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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>le 了 at the end of a sentence with a noun predicate.</title>
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  <h3><span class="pinyinst">le</span> <span class="hanzist">了</span> at the end of a sentence with a noun predicate.</h3>

  <p>The new situation marker <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> is used at the end of a sentence in which the predicate is a noun, a stative verb or an action verb. An action verb may be preceded by an optative or modal verb. The change-of-state <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> is also used in <span class="pinyin">shì</span> <span class="hanzi">是</span> and <span class="pinyin">yǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">有</span> sentences.</p>

  <div class="gris">
    <span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> at the end of a sentence with a noun as the predicate.
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  <ol type="A">
    <li><audio src="../Audio/le-II-A1.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/>1.<span class="pinyin">Jīntiān&#160;<span class="vert">xīngqīwǔ</span>&#160;<span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">今天星期五了。</span><br/> Today is Friday (already). It has turned into Friday today.</li>
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  <div class="gris">
    The underlying statement is that time has passed and it has changed from Thursday into a new day, Friday. If <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> is eliminated, the sentence simply announces the day of the week. Compare it with the following sentence which does not have the change-of-state <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>.
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  <ol type="A">
    <li><audio src="../Audio/le-II-A1.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/>2. <span class="pinyin">Jīntiān&#160;<span class="vert">xīngqīwǔ</span>.</span><br/><span class="hanzi">今天星期五。</span><br/> Today is Friday.</li>
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  <div class="gris">
    This sentence simply states the fact that 'today' is Friday.
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  <ol type="A">
    <li><audio src="../Audio/le-II-A2.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/>3. <span class="pinyin">Xiànzài yǐjīng&#160;<span class="vert">shí yuè</span>&#160;<span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/><span class="hanzi">现在已经十月了。</span><br/> It is already October now. /It has already become October now.</li>
  </ol>

  <div class="gris">
    This sentence shows that time has passed and that it has progressed into a new month, October. Compare it with the following sentence which does not have the change-of-state <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>.
  </div>

  <ol type="A">
    <li><audio src="../Audio/le-II-A2.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/>4. <span class="pinyin">Xiànzài shì&#160;<span class="vert">shí yuè</span>.</span><br/><span class="hanzi">现在是十月。</span><br/> It is October.</li>
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  <div class="gris">
    This sentence simply announces the fact that the month in question is October.
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