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Chinese Pronunciation
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<pre>
    <pre>I. Pinyin:

  Pinyin is a spelling system, which use the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet to transcribe 
  the sounds of Mandarin Chinese.
  
II. Chinese syllables:
	
  A Chinese syllable consists of 3 elements: initial, the final and the tone.


II. (I). Finals:

  There are three kinds of finals in Mandarin Chinese: simple finals, which are 
  also known as simple vowels; compound finals or compound vowels, and finals 
  with a nasal ending , also known as vowels with a nasal ending.

  1. Simple finals:

    There are six simple finals:  A,  O,  E,  I,  U,  U

    A  a: To form this final, open the mouth wide and lift the middle back part 
          of the tongue slightly toward the roof of the mouth, as in English 
         "f <u>a</u> ther". Aa-Aa-Aa-Aa 

    O  o: To form this final, open the mouth just a bit and round the lip into
         "O"; shape; draw the tongue toward the back of the mouth and raise the 
          middle back part of the tongue slightly, as in English "m <u>o</u> re". Oo-Oo-Oo-Oo-Oo

    E  e: To form this final, keep the moth open medium-wide, with the upper and 
          lower front teeth slightly apart. The corners of the mouth should be 
          spread as when saying "ee". The tongue should be toward  the back of 
          the mouth, and its middle back section slightly raised. There is no 
          correspondent to this sound in English, but it sounds very similar to 
          the "U" in English "b <u>u</u> d".  Students should make an effort to imitate. Ee-Ee-Ee-Ee-Ee

    I  i: To form this vowel, raise the front middle part of  the tongue so that 
          it nearly touches the roof of the mouth. Spread the lips flat, very much 
          as in English "t <u>ea</u>". Ii-Ii-Ii-Ii-Ii

    U  u: Draw the tongue toward the back of the mouth and raise the back slightly. 
          Round the lips as much as possible . It is the same as English "<u>oo</u> ze". Uu-Uu-Uu-Uu-Uu

    U u: Keep the tongue forward in the mouth and raise the front middle section of 
         it, as if preparing to form the final "i". At the same time, round the 
         lips as if you want to pronounce "u". It is like the French"t <u>u</u>". Uu-Uu-Uu-Uu-Uu

    Here again six simple finals: A,  O,  E,  I,  U,  U


2. Compound finals:
	
   AI      EI      AO      OU
   IA      IAO     IE      IOU
   UA      UO      UAI     UEI
   UE

   In Chinese, compound finals are comprised of a main vowel and a secondary 
   vowel. When the initial vowel are A, E, and O, they are stressed, that is, 
   prolonged. The vowels following are  soft and brief. For example,  "AI', 
   you begin with the mouth open, in position to form the simple vowel "A", 
   then, gradually close the mouth up into the position for "I":

   AI ai-AI ai-AI ai-AI ai-AI ai ,       as in English "<u>eye</u>".
   EI ei-EI ei-EI ei-EI ei-EI ei-EI ei,  as in English "d <u>ay</u>".
   AO ao-AO ao-AO ao-AO ao-AO ao,        as in English "c <u>ow</u>".
   OU ou-OU ou-OU ou-OU ou-OU ou,        as in English "g <u>o</u>", "l <u>ow</u>".

   As for the compound finals which begin with the initial vowel I, U, or U, 
   the main vowels come after them. I, U, and U are transitional sounds. For 
   example "UA", to form this construction, simply form the vowel "U" 
   and then without stopping the air flow, add onto it the main vowel "A".

   UA ua-UA ua-UA ua-UA ua-UA ua
   UO uo-UO uo-UO uo-UO uo -UO uo
   UAI uai-UAI uai-UAI uai-UAI uai-UAI uai
   UEI uei-UEI uei-UEI uei-UEI uei-UEI uei

   IA ia-IA ia-IA ia-IA ia-IA ia
   IAO iao-IAO iao-IAO iao-IAO iao-IAO  iao 
   IE ie-IE ie-IE ie-IE ie-IE ie
     
   *Note that the main vowel "E" in "IE"is not fully actualized. It pronounced 
    as "e" in English word "b <u>e</u> t". The compound final"EI"sounds like English
    word "<u>ye</u> s". Again:  

   IE ie-IE ie-IE ie-IE ie-IE ie
   IOU iou-IOU iou-IOUiou-IOU iou-IOU iou

   UE ue-UE ue-UE ue-UE ue-UE ue
   *Note that "E" in "UE" is carried out the same as  "E" in "IE".

   Here again the compound finals:

   AI     EI     AO      OU
   IA     IAO    IE      IOU
   UA     UO     UAI     UEI
   UE


2. Nasal finals:

   In Mandarin Chinese, finals can be followed not only by other finals (as 
   they are in compound finals), but also by the nasal ending "N" and 
  "NG". Finals with "N" ending are known as front nasals, and finals 
   with "NG" ending are known as back nasals.

   (1) front nasal:

     AN   EN          
     IAN  IN
     UAN  UEN
     UAN   UN

     To pronounce a front nasal, first you form the final, no matter it is 
    "A" or "UA", then, without stopping the air flow, form "N".  To 
     form "N", place the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, then 
     leaving the mouth half-open, let the air flow pass through the nasal 
     cavity rather than though the mouth, as in English "i <u>n</u>", "noo <u>n</u>" .
    
     Now let's hear the Chinese front nasal:

     AN	an-AN	an-AN	an-AN	an-AN	an
     EN	en-EN	en-EN	en-EN	en-EN	en
     IAN	ian-IAN	ian-IAN	ian-IAN  ian-IAN	ian-IAN ian
     IN	in-IN	in-IN-IN	in-IN	in-IN	in
     UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan
     UEN	uen-UEN	uen-UEN	uen-UEN	uen-UEN	uen 
     UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan-UAN	uan
     UN	un-UN	un-UN	un-UN	un-UN	un

     Again all the front nasals: 
	
     AN   EN      
     IAN  IN
     UAN  UEN
     UAN   UN


   (2) Back nasals:

     ANG   ENG  ONG     
     IANG  ING  IONG
     UANG  UENG

     To pronounce a back nasal, first form the final, whether is "O" or
     "IA", and then without stopping the air flow, follow it with nasal
     "NG". To form a "NG", keep the tongue against the soft palate and,
     with the mouth slightly open, let the air flow out through the nasal 
     cavity rather than the mouth. As "NG" is a voiced consonant, the 
     vocal chords should vibrate while it is being formed. Now let's hear 
     the back nasals one by one:

     ANG ang-ANG ang -ANG ang-ANG ang -ANG ang
     ENG eng-ENG eng- ENG eng-ENG eng-ENG eng
     ONG ong-ONG ong-ONG ong-ONG ong-ONG ong    
     IANG iang-IANG iang-IANG iang-IANG iang-IANG iang
     ING ing-ING ing-ING ing-ING ing-ING ing
     IONG iong-IONG iong-IONG iong-IONG iong-IONG iong
     UANG uang-UANG uang-UANG uang-UANG uang-UANG uang
     UENG ueng-UENG ueng-UENG ueng-UENG ueng-UENG ueng


     Here again are the back nasals:

     ANG   ENG  ONG     
    IANG   ING  IONG
     UANG  UENG
              
  The following are the 35 finals in three categories:
  
</pre><table border="1" align="left">
      <tr>
        <td>6&nbsp; simple finals</td>
        <td align="left">a, o, e, i, u, u</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>13 compound finals</td>
        <td align="left">ai, ei, ao, ou<br>
        ia, iao, ie, iou<br>
        ua, uo, uai, uei<br>
        ue</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>16 nasal finals</td>
        <td align="left">an, en, ang, eng, ong<br>
        ian, in, iang, ing, iong<br>
        uan, un, uang, ueng<br>
        uan, un</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
 	<br>

        <pre>
II. (II): Initials:

  In Mandarin Chinese, there are 21 initials, which can be categorized into 6 
  groups: labials, velars, palatals, alveolars, dental sibilants, and retroflexes:

  1. Labials:

	   B    P    M    F

      B b Begin with the lips pressed together, than open them suddenly to release 
          the air flow. It is similar to the "B" in English, but Chinese "B" is 
          not voiced. Please pronounce the following combinations:

          ba   bo   bai   bei   bao   ban   bang   ben   beng
          bu   bi    bie   biao   bian   bin   bing 


      P p This consonant is form like Chinese "B", but with an aspiration, that 
          is, there is a strong puff of breath when the sound is made:
	       
          pa   po   pai   pei   pao   po   pan   pang   pen   peng
          pu   pi   pie   piao  pian  pin  ping


      M m To form "M", keep the lip closed and let the air flow pass through the 
          nasal cavity instead of the mouth. It is identical of "M"in English
         "<u>m</u> e". 

          Ma   mo   me   mai   mei   mao   mou  man  mang  men  meng
          Mu   mi   mie  miao  miou  mian  min  ming


      F f Let the upper front teeth rest on the lower lip. The air flow should 
          be forced out between the teeth and the lip. It is the same as "F"
          in English "<u>f</u> all".

          Fa   fo   fei   fou   fan   fang   fen   feng   fu


   Again, the labials:    B    P    M    F


2. Alveolars:

  D   T    N   L

  D d  Place the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (the bony ridge 
       just behind the upper front teeth, then release the tongue to let the 
       air flow. It is close to the "T" in English "s <u>t</u> ar".

      Da   de   dai   dei   dao   dou   dan  dang  den  deng
       Dong du   duo   duei  duan  duen  di   dia   die  diao  diou  dian  ding 
 
  T t  This sound is form in the same way as "d" above. The difference between 
       Chinese "D" and 'T"is that "D" is unaspirated, while "T" is. Chinese
      "T" is like "T" in English word "<u>t</u> ake".

       Ta   te   tai   tei   tao   tou   tan   tang   teng   tong   tu   tuo
       Tuei tuan tuen   ti   tie   tiao   tian ting

  N n  Place the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, then leaving the 
       mouth half-open, let the air flow pass through the nasal cavity rather than 
       through the mouth. It is the same sound as the "N"in English "<u>n></u> o".

       Na   ne  nai  nei   nao   nou  nan  nang  nen  neng
       Nong nu  nuo  nuan  nuen  ni   nie  niao  niou nian niang  nin  ning  nu nue

  L l  Place the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge and let the air flow pass 
       around this obstruction and out of the mouth. It is the same as "L" in 
       English "<u>l</u> ook".

       La   le   lai  lei  lao   lou   lan   lang  leng  long  lu   luo  
       Luan luen li   lia  lie   liao  liou  lian  liang lin   ling  lu  lue


  Again, the Alveolars:		D   T   N   L


3. Velars:

   G    K    H

   G  g	Press the back of the tongue against the soft palate at the back of 
        the roof of the mouth, then release it to allow the air to follow out. 
        A close approximation to Chinese "G" is the unaspirated "K" in English 
        word "s <u>k</u> ill". 

         Ga   ge   gai   gei   gao   gou   gan    gang   gen   geng   gong
         Gu   gua  guo   guai  guei  guan  guang  guen  

   K  k	It is formed as "G" above. The only difference is that "G" is unaspirated 
        while "K" is. Chinese "K" is very much like "K" in English "<u>k</u> ey".

         Ka    ke   kai   kei   kao   kou   kan   kang   ken   keng   kong
         Kong  ku   kua   kuo   kuai  kui   kuan  kuang  kuen  

   H  h	Let the back of the tongue approach the soft palate without quiet touching it.
        The air should flow out through the thin fissure between the tongue and the 
        palate. It is the friction of the air passing through the constricted space 
        that makes the sound.

         Ha   he   hai   hei   hao   hou   han   hang   hen   heng   hong
         Hu   hua   huo   huai   huei   huan   huang   huen

   Again, the velars:	   G       K        H   


4. Palatals:

   J      Q      X 

   J  j	Press the front of the tongue against the front of the hard palate, 
        then release it to let the air flow pass through the small space 
        between tongue and the palate. It sounds somewhat like the "G" in 
        English "<u>g</u> esture" or the "J" in "<u>j</u> eep.

        Ji  jia  jie  jiao  jiou  jian  jiang  jin  jing  jiong  ju jue juan  jun

   Q  q	It is formed like "J" above, but "J" is unaspirated while "Q" 
        is.  It is close to "CH" in English "<u>ch</u>  eep.

        Qi  qia  qie  qiao  qiou  qian   qiang  qin  qing  qiong  qu  que   quan   qun

   X  x	Let the front of the tongue approach without touching the front of 
        the hard palate, leaving a narrow fissure between the two surface, and 
        let the air flow pass out through fissure. It sound somewhat like the
       "SH" in English "<u>sh</u> eep".

         Xi  xia  xiao  xiou  xian  xiang  xin  xing  xiong  xu  xue  xuan  xun


   Here again the Palatals:  J      Q      X 


5. Dental sibilants:

   Z      C      S 

   Z   z Extend the tip of the tongue forward to touch the back of the upper 
         row of front teeth, then release it just slightly and let the air flow 
         through the narrow fissure between tongue and teeth.

         Za   ze   zai   zei   zao   zou   zan   zang   zen   zeng   zong
	 Zu   zuo  zuei  zuan  zuen  zi* 
		   
         *Note that "I" in "zi" is pronounced as continuation of the 
         "z", like the "ds" in English "la <u>ds</u>".

   C  c	It is formed in the same way as "Z" above. But "C' is aspirated 
        while "Z" is not.

         Ca   ce   cai   cao   cou   can   cang   cen   ceng   cong   
         cu   cuo   cuei   cuan   cuen   ci*
         
        *Note that "I" in  "ci" is a continuation of a "z" sound, like 
         the "ts" in English "ca <u>ts</u>".

   S  s	Allow the tip of the tongue to approach the back of the upper teeth 
        without touch them. Let the air flow pass through the small fissure 
        remaining between the tongue and the teeth. It is very similar "S" 
        in English "<u>s</u> un".

        Sa   se   sai   sao   sou   san   sang   sen   seng   song	
        Su   suo  suei  sui   suan  suen  si*.

	*Note that "I" in "si" is a continuation of a "z" sound.


   Again the Dental sibilants:	   Z      C      S 


6. Retroflexes:

   ZH      CH      SH    R  

   ZH  zh  Raise the tip of the tongue to touch the front of the hard palate 
           (just behind the alveolar ridge), then release the tongue just enough 
           for the air to flow through with some friction.

           Zha   zhe   zhai   zhei   zhao   zhou   zhan   zhang  zhen  zheng  zhong
           Zhu   zhua  zhuo   zhuai  zhuei  zhuan  zhuang zhuen  zhi*

           *Note that "i" in "zhi" is very short, like the "J" in "</u>j</u> erk" 
            and the "G" in "<u>g</u> erm".


   CH  ch "CH" is a pair to "ZH". But "ZH" is not aspirate and "CH" is.

           Cha   che   chai   chao   chou   chan   chang   chen   cheng  chong
           Chu   chua  chuo   chuai  chuei  chuan  chuang  chuen  chi*

           *Note that "i" in "chi" is very short, like the "CH" in "<u>ch</u> ip".


   SH  sh  Let the tip of the tongue curl back to approach but not touch the 
           front of  the hard palate, leaving a narrow fissure between the two. 
           Let the air flow pass through this fissure with some friction. It 
           is somewhat like "SH" in English "<u>sh</u> oe".

           Sha   she   shai   shei   shao   shou   shan    shang   shen   sheng
           Shu   shua  shuo   shuai  shuei  shuan  shuang  shuen   shi*

           *Note that "i" in "shi" is very short, like the "SH" in "<u>sh</u> irt".

   R  r   "R" is form in the same way as "SH" above. The only difference 
           between them is that "SH" is unvoiced, while "R" is voiced, that 
           is, the vocal chord must vibrate as the sound is made. Also, "R" 
           is pronounced with the lips SPREAD NOT rounded like English "R".

           Re   rao   rou   ran   rang   ren   reng   rong  
           Ru   rua   ruo   ruei  ruan   ruen  ri*

           *Note that "I" in "ri" is very short.


   Here again are the Retroflexes:	ZH      CH      SH    R


  The following are the 21 initials categorized in six groups:
</pre>
    <table border="1" align="left">
      <tr>
        <td> </td>
        <td align="center"><strong>Unaspirated</strong></td>
        <td align="center"><strong>Aspirated</strong></td>
        <td align="center"><strong>Nasal</strong></td>
        <td align="center"><strong>Frictive</strong></td>
        <td align="center"><strong>Voiced</strong></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Labial</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Bb</td>
        <td align="center">Pp</td>
        <td align="center">Mm</td>
        <td align="center">Ff</td>
        <td align="center"><p></p><p>&nbsp;</p></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Aleolar</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Dd</td>
        <td align="center">Tt</td>
        <td align="center">Nn</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
        <td align="center">Ll</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Velar</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Gg</td>
        <td align="center">Kk</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
        <td align="center">Hh</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Palatal</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Jj</td>
        <td align="center">Qq</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
        <td align="center">Xx</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Dental silbilant</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Zz</td>
        <td align="center">Cc</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
        <td align="center">Ss</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><strong>Retroflex</strong></td>
        <td align="center">Zhzh</td>
        <td align="center">CHch</td>
        <td align="center">SHsh</td>
        <td align="center"></td>
        <td align="center">Rr</td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    <p>


II. (III) Tones and tone marks:
Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language, in which a syllable is characterized 
   by a fixed  pitch quality known as tone. There are four tones in Mandarin 
   Chinese, one level tone and three contour tones. One way of marking and 
   describing tones is by the "five degree" notation. This system divides 
   the range of pitches into five degrees, marked from lowest (1) to highest 
   (5). For ease comparison, the four tone of Mandarin Chinese are presented 
   graphically below.  </p>
    
    <table border="1" width="80%" align="left">
      <tr>
        <td></td>
        <td>First tone</td>
        <td>Second tone</td>
        <td>Third tone</td>
        <td>Fourth tone</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Five degree notation</td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd01.gif" width="100" height="110"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd02.gif" width="100" height="110"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd03.gif" width="100" height="110"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd04.gif" width="100" height="110"></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Description</td>
        <td>High and&nbsp;&nbsp; level</td>
        <td>Rising from middle to high</td>
        <td>First falling, then Rising</td>
        <td>Falling from high To low</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td>Tone&nbsp; marker</td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd01a.gif" width="50" height="20"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd02a.gif" width="50" height="20"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd03a.gif" width="50" height="20"></td>
        <td><p align="center"><img src="../../../../images/snd04a.gif" width="50" height="20"></font></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    <p><br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <br>
    </p>
    <p><font color="#333300"> 
	
 Tones are very important in Chinese. The same syllable with different tones 
   can have different meanings. Tone marks are written above the main vowel of 
   a syllable. 
 In the list below, the four tones are combined with the six simple finals. 
   Listen and practice: 

      <u>1st tone</u>		<u>2nd tone</u>		<u>3rd tone</u>		<u>4th tone</u> 
       a			a		a		a
       o			o		o		o
       e			e		e		e
       i			i		i		i
       u			u		u		u 
       U			U		U		U

   In addition to the four tones, there also exists a neutral tone in Mandarin 
   Chinese. A neutral tone syllable is pronounced briefly and softly, and its 
   pitch value is determined by the stressed syllable immediately before it. 
   Absence of a tone mark above a syllable indicates a neutral tone. 


III. Spelling Conventions: 

  1. While the simple finals "I", "U" and "u" form syllables by themselves, additional
     letters are used: "I' and "u' are always preceded by the letter "y", and "U" 
     by the letter "w". 
  2. While the compound finals which begin with simple final "I" as complete syllables,
    "y" replaces "I" at the beginning of syllables. For example: "IAO" changes to
    "Yao" and "IE" to "Ye", etc. 
  3. While the compound finals which begin with simple final "U" as complete 
     syllables, "w" replaces "U" at the beginning of syllables. For example: "UEI"
     changes to "Wei", and "UANG" to "Wang", etc. 
  4. While the compound finals which begin wit h simple final "u" as complete syllables, 
     add "y" at the beginning of syllables. For example: :UE" changes to "Yue", and
    "UN" to "Yun", etc. 
  5. While the final "UEI" has an initial, it should be spelt as "ui". For example: 
     Instead of "duei", it is written as "dui", etc. 
  6. While the final "IOU" has an initial, it should be spelt as "iu". For example: 
    "Liou" becomes 'liu", etc. 
  7. While the final "UEN" has an initial, it should be spelt as "un". For example: 
    "Suen" becomes "sun", etc. 
  8. While the compound finals which begin with simple final "u" have "J, Q, X" as 
     initials, they should be spelt without the two dots above "u". For example: 
     Instead of "jüe", it is written as "jue", etc. 
  9. Tone marks are written above the main final of a syllable. The main final can be
     identified according to the following sequence: A-O-E-I-U-u. For example, in "AO", 
     the main final is "A"; in "IONG", the main final is "O". When "I" and "U" are 
     combined into a syllable, the tone mark is written above the second final: "liu",
    "shui". </font></p>
    
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>
</pre>

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