para>
      .MBD 1
    </para>
    <para>
      dānwèi
    </para>
    <para>
      unit
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 3
    </para>
    <para>
      -dāo
    </para>
    <para>
      (indicates successful accomplishment of something)
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 3
    </para>
    <para>
      dàxǐ
    </para>
    <para>
      great rejoicing
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      dāxīde rìzi
    </para>
    <para>
      wedding day
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      dāying
    </para>
    <para>
      to agree (to something), to consent, to promise
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      dé
    </para>
    <para>
      to get
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 1+
    </para>
    <para>
      dédao
    </para>
    <para>
      to receive, to get
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 3
    </para>
    <para>
      diaosāng
    </para>
    <para>
      to present one’s condolences at a funeral
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 5
    </para>
    <para>
      dù
    </para>
    <para>
      to pass
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      dù mìyuè
    </para>
    <para>
      to go on a honeymoon, to spend one's honeymoon
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <para>
      duo kuāi.’
    </para>
    <para>
      how fast.'
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 1+
    </para>
    <para>
      duōnián
    </para>
    <para>
      many years
    </para>
    <para>
      MBD 2
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ěrduo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                '          ear
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                érnu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                children
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                érqiě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                furthermore
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fādá
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be developed, to be prosperous
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to have an attack (of an old disease)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎnzhèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                anyway, in any case
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fǎyuàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                court of law
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngqì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                common practice; general mood
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngshī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rheumatism
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngshuī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Chinese science of geomancy (that is, the influence
                of landscape on people and their fortunes)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēngsū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                custom
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fēnpèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to assign, to apportion, to allot
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Fó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Buddha
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fūfù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                married couple, husband
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                and wife
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fuqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                blessings, luck
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fuxiàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lucky physiognomy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fùzá (fùzá)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be complicated
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                should, ought to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎibiàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to change
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gāndeshàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be able to catch up, to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                able to make it in time
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnhuilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to rush back
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǎnjǐn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quickly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gèdì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the various places, each place
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gègè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                various
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gēnju (gēnju)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                according to, based on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gè zhōng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                various kinds, types
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngmù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                public cemetery
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngzhèng jiēhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                civil marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gōngzī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wages, pay
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guānniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                concept, notion, view
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gǔhuī
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bone ashes
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guiju
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                special customs, established
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rules
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòqu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass away, to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guòshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass away, to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                even, (to go) so far as to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                háishi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                after all
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                he
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                with; and
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                héqilai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to combine, to join
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                together
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hōngbāo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a red envelope with a gift or
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bribe of money in it
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hōngdàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                eggs dyed red
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hōngtáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                brown sugar
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                houdài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                descendants
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hòulái
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                later, afterwards
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be multicolored
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huāquān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                flower wreath
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be gray
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                might, to be likely to, will
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hui men
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the return of the bride to her
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      parents’ home (usually on the third day after the wedding)
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huīfu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to recover
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hūnlǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wedding
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                or
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huǒzàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to cremate; cremation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                huozàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cremation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hūrán
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                suddenly
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                vacation, leave
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiangjiu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be particular about; to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                elegant, to be tasteful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiānglai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the future, someday
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiàotáng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                church
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j iāowāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to associate with, to have
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                dealings with
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiātíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jídūjiào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Christianity
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                JieguS (jiēguǒ)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as a result; result, results
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jiehūn (jiehūn)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get married
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiehūn lǐfū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wedding gown
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiějue
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to solve
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                j ièshaorén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                introducer
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jìhua shēngyù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                planned parenthood, family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                planning
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                JíJiù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                first aid; to administer
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                emergency treatment
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jílè Bìnyíguǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Paradise Funeral Home
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (in Taipei)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jingguo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go through, to pass by or
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                through
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jìniàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                memento, memorial
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jiù shi le
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ... , that’s all
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                J iùguolai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to save
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                juedìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to decide
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jueyù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sterilization
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Jūmín wěiyuánhuì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                neighborhood committee
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                jǔxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to hold (a meeting, ceremony,
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                etc. )
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Júzhǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                head of an office or bureau (of
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      which the last syllable is jú)
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kǎolū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consider; consideration
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kě
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                indeed, really
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kě bú shi ma
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                I’ll say, yes indeed, that’s
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                for sure
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                kòngzhi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to control
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ...-lai ...-qù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (indicates repeating the action over and over again)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                laorénjia
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                polite way of addressing or referring to an old person
                ní laorénjia, tā lāorénjia)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǎoshi (lǎoshi)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he honest
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liàn’ài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he romantically involved with; love
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -liǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can, to he ahle to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                liǎojiě (liáojie)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to understand; understanding
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                líhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to get divorced
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                lǐwù (lǐwu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                gift, present
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mama
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mother, mom
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he pleased
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a full month after the hirth
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                of a hahy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mǎnyuèjiǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                celebration meal one month
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                after a hahy is horn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -men
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                plural suffix
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                miǎnfèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he free of charge
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                míng’é
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the number of people assigned
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                or allowed, quota (of people)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                míxìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be superstitious;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                superstition
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                mìyuè
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                honeymoon
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nǎ (náli, nǎr)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how (used in rhetorical questions to deny something)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nanfāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the groom’s side, the grocm’s family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánguò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be sad
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánjiā(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the husband’s family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nánnù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                male and female
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nénggàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be capable
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nénggòu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                can, to be able to
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánji (niánjì)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                age
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                niánqing
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be young
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nongcūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rural area, countryside
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nongmín
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                peasant
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                female
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nùjiā(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the wife’s family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                nǔlì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be hardworking, to be
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      diligent; diligently, hard
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pàichūsuǒ(r)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the local police station
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he fat
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pèng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to touch
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                píngjìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he calm
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pizhǔn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to give official permission
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                pòfei
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to spend a lot of money (on
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Y1BD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                someone), to go to some ex-
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      pense
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiān míng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to sign one’s name
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiānmíngbù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                guest hook
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qiānwan
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                hy all means, he sure to; (in
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                combination with a negative
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                word) hy no means, under no
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                circumstances
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qíngkuàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                situation
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qingnián
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                youth, young person
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qinjìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to he close (to a person)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qīnqi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                relatives
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qūhié
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                difference, distinction
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qǔbuliǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                cannot go
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                qùshì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass away, to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                person, self, hody
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                réngōng liúchǎn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                abortion
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                r^.iwéi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to think that, to believe that
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rù xí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to take one’s seat (at a gather
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ing, meeting, or banquet)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                rúhé
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                how, in what way; how (someone
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      or something) is; how is...?, how is it (literary form)
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sān tōngguò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                &quot;the three approvals&quot;
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sānglǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funeral
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shàngjìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be ambitious
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shāngxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be grieved, to be sorrowful, to be broken-hearted
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǎoshù mínzú
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                minority nationality, national minority
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnbiān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                one’s vicinity, one’s immediate surroundings
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēnglěng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                raw or cold foods
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD it
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngxialai
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be born
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <colspec colwidth="33*" align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shēngyù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to give birth to and raise
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shi fǒu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                (literary form meaning shi bu shi)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shībài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to fail
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shìqū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                urban area or district
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shíxíng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
                reform, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shóu (shū)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be familiar (with), to know well
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǒubì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                arm
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǒushù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                operation, surgery
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shǒuxiān shū (shóu)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                first
              </para>
              <para>
                to be familiar (with), to know well
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shuāngfāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                both sides, both parties
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                shùmu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                number
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sǐ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to die
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                song
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to give (something as a gift)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                song
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to escort, to take (someone to a place)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                sūnzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandson
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                -tài
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                birth
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tan qin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to visit family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tandao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to talk about; speaking of ...
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to lie, to recline
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tánlai tánqù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to talk back and forth
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tanqin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to visit relatives (usually means immediate family)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tànqínjià
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                leave for visiting family
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tíchàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to advocate, to promote, to initiate
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tí qin
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to bring up a proposal of marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tōngguò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to pass, to approve
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tòngkǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be painful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tongyì
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to consent, to agree
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tóuyige
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the first
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tóu(yì)tāi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the first pregnancy, the first baby
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tuō nínde fū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                thanks to your lucky influence, many thanks
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                tǔzàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                burial (the word used in contrast to cremation or burial
                at sea)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                Wangj iā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                the Wang family, the Wangs
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wánjù
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                toy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnliàn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                funeral scroll
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wǎnliàn wǎnhūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                late involvement and late
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wèi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to feed
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                *MBD
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiānhuā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                fresh flowers
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎngdāng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                quite, pretty, very
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎngxìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to believe
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎo bǎobao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                baby, darling (term of endear
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ment for a young child)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiaode
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to know
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎohair
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                child, children
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎojiě (xiǎojie)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daughter (referring to someone
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                else’s daughter)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiāoxi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                news
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xiǎoxīn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be careful
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xífu
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                daughter-in-law
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD U
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xíguān
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                habit, custom
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xǐjiǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                wedding banquet; wedding wine
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to believe (in)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xìn Fó
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be a Buddhist
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnlǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bridegroom
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnniǎng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                bride
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnzàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xīnzàngbìng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                heart disease
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                xǔduō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                many, a great deal (of),
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                a lot (of)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      Yāngmíngshān
    </para>
    <para>
      <superscript>y</superscript>ě
    </para>
    <para>
      yě jiù shi shuō yìhān
    </para>
    <para>
      yìbānde shuō
    </para>
    <para>
      yíbèizi yídào yídìng yìjian yīngdāng yíngyǎngpīn
    </para>
    <para>
      yíshì yíxiàng
    </para>
    <para>
      yíxiàzi
    </para>
<literallayout>
</literallayout>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark26">a mountain in surburban Taipei
         MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark27">indeed, in fact, admittedly
             MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark28">to mean; in other words
                 MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark29">ordinary, general, common
               MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark30">generally speaking
                      MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark31">all one’s life
                          MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark32">together
                                MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark33">to be specific
                          MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark34">opinion
                                  MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark35">should, ought to
                        MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark36">food items of special
                   MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      nutritional value
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark37">ceremony
                                MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark38">(have) always, (had) always,
            MBD</link>
    </para>
    <para>
      consistently, all along
    </para>
    <para>
      <link linkend="bookmark39">an instant, a moment, a while
           MBD</link>
    </para>
    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <colspec align="left" />
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yìzhí
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                all along, all the time (up until a certain point)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                yuèzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                month of confinement after
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                giving birth to a child
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zài shuō
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                furthermore, besides
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zàng
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to bury
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǎo
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                long ago
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zēngjiā
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to increase
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 3
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhang
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to grow; to be (pretty, etc.)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1+
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhèngfǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                government
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhènghūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to witness a marriage
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhènghūnrén
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                chief witness at a wedding
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                ceremony
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhǐ yào
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                as long as, if only
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhong
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to be heavy
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD ll
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zhù dao
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to move to, to go live at
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǐsūn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                descendants
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 6
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǒngshi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                always
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zū
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to rent
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zūijìn
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                recently; soon
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zǔmǔ
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                grandmother (on the father’s
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 5
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                side)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to serve as, to act as; as
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 1
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò méi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to act as go-between (for the
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 2
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                families of a man and woman considering marriage)
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>
                zuò yuèzi
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                to go through the month of
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>
                MBD 4
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>
      confinement and special care after childbirth
    </para>
    <para>
      GPO 5B7-00l/3096
    </para>
    <para>
      155
    </para>
  </section>
</article>