eric
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Chinese-comet.cls.yale.edu-grammar


			
				
					
						
						
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  <title>VI. Potential Complement And Degree Complement In Contrast</title>
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  <div class="grisleger">
    VI. Potential Complement And Degree Complement In Contrast
  </div>

  <br/>

  <div class="gris">
    What are the features that distinguish the complement of degree from the potential complement? Look at the following pairs of complements in their positive and negative forms and ask yourself what complements they are.
  </div>

  <ol type="A">
    <li><audio src="../Audio/" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">zuò de hěn hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得很好</span> and <span class="pinyin">zuò de bù hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得不好</span></li>

    <br/>

    <li><audio src="../Audio/" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">zuò de hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得好</span> and <span class="pinyin">zuò bù hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做不好</span></li>

    <br/>

    <li><audio src="../Audio/" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">zuò hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做好</span> and <span class="pinyin">méi (yǒu) zuò hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">没(有)做好</span></li>
  </ol>

  <div class="gris" align="center">
    Key:
  </div>

  <ol type="A">
    <li><div class="gris">
      Complement of Degree: assessment of the action; description of the action or state
    </div>

<br/> 

    <audio src="../Audio/" controls="controls"></audio>

<br/><span class="pinyin">zuò de hěn hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得 很好</span> <span class="pinyin">zuò de bù hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得 不好</span> <br/><b>negative</b>: negation on stative verb <br/><b>stress</b>: on the complement - highlighted part</li>

    <br/>

    <li><div class="gris">
      Potential Complement: can or can't do something in certain way; can or can't attain a purpose;
    </div>

<br/> <span class="pinyin">zuò de hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做得好</span> <span class="pinyin">zuò bù hǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做不好</span> <br/><b>negative</b>: replace <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> with <span class="pinyin">bù</span> <span class="hanzi">不</span> <br/><b>stress</b>: on the verb - highlighted word</li>

    <br/>

    <li><div class="gris">
      Complement of Result: the result of an action initiated by the verb. The complement announces the result of the action.
    </div>

<br/> <span class="pinyin">zuòhǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">做好</span> <span class="pinyin">méi (yǒu) zuòhǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">没(有)做好</span> <br/><b>negative</b>: negation on the verb <br/> <br/> 

    <p>Among these, A and C can be hard to understand. The focus in A is on assessment. The speaker expresses his/her opinion ABOUT the action. The focus in C is on announcing the result of the action. Perhaps this analogy will help you to understand the difference. Example A is like the teacher telling his student whether she did well or not; example C is like the teacher telling his student the letter grade she received.</p>

    <p>The following table shows how different complements behave in positive, negative and interrogative sentences. Highlighted words are stressed in speech.</p>

    <table>
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <th></th>

          <th>
            Degree Complement
          </th>

          <th>
            Potential Complement Positive
          </th>
        </tr>

        <tr>
          <td>
            Positive
          </td>

          <td>
            xiě de hěn hǎo  
写得很好
...write well
          </td>

          <td>
            xiědehǎo  
 写得好
...can write well
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr>
          <td>
            Negative
          </td>

          <td>
            xiě de bù hǎo  
写得不好
...write badly
          </td>

          <td>
            xiěbùhǎo  
写不好
...cannot write well
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr>
          <td>
            Ma吗Question
          </td>

          <td>
            xiě de hǎo ma? 
写得好吗？
...write well?
          </td>

          <td>
            xiědehǎo ma? 
写得好吗？
...can write well?
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr>
          <td>
            Choice-type Question
          </td>

          <td>
            xiě de hǎo bù hǎo? 
写得好不好 ？
             ...write well?
          </td>

          <td>
            xiědehǎo xiěbùhǎo? 
写得好写不好 ？
...can write well?
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr>
          <td>
            Verb taking an object
          </td>

          <td>
            xiě Hànzì xiě de hěn hǎo
写汉字写得很好
...write characters well
          </td>

          <td>
            xiědehǎo Hànzì 
写得好汉字
...can write characters well
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>

 　 <br/> xiě de hěn hǎo 写得很好 ...write well xiědehǎo 写得好 ...can write well Negative xiě de bù hǎo 写得不好 ...write badly xiěbùhǎo 写不好 ...cannot write well Ma吗Question xiě de hǎo ma? 写得好吗？ ...write well? xiědehǎo ma? 写得好吗？ ...can write well? Choice-type Question xiě de hǎo bù hǎo? 写得好不好 ？ ...write well? xiědehǎo xiěbùhǎo? 写得好写不好 ？ ...can write well? Verb taking an object xiě Hànzì xiě de hěn hǎo 写汉字写得很好 ...write characters well xiědehǎo Hànzì 写得好汉字 ...can write characters well <br/> 　 

    <div class="gris">
      Degree Complement or Potential Complement? Try these two sentences.
    </div>

<br/> 

    <ol>
      <li>Zhèi ge zì zhème nán, tā xiědehǎo ma? 这个字这么难，他写得好吗？</li>

      <br/>

      <li>2. Lǎoshī shuō zhèi ge zì Xiǎo Wáng xiě de hěn hǎo. 老师说这个字小王写得很好。</li>
    </ol>

<br/> 

    <div class="gris">
      Key
    </div>

<br/> 

    <ol>
      <li>1. This character is so difficult, can he write it well? (potential)</li>

      <br/>

      <li>2. The teacher said that Young Wang wrote this character well. (degree)</li>
    </ol>

<br/> 

    <div class="gris">
      Note that when the complement of degree is a stative verb, it is often modified by an adverb, but the potential complement can never take any adjunct before or after it.
    </div>

 For example: Complement of Degree Lǎoshī shuō zhèi ge zì Xiǎo Lǐ xiě de fēicháng hǎo. (The stress is on the complement.) 老师说这个字小李写得非常好。 Remember that another difference between the potential and degree complements lies in the fact that the sentence stress falls on different elements in the two sentences, affected by the two kinds of complement: Potential Complement Tā xiě de hǎo. (The stress is on the verb.) 他写得好。 He can write well. Degree Complement Tā xiě de hěn hǎo. (The stress is on the complement.) 他写得很好。 He writes well. <br/><br/> 

    <div class="gris">
      The potential complement has a fixed form; that is, it consists only of a single adjective or verb (or verbal construction, such as qǐlái起来, xiàqù下去etc.), such as tīngbùqīngchu听不清楚---can't hear clearly, chīdewán吃得完---can finish eating\can eat up the food, xiǎngdeqǐlái想得起来---can remember. A verb with a potential complement can take an object (e.g. zuòbùwán gōngkè做不完功课cannot finish homework), but the degree complement cannot be followed by the object of the verb. (For example, you can't say 'Tā chàng de hěn hǎo gē他唱得很好歌He sings [songs] well ', you must say 'Tā chàng gē chàng de hěn hǎo他唱歌唱得很好---no objects can be placed after hǎo好.). Moreover, the degree complement has different forms---it may be a single word or a subject-predicate construction.
    </div>

<br/> 

    <div class="gris">
      For example:
    </div>

<br/> 

    <div class="exemple">
      <div class="gris">
        Degree Complement
      </div>

      <br/>

      <span class="pinyin">Tā shuō de dàjiā dōu xiàoqǐlái le.</span><br/>

      <span class="hanzi">他说得大家都笑起来了。</span><br/>

      He spoke in such a way that everyone broke into laughter.
    </div></li>
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