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  <title>The Perfective –le 了 Versus The Modal Particle le 了</title>
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  <nav><h1>Perfective – <span class="pinyinst">le</span> <span class="hanzist">了</span> Vs Particle <span class="pinyinst">le</span> <span class="hanzist">了</span></h1>

  <ol>
    <li><a href="../Text/Section0310.xhtml">Aspect versus tense</a></li>

    <li><a href="../Text/Section0320.xhtml">Perfective aspect particle le (or verb-suffix <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>)</a> 

    <ol>
      <li><a href="../Text/Section0321.xhtml">A. Verb taking a quantified object or complement of duration </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0322.xhtml">B. Verb taking a modified object </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0323.xhtml">C. Verb with a built-in terminal point </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0324.xhtml">D. First event in a series </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0325.xhtml">E. Verb taking a series of unquantified objects </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0326.xhtml">F. Verb modified by a long adverbial </a></li>
    </ol></li>

    <li><a href="../Text/Section0330.xhtml"> Modal particle le (or sentence-end <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>)</a> 

    <ol>
      <li><a href="../Text/Section0331.xhtml"><span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>is used to affirm the completion of the action and to make a point about the present situation</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0332.xhtml"><span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>is used to ask or answer questions about whether someone has done something. (Did you ...? or Have you ...?) </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0333.xhtml"><span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>is used to ask about what someone did</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0334.xhtml"><span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>is used to ask or answer questions about where someone went/has gone</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0335.xhtml"> <span class="pinyin">Le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>is used to ask or answer general questions about who did something without requesting specific information about quantity, duration and so on</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0336.xhtml">Asking and answering questions about how long someone has not done something</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0337.xhtml">Special verbs taking a phrase of duration.</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0338.xhtml">Modal particle le used to sum up after a series of actions</a></li>
    </ol></li>

    <li><a href="../Text/Section0340.xhtml"> Aspect particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> and modal particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> used together with a quantified object or duration (so far, up to now)</a></li>

    <li><a href="../Text/Section0350.xhtml"> Aspect particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> and modal particle <span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> used together without a quantified object or duration between them</a></li>

    <li><a href="../Text/Section0360.xhtml"> Where verb suffix –<span class="pinyin">le</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> is not used</a> 

    <ol>
      <li><a href="../Text/Section0361.xhtml">Habitual activities or repeated events</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0362.xhtml">The first verb in a pivotal construction </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0363.xhtml">The first in a series of verbal expressions </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0364.xhtml">Verbs that take direct quotations </a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0365.xhtml">Verbs that take indirect quotations</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0366.xhtml">Dispositional verbs and verbs that show a state of being</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0367.xhtml">Verbs that show ability or possibility</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0368.xhtml">Verbs that take verbal constructions as objects</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0369.xhtml">The verb <span class="pinyin">zài</span> <span class="hanzi">在</span></a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0360-10.xhtml">The verb <span class="pinyin">yǒu</span> <span class="hanzi">有</span></a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0360-11.xhtml">A verb that follows the adverb <span class="pinyin">cái</span> <span class="hanzi">才</span> indicating lateness</a></li>

      <li><a href="../Text/Section0360-12.xhtml">A verb that is in the '<span class="pinyin">shì</span> <span class="hanzi">是</span>... ...<span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">的</span> ' construction </a></li>
    </ol></li>
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