Chinese-Rudgers/Cours/rudgers-34.txt

Lesson Thirty Four: Dialogue Going to the post office to mail pictures


Xueyou: Excuse me, is Renmei in?
Renmei's roomate: Yes, please come in, she is waiting for you.
Xueyou: Thank you.
Renmei: Xueyou, come on in and look at these pictures, I want to mail 
        some to my parents and friends.
Xueyou: Wow, so many pictures, I want to look at them carefully.
Renmei: Yea, some of these pictures were taken in Beijing University, 
        some of them in parks. I want to choose some good ones and mail 
        (the pictures to) them, to let them know more about Beijing.
Xueyou: That's a good idea. I should mail some pictures to my parents and
        friends too.
Renmei: Xueyou, look, this one is Fragrant Hill. A full hill of red 
        leaves, so beautiful. This one is at the entrance to Beijing           
        University.  You were holding a map of Beijing that you just 
        bought.
Xueyou: Now I still carry the map with me, in order not to get
        lost.
Renmei: All right, let's mail these pictures.  Now Let's go to the 
        post office.

(In the post office, Renmei is mailing a letter, Xueyou is buying post 
cards)

Renmei: Hello, I want to mail a letter to the U.S.
Clerk A: Please stand in the queue at Window 2.
 
(At Window 2)
Renmei: I want to send an international letter.
Clerk B: You need to buy an international envelope first.  Give it 
         to me after writing down the address.  
Renmei: I have an envelop with me, and I have already written down the
        address.
Clerk B: Let me take a look.  Ok, no problem.
Renmei: Would you tell me how long will it take to get to the U.S. ?
Clerk B: By airmail it takes ten to fifteen days.  If it is express mail,
         it will be much faster. It is about three to five days.  
         However, it (express mail) is quite expensive.
Renmei: Then I will send it by airmail.
Clerk B: The postage is fifteen Yuan.
Renmei: Here is fifteen Yuan. Thanks!

Xueyou: Miss, I would like to buy some postcards.
Clerk C: There are many kinds of postcards here.  We have landscapes, 
         persons, and animals, which do you like?
Xueyou: One set each, please.  I want to give them to my American 
        friends. I hope that they will learn more about China.
Clerk C: Here are three sets, thirty cards total.  I think your friends 
         will definitely like them.
Xueyou: By the way, if I want to pick up a package, what should I 
        do?
Clerk C: You need to bring the package notice and your identification.
Xueyou: I see. Thank you very much!

 

初级第三十四课: 对话 到邮局寄照片


学友：请问，人美在吗？
人美的室友：在，请进，她正在等着你呢.
学友：谢谢。
人美：学友，快来看这些照片，我想寄给我的爸爸妈妈和朋友们。
学友：啊，这麽多的照片，我要认真地看一看。
人美：是啊，这些照片，有的是在北京大学校园内照的，有的是在公园里照的。我
      想选一些好的寄给他们，让他们多了解了解北京。
学友：这个主意不错。 我也应该寄一些照片给我爸爸妈妈和朋友们。
人美：学友，你看这张是香山，满山的红叶，真美。这张是我们在北大的
      校门口，你手里还拿着刚买来的北京地图呢。
学友：现在我还是随身带着地图，为了不迷路。
人美：好了，就寄这些照片吧。 现在我们一起去邮局吧。
 
(在邮局里， 人美在寄信，学友在买明信片。)
人美：您好，我想寄一封信到美国。
营业员甲：请在二号窗口排队等着。
 
(在二号窗口。)
人美：我要寄一封国际航空信。
营业员乙：你需要先买一个国际信封，填好地址後再给我。
人美：我自己带着信封，而且已经写好地址了。
营业员乙：让我看一下儿。 很好，没问题。
人美：请问，到美国需要多少天？
营业员乙：航空信通常需要十到十五天。 如果是特快专递，就会快得多。 大概
          需要三到五天。 但是，邮费很贵。
人美：就寄航空信吧。
营业员乙：邮费是十五元。
人美：给您十五元。 谢谢！
 
学友：小姐，我想买一些明信片。
营业员丙：这里有很多种类，有风景的，有人物的，还有动物的，你喜欢哪一种？
学友：各买一套吧，送给我的美国朋友。 我希望他们更多地了解中国。
营业员丙：三套一共三十张，我想你的朋友们一定会喜欢的。
学友：顺便问一下儿，如果我要取包裹，需要什麽手续？
营业员丙：你需要带着包裹单和你的身份证件。
学友：我知道了。 非常感谢！
  
 

初級第三十四課: 對話 到郵局寄照片


學友﹕請問﹐人美在嗎﹖
人美的室友﹕在﹐請進﹐她正在等著你呢.
學友﹕謝謝。
人美﹕學友﹐快來看這些照片﹐我想寄給我的爸爸媽媽和朋友們。
學友﹕啊﹐這麼多的照片﹐我要認真地看一看。
人美﹕是啊﹐這些照片﹐有的是在北京大學校園內照的﹐有的是在公園裡照的。我
      想選一些好的寄給他們﹐讓他們多了解了解北京。
學友﹕這個主意不錯。 我也應該寄一些照片給我爸爸媽媽和朋友們。
人美﹕學友﹐你看這張是香山﹐滿山的紅葉﹐真美。這張是我們在北大的
      校門口﹐你手裡還拿著剛買來的北京地圖呢。
學友﹕現在我還是隨身帶著地圖﹐為了不迷路。
人美﹕好了﹐就寄這些照片吧。 現在我們一起去郵局吧。
 
(在郵局裡﹐ 人美在寄信﹐學友在買明信片。)
人美﹕您好﹐我想寄一封信到美國。
營業員甲﹕請在二號窗口排隊等著。
 
(在二號窗口。)
人美﹕我要寄一封國際航空信。
營業員乙﹕你需要先買一個國際信封﹐填好地址後再給我。
人美﹕我自己帶著信封﹐而且已經寫好地址了。
營業員乙﹕讓我看一下兒。 很好﹐沒問題。
人美﹕請問﹐到美國需要多少天﹖
營業員乙﹕航空信通常需要十到十五天。 如果是特快專遞﹐就會快得多。 大概
          需要三到五天。 但是﹐郵費很貴。
人美﹕就寄航空信吧。
營業員乙﹕郵費是十五元。
人美﹕給您十五元。 謝謝﹗
 
學友﹕小姐﹐我想買一些明信片。
營業員丙﹕這裡有很多種類﹐有風景的﹐有人物的﹐還有動物的﹐你喜歡哪一種﹖
學友﹕各買一套吧﹐送給我的美國朋友。 我希望他們更多地了解中國。
營業員丙﹕三套一共三十張﹐我想你的朋友們一定會喜歡的。
學友﹕順便問一下兒﹐如果我要取包裹﹐需要什麼手續﹖
營業員丙﹕你需要帶著包裹單和你的身份證件。
學友﹕我知道了。 非常感謝﹗
  

Dào Yóujú Jì Zhàopiàn
 

   Xuéyǒu :  Qǐng  wèn, Rénměi zài ma ?
   Rénměi de  shìyǒu : Zài, qǐng jìn, tā zhèngzài děng zhe nǐ ne ?
   Xuéyǒu :  Xièxie.
   Rénměi :  Xuéyǒu, kuài lái kàn zhè xiē zhàopiàan, wǒ xiǎng jì 
             gěi wǒ de bàba māma hé péngyoumen.
   Xuéyǒu :  Ā,  zhème duō de zhàopiàn, wǒ yào rènzhēn de kàn yi kàn.
   Rénměi :  Shì  a, zhè xiē zhàopiàn, yǒu de shì zài Běijīng dàxué 
             xiàoyuán nèi zhào de, yǒu  de shì zài gōngyuán lǐ zhào de. 
             Wǒ xiǎng xuǎn  yì xiē hǎo de jì gěi tāmen, ràng tāmen duō 
             liǎojiě liǎojiě Běijīng. 
   Xuéyǒu :  Zhè  ge zhúyi bú cuò. Wǒ yě yīnggāi jì yì xiē zhàopiàn 
             gěi wǒ bàba māma hé péngyoumen.
   Rénměi :  Xuéyǒu, nǐ kàn zhè zhāng shì Xiāngshān, mǎn shān de hóngyè, 
             zhēn měi. Zhè zhāng  shì wǒmen zài Běi Dà de xiào ménkǒu, 
             nǐ shǒu lǐ hái ná zhe gāng mǎi lái de Běijīng  dìtú ne.
   Xuéyǒu :  Xiànzài  wǒ hái shì suíshēn dài zhe dìtú, wèile bù mí lù.
   Rénměi :  Hǎo  le, jiù jì zhè xiē zhàopiàn ba. Xiànzài wǒmen yìqǐ 
             qù yóujú ba.
 


Lesson Thirty Four: Article How to write a Chinese envelope




It has been over a month since Xueyou and Xiaoding arrived in Beijing 
University to study Chinese.  One Sunday morning, Xueyou went to 
Xiaoding's dorm to see her.  Xiaoding was putting her pictures in 
order.  There were many pictures on her desk.  Some were old pictures
brought from the U.S., some were new pictures taken in Beijing.  Just
a few days ago, Xueyou went to the post office with Xiaoding and sent 
some new pictures they took in Beijing to Xiaoding's mom and dad.  
Xueyou was looking at the pictures brought from the U.S.  Some were 
pictures they took with Teacher Wang, some others were scenic pictures 
of their school.  Xueyou said to Xiaoding:"Look, these pictures have
Teacher Wang in them, and also our school.  Let's select some and mail 
them to Teacher Wang's wife.  She will definitely like them when
she sees them."  Xiaoding said gladly:"Right.  This is a great idea.  
I have Teacher Wang's home address in Beijing with me.  However, I heard
that the way Chinese address envelopes is different from the way we 
Americans do.  Let's call Teacher Lin and ask."

Then, Xiaoding called Teacher Lin.  Teacher Lin told Xiaoding, addressing
a Chinese envelope is different from addressing an English envelope.  
When writing a Chinese envelope, (one) should write the address of the 
receiver in the middle of the envelope.  Under the receiver's address, 
(one) should write the name of the receiver.  On the right bottom of the 
envelope, (one) should write the address and the name of the sender.  
Teacher Lin also told Xiaoding that Teacher Wang's wife lives in Beijing; 
when (Xiaoding and Xueyou) send the letter, (they) should send it by 
local mail. 

Xiaoding and Xueyou wrote the envelope according to what Teacher Lin said
on the phone.  They knew that post office in China opens on Saturdays and
Sundays.  Therefore, they went to the post office to send the letter to
Teacher Wang's wife right away. 


初级第三十四课: 短文 怎样写中文信封？


学友和小丁到北京大学学习汉语已经一个多月了。 一个星期天的上午，
学友到小丁的宿舍看她。 小丁正在整理照片。 她的桌子上放着很多照
片。 有的是从美国带来的旧照片，有的是在北京照的新照片。 


前几天，学友刚刚和小丁一起去邮局， 寄了一些他们在北京照的新照
片给小丁的爸爸﹑妈妈。 学友看着从美国带来的照片，有些是他们两
个人和王老师一起照的， 还有一些是他们学校的风景照。 


学友对小丁说：“你看，这些照片里有王老师，还有我们的学校， 我
们选一些寄给王老师的太太吧。 她看了一定会很喜欢。” 小丁高兴地
说：“对，这真是个好主意。 我这儿有王老师在北京的家的地址。 不
过，我听说，中国人写信封的方法跟我们美国人不太一样。 我们打电
话问一下儿林老师吧。”

於是，小丁给林老师打电话。 林老师告诉小丁，写中文信封和写英文
信封是不一样。 写中文信封的时候，信封的中间应该写着收信人的
地址。 收信人的地址下边应该写着收信人的姓名。 信封的右下角应
该写着寄信人的地址和姓名。 林老师还告诉小丁， 王老师的太太住
在北京，寄信的时候应该寄本市信。 小丁和学友按照林老师电话里
说的， 写好了信封。 他们知道， 中国的邮局星期六，星期天也营
业， 所以，他们现在就去邮局寄信给王老师的太太。 




初級第三十四課: 短文 怎樣寫中文信封﹖



學友和小丁到北京大學學習漢語已經一個多月了。 一個星期天的上午﹐
學友到小丁的宿舍看她。 小丁正在整理照片。 她的桌子上放著很多照
片。 有的是從美國帶來的舊照片﹐有的是在北京照的新照片。 


前幾天﹐學友剛剛和小丁一起去郵局﹐ 寄了一些他們在北京照的新照
片給小丁的爸爸﹑媽媽。 學友看著從美國帶來的照片﹐有些是他們兩
個人和王老師一起照的﹐ 還有一些是他們學校的風景照。 


學友對小丁說﹕“你看﹐這些照片裡有王老師﹐還有我們的學校﹐ 我
們選一些寄給王老師的太太吧。 她看了一定會很喜歡。” 小丁高興地
說﹕“對﹐這真是個好主意。 我這兒有王老師在北京的家的地址。 不
過﹐我聽說﹐中國人寫信封的方法跟我們美國人不太一樣。 我們打電
話問一下兒林老師吧。”

於是﹐小丁給林老師打電話。 林老師告訴小丁﹐寫中文信封和寫英文
信封是不一樣。 寫中文信封的時候﹐信封的中間應該寫著收信人的
地址。 收信人的地址下邊應該寫著收信人的姓名。 信封的右下角應
該寫著寄信人的地址和姓名。 林老師還告訴小丁﹐ 王老師的太太住
在北京﹐寄信的時候應該寄本市信。 小丁和學友按照林老師電話裡
說的﹐ 寫好了信封。 他們知道﹐ 中國的郵局星期六﹐星期天也營
業﹐ 所以﹐他們現在就去郵局寄信給王老師的太太。 
  


Zěnyàng Xiě Zhōngwén Xìnfēng?

Xuéyǒu hé Xiǎo Dīng dào Běijīng dàxué xuéxí  Hànyǔ yǐjīng yí ge
duō yuè le. Yí ge xīngqītiān de shàngwǔ, Xuéyǒu dào Xiǎo Dīng  
de sùshè kàn tā. Xiǎo Dīng zhèngzài zhěnglǐ zhàopiàn. Tā de 
zhuōzi shang fàng  zhe hěn duō zhàopiàn. Yǒu de shì cóng Měiguo 
dài lái de jiù zhàopiàn, yǒu de shì  zài Běijīng zhào de xīn 
zhàopiàn.
Qián jǐ tiān, Xuéyǒu gānggāng hé Xiǎo Dīng  yìqǐ qù yóujú, jì 
le yì xiē tāmen zài Běijīng zhào de xīn zhàopiàn gěi Xiǎo Dīng  
de bàba māma. Xuéyǒu kàn zhe cóng Měiguo   dài lái de zhàopiàn, 
yǒu xiē shì tāmen liǎng ge rén hé Wáng lǎoshī yìqǐ  zhào de, 
hái yǒu yì xiē shì tāmen xuéxiào de fēngjǐng zhào.
Xuéyǒu duì Xiǎo Dīng shuō: “Nǐ kàn, zhè xiē  zhàopiàn lǐ yǒu Wáng 
lǎoshī, hái yǒu wǒmen de xuéxiào, wǒmen xuǎn yì xiē jì gěi  Wáng 
lǎoshī de tàitai ba. Tā kàn le yídìng huìi hěn xǐhuan.” Xiǎo Dīng 
gāoxing  de shuō:”Duì, zhè zhēn shì ge hǎo zhúyi. Wǒ zhèr yǒu 
Wáng lǎoshī zài Běijīng de jiā de dìzhǐ.  Búguò, wǒ tīngshuō, 
Zhōngguo rén xiě xìnfēng de fāngfǎ gēn wǒmen Měiguo rén bù  
tài yíyang. Wǒmen dǎ diànhuà wèn yí xiàr Lín lǎoshī ba.”
Yúshì, Xiǎo Dīng gěi Lín lǎoshī dǎ diànhuà.  Lín lǎoshī gàosu Xiǎo 
Dīng, xiě Zhōngwén xìnfēng hé xiě Yīngwén xìnfēng shì bù  yíyàng. 
Xiě Zhōngwén xìnfēng deshíhou, xìnfēng de zhōngjiān yīnggāi shì 
xiě zhe  shōu xìn rén de dìzhǐ. Shōu xìn ren de dìzhǐ xià yīnggāi 
xiě zhe shōu xìn ren  de xìngmíng. Xìnfēng de yòu xià jiǎo yīnggāi 
xiě zhe jì xìn rén de dìzhǐ hé xìngmíng.  Lín lǎoshī hái gàosu Xiǎo 
Dīng, Wáng lǎoshī de tàitai zhù zài Běijīng, jì xìn  deshíhou 
yīngāi jì běn shì xìn. Xiǎo Dīng hí Xuéyǒu ànzhào Lín lǎoshī diànhuà 
lǐ  shuō de, xiě hǎo le xìnfēng. Tāmen zhīdao, Zhōngguo de yóujú 
xīngqīngliù, xīngqīngtiān  yě yíngyè, suǒyǐ, tāmen xiànzài jiù qù 
yóujú jì xìn gěi Wáng lǎoshī de tàitai.



词 汇


Chinese Words  Pinyin  Part of Speech	Engl. Trans.	Examples
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 校园           xia4oyua2n        n.            campus
 主意           zhu3yi            n.            idea
 不错           bu2cuo4          idiom exp.     not bad
 随身           sui2she1n         exp.          (carry) on one's person;
                                                (take) with one 
 迷路           mi2lu4            v.            to lose
 封             fe1ng             measure word  for letters
 号             ha4o              n.            number
 平信           pi2ngxi4n         n.            ordinary mail
 航空信         ha2ngko1ngxi4n    n.            air mail
 信封           xi4nfe1ng         n.            envelope
 写信封         xie3xi4nfe1ng     v. phrase     to address an envelope
 营业员         yi2ngye4yua2n     n.            clerk
 通常           to1ngcha2ng       adv.          generally; usually
 特快转递       te4kua4izhua1ndi4 phrase        express mail
 邮费           yo2ufe4i          n.            postage
 贵             gui4              adj.          expensive
 明信片         mi2ngxi4npia4n    n.            postcard
 种类           zho3ngle4i        n.            kinds, types
 风景           fe1ngji3ng        n.            scenery, landscape
 人物           re2nwu4           n.            person
 动物           do4ngwu4          n.            animal
 套             ta4o              measure word  (for books, furniture, 
                                                rooms, methods, remarks, 
                                                etc.) set; suit; suite
 顺便问一下儿   shu4nbia4nwe4nyi2xia4r  idiom exp. by the way
 取             qu3               v.            to pick up
 包裹           ba1oguo3          n.            parcel,package
 包裹单         ba1oguo3da1n      n.            package (arrival) notice
 身份           she1nfe4n         n.            identity
 证件           zhe4ngjia4n       n.            documents, credentials, 
                                                certificate
 整理           zhe3ngli3         v.            to arrange; to put in 
                                                order
 旧             ji4u              adj.          old
 照片           zha4opia4n        n.            photo, picture
 刚刚           ga1ngga1ng        adv.          just
 邮局           yo2uju2           n.            post office
 寄             ji4               v.            to mail
 选             xua3n             v.            to choose; to select
 方法           fa1ngfa3          n.            way; method
 地址           di4zhi3           n.            address
 收信人         sho1uxi4nre2n     n.            addressee; receiver
 右下角         yo4uxia4jia3o     direction word  lower right corner 
 按照           an4zha4o          adv.          according to
 营业           yi2ngye4          v.            to do business
 静静地         ji4ngji4ngde      v.            quietly
 盆             pe2n              measure word  for things held in a
                                                basin, tub, or pot
 风筝           fe1ngzhe1ng       n.            kite
 只             zhi1              measure word  for boats, birds, 
        					some animals, some 
						containers, and one of 
						certain paired things
 午夜           wu3ye4            time word     midnight
 湖             hu2               n.            lake
 欢呼雀跃       hua1nhu1que4yue4  idiom         to cheer,to exclaim     
 

语 法


1. The Continuous Aspect of an Action--the Use of 着
   The aspect particle 着 is placed after the verb in a sentence to 
indicate the continuation of an action.  The subject of the sentence 
can be a person or a place.  The sentence pattern is as follows:

   S + V + 着 + O

(1.) The pattern is used to describe the continous aspect of an 
action by a person/people or the continous aspect of a state about 
a person/people.

For example:
1.)人美在宿舍等着学友呢。
Renmei is waiting for Xueyou in the dorm.
2.)学友看着人美在北京照的新照片。
Xueyou is looking at the new pictures Renmei took in Beijing.
3.)王老师喝着从中国带来的龙井茶。
Teacher Wang is drinking the Longjing tea (he) brought from China. 

(2.) The pattern is also used to describe the continous aspect of an 
action or the continous aspect of a state effecting a place.

For example:
1.)小丁的桌子上放着很多照片。
Many pictures are placed on Xiaoding's desk.
2.)信封上写着小丁爸爸的名字。 
Xiaoding's father's name is written down on the envelope.
3.)这间宿舍住着两个美国留学生。
Two American students live in this dorm.

(3.) In sentences with series of verbal structures, the aspect particle
着  is placed after the first verb to describe the state or manner in 
which the second action is carried out. 

For example:
1.)小丁拿着一张照片问林老师：“您的这张照片是在北大图书馆照的吗？”
Xiaoding asked Teacher Lin while holding a picture: "Is this picture of 
you taken in the Beijing University Library?"
2.)开开穿着一件蓝衣服去幼儿园(yo4u e2r yua2n, kindergarten)。
Kaikai is wearing blue clothes to go to the kindergarten.
3.)世海拿着一本中文语法书去王老师那儿问问题。
Shihai is carrying a Chinese grammar book to go to Teacher Wang's place
and ask questions. 

(4.) When a verb is followed by the aspect particle 着 to indicate the 
continuation of an action of a state, the verb does not take complements.

For example:
小丁和学友坐着听王老师说话。 
Xiaoding and Xueyou are sitting there listening to Teacher Wang talk.
It is incorrect to add a complement to the sentence in the following 
way:
*小丁和学友坐着听王老师说话二十分钟。

(5.) The differences between the continuous aspect of an action using the 
particle 着 and the progressive aspect of an action using the particle 
正在/正/在.

a. The continuous aspect of an action usually implies that the action is 
in progress, and therefore, the particles 正在, 正, or 在 and the word 呢 
are often used with the particle 着. 

For example:
1.)学友的手里正拿着北京地图呢。
Xueyou's hand is holding a map of Beijing.
2.)学友来看林老师的时候，外边正下着雨呢。
When Xueyou came to see Teacher Lin, it was raining outside. 

b. The continuous aspect of an action emphasizes and describes the static
aspect of an action or a state, and the aspect particle 着 is placed 
after the verb (or the first verb in sentences with series of verbal 
structures).  As to the progressive aspect of an action, it emphasizes 
the active aspect of an action, and the aspect particles 正在, 正, or 在 
are placed before the verb. 

For example:
1.)学友正在拿中国地图。
Xueyou is holding a map of China (right this moment). 
2.)学友拿着中国地图。 
Xueyou has been holding a map of China. 

(6.) The negative and interrogative forms of the patterns that indicate
the continuous aspect of an action.

a. The negation form of the patterns that indicate the continuous aspect 
of an action is to add the negative 没有 before the verb (or
the first verb in sentences with series of verbal structures) and 
take the particle 着 out of the sentence.  The patterns should be:
    S (people/place) + 没有 + V + O
 or S + 没有 + V1 + O1 + V2 + O2

For example:
1.)王老师没有喝从北京带来的龙井茶。
Teacher Wang didn't drink the Longjing tea (he) brought from Beijing. 
2.)开开没有穿蓝衣服去幼儿园。
Kaikai didn't wear blue clothes to the kingdergarten.
3.)外边没有下雨。
It didn't rain outside. 

b. The interrogative form of the patterns that indicate the continuous 
aspect of an action is to add the question word 吗 or the negative 
没有 at the end of the affirmative sentences.  The patterns should be:

   S (about people/people) + V + 着 + O + 吗/没有?
or S + V1 + 着 + O1 + V2 + O2 + 吗/没有?

For example:
1.)这间宿舍住着两个美国留学生吗？
Do two American students live in this dorm?
2.)学友拿着中文语法书去图书馆没有？

Did Xueyou go to the library holding a Chinese grammar book?
3.)小丁的桌子上放着她爸爸、妈妈的照片吗？
Is the picture of her mom and dad placed on Xiaoding's desk?

2. The Use of the Structural Particle 地
(1.) Bisyllabic or polysyllabic adjective are often used together with 
the structural particle 地, as an adverbial modifier, to modify the verb 
in a sentence.  Sometimes, the structural particle 地 is omitted.  
The pattern should be:
   S + Bisyllabic/polysyllabic Adj. + 地 + V + O

For example:
1.)就要期末(qi1mo4, end of the semester, final)考试了。 我要认真(地)复习
   课文。
The final exam is soon.  I want to review the lesson carefully.
2.)小丁高兴地说：“这是个好主意。”
Xiaoding said gladly:"That is a good idea."
3.)在北京大学，小丁和学友都努力(地)学习中文。
In Beijing University, Xiaoding and Xueyou are both studying Chinese with
great effort.

(2.) The differences between adverbial modifier structure using 地 and 
the complement of degree structure using 得.

a. Structurally, for the adverbial modifier structure using 地, the 
adjective + 地 structure is placed before the verb.  For the complement 
of degree structure using 得, the 得 + adjective structure is placed 
after the verb. 

For example:
1.)学友认真地看小丁的照片。
Xueyou is looking at Xiaoding's pictures carefully.
2.)学友看小丁的照片看得很认真。
Xueyou is looking at Xiaoding's pictures carefully.

b. Both the complement of degree structure and the adverbial modifier 
structure can be used when describing a present action.

For example:
1.)她很大声(da4she1ng, loudly)地朗读(la3ngdu2, read)中文。 = 她朗读中文
   朗读得很大声。
She reads Chinese very loudly.
2.)世海吃午饭吃得很快。 = 世海很快地吃完午饭。 
Shihai eats his lunch very fast.

c. The complement of degree structure is often used when describing an 
action that has already taken place or an action occurs frequently or
habitually.

For example:
1.) 昨天我复习中文复习得很认真。(也可以说“昨天我很认真地复习中文。”)
Yesterday I reviewed Chinese very carefylly.
2.) 我吃饭吃得很快，我姐姐吃饭吃得很慢。
I eat fast; my older sister eats slowly.

d. The adverbial modifier structure can be used when describing an action
that has not yet happened.

For example:
1.) 明天我要认真地复习中文。(不能说“明天我要复习中文复习得很认真。”)
Tomorrow I want to review Chinese carefully.
2.) 我希望我的朋友们会更多地了解中国。 (不能说“我希望我的朋友们会
    了解中国了解得很多。”)
I hope that my friends will know China more.

e.  Generally, the complement of degree structure emphasizes the
result of an accomplished action, whereas the adverbial modifier 
structure emphasizes the manner or attitude in which the subject takes 
or is going to take an action.   

For example:
1.)上个学期， 他学习学得不努力，所以他考试考得不太好。
Last semester, he didn't study hard, so he did not do well in the exam. 
2.)这个学期，他应该努力(地)学习。 
This semester, he should study hard. 

3. The Structure 有的...有的...
   The pronoun 有的 means "some".  It is used as an adjective modifier 
in the structure "有的 + N ...有的 + N ...".  The pronoun 有的 may occur
for once, twice or three times in a sentence, depending on the context.
The noun modified by 有的 can be left out if the noun has appeared 
earlier in the sentence.

For example:
1.)在美国，有的人喜欢吃美国菜， 有的人喜欢吃中国菜， 有的人喜欢吃日本菜。
In the U.S., some people like to eat American food, some like to eat 
Chinese food, some like to eat Japanese food. 
2.)在图书馆里，有的学生在看书，有的(学生)在用电脑。
In the library, some students are reading books, some are using 
computers.
3.)北京大学有很多外国留学生。 有的是美国人，有的是日本人，有的是欧洲人。
There are many foreign students in Beijing Unversity.  Some are 
Americans, some are Japanese, some are Europeans. 

4. The Structure 有些...还有一些...
   The structure 有些...还有一些... means "some...(still) some others...".
The use of which is very similar to the structure 有的...有的.... The 
only difference is that by using 些, the structure 有些...还有一些... 
emphasizes plurality.

For example:
1.)小丁从美国带来了一些照片。 有些是小丁和学友跟王老师一起照的， 还有一些
   是他们学校的照片。
Xiaoding brought some pictures from the U.S.  Some were pictures that 
Xiaoding and Xueyou took with Teacher Wang, some others were pictures
of their school.
2.)昨天我去书店买了很多中文书。 有些是中文小说，还有一些是中文语法书和
   词典。
I went to the bookstore and bought many Chinese books yesterday.  Some 
were Chinese novels, some others were Chinese grammar books and 
dictionaries.
3.)小丁认识很多中国朋友。 有些是北京大学的学生，还有一些是在公司或者国家
   机关(guo2jia1ji1gua1n, the government agencies)工作的年轻人。
Xiaoding knew many Chinese friends.  Some were students of Beijing 
University, some others were young people working in corporations or 
government agencies. 

5. The Structure 跟/和...(不)一样
   The structure 跟/和...一样 means "the same as...".  The negative form 
of it, the structure 跟/和...不一样 means "not the same as...".  The 
structure 跟/和...(不)一样 is used when the speaker wants to talk about 
the same characteristic/situation that applies to two different people/
things.  The basic pattern is:
   S1 + 跟/和 + S2 + (不)一样
   Note: the first subject of a sentence using the structure 跟/和...一样
can be a noun, a simple noun phrase or a complex noun phrase modified by 
an attributive clause.  The second subject of the sentence can be of the 
similar structure as that of the subject; it can also be simply a noun, 
or a simple noun phrase. 
 
For example:
1.)美国人说的英文跟英国人不太一样。 
或者：美国人说的英文跟英国人说的英文不太一样。 
The English spoken by Americans is different from the one spoken by the
British.
2.)中国人写信封的方法跟美国人不一样。
The way Chinese write letters is different from the one the Americans
do. 
3.)我的中文书跟我朋友的中文书一样。   
My Chinese book is the same as that of my friend's.



语 型


1. The Continuous Aspect of an Action--the Use of 着
1.)小丁的爸爸、妈妈看着小丁从北京寄来的信和照片，心里很高兴。
While looking at the letter and the pictures that Xiaoding sent from 
Beijing, Xiaoding's mom and dad felt very happy.
2.)昨天，我去看我的好朋友的时候，她正吃着她妈妈给她做的点心呢。
Yesterday, when I went to see my good friend, she was eating the pastries
made by her mom.
3.)我哥哥的桌子上放着他和他的女朋友的照片。
The picture of my brother and his girlfriend is placed on his desk.
4.)我的中国朋友喜欢听着美国流行歌曲整理房间。
My Chinese friend likes to put things into order while listening to 
American pop songs.
5.)你喜欢看着电视做作业吗？
Do you like to do your homework while watching TV?
6.)这是我爸爸的汉语词典。 屝页上(fe1iye4, title page)写着我爸爸的名字。
This is my dad's Chinese dictionary.  My dad's name is written down on 
the title page.

2. The Use of the Structural Particle 地
1.)我离开中国来美国留学的那一天， 我妹妹难过地哭了。
The day I left China to come to study in the U.S., my younger sister
cried.
2.)林老师的口语课很有意思。 每堂课上， 同学们都很认真地听讲(ti1ngjia3ng, 
   listen to the lecture)， 做练习。
Teacher Lin's conversation class is very interesting.  In every class, 
students listen to the lecture very carefully, and do exercises. 
3.)他的爸爸、妈妈为了让他能上有名的大学， 非常辛苦地工作。
His father and mother work very hard so that he can go to a famous 
university. 
4.)我的中文口语不太好。 明年，我要去中国， 好好地练习我的口语。
My Chinese speaking is not very good.  Next year, I want to go to
China, and practice my speaking hard. 
5.)这本书能帮助你更好地了解中国文化。 
This book can help you understand Chinese culture better. 
6.)学友告诉小丁明天林老师跟他们一起去长城玩。 小丁高兴地说： “太好了。”
Xueyou told Xiaoding that tomorrow Teacher Lin will go with them to 
the Great Wall.  Xiaoding said happily:"That's great."

3. The Structure 有的...有的...
1.)北大的学生都很喜欢锻练。 每天下午，有的学生跑步，有的打球，有的游泳。
Students in Beijing University like to do exercises a lot.  Every 
afternoon, some students go running, some play balls, some go swimming. 
2.)我有很多音乐CD。 有的是美国流行音乐，有的是欧洲古典音乐，有的中国
   民间音乐。
I have a lot of music CDs.  Some are American pop music, some are 
European classical music, some are Chinese folk music. 
3.)在美国的大学里，有的学生住学生宿舍，有的住自己租(zu1, rent)房子，有的
   住在爸爸、妈妈的家里。
In American universities, some students live in the students' dorm, some 
live in a house rented by themselves, some live in their mom's and dad's 
house. 
4.)大学毕业以後，有的人开始工作，有的人上研究所。
After college graduation, some people start to work, some go to  
graduate school. 

4. The Structure 有些...还有一些...
1.)去纽约的火车上，有些人是去纽约玩儿的，有些人是去工作的， 还有一些人是
   去办事(ba4n shi4, to do business)的。 
On the train to New York, some people go to New York for fun, some go for 
work, still others go for business.
2.)她今年夏天买了很多衣服。 有些是上课穿的， 有些是在家里穿的，还有一些
   是出去玩儿穿的。
She bought many clothes this summer.  Some are for class, some are for 
home, still others are for outings. 
3.)健身房里锻练的人很多。 有些人在跑步机上跑步， 有些人在练习举重， 还有
   一些人在跳健美操。
There are many people doing exercises in the gym.  Some people are 
running on the running machine, some are practising weight lifting, still
others are doing aerobics.  

5. The Structure 跟/和...(不)一样
1.)北京的气候跟上海的不太一样。
The weather in Beijing is not the same as in Shanghai. 
2.)他写的字跟他爸爸的字一样漂亮。
The characters he writes are as beautiful as the characters his father 
writes.
3.)他的中文跟他的英文一样好。
His Chinese is as good as his English. 
4.)我今天吃的午饭跟昨天吃的一样。
The lunch I had today is the same as what I had yesterday. 

6. The conjunction 而且 "and also"
1.)人美自己带着信封去邮局，而且已经写好地址了。
Renmei took her own envelope to the post office, and also had written 
down the address (on it). 
2.)今年夏天的天气很热，而且不下雨。
It is very hot this summer, and also, it hasn't been raining. 
3.)北京是中国的政治经济中心，而且也是中国的文化中心。
Beijing is the political and economic center of China, and also, it is 
the cultural center of China. 
4.)学习历史是为了了解过去，而且也是为了指导未来。
Studying history is to understand the past, and also, it is to guide the
future. 

7. The conjunction 但是 "but"
1.)寄特快专递很快，但是邮费很贵。
It is very fast to send (a letter) by express mail; but the postage is 
very expensive. 
2.)学习历史很有意思，但是学得好不容易。
Studing history is very interesting; but it is not easy to learn it well.
3.)美国的邮局跟中国的邮局一样方便， 但是， 美国的邮局星期六、星期天不
   开门。
The post office in the U.S. is as convenient as the one in China.  
However, the post office in the U.S. does not open on Saturdays and
Sundays. 
4.)这家中国餐馆作的菜很地道，但是很贵。
The dishes made in this Chinese restaurant are very authentic; but they 
are very expensive. 

8. The adverb 顺便 "incidentally, in passing, (do sth) in addition to 
   what one is already doing, without much extra effort"
1.)顺便问一下儿， 取包裹需要什麽手续？
By the way, may I ask what procedures are needed for claiming a packet?
2.)今天我去邮局寄信的时候，顺便买了几张明信片。
When I went to the post office to mail a letter today, I bought some 
postcards while I was there.  
3.)昨天学友去林老师那儿问问题，顺便借了一本中文语法书。
Yesterday, Xueyou went to Teacher Lin's place to ask some questions
while he was there. 
He borrowed a Chinese grammar book by chance. 
4.)去年他来美国的时候，顺便去加拿大玩了一个星期。
Last year when he came to the U.S., he went to Canada for a week while 
there. 

9. The conjunction 於是 "so; then; hence"
1.)小丁听说中国人写信封的方法跟美国人不太一样。 於是， 她给林老师打电话，
   问林老师怎麽写中文信封。
Xiaoding heard that the way Chinese address envelopes is kind of different 
from the Americans.  Hence, she called Teacher Lin and asked
him how to address a Chinese envelope.
2.)学友和人美都很想更多地了解中国文化。 於是，他们利用暑假去北京学中文。
Both Xueyou and Renmei would like to know more about Chinese culture.
Hence, they took advantage of the summer break to go to Beijing and 
study Chinese. 
3.)刘老师告诉学友， 去北大医院检查身体不需要打电话约时间。 於是， 学友
   直接去北大医院找负责体检的李大夫。
Teacher Liu told Xueyou that to go to the Beijing University Hospital
to have a physical exam, (he) doesn't need to make a phone call to 
schedule an appointment.  Hence, Xueyou went to the Beijing University 
Hospital directly to see Dr. Li, who is in charge of physical exam. 
4.)人美的中国朋友们告诉她， 北京香山的红叶在秋天的时候最美。 於是， 人美
   跟她的男朋友学友这个星期六要去香山玩。 
Renmei's Chinese friends told her, the red leaves of the Fragrant Hill 
in Beijing are the most beautiful in the Fall.  Hence, Renmei and her
boyfriend Xueyou are going to the Fragrant Hill this Saturday. 

10.The preposition 按照 "according to"                     
1.)小丁和学友按照林老师电话里说的，写好了信封。
Xiaoding and Xueyou addressed the envelope according to what Teacher Lin 
said on the phone. 
2.)小丁按照王老师给他们的电话号码，给王老师的太太打电话。
Using the phone number that Teacher Wang gave them, Xiaoding and Xueyou 
called Teacher Wang's wife.
3.)学友按照刘老师说的， 直接去北大医院找李大夫体检。
Xueyou went to the Beijing University Hospital directly to look for 
Dr. Li for a physical exam as Teacher Liu had said to do. 
4.)人美按照大夫给她开的药方(ya4ofa1ng, prescription)， 买了一些中药。
Renmei bought some Chinese medicine in accordance with the prescription 
given by the doctor.