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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>IV. Aspect particle &lt;span class="pinyin"&gt;le &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hanzi"&gt;了 &lt;/span&gt; and modal particle &lt;span class="pinyin"&gt;le &lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="hanzi"&gt;了 &lt;/span&gt;</title>
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  <div class="grisleger">
    IV. Aspect particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> and modal particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> used together with a quantified object or duration between them indicates that the action has been progressing up to the time when it is brought up in the conversation and is still progressing.
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  <ol type="A">
    <li><div class="gris">
      Quantified object
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    <audio src="../Audio/lele-IVA.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng chī-<span class="rouge">le</span> sì kuài ròu <span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">我已经吃了四块肉了。</span><br/> I've have already eaten four pieces of meat so far.</li>

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    <li><div class="gris">
      Duration
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    <ol>
      <li><audio src="../Audio/lele-IVB2.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng xué-<span class="rouge">le</span> liǎng nián <span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">我已经学了两年了。</span><br/> I've already studied for two years. (still studying)</li>

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      <li><audio src="../Audio/lele-IVB2.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ xué Zhōngwén yǐjīng xué-<span class="rouge">le</span> liǎng nián <span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">我学中文已经学了两年了。</span><br/> I've been studying Chinese for two years up to now. (still studying) <br/><br/> 

      <div class="gris">
        Please note that the adverb <span class="pinyin">yǐjīng</span> <span class="hanzi">已经</span> must be placed before the predicate verb. The <span class="pinyin">xué</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> in the verbal phrase <span class="pinyin">xué Zhōngwén</span> <span class="hanzi">学中文</span> does not function as the predicate verb. Instead, it takes the object <span class="pinyin">Zhōngwén</span> <span class="hanzi">中文</span> to simply name the activity meaning something like 'as to studying Chinese'. The second <span class="pinyin">xué</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> is the main verb. Because the adverb modifies the main verb, it must be placed before the main verb.
      </div></li>

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      <li><audio src="../Audio/lele-IVB2.3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ yǐjīng xué-<span class="rouge">le</span> liǎng nián de Zhōngwén <span class="rouge">le</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">我已经学了两年的中文了。</span><br/> I've been studying Chinese for two years up to now. (still studying)</li>
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