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|
- Show
- characters
- pinyin, zhuyin
- translations
- in
- text
- tooltips
- status line
- separate wordlist
- Link characters to online dictionaries
- Only treat the first occurrence of each word
- Include links to audio text-to-speech
- tooltips require DHTML; status-line requires a willing browser
- Grammar notes
- 嗎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%dc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- ?
- One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add
- 嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- at the end of a statement. Hence 你
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>好
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3]
- ! (Hi!) becomes 你好嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
- ma3|ma5] ? (How are you?)
- 你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>呢
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9O> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ne5|ni2] ?
- This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you.
- Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about
- you?"
- A: 你好嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3hao3
- ma3|ma5] ?
- How are you?
- B: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>很
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3hao3] , 你呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ne5|ni2] ?
- I am fine, and you?
- A: 你忙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
- Are you busy?
- B: 我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>忙
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4mang2] , 你呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ne5|ni2] ?
- I am not busy, what about you?
- 很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- , 也 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4]> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- , 都 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- All three are adverbs, which should be placed /before/ what they modify
- in Chinese. E.g., 很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
- , 也好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3
- hao3|hao4] , 都好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
- hao3|hao4] .
- Sometimes 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic
- adjective such as 好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
- . It is simply because to say 我好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hao3|hao4] is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic
- adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add
- 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- before 好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4]
- to make the sentence sound natural: 我很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3hao3] in this case does not necessarily mean "I am /very/ well", it
- may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine".
- /The order of these words:/ If all three adverbs occur in the same
- sentence, their order is 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- -- 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- -- 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- :
- 我很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3hao3] .
- 我也很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ye3 hen3hao3] .
- 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>們
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>也都很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4]%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- ye3 dou1|du1 hen3hao3] .
- N.B. 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the /left/ of it. Hence
- it is wrong to say 都他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
- ta1men5 hen3hao3] ("all of them are fine"). One should say 他
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>們
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>都
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%a3>很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
- hen3hao3] .
- 都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
- bu4] vs. 不都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
- dou1|du1]
- 都不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
- bu4] indicates a complete negation whereas 不都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4
- dou1|du1] shows a partial negation:
- 他們都不忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
- bu4mang2]
- None of them is busy.
- 他們不都忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- bu4 dou1|du1 mang2]
- Not all of them are busy.
- 我們都不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>夫
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a4%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dou1|du1 bu2shi4 dai4fu5]
- None of us is a doctor.
- 我們不都是 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>大夫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- bu4 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5]
- Not all of us are doctors.
- 的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- As an auxiliary word, 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the
- noun it modifies: 我 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%da>的
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>書
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- shu1] , 我媽 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>媽
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%fd>的車
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] etc.
- In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the
- possessive marker 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- can be omitted. /Otherwise it cannot/.
- e.g. 你弟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc>弟
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%cc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- di4di5] = 你的弟弟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 di4di5] , 我爸
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8>爸
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%a8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ba4ba5] = 我的爸爸 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- ba4ba5]
- 我很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3hao3] -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be".
- Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In
- the sentence 我很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3hao3] , the adjectival phrase 很好 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3]
- serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as
- in English (I /am/ very well). This is generally true of a sentence that
- has an /adjective/ as its predicate, even in negative sentences.
- e.g. 他們很忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- hen3 mang2] , 我們不忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- bu4mang2]
- They are very busy, we are not.
- Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- should still be retained:
- 他 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>是我朋
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 wo3 peng2you5]
- He is my friend.
- 我不是她 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6o>的哥
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4>哥
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%f4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%acO%a6o%aa%ba%ad%f4%ad%f4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ge1ge5]
- I am not her elder brother.
- Proper Response
- Study the following two dialogues:
- A: 你媽媽是大夫嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%acO%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ma1ma5 shi4 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5] ?
- Is your mother a doctor?
- B: 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- , 她是大夫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4j%a4%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 dai4fu5] .
- Yes, she is a doctor.
- A: 你媽媽忙嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6%a3%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ma1ma5 mang2 ma3|ma5] ?
- Is your mother busy?
- B: 忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
- , 她很忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- hen3 mang2] .
- Yes, she is very busy.
- To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb --
- in the above case 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- and 忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2]
- respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the
- statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always 是
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- .
- Questions with interrogative words 誰
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d6> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
- , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
- , 什 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b0>麼
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- me5|mo2]
- Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what",
- "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question,
- Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using
- such interrogative words as 誰 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
- , 哪 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
- , 什麼 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- me5|mo2] , etc:
- 1. 他是我弟弟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 wo3 di4di5] . (He is my younger brother.)
- 他是誰 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 shei2|shui2] ? (Who is he?)
- 2. 他是我們老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>師
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aev> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a7%da%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 wo3men5 lao3shi1] . (He is our teacher.)
- 誰是你 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7A>們
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%cc>老師 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6%acO%a7A%ad%cc%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2
- shi4 ni3men5 lao3shi1] ? (Who is your teacher?)
- 3. 他是中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 zhong1guo2ren2] . (He is Chinese.)
- 他是哪國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%acO%ad%fe%b0%ea%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 na3|na5|nei3|nei3 guo2 ren2] ? (What is his nationality?)
- 4. 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>是中
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>地
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>圖
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 zhong1guo2 di4tu2] . (This is a map of China.)
- 這是什麼地圖 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a6a%b9%cf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 di4tu2] ? (What map is this?)
- 5. 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>是書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
- shi4 shu1] . (That is a book.)
- 那是什麼 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
- shi4 shi2 me5|mo2] ? (What is that?)
- 6. 這是她的車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] . (This is her car.)
- 這是誰的車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] ? (Whose car is this?)
- As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what
- one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions.
- No change of word order takes place.
- Asking a person's name
- There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that
- person is.
- 1. 您 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1z>貴
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6Q>姓
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2
- gui4xing4 ﹖]
- This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What
- is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's
- elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one
- wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression 貴姓 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
- cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when
- referring to oneself.
- A: 您 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1z&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nin2]
- /你貴姓﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6Q%a9m%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- gui4xing4 ﹖]
- What is your name?
- B: 我姓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9m>丁
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9m%a4B%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xing4 ding1 。]
- My name is Ding.
- 2. 你叫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5s>什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
- This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used
- to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors.
- If one wants to be a bit polite, 請
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0>問
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4]
- can be added to the question:
- 請問﹐你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%b0%dd%a1M%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3wen4
- ﹐ ni3 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
- May I ask, what's your name?
- Unlike 貴姓 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6Q%a9m&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gui4xing4]
- , which is only used in the second person, 叫什麼 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4
- shi2 me5|mo2] can be employed for all persons:
- 她叫什麼﹖我們叫什麼﹖我哥哥叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%cc%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3men5 jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖ wo3 ge1ge5
- jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] etc.
- When asked 你姓什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9m%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xing4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you are supposed to give your last name first,
- and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when
- asked 你叫什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5s%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jiao4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖] you can give either your given name or your full
- name.
- Word usage: 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df>﹐ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2
- ﹐] 學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
- Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas 學習 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2xi2]
- can be used both transitively and intransitively, 學 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2]
- is normally reserved for transitive use.
- e.g. 我學 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xue2] (習 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%df> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
- )漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>語
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>﹐她學 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a1M%a6o%be%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
- ﹐ ta1 xue2] (習 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
- )法 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>語
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3
- 。]
- I study Chinese, she studies French.
- 我學習﹐我弟弟不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>習。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%be%c7%b2%df%a1M%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%a4%a3%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xue2xi2 ﹐ wo3 di4di5 bu4xue2wu2shu4 xi2 。]
- I study, my younger brother doesn't study.
- In the second sentence, the word 習 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2%df&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xi2]
- cannot be omitted.
- Grammar notes
- 1. 在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- (to be at/in...) functions as a verb.
- To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use
- the following pattern:
- S + 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- + place/location word or phrase
- e.g. A: 你的地圖在哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
- %fe>兒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 di4tu2 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
- B: 我的地圖在那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- di4tu2 zai4 nar3|nar4 。]
- A: 你爸爸媽媽在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ba4ba5 ma1ma5 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
- B: 他們在中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zai4 zhong1guo2 。]
- If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted:
- A: 古 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>波
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aai>在嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5j%aai%a6b%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gu3bo1
- zai4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Is Gubo in [or: here]?
- B: 他不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>在
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>﹐他在學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>生
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>宿
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%a1M%a5L%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- bu4zai4 ﹐ ta1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
- He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.
- 2. Nouns / personal pronouns + 這
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- /那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- as place words.
- e.g. A: 地圖在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6a%b9%cf%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[di4tu2
- zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
- B: 在我這兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
- wo3 zher4 。] (or 在我那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%a7%da%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4
- wo3 nar3|nar4] )
- A: 你的車在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
- B: 我的車在學生宿舍那兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a8%ae%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- che1|ju1 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 nar3|nar4 。]
- The choice of 這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- and 那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is
- close to the speaker, use 這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- ; if not, use 那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- .
- 3. The word order for Chinese place words
- Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and
- proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room
- 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be 她住
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>院
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>學生宿舍四
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>層
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bch>四二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>三
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>號
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%ed%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a5|%bch%a5|%a4G%a4T%b8%b9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zhu4 xue2yuan4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 si4 ceng2 si4 er4 san1 hao2|hao4
- 。] Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to
- the address used when writing letters as well.
- 4. To live (stay) at a place
- Most often one uses 住 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
- to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are
- several patterns for the use of 住 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
- . For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following:
- S + 住 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
- + place word (我住這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zhu4 zher4] )
- S + 住在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
- zai4] + place word (我住在
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>這
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zhu4 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5] )
- S + 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- + place word + 住 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4]
- (我在這兒住 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a6%ed&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 zhu4] )
- All three sentences have the same meaning.
- 5. Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc
- Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by
- digit:
- English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)
- Chinese: # 1452 (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>
- 四五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>號
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a5|%a4%ad%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
- si4 wu3 er4hao4] )
- The use of 還 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- (to return something to someone)
- When using 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- to indicate "return", use the following pattern:
- S + 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- + (sb.) + sth.
- e.g. 我還他畫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5e>報
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a5L%b5e%b3%f8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hai2|huan2 ta1 hua4bao4]
- 你還丁云 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%aa>的車。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。] (Notice here sb. is
- omitted.)
- This pattern is /only/ used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be
- returned is not a complex one such as 她媽媽的日
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>本
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b6%fd%b6%fd%aa%ba%a4%e9%a5%bb%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- ma1ma5 de5|di2|di4 ri4ben3 che1|ju1] , etc. Notice in the second example
- above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say 你還丁云丁云的
- 車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c1%d9%a4B%a4%aa%a4B%a4%aa%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- hai2|huan2 ding1 yun2 ding1 yun2 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1] , although
- grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express
- something more complicated.
- 用 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>下
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
- yi2xiar4]
- In this phrase, 用 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
- is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e.
- it can be used either with or without an object). 一下兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
- is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If
- an object is to be used for 用 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4]
- in the above phrase, it should be placed after 一下兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
- :
- 我用一下兒你的書﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 shu1 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while?
- 他們用一下兒你爸爸的車。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- yong4 yi2xiar4 ni3 ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 。]
- They want to use your dad's car for a little while.
- Time Word 現 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>在
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
- Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a
- sentence: /before/ or /after/ the subject.
- 現在她去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>學院還書。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a6o%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
- ta1 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。]
- Now she is going to the college to return books.
- or 她現在去學院還書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5h%be%c7%b0|%c1%d9%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xian4zai4 qu4 xue2yuan4 hai2|huan2 shu1 。]
- 常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- and 常 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>常
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
- 常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as 常常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2chang2]
- without a change of meaning. Thus, 他常喝
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%dc>茶
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- chang2 he1|he4 cha2] = 他常常喝茶 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- chang2chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們常去看
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%dd>書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] = 我們常常去看書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1`%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- chang2chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
- In making negative sentences, however, 常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- is normally /not/ reduplicated. Hence 他不常喝茶 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%b1`%b3%dc%af%f9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- bu4 chang2 he1|he4 cha2] , 我們不常去看書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%a3%b1`%a5h%ac%dd%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- bu4 chang2 qu4 kan1|kan4 shu1] .
- Affirmative-Negative questions
- An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative
- and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective:
- 她是中國人嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 她是
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>是
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>中國人﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4bu4shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 ﹖]
- 你忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
- 你認 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb{>識
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%d1>他嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ren4shi5 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你認識不認識他﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1%a5L%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ren4shi5 bu4 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹖]
- 1. If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat
- the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all:
- 忙不忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mang2
- bu4mang2] , 認識不認識 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1%a4%a3%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5
- bu4 ren4shi5] , 介 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
- %b6>紹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%d0>不介紹
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a3%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
- bu4 jie4shao4]
- 2. If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb
- that gets repeated, not the noun following it:
- 你喝不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
- 你去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖]
- 3. Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the
- form of "V + object + 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- + V ?" as well, although this is not as common:
- 你喝茶不喝茶﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%af%f9%a4%a3%b3%dc%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- he1|he4 cha2 bu4 he1|he4 cha2 ﹖]
- 她去中國不去﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- qu4 zhong1guo2 bu4 qu4 ﹖]
- 4. As in questions with interrogative words (誰 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shei2|shui2]
- , 什麼 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- me5|mo2] , etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take 嗎
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- at the end.
- 5. If an adverb such as 常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- , 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- , 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- or 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- comes /before/ the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the
- affirmative-negative form but use 嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- instead:
- 你們都去中國嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- but not 你們都去不去中國﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- dou1|du1 qu4 bu4 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹖]
- 他常喝咖 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9@>啡
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- chang2 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- but not 他常喝不喝咖啡﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b1`%b3%dc%a4%a3%b3%dc%a9@%b0%d8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- chang2 he1|he4 bu4 he1|he4 ka1fei1 ﹖]
- Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come
- /before/ the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
- 1. 她很忙嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- hen3 mang2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] but not 她很忙不忙﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%ab%dc%a6%a3%a4%a3%a6%a3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- hen3 mang2 bu4mang2 ﹖]
- 2. 她是很好大夫嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%ab%dc%a6n%a4j%a4%d2%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4 hen3hao3 dai4fu5 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 她是不是很好的大夫﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%acO%a4%a3%acO%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- shi4bu4shi4 hen3hao3 de5|di2|di4 dai4fu5 ﹖]
- The second instance is acceptable because 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- comes /after/ the predicative verb 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- .
- 6. If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the
- /first/ verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question:
- 你去商 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d3>店
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>買
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6R>紙
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 你去不去商店買紙﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6R%af%c8%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- qu4 bu4 qu4 shang1dian4 mai3 zhi3 ﹖]
- 他們歡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- huan1ying2 wo3 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖] becomes 他們歡迎不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>歡
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>迎
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ef>我來﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%c5w%aa%ef%a4%a3%c5w%aa%ef%a7%da%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- huan1ying2 bu4huan1er2san4 ying2 wo3 lai2 ﹖]
- 和 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9M> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
- and 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- In Chinese, 和 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
- as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases,
- /never/ two clauses or sentences:
- 中國和美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9M%ac%fc%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2
- he2|he4|huo2|huo4 mei3guo2]
- 我的爸爸和媽媽 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ma1ma5]
- 她學習漢語和英 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad^>語
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a9M%ad^%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xue2xi2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 ying1yu3 。]
- 你認識我爸爸和弟弟嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%bb{%c3%d1%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a9M%a7%cc%a7%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ren4shi5 wo3 ba4ba5 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 di4di5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- but not 我弟弟是學生﹐和我哥哥也是學生。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7%cc%a7%cc%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%a9M%a7%da%ad%f4%ad%f4%a4]%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- di4di5 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ge1ge5 ye3 shi4
- xue2sheng5 。]
- nor 你學習法語﹐和我也學習法語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1M%a9M%a7%da%a4]%be%c7%b2%df%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xue2xi2 fa3yu3 ﹐ he2|he4|huo2|huo4 wo3 ye3 xue2xi2 fa3yu3 。]
- The adverb 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It
- governs only the elements /before/ it:
- 我們都去中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dou1|du1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。] (All of us go to China: 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- modifies 我們 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
- .)
- but not 都我們去中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1
- wo3men5 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
- This is also wrong:
- 我都學漢語和法語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b3%a3%be%c7%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- dou1|du1 xue2 han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 。]
- because 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- modifies 我 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
- and not 漢語和法語 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
- he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] . If "both Chinese and French" is intended in
- the above sentence, the objects 漢語和法語 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
- he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3] should be placed before 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- :
- 我漢語和法語都學。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- han4yu3 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 xue2 。]
- or 漢語和法語都我學。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ba~%bby%a9M%aak%bby%b3%a3%a7%da%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[han4yu3
- he2|he4|huo2|huo4 fa3yu3 dou1|du1 wo3 xue2 。]
- The verb 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- expressing possession and existence
- The verb 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to
- have" and "there is" or "there are":
- 她有漢語詞 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fc>典
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%ba~%bby%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- you3 han4yu3 ci2dian3 。]
- She has a Chinese dictionary.
- 我們學院有多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>外
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>學生。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%be%c7%b0|%a6%b3%a6h%a5~%b0%ea%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- xue2yuan4 you3 duo1 wai4guo2 xue2sheng5 。]
- There are a lot of foreign students in our college.
- N.B.:
- 1. To negate 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- , one uses 沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- instead of 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- :
- 我有哥哥﹐我沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>有
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>姐
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>姐
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9j>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6%b3%ad%f4%ad%f4%a1M%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%a9j%a9j%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- you3 ge1ge5 ﹐ wo3 mei2you3 jie3jie5 。]
- I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.
- 2. Informally in a negative sentence, 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- can sometimes be omitted:
- 我朋友沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- peng2you5 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- )書﹐也沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%d1%a1M%a4]%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shu1
- ﹐ ye3 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- )筆 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%a7>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bi3
- 。]
- My friend does not have books, nor pens.
- 現在我們的宿舍沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
- wo3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- )人。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren2
- 。]
- There is no one in our dorm now.
- 3. The affirmative-negative question form is "... 有沒有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
- mei2you3] ... ?"
- 她有沒有妹 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>妹
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9f>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- you3 mei2you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 ﹖]
- 呢﹐你們的宿舍有沒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>
- 有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O%a1M%a7A%ad%cc%aa%ba%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2
- ﹐ ni3men5 de5|di2|di4 su4she4 you3 mei2you3ren2 ﹖]
- Sometimes, if the object of 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- is not long, one can use the form "... 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- + object + 沒有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
- ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one.
- 她有妹妹沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6%b3%a9f%a9f%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- you3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 mei2you3 ﹖]
- 這宿舍有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1J%aa%d9%a6%b3%a4H%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- su4she4 you3ren2qing2 mei2you3 ﹖]
- Prepositional construction with 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- (in, at) and 給 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b9>
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
- (for, to)
- The object of 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- is often a place-word and the object of 給 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
- is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative
- verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes /before/ the verb
- it modifies:
- 他在銀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%c8>行
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e6>工
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4u>作
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
- She works in a bank.
- but not 她工作在銀行。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4u%a7@%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- gong1zuo4 zai4 yin2hang2 。]
- 我給你們介紹一下兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 。]
- Let me introduce you to one another.
- but not 我介紹一下兒給你們。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- jie4shao4 yi2xiar4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 。]
- To form a negative sentence, 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- is placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
- 他不在銀行工作。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%a3%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- bu4zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
- 我不給你們介紹。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4 gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 。]
- I am not going to introduce you.
- Adverbs such as 常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- , 都 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dou1|du1]
- , 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- are also placed /before/ the prepositional construction:
- 我們都在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dou1|du1 zai4] City Lit 學院學習漢語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%b0|%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2yuan4
- xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
- We all study Chinese at the City Lit.
- 你常給你媽媽信 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>嗎﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1`%b5%b9%a7A%b6%fd%b6%fd%abH%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- chang2 gei3|ji3 ni3 ma1ma5 xin4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Do you often write to your mother?
- 我爸爸也常給我寫 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>信
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abH>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4]%b1`%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ba4ba5 ye3 chang2 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
- My dad also often writes to me.
- Word usage: 想 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- The word 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- in Chinese carries various meanings:
- 1. 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something:
- 丁 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4B>雲
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%b3>很想
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7Q>家
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4B%b6%b3%ab%dc%b7Q%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ding1yun2
- hen3 xiang3jia1 。]
- Ding Yun misses her family very much.
- 我很想我的爸爸媽媽。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ab%dc%b7Q%a7%da%aa%ba%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hen3 xiang3 wo3de5 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 。]
- I miss my parents very much.
- 你不想你的男 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8k>朋
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%b7Q%a7A%aa%ba%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- bu4 xiang3 ni3 de5|di2|di4 nan2peng2you5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Don't you miss your boyfriend?
- 你想不想她﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 bu4 xiang3 ta1 ﹖]
- Do you miss her?
- 2. 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something:
- A: 你想去商店嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%b0%d3%a9%b1%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 qu4 shang1dian4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Do you want to go to the shop?
- B: 我不想去。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4 xiang3 qu4 。]
- I don't want to go.
- A: 你想不想學法語﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a4%a3%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 bu4 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 ﹖]
- Do you want to study French?
- B: 我也想學法語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4]%b7Q%be%c7%aak%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ye3 xiang3 xue2 fa3yu3 。]
- I also want to study French.
- 3. 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- + clause = to think/suppose something:
- 我想她是中國人。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。]
- I think she is Chinese.
- 我想她爸爸媽媽都是大夫。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o%aa%a8%aa%a8%b6%fd%b6%fd%b3%a3%acO%a4j%a4%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 ta1 ba4ba5 ma1ma5 dou1|du1 shi4 dai4fu5 。]
- I think her parents are both doctors.
- N.B. to negate a sentence with 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the /subordinate
- clause/, not in the main clause as in English:
- 我想她 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 ta1] /不是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
- /中國人。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2ren2
- 。]
- I don't think she is Chinese.
- but not 我不想她是中國人。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%a6o%acO%a4%a4%b0%ea%a4H%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4 xiang3 ta1 shi4 zhong1guo2ren2 。]
- N.B. 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form /only/ in
- senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3.
- Word usage: 告 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7i>訴
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6D> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- 告訴 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody
- something, or to tell somebody /to do/ something. The Chinese verb 告訴
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- can only be applied to the first of these patterns.
- e.g. 她告訴我她的工作。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a7i%b6D%a7%da%a6o%aa%ba%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- gao4su5 wo3 ta1 de5|di2|di4 gong1zuo4 。]
- She told me her work.
- 我告訴媽媽你是我的好 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>朋
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaB>友
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%cd>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%b6%fd%b6%fd%a7A%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6n%aaB%a4%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gao4su5 ma1ma5 ni3 shi4 wo3de5 hao3peng2you5 。]
- I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine.
- but not 我告訴他給我寫信。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a7i%b6D%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gao4su5 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
- I told him to write to me.
- Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. 我 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3]
- , 媽媽 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%fd%b6%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma1ma5]
- ) of 告訴 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a
- clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it
- uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a
- verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use 叫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
- or 請 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- in place of 告訴 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- to make a correct sentence:
- 我請他給我寫信。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%bd%d0%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- qing3 ta1 gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3xin4 。]
- I asked him to write to me.
- The Numbers in Chinese
- For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are:
- ○ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[○]
- (or 零 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
- ), 一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
- , 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- , 三 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
- , 四 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4]
- , 五 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3]
- , 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4]
- , 七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1]
- , 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1]
- , 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3]
- , 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
- Further on, they are:
- 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yi1]
- = 11, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4]
- = 12, 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2jiu3]
- = 19
- 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
- = 20, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2yi1]
- = 21, 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>八
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2ba1hao4]
- = 28
- 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2]
- = 30, 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4shi2]
- = 40, 九 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2]
- = 90, 九十九 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a4Q%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3shi2
- jiu3] = 99
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>百
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3]
- = 100
- 一百零一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
- ling2 yi1] = 101, 一百十 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
- shi2] = 110, 一百十一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%a4Q%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
- shi2yi1] = 111
- 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>百
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>七
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1bai3
- er4shi2qi1] = 327, 九百 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
- %ca>零九 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4E%a6%ca%b9s%a4E&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu3
- bai3 ling2 jiu3] = 909
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1]
- = 1000
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>千
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9s>一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
- yi1] = 1001, 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>千
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零四十 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%b9s%a5|%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
- ling2 si4shi2] = 5040, 八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
- /zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>七
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>百
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4K%a4d%a4C%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1qian1
- qi1bai3wan4 er4shi2wu3] = 8725
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>萬
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1wan4]
- = 10,000
- 四萬 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>零八百零一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
- wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] = 40,801
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>億
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yi4]
- = 100,000,000
- N.B.:
- 1. Numbers like 15 are written e.g. 十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3]
- , not 一十五 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
- shi2wu3] .
- 2. A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101
- is 一百零一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
- ling2 yi1] , and 3020 is 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
- /zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>零二
- 十 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4d%b9s%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1qian1wu3bai3
- ling2 er4shi2] . Notice the last zero in 3020 is /not/ pronounced
- because it is not between two other digits.
- If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero
- digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: 一千零一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4d%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1qian1ling2wu3shi2yi4
- yi1] . However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also
- sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: 四萬零八百零一
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%b8U%b9s%a4K%a6%ca%b9s%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
- wan4 ling2 ba1 bai3 ling2 yi1] .
- Grammar notes
- 1. Measure words
- In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative
- pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
- or 那 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
- , or interrogative pronouns such as 哪 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
- or 幾 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
- , a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its
- modifier(s):
- 三本 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bb>書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
- ben3 shu1] , 十五個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
- %d3>學生 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%ad%ad%d3%be%c7%a5%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2wu3
- ge4 xue2sheng5] , 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8
- %ba>個 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>老師 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%a6%d1%aev&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
- lao3shi1] , 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>圖
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%cf>書
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>館
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0]> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%ad%d3%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3ge5
- tu2shu1guan3] , 幾本詞典 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3
- ben3 ci2dian3]
- 2. 幾 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
- and 多 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>少
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d6> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
- Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas
- 幾 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
- should be used with a measure word, 多少 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
- can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it
- modifies.
- 你有幾本詞典﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%b4X%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- you3 ji1|ji3 ben3 ci2dian3 ﹖]
- 你有多少 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- you3 duo1shao3] (本 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
- )詞典﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ci2dian3
- ﹖]
- The measure word 本 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ben3]
- is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second.
- Also, when 幾 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4X&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ji1|ji3]
- is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas 多少
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6h%a4%d6&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[duo1shao3]
- can be used whether one expects a large or small answer.
- 你們大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>有多少學生﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4j%be%c7%a6%b3%a6h%a4%d6%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- da4xue2 you3 duo1shao3 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
- 你家 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>有幾
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4X>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aea%a6%b3%b4X%ad%d3%a4H%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jia1 you3 ji3ge5 ren2 ﹖]
- 3. Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects
- As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct
- object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person).
- 王 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%fd>老師教
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>我們語
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>法
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aak>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%bby%aak%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
- lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 yu3fa3 。]
- In this sentence, 教 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4]
- is a verb that takes 我們 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5]
- as the indirect object and 法語 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aak%bby&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fa3yu3]
- as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct
- object. Some other verbs that work the same way include 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- , 告訴 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- and 問 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
- .
- Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say
- 他買我一本書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a7%da%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- mai3 wo3 yi1 ben3 shu1] (He bought me a book), or 她寫
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcg>我一封
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%ca>信 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%bcg%a7%da%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xie3 wo3 yi1 feng1 xin4] (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of
- saying these would be to use 給 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3]
- , as in 他給我買一本書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b5%b9%a7%da%b6R%a4@%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- gei3|ji3 wo3 mai3 yi1 ben3 shu1] and 她給我寫一封信 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b5%b9%a7%da%bcg%a4@%ab%ca%abH&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- gei3|ji3 wo3 xie3 yi1 feng1 xin4] .
- 4. Adjectives as modifiers
- When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the
- noun as in English:
- 新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>書
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1shu1]
- new book
- 好朋友 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3peng2you5]
- good friend
- However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more
- syllables, the particle 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies:
- 很新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>的書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%b7s%aa%ba%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3
- xin1 de5|di2|di4 shu1]
- very new book
- 很好的朋友 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc%a6n%aa%ba%aaB%a4%cd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3hao3
- de5|di2|di4 peng2you5]
- very good friend
- Word usage: 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- and 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the
- relationship between the statement introduced by 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- and the previous one is a /parallel/ relationship. 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- , on the other hand, introduces an /additional/ element to the previous
- statement.
- e.g. 你有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b3>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個問
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd>題
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3D>﹐我也有一個問題。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1M%a7%da%a4]%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 ﹐ wo3 ye3 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
- You have a question; I also have a question. The two are
- parallel here.
- 我還有一個問題。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%c1%d9%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- hai2|huan2 you3yi1xie1 ge4 wen4ti2 。]
- I have already had some questions, but I still have one more.
- This is /in addition to/ the previous ones.
- Under certain circumstances, 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- and 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- are interchangeable, but with different emphasis:
- 王老師教我們漢 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba~>字
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>和語法﹐他還教我們口
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f>語
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bby>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%c1%d9%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
- lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
- hai2|huan2 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。]
- 王老師教我們漢字和語法﹐他也教我們口語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%ba~%a6r%a9M%bby%aak%a1M%a5L%a4]%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%a4f%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wang2
- lao3shi1 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 han4zi4 he2|he4|huo2|huo4 yu3fa3 ﹐ ta1
- ye3 jiao1|jiao4 wo3men5 kou3yu3 。]
- Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang
- teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us
- conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses
- the fact that Wang teaches conversation /in addition to/ the other
- subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three
- subjects he teaches without prioritization.
- Grammar notes
- 1. 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- construction
- A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an
- adjective) with the word 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand
- by itself if the context is clear:
- 這條 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%f8>裙
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%c8>子
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>是我姐姐的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a7%da%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 wo3 jie3jie5 de5|di2|di4 。]
- This skirt is my sister's. Noun + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )
- 哪本詞典是你的﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5%acO%a7A%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3
- ben3 ci2dian3 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
- Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- 你爸爸的車是白 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%d5>的
- 嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%a8%aa%a8%aa%ba%a8%ae%acO%a5%d5%aa%ba%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ba4ba5 de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1 shi4 bai2 de5|di2|di4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- 你喝的是什麼茶﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%dc%aa%ba%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 cha2 ﹖]
- What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- These constructions normally involve the verb 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- (or 不是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4]
- ).
- 2. Usage of 從 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1q> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
- 從 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
- + place word + 去 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4]
- = to go from; 從 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4]
- + place word + 來 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2]
- = to come from.
- e.g. 你從哪兒來﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b1q%ad%fe%a8%e0%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- cong1|cong2|zong4 na3er5 lai2 ﹖]
- Where did you come from?
- 我從圖書館來。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1q%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- cong1|cong2|zong4 tu2shu1guan3 lai2 。]
- I came from the library.
- 我們晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>上
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>從我家去劇
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>場
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f5>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b1%df%a4W%b1q%a7%da%aea%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- wan3shang5 cong1|cong2|zong4 wo3 jia1 qu4 ju4chang3 。]
- We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.
- 3. Noun/Pronoun + 這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- / 那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- = over here/there at ...'s place
- When a noun or pronoun is added to 這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- or 那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- , they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say
- 我去她 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- qu4 ta1] (I went to her), one can say instead 我去她那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- qu4 ta1 nar3|nar4] (I went to her place), because 她那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- nar3|nar4] is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one
- cannot say 你的裙子在我 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3] (Your skirt is with me), but one can
- say 你的裙子在我這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a6b%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 zai4 wo3 zher4] (Your skirt is with me). More
- examples:
- 你的書在他那兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%ba%ae%d1%a6b%a5L%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- de5|di2|di4 shu1 zai4 ta1 nar3|nar4 。]
- Your book is at his place.
- 我們都去姐姐那兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%a5h%a9j%a9j%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dou1|du1 qu4 jie3jie5 nar3|nar4 。]
- We all went to my sister's place.
- 老師來我這兒找 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%e4>
- 她。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%a7%e4%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
- lai2 wo3 zher4 zhao3 ta1 。]
- The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.
- As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker,
- use 那兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nar3|nar4]
- ; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself
- or herself, use 這兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zher4]
- .
- 4. 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
- + adjective + 了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is
- used between 太 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
- and 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- :
- 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>忙
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%a3>了﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6%a3%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4mang2
- le5|liao3 ﹗]
- Too busy!
- 太大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>了﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a4j%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4
- da4|dai4 le5|liao3 ﹗]
- Too big!
- The expression 太 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d3>好
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>了
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3%a6n%a4F%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4hao3le5
- ﹗] , however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or
- admiration.
- Word study: 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- vs. 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- These both mean "two", and are used as follows.
- 1. When "2" is followed by a measure word, use 兩 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- :
- 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3ge4zhong1guo2
- ren2] , 兩本書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- ben3 shu1] , 增 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcW>加
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5[>了兩倍
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%bf> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bcW%a5[%a4F%a8%e2%ad%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zeng1jia1
- le5|liao3 liang3 bei4] , 去了兩
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>次
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a4F%a8%e2%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
- le5|liao3 liang3ci4]
- 2. 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed
- by a measure word:
- 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2er4hao4]
- , 一百零二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>次
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%b8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6%ca%b9s%a4G%a6%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1bai3
- ling2 er4ci4da4zhan4] , 十二個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%ad%d3%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
- ge4ren2] , 五千八百六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
- %bb>十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>二元
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4K%a6%ca%a4%bb%a4Q%a4G%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
- ba1 bai3 liu4shi2 er4 yuan2]
- There are some more restrictions, though:
- 1. Only 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- can be used before the character 十 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2]
- ; before the character 百 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
- , 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- is usually employed but 兩 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- may also be used:
- 二十 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2]
- , 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>百
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>二十五 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
- er4shi2wu3] , 二百五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>元 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4bai3
- wu3shi2 yuan2] or 兩
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>百
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ca>五十元 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6%ca%a4%ad%a4Q%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3bai3
- wu3shi2 yuan2]
- 2. For numbers like 千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
- , 萬 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
- or 億 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f5> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb%f5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4]
- , 兩 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- is used more often than 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- :
- 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>千
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>元 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3qian1
- yuan2] (also 二千元 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4d%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
- qian1 yuan2] ), 兩萬三千八 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8U%a4T%a4d%a4K&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- wan4 san1qian1wu3bai3 ba1] , 兩億人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>口
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4f> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%bb%f5%a4H%a4f&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- yi4 ren2kou3]
- 3. If the number is greater than 百 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
- , 千 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
- , 萬 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
- , /i.e./ if there are more digits before 百 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bai3]
- , 千 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4d&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian1]
- or 萬 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan4]
- , then put 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- instead of 兩 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- in front:
- 四億二千 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4d>萬
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%bb%f5%a4G%a4d%b8U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
- yi4 er4 qian1wan4] , 三
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>萬
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8U>二千人 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%b8U%a4G%a4d%a4H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1wan4
- er4 qian1 ren2] , 五千二百元 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a4d%a4G%a6%ca%a4%b8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3qian1dun1
- er4bai3 yuan2]
- Time
- The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese:
- A: 現在幾點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b%b4X%c2I%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4
- ji1|ji3 dian3 ﹖]
- B: 現在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b2{%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xian4zai4]
- ...
- 兩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e2>點
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1]
- 2:00
- 十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- dian3 ban4] (or 十點三十分
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- dian3 san1shi2 fen1|fen4] ) 10:30
- 三點一刻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4@%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
- dian3 yi1 ke4] (or 三點十五分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
- dian3 shi2wu3 fen1|fen4] ) 3:15
- 十二點三刻 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a4T%a8%e8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
- dian3 san1 ke4] (or 十二點四十五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5|%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
- dian3 si4shi2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] ) 12:45
- 兩點差 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aet>五分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%c2I%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1
- cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1 wu3fen1mei3jin1] (or 差五分兩點 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aet%a4%ad%a4%c0%a8%e2%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cha1|cha4|chai1|ci1
- wu3fen1mei3jin1 liang3dian3shi2jiu3fen1] ) 1:55
- 五點二十分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%c2I%a4G%a4Q%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
- dian3 er4shi2 fen1|fen4] 5:20
- 六 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>點
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>零五分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%bb%c2I%b9s%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liu4dian3liu4
- ling2 wu3fen1mei3jin1] 6:05
- 七 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>點
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>三
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4T%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
- san1shi2wu3yi4 fen1|fen4] 7:35
- Some notes:
- 1. When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as 零 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ling2]
- , as in 三點零八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>分
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%c2I%b9s%a4K%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1
- dian3 ling2 ba1fen1yin1fu2] (3:08) or 十二點零三
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>分
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4G%c2I%b9s%a4T%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2er4
- dian3 ling2 san1fen1zhi1yi1] (12:03).
- 2. When the minutes are greater than 10, the word 分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fen1|fen4]
- is optional:
- 七點十五 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
- shi2wu3] or 七點十五分 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4C%c2I%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%c0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qi1dian3er4
- shi2wu3 fen1|fen4]
- 3. "This morning" is 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>
- 天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>上
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>午
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
- shang4wu3] , not for example 這
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>上午 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4W%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
- shang4wu3] ; "every afternoon" is 每
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>下
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>午
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1
- xia4wu3] , not 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>下午
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4U%a4%c8&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3
- xia4wu3] .
- Placement of time-words
- A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject
- or at the beginning of a sentence:
- 我們十點半上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>中
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>文
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>課
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- shi2 dian3 ban4 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4]
- 十點半我們上中文課 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a7%da%ad%cc%a4W%a4%a4%a4%e5%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- dian3 ban4 wo3men5 shang4 zhong1wen2 ke4|ke4]
- Some notes:
- 1. A time-word does not take a preposition:
- 我三點下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>課
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- san1 dian3 xia4ke4]
- but not 我在三點下課 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%a4T%c2I%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zai4 san1 dian3 xia4ke4]
- 2. A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence:
- 她晚上來 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b1%df%a4W%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- wan3shang5 lai2]
- She came in the evening.
- or 晚上她來 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a6o%a8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
- ta1 lai2]
- but not 她來晚上 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%b1%df%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- lai2 wan3shang5]
- 3. If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the
- smaller:
- 今天晚上八點 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
- wan3shang5 ba1 dian3]
- at 8 o'clock this evening
- 4. If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word
- goes first:
- 我晚上八點在圖書館等 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5
- %a5>你 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a6b%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%b5%a5%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 zai4 tu2shu1guan3 deng3 ni3]
- 你哥哥現在在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%f4%ad%f4%b2{%a6b%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ge1ge5 xian4zai4 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
- 明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>你幾點在哪兒上
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>課
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%d2>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a7A%b4X%c2I%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4W%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
- ni3 ji1|ji3 dian3 zai4 na3er5 shang4ke4 ﹖]
- When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?
- 5. Time-word + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- + noun (time-words modifying nouns)
- A: 你想看幾點的電 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b4X%c2I%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 kan1|kan4 ji1|ji3 dian3 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 ﹖]
- What show do you want to see? /literally/ What time's film
- do you want to see?
- B: 我想看中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>午
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%c8>十二點半的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%c8%a4Q%a4G%c2I%a5b%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 kan1|kan4 zhong1wu3 shi2er4 dian3 ban4 de5|di2|di4] (電影
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3]
- )。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1C&
- rate=slow&audio=.wav>[。]
- I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.
- A: 這是今天的報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%f8>嗎
- ﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Is this today's paper?
- B: 不是今天的報﹐是昨 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
- /zi.cgi?b5=%acQ>天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
- %d1>的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%acO%a4%b5%a4%d1%aa%ba%b3%f8%a1M%acO%acQ%a4%d1%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu2shi4
- jin1tian1 de5|di2|di4 bao4 ﹐ shi4 zuo2tian1 de5|di2|di4 。]
- It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's.
- The use of the time-words 以
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>前
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
- and 以 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- When used by itself, 以前 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
- means "previously" or "before" and 以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future":
- 我以前是學生﹐現在是老師。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5H%abe%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1M%b2{%a6b%acO%a6%d1%aev%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- yi3qian2 shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹐ xian4zai4 shi4 lao3shi1 。]
- I was a student before; now I am a teacher.
- 你以前在哪兒工作﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5H%abe%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- yi3qian2 zai4 na3er5 gong1zuo4 ﹖]
- Where did you work before?
- 以前我不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>住
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿舍﹐現在住
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ed>宿
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1J>舍
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%d9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1M%b2{%a6b%a6%ed%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
- wo3 bu2zhu4 su4she4 ﹐ xian4zai4 zhu4su4 she3|she4 。]
- I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.
- When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, 以前 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
- means "before..." and 以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- means "after...":
- 十點以前我不回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>家
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5H%abe%a7%da%a4%a3%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- dian3 yi3qian2 wo3 bu4 hui2jia1 。]
- I won't go home before 10.
- 回家以前我在閱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%5c>覽
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%fd>室
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7>看書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%aea%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2jia1
- yi3qian2 wo3 zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
- I read books in the reading-room before I go home.
- 來美 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%fc>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>以
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>他在這兒工作。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%d3%ac%fc%b0%ea%a5H%ab%e1%a5L%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lai2
- mei3guo2yi3wai4 hou4 ta1 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 gong1zuo4 。]
- He has been working here after he came to America.
- 十點半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>以
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H>後你在宿舍作
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7@>什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%c2I%a5b%a5H%ab%e1%a7A%a6b%b1J%aa%d9%a7@%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- dian3 ban4yi3shang4 hou4 ni3 zai4 su4she4 zuo4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
- What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?
- N.B. When 以前 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2]
- or 以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or
- "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent:
- 四點以前 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%c2I%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4
- dian3 yi3qian2]
- before 4 o'clock
- 下課以前 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2%a5H%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4
- yi3qian2]
- before the class is over
- 明天晚上以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
- wan3shang5 yi3hou4]
- after tomorrow evening (or night)
- 回 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6^>宿舍以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6^%b1J%aa%d9%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui2
- su4she4 yi3hou4]
- after returning to the dormitory
- A 跟 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f2> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
- B (一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>起
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0_> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
- ) + verb/verb-phrase
- 跟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
- as a preposition means "with", and 一起 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
- means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do
- something together. Here 跟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
- can be replaced with 和 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
- without changing the meaning; and the phrase 一起 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
- is optional.
- e.g. 我跟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gen1] (or 和 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[he2|he4|huo2|huo4]
- ) 她去看電影。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
- I go to see a film with her.
- 我跟她一起去看電影。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%f2%a6o%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gen1 ta1 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
- She and I go to see a film together.)
- 晚上你們跟誰一起去劇場﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%ad%cc%b8%f2%bd%d6%a4@%b0_%a5h%bc@%b3%f5%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
- ni3men5 gen1 shei2|shui2 yi4qi3 qu4 ju4chang3 ﹖]
- With whom are you going to the theatre tonight?
- A: 晚上你有事 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c6>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>嗎﹖跟我一起去看京
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>劇
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc@>﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a6%b3%a8%c6%a8%e0%b6%dc%a1S%b8%f2%a7%da%a4@%b0_%a5h%ac%dd%a8%ca%bc@%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
- ni3 you3 shir4 ma3|ma5 ﹖ gen1 wo3 yi4qi3 qu4 kan1|kan4 jing1ju4 ﹐
- hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing
- opera!
- B: 我不想跟你去﹐我想跟我男朋友一起去。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%b7Q%b8%f2%a7A%a5h%a1M%a7%da%b7Q%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4 xiang3 gen1 ni3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 xiang3 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3
- qu4 。]
- I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.
- N.B. This pattern of A 跟 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1]
- B (一起 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b0_&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi4qi3]
- ) is always placed /before/ the main verb in the sentence. Hence the
- following sentence, with English word order, is wrong:
- 我想去跟我男朋友一起。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%b8%f2%a7%da%a8k%aaB%a4%cd%a4@%b0_%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 qu4 gen1 wo3 nan2peng2you5 yi4qi3 。]
- I want to go together with my boyfriend.
- Alternative Questions using 還
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%d9>是
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb
- phrases, or clauses:
- 你喜 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3%df>歡
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5w>紅
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%f5>茶
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>還是綠
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba%f1>茶
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%f9>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b3%df%c5w%ac%f5%af%f9%c1%d9%acO%ba%f1%af%f9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xi3huan5 hong2cha2 hai2shi4 lu:4cha2 ﹖] (nouns)
- 這本書是你的還是她的﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7A%aa%ba%c1%d9%acO%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- ben3 shu1 shi4 ni3 de5|di2|di4 hai2shi4 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖] (noun
- phrases)
- 下午你來還是不來﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a7A%a8%d3%c1%d9%acO%a4%a3%a8%d3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
- ni3 lai2 hai2shi4 bu4 lai2 ﹖] (verbs)
- 你要 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>聽
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%a5>古
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5j>典
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e5>音
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>還是聽現
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2{>代
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5N>音
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b5>樂
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%adn%c5%a5%a5j%a8%e5%ad%b5%bc%d6%c1%d9%acO%c5%a5%b2{%a5N%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- yao1|yao4 ting1|ting4 gu3dian3yin1yue4 hai2shi4 ting1|ting4
- xian4dai4yin1yue4 ﹖] (verb phrases)
- 今天晚上你來我這兒還是我去你那兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7A%a8%d3%a7%da%b3o%a8%e0%c1%d9%acO%a7%da%a5h%a7A%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
- wan3shang5 ni3 lai2 wo3 zher4 hai2shi4 wo3 qu4 ni3 nar3|nar4 ﹖]
- (clauses)
- Note:
- 1. the two items connected by 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- are normally parallel in structure; and
- 2. as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with
- interrogative words, alternative questions do not have 嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- at the end.
- Pivotal Sentences with 請 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- , 讓 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c5%fd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
- , 叫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
- In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is
- one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the
- subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a
- pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence.
- The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause
- something to happen) such as 請 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- , 讓 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
- or 叫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
- . All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the
- three, 請 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- is the most polite; 讓 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4]
- is less so, and 叫 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5s&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4]
- is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can
- be used appropriately. Observe:
- 學生請王老師介紹中國音 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad
- %b5>樂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%d6>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%be%c7%a5%cd%bd%d0%a4%fd%a6%d1%aev%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%a4%b0%ea%ad%b5%bc%d6%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xue2sheng5
- qing3 wang2 lao3shi1 jie4shao4 zhong1guo2 yin1yue4 。]
- The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music.
- 老師讓學生每天寫漢字。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%d1%aev%c5%fd%be%c7%a5%cd%a8C%a4%d1%bcg%ba~%a6r%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[lao3shi1
- rang4 xue2sheng5 mei3tian1 xie3 han4zi4 。]
- The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day.
- 爸爸叫孩 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c4>子
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>學中文。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a5s%ab%c4%a4l%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
- jiao4 hai2zi5 xue2 zhong1wen2 。]
- Dad asked his child to study Chinese.
- Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the
- Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of
- politeness.
- Note:
- 1. Besides the use of 請 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), 請 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3]
- can also be used to mean "to invite":
- 我們請他來吃 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>晚
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>飯
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bd%d0%a5L%a8%d3%a6Y%b1%df%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- qing3 ta1 lai2 chi1|ji2 wan3fan4 。]
- We invited him to dinner.
- 你想請他今天晚上去看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%bd%d0%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 qing3 ta1 jin1tian1 wan3shang5 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3
- ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?
- 2. To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- /before the first verb/:
- 我的大夫不讓我喝酒 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
- /zi.cgi?b5=%b0s>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%aa%ba%a4j%a4%d2%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7%da%b3%dc%b0s%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3de5
- dai4fu5 bu4 rang4 wo3 he1|he4 jiu3 。]
- My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.
- 他們不叫我去看電影。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%a5s%a7%da%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- bu4 jiao4 wo3 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 。]
- They did not invite me to go to the pictures.
- Word usage: 別 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7O> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
- and 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>要
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
- 別 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
- and 不要 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
- both mean "do not". They can be used in negative /imperative/ sentences
- with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if
- present) and the verb or adjective:
- (你 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3]
- ) 別 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4]
- (or 不要 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4]
- ) 告訴他﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D%a5L%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5
- ta1 ﹗]
- 別喝酒﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%b3%dc%b0s%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
- he1|he4 jiu3 ﹗] 別去那兒﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7O%a5h%a8%ba%a8%e0%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bie2|bie4
- qu4 nar3|nar4 ﹗]
- 不要吸 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7l>煙
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%cf>﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%adn%a7l%b7%cf%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yao4
- xi1yan1 ﹗] 下午不要去﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%a4%c8%a4%a3%adn%a5h%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4wu3
- bu4yao4 qu4 ﹗]
- Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative
- sentences. It is wrong to say 爸爸別請他走
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ab> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a7O%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
- bie2|bie4 qing3 ta1 zou3] . One can say instead 爸爸不請他走 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%a8%aa%a8%a4%a3%bd%d0%a5L%a8%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba4ba5
- bu4 qing3 ta1 zou3] .
- Expressions for the date, week, month and year
- 1. 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nian2]
- , year
- 1. 去 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2]
- = last year; 今 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%b5>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2]
- = this year; 明 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%fa>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2]
- = next year
- 2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>七
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>年 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
- nian2] , 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>八
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4K%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
- ba1nian2] , ...
- 3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1nian2ban4]
- = one year; 兩年 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- nian2] = two years (not 二年 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
- nian2] ); 三 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1nian2]
- = three years
- 每 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8C>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a6~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3nian2]
- = every year; 五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>
- 年 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>半 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%ad%a6~%a5b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3nian2ji4hua4
- ban4] = five-and-a-half years
- 2. 月 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yue4]
- , month
- 1. 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4ge4yue4]
- = last month; 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhei4ge4yue4]
- = this month; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%ad%d3%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ge4yue4]
- = next month
- 2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1yue4]
- = January; 二 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4yue4]
- = February (not 兩月 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- yue4] ); ... 二十月 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4Q%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4shi2
- yue4] = December
- 3. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- , week
- 1. 上 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = last week; 這 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = this week; 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = next week
- 2. 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
- = Monday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>二
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4G> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1er4]
- = Tuesday; ... 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>六
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%bb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1liu4]
- = Saturday; 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>日
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1ri4]
- or 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1tian1]
- = Sunday
- 3. 一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = one week; 兩 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = two weeks (not 二 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- ); 三 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = three weeks; 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>半星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%ad%d3%a5b%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4ge4xiao3shi2
- ban4 xing1qi1] = four-and-a-half weeks; ... 每 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1]
- = every week
- 4. 日 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
- / 號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
- / 天 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
- date
- Use 日 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
- or 號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
- for a /specific/ date. Usually 日 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ri4]
- is used in written and formal language and 號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao2|hao4]
- is used in conversation. The word 天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tian1]
- should be used in /counting/ the number of days:
- 1. 作天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo4
- tian1] = yesterday; 今天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1]
- = today; 明天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1]
- = tomorrow
- 2. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>號
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1hao4]
- ; 二號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4hao4]
- (not 兩號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- hao2|hao4] ); ... 三十一號 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4T%a4Q%a4@%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[san1shi2
- yi1hao4]
- 四 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>六
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%bb>號
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%b9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5|%a4%eb%a4%bb%b8%b9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[si4yue4
- liu4hao4] ; 十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五日 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4Q%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2yue4
- er4shi2wu3 ri4] ; ...
- 3. 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1tian1]
- = one day; 兩天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%e2%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liang3
- tian1] = two days (not 二天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4G%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[er4
- tian1] ); ... 半 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5b>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5b%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ban4tian1]
- = half a day; 每天 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8C%a4%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3tian1]
- = every day
- Some notes:
- 1. When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the
- calendar date comes before the day of the week:
- 一九九六年十 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>二十五號星期一
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4E%a4E%a4%bb%a6~%a4Q%a4@%a4%eb%a4G%a4Q%a4%ad%b8%b9%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1jiu3jiu3qi1nian2
- liu4 nian2 shi2yi1yue4 er4shi2wu3 hao2|hao4 xing1qi1yi1]
- 一七八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>九
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4E>年七
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4C>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb>十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>四
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|>日 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4C%a4K%a4E%a6~%a4C%a4%eb%a4Q%a5|%a4%e9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1
- qi1 ba1jiu3bu4li2shi2 nian2 qi1yue4 shi2si4 ri4]
- 2. Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month:
- 今年五 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a4%ad%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
- wu3yue4]
- the May of this year (whether it has passed or not)
- 去年八 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4K>月
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%eb> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a4K%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
- ba1yue4]
- the August of last year
- 明年二月 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a6~%a4G%a4%eb&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2nian2
- er4yue4]
- the February of next year
- 這 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>五
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%ad> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4%ad&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1wu3]
- the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not)
- 上 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星期一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1yi1]
- the Monday of last week
- 下 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
- (個 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ge4]
- ) 星 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>四
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5|> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acP%b4%c1%a5|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xing1qi1si4]
- the Thursday of next week
- Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as
- 這個星期一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
- xing1qi1yi1] , if Monday has already passed and the phrase is
- therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for
- future days, and for months.
- Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun
- Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a
- modified to form a relative clause:
- 1. Unlike in English, all modifiers go /before/ the element they modify
- in Chinese:
- 他喝的水 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f4>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>很
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>乾
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ae>淨
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2b> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b3%dc%aa%ba%a4%f4%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%ae%b2b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- he1|he4 de5|di2|di4 shui3 bu4hen3 gan1jing4]
- 這是我朋友送 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0e>我的禮
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%a7>物
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ab> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%a7%da%aaB%a4%cd%b0e%a7%da%aa%ba%c2%a7%aa%ab&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 wo3 peng2you5 song4 wo3de5 li3wu4]
- 2. The word 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies:
- 我下午看的電影很有 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6
- %b3>意 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>思
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e4>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%aa%ba%b9q%bcv%ab%dc%a6%b3%b7N%ab%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 de5|di2|di4 dian4ying3 hen3 you3yi4si5 。]
- The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting.
- 給你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>門
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%f9>的那個人是我妹妹。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a7A%b6}%aa%f9%aa%ba%a8%ba%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a7%da%a9f%a9f%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
- ni3 kai1men2 de5|di2|di4 nei4ge4 ren2 shi4 wo3 mei4mei4|mei4mei5
- 。]
- The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister.
- 跟他跳 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>舞
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>的姑
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9h>娘
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aeQ>是我的同
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6P>學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%f2%a5L%b8%f5%bbR%aa%ba%a9h%aeQ%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gen1
- ta1 tiao4wu3 de5|di2|di4 gu1niang5 shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 。]
- The girl who danced with him was my classmate.
- Other grammar notes
- 1. Sentences with an adjectival predicate
- The verb 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main
- element of the predicate is an adjective:
- 我們今天很高 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%aa>興
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%b3>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- jin1tian1 hen3 gao1xing4 。]
- 她的絲 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%b7>線
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bdu>衫
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adm>太小
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4p>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%aa%ba%b5%b7%bdu%adm%a4%d3%a4p%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- de5|di2|di4 si1 xian4 shan1 tai4 xiao3 。]
- 那個服 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaA>務
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%c8>員
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fb>非
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abD>常
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1`>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>輕
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%b4>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%ad%d3%aaA%b0%c8%ad%fb%abD%b1`%a6~%bb%b4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[nei4ge4
- fu2wu4yuan2 fei1chang2 nian2qing1 。]
- In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not
- preceded by adverbs such as 真
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%afu> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%afu&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhen1]
- , 太 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
- , 非常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
- or 更 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
- , it is usually qualified by the adverb 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- . In such cases, 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- does not really mean "very"; 他很忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ab%dc%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- hen3 mang2] and 他忙 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a6%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- mang2] mean virtually the same.
- Also, adverbs such as 很 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hen3]
- , 常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chang2]
- , 也 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4]&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ye3]
- , 非常 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abD%b1`&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fei1chang2]
- , 太 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[tai4]
- or 更 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%f3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[geng1|geng4]
- /cannot/ be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type:
- 你高興不高興﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- gao1xing4 bu4 gao1xing4 ﹖] but not 你很高興不很高興﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%ab%dc%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- hen3 gao1xing4 bu4hen3 gao1xing4 ﹖]
- 她年輕不年輕﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6~%bb%b4%a4%a3%a6~%bb%b4%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- nian2qing1 bu4 nian2qing1 ﹖] but not 她非常高興不非常高興﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a4%a3%abD%b1`%b0%aa%bf%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- fei1chang2 gao1xing4 bu4 fei1chang2 gao1xing4 ﹖]
- 你去不去﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖] but not 你也去不去﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4]%a5h%a4%a3%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ye3 qu4 bu4 qu4 ﹖]
- 2. 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>你 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
- ni3] vs 祝 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%ac>賀
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6P>你 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
- ni3]
- In general, 祝你 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
- ni3] is used to extend well-wishes /in advance/ whereas 祝賀你
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
- ni3] is used to congratulate someone on something /already
- accomplished/:
- 祝你生 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%cd>日
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e9>好﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%a7A%a5%cd%a4%e9%a6n%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4
- ni3 sheng1ri4 hao3|hao4 ﹗] (One can say this on the day, or in
- advance.)
- 祝賀你﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%ac%b6P%a7A%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhu4he4
- ni3 ﹗] (Say this only when something has already been
- accomplished.)
- 3. Reduplication of verbs
- To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften
- the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can
- be repeated:
- 我給你們介紹介紹。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a7A%ad%cc%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gei3|ji3 ni3men5 jie4shao4 jie4shao4 。] (Notice the pattern is
- ABAB, not AABB.)
- 你們想去看看她嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%b7Q%a5h%ac%dd%ac%dd%a6o%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- xiang3 qu4 kan1|kan4 kan1|kan4 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 讓我想想。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
- wo3 xiang3 xiang3 。]
- In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character 一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
- can be inserted:
- 讓我想一想。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c5%fd%a7%da%b7Q%a4@%b7Q%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[rang4
- wo3 xiang3 yi1 xiang3 。]
- 我們都想看一看她。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7Q%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dou1|du1 xiang3 kan1|kan4 yi1 kan1|kan4 ta1 。]
- Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb 一下兒
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi2xiar4]
- after the verb:
- 用一下兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
- yi2xiar4] = 用用 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
- yong4] = 用一用 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%ce%a4@%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yong4
- yi1 yong4]
- 看一下兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
- yi2xiar4] = 看看 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
- kan1|kan4] = 看一看 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%dd%a4@%ac%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[kan1|kan4
- yi1 kan1|kan4]
- 介紹一下兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4@%a4U%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
- yi2xiar4] = 介紹介紹 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b6%b2%d0%a4%b6%b2%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie4shao4
- jie4shao4]
- Position words
- Words such as 上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
- , 左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3bian1]
- , 前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2bian1]
- , 中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>間
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b6%a1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1jian4]
- , 對 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9%ef>面
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
- are position words. Some of the basic syllables are:
- 上 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
- - up
- 左 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%aa> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%aa&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo3]
- - left 中 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1|zhong4]
- - middle 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
- - right
- 下 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4]
- - down
-
- 前 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abe> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%abe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qian2]
- - front 裡 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%cc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
- - in
- 後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4]
- - back 外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
- - out
- Usually, add 邊 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
- to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc.
- Position words can be used in two ways. Compare:
- 1. Noun (+ 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- ) + position word:
- 車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[che1|ju1]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )外 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5~>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
- outside the car
- 房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>子
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )後 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e1>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1]
- behind the house
- 桌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%e0>子
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )對面 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4]
- opposite the table
- 2. Position word + 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- + noun (here the 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- is /mandatory/).
- 外邊的車 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4%aa%ba%a8%ae&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5
- de5|di2|di4 che1|ju1]
- the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside)
- 後邊的房子 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%aa%ba%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
- de5|di2|di4 fang2zi5]
- the house behind (the house which is behind)
- 對面的桌子 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9%ef%ad%b1%aa%ba%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dui4mian4
- de5|di2|di4 zhuo1zi5]
- the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the
- way)
- Notes:
- 1. When 上邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4bian5]
- , 下 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4bian1]
- , 裡邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
- bian1] and 外邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4bian5]
- are modified by other nouns, the character 邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
- can be omitted:
- 房子 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%d0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang2zi5]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )裡 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3]
- (邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
- )
- inside the house
- 桌子 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae%e0%a4l&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhuo1zi5]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )上 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4W&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shang4]
- (邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
- )
- on the table
- 教 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%d0>室
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%ab%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao4shi4]
- (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- )外 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wai4]
- (邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bian1]
- )
- outside the classroom
- 2. Do /not/ use 裡邊 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b8%cc%c3%e4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[li3
- bian1] in the following two cases:
- 1. After geographical names such as 中國 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a4%b0%ea&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhong1guo2]
- , 北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5_%a8%ca&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bei3jing1]
- etc:
- 她在北京學習漢語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 bei3jing1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
- She studies Chinese in Beijing.
- but not 她在北京裡邊學習漢語。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5_%a8%ca%b8%cc%c3%e4%be%c7%b2%df%ba~%bby%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 bei3jing1 li3 bian1 xue2xi2 han4yu3 。]
- 美國有很 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>多
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6h>大學。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
- you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
- There are many universities in America.
- but not 美國裡邊有很多大學。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ac%fc%b0%ea%b8%cc%c3%e4%a6%b3%ab%dc%a6h%a4j%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei3guo2
- li3 bian1 you3 hen3duo1 da4xue2 。]
- 2. In a phrase of the form "在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- + place, building or organisation":
- 我在銀行工作。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zai4 yin2hang2 gong1zuo4 。]
- I work in a bank.
- but not 我在銀行裡邊工作。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%bb%c8%a6%e6%b8%cc%c3%e4%a4u%a7@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zai4 yin2hang2 li3 bian1 gong1zuo4 。]
- 他們在閱覽室看書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zai4 yue4lan3shi4 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
- They are reading books in the reading-room.
- but not 他們在閱覽室裡邊看書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6b%be%5c%c4%fd%ab%c7%b8%cc%c3%e4%ac%dd%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zai4 yue4lan3shi4 li3 bian1 kan1|kan4 shu1 。]
- Patterns for Location
- There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using 在
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- , 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- and 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- respectively and with different meanings:
- 1. To show that there is something in a certain place: 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- Position word + 有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- + indefinite noun:
- 後邊有什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
- you3 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
- What is behind?
- 後邊有一個車房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ab%e1%c3%e4%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a8%ae%a9%d0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hou4bian1
- you3yi1xie1 ge4 che1|ju1 fang2 。]
- There is a garage behind.
- 我們家對面有一個公 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
- %bd>園 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%b9%ef%ad%b1%a6%b3%a4@%ad%d3%a4%bd%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- jia1 dui4mian4 you3yi1xie1 ge4 gong1yuan2 。]
- Across from our home, there is a park.
- 2. To show that certain things exist in certain places: 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- Definite noun + 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- + position word:
- 花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>園
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%e9>在哪兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
- zai4 na3er5 ﹖]
- Where is the garden?
- 花園在我們家後邊。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
- zai4 wo3men5 jia1 hou4bian1 。]
- The garden is behind our house.
- 花園在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>車
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>房 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%e1%b6%e9%a6b%a8%ae%a9%d0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hua1yuan2
- zai4che1 fang2] (的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- ) 右 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5k>邊
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%e4>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5k%c3%e4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4bian1
- 。]
- The garden is to the right of the garage.
- 3. To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: 是
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- Position word + 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- + definite/indefinite noun:
- 你們家後邊是什麼﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4%b0%bb%f2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 shi2 me5|mo2 ﹖]
- What's behind your house?
- 我們家後邊是一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>花園。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%aea%ab%e1%c3%e4%acO%a4@%ad%d3%aa%e1%b6%e9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- jia1 hou4bian1 shi4 yi1ge4 hua1yuan2 。]
- Behind our house is a garden.
- 他們家前邊是學院的圖書館。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%aea%abe%c3%e4%acO%be%c7%b0|%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- jia1 qian2bian1 shi4 xue2yuan4 de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
- In front of their house is the college library.
- Progressive aspect of an action
- To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the
- following patterns:
- 她在休 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%f0>息
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%a7>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
- She is resting.
- 她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 。]
- 她正 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%bf>在
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
- 她休息呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
- 她在休息呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
- 她正休息呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng1|zheng4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
- 她正在休息呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 ne5|ni2 。]
- Notes:
- 1. All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted.
- 2. The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but
- also to past and future actions:
- 她現在正在休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%b2{%a6b%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xian4zai4 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
- She is resting now. /present progressive/
- 我去的 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%ba>時
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9>候
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d4>﹐她正在休息。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5h%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- qu4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
- When I went there, she was resting. /past progressive/
- 我明天去看她的時候﹐她一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>正在休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%a5h%ac%dd%a6o%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a4@%a9w%a5%bf%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ming2tian1 qu4 kan1|kan4 ta1 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 yi1ding4
- zheng4zai4 xiu1xi5 。]
- When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting.
- /future progressive/
- 3. As shown above, either 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- , 正 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
- or 正在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
- can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an
- action.
- 4. Alternatively, 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same
- function. Sometimes 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- can be used together with 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- , 正 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng1|zheng4]
- or 正在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%bf%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zheng4zai4]
- .
- 5. The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by 沒有
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
- , not 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- , before the verb; and it can be shortened to 沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer.
- Otherwise the full form of 沒有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
- must be used:
- 她沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- )休息﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiu1xi5
- ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
- 她在休息嗎﹖沒有﹐她在看報。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a6b%a5%f0%ae%a7%b6%dc%a1S%a8S%a6%b3%a1M%a6o%a6b%ac%dd%b3%f8%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zai4 xiu1xi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖ mei2you3 ﹐ ta1 zai4 kan1|kan4 bao4 。]
- (or simply 沒有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
- )
- 6. If both the 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- of the progressive aspect and the 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used:
- 她正在房 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%d0>間
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%a1>里
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%bd>休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng4zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
- but not 她正在在房間里休息。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6b%a9%d0%b6%a1%a8%bd%a5%f0%ae%a7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- zheng4zai4 zai4 fang2jian1 li3 xiu1xi5 。]
- Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers
- An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as
- 我給她打 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%b4>電
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>話
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%dc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4] , 他今天買 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- jin1tian1 mai3] , 我們去北京參
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%d1>觀
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1] can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used
- this way, there must be a 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies:
- 我給她打電話的時候﹐她正在吃
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>飯
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%aa%ba%ae%c9%ad%d4%a1M%a6o%a5%bf%a6b%a6Y%b6%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- gei3|ji3 ta1 da3dian4hua4 de5shi2hou4 ﹐ ta1 zheng4zai4 chi1fan4 。]
- When I called her, she was eating.
- 他今天買的花 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%e1>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>很漂
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ba}>亮
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abG>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%ab%dc%ba}%abG%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- jin1tian1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 hen3 piao4liang5 。]
- The flowers he bought today are very pretty.
- 請你們看我們去北京參觀的照
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7%d3>片
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7A%ad%cc%ac%dd%a7%da%ad%cc%a5h%a5_%a8%ca%b0%d1%c6[%aa%ba%b7%d3%a4%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
- ni3men5 kan1|kan4 wo3men5 qu4 bei3jing1 can1guan1 de5|di2|di4
- zhao4pian4 。]
- Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing.
- 這是誰給你寫的信﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%acO%bd%d6%b5%b9%a7A%bcg%aa%ba%abH%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shi4 shei2|shui2 gei3|ji3 ni3 xie3 de5|di2|di4 xin4 ﹖]
- Who wrote this letter to you?
- The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the 的
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- , which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.
- Word usage: 參觀 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
- vs. 訪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3X>問
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%dd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
- Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while 參
- 觀 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
- implies 觀 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c6[> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[guan1|guan4]
- (to see), 訪問 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
- stresses 問 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wen4]
- (to ask). Hence 參觀 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
- really implies observation while visiting and 訪問 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
- means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. 參觀
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
- can be followed by places but not people; whereas 訪問 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4]
- can take either, but most commonly people.
- 參觀 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b0%d1%c6[&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[can1guan1]
- /訪問學 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>校
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d5> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%be%c7%ae%d5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
- xue2xiao4]
- 訪問他 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3X%b0%dd%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[fang3wen4
- ta1] /這個國 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>家
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aea>的總
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1`>統
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2%ce> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%b0%ea%aea%aa%ba%c1`%b2%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
- guo2jia1 de5|di2|di4 zong3tong3]
- Grammar Notes
- 1. Measure word 些 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7>
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
- 些 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
- is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used
- after demonstrative pronouns such as 這 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4]
- , 那 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4]
- , 哪 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na5|nei3|nei3]
- and after the numeral 一 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1]
- :
- 一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>些
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4@%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi1xie1]
- some
- 這 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3o>些
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5]
- these
- 那 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ba>些
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1]
- those
- 哪 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%fe>些
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%c7> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3xie1]
- which (plural)
- Don't attempt to mix 些 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%c7&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xie1]
- with definite measures. It is wrong to say 這些三本詞典 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a8%c7%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4xie5
- san1 ben3 ci2dian3] (these three dictionaries); one can only say 這
- 三本詞典 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a4T%a5%bb%b5%fc%a8%e5&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- san1 ben3 ci2dian3] .
- 2. 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- . . . 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- construction
- Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or
- adjectives:
- 這本書是中文的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- ben3 shu1 shi4 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書中文的書。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%a4%a4%a4%e5%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- ben3 shu1 zhong1wen2 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
- 那條裙子是妹妹的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
- tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那條裙子
- 是妹妹的裙子。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%acO%a9f%a9f%aa%ba%b8%c8%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3|na4|nei4
- tiao2 qun2zi5 shi4 mei4mei4|mei4mei5 de5|di2|di4 qun2zi5 。]
- 姐姐的大 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>衣
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%e7>是黑
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%c2>的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
- de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 。] = 姐姐的大衣是黑的
- 大衣。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9j%a9j%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%acO%b6%c2%aa%ba%a4j%a6%e7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jie3jie5
- de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 shi4 hei1 de5|di2|di4 da4yi1 。]
- But the 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- . . . 的 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de5|di2|di4]
- construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even
- whole verbal constructions:
- 那些點 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>心
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%df>是給丁雲的。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%b5%b9%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
- dian3xin1 shi4 gei3|ji3 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 。] = 那些點心是丁
- 雲的點心。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8%ba%a8%c7%c2I%a4%df%acO%a4B%b6%b3%aa%ba%c2I%a4%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na4xie1
- dian3xin1 shi4 ding1yun2 de5|di2|di4 dian3xin1 。]
- Those pastries are for Ding Yun.
- 這束 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%f4>花兒是我給她
- 買的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%acO%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shu4 huar1 shi4 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這束花兒
- 我給她買的花兒。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a7%f4%aa%e1%a8%e0%a7%da%b5%b9%a6o%b6R%aa%ba%aa%e1%a8%e0%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- shu4 huar1 wo3 gei3|ji3 ta1 mai3 de5|di2|di4 huar1 。]
- This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her.
- 這本書是我在 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6b>大
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4j>學的圖書館借
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%c9>的。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
- de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 。] = 這本書是我在大學
- 的圖書館借的書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%a5%bb%ae%d1%acO%a7%da%a6b%a4j%be%c7%aa%ba%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%ad%c9%aa%ba%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4|zhei4
- ben3 shu1 shi4 wo3 zai4da4duo1shu4qing2kuang4xia4 xue2
- de5|di2|di4 tu2shu1guan3 jie4 de5|di2|di4 shu1 。]
- This book is the one I borrowed from the university library.
- The use of the Complement of Degree
- What is a complement?
- A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or
- complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show
- duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of
- an action. Complements always appear *after* the verbs they modify.
- We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words
- they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese
- word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs.
- Notice, for example:
- 昨天晚上我們從書 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%d1>店
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%b1>去電
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9q>影
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bcv>院
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0|>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a7%da%ad%cc%b1q%ae%d1%a9%b1%a5h%b9q%bcv%b0|%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
- wan3shang5 wo3men5 cong1|cong2|zong4 shu1dian4 qu4 dian4ying3yuan4 。]
- Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop.
- Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the
- Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal
- action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result,
- the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence.
- The complement of degree
- This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally
- adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle 得
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- is used to connect the verb and its complement:
- 他學習得怎 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%e7>麼
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>樣
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bc%cb>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xue2xi2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
- How is he studying?
- 他學習得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>很
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%dc>好。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%be%c7%b2%df%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xue2xi2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。]
- He's studying very well.
- The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows:
- 1. Verb without object: V + 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- + adjective
- 你工作得 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1o>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>錯
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%f9>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4u%a7@%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- gong1zuo4 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 。]
- 2. Verb with object: V + O + V + 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- + adjective
- 我妹妹唱 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>民
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱得很好。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b0%db%a5%c1%baq%b0%db%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mei4mei4|mei4mei5 chang4 min2ge1 chang4 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。]
- 3. Verb with preposed object: O + V + 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- + adjective
- 他們中文學得很好。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%dc%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zhong1wen2 xue2 de5hen3 hao3|hao4 。]
- Place 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- /before the adjective/ to make the negative:
- 4. V + 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- + 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- + adjective
- 她歌 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>唱
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%db>得不好﹐ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%baq%b0%db%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1M&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- ge1chang4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 ﹐] 舞
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbR>也跳
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%f5>得不好。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bbR%a4]%b8%f5%b1o%a4%a3%a6n%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wu3
- ye3 tiao4 de2bu4dao4 hao3|hao4 。]
- Questions are formed as follows:
- 1. . . . 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- adjective 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- adjective?
- 你開 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>車
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>開
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>得快
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>快
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7%d6>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b6}%a8%ae%b6}%b1o%a7%d6%a4%a3%a7%d6%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- kai1che1 kai1 de2|de5|dei3 kuai4 bu4kuai4 ﹖]
- 2. . . . 得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3
- zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
- 你中文學得怎麼樣﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a4%a4%e5%be%c7%b1o%ab%e7%bb%f2%bc%cb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- zhong1wen2 xue2 de2|de5|dei3 zen3me5yang4 ﹖]
- 3. . . . 得 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1o&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[de2|de5|dei3]
- adjective 嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5
- ﹖]
- 你游 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>泳
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aaa>游
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%e5>得好嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b4%e5%aaa%b4%e5%b1o%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- you2yong3 you2 de2|de5|dei3 hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as 有
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- , 在 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- or 是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi4]
- , since those verbs normally do not denote actions.
- The difference between 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- and 吧 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a7a> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
- as sentence-ending particles
- Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a
- question. However, they differ in usage.
- In questions
- 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in
- questions with interrogative words such as 什麼 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b0%bb%f2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[shi2
- me5|mo2] or 哪兒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ad%fe%a8%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[na3er5]
- ; affirmative-negative questions such as 有沒有呢﹖好
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>好
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6n>吃呢﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3%a8S%a6%b3%a9O%a1S%a6n%a6Y%a4%a3%a6n%a6Y%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3
- mei2you3 ne5|ni2 ﹖ hao3chi1 bu4hao3 chi1|ji2 ne5|ni2 ﹖] ; or
- alternative questions with 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- , such as 吃面 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%b1>包
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5]>還是火
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%f5>腿
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bbL>呢﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6Y%ad%b1%a5]%c1%d9%acO%a4%f5%bbL%a9O%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[chi1|ji2
- mian4 bao1 hai2shi4 huo3tui3 ne5|ni2 ﹖]
- 吧 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
- , on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a
- mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: 在這兒停
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%b1>車
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ae>吧﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
- er2|er5 ting2che1 ba1|ba5 ﹖] 你不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>知
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D>吧﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a7a%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- bu4zhi1 dao4 ba1|ba5 ﹖]
- In affirmative statements
- 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action
- (e.g. 她學中文呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%be%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- xue2 zhong1wen2 ne5|ni2] ), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with
- exaggeration (e.g. 晚上電影九點才
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>開
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6}>始
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9l>呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%df%a4W%b9q%bcv%a4E%c2I%a4~%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wan3shang5
- dian4ying3 jiu3 dian3 cai2 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。] 從這兒去要走三
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4T>天
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%d1>呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1q%b3o%a8%e0%a5h%adn%a8%ab%a4T%a4%d1%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cong1|cong2|zong4
- zher4 qu4 yao1|yao4 zou3 san1tian1 ne5|ni2 。] )
- 吧 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7a&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ba1|ba5]
- is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone,
- as in 我們走吧。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%a8%ab%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- zou3 ba1|ba5 。] 你再 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6A>想想
- 吧。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b7Q%b7Q%a7a%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- zai4 xiang3 xiang3 ba1|ba5 。]
- The use of optative verbs
- Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to
- express intention, wishes, possibility etc.
- 1. To express /subjective wish/, /desire/ or /request/:
- 1. 要 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
- + verb = to want to
- 我要喝橘 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%ef>子
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4l>水。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%adn%b3%dc%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- yao1|yao4 he1|he4 ju2zi5 shui3 。]
- 2. 想 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7Q&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xiang3]
- + verb = would like to
- 你想看電影嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 2. To express /objective necessity/:
- 1. 要 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%adn&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yao1|yao4]
- + verb = to have to (especially in questions)
- 我明天要來嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a4%d1%adn%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ming2tian1 yao1|yao4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Do I have to come tomorrow?
- 我們要去了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%a5h%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- yao1|yao4 qu4 le5|liao3 。]
- We have to go.
- 2. 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>用
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%ce> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5%ce&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4yong4]
- + verb = don't have to
- 你明天不用來。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4%a3%a5%ce%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ming2tian1 bu4yong4 lai2 。]
- You don't have to come tomorrow.
- 3. To express /ability/ or /skill acquired/:
- 1. 能 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
- + verb = can, be able to
- 你現在能看中文報 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b3
- %f8>紙 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%c8>嗎﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b2{%a6b%af%e0%ac%dd%a4%a4%a4%e5%b3%f8%af%c8%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xian4zai4 neng2 kan1|kan4 zhong1wen2 bao4zhi3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 2. 可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
- + verb = can, be able to
- 你們一個星期可以學幾課﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%a4@%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a5i%a5H%be%c7%b4X%bd%d2%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- yi1ge4 xing1qi1 ke3yi3 xue2 ji1|ji3 ke4|ke4 ﹖]
- 3. 會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
- + verb = can, be able to
- 他們都會游泳嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%b3%a3%b7|%b4%e5%aaa%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5dou1
- hui4|kuai4 you2yong3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 4. To express /ability depending on circumstances/:
- 1. 能 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
- + verb = can, be able to
- 你明天能來嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%af%e0%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ming2tian1 neng2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 2. 可以 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
- + verb = can, be able to
- 你今天晚上可以 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jin1tian1 wan3shang5 ke3yi3] 1給他打電話嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b5%b9%a5L%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gei3|ji3
- ta1 da3dian4hua4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Note, in both cases use 不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>能
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
- for negative sentences.
- 5. To express /permission/:
- 1. 能 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[neng2]
- + verb = may, be permitted to
- 我能在這兒停車嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%af%e0%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- neng2 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 ting2che1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 你不能 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- bu4neng2] (or 不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4
- %a3>可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>以
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5H> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ke3
- yi3] ) 在這兒停車。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%b0%b1%a8%ae%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
- er2|er5 ting2che1 。]
- 2. 可以 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ke3yi3]
- + verb = may, be permitted to
- 我可以在這兒吸煙嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5i%a5H%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ke3yi3 zai4zhe4qi1jian1 er2|er5 xi1yan1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 你不可以 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%a3%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- bu4ke3 yi3] (or 不能 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4neng2]
- ) 在這兒吸煙。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6b%b3o%a8%e0%a7l%b7%cf%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4zhe4qi1jian1
- er2|er5 xi1yan1 。]
- 6. To express /possibility/ or /probability/:
- 1. 會 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7|&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hui4|kuai4]
- + verb = be likely to, will probably
- 你明天會再來嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%b7|%a6A%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ming2tian1 hui4|kuai4 zai4 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 今天晚上不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>下
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4U>雨
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%abB>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a4%d1%b1%df%a4W%a4%a3%b7|%a4U%abB%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1tian1
- wan3shang5 bu4hui4 xia4yu3 。]
- 7. To express /need arising from moral or factual necessity/:
- 1. 應 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b3>該
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d3> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b3%b8%d3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ying1gai1]
- + verb = should, ought to
- 你們學得不錯﹐應該去中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%be%c7%b1o%a4%a3%bf%f9%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- xue2 de2bu4dao4 cuo4 ﹐ ying1gai1 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
- 他們不應該翻 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2%bd>
- 譯 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c4%b6>那本書。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%c0%b3%b8%d3%c2%bd%c4%b6%a8%ba%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- bu4 ying1gai1 fan1yi4 na3|na4|nei4 ben3 shu1 。]
- Note:
- 1. To make a negation, put the negative word 不 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4]
- or 沒有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3]
- before the optative verb:
- 他們不想給圖書館打電話。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%a3%b7Q%b5%b9%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a5%b4%b9q%b8%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- bu4 xiang3 gei3|ji3 tu2shu1guan3 da3dian4hua4 。]
- 2. To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative
- verb instead of the main verb in the sentence:
- 你會 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>不
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>會
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7|>唱中
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a4>國
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b0%ea>民
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5%c1>歌
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%baq>﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%a4%a3%b7|%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- hui4bu4hui4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖]
- but not 你會唱不唱中國民歌﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7|%b0%db%a4%a3%b0%db%a4%a4%b0%ea%a5%c1%baq%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- hui4|kuai4 chang4 bu4 chang4 zhong1guo2min2hang2 ge1 ﹖]
- 3. It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence:
- 你是北 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5_>京
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ca>人
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4H>﹐應該會唱京劇。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a5_%a8%ca%a4H%a1M%c0%b3%b8%d3%b7|%b0%db%a8%ca%bc@%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- shi4 bei3jing1ren2 ﹐ ying1gai1 hui4|kuai4 chang4 jing1ju4 。]
- The use of adverbs 就 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4N>
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- and 才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- 就 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- and 才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude
- as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier (就
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- ) or later (才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- ) than expected:
- 他們三點就來了﹐可 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5i>是
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acO>你們現在才來。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4T%c2I%b4N%a8%d3%a4F%a1M%a5i%acO%a7A%ad%cc%b2{%a6b%a4~%a8%d3%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- san1 dian3 jiu4 lai2 le5|liao3 ﹐ ke3shi4 ni3men5 xian4zai4 cai2
- lai2 。]
- They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now.
- 我們是老 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%d1>朋友﹐我們十
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4Q>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>前就認識了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%acO%a6%d1%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4Q%a6~%abe%b4N%bb{%c3%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- shi4 lao3 peng2you5 ﹐ wo3men5 shi2nian2 qian2 jiu4 ren4shi5
- le5|liao3 。]
- We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as
- ten years ago.
- 她不是我的同學﹐我上 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>個
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ad%d3>星
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%acP>期
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b4%c1>才認識她。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%a3%acO%a7%da%aa%ba%a6P%be%c7%a1M%a7%da%a4W%ad%d3%acP%b4%c1%a4~%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- bu2shi4 wo3de5 tong2xue2 ﹐ wo3 shang4ge4xing1qi1 cai2 ren4shi5 ta1 。]
- She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago.
- Compare the following sentences:
- 今年我們就想去中國學習。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
- wo3men5 jiu4 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
- (The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon
- as this year.)
- 今年我們才想去中國學習。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%b5%a6~%a7%da%ad%cc%a4~%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%be%c7%b2%df%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jin1nian2
- wo3men5 cai2 xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 xue2xi2 。]
- (The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year,
- they should have gone earlier.)
- As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a
- sentence, 就 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- and 才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other
- hand, 就 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- and 才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- should be placed before it. Here is the pattern:
- Time-word + 就 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- /才 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4~&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[cai2]
- + optative verb + main verb
- 她今年就可以去中國﹐我明年才可以去中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a4%b5%a6~%b4N%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1M%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%a4~%a5i%a5H%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- jin1nian2 jiu4 ke3yi3 qu4 zhong1guo2 ﹐ wo3 ming2nian2 cai2 ke3yi3
- qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
- 他們今天下午三點就能出 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>
- 發 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5o>﹐我們要晚上八點才
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4~>能
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%af%e0>走。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a4%b5%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%a4T%c2I%b4N%af%e0%a5X%b5o%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%adn%b1%df%a4W%a4K%c2I%a4~%af%e0%a8%ab%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- jin1tian1 xia4wu3 san1 dian3 jiu4 neng2 chu1fa1 ﹐ wo3men5 yao1|yao4
- wan3shang5 ba1 dian3 cai2neng2 zou3 。]
- Word usage: 或 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9%ce>者
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%cc> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
- , 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but
- they differ in usage: in general, 或者 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
- is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice:
- 我妹妹想研 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%e3>究
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8s>音樂或者文
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e5>學
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%c7>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9f%a9f%b7Q%ac%e3%a8s%ad%b5%bc%d6%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e5%be%c7%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mei4mei4|mei4mei5 xiang3 yan2jiu1 yin1yue4 huo4zhe3 wen2xue2 。]
- 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- , on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative
- questions:
- 你上午去﹐還是下午去﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4W%a4%c8%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a4U%a4%c8%a5h%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- shang4wu3 qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 xia4wu3 qu4 ﹖]
- It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as 知
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%aa%be>道
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b9D> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- , 告訴 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7i%b6D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[gao4su5]
- etc:
- 請告訴我這個人是老師還是學生﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bd%d0%a7i%b6D%a7%da%b3o%ad%d3%a4H%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qing3
- gao4su5 wo3 zhe4ge4 ren2 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 ﹖]
- 我不知道她是老師還是學生。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a6o%acO%a6%d1%aev%c1%d9%acO%be%c7%a5%cd%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 lao3shi1 hai2shi4 xue2sheng5 。]
- In cases in which both 或者 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
- and 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their
- anticipations and tones:
- 1. A: 你想去中國還是日本﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%c1%d9%acO%a4%e9%a5%bb%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 hai2shi4 ri4ben3 ﹖]
- B: 我想去中國。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 。]
- 2. A: 你想去中國或者日本嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%b7Q%a5h%a4%a4%b0%ea%a9%ce%aa%cc%a4%e9%a5%bb%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xiang3 qu4 zhong1guo2 huo4zhe3 ri4ben3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- B: 我想去﹐我兩個地 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6a>
- 方 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%e8>都想去。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h%a1M%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 qu4 ﹐ wo3 liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3
- qu4 。]
- In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice
- from the answer. The two terms with 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one
- using 嗎 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ma3|ma5]
- at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B
- can give a general answer: 我想去 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xiang3 qu4] -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: 我兩
- 個地方都想去 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8%e2%ad%d3%a6a%a4%e8%b3%a3%b7Q%a5h&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- liang3ge4zhong1guo2 di4fang5 dou1|du1 xiang3 qu4] . The two items with
- 或者 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
- in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive.
- Sometimes, however, 還是 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%acO&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2shi4]
- can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance:
- 去看朋友﹐還是去看電影﹐他一
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>時
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae%c9> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%ac%dd%aaB%a4%cd%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a5h%ac%dd%b9q%bcv%a1M%a5L%a4@%ae%c9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4
- kan1|kan4 peng2you5 ﹐ hai2shi4 qu4 kan1|kan4 dian4ying3 ﹐ ta1
- yi4shi2] (??)不 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4%a3>定
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>主
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5D>意
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7N>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4%a3%a9w%a5D%b7N%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[bu4ding4
- zhu3yi5 。]
- Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative,
- compelling 他 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
- to make a choice. In contrast, 或者 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3]
- in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note:
- 你去﹐還是她來﹐你明天一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin
- /zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>定 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>要
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%adn>作決
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8M>定
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a9w>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a5h%a1M%c1%d9%acO%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4@%a9w%adn%a7@%a8M%a9w%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- qu4 ﹐ hai2shi4 ta1 lai2 ﹐ ni3 ming2tian1 yi1ding4yao4 zuo4
- jue2ding4 。] (interrogative)
- 或者你去﹐或者她來﹐沒有其
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e4>他
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5L>選
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ef>擇
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%be%dc>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%ce%aa%cc%a7A%a5h%a1M%a9%ce%aa%cc%a6o%a8%d3%a1M%a8S%a6%b3%a8%e4%a5L%bf%ef%be%dc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[huo4zhe3
- ni3 qu4 ﹐ huo4zhe3 ta1 lai2 ﹐ mei2you3 qi2ta1 xuan3ze2 。]
- (explanatory)
- 了 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4F>解
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d1> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- , 知道 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- , 認識 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
- and 懂 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c0%b4> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
- The meanings of the four terms here overlap.
- Both 了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- and 知道 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- can mean "to know". However, 了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows.
- Therefore 了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than 知道 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- . Compare:
- 你了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- liao3jie3] (or 知道 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- ) 這個學校嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b3o%ad%d3%be%c7%ae%d5%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhe4ge4
- xue2xiao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 我不知道他是誰的孩子。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4%a3%aa%be%b9D%a5L%acO%bd%d6%aa%ba%ab%c4%a4l%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- bu4zhi1 dao4 ta1 shi4 shei2|shui2 de5|di2|di4 hai2zi5 。] (Here one
- can not use 了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- .)
- 認識 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%bb{%c3%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ren4shi5]
- is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others.
- It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability.
- A: 哦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ae@>﹐我認識她﹗
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%ae@%a1M%a7%da%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[e2|o2
- ﹐ wo3 ren4shi5 ta1 ﹗]
- Oh, I know her!
- B: 你是在哪兒認識她的﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%acO%a6b%ad%fe%a8%e0%bb{%c3%d1%a6o%aa%ba%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- shi4 zai4 na3er5 ren4shi5 ta1 de5|di2|di4 ﹖]
- Where did you get to know her?
- 懂 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c0%b4&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dong3]
- , on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its
- definition is not as broad as that of 了解 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b8%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[liao3jie3]
- (to know and understand) and is different from that of 知道 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%aa%be%b9D&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zhi1dao5]
- (to know).
- 1. 你懂他說 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%a1>的漢語嗎﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%c0%b4%a5L%bb%a1%aa%ba%ba~%bby%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- dong3 ta1 shui4|shuo1 de5|di2|di4 han4yu3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 2. 你知道他叫甚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ac%c6>麼
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bb%f2>名
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6W>字
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6r>嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%aa%be%b9D%a5L%a5s%ac%c6%bb%f2%a6W%a6r%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- zhi1dao5 ta1 jiao4 shen2me5 ming2zi5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 3. 你了解他嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4F%b8%d1%a5L%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- liao3jie3 ta1 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him
- than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than
- sentence 1.
- The use of the Perfect Aspect
- Basic concept
- The aspect particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action.
- In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses
- (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the
- completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For
- instance:
- A: 你下了課去哪兒﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%ad%fe%a8%e0%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 na3er5 ﹖]
- B: 我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
- On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect
- particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- , if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need
- to emphasise its completion:
- 去年他常常去書店。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5h%a6~%a5L%b1`%b1`%a5h%ae%d1%a9%b1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[qu4nian2
- ta1 chang2chang2 qu4 shu1dian4 。]
- 以前我住在學生宿舍。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%abe%a7%da%a6%ed%a6b%be%c7%a5%cd%b1J%aa%d9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3qian2
- wo3 zhu4 zai4 xue2sheng5 su4she4 。]
- Basic patterns
- 1. Affirmative sentence
- Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- (+ object)
- e.g. 電影開始了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%b6}%a9l%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
- kai1shi3 le5|liao3 。] 我買了兩本書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a8%e2%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mai3 le5|liao3 liang3 ben3 shu1 。]
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is dropped here)
- Subject + 沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- ) + verb (+ object)
- or subject + 還沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2
- mei2|mo4] (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- ) + verb (+ 呢 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9O&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ne5|ni2]
- )
- e.g. 我沒有買書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a8S%a6%b3%b6R%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mei2you3 mai3 shu1 。] 電影還沒開始呢。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b9q%bcv%c1%d9%a8S%b6}%a9l%a9O%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[dian4ying3
- hai2|huan2 mei2|mo4 kai1shi3 ne5|ni2 。]
- 3. Interrogative sentence
- Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- (+ object) + 沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2you3
- ﹖]
- or Subject + verb + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
- ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- + verb (+ object)﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
- (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
- e.g. 你今天買了詞典沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%b6R%a4F%b5%fc%a8%e5%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jin1tian1 mai3 le5|liao3 ci2dian3 mei2you3 ﹖] 她來了嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- lai2 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖] 你們談
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bd%cd>沒談這個問題﹖
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%ad%cc%bd%cd%a8S%bd%cd%b3o%ad%d3%b0%dd%c3D%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3men5
- tan2 mei2|mo4 tan2 zhe4ge4 wen4ti2 ﹖]
- Notes
- 1. If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence,
- the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral +
- measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds
- incomplete:
- 我買了三本書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%a4T%a5%bb%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mai3 le5|liao3 san1 ben3 shu1 。]
- 我在書店里買了書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a6b%ae%d1%a9%b1%a8%bd%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zai4 shu1dian4 li3 mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
- but not simply 我買了書。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 。]
- 2. If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by
- those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is usually placed after the /last/ verb.
- a. 我用中文給媽媽寫了一封信。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a5%ce%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%b9%b6%fd%b6%fd%bcg%a4F%a4@%ab%ca%abH%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- yong4 zhong1wen2 gei3|ji3 ma1ma5 xie3 le5|liao3 yi1 feng1 xin4 。]
- b. 他們昨天進 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>城
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%ab%b0>買了一些中文詞典。
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%acQ%a4%d1%b6i%ab%b0%b6R%a4F%a4@%a8%c7%a4%a4%a4%e5%b5%fc%a8%e5%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zuo2tian1 jin4 cheng2 mai3 le5|liao3 yi1xie1 zhong1wen2 ci2dian3
- 。]
- In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is
- written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related
- to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to
- buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the
- following, with a different structure:
- 我下了課去圖書館。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%a4F%bd%d2%a5h%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xia4 le5|liao3 ke4|ke4 qu4 tu2shu1guan3 。]
- Here "class is over" (下課 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4U%bd%d2&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xia4ke4]
- ) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the
- sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say
- 我下課去了圖書館。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a4U%bd%d2%a5h%a4F%b9%cf%ae%d1%c0]%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- xia4ke4 qu4 le5|liao3 tu2shu1guan3 。]
- 3. When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is placed /before/ the reduplicated verb:
- 我試 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b8%d5>了試那條裙子
- ﹐真漂亮﹗ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%b8%d5%a4F%b8%d5%a8%ba%b1%f8%b8%c8%a4l%a1M%afu%ba}%abG%a1T&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- shi4 le5|liao3 shi4 na3|na4|nei4 tiao2 qun2zi5 ﹐ zhen1
- piao4liang5 ﹗]
- 又 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4S> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
- , 再 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- and 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like
- the English "again". They differ in usage, however:
- Whereas 又 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
- indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, 再
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, 再 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- is only used in /declarative/ sentences, plus questions ending in 好嗎
- [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6n%b6%dc&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hao3|hao4
- ma3|ma5] :
- 昨天他來晚 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b1%df>了﹐今天他
- 又來晚了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%acQ%a4%d1%a5L%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1M%a4%b5%a4%d1%a5L%a4S%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zuo2tian1
- ta1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹐ jin1tian1 ta1 you4 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 。]
- (repetition in the past)
- 你今天來晚了﹔明天再來晚﹐我們就不讓你進
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6i>來
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%d3>了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a4%b5%a4%d1%a8%d3%b1%df%a4F%a1Q%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6A%a8%d3%b1%df%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a4%a3%c5%fd%a7A%b6i%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- jin1tian1 lai2 wan3 le5|liao3 ﹔ ming2tian1 zai4 lai2 wan3 ﹐
- wo3men5 jiu4 bu4 rang4 ni3 jin4lai2 le5|liao3 。]
- (repetition in the future)
- 你再喝一 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4@>點
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c2I>兒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%e0>橘子水﹐好嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a6A%b3%dc%a4@%c2I%a8%e0%be%ef%a4l%a4%f4%a1M%a6n%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- zai4 he1|he4 yi1dianr3 ju2zi5 shui3 ﹐ hao3|hao4 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- Also, 又 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you4]
- can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even
- though it has not yet taken place:
- 明天又是星期一﹐我們又要上課。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a4S%acO%acP%b4%c1%a4@%a1M%a7%da%ad%cc%a4S%adn%a4W%bd%d2%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
- you4 shi4 xing1qi1yi1 ﹐ wo3men5 you4 yao1|yao4 shang4ke4 。]
- 新 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b7s>年
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6~>又要來了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b7s%a6~%a4S%adn%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[xin1nian2
- you4 yao1|yao4 lai2 le5|liao3 。]
- 還 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%c1%d9&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[hai2|huan2]
- , on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition:
- 你明天還來嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a4%d1%c1%d9%a8%d3%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ming2tian1 hai2|huan2 lai2 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an
- optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb
- and an optional 再 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- can be placed after:
- A: 你明年還能 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7A%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%af%e0&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ni3
- ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 neng2] (再 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- )教我們嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7%da%ad%cc%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
- wo3men5 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- B: 我明年還可以 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%a9%fa%a6~%c1%d9%a5i%a5H&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- ming2nian2 hai2|huan2 ke3yi3] (再 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6A&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[zai4]
- )教你們。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b1%d0%a7A%ad%cc%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiao1|jiao4
- ni3men5 。]
- Use of the modal particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- Basic concept
- The modal particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred
- to took place in the past. The difference between 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- as modal particle and 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion
- of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole
- sentence or event, implying some /change of situation/.
- 他買了書了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%b6R%a4F%ae%d1%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- mai3 le5|liao3 shu1 le5|liao3 。]
- The first 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of 買
- 書 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b6R%ae%d1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mai3
- shu1] , whereas the second 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- marks some change of situation on the part of 他 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1]
- as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he
- did not have the book, but now he has.
- Basic patterns
- (Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the
- previous section.)
- 1. Affirmative sentence
- Subject + verb (+ object) + 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- e.g. 他們看足 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8%ac>球
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b2y>賽
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c1%c9>了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 。]
- 2. Negative sentence (note 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- is dropped here)
- Subject + 沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- (有 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6%b3&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[you3]
- ) + verb (+ object)
- e.g. 他們沒看足球賽。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 。]
- 3. Interrogative sentence
- Subject + verb + object + 了沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
- mei2you3 ﹖]
- or Subject + verb + object + 了嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3
- ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- or Subject + verb + 沒 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a8S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[mei2|mo4]
- + verb + object﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[﹖]
- (here the verb is usually monosyllabic)
- e.g. 他們看足球賽了沒有﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%a8S%a6%b3%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 mei2you3 ﹖]
- 他們看足球賽了嗎﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a4F%b6%dc%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 le5|liao3 ma3|ma5 ﹖]
- 他們看沒看足球賽﹖ [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%ac%dd%a8S%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1S&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- kan1|kan4 mei2|mo4 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹖]
- Notes
- 1. As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect
- aspect 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- from the modal particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- . In such a case, 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- can be regarded as fulfilling both functions:
- 她來了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a6o%a8%d3%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1
- lai2 le5|liao3 。] 我們懂了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%c0%b4%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- dong3 le5|liao3 。]
- 2. A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not
- require a 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- at the end of the sentence:
- 我昨天下午看足球賽﹐晚上沒出
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5X>去
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a5h>。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%acQ%a4%d1%a4U%a4%c8%ac%dd%a8%ac%b2y%c1%c9%a1M%b1%df%a4W%a8S%a5X%a5h%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3
- zuo2tian1 xia4wu3 kan1|kan4 zu2qiu2 sai4 ﹐ wan3shang5 mei2|mo4
- chu1qu4 。]
- Sequential actions
- To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the
- other, we use the pattern
- Subject + verb + 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- (以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- ) 就 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4]
- + verb ...
- e.g. 我們辦 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%bf%ec>了簽
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%c3%b1>証
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b5%fd> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4] (以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- )就回家。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%b4N%a6^%aea%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[jiu4
- hui2jia1 。]
- 明天吃了早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>飯
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%b6%ba> [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a9%fa%a4%d1%a6Y%a4F%a6%ad%b6%ba&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ming2tian1
- chi1|ji2 le5|liao3 zao3fan4] (以後 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5H%ab%e1&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[yi3hou4]
- )我們就出發。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%b4N%a5X%b5o%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- jiu4 chu1fa1 。]
- The above pattern can be used for /future/ actions as well. To indicate
- that both actions took place in the past, the particle 了 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a4F&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[le5|liao3]
- has to be inserted at the end of the sentence:
- 我們辦了簽証以後就回家了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a7%da%ad%cc%bf%ec%a4F%c3%b1%b5%fd%a5H%ab%e1%b4N%a6^%aea%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[wo3men5
- ban4 le5|liao3 qian1 zheng4 yi3hou4 jiu4 hui2jia1 le5|liao3 。]
- 他們早 <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6%ad>上
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a4W>沒
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a8S>吃
- <http://zhongwen.com/cgi-bin/zi.cgi?b5=%a6Y>早飯就走了。 [.wav]
- <http://www.bell-labs.com/cgi-user/tts/mandarintts?text=%a5L%ad%cc%a6%ad%a4W%a8S%a6Y%a6%ad%b6%ba%b4N%a8%ab%a4F%a1C&rate=slow&audio=.wav>[ta1men5
- zao3shang5 mei2chi1mei2chuan1 zao3fan4 jiu4 zou3 le5|liao3 。]
|