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<head>
  <title>Le climat et la météo en chinois (Leçon 20) : Méthode de chinois — Chine Informations</title>
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<body>
  <h1>Le climat et la météo en chinois - Leçon 20</h1>

  <h3>Sommaire de cette leçon</h3>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#1.+vocabulaire">1. Vocabulaire</a></li>

    <li><a href="#2.+grammaire">2. Grammaire</a></li>

    <li><a href="#3.+dialogues">3. Dialogues</a></li>

    <li><a href="#4.+exercice">4. Exercice</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h2>1. Vocabulaire</h2>

  <h3>Mots relatifs au climat et à la météo</h3>

  <table class="table1">
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th></th>

        <th>
          Hanzi
        </th>

        <th>
          Pinyin
        </th>

        <th>
          Traduction
        </th>

        <th>
          Audio
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          1
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">天气</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">tiānqì</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          temps (météorologie) / météo
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/tian1%2520qi4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          2
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">太阳</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">tàiyang</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          soleil
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/tai4yang.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          3
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">云</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">yún</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          nuage
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/yun2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          4
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">雨</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">yǔ</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          pluie
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/yu3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          5
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">下雨</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">xiàyǔ</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          pleuvoir
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/xia4yu3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          6
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">雪</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">xuě</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          neige
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/xue3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          7
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">下雪</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">xiàxuě</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          neiger
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/xia4xue3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          8
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">刮</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">guā</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          souffler
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/gua1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          9
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">风</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">fēng</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          vent
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/feng1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          10
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">冷</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">lěng</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          froid
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/leng2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          11
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">热</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">rè</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          chaud
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/re4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          12
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">季节</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">jìjié</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          saison
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/ji4%2520jie2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          13
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">冬天</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">dōngtiān</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          hiver
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/dong1%2520tian1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          14
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">春天</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">chūntiān</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          printemps
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/chun1%2520tian1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          15
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">夏天</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">xiàtiān</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          été
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/xia4tian1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          16
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">秋天</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">qiūtiān</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          automne
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/qiu1%2520tian1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          17
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">晴天</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">qíngtiān</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          beau temps
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/qing2%2520tian1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          18
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">气温</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">qìwēn</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          température
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/qi4wen1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          19
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">度</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">dù</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          degré
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/du4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          20
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">预报</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">yùbào</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          prévision (météo)
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/yu4bao4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          21
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">暖和</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">nuǎnhuo</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          doux
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/nuan3huo.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          22
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">凉</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">liáng</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          frais
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/liang2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <h3>Autres mots importants</h3>

  <table class="table1">
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th></th>

        <th>
          Hanzi
        </th>

        <th>
          Pinyin
        </th>

        <th>
          Traduction
        </th>

        <th>
          Audio
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          1
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">多</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">duō</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          beaucoup
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/duo1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          2
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">高</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">gāo</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          haut (adj.) / élevé / grand (hauteur)
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/gao1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          3
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">低</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">dī</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          bas (adj.)
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/di1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          4
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">非常</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">fēicháng</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          extrêmement
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/fei1%2520chang2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          5
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">真</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">zhēn</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          vraiment / particulièrement
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/zhen1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          6
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">更</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">gèng</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          plus / davantage / encore plus
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/geng4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          7
        </td>

        <td class=" big" xml:lang="zh" lang="zh">
          <span class="hanzi">了</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">le</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          particule finale d'une phrase indiquant le passé ou le présent progressif
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/le.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          8
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">越来越</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">yuèláiyuè</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          de plus en plus
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/yue4lai2yue4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          9
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">短</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">duǎn</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          court / bref
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/duan3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          10
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">不错</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">bùcuò</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          pas mal / correct
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/bu4cuo4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          11
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="hanzi">比</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          <span class="pinyin">bǐ</span>
        </td>

        <td>
          par rapport à
        </td>

        <td>
          <audio src="../Audio/bi3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

 
  <img src="../Images/ligne2.png"/>

  <h2>2. Grammaire</h2>

  <h3>A. La comparaison avec <span class="hanzist">比</span> <span class="pinyinst"> bǐ </span></h3>

  <p>En chinois, on peut exprimer la comparaison de supériorité ou d'infériorité avec le mot <span class="hanzi">比</span> <span class="pinyin"> bǐ </span> traduisible en français par "par rapport à". Pour son utilisation, la structure de phrase est la suivante :</p>

  <div class="deux">
    N1 + <span class="hanzist">比</span> + N2 + Adj.
  </div>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi">今天 <span class="encadrerouge">比</span> 昨天 冷。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin"> Jīntiān bǐ zuótiān lěng. </span><br/>Il fait plus froid aujourd'hui qu'hier. (Litt. "aujourd'hui par rapport à hier, froid")</li>
  </ul>

  <p>ATTENTION : concernant la taille, on N'UTILISE PAS <span class="hanzi">大</span> <span class="pinyin"> dà </span> en chinois pour dire "grand" MAIS <span class="hanzi">高</span> <span class="pinyin"> gāo </span> pour parler de la grande taille. Pour dire "petit" en parlant de petite taille, on utilisera <span class="hanzi">矮</span> <span class="pinyin"> ǎi </span>.</p>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi">大卫 <span class="encadrerouge">比</span> 王丽 高。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Dàwèi bǐ Wáng Lì gāo. </span> <br/>David est plus grand que Wang Li.</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">她 <span class="encadrerouge">比</span> 我 大。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Tā bǐ wǒ dà. </span> <br/>Elle est plus âgée que moi.</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>B. Les superlatifs "le plus", "encore plus", "extrêmement", "vraiment"</h3>

  <p>En grammaire chinoise, le superlatif s'utilise toujours avec la même structure de phrase, que ce soit un superlatif de supériorité comme <span class="hanzi">最</span> <span class="pinyin"> zuì </span> ou un superlatif absolu comme <span class="hanzi">非常</span> <span class="pinyin"> fēicháng </span>. Dans ces phrases, le superlatif précède un adjectif ou parfois un verbe.</p>

  <div class="deux">
    S + <span class="encadrerouge">Superlatif</span> + Adj. / V
  </div>

  <p>ATTENTION : contrairement au français, il n'y a pas de verbe "être" dans les phrases composées d'un superlatif. En chinois on dira par exemple <span class="hanzi">他最高</span> <span class="pinyin"> tā zuì gāo </span> (littéralement "il, le plus grand") <span class="encadrerouge">et non <span class="hanzi" style="text-decoration: line-through;">他是最高</span></span>.</p>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi">他 <span class="encadrerouge">最</span> 高。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin"> Tā zuì gāo. </span><br/> Il est le plus grand.</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">气温 比 昨天 <span class="encadrerouge">更</span> 低。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Qìwēn bǐ zuótiān gèng dī. </span> <br/>La température est encore plus basse qu'hier.</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">风 <span class="encadrerouge">非常</span> 大。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin"> Fēng fēicháng dà. </span><br/> Le vent est extrêmement fort.</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">今天 <span class="encadrerouge">真</span> 热。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin"> Jīntiān zhēn rè. </span> <br/>Aujourd'hui, il fait vraiment chaud.</li>
  </ul>

  <p>Le superlatif de supériorité <span class="hanzi">最</span> <span class="pinyin"> zuì </span> peut être utilisés pour construire des noms / sujets :</p>

  <div class="deux">
    <span class="hanzist">最</span> + Adj. (+ <span class="hanzist">的</span>) + O
  </div>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi"><span class="encadrerouge">最</span> 高 的 人</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Zuìgāo de rén </span> <br/>L'homme le plus grand</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi"><span class="encadrerouge">最</span> 高 气温</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Zuìgāo qìwēn </span><br/> La température la plus haute</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>C. "De plus en plus" avec <span class="hanzist">越来越</span> <span class="pinyinst"> yuèláiyuè</span> </h3>

  <p>L'utilisation du mot <span class="hanzi">越来越</span> <span class="pinyin"> yuèláiyuè </span>permettant d'exprimer "de plus en plus" en chinois est relativement simple :</p>

  <div class="deux">
    S + <span class="hanzist">越来越</span> + Adj.
  </div>

  <h3>D. La particule <span class="hanzist">了</span> <span class="pinyinst"> le </span> pour indiquer le présent progressif</h3>

  <p>La particule <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="pinyin"> le </span> placée à la toute fin d'une phrase peut être utilisée pour indiquer le passé mais également pour constituer le présent progressif ou indiquer qu'un évènement a déjà commencé. Dans cette leçon sur le climat, il s'agit plus précisément d'indiquer un changement (de temps, température,...).</p>

  <div class="deux">
    Phrase + <span class="hanzist">了</span>。
  </div>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi">天气 越来越 冷 <span class="encadrerouge">了</span>。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Tiānqì yuèláiyuè lěng le. </span> <br/>Le temps est de plus en plus froid.</li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">下雨 <span class="encadrerouge">了</span>。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin"> Xiàyǔ le. </span> <br/>Il pleut.</li>
  </ul>

  <h3>E. Les températures négatives</h3>

  <p>Pour exprimer une température négative en chinois, on utilise <span class="hanzi">零下</span> <span class="pinyin"> líng xià </span> suivit de la valeur numérique.</p>

  <div class="deux">
    <span class="hanzist">零下</span> + Val. Num. + <span class="hanzist">度</span>
  </div>

  <ul>
    <li><span class="hanzi"><span class="encadrerouge">零下</span> 二 度</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"> Líng xià èr dù </span><br/> -2° (moins deux degrés)</li>
  </ul>

  <img src="../Images/ligne2.png"/>

  <h2>3. Dialogues</h2>

  <h3>Dialogue N° 1</h3>

<p><span class="hanzi">- 天气怎么样？</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Tiānqì zěnmeyàng?</span> </p>
<p><span class="hanzi">- 下雨了，有很多云。 </span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Xià yǔ le, yǒu hěn duō yún.</span> </p>
<p><span class="hanzi">- 有风吗？</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Yǒu fēng ma?</span> </p>
<p><span class="hanzi">- 没有，但是有一点凉。</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Méi yǒu dànshì yǒu yīdiǎn liáng.</span> </p>
<p><span class="hanzi">- 天气预报说明天是晴天。</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Tiānqì yùbào shuō míngtiān shì qíngtiān.</span> 
</p>


  <p><audio src="../Audio/20_1.mp3" controls="controls" id="20_1"></audio></p>

  <h3>Traduction</h3>

  <p>- Quel temps fait-il ?</p>

  <p>- Il pleut, il y a beaucoup de nuages.</p>

  <p>- Y a-t-il du vent ?</p>

  <p>- Non mais il fait un peu frais.</p>

  <p>- Les prévisions météo disent que demain sera un jour ensoleillé.</p>

  <h3>Dialogue N° 2</h3>

  <p><audio src="../Audio/20_2.mp3" controls="controls" id="20_2"></audio></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">这儿的夏天热不热？</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Zhèr de xiàtiān rè bù rè?</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">特别热。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin"></span><span class="pinyin">- Tèbié rè.</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">冬天怎么样？</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">- Dōngtiān zěnmeyàng?</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">很冷，风非常大。 </span> <br/><span class="pinyin">- Hěn lěng, fēng fēicháng dà.</span></p>

  <p>-<span class="hanzi"> 春天和秋天呢？</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Chūntiān hé qiūtiān ne?</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">这两个季节天气都不错。春天很短，常刮大风。 最好的季节是秋天。</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Zhè liǎng gè jìjié tiānqì dōu bùcuò. Chūntiān hěn duǎn, cháng guā dà fēng, zuì hǎo de jìjié shì qiūtiān. </span></p>

  <h3>Traduction</h3>

  <p>- L'été ici est-il chaud ?</p>

  <p>- Particulièrement chaud.</p>

  <p>- L'hiver est comment ?</p>

  <p>- Très froid et le vent extrêmement fort.</p>

  <p>- Et le printemps et l'automne ?</p>

  <p>- Ces deux saisons sont plutôt bonnes. Le printemps est court et il y a souvent de grands vents. La meilleure saison est celle de l'automne.</p>

  <h3>Dialogue N° 3</h3>

  <p><audio src="../Audio/20_3.mp3" controls="controls" id="20_3"></audio></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">外边太阳很大， 冷不冷？</span> <br/> <span class="pinyin">- Wàimiàn tàiyáng hěn dà, lěng bù lěng?</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">今天真冷！今天比昨天冷。 天气越来越冷了。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Jīntiān zhēn lěng! Jīntiān bǐ zuótiān lěng. Tiānqì yuèláiyuè lěngle.</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">真的吗？气温有多少度？</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Zhēnde ma? Qìwēn yǒu duōshǎo dù?</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">最高气温有3度. 最低气零下5度。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">- Zuì gāo qìwēn yǒu 3 dù. Zuì dī líng xià 5 dù.</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">天气预报说明天下雪，气温比今天更低。</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">- Tiānqì yùbào shuō míngtiān xiàxuě, qìwēn bǐ jīntiān gèng dī.</span></p>

  <p>- <span class="hanzi">法国的冬天比这儿的冬天暖和。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">- Fàguó de dōngtiān bǐ zhèr de dōngtiān nuǎnhuo. </span></p>

  <h3>Traduction</h3>

  <p>- Dehors, le soleil brille; fait-il froid ?</p>

  <p>- Aujourd'hui, il fait particulièrement froid ! Il fait plus froid qu'hier. Le temps est de plus en plus froid.</p>

  <p>- Vraiment ? Quelle est la température ?</p>

  <p>- La température maximale est de 3° ; la température minimale est de -1° .</p>

  <p>- Les prévisions météo disent que demain il va neiger ; la température sera encore plus basse qu'aujourd'hui.</p>

  <p>- L'hiver en France est plus doux qu'ici.</p>

  <img src="../Images/ligne2.png"/>

  <h2>4. Exercice</h2>

  <p>Répondez en chinois aux questions suivantes et entraînez-vous à parler du temps :</p>

 
  <ol>
    <li><span class="hanzi">今天天气怎么样？昨天和明天呢？</span></li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">你的国家</span>(pays)<span class="hanzi">的夏天怎么样？冬天冷不冷？春天和秋天呢？</span></li>

    <li><span class="hanzi">你最喜欢哪个季节？为什么呢？</span></li>
  </ol>

 
  <img src="../Images/ligne2.png"/>
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