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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    2. 

  2. <!DOCTYPE html>
    3. 

  3. 

  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops">
    5. 

  5. <head>
    6. 

  6.   <title>II. The Structures of the Complement of Degree</title>
    7. 

  7.   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../Styles/main.css"/>
    8. 

  8. </head>
    9. 

  9. 

  10. <body>
    11. 

  11.   <div class="grisleger">
    12. 

  12.     II. The Structures of the Complement of Degree
    13. 

  13.   </div>
    14. 

  14. 

  15.   <p>The complement of degree is headed by a structural particle, de 得. De 得 and the complement are placed right after the main verb. The complement can be a stative verb modified by hěn 很 or other adverbs; it can also be a verbal expression, idiomatic expression or clause. The structure of a sentence with a complement of degree depends on the main verb and whether the verb takes an object or not.</p>
    16. 

  16. 

  17.   <ol type="A">
    18. 

  18.     <li><div class="gris">
    19. 

  19.       When the main verb is an action verb or VV-compound (verb + verb compound, such as gōngzuò 工作, xiūxi 休息, and xuéxí 学习) and it does not take an object, the verb and its complement follow the structure below.
    20. 

  20.     </div>
    21. 

  21. 

  22. <br/> 
    23. 

  23. 

  24.     <div class="deux">
    25. 

  25.       verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzist">得</span> + complement (<span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzist">很</span>/ adverb + stative verb, or verbal / idiomatic expression, or clause)
    26. 

  26.     </div>
    27. 

  27. 

  28. <br/> 
    29. 

  29. 

  30.     <ol>
    31. 

  31.       <li><div class="gris">
    32. 

  32.         action verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> + <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> + stative verb
    33. 

  33.       </div>
    34. 

  34. 

  35. <br/> 
    36. 

  36. 

  37.       <div class="exemple">
    38. 

  38.         <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    39. 

  39. 

  40.         <br/>
    41. 

  41. 

  42.         <span class="pinyin">Tā shuō <span class="rouge">de</span> <span class="vert">hěn hǎo.</span></span><br/>
    43. 

  43. 

  44.         <span class="hanzi">他说得很好。</span> <br/>
    45. 

  45. 

  46.         He speaks well.
    47. 

  47.       </div>
    48. 

  48. 

  49. <br/> 
    50. 

  50. 

  51.       <div class="gris">
    52. 

  52.         Note that <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> should be used unless a comparison is to be made. An adverb modifying the stative verb can replace <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> to further emphasize the stative verb.
    53. 

  53.       </div>
    54. 

  54. 

  55. <br/> 
    56. 

  56. 

  57.       <div class="deux">
    58. 

  58.         action verb  + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzist">得</span> + adverb + stative verb
    59. 

  59.       </div>
    60. 

  60. 

  61. <br/> 
    62. 

  62. 

  63.       <ol>
    64. 

  64.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-1-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    65. 

  65. 

  66. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā shuō<span class="rouge"> de</span> <span class="vert">fēicháng hǎo</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他说得非常好。</span> <br/> He speaks very well.</li>
    67. 

  67. 

  68.         <br/>
    69. 

  69. 

  70.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-1-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    71. 

  71. 

  72. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā shuō<span class="rouge"> de</span> <span class="vert">tèbié hǎo</span>.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">他说得特别好。</span> <br/> He speaks unusually well.</li>
    73. 

  73.       </ol></li>
    74. 

  74. 

  75.       <br/>
    76. 

  76. 

  77.       <li><div class="gris">
    78. 

  78.         VV-verb +<span class="hanzi">de</span><span class="hanzi">得</span>+<span class="pinyin">hěn</span><span class="hanzi">很</span>+ stative verb
    79. 

  79.       </div>
    80. 

  80. 

  81. <br/> 
    82. 

  82. 

  83.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    84. 

  84. 

  85. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>gōngzuò</b><span class="rouge"> de</span> <span class="vert">hěn hǎo</span></span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">他工作得很好。</span> <br/> He works well.</li>
    86. 

  86. 

  87.       <br/>
    88. 

  88. 

  89.       <li><div class="gris">
    90. 

  90.         action verb  + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + adverb + stative verb
    91. 

  91.       </div>
    92. 

  92. 

  93. <br/> 
    94. 

  94. 

  95.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    96. 

  96. 

  97. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>chī</b> <span class="rouge">de</span> <span class="vert">tài duō</span>le, suǒyǐ hěn pàng.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">他吃得太多了，所以很胖。</span> <br/> He eats too much, so he's fat.</li>
    98. 

  98. 

  99.       <br/>
    100. 

  100. 

  101.       <li><span class="gris">action verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + stative verb + reduplicated stative verb +<span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">的</span></span><br/><br/> 
    102. 

  102. 

  103.       <ol>
    104. 

  104.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-4-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    105. 

  105. 

  106. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>zhǎng</b> <span class="rouge">de</span> <span class="vert">gāo gāo</span> de.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">他长得高高的。</span> <br/> He has grown very tall.</li>
    107. 

  107. 

  108.         <br/>
    109. 

  109. 

  110.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-4-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    111. 

  111. 

  112. <br/><span class="pinyin">Jīntiān tā <b>dǎbàn</b> <span class="rouge">de</span> <span class="vert">piàopiàoliàngliàng</span> de.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">今天她打扮得漂漂亮亮的。</span> <br/> Today she is very beautifully dressed. <br/><br/> 
    113. 

  113. 

  114.         <div class="gris">
    115. 

  115.           Note that the stative verb in A 4.2 has two syllables, <span class="pinyin">‘piào</span> <span class="hanzi">漂 '</span> and <span class="pinyin">‘liàng</span> <span class="hanzi">亮 '</span>. If P stands for the first syllable and L stands for the second one, the way to double the word is 'PPLL ', not 'PLPL '.
    116. 

  116.         </div></li>
    117. 

  117.       </ol></li>
    118. 

  118. 

  119.       <br/>
    120. 

  120. 

  121.       <li><span class="gris">action verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span>+ verbal expression</span><br/><br/> 
    122. 

  122. 

  123.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-5.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    124. 

  124. 

  125. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>pǎo</b><span class="rouge"> de</span></span> <span class="vert">chuǎnbúshàng qì lái.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他跑得喘不上气来。</span> <br/> He was out of breath from running.</li>
    126. 

  126. 

  127.       <br/>
    128. 

  128. 

  129.       <li><div class="gris">
    130. 

  130.         action verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span>+ idiomatic expression
    131. 

  131.       </div>
    132. 

  132. 

  133. <br/><br/> 
    134. 

  134. 

  135.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-6.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    136. 

  136. 

  137. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>xiào</b><span class="rouge"> de</span></span> <span class="vert">qiányǎnghòuhé.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他笑得前仰后合。</span> <br/> He rocks back and forth with laughter.</li>
    138. 

  138. 

  139.       <br/>
    140. 

  140. 

  141.       <li><div class="gris">
    142. 

  142.         action verb  + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + clause
    143. 

  143.       </div>
    144. 

  144. 

  145. <br/> 
    146. 

  146. 

  147.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-A-7.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    148. 

  148. 

  149. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <b>shuō</b> <span class="rouge">de</span> </span><span class="vert">wǒ gèng hútu le.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他说得我更糊涂了。</span> <br/> He spoke to such an extent that he made me even more confused.</li>
    150. 

  150.     </ol></li>
    151. 

  151. 

  152.     <br/>
    153. 

  153. 

  154.     <li><div class="gris">
    155. 

  155.       When the main verb is an action verb and it TAKES an object or when the verb is a VO-compound (verb + object compound, such as <span class="pinyin">zǒulù</span> <span class="hanzi">走路</span> and <span class="pinyin">shuìjiào</span> <span class="hanzi">睡觉</span>), the verb must be reduplicated before taking <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> and the complement. Let 's call the first verb 'verb 1.1 ' and the reduplicated verb, 'verb 1.2 '. The complement can be <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> / adverb + stative verb, a verbal or idiomatic expression, or a clause.
    156. 

  156.     </div>
    157. 

  157. 

  158. <br/> 
    159. 

  159. 

  160.     <div class="deux">
    161. 

  161.       Verb 1.1 + object + Verb 1.2 + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzist">得</span> + complement
    162. 

  162.     </div>
    163. 

  163. 

  164. <br/> 
    165. 

  165. 

  166.     <ol>
    167. 

  167.       <li><div class="gris">
    168. 

  168.         verb 1.1 + object + verb 1.2 + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得 </span>+ <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> + stative verb
    169. 

  169.       </div>
    170. 

  170. 

  171. <br/> 
    172. 

  172. 

  173.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-B-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    174. 

  174. 

  175. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā <span class="fondjaune">shuō</span> Zhōngwén<span class="fondjaune"> shuō</span> <span class="rouge">de</span> <span class="vert">hěn hǎo</span></span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">他说中文说得很好</span>。 <br/> He speaks Chinese well. <br/><br/> 
    176. 

  176. 

  177.       <div class="gris">
    178. 

  178.         Note that the verb and object before the reduplicated verb simply name the action. They point out what is to be commented on. The verb does not function as the main verb. The 'verb 1.1 + object expression ' can be understood as 'as far as speaking Chinese is concerned ' or 'as for speaking Chinese '. The reduplicated verb functions as the main verb. That is why the complement of degree is placed after it.
    179. 

  179.       </div></li>
    180. 

  180. 

  181.       <br/>
    182. 

  182. 

  183.       <li><div class="gris">
    184. 

  184.         VO-compound + verb 1.2 + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span> + stative verb
    185. 

  185.       </div>
    186. 

  186. 

  187. <br/> 
    188. 

  188. 

  189.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-B-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    190. 

  190. 

  191. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā<span class="fondjaune">zǒu</span>lù<span class="fondjaune">zǒu</span><span class="rouge">de</span></span><span class="vert">hěn kuài.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他走路走得很快。</span> <br/> He walks fast.</li>
    192. 

  192. 

  193.       <br/>
    194. 

  194. 

  195.       <li><span class="gris">VO-compound + verb 1.2 + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + verbal expression</span><br/><br/> 
    196. 

  196. 

  197.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-B-3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    198. 

  198. 

  199. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā<span class="fondjaune">pǎo</span>bù<span class="fondjaune">pǎo</span><span class="rouge">de</span></span><span class="vert">chuǎnbúshàng qì lái.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他跑步跑得喘不上气来。</span> <br/> He was out of breath from running.</li>
    200. 

  200. 

  201.       <br/>
    202. 

  202. 

  203.       <li><span class="gris">verb 1.1 + object + verb 1.2 + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + idiomatic expression</span><br/><br/> 
    204. 

  204. 

  205.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-B-4.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    206. 

  206. 

  207. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā<span class="fondjaune">hē</span>jiǔ<span class="fondjaune">hē</span><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">yūntóu-zhuànxiàng.</span></span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他喝酒喝得晕头转向。</span> <br/> He is dizzy and disoriented from drinking.</li>
    208. 

  208. 

  209.       <br/>
    210. 

  210. 

  211.       <li><span class="gris">action verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + clause</span><br/><br/> 
    212. 

  212. 

  213.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-B-5.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    214. 

  214. 

  215. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā<span class="fondjaune">chuī</span>iú<span class="fondjaune">chuī</span><span class="rouge">de</span>s</span><span class="vert">héi dōu bù xǐhuan tā.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他吹牛吹得谁都不喜欢他。</span> <br/> He boasts about himself to such an extent that no one likes him.</li>
    216. 

  216.     </ol></li>
    217. 

  217. 

  218.     <br/>
    219. 

  219. 

  220.     <li><div class="gris">
    221. 

  221.       When the main verb is a stative verb, the complement can be a stative verb indicating degree such as <span class="pinyin">lìhài</span> <span class="hanzi">厉害</span> and <span class="pinyin">duō</span> <span class="hanzi">多</span>, a verbal or idiomatic expression such as <span class="pinyin">bù déliǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">不得了</span> or a clause. Note that expressions such as <span class="pinyin">de hěn</span> <span class="hanzi">得很</span>, <span class="pinyin">de huang</span> <span class="hanzi">得慌</span>, <span class="pinyin">bù déliǎo</span> <span class="hanzi">不得了</span>, and <span class="pinyin">de duō</span> <span class="hanzi">得多</span> have become idiomatic expressions. They are also called intensifiers by some scholars. So here we do not regard them as <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> +adverb or <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> +verbal expression. They will be regarded as idiomatic expressions. This is because they share the same properties as idiomatic expressions when they are negated. When the main verb is a stative verb, the stative verb and its complement follow the structure below.
    222. 

  222.     </div>
    223. 

  223. 

  224. <br/> 
    225. 

  225. 

  226.     <div class="deux">
    227. 

  227.       stative verb + de 得 + complement
    228. 

  228.     </div>
    229. 

  229. 

  230. <br/> 
    231. 

  231. 

  232.     <ol>
    233. 

  233.       <li><span class="gris">stative verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + stative verb</span><br/><br/> 
    234. 

  234. 

  235.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    236. 

  236. 

  237. <br/><span class="pinyin">Jīntiān wǒ <b>kùn</b><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">lìhài</span>.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">今天我困得厉害。</span> <br/> I am terrible sleepy today.</li>
    238. 

  238. 

  239.       <br/>
    240. 

  240. 

  241.       <li><span class="gris">stative verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + stative verb duō 多 used for comparison</span><br/><br/> 
    242. 

  242. 

  243.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    244. 

  244. 

  245. <br/><span class="pinyin">Běijīng bǐ Shànghǎi <b>lěng</b><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">duō</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">北京比上海冷得多。</span> <br/> Beijing is much colder than Shanghai.</li>
    246. 

  246. 

  247.       <br/>
    248. 

  248. 

  249.       <li><span class="gris">stative verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + verbal expression</span><br/><br/> 
    250. 

  250. 

  251.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-3.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    252. 

  252. 

  253. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā<b> è</b><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">hūnguòqu</span>le.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他饿得昏过去了。</span> <br/> He was so hungry that he fainted.</li>
    254. 

  254. 

  255.       <br/>
    256. 

  256. 

  257.       <li><span class="gris">stative verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + idiomatic expression</span><br/><br/> 
    258. 

  258. 

  259.       <ol>
    260. 

  260.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-4.1.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    261. 

  261. 

  262. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tāmen <b>máng</b><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">bùkě kāijiāo</span>.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">他们忙得不可开交。</span> <br/> They are extremely busy.</li>
    263. 

  263. 

  264.         <br/>
    265. 

  265. 

  266.         <li><audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-4.2.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    267. 

  267. 

  268. <br/><span class="pinyin">Yàoshì nǐ<b> è</b><span class="rouge">de</span><span class="vert">huang</span>jiù chī diǎnr dōngxi.</span> <br/> <span class="hanzi">要是你饿得慌就吃点儿东西。</span> <br/> If you are very hungry, snack on something.</li>
    269. 

  269.       </ol></li>
    270. 

  270. 

  271.       <br/>
    272. 

  272. 

  273.       <li><span class="gris">stative verb + <span class="pinyin">de</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span> + clause</span><br/><br/> 
    274. 

  274. 

  275.       <audio src="../Audio/degree-II-C-5.mp3" controls="controls"></audio>
    276. 

  276. 

  277. <br/><span class="pinyin">Tiānqi <b>lěng</b><span class="rouge">de</span></span><span class="vert">shéi dōu bù xiǎng chūqū.</span><br/> <span class="hanzi">天气冷得谁都不想出去。</span> <br/> It is so cold that no one wants to go out.</li>
    278. 

  278.     </ol></li>
    279. 

  279.   </ol>
    280. 

  280. </body>
    281. 

  281. </html>
    282.