Chinese-all-day-breakfast/grammaire1.txt

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== Grammar notes ==

=== [javascript:void(0) 嗎]? ===

One of the most common ways of forming a question in Chinese is to add [javascript:void(0) 嗎] at the end of a statement. Hence [javascript:void(0) 你好]! (Hi!) becomes [javascript:void(0) 你好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]? (How are you?) 

=== [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 呢]? ===

This is to be used to redirect the question originally addressed to you. Its meaning is equivalent to "and you?" "what about you?" or "how about you?" 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">How are you? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很好], [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 呢]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am fine, and you? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Are you busy? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不忙], [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 呢]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not busy, what about you? </div>

=== [javascript:void(0) 很], [javascript:void(0) 也], [javascript:void(0) 都] ===

All three are adverbs, which should be placed ''before'' what they modify in Chinese. E.g., [javascript:void(0) 很好], [javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 好], [javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 好]. 

Sometimes [javascript:void(0) 很] is not really employed to mean "very" if it is modifying a monosyllabic adjective such as [javascript:void(0) 好]. It is simply because to say [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 好] is a bit abrupt and hence awkward with only a monosyllabic adjective as the predicate of the sentence. Therefore people usually add [javascript:void(0) 很] before [javascript:void(0) 好] to make the sentence sound natural: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很好] in this case does not necessarily mean "I am ''very'' well", it may simply convey the meaning of "I am fine". 

''The order of these words:'' If all three adverbs occur in the same sentence, their order is [javascript:void(0) 也] -- [javascript:void(0) 都] -- [javascript:void(0) 很]: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很好].[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 很好].[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 很好].</div>

N.B. [javascript:void(0) 都] (both/all) is only used to refer to the items to the ''left'' of it. Hence it is wrong to say [javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 很好] ("all of them are fine"). One should say [javascript:void(0) 他們都][javascript:void(0) 很好]. 

=== [javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 不] vs. [javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 都] ===

[javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 不] indicates a complete negation whereas [javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 都] shows a partial negation: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們都][javascript:void(0) 不忙]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">None of them is busy. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 忙]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Not all of them are busy. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 不是][javascript:void(0) 大夫]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">None of us is a doctor. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 大夫]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Not all of us are doctors.</div>

=== [javascript:void(0) 的] ===

As an auxiliary word, [javascript:void(0) 的] is used to indicate possession. It comes between the subject and the noun it modifies: [javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 書], [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車] etc. 

In the case of kinship or as a reference to people, however, the possessive marker [javascript:void(0) 的] can be omitted. ''Otherwise it cannot''. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 弟弟] = [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 弟弟], [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 爸爸] = [javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 爸爸] </div>

=== [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很好] -- Adjectival sentence without verb "to be". ===

Unlike English, Chinese sentences can sometimes go without a verb. In the sentence [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很好], the adjectival phrase [javascript:void(0) 很好] serves as the predicate for the sentence. No verb "to be" is needed as in English (I ''am'' very well). This is generally true of a sentence that has an ''adjective'' as its predicate, even in negative sentences. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 忙], [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 不忙]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They are very busy, we are not.</div>

Notice that in other types of sentences, however, verb [javascript:void(0) 是] should still be retained: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 朋友]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He is my friend.</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不是][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 哥哥]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not her elder brother.</div>

=== Proper Response ===

Study the following two dialogues: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 大夫][javascript:void(0) 嗎]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your mother a doctor? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 是], [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 大夫].</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yes, she is a doctor.</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]?</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your mother busy? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 忙], [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 忙].</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yes, she is very busy.</div>

To respond positively to a yes/no question, we often repeat the verb -- in the above case [javascript:void(0) 是] and [javascript:void(0) 忙] respectively -- as an equivalent to the English "yes" before making the statement itself. Note therefore that the response is not always [javascript:void(0) 是]. 

== Questions with interrogative words [javascript:void(0) 誰], [javascript:void(0) 哪], [javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼] ==

Unlike English which has to move such interrogative words as "what", "when", "who" etc to the beginning of the sentence to form a question, Chinese leaves the word order unchanged when forming questions using such interrogative words as [javascript:void(0) 誰], [javascript:void(0) 哪], [javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼], etc: # [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 弟弟]. (He is my younger brother.)[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 誰]? (Who is he?) 
# [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 老師]. (He is our teacher.)[javascript:void(0) 誰][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 老師]? (Who is your teacher?) 
# [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中國人]. (He is Chinese.)[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 哪][javascript:void(0) 國][javascript:void(0) 人]? (What is his nationality?) 
# [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 地圖]. (This is a map of China.)[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼][javascript:void(0) 地圖]? (What map is this?) 
# [javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 書]. (That is a book.)[javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]? (What is that?) 
# [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車]. (This is her car.)[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 誰][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車]? (Whose car is this?) 



As is obvious, one simply replaces the relevant words, which are what one wants to ask about, with the interrogative words to form questions. No change of word order takes place. 

== Asking a person's name ==

There are several ways of asking a person's name, depending on who that person is. # [javascript:void(0) 您][javascript:void(0) 貴姓]﹖ <br/>This is a very polite way of asking someone's name, literally "What is your honourable surname?". It is usually used to address one's elders or superiors, or someone of one's own age but to whom one wants to be polite. Notice, however, that the expression [javascript:void(0) 貴姓] cannot be used when asking about a third person's name, or when referring to oneself. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 您]/[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 貴姓]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What is your name?</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 姓][javascript:void(0) 丁]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My name is Ding.</div>
# [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖ <br/>This is a plain form of asking a person's name. It is usually used to address people of one's own age or younger, or one's inferiors. If one wants to be a bit polite, [javascript:void(0) 請問] can be added to the question: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 請問]﹐[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">May I ask, what's your name?</div><br/>Unlike [javascript:void(0) 貴姓], which is only used in the second person, [javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼] can be employed for all persons: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 哥哥][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖etc. 



When asked [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 姓][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖you are supposed to give your last name first, and then as an option you can add your full name afterwards. But when asked [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖you can give either your given name or your full name. 

== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 學習]﹐ [javascript:void(0) 學] ==

Both words mean "to study" or "to learn". Whereas [javascript:void(0) 學習] can be used both transitively and intransitively, [javascript:void(0) 學] is normally reserved for transitive use. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 學]([javascript:void(0) 習])[javascript:void(0) 漢語]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 學]([javascript:void(0) 習])[javascript:void(0) 法語]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I study Chinese, she studies French. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 學習]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 弟弟][javascript:void(0) 不學][javascript:void(0) 習]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I study, my younger brother doesn't study.</div>

In the second sentence, the word [javascript:void(0) 習] cannot be omitted. 

== Grammar notes ==

# [javascript:void(0) 在] (to be at/in...) functions as a verb. <br/>To express the location or existence of something or somebody, use the following pattern: <br/>S + [javascript:void(0) 在] + place/location word or phrasee.g. A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 地圖][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 地圖][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 那兒]。A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 中國]。 <br/>If the location or place is known or obvious, it can be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 古波][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is Gubo in [or: here]?</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 不在]﹐[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 宿舍]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He is not here. He is at the students' dormitory.</div><br/>

# Nouns / personal pronouns + [javascript:void(0) 這兒]/[javascript:void(0) 那兒] as place words. <br/>e.g. A: [javascript:void(0) 地圖][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 這兒]。(or [javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 那兒])A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 車][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 那兒]。 <br/>The choice of [javascript:void(0) 這兒] and [javascript:void(0) 那兒] depends on the distance between the object and the speaker. If it is close to the speaker, use [javascript:void(0) 這兒]<nowiki>; if not, use </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 那兒]. 
# The word order for Chinese place words <br/>Unlike English, Chinese place words start with the larger ones and proceed to the smaller ones. Hence the sentence "She lives in room 423, 4th floor at the student dorm at the college" will be [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 住][javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 層][javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 號]。 Notice the exactly reverse order here, which is applicable to the address used when writing letters as well. 
# To live (stay) at a place <br/>Most often one uses [javascript:void(0) 住] to indicate that one lives or stays at a certain place. There are several patterns for the use of [javascript:void(0) 住]. For example, to say "I live here", one can have the following: <br/>S + [javascript:void(0) 住] + place word ([javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 住][javascript:void(0) 這兒])S + [javascript:void(0) 住][javascript:void(0) 在] + place word ([javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 住][javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒])S + [javascript:void(0) 在] + place word + [javascript:void(0) 住] ([javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 住])<br/>All three sentences have the same meaning. 
# Reading numbers for phone, room, building, ID, etc <br/>Unlike English, these sorts of Chinese numbers are read out digit by digit: <br/>English: # 1452 (number fourteen fifty-two)Chinese: # 1452 ([javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 五][javascript:void(0) 二號]) 



== The use of [javascript:void(0) 還] (to return something to someone) ==

When using [javascript:void(0) 還] to indicate "return", use the following pattern: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">S + [javascript:void(0) 還] + (sb.) + sth.e.g. [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 畫報][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 丁][javascript:void(0) 云][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車]。(Notice here sb. is omitted.)</div>

This pattern is ''only'' used for simple objects, i.e. the object to be returned is not a complex one such as [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 日本][javascript:void(0) 車], etc. Notice in the second example above, sb. is omitted because it would be awkward to say [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 丁][javascript:void(0) 云][javascript:void(0) 丁][javascript:void(0) 云][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車], although grammatically it is correct. We will later learn the ways to express something more complicated. 

== [javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 一下兒] ==

In this phrase, [javascript:void(0) 用] is a verb which can be used both transitively and intransitively (i.e. it can be used either with or without an object). [javascript:void(0) 一下兒] is an adverbial of time indicating "a short while, a little while". If an object is to be used for [javascript:void(0) 用] in the above phrase, it should be placed after [javascript:void(0) 一下兒]: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 一下兒][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 書]﹐[javascript:void(0) 好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is it all right for me to use your book for a short while? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 一下兒][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They want to use your dad's car for a little while.</div>

== Time Word [javascript:void(0) 現在] ==

Time words in Chinese are normally placed in one of two positions in a sentence: ''before'' or ''after'' the subject. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Now she is going to the college to return books. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>

== [javascript:void(0) 常] and [javascript:void(0) 常常] ==

[javascript:void(0) 常] in the sense of "often" can often be reduplicated as [javascript:void(0) 常常] without a change of meaning. Thus, [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶] = [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 常常][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶], [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書] = [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 常常][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書].

In making negative sentences, however, [javascript:void(0) 常] is normally ''not'' reduplicated. Hence [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶], [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書].

== Affirmative-Negative questions ==

An alternative way of forming a question is to juxtapose the affirmative and negative forms of the predicative verb or adjective: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中國人][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖becomes [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是不是][javascript:void(0) 中國人]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖becomes [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 不忙]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖becomes [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 他]﹖</div># If the verb or adjective is composed of a single word, then repeat the single word; if two or more words, then repeat them all: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 不忙], [javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 認識], [javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 介紹]</div>
# If the predicative verb takes an object, it is usually only the verb that gets repeated, not the noun following it: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]﹖</div>
# Sometimes if the object of the verb is not long, one can use the form of "V + object + [javascript:void(0) 不] + V ?" as well, although this is not as common: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 茶]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去]﹖</div>
# As in questions with interrogative words ([javascript:void(0) 誰], [javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼], etc), affirmative-negative questions do not take [javascript:void(0) 嗎] at the end.
# If an adverb such as [javascript:void(0) 常], [javascript:void(0) 都], [javascript:void(0) 也] or [javascript:void(0) 很] comes ''before'' the predicative verb or adjective, do not use the affirmative-negative form but use [javascript:void(0) 嗎] instead: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 咖啡][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 咖啡]﹖</div><br/>Notice, however, that this rule applies only when those adverbs come ''before'' the predicative verbs or adjectives. Compare:
## [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 忙][javascript:void(0) 不忙]﹖
## [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 很好][javascript:void(0) 大夫][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是不是][javascript:void(0) 很好][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 大夫]﹖

The second instance is acceptable because [javascript:void(0) 很] comes ''after'' the predicative verb [javascript:void(0) 是].
# If there is more than one verb in a sentence, usually only the ''first'' verb gets the affirmative-negative form in the question: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 商店][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 紙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖becomes [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 商店][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 紙]﹖[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 歡迎][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ becomes [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 歡迎][javascript:void(0) 不歡][javascript:void(0) 迎][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 來]﹖



== [javascript:void(0) 和] and [javascript:void(0) 都] ==

In Chinese, [javascript:void(0) 和] as a conjunction is normally used to connect two words or phrases, ''never'' two clauses or sentences: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 美國][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 英語]。[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 弟弟][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 弟弟][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 學生]﹐[javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 哥哥][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 學生]。nor [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 法語]﹐[javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 法語]。</div>

The adverb [javascript:void(0) 都] is placed between the subject and the predicative verb or adjective. It governs only the elements ''before'' it: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]。 (All of us go to China: [javascript:void(0) 都] modifies [javascript:void(0) 我們].)but not [javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]。</div>

This is also wrong: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 法語]。</div>

because [javascript:void(0) 都] modifies [javascript:void(0) 我] and not [javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 法語]. If "both Chinese and French" is intended in the above sentence, the objects [javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 法語] should be placed before [javascript:void(0) 都]: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 法語][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 學]。or [javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 法語][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 學]。</div>

== The verb [javascript:void(0) 有] expressing possession and existence ==

The verb [javascript:void(0) 有] in Chinese can mean both possession and existence, like the English "to have" and "there is" or "there are": 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 詞典]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She has a Chinese dictionary. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 多][javascript:void(0) 外國][javascript:void(0) 學生]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There are a lot of foreign students in our college.</div>

N.B.: # To negate [javascript:void(0) 有], one uses [javascript:void(0) 沒] instead of [javascript:void(0) 不]: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 哥哥]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 沒有][javascript:void(0) 姐姐]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I have an elder brother, but no elder sister.</div>
# Informally in a negative sentence, [javascript:void(0) 有] can sometimes be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 朋友][javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有])[javascript:void(0) 書]﹐[javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有])[javascript:void(0) 筆]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My friend does not have books, nor pens. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有])[javascript:void(0) 人]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There is no one in our dorm now.</div>
# The affirmative-negative question form is "... [javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 沒有] ... ?" <br/>[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 沒有][javascript:void(0) 妹妹]﹖[javascript:void(0) 呢]﹐[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 沒有人]﹖<br/>Sometimes, if the object of [javascript:void(0) 有] is not long, one can use the form "... [javascript:void(0) 有] + object + [javascript:void(0) 沒有] ?" as well, although this form is not as common as the previous one. <br/>[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 妹妹][javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 有人][javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖



== Prepositional construction with [javascript:void(0) 在] (in, at) and [javascript:void(0) 給] (for, to) ==

The object of [javascript:void(0) 在] is often a place-word and the object of [javascript:void(0) 給] is often the beneficiary of the action expressed by the predicative verb. In Chinese, a prepositional construction comes ''before'' the verb it modifies: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 銀行][javascript:void(0) 工作]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She works in a bank. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 工作][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 銀行]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 一下兒]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Let me introduce you to one another. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 一下兒][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你們]。</div>

To form a negative sentence, [javascript:void(0) 不] is placed ''before'' the prepositional construction: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 不在][javascript:void(0) 銀行][javascript:void(0) 工作]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 介紹]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I am not going to introduce you.</div>

Adverbs such as [javascript:void(0) 常], [javascript:void(0) 都], [javascript:void(0) 也] are also placed ''before'' the prepositional construction: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 在] City Lit [javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 漢語]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We all study Chinese at the City Lit. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 信][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you often write to your mother? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 常][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 寫信]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My dad also often writes to me.</div>

== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 想] ==

The word [javascript:void(0) 想] in Chinese carries various meanings: # [javascript:void(0) 想] + noun/noun-phrase = to miss somebody/something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 丁雲][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 想家]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Ding Yun misses her family very much. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 媽媽]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I miss my parents very much. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 男朋友][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Don't you miss your boyfriend? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 她]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you miss her?</div>
# [javascript:void(0) 想] + verb/verb-phrase = to want to do something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 商店][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to go to the shop? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't want to go.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 法語]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to study French? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 法語]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I also want to study French.</div>
# [javascript:void(0) 想] + clause = to think/suppose something: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中國人]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I think she is Chinese. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 大夫]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I think her parents are both doctors.</div><br/>N.B. to negate a sentence with [javascript:void(0) 想] in this capacity, put the negative adverb in the ''subordinate clause'', not in the main clause as in English: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 不是][javascript:void(0) 中國人]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't think she is Chinese. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中國人]。</div>



N.B. [javascript:void(0) 想] as a verb can use the affirmative-negative question form ''only'' in senses 1 and 2 above, not in 3. 

== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 告訴] ==

[javascript:void(0) 告訴] means "to tell". In English, the verb "tell" can mean to tell somebody something, or to tell somebody ''to do'' something. The Chinese verb [javascript:void(0) 告訴] can only be applied to the first of these patterns. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 告訴][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 工作]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She told me her work. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 告訴][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 好朋友]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I'll tell mother you are a good friend of mine. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 告訴][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 寫信]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I told him to write to me.</div>

Notice the element following the indirect object (i.e. [javascript:void(0) 我], [javascript:void(0) 媽媽]) of [javascript:void(0) 告訴] in the first and second sentences is either a noun, a noun-phrase or a clause, but never a verb-phrase. The last sentence is wrong because it uses the pattern "to tell somebody to do something" and hence uses a verb-phrase for its direct object. In this case, we should use [javascript:void(0) 叫] or [javascript:void(0) 請] in place of [javascript:void(0) 告訴] to make a correct sentence: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 寫信]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I asked him to write to me.</div>

== The Numbers in Chinese ==

For Arabic numerals 0 to 10, the Chinese equivalents are: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">○ (or [javascript:void(0) 零]), [javascript:void(0) 一], [javascript:void(0) 二], [javascript:void(0) 三], [javascript:void(0) 四], [javascript:void(0) 五], [javascript:void(0) 六], [javascript:void(0) 七], [javascript:void(0) 八], [javascript:void(0) 九], [javascript:void(0) 十]</div>

Further on, they are: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 十一] = 11, [javascript:void(0) 十二] = 12, [javascript:void(0) 十九] = 19[javascript:void(0) 二十] = 20, [javascript:void(0) 二十一] = 21, [javascript:void(0) 二十八] = 28[javascript:void(0) 三十] = 30, [javascript:void(0) 四十] = 40, [javascript:void(0) 九十] = 90, [javascript:void(0) 九十][javascript:void(0) 九] = 99</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 一百] = 100[javascript:void(0) 一百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 一] = 101, [javascript:void(0) 一百][javascript:void(0) 十] = 110, [javascript:void(0) 一百][javascript:void(0) 十一] = 111[javascript:void(0) 三百][javascript:void(0) 二十七] = 327, [javascript:void(0) 九][javascript:void(0) 百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 九] = 909</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 一千] = 1000[javascript:void(0) 一千零][javascript:void(0) 一] = 1001, [javascript:void(0) 五千][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 四十] = 5040, [javascript:void(0) 八千][javascript:void(0) 七百][javascript:void(0) 二十五] = 8725</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 一萬] = 10,000[javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 萬][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 一] = 40,801</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 一億] = 100,000,000 </div>

N.B.: # Numbers like 15 are written e.g. [javascript:void(0) 十五], not [javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 十五].
# A zero is pronounced or written when sandwiched by two digits: 101 is [javascript:void(0) 一百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 一], and 3020 is [javascript:void(0) 三千][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 二十]. Notice the last zero in 3020 is ''not'' pronounced because it is not between two other digits. <br/>If there are two or more zeroes in succession between two non-zero digits, as in 1001, only one is pronounced: [javascript:void(0) 一千零][javascript:void(0) 一]. However, if the two or more zeroes are separate and also sandwiched, as in 40,801, each is read as normal: [javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 萬][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 一].



== Grammar notes ==

# Measure words <br/>In Chinese, when a noun is modified by numerals, demonstrative pronouns such as [javascript:void(0) 這] or [javascript:void(0) 那], or interrogative pronouns such as [javascript:void(0) 哪] or [javascript:void(0) 幾], a specific measure word should be placed between the noun and its modifier(s): <br/>[javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書], [javascript:void(0) 十五][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 學生], [javascript:void(0) 那個][javascript:void(0) 老師], [javascript:void(0) 哪個][javascript:void(0) 圖書館], [javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 詞典]
# [javascript:void(0) 幾] and [javascript:void(0) 多少] <br/>Both of these can be used to mean "how many" or "how much". Whereas [javascript:void(0) 幾] should be used with a measure word, [javascript:void(0) 多少] can be used either with or without a measure word for the noun it modifies. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 詞典]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 多少]([javascript:void(0) 本])[javascript:void(0) 詞典]﹖</div><br/>The measure word [javascript:void(0) 本] is a must for the first sentence, but only optional in the second. <br/>Also, when [javascript:void(0) 幾] is used, the expected answer is usually under 10, whereas [javascript:void(0) 多少] can be used whether one expects a large or small answer. <br/>[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 大學][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 多少][javascript:void(0) 學生]﹖[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 幾個][javascript:void(0) 人]﹖
# Chinese verbs that take direct and indirect objects <br/>As in English, some verbs in Chinese can take two objects: direct object (usually a thing) and indirect object (usually a person). <br/>[javascript:void(0) 王][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 語法]。<br/>In this sentence, [javascript:void(0) 教] is a verb that takes [javascript:void(0) 我們] as the indirect object and [javascript:void(0) 法語] as the direct object. Generally the indirect goes before the direct object. Some other verbs that work the same way include [javascript:void(0) 還], [javascript:void(0) 告訴] and [javascript:void(0) 問]. <br/>Not all Chinese verbs can take two objects: it would be wrong to say [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書] (He bought me a book), or [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 寫][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 封][javascript:void(0) 信] (She wrote me a letter). The correct way of saying these would be to use [javascript:void(0) 給], as in [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書] and [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 寫][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 封][javascript:void(0) 信]. 
# Adjectives as modifiers <br/>When an adjective modifies a noun, it is placed directly before the noun as in English: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 新書]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">new book </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 好朋友]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">good friend</div><br/>However, when the adjective modifier is made up of two or more syllables, the particle [javascript:void(0) 的] is usually inserted between the modifier and the noun it modifies: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 新][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 書] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">very new book </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 很好][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 朋友] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">very good friend</div>



== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 也] and [javascript:void(0) 還] ==

[javascript:void(0) 也] is used to mean "the same" as the previous statement. Hence the relationship between the statement introduced by [javascript:void(0) 也] and the previous one is a ''parallel'' relationship. [javascript:void(0) 還], on the other hand, introduces an ''additional'' element to the previous statement. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 有一][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 問題]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 有一][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 問題]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">You have a question; I also have a question. The two are parallel here. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 有一][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 問題]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I have already had some questions, but I still have one more. This is ''in addition to'' the previous ones.</div>

Under certain circumstances, [javascript:void(0) 也] and [javascript:void(0) 還] are interchangeable, but with different emphasis: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 王][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 漢字][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 語法]﹐[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 口語]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 王][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 漢字][javascript:void(0) 和][javascript:void(0) 語法]﹐[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 口語]。</div>

Although both sentences can be roughly translated as "Professor Wang teaches us Chinese characters and grammar; he also teaches us conversation", their emphasis is different: the first sentence stresses the fact that Wang teaches conversation ''in addition to'' the other subjects he teaches, whereas the second simply enumerates the three subjects he teaches without prioritization. 

== Grammar notes ==

# [javascript:void(0) 的] construction <br/>A modifier (normally either a noun, a pronoun, a verb or an adjective) with the word [javascript:void(0) 的] can function as a noun or noun-phrase in a sentence, and can stand by itself if the context is clear: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 條][javascript:void(0) 裙子][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 姐姐][javascript:void(0) 的]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This skirt is my sister's. Noun + [javascript:void(0) 的]) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 哪][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 詞典][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Which dictionary is yours? Pronoun + [javascript:void(0) 的] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 白][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is your father's car a white one? Adjective + [javascript:void(0) 的] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼][javascript:void(0) 茶]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What sort of tea do you drink? Verb + [javascript:void(0) 的]</div><br/>These constructions normally involve the verb [javascript:void(0) 是] (or [javascript:void(0) 不是]). 
# Usage of [javascript:void(0) 從] <br/>[javascript:void(0) 從] + place word + [javascript:void(0) 去] = to go from; [javascript:void(0) 從] + place word + [javascript:void(0) 來] = to come from. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 從][javascript:void(0) 哪兒][javascript:void(0) 來]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you come from? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 從][javascript:void(0) 圖書館][javascript:void(0) 來]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I came from the library. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 從][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 劇場]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We are going from my home to the theatre tonight.</div>
# Noun/Pronoun + [javascript:void(0) 這兒] / [javascript:void(0) 那兒] = over here/there at ...'s place <br/>When a noun or pronoun is added to [javascript:void(0) 這兒] or [javascript:void(0) 那兒], they function as a place word or expression. Since one cannot say [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 她] (I went to her), one can say instead [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 那兒] (I went to her place), because [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 那兒] is now regarded as a place expression. Similarly one cannot say [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 裙子][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 我] (Your skirt is with me), but one can say [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 裙子][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 這兒] (Your skirt is with me). More examples: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 那兒]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Your book is at his place. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 姐姐][javascript:void(0) 那兒]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We all went to my sister's place. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 這兒][javascript:void(0) 找][javascript:void(0) 她]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The teacher is coming to my place to look for her.</div><br/>As is obvious, if the place or the person is away from the speaker, use [javascript:void(0) 那兒]<nowiki>; if the place is near the speaker or refers to the speaker himself or herself, use </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 這兒]. 
# [javascript:void(0) 太] + adjective + [javascript:void(0) 了] <br/>This pattern is often used for emphatic purposes. An adjective is used between [javascript:void(0) 太] and [javascript:void(0) 了]: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 太忙][javascript:void(0) 了]﹗</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Too busy! </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 太][javascript:void(0) 大][javascript:void(0) 了]﹗</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Too big!</div><br/>The expression [javascript:void(0) 太好了]﹗, however, has a positive meaning, expressing satisfaction or admiration. 



== Word study: [javascript:void(0) 二] vs. [javascript:void(0) 兩] ==

These both mean "two", and are used as follows. # When "2" is followed by a measure word, use [javascript:void(0) 兩]: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 兩個][javascript:void(0) 人], [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書], [javascript:void(0) 增加][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 倍], [javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 兩次] 
# [javascript:void(0) 二] should be used in a number greater than 10, even if it is followed by a measure word: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 二十二], [javascript:void(0) 一百][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 二次], [javascript:void(0) 十二][javascript:void(0) 個人], [javascript:void(0) 五千][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 百][javascript:void(0) 六十][javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 元] <br/>There are some more restrictions, though:
## Only [javascript:void(0) 二] can be used before the character [javascript:void(0) 十]<nowiki>; before the character </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 百], [javascript:void(0) 二] is usually employed but [javascript:void(0) 兩] may also be used: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 二十], [javascript:void(0) 二百][javascript:void(0) 二十五], [javascript:void(0) 二百][javascript:void(0) 五十][javascript:void(0) 元] or [javascript:void(0) 兩百][javascript:void(0) 五十][javascript:void(0) 元] 
## For numbers like [javascript:void(0) 千], [javascript:void(0) 萬] or [javascript:void(0) 億], [javascript:void(0) 兩] is used more often than [javascript:void(0) 二]: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 兩千][javascript:void(0) 元] (also [javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 千][javascript:void(0) 元]), [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 萬][javascript:void(0) 三千][javascript:void(0) 八], [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 億][javascript:void(0) 人口] 
## If the number is greater than [javascript:void(0) 百], [javascript:void(0) 千], [javascript:void(0) 萬], ''i.e.'' if there are more digits before [javascript:void(0) 百], [javascript:void(0) 千] or [javascript:void(0) 萬], then put [javascript:void(0) 二] instead of [javascript:void(0) 兩] in front: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 億][javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 千萬], [javascript:void(0) 三萬][javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 千][javascript:void(0) 人], [javascript:void(0) 五千][javascript:void(0) 二百][javascript:void(0) 元] 



== Time ==

The following are ways of telling the time in Chinese: 

A: [javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 點]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 現在]...


{| style="border-spacing:0;width:6.765cm;"
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 兩點]
|| 2:00
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 半] (or [javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 三十][javascript:void(0) 分])
|| 10:30
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 刻] (or [javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 十五][javascript:void(0) 分])
|| 3:15
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 十二][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 刻] (or [javascript:void(0) 十二][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 四十][javascript:void(0) 五分])
|| 12:45
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 兩點][javascript:void(0) 差][javascript:void(0) 五分] (or [javascript:void(0) 差][javascript:void(0) 五分][javascript:void(0) 兩點])
|| 1:55
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 五][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 二十][javascript:void(0) 分]
|| 5:20
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 六點][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 五分]
|| 6:05
|-
|| [javascript:void(0) 七點][javascript:void(0) 三十五][javascript:void(0) 分]
|| 7:35
|-
|}
Some notes: # When zero is flanked by two digits, it is normally read as [javascript:void(0) 零], as in [javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 八分] (3:08) or [javascript:void(0) 十二][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 零][javascript:void(0) 三分] (12:03).
# When the minutes are greater than 10, the word [javascript:void(0) 分] is optional: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 七點][javascript:void(0) 十五] or [javascript:void(0) 七點][javascript:void(0) 十五][javascript:void(0) 分]
# "This morning" is [javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 上午], not for example [javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 上午]<nowiki>; "every afternoon" is </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 每天][javascript:void(0) 下午], not [javascript:void(0) 每][javascript:void(0) 下午].



== Placement of time-words ==

A time-word or -expression is normally placed either after the subject or at the beginning of a sentence: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 半][javascript:void(0) 上][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 課][javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 半][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 上][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 課]</div>

Some notes: # A time-word does not take a preposition: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 下課]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 下課]</div>
# A time-word should not be placed at the end of a sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 來] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She came in the evening.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or [javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 晚上]</div>
# If you have more than one time-word, the bigger unit goes before the smaller: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 點] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">at 8 o'clock this evening</div>
# If you have both time-word and place-word, usually the time-word goes first: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 圖書館][javascript:void(0) 等][javascript:void(0) 你] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 哥哥][javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒][javascript:void(0) 工作]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒][javascript:void(0) 上課]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When and where are you going to have your class tomorrow?</div>
# Time-word + [javascript:void(0) 的] + noun (time-words modifying nouns) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 電影]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What show do you want to see? ''literally'' What time's film do you want to see? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 中午][javascript:void(0) 十二][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 半][javascript:void(0) 的]([javascript:void(0) 電影])。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I want to see the film at 12:30 at noon.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 報][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Is this today's paper? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 不是][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 報]﹐[javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 昨天][javascript:void(0) 的]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">It isn't today's paper, it's yesterday's. </div>



== The use of the time-words [javascript:void(0) 以前] and [javascript:void(0) 以後] ==

When used by itself, [javascript:void(0) 以前] means "previously" or "before" and [javascript:void(0) 以後] means "later", "afterwards" or "in the future": 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 學生]﹐[javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 老師]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I was a student before; now I am a teacher. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒][javascript:void(0) 工作]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you work before? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不住][javascript:void(0) 宿舍]﹐[javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 住宿][javascript:void(0) 舍]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I did not live in a dormitory before, but now I do.</div>

When used together with a time-word or verb phrase, [javascript:void(0) 以前] means "before..." and [javascript:void(0) 以後] means "after...": 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 回家]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I won't go home before 10. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 回家][javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 閱覽室][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I read books in the reading-room before I go home. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 美國以][javascript:void(0) 後][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 工作]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He has been working here after he came to America. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 十][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 半以][javascript:void(0) 後][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 作][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What do you do in your dorm after 10:30?</div>

N.B. When [javascript:void(0) 以前] or [javascript:void(0) 以後] is used together with a time-word or verb phrase to mean "before" or "after", the word order is exactly the opposite of the English equivalent: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 四][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 以前]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">before 4 o'clock </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 下課][javascript:void(0) 以前]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">before the class is over </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 以後]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">after tomorrow evening (or night) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 回][javascript:void(0) 宿舍][javascript:void(0) 以後]</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">after returning to the dormitory</div>

== A [javascript:void(0) 跟] B ([javascript:void(0) 一起]) + verb/verb-phrase ==

[javascript:void(0) 跟] as a preposition means "with", and [javascript:void(0) 一起] means "together". This pattern is used to indicate that A and B do something together. Here [javascript:void(0) 跟] can be replaced with [javascript:void(0) 和] without changing the meaning; and the phrase [javascript:void(0) 一起] is optional. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 跟] (or [javascript:void(0) 和]) [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I go to see a film with her. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 一起][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She and I go to see a film together.) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 誰][javascript:void(0) 一起][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 劇場]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">With whom are you going to the theatre tonight? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 事兒][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖[javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 一起][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 京劇]﹐[javascript:void(0) 好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you have anything to do tonight? Come with me to the Beijing opera! </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 男朋友][javascript:void(0) 一起][javascript:void(0) 去]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I don't want to go with you, I want to go with my boyfriend.</div>

N.B. This pattern of A [javascript:void(0) 跟] B ([javascript:void(0) 一起]) is always placed ''before'' the main verb in the sentence. Hence the following sentence, with English word order, is wrong: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 男朋友][javascript:void(0) 一起]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I want to go together with my boyfriend.</div>

== Alternative Questions using [javascript:void(0) 還是] ==

In Chinese, an alternative question is formed by using [javascript:void(0) 還是] to connect two choices, which can be nouns, noun phrases, verbs, verb phrases, or clauses: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 喜歡][javascript:void(0) 紅茶][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 綠茶]﹖ (nouns)[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的]﹖ (noun phrases)[javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 來]﹖ (verbs)[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 聽][javascript:void(0) 古典音樂][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 聽][javascript:void(0) 現代音樂]﹖ (verb phrases)[javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 這兒][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 那兒]﹖ (clauses)</div>

Note:# the two items connected by [javascript:void(0) 還是] are normally parallel in structure; and
# as with affirmative-negative questions and questions with interrogative words, alternative questions do not have [javascript:void(0) 嗎] at the end. 



== Pivotal Sentences with [javascript:void(0) 請], [javascript:void(0) 讓], [javascript:void(0) 叫] ==

In Chinese a sentence can contain several verbs. A pivotal sentence is one in which the object of the first verb is at the same time the subject of the following verb. This object therefore functions as a pivot, connecting the two verb clauses in the sentence. 

The first verb in a pivotal sentence is often a causative verb (to cause something to happen) such as [javascript:void(0) 請], [javascript:void(0) 讓] or [javascript:void(0) 叫]. All three carry the meaning of asking somebody to do something. Of the three, [javascript:void(0) 請] is the most polite; [javascript:void(0) 讓] is less so, and [javascript:void(0) 叫] is the least polite. So watch out for the occasions when these verbs can be used appropriately. Observe: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 王][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 音樂]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The students asked Professor Wang to introduce Chinese music. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 讓][javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 每天][javascript:void(0) 寫][javascript:void(0) 漢字]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The teacher asked students to write Chinese characters every day. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 孩子][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 中文]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Dad asked his child to study Chinese.</div>

Notice that although the English equivalents all employ "to ask", the Chinese sentences use different words to indicate various degrees of politeness. 

Note:# Besides the use of [javascript:void(0) 請] above (meaning "to ask someone to do something"), [javascript:void(0) 請] can also be used to mean "to invite": <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 吃][javascript:void(0) 晚飯]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We invited him to dinner. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do you want to invite him to a movie tonight?</div>
# To negate a pivotal sentence, put the negative adverb [javascript:void(0) 不] ''before the first verb'': <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 大夫][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 讓][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 酒]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">My doctor doesn't let me drink alcohol.</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They did not invite me to go to the pictures.</div>



== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 別] and [javascript:void(0) 不要] ==

[javascript:void(0) 別] and [javascript:void(0) 不要] both mean "do not". They can be used in negative ''imperative'' sentences with or without a subject. They are placed between the subject (if present) and the verb or adjective: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">([javascript:void(0) 你]) [javascript:void(0) 別] (or [javascript:void(0) 不要]) [javascript:void(0) 告訴][javascript:void(0) 他]﹗[javascript:void(0) 別][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 酒]﹗ [javascript:void(0) 別][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 那兒]﹗[javascript:void(0) 不要][javascript:void(0) 吸煙]﹗ [javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 不要][javascript:void(0) 去]﹗</div>

Neither of these can be used to indicate negation in declarative sentences. It is wrong to say [javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 別][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 走]. One can say instead [javascript:void(0) 爸爸][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 走]. 

== Expressions for the date, week, month and year ==

# [javascript:void(0) 年], year 
## [javascript:void(0) 去年] = last year; [javascript:void(0) 今年] = this year; [javascript:void(0) 明年] = next year
## [javascript:void(0) 一九九七][javascript:void(0) 年], [javascript:void(0) 一九九][javascript:void(0) 八年], ...
## [javascript:void(0) 一年] = one year; [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 年] = two years (not [javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 年]); [javascript:void(0) 三年] = three years[javascript:void(0) 每年] = every year; [javascript:void(0) 五年][javascript:void(0) 半] = five-and-a-half years
# [javascript:void(0) 月], month 
## [javascript:void(0) 上個月]<nowiki>= last month; </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 這個月] = this month; [javascript:void(0) 下個月] = next month
## [javascript:void(0) 一月] = January; [javascript:void(0) 二月] = February (not [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 月]); ... [javascript:void(0) 二十][javascript:void(0) 月] = December
# [javascript:void(0) 星期], week 
## [javascript:void(0) 上] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = last week; [javascript:void(0) 這] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = this week; [javascript:void(0) 下] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = next week
## [javascript:void(0) 星期一] = Monday; [javascript:void(0) 星期二] = Tuesday; ... [javascript:void(0) 星期六] = Saturday; [javascript:void(0) 星期日] or [javascript:void(0) 星期天] = Sunday
## [javascript:void(0) 一] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = one week; [javascript:void(0) 兩] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = two weeks (not [javascript:void(0) 二] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期]); [javascript:void(0) 三] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = three weeks; [javascript:void(0) 四個][javascript:void(0) 半][javascript:void(0) 星期] = four-and-a-half weeks; ... [javascript:void(0) 每] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期] = every week 
# [javascript:void(0) 日] / [javascript:void(0) 號] / [javascript:void(0) 天] date <br/>Use [javascript:void(0) 日] or [javascript:void(0) 號] for a ''specific'' date. Usually [javascript:void(0) 日] is used in written and formal language and [javascript:void(0) 號] is used in conversation. The word [javascript:void(0) 天] should be used in ''counting'' the number of days: 
## [javascript:void(0) 作][javascript:void(0) 天] = yesterday; [javascript:void(0) 今天] = today; [javascript:void(0) 明天] = tomorrow
## [javascript:void(0) 一號]<nowiki>; </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 二號] (not [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 號]); ... [javascript:void(0) 三十][javascript:void(0) 一號][javascript:void(0) 四月][javascript:void(0) 六號]<nowiki>; </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 十月][javascript:void(0) 二十五][javascript:void(0) 日]<nowiki>; ...</nowiki>
## [javascript:void(0) 一天] = one day; [javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 天] = two days (not [javascript:void(0) 二][javascript:void(0) 天]); ... [javascript:void(0) 半天] = half a day; [javascript:void(0) 每天] = every day



Some notes: # When there are several units, the bigger comes first and the calendar date comes before the day of the week: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 一九九][javascript:void(0) 六][javascript:void(0) 年][javascript:void(0) 十一月][javascript:void(0) 二十五][javascript:void(0) 號][javascript:void(0) 星期一][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 七][javascript:void(0) 八九][javascript:void(0) 年][javascript:void(0) 七月][javascript:void(0) 十四][javascript:void(0) 日]
# Notice the following special ways of expressing the date and month: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 今年][javascript:void(0) 五月]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the May of this year (whether it has passed or not) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 去年][javascript:void(0) 八月] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the August of last year </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 明年][javascript:void(0) 二月] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the February of next year</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期五] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Friday of this week (whether it has passed or not) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 上] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期一] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Monday of last week </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 下] ([javascript:void(0) 個]) [javascript:void(0) 星期四] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the Thursday of next week</div><br/>Note the English phrase "last Monday" may therefore be rendered as [javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 星期一], if Monday has already passed and the phrase is therefore referring to Monday of this week. The same applies for future days, and for months. 



== Verb or verb-phrase as a modifier for a noun ==

Two points need to be observed when using a verb or verb-phrase as a modified to form a relative clause: # Unlike in English, all modifiers go ''before'' the element they modify in Chinese: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 水][javascript:void(0) 不很][javascript:void(0) 乾淨][javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 朋友][javascript:void(0) 送][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 禮物]
# The word [javascript:void(0) 的] has to be inserted between the modifier and the element it modifies: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 有意思]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The film I saw this afternoon was very interesting. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 開門][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 那個][javascript:void(0) 人][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 妹妹]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The person who opened the door for you was my younger sister. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 跟][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 跳舞][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 姑娘][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 同學]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The girl who danced with him was my classmate.</div>



== Other grammar notes ==

# Sentences with an adjectival predicate <br/>The verb [javascript:void(0) 是] is not normally used in the predicate for a sentence where the main element of the predicate is an adjective: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 高興]。[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 絲][javascript:void(0) 線][javascript:void(0) 衫][javascript:void(0) 太][javascript:void(0) 小]。[javascript:void(0) 那個][javascript:void(0) 服務員][javascript:void(0) 非常][javascript:void(0) 年輕]。<br/>In an affirmative sentence of this type, if the adjective is not preceded by adverbs such as [javascript:void(0) 真], [javascript:void(0) 太], [javascript:void(0) 非常] or [javascript:void(0) 更], it is usually qualified by the adverb [javascript:void(0) 很]. In such cases, [javascript:void(0) 很] does not really mean "very"; [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 忙] and [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 忙] mean virtually the same. <br/>Also, adverbs such as [javascript:void(0) 很], [javascript:void(0) 常], [javascript:void(0) 也], [javascript:void(0) 非常], [javascript:void(0) 太] or [javascript:void(0) 更] ''cannot'' be used in affirmative-negative sentences of this type: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 高興][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 高興]﹖ but not [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 高興][javascript:void(0) 不很][javascript:void(0) 高興]﹖[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 年輕][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 年輕]﹖ but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 非常][javascript:void(0) 高興][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 非常][javascript:void(0) 高興]﹖[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去]﹖ but not [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 去]﹖
# [javascript:void(0) 祝][javascript:void(0) 你] vs [javascript:void(0) 祝賀][javascript:void(0) 你] <br/>In general, [javascript:void(0) 祝][javascript:void(0) 你] is used to extend well-wishes ''in advance'' whereas [javascript:void(0) 祝賀][javascript:void(0) 你] is used to congratulate someone on something ''already accomplished'': <br/>[javascript:void(0) 祝][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 生日][javascript:void(0) 好]﹗ (One can say this on the day, or in advance.)[javascript:void(0) 祝賀][javascript:void(0) 你]﹗ (Say this only when something has already been accomplished.)
# Reduplication of verbs <br/>To indicate that an action is only of a short duration or to soften the tone of a sentence in order to make it less formal, a verb can be repeated: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 介紹]。 (Notice the pattern is ABAB, not AABB.)[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖[javascript:void(0) 讓][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 想]。<br/>In the case of a monosyllabic verb, the character [javascript:void(0) 一] can be inserted: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 讓][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 想]。[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 她]。<br/>Repeating a verb has the same effect as using the adverb [javascript:void(0) 一下兒] after the verb: <br/>[javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 一下兒] = [javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 用] = [javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 一下兒] = [javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 看] = [javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 一下兒] = [javascript:void(0) 介紹][javascript:void(0) 介紹]



== Position words ==

Words such as [javascript:void(0) 上邊], [javascript:void(0) 左邊], [javascript:void(0) 前邊], [javascript:void(0) 中間], [javascript:void(0) 對面] are position words. Some of the basic syllables are: 


{| align="center" style="border-spacing:0;width:5.562cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| &nbsp;
|| [javascript:void(0) 上] - up
|| &nbsp;
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| [javascript:void(0) 左] - left&nbsp;
|| [javascript:void(0) 中] - middle
|| &nbsp;[javascript:void(0) 右] - right
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| &nbsp;
|| [javascript:void(0) 下] - down
|| &nbsp;
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
| colspan="3" | &nbsp;
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| [javascript:void(0) 前] - front
|| &nbsp;
|| &nbsp;[javascript:void(0) 裡] - in
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| [javascript:void(0) 後] - back
|| &nbsp;
|| &nbsp;[javascript:void(0) 外] - out
|-
|}
Usually, add [javascript:void(0) 邊] to make "on the left", "above", "outside" etc. 

Position words can be used in two ways. Compare: # Noun (+ [javascript:void(0) 的]) + position word: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 車]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 外邊]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">outside the car </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 房子]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 後邊]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">behind the house </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 桌子]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 對面]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">opposite the table </div>
# Position word + [javascript:void(0) 的] + noun (here the [javascript:void(0) 的] is ''mandatory''). <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 外邊][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 車]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the car outside (i.e. the car which is outside) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 後邊][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 房子]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the house behind (the house which is behind) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 對面][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 桌子]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">the opposite table (the table which is opposite / across the way) </div>



Notes:# When [javascript:void(0) 上邊], [javascript:void(0) 下邊], [javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊] and [javascript:void(0) 外邊] are modified by other nouns, the character [javascript:void(0) 邊] can be omitted: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 房子]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 裡]([javascript:void(0) 邊])</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">inside the house </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 桌子]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 上]([javascript:void(0) 邊])</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">on the table </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 教室]([javascript:void(0) 的])[javascript:void(0) 外]([javascript:void(0) 邊])</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">outside the classroom</div>
# Do ''not'' use [javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊] in the following two cases:
## After geographical names such as [javascript:void(0) 中國], [javascript:void(0) 北京] etc: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 北京][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 漢語]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She studies Chinese in Beijing. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 北京][javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 漢語]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 美國][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 很多][javascript:void(0) 大學]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There are many universities in America. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 美國][javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 很多][javascript:void(0) 大學]。</div>
## In a phrase of the form "[javascript:void(0) 在] + place, building or organisation": <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 銀行][javascript:void(0) 工作]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">I work in a bank. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 銀行][javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊][javascript:void(0) 工作]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 閱覽室][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They are reading books in the reading-room. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 閱覽室][javascript:void(0) 裡][javascript:void(0) 邊][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>



== Patterns for Location ==

There are three ways to indicate the location of something, using [javascript:void(0) 在], [javascript:void(0) 有] and [javascript:void(0) 是] respectively and with different meanings: # To show that there is something in a certain place: [javascript:void(0) 有] <br/>Position word + [javascript:void(0) 有] + indefinite noun: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 後邊][javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What is behind? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 後邊][javascript:void(0) 有一][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 車][javascript:void(0) 房]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">There is a garage behind. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 對面][javascript:void(0) 有一][javascript:void(0) 個][javascript:void(0) 公園]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Across from our home, there is a park. </div>
# To show that certain things exist in certain places: [javascript:void(0) 在] <br/>Definite noun + [javascript:void(0) 在] + position word: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 花園][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where is the garden? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 花園][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 後邊]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The garden is behind our house. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 花園][javascript:void(0) 在車][javascript:void(0) 房] ([javascript:void(0) 的]) [javascript:void(0) 右邊]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The garden is to the right of the garage. </div>
# To identify something that is known to exist at a certain place: [javascript:void(0) 是] <br/>Position word + [javascript:void(0) 是] + definite/indefinite noun: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 後邊][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">What's behind your house? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 後邊][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 一個][javascript:void(0) 花園]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Behind our house is a garden. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 家][javascript:void(0) 前邊][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 學院][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 圖書館]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">In front of their house is the college library. </div>



== Progressive aspect of an action ==

To show an action which is, was or will be going on, use one of the following patterns: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 休息]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is resting. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正][javascript:void(0) 休息]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 休息]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 休息][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 休息][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正][javascript:void(0) 休息][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 休息][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 </div>

Notes: # All the above sentences mean the same, stylistic differences excepted. 
# The progressive aspect can be applied not only to the present, but also to past and future actions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 休息]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is resting now. ''present progressive'' </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 的時候]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 休息]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I went there, she was resting. ''past progressive'' </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的時候]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 一定][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 休息]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I go to see her tomorrow, she will surely be resting. ''future progressive'' </div>
# As shown above, either [javascript:void(0) 在], [javascript:void(0) 正] or [javascript:void(0) 正在] can be placed before a verb to indicate the progressive aspect of an action. 
# Alternatively, [javascript:void(0) 呢] can be placed at the end of the sentence to perform the same function. Sometimes [javascript:void(0) 呢] can be used together with [javascript:void(0) 在], [javascript:void(0) 正] or [javascript:void(0) 正在]. 
# The negative form of the progressive aspect is indicated by [javascript:void(0) 沒有], not [javascript:void(0) 不], before the verb; and it can be shortened to [javascript:void(0) 沒] alone if it is not at the end of a sentence or a short answer. Otherwise the full form of [javascript:void(0) 沒有] must be used: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有])[javascript:void(0) 休息]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 報]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 休息][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖[javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 報]。(or simply [javascript:void(0) 沒有]) </div>
# If both the [javascript:void(0) 在] of the progressive aspect and the [javascript:void(0) 在] of location exist in a sentence, only one should be used: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 房間][javascript:void(0) 里][javascript:void(0) 休息]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 房間][javascript:void(0) 里][javascript:void(0) 休息]。 </div>



== Subject-predicate constructions as modifiers ==

An entire subject-predicate construction (a sentence or clause) such as [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 打電話], [javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 買], [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 北京][javascript:void(0) 參觀] can be used as a modifier for a noun. When used this way, there must be a [javascript:void(0) 的] inserted between the construction and the noun it modifies: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 打電話][javascript:void(0) 的時候]﹐[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 正在][javascript:void(0) 吃飯]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">When I called her, she was eating. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 花兒][javascript:void(0) 很][javascript:void(0) 漂亮]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">The flowers he bought today are very pretty. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 北京][javascript:void(0) 參觀][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 照片]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Please take a look at the pictures we took while visiting Beijing. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 誰][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 寫][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 信]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Who wrote this letter to you? </div>

The subject-predicate construction always goes immediately before the [javascript:void(0) 的], which goes immediately before the noun to be modified.

== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 參觀] vs. [javascript:void(0) 訪問] ==

Both terms can be translated as "to visit" in English. However, while [javascript:void(0) 參觀] implies [javascript:void(0) 觀] (to see), [javascript:void(0) 訪問] stresses [javascript:void(0) 問] (to ask). Hence [javascript:void(0) 參觀] really implies observation while visiting and [javascript:void(0) 訪問] means to visit people with specific purpose such as interviews. [javascript:void(0) 參觀] can be followed by places but not people; whereas [javascript:void(0) 訪問] can take either, but most commonly people. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 參觀]/[javascript:void(0) 訪問][javascript:void(0) 學校] </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 訪問][javascript:void(0) 他]/[javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 國家][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 總統] </div>

== Grammar Notes ==

# Measure word [javascript:void(0) 些] <br/>[javascript:void(0) 些] is a measure word showing indefinite quantity. It is usually used after demonstrative pronouns such as [javascript:void(0) 這], [javascript:void(0) 那], [javascript:void(0) 哪] and after the numeral [javascript:void(0) 一]: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 一些]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">some </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這些]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">these </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 那些]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">those </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 哪些]</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">which (plural) </div><br/>Don't attempt to mix [javascript:void(0) 些] with definite measures. It is wrong to say [javascript:void(0) 這些][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 詞典] (these three dictionaries); one can only say [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 詞典]. 
# [javascript:void(0) 是] . . . [javascript:void(0) 的] construction <br/>Earlier we saw the construction with simple nouns, pronouns or adjectives: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 書]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 條][javascript:void(0) 裙子][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 妹妹][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 條][javascript:void(0) 裙子][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 妹妹][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 裙子]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 姐姐][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 大衣][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 黑][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 姐姐][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 大衣][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 黑][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 大衣]。 </div><br/>But the [javascript:void(0) 是] . . . [javascript:void(0) 的] construction can also be used with prepositional phrases and even whole verbal constructions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 那些][javascript:void(0) 點心][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 丁雲][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 那些][javascript:void(0) 點心][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 丁雲][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 點心]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Those pastries are for Ding Yun. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 束][javascript:void(0) 花兒][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 束][javascript:void(0) 花兒][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 花兒]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This bunch of flowers is the one I bought for her. </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在大][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 圖書館][javascript:void(0) 借][javascript:void(0) 的]。= [javascript:void(0) 這][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在大][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 圖書館][javascript:void(0) 借][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 書]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">This book is the one I borrowed from the university library. </div>



== The use of the Complement of Degree ==

=== What is a complement? ===

A complement is a word or phrase attached after a verb to explain or complete the meaning of the action. Complements are used to show duration, extent, quantity, degree, result, direction or possibility of an action. Complements always appear '''after''' the verbs they modify. 

We know that in Chinese modifiers are generally placed before the words they modify; so why do complements appear after? It's because Chinese word order often observes the time sequence in which an action occurs. Notice, for example: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 昨天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 從][javascript:void(0) 書店][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 電影院]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Yesterday evening we went to the cinema from the bookshop. </div>

Since one has to leave the bookshop before going to the cinema, the Chinese sentence follows this time sequence. Similarly, since a verbal action has to take place first, before one can see its extent or result, the complement placed after the verb observes this time sequence. 

=== The complement of degree ===

This is used to show the extent or degree of an action. Normally adjectives are used for the complement, and the structural particle [javascript:void(0) 得] is used to connect the verb and its complement: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 得][javascript:void(0) 怎麼樣]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">How is he studying? </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 學習][javascript:void(0) 得很][javascript:void(0) 好]。</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">He's studying very well.</div>

The basic patterns for the complement of degree are as follows: # Verb without object: V + [javascript:void(0) 得] + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 工作][javascript:void(0) 得不][javascript:void(0) 錯]。</div>
# Verb with object: V + O + V + [javascript:void(0) 得] + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 妹妹][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 民歌][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 得很][javascript:void(0) 好]。</div>
# Verb with preposed object: O + V + [javascript:void(0) 得] + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 得很][javascript:void(0) 好]。</div>



Place [javascript:void(0) 不] ''before the adjective'' to make the negative: # V + [javascript:void(0) 得] + [javascript:void(0) 不] + adjective <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 歌唱][javascript:void(0) 得不][javascript:void(0) 好]﹐ [javascript:void(0) 舞][javascript:void(0) 也][javascript:void(0) 跳][javascript:void(0) 得不][javascript:void(0) 好]。 </div>



Questions are formed as follows: # . . . [javascript:void(0) 得] adjective [javascript:void(0) 不] adjective? <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 開車][javascript:void(0) 開][javascript:void(0) 得][javascript:void(0) 快][javascript:void(0) 不快]﹖</div>
# . . . [javascript:void(0) 得][javascript:void(0) 怎麼樣]﹖ <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 得][javascript:void(0) 怎麼樣]﹖</div>
# . . . [javascript:void(0) 得] adjective [javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 游泳][javascript:void(0) 游][javascript:void(0) 得][javascript:void(0) 好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>



Note that the complement of degree cannot be used with verbs such as [javascript:void(0) 有], [javascript:void(0) 在] or [javascript:void(0) 是], since those verbs normally do not denote actions. 

== The difference between [javascript:void(0) 呢] and [javascript:void(0) 吧] as sentence-ending particles ==

Either term can be used to soften the tone when placed at the end of a question. However, they differ in usage. 

=== In questions ===

[javascript:void(0) 呢] is primarily used to indicate a mood of enquiry. It may appear in questions with interrogative words such as [javascript:void(0) 什][javascript:void(0) 麼] or [javascript:void(0) 哪兒]<nowiki>; affirmative-negative questions such as </nowiki>[javascript:void(0) 有][javascript:void(0) 沒有][javascript:void(0) 呢]﹖[javascript:void(0) 好吃][javascript:void(0) 不好][javascript:void(0) 吃][javascript:void(0) 呢]﹖; or alternative questions with [javascript:void(0) 還是], such as [javascript:void(0) 吃][javascript:void(0) 面][javascript:void(0) 包][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 火腿][javascript:void(0) 呢]﹖ 

[javascript:void(0) 吧], on the other hand, is employed at the end of a question to indicate a mood of uncertainty or speculation on the part of the speaker: [javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 停車][javascript:void(0) 吧]﹖ [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 不知][javascript:void(0) 道][javascript:void(0) 吧]﹖ 

=== In affirmative statements ===

[javascript:void(0) 呢] in this case is used to indicate the progressive aspect of an action (e.g. [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 呢]), or to affirm some fact, sometimes with exaggeration (e.g. [javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 九][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 才][javascript:void(0) 開始][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 [javascript:void(0) 從][javascript:void(0) 這兒][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 走][javascript:void(0) 三天][javascript:void(0) 呢]。) 

[javascript:void(0) 吧] is often added at the end of an imperative sentence to soften the tone, as in [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 走][javascript:void(0) 吧]。 [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 再][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 吧]。 

== The use of optative verbs ==

Optative or auxiliary verbs are those placed before other verbs to express intention, wishes, possibility etc. # To express ''subjective wish'', ''desire'' or ''request'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 要] + verb = to want to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 橘子][javascript:void(0) 水]。</div>
## [javascript:void(0) 想] + verb = would like to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>
# To express ''objective necessity'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 要] + verb = to have to (especially in questions) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Do I have to come tomorrow? </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 了]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We have to go. </div>
## [javascript:void(0) 不用] + verb = don't have to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 不用][javascript:void(0) 來]。</div><br/><div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">You don't have to come tomorrow.</div>
# To express ''ability'' or ''skill acquired'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 能] + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 能][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 報紙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>
## [javascript:void(0) 可以] + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 一個][javascript:void(0) 星期][javascript:void(0) 可以][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 幾][javascript:void(0) 課]﹖</div>
## [javascript:void(0) 會] + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們都][javascript:void(0) 會][javascript:void(0) 游泳][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>
# To express ''ability depending on circumstances'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 能] + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 能][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>
## [javascript:void(0) 可以] + verb = can, be able to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 可以]1[javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 打電話][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

Note, in both cases use [javascript:void(0) 不能] for negative sentences. 
# To express ''permission'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 能] + verb = may, be permitted to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 能][javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 停車][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 不能] (or [javascript:void(0) 不可][javascript:void(0) 以]) [javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 停車]。 </div>
## [javascript:void(0) 可以] + verb = may, be permitted to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 可以][javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 吸煙][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 不可][javascript:void(0) 以] (or [javascript:void(0) 不能]) [javascript:void(0) 在這][javascript:void(0) 兒][javascript:void(0) 吸煙]。</div>
# To express ''possibility'' or ''probability'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 會] + verb = be likely to, will probably <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 會][javascript:void(0) 再][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 不會][javascript:void(0) 下雨]。 </div>
# To express ''need arising from moral or factual necessity'': 
## [javascript:void(0) 應該] + verb = should, ought to <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 學][javascript:void(0) 得不][javascript:void(0) 錯]﹐[javascript:void(0) 應該][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 應該][javascript:void(0) 翻譯][javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>



Note: # To make a negation, put the negative word [javascript:void(0) 不] or [javascript:void(0) 沒有] before the optative verb: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 圖書館][javascript:void(0) 打電話]。</div>
# To form an affirmative-negative question, alternate the optative verb instead of the main verb in the sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 會不會][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 中國民][javascript:void(0) 歌]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 會][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 中國民][javascript:void(0) 歌]﹖</div>
# It is possible to use more than one optative verb in a sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 北京人]﹐[javascript:void(0) 應該][javascript:void(0) 會][javascript:void(0) 唱][javascript:void(0) 京劇]。</div>



== The use of adverbs [javascript:void(0) 就] and [javascript:void(0) 才] ==

[javascript:void(0) 就] and [javascript:void(0) 才] are often used before the main verb to indicate the speaker's attitude as to whether the action expressed by the main verb is earlier ([javascript:void(0) 就]) or later ([javascript:void(0) 才]) than expected: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 了]﹐[javascript:void(0) 可是][javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 現在][javascript:void(0) 才][javascript:void(0) 來]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">They came as early as 3 o'clock, but you came as late as now. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 老][javascript:void(0) 朋友]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 十年][javascript:void(0) 前][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">We are old friends, and we came to know each other as early as ten years ago. </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 不是][javascript:void(0) 我的][javascript:void(0) 同學]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 上個星期][javascript:void(0) 才][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 她]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">She is not a classmate of mine. I just got to know her a week ago. </div>

Compare the following sentences: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 今年][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 學習]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(The speaker indicates their eagerness in going to China as soon as this year.) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 今年][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 才][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 學習]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(The speaker indicates that, although going to China this year, they should have gone earlier.) </div>

As shown in the above sentences, when there is a time-word in a sentence, [javascript:void(0) 就] and [javascript:void(0) 才] should be placed after it; when there is an optative verb, on the other hand, [javascript:void(0) 就] and [javascript:void(0) 才] should be placed before it. Here is the pattern: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Time-word + [javascript:void(0) 就]/[javascript:void(0) 才] + optative verb + main verb </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 今年][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 可以][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 明年][javascript:void(0) 才][javascript:void(0) 可以][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 能][javascript:void(0) 出發]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 八][javascript:void(0) 點][javascript:void(0) 才能][javascript:void(0) 走]。 </div>

== Word usage: [javascript:void(0) 或者], [javascript:void(0) 還是] ==

Both of these conjunctions can be translated as "or" in English, but they differ in usage: in general, [javascript:void(0) 或者] is used in non-interrogative sentences to indicate a choice: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 妹妹][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 研究][javascript:void(0) 音樂][javascript:void(0) 或者][javascript:void(0) 文學]。</div>

[javascript:void(0) 還是], on the other hand, is more often than not reserved for alternative questions: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 上午][javascript:void(0) 去]﹐[javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 去]﹖</div>

It can also be used in subordinate clauses with verbs such as [javascript:void(0) 知道], [javascript:void(0) 告訴] etc: 

<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[javascript:void(0) 請][javascript:void(0) 告訴][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 人][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 學生]﹖ </div>

[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不知][javascript:void(0) 道][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 老師][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 學生]。

In cases in which both [javascript:void(0) 或者] and [javascript:void(0) 還是] can appear in questions, there are some subtle differences in their anticipations and tones: # A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 日本]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國]。
# A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 中國][javascript:void(0) 或者][javascript:void(0) 日本][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 兩個][javascript:void(0) 地方][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去]。



In dialogue 1, A asks an alternative question which anticipates a choice from the answer. The two terms with [javascript:void(0) 還是] are mutually exclusive. In dialogue 2, the question is a general one using [javascript:void(0) 嗎] at the end. It does not anticipate a strict choice from the answer, so B can give a general answer: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去] -- yes, I do -- and then add his more specific thought: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 兩個][javascript:void(0) 地方][javascript:void(0) 都][javascript:void(0) 想][javascript:void(0) 去]. The two items with [javascript:void(0) 或者] in the question are therefore not mutually exclusive. 

Sometimes, however, [javascript:void(0) 還是] can also be used in a non-interrogative sentence. For instance: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 朋友]﹐[javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 電影]﹐[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 一時](??)[javascript:void(0) 不定][javascript:void(0) 主意]。</div>

Notice in the sentence the tone is still somehow interrogative, compelling [javascript:void(0) 他] to make a choice. In contrast, [javascript:void(0) 或者] in this case can only convey a sort of explanatory note: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去]﹐[javascript:void(0) 還是][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來]﹐[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 一定要][javascript:void(0) 作][javascript:void(0) 決定]。 (interrogative) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 或者][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 去]﹐[javascript:void(0) 或者][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來]﹐[javascript:void(0) 沒有][javascript:void(0) 其他][javascript:void(0) 選擇]。 (explanatory)</div>

== [javascript:void(0) 了解], [javascript:void(0) 知道], [javascript:void(0) 認識] and [javascript:void(0) 懂] ==

The meanings of the four terms here overlap. 

Both [javascript:void(0) 了解] and [javascript:void(0) 知道] can mean "to know". However, [javascript:void(0) 了解] implies some level of understanding and comprehension of what one knows. Therefore [javascript:void(0) 了解] can be understood as a deeper or better knowing than [javascript:void(0) 知道]. Compare: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 了解] (or [javascript:void(0) 知道]) [javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 學校][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 不知][javascript:void(0) 道][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 誰][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 孩子]。(Here one can not use [javascript:void(0) 了解].) </div>

[javascript:void(0) 認識] is used to indicate that one can recognise this as this and not others. It can also involve the process of acquiring such an ability. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 哦]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 她]﹗</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Oh, I know her! </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 哪兒][javascript:void(0) 認識][javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 的]﹖</div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">Where did you get to know her? </div>

[javascript:void(0) 懂], on the other hand, is a direct equivalent of "to understand". Its definition is not as broad as that of [javascript:void(0) 了解] (to know and understand) and is different from that of [javascript:void(0) 知道] (to know). 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">1. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 懂][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 說][javascript:void(0) 的][javascript:void(0) 漢語][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">2. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 知道][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 叫][javascript:void(0) 甚麼][javascript:void(0) 名字][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">3. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 了解][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

Of these, sentence 3 wants to know more detailed information about him than sentence 2, and sentence 2 wants more detailed information than sentence 1. 

== The use of the Perfect Aspect ==

=== Basic concept ===

The aspect particle [javascript:void(0) 了] is added to the end of a verb to indicate the completion of an action. In general, Chinese perfect aspect is equivalent to perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect or future perfect) in English. So, the completion of an action can take place in the past or in the future. For instance: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 下][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 課][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 哪兒]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 下][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 課][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 圖書館]。 </div>

On the other hand, a past action is not always followed by the aspect particle [javascript:void(0) 了], if it is a simple statement or a habitual action and there is no need to emphasise its completion: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 去年][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 常常][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 書店]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 以前][javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 住][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 學生][javascript:void(0) 宿舍]。 </div>

=== Basic patterns ===

# Affirmative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 了] (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 開始][javascript:void(0) 了]。 [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 兩][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書]。</div>
# Negative sentence (note [javascript:void(0) 了] is dropped here) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + [javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有]) + verb (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or subject + [javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 沒]([javascript:void(0) 有]) + verb (+ [javascript:void(0) 呢]) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 沒有][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 書]。 [javascript:void(0) 電影][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 沒][javascript:void(0) 開始][javascript:void(0) 呢]。 </div>
# Interrogative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 了] (+ object) + [javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 沒] + verb (+ object)﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 詞典][javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖ [javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ [javascript:void(0) 你們][javascript:void(0) 談][javascript:void(0) 沒][javascript:void(0) 談][javascript:void(0) 這個][javascript:void(0) 問題]﹖ </div>



=== Notes ===

# If the verb has an object and there is no adverbial in the sentence, the object should normally carry some modifiers (e.g. numeral + measure-word or other attributives). Otherwise the sentence sounds incomplete: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 三][javascript:void(0) 本][javascript:void(0) 書]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 在][javascript:void(0) 書店][javascript:void(0) 里][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 書]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">but not simply [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 書]。 </div>
# If a sentence carries several verbs and the actions indicated by those verbs are related, then the perfect aspect particle [javascript:void(0) 了] is usually placed after the ''last'' verb. <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">a. [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 用][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 給][javascript:void(0) 媽媽][javascript:void(0) 寫][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 一][javascript:void(0) 封][javascript:void(0) 信]。 </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">b. [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 昨天][javascript:void(0) 進][javascript:void(0) 城][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 一些][javascript:void(0) 中文][javascript:void(0) 詞典]。 </div><br/>In sentence a, "write" is related to "use" because the letter is written by using Chinese; in sentence b, similarly, "buy" is related to "enter the city" because the purpose of entering the city is to buy the dictionaries. Compare the above sentences with the following, with a different structure: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 下][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 課][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 圖書館]。 </div><br/>Here "class is over" ([javascript:void(0) 下課]) and "go to the library" are unrelated. They are contained in the sentence simply to indicate their sequence. Hence it is wrong to say <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 下課][javascript:void(0) 去][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 圖書館]。 </div>
# When the verb is reduplicated, the perfect aspect particle [javascript:void(0) 了] is placed ''before'' the reduplicated verb: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 試][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 試][javascript:void(0) 那][javascript:void(0) 條][javascript:void(0) 裙子]﹐[javascript:void(0) 真][javascript:void(0) 漂亮]﹗ </div>



== [javascript:void(0) 又], [javascript:void(0) 再] and [javascript:void(0) 還] ==

All three of these adverbs indicate the repetition of an action, like the English "again". They differ in usage, however: 

Whereas [javascript:void(0) 又] indicates a repetition of an action that has already taken place, [javascript:void(0) 再] implies a repetition of an action in the future. Also, [javascript:void(0) 再] is only used in ''declarative'' sentences, plus questions ending in [javascript:void(0) 好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 昨天][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 晚][javascript:void(0) 了]﹐[javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 又][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 晚][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(repetition in the past) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 今天][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 晚][javascript:void(0) 了]﹔[javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 再][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 晚]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 不][javascript:void(0) 讓][javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 進來][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:2cm;margin-right:1cm;">(repetition in the future) </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 再][javascript:void(0) 喝][javascript:void(0) 一點兒][javascript:void(0) 橘子][javascript:void(0) 水]﹐[javascript:void(0) 好][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

Also, [javascript:void(0) 又] can be used for the repetition of a periodic action or occurrence, even though it has not yet taken place: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 又][javascript:void(0) 是][javascript:void(0) 星期一]﹐[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 又][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 上課]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 新年][javascript:void(0) 又][javascript:void(0) 要][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>

[javascript:void(0) 還], on the other hand, usually expresses a future repetition: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖</div>

It can also be used in an interrogative or declarative sentence with an optative verb. In this situation, it is placed before the optative verb and an optional [javascript:void(0) 再] can be placed after: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">A: [javascript:void(0) 你][javascript:void(0) 明年][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 能]([javascript:void(0) 再])[javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">B: [javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 明年][javascript:void(0) 還][javascript:void(0) 可以]([javascript:void(0) 再])[javascript:void(0) 教][javascript:void(0) 你們]。</div>

== Use of the modal particle [javascript:void(0) 了] ==

=== Basic concept ===

The modal particle [javascript:void(0) 了] is placed at the end of a sentence to indicate that the event referred to took place in the past. The difference between [javascript:void(0) 了] as modal particle and [javascript:void(0) 了] to indicate perfect aspect is that the latter only shows the completion of the verb, whereas the former shows the completion of the whole sentence or event, implying some ''change of situation''. 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他][javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 書][javascript:void(0) 了]。</div>

The first [javascript:void(0) 了] in the sentence above indicates only the completion of the action of [javascript:void(0) 買][javascript:void(0) 書], whereas the second [javascript:void(0) 了] marks some change of situation on the part of [javascript:void(0) 他] as a result of the completion of the book-buying process: originally he did not have the book, but now he has. 

=== Basic patterns ===

(Please compare against the patterns for the perfect aspect in the previous section.) # Affirmative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb (+ object) + [javascript:void(0) 了] </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽][javascript:void(0) 了]。</div>
# Negative sentence (note [javascript:void(0) 了] is dropped here) <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + [javascript:void(0) 沒] ([javascript:void(0) 有]) + verb (+ object) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 沒][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽]。</div>
# Interrogative sentence <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + object + [javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + object + [javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">or Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 沒] + verb + object﹖ (here the verb is usually monosyllabic) </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 沒有]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 嗎]﹖ </div><br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 沒][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽]﹖</div>



=== Notes ===

# As is obvious, when there is no object, one cannot tell the perfect aspect [javascript:void(0) 了] from the modal particle [javascript:void(0) 了]. In such a case, [javascript:void(0) 了] can be regarded as fulfilling both functions: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 她][javascript:void(0) 來][javascript:void(0) 了]。 [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 懂][javascript:void(0) 了]。</div>
# A simple statement about events that happened in the past does not require a [javascript:void(0) 了] at the end of the sentence: <br/><div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我][javascript:void(0) 昨天][javascript:void(0) 下午][javascript:void(0) 看][javascript:void(0) 足球][javascript:void(0) 賽]﹐[javascript:void(0) 晚上][javascript:void(0) 沒][javascript:void(0) 出去]。</div>



== Sequential actions ==

To indicate that two actions take place, one immediately after the other, we use the pattern 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">Subject + verb + [javascript:void(0) 了] ([javascript:void(0) 以後]) [javascript:void(0) 就] + verb ... </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">e.g. [javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 辦][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 簽][javascript:void(0) 証]([javascript:void(0) 以後])[javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 回家]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 明天][javascript:void(0) 吃][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 早飯]([javascript:void(0) 以後])[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 出發]。 </div>

The above pattern can be used for ''future'' actions as well. To indicate that both actions took place in the past, the particle [javascript:void(0) 了] has to be inserted at the end of the sentence: 

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 我們][javascript:void(0) 辦][javascript:void(0) 了][javascript:void(0) 簽][javascript:void(0) 証][javascript:void(0) 以後][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 回家][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>

<div style="margin-left:1cm;margin-right:1cm;">[javascript:void(0) 他們][javascript:void(0) 早上][javascript:void(0) 沒吃][javascript:void(0) 早飯][javascript:void(0) 就][javascript:void(0) 走][javascript:void(0) 了]。 </div>
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|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.875cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.875cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.875cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.683cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.49cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.298cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.049cm;"
|| 


|-
|}

{| style="border-spacing:0;width:0.305cm;"
|- style="border:none;padding:0.053cm;"
|| 
|-
|}