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Chinese-ctcfl.ox.ac.uk


			
				
					
						
						
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  <p><span class="english"><a name="Co-verbs" id=
  "Co-verbs">Co-verbs and co-verb phrases</a></span></p>
  <p><span class="english">The term "co-verb" refers to a verb
  when, used with its own object, its function is to modify the
  main verb of a sentence. An example is</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">在</span> <span class="english" style=
  "font-family:Arial; color:red">zài</span> <span class="english">,
  which can be used as a co-verb meaning to be located in, on or at
  a place. Please note in this context that sequence and background
  are important in Chinese when it comes to describing actions. The
  first action in a sequence should come first in an utterance. The
  way to learn co-verb phrases properly is to understand the
  description of sequence in Chinese word order.</span>
  <span class="english">For instance,</span></p>
  <p><span class="hanzi">小</span> <span class="hanzi">丁</span>
  <span> <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">家</span></span> <span class="hanzi">看</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">书</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">Xiăo Dīng zài jiā kàn shū</span>
  <span class="english"><a href=
  "Sound/xiao%20ding%20zai%20jia%20kan%20shu.wav"><img src=
  "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
  <p><span class="english">Xiao Ding is reading a book at
  home.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">The first action in the sequence could
  be described as the background to the main action, but it still
  has to come first in the sentence, with the co-verb</span>
  <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class="english">zài</span>
  <span class="english">to be located in followed by the
  noun</span> <span class="hanzi">家</span> <span class=
  "english">jiā</span> <span class="english">home forming a co-verb
  phrase. In the example given here Xiao Ding would have had to be
  at home before he started reading the book .</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">English prepositions are similar to
  Chinese co-verbs, but they appear after the main verbal clause.
  This means that it can be difficult for English speakers to
  master Chinese co-verb phrases.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">Here are some more examples to help you
  to consolidate the concept of co-verb phrases.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">1.</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">我</span> <span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">坐</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">飞机</span></span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">去中</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">国</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">wǒ</span> <span class="english">zuò
  fēijī</span> <span class="english">qù Zhōngguó</span>
  <span class="english"><a href=
  "Sound/wo%20zuo%20feiji%20qu%20zhongguo.wav"><img src=
  "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
  <p><span class="english">I’ll go to China by plane</span>
  <span class="english">.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">The action of</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">坐</span> <span class="english">zuò</span> <span class=
  "english">taking (lit. sitting on) the plane happens before going
  to China, so the co-verb phrase</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">坐飞机</span> <span class="english">zuò fēijī</span>
  <span class="english">by ( taking the) plane is placed before the
  main verbal clause</span> <span class="hanzi">去中国</span>
  <span class="english">qù Zhōngguó</span> <span class="english">go
  to</span> <span class="english">China</span> <span class=
  "english">.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">2. If you want to say I study Chinese
  at</span> <span class="english">Oxford</span> <span class=
  "english">you must bear in mind that in a Chinese person’s mind
  the person has to be</span> <span class="hanzi">在牛津</span>
  <span class="english">zài Niújīn</span> <span class=
  "english">at</span> <span class="english">Oxford</span>
  <span class="english">before he can</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">学汉语</span> <span class="english">xué Hànyŭ</span>
  <span class="english">study Chinese</span> <span class=
  "english">, so the sentence in Chinese is</span></p>
  <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span> <span class=
  "hanzi">在</span> <span class="hanzi">牛津</span></span>
  <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">汉语</span></p>
  <p><span class="english">wǒ <span>zài Niújīn</span> xué
  Hànyŭ</span> <span class="english"><a href=
  "Sound/wo%20zai%20niujin%20xue%20hanyu.wav"><img src=
  "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
  <p><span class="english">3. How do you say He goes to school by
  car? You must bear in mind that he has t o take (or sit in) the
  car before he can reach school, so</span> <span class=
  "hanzi">坐汽车</span> <span class="english">zuò qìchē</span>
  <span class="english">by ( taking the) car should be placed
  before</span> <span class="hanzi">去学校</span> <span class=
  "english">qù xuéxiào</span> <span class="english">go to school.
  The Chinese sentence should be</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
  "font-family:SimSun">他</span> <span class="hanzi">坐汽车</span>
  <span class="hanzi">去学校</span> <span class="english">ta</span>
  <span class="english">zuò qìchē</span> <span class="english">qù
  xuéxiào.</span></p>
  <p>Click the following links to view the Flash files.</p>
  <p><a style="text-decoration: none" target="_blank" href=
  "Flash/Going%20to%20school.swf">Going to School by car.</a>
  <a target="_blank" href="Flash/Learning%20Chinese.swf" style=
  "text-decoration: none">Learning Chinese in classroom.</a>
  <a style="text-decoration: none" target="_blank" href=
  "Flash/Watching%20TV.swf">Watching TV at home.</a></p>
  <p><span class="english" line-height:="">The words in the
  following list are the most commonly used co-verbs for
  beginners.</span></p>
  <table class="MsoNormalTable" border="1" cellspacing="0"
  cellpadding="0" style=
  "border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none">
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">Co-verbs</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">Verb meaning</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">Prep. in English
          sentence</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">Followed by words of</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">从</span> <span class=
          "english">cóng</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to start</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">from /through</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">place/time (when)</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">朝</span> <span class=
          "english">cáo</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to face</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">towards</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">direction/place</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">到</span> <span class=
          "english">dào</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to arrive</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">place/time</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">对</span> <span class=
          "english">duì</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to be face to face</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to/towards/about</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">people/knowledge</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">给</span> <span class=
          "english">gĕi</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to give</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to/for</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">people/organisation</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">跟</span> <span class=
          "english">gēn</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to follow</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">with/to</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">people/organisation (...</span>
          <span class="hanzi" style="font-family:SimSun">一起</span>
          <span class="english">)</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">离</span> <span class=
          "english">lí</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to distance</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">from</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">place/time</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">替</span> <span class=
          "english">tì</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to replace</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">for</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">people/organisation</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">往</span> <span class=
          "english">wàng</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to go</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">towards</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">direction/place</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">为</span> <span class=
          "english">wèi</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to be on behalf of</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">for</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">people/organisation</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">用</span> <span class=
          "english">yòng</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to use</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">with/in</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">noun (used as a tool)</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class=
          "english">zài</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to (be) locate(d)</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">at/in/on</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">place/time</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td width="87" valign="top" style=
        "width: 65.4pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="hanzi">坐</span> <span class=
          "english">zuò</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">to sit</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="128" valign="top" style=
        "width: 96.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">by ...</span></p>
        </td>
        <td width="248" valign="top" style=
        "width: 186.0pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; padding-bottom: 0cm">
          <p><span class="english">transport</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>
  <p><span class="english" style=
  "font-family:Arial Narrow;color:blue"><a href="CoVerbHandout.htm"
  style="text-decoration: none; font-weight:700">Please click here
  for hand-out.</a></span></p>
  <p>Co-verbs</p>
  <p>Co-verbs are a group of verbs that often act as prepositions
  in a clause with another verb, though they can act as verbs in
  their own right (prepositional constructions I, p. 155).</p>
  <p>Amongst them are: -</p>
  <p>Zai 在 ‘to be at, be in, at, in, on’</p>
  <p>He is in China 他在中国</p>
  <p>He studies at the Foreign Languages Institute 他在外语学院学习</p>
  <p>Gei 给 ‘to, for (for indirect objects), to give to’</p>
  <p>He gives me books 他给我书</p>
  <p>He introduced me to his friend 他给我介绍他的朋友</p>
  <p>Yong 用 ‘by means of, to use’</p>
  <p>He is using a Chinese dictionary 他用汉语词典</p>
  <p>He reads the newspaper with [the help of]a dictionary
  他用词典看报</p>
  <p>Other co-verbs:</p>
  <p>Ti 替 ‘for, as a substitute for’</p>
  <p>He is taking my place 他替我</p>
  <p>I am writing a letter for my mother 我替我妈妈写信</p>
  <p>Some co-verbs are almost always used in prepositional phrases,
  and only usually act as verbs in their own right with complements
  attached.</p>
  <p>Dui 对 ‘Concerning, vis-a-vis, to be in front of , facing
  something/one’</p>
  <p>He was facing the dormitory 他对着宿舍</p>
  <p>He is very good to students 他对学生很好</p>
  <p>Gen 跟 ‘in company with, to follow’</p>
  <p>I follow my students to the Institute 我跟着我的学生</p>
  <p>I am going to the shops with my students 我跟我的学生去商店</p>
  <p>NB all co-verb constructions will come before the main verb in
  the way that prepositional or adverbial phrases come before the
  verbs they modify.</p>
  <p><span class="english">If you have any questions about the
  above explanation, please click here to ask.</span></p>
  <p><span class="english"><a style=
  "text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700" target="_blank" href=
  "Lessons%2014-16.htm#15,%20co-verbs">Assignments</a></span></p>
  <p>Translate the sentences into Chinese (15, co-verbs and measure
  words)</p>
  <p>Are they all coming to the student dormitory to see me? Three
  of them are.</p>
  <p>The English students often wrote letters to their Chinese
  friends.</p>
  <p>The teacher gave an introduction to five students to the
  Chinese language.</p>
  <p>I learn Chinese at the Institute for Chinese.</p>
  <p>She is returning the book to me</p>
  <p>Is Ms Wang (teacher) in China? Yes, she is studying there.</p>
  <p>What are you buying? I buying books for my mother.</p>
  <p>The readers in the library were all students from China.</p>
  <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Frequently asked
  questions</span></p>
  <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span lang="en-us" xml:lang=
  "en-us">Click on the following links to view the
  answers</span></p>
  <ol>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#1.%20What%20are%20co-verbs">
      What are co-verbs?</a></span></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#2.%20Why%20should%20I%20treat%20these%20words%20as%20co-verbs,%20but%20not%20prepositions">
      Why should I treat these words as co-verbs, but not
      prepositions?</a></span></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#3.%20How%20can%20I%20form%20a%20sentence%20with%20a%20co-v.%20clause">
      How can I form a sentence with a co-v. clause?</a></span></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
      href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#4.%20Where%20should%20adverbs%20such%20as%20%E5%B8%B8%E5%B8%B8,%20%E6%80%BB%E6%98%AF,%20and%20modal%20verbs%20such%20as%20%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5,%20%E5%BA%94%E8%AF%A5%20be%20placed%20in%20sentences%20in%20which%20co-verbs%20are%20used">
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Where should the adverbs, such
      as</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">常常</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">,</span> <span class="hanzi"
      style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">总是</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">, and modal verbs such
      as</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">可以</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">,</span> <span class="hanzi"
      style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">应该</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">be placed in the sentences
      which co-verbs are used?</span></a></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#5.%20What%20should%20I%20do%20if%20a%20sentence%20has%20more%20than%20one%20co-v.%20clause">
      What should I do if a sentence has more than one co-v.
      clause?</a></span></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
      href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#6.%20Can%20you%20tell%20me%20the%20difference%20between%20%E7%A6%BB%20and%20%E4%BB%8E">
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Can you tell me the difference
      between</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">离</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">and</span> <span class="hanzi"
      style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">从</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">?</span></a></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
      href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#7.%20What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20the%20co-verb%20%E7%BB%99%20and%20%E4%B8%BA">
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">What is the difference between
      the co-verb</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">给</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">and</span> <span class="hanzi"
      style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">为</span>
      <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">?</span></a></p>
    </li>
    <li>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
      href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#8.%20What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20%E6%88%91%E8%B7%9F%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4,%20%E6%88%91%E5%AF%B9%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4%20and%20%E6%88%91%E7%BB%99%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4">
      <b style="text-decoration: none;"><span style=
      "FONT-SIZE: 11pt">What is the difference between</span>
      <span class="hanzi" style=
      "text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'TSC UKai M TT';">
      我跟他说</span> <span style=
      "text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt;">,</span>
      <span class="hanzi" style=
      "text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'TSC UKai M TT';">
      我对他说</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">and</span>
      <span class="hanzi" style=
      "text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'TSC UKai M TT';">
      我给他说</span> <span style=
      "text-decoration: none; font-size: 11pt;">?</span></b></a>
      <b style="text-decoration: none;"><a href=
      "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Co-verbs.htm#8.%20What%20is%20the%20difference%20between%20%E6%88%91%E8%B7%9F%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4,%20%E6%88%91%E5%AF%B9%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4%20and%20%E6%88%91%E7%BB%99%E4%BB%96%E8%AF%B4">
      </a></b></p>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><b style=
      "text-decoration: none;"><br /></b></p>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><b style=
      "text-decoration: none;"><br /></b></p>
      <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><b style=
      "text-decoration: none;"><br /></b></p>
    </li>
  </ol>
  <p><b style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="english" style=
  "font-family: Comic Sans MS; color: blue">Click here for more
  exercises</span></b></p>
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