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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    2. 

  2. <!DOCTYPE html>
    3. 

  3. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub=
    4. 

  4. "http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops">
    5. 

  5. <head>
    6. 

  6.   <meta name="generator" content=
    7. 

  7.   "HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.2.0" />
    8. 

  8.   <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
    9. 

  9.   "text/html; charset=utf-8" />
    10. 

  10.   <title>Grammar database</title>
    11. 

  11.   <link rel="stylesheet" href="../Styles/main.css" />
    12. 

  12. </head>
    13. 

  13. <body>
    14. 

  14.   <h3><span><a name="Aspect for the completion of actions">The
    15. 

  15.   aspect for the completion of actions</a> (27)</span></h3>
    16. 

  16.   <p><span class="english">Although the aspect particle</span>
    17. 

  17.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    18. 

  18.   <span class="english">is one of the most complicated Chinese
    19. 

  19.   grammar points, I will only be explaining the practical aspect of
    20. 

  20.   the particle in this section.</span></p>
    21. 

  21.   <p><span class="english">Unlike the English past tense, the
    22. 

  22.   aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    23. 

  23.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">only affects certain
    24. 

  24.   verbs in certain sentence constructions. The following list
    25. 

  25.   consists of the common rules for the use of the particle which
    26. 

  26.   are supported by examples. Learning where to apply the aspect
    27. 

  27.   particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    28. 

  28.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">in a sentence is
    29. 

  29.   important, but the most difficult thing is to know when it is not
    30. 

  30.   used. Learners must remember the following eight points when
    31. 

  31.   expressing a completed action in Chinese.</span></p>
    32. 

  32.   <p><span class="english">1. The aspect particle</span>
    33. 

  33.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    34. 

  34.   <span class="english">is placed after the main action verb of a
    35. 

  35.   sentence to indicate that the action has been completed. The
    36. 

  36.   aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    37. 

  37.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used when a verb
    38. 

  38.   is in the negative form. When expressing an action that did not
    39. 

  39.   occur in the past, a verb is preceded by the negation</span>
    40. 

  40.   <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="english">méi</span>
    41. 

  41.   <span class="english">did not. The following sentences
    42. 

  42.   demonstrate how some of the action verbs such as</span>
    43. 

  43.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="english">xué</span>
    44. 

  44.   <span class="english">to learn,</span> <span class=
    45. 

  45.   "hanzi">吃</span> <span class="english">chī</span> <span class=
    46. 

  46.   "english">to eat or</span> <span class="hanzi">去</span>
    47. 

  47.   <span class="english">qù</span> <span class="english">to go are
    48. 

  48.   used in the sentences with the aspect particle</span>
    49. 

  49.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    50. 

  50.   <span class="english">and the negation</span> <span class=
    51. 

  51.   "hanzi">没</span> <span class="english">méi</span> <span class=
    52. 

  52.   "english">.</span></p>
    53. 

  53.   <p><span class="english">The sentence below shows that the
    54. 

  54.   verb</span> <span class="hanzi">吃</span> <span class=
    55. 

  55.   "english">chī</span> <span class="english">to eat is used in the
    56. 

  56.   affirmative form.</span></p>
    57. 

  57.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">刚</span>
    58. 

  58.   <span class="hanzi">吃了</span> <span class="hanzi">一</span>
    59. 

  59.   <span class="hanzi">块</span> <span class="hanzi">面</span>
    60. 

  60.   <span class="hanzi">包</span></p>
    61. 

  61.   <p><span class="english">wǒ gāng <span>chīle</span> yí huài
    62. 

  62.   miànbāo</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    63. 

  63.   "Sound/wo%20gang%20chi%20le%20yi%20kuai%20mianbao.wav"><img src=
    64. 

  64.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    65. 

  65.   <p><span class="english">I’ve just eaten a piece of
    66. 

  66.   bread.</span></p>
    67. 

  67.   <p><span class="english">The following sentence shows the
    68. 

  68.   verb</span> <span class="hanzi">吃</span> <span class=
    69. 

  69.   "english">chī</span> <span class="english">to eat in the negative
    70. 

  70.   form.</span></p>
    71. 

  71.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    72. 

  72.   <span class="hanzi">吃</span> <span class="hanzi">面</span>
    73. 

  73.   <span class="hanzi">包</span></p>
    74. 

  74.   <p><span class="english">wǒ <span>méichī</span> miànbāo</span>
    75. 

  75.   <span class="english"><a href=
    76. 

  76.   "Sound/wo%20mei%20chi%20mian%20bao.wav"><img src=
    77. 

  77.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    78. 

  78.   <p><span class="english">I didn’t eat bread.</span></p>
    79. 

  79.   <p><span class="english">The next sentence shows the verb</span>
    80. 

  80.   <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="english">qù</span>
    81. 

  81.   <span class="english">to go in the affirmative form.</span></p>
    82. 

  82.   <p><span class="hanzi">他</span> <span class="hanzi">去了</span>
    83. 

  83.   <span class="hanzi">两</span> <span class="hanzi">次</span>
    84. 

  84.   <span class="hanzi">中</span> <span class="hanzi">国</span></p>
    85. 

  85.   <p><span class="english">tā <span>qùle</span> liăngcì
    86. 

  86.   zhōngguó</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    87. 

  87.   "Sound/ta%20qu%20le%20liang%20ci%20zhongguo.wav"><img src=
    88. 

  88.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    89. 

  89.   <p><span class="english">He went to China twice.</span></p>
    90. 

  90.   <p><span class="english">The following sentence shows</span>
    91. 

  91.   <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="english">qù</span>
    92. 

  92.   <span class="english">to go in the negative form.</span></p>
    93. 

  93.   <p><span class="hanzi">他</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    94. 

  94.   <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">中</span>
    95. 

  95.   <span class="hanzi">国</span></p>
    96. 

  96.   <p><span class="english">tā <span>méiqù</span> zhōngguó</span>
    97. 

  97.   <span class="english"><a href=
    98. 

  98.   "Sound/ta%20mei%20qu%20zhongguo.wav"><img src=
    99. 

  99.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    100. 

  100.   <p><span class="english">He didn’t go to China.</span></p>
    101. 

  101.   <p><span class="english">The following sentence shows the
    102. 

  102.   verb</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class=
    103. 

  103.   "english">xué</span> <span class="english">to learn in the
    104. 

  104.   affirmative form.</span></p>
    105. 

  105.   <p><span class="hanzi">小</span> <span class="hanzi">王</span>
    106. 

  106.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    107. 

  107.   <span class="hanzi">三</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    108. 

  108.   <span class="hanzi">法文</span></p>
    109. 

  109.   <p><span class="english">xiăowáng <span>xuéle</span> sānnián
    110. 

  110.   făwén</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    111. 

  111.   "Sound/xiao%20wang%20xue%20le%20san%20nian.wav"><img src=
    112. 

  112.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    113. 

  113.   <p><span class="english">Xiao Wang studied French for three
    114. 

  114.   years.</span></p>
    115. 

  115.   <p><span class="english">The following sentence shows the
    116. 

  116.   verb</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class=
    117. 

  117.   "english">xué</span> <span class="english">to learn in the
    118. 

  118.   negative form.</span></p>
    119. 

  119.   <p><span class="hanzi">小</span> <span class="hanzi">王</span>
    120. 

  120.   <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span>
    121. 

  121.   <span class="hanzi">法文</span></p>
    122. 

  122.   <p><span class="english">xiăowáng <span>méixué</span>
    123. 

  123.   făwén</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    124. 

  124.   "Sound/xiao%20wang%20mei%20xue%20fawen.wav"><img src=
    125. 

  125.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    126. 

  126.   <p><span class="english">Xiao Wang didn’t study
    127. 

  127.   French.</span></p>
    128. 

  128.   <p><span class="english">If a sentence consists of a <a name=
    129. 

  129.   "time measure">time measure</a> such as three months or an action
    130. 

  130.   measure such as twice, the measures should be placed after the
    131. 

  131.   main verb of the sentence, as demonstrated below. More examples
    132. 

  132.   can be seen in Lesson 31 of Practical Chinese Reader Book
    133. 

  133.   II.</span></p>
    134. 

  134.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span>
    135. 

  135.   <span class="hanzi">汉</span> <span class="hanzi">语</span>
    136. 

  136.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    137. 

  137.   <span class="hanzi">三</span> <span class="hanzi">个</span>
    138. 

  138.   <span class="hanzi">月</span></p>
    139. 

  139.   <p><span class="english">wǒ xué hànyŭ <span>xuéle sān ge
    140. 

  140.   yuè</span></span> <span class="english"><a href=
    141. 

  141.   "Sound/wo%20xue%20hanyu%20xue%20le%203%20ge%20yue.wav"><img src=
    142. 

  142.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    143. 

  143.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span>
    144. 

  144.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="hanzi">三</span>
    145. 

  145.   <span class="hanzi">个</span> <span class="hanzi">月</span>
    146. 

  146.   <span class="hanzi">的</span> <span class="hanzi">汉</span>
    147. 

  147.   <span class="hanzi">语</span></p>
    148. 

  148.   <p><span lang="FR" xml:lang="FR">wǒ <span>xuéle sān ge yuè</span>
    149. 

  149.   de hànyŭ</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    150. 

  150.   "Sound/wo%20xue%20le%203%20ge%20yue%20de%20hanyu.wav"><img src=
    151. 

  151.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    152. 

  152.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">汉语</span>
    153. 

  153.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    154. 

  154.   <span class="hanzi">三</span> <span class="hanzi">个</span>
    155. 

  155.   <span class="hanzi">月</span></p>
    156. 

  156.   <p><span lang="FR" xml:lang="FR">wǒ hànyŭ xuéle sān ge yuè</span>
    157. 

  157.   <span class="english"><a href=
    158. 

  158.   "Sound/wo%20hanyu%20xue%20le%203%20ge%20yue.wav"><img src=
    159. 

  159.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    160. 

  160.   <p><span lang="FR" xml:lang="FR">I studied Chinese for three
    161. 

  161.   months.</span></p>
    162. 

  162.   <p><span lang="FR" xml:lang="FR">2. One might have noticed that
    163. 

  163.   the above affirmative sentences have complex objects.</span>
    164. 

  164.   <span class="english">However, when describing a particular
    165. 

  165.   action, if the object of the sentence is a simple one i.e. a
    166. 

  166.   noun, which is not attached to a number and measure word, and not
    167. 

  167.   attached to a descriptive clause (</span> <span class="hanzi"
    168. 

  168.   style="font-family:SimSun">的</span> <span class=
    169. 

  169.   "english">clause), the aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi"
    170. 

  170.   style="font-family:SimSun">了</span> <span class=
    171. 

  171.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">can be placed at the
    172. 

  172.   end of the sentence. For instance,</span></p>
    173. 

  173.   <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=
    174. 

  174.   "border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 0" bordercolor=
    175. 

  175.   "#111111" width="72%" id="AutoNumber2">
    176. 

  176.     <tbody>
    177. 

  177.       <tr>
    178. 

  178.         <td width="50%" style=
    179. 

  179.         "border-style: none; border-width: medium"><span class=
    180. 

  180.         "hanzi">今</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span> <span class=
    181. 

  181.         "hanzi">上</span> <span class="hanzi">午</span> <span class=
    182. 

  182.         "hanzi">你</span> <span class="hanzi">去</span>
    183. 

  183.         <u><span class="hanzi">哪儿</span></u> <span class=
    184. 

  184.         "hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">or</span></td>
    185. 

  185.         <td width="50%" style=
    186. 

  186.         "border-style: none; border-width: medium"><span class=
    187. 

  187.         "hanzi">今</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span> <span class=
    188. 

  188.         "hanzi">上</span> <span class="hanzi">午</span> <span class=
    189. 

  189.         "hanzi">你</span> <span class="hanzi">去了</span> <span class=
    190. 

  190.         "hanzi">哪儿</span></td>
    191. 

  191.       </tr>
    192. 

  192.       <tr>
    193. 

  193.         <td width="50%" style=
    194. 

  194.         "border-style: none; border-width: medium"><span class=
    195. 

  195.         "english">jīn tiān shàngwŭ nĭ <span>qù</span> <u>năr</u>
    196. 

  196.         <span>le</span></span> <span class="english"><a href=
    197. 

  197.         "Sound/jintian%20shangwu%20ni%20qu%20nar%20le.wav"><img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" />
    198. 

  198.         </a> or</span></td>
    199. 

  199.         <td width="50%" style=
    200. 

  200.         "border-style: none; border-width: medium"><span class=
    201. 

  201.         "english">jīn tiān shàngwŭ nĭ <span>qù</span>
    202. 

  202.         <span>le</span></span> <span class="english">năr</span>
    203. 

  203.         <span class="english"><a href=
    204. 

  204.         "Sound/jintian%20shangwu%20ni%20qu%20le%20nar.wav"><img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" />
    205. 

  205.         </a></span></td>
    206. 

  206.       </tr>
    207. 

  207.     </tbody>
    208. 

  208.   </table>
    209. 

  209.   <p><span class="english">Where did you go this morning</span>
    210. 

  210.   <span class="english">?</span></p>
    211. 

  211.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">去</span>
    212. 

  212.   <span class="hanzi">买</span> <u><span class="hanzi">书</span></u>
    213. 

  213.   <span class="hanzi">了</span></p>
    214. 

  214.   <p><span class="english">wǒ qù măi <u>shū</u>
    215. 

  215.   <span>le</span></span> <span class="english"><a href=
    216. 

  216.   "Sound/wo%20qu%20mai%20shu%20le.wav"><img src=
    217. 

  217.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    218. 

  218.   <p><span class="english">I went out to buy (a) book</span>
    219. 

  219.   <span class="english">.</span></p>
    220. 

  220.   <p><span class="english">Both objects of the sentences,</span>
    221. 

  221.   <span class="hanzi">哪儿</span> <u><span class=
    222. 

  222.   "english">năr</span></u> <span class="english">where</span>
    223. 

  223.   <span class="english">and</span> <span class="hanzi">书</span>
    224. 

  224.   <span class="english">shū</span> <span class=
    225. 

  225.   "english">book</span> <span class="english">are simple words
    226. 

  226.   without clauses attached, therefore the aspect particle</span>
    227. 

  227.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    228. 

  228.   <span class="english">can be placed at the end of the
    229. 

  229.   sentences.</span></p>
    230. 

  230.   <p><span class="english">As one can see that the answer in the
    231. 

  231.   above conversation uses the same sentence pattern as it is in the
    232. 

  232.   question.</span></p>
    233. 

  233.   <p><span class="english">3. The rules of the aspect
    234. 

  234.   particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    235. 

  235.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">only apply to the main
    236. 

  236.   verb of a sentence. If an action verb is used in a descriptive
    237. 

  237.   (</span> <span class="hanzi">的</span> <span class="english">)
    238. 

  238.   clause as it demonstrated below, it will not be affected by the
    239. 

  239.   rules. The aspect</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    240. 

  240.   <span class="english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used
    241. 

  241.   with stative verbs either. For example,</span></p>
    242. 

  242.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">们</span>
    243. 

  243.   <span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    244. 

  244.   <u><span class="hanzi">学</span></u> <span class="hanzi">的</span>
    245. 

  245.   <span class="hanzi">汉</span> <span class="hanzi">语</span>
    246. 

  246.   <span class="hanzi">很</span> <u><span class="hanzi">容</span>
    247. 

  247.   <span class="hanzi">易</span></u></p>
    248. 

  248.   <p><span class="english">wǒmen</span> <span class=
    249. 

  249.   "english">zuótiān <u>xué</u> de <span>hànyŭ hěn
    250. 

  250.   <u>róngyì</u></span></span> <span class="english"><a href=
    251. 

  251.   "Sound/women%20zuotian%20xue%20de%20hanyu.wav"><img src=
    252. 

  252.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    253. 

  253.   <p><span class="english">The Chinese language that we learned
    254. 

  254.   yesterday was very easy</span> <span class="english">.</span></p>
    255. 

  255.   <p><span class="english">The aspect particle</span> <span class=
    256. 

  256.   "hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span> <span class=
    257. 

  257.   "english">is not used in the above sentence for the following two
    258. 

  258.   reasons.</span></p>
    259. 

  259.   <ul style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0cm" type="disc">
    260. 

  260.     <li style="line-height: 150%"><span class="english">The action
    261. 

  261.     verb</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class=
    262. 

  262.     "english">xué</span> <span class="english">learned</span>
    263. 

  263.     <span class="english">is only used to describe the subject of
    264. 

  264.     the sentence,</span> <span class="hanzi">汉语</span> <span class=
    265. 

  265.     "english">hànyŭ</span> <span class="english">Chinese
    266. 

  266.     language</span> <span class="english">, and is not the main
    267. 

  267.     verb of the sentence.</span></li>
    268. 

  268.     <li style="line-height: 150%"><span class="english">The main
    269. 

  269.     verb of the sentence is the stative verb,</span> <span class=
    270. 

  270.     "hanzi">容易</span> <span class="english">róngyì</span>
    271. 

  271.     <span class="english">was easy</span> <span class="english">,
    272. 

  272.     therefore the aspect particle</span> <span class=
    273. 

  273.     "hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span> <span class=
    274. 

  274.     "english">is not applied.</span></li>
    275. 

  275.   </ul>
    276. 

  276.   <p><span class="english">4. The aspect particle</span>
    277. 

  277.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    278. 

  278.   <span class="english">is not used when describing a completed
    279. 

  279.   action that one has done regularly. In other words, if a sentence
    280. 

  280.   consists of the words that indicate regularity, such as</span>
    281. 

  281.   <span class="hanzi">每天</span> <span class=
    282. 

  282.   "english">měitiān</span> <span class="english">everyday,</span>
    283. 

  283.   <span class="hanzi">常常</span> <span class=
    284. 

  284.   "english">chángcháng</span> <span class="english">often or</span>
    285. 

  285.   <span class="hanzi">总是</span> <span class=
    286. 

  286.   "english">zǒngshì</span> <span class="english">always, the aspect
    287. 

  287.   particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    288. 

  288.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used, but a time
    289. 

  289.   adverb such as</span> <span class="hanzi">昨天</span> <span class=
    290. 

  290.   "english">zuótiān</span> <span class="english">yesterday
    291. 

  291.   or</span> <span class="hanzi">去年</span> <span class=
    292. 

  292.   "english">qùnián</span> <span class="english">last year is placed
    293. 

  293.   in a sentence to indicate that the action has been completed. The
    294. 

  294.   negation for a habitual action in the past is</span> <span class=
    295. 

  295.   "hanzi">不</span> <span class="english">bù</span> <span class=
    296. 

  296.   "english">do not, but not</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    297. 

  297.   <span class="english">méi</span> <span class="english">. For
    298. 

  298.   example,</span></p>
    299. 

  299.   <p><span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    300. 

  300.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">们</span>
    301. 

  301.   <span class="hanzi">总</span> <span class="hanzi">是</span>
    302. 

  302.   <span class="hanzi">吃</span> <span class="hanzi">中</span>
    303. 

  303.   <span class="hanzi">国</span> <span class="hanzi">饭</span></p>
    304. 

  304.   <p><span class="english">qùnián wǒmen <span>zǒngshì</span>
    305. 

  305.   <span>chī</span> zhōngguó fàn</span> <span class=
    306. 

  306.   "english"><a href=
    307. 

  307.   "Sound/qunian%20women%20zongshi%20chi%20zhonguo%20fan.wav"><img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" />
    308. 

  308.   </a></span></p>
    309. 

  309.   <p><span class="english">We always ate Chinese meals last
    310. 

  310.   year.</span></p>
    311. 

  311.   <p><span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    312. 

  312.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">们</span>
    313. 

  313.   <span class="hanzi">每</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    314. 

  314.   <span class="hanzi">都</span> <span class="hanzi">不</span>
    315. 

  315.   <span class="hanzi">吃</span> <span class="hanzi">中</span>
    316. 

  316.   <span class="hanzi">国</span> <span class="hanzi">饭</span></p>
    317. 

  317.   <p><span class="english">qùnián wǒmen <span>měitiān dōu
    318. 

  318.   bùchī</span> zhōngguó fàn</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    319. 

  319.   "Sound/qunian%20women%20meitian%20dou%20bu%20chi%20zhonguo%20fan.wav">
    320. 

  320.   <img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    321. 

  321.   <p><span class="english">We didn’t eat a Chinese meal during a
    322. 

  322.   single day.</span></p>
    323. 

  323.   <p><span class="english">5. When the verbs that imply habitual
    324. 

  324.   actions such as</span> <span class="hanzi">是</span> <span class=
    325. 

  325.   "english">shì</span> <span class="english">, to be,</span>
    326. 

  326.   <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class="english">zài</span>
    327. 

  327.   <span class="english">to be in and</span> <span class=
    328. 

  328.   "hanzi">有</span> <span class="english">yǒu</span> <span class=
    329. 

  329.   "english">to have are used as the main verbs of sentences, the
    330. 

  330.   aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    331. 

  331.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used. In this
    332. 

  332.   case the negation for these verbs is</span> <span class=
    333. 

  333.   "hanzi">不</span> <span class="english">bù</span> <span class=
    334. 

  334.   "english">not except for</span> <span class="hanzi">有</span>
    335. 

  335.   <span class="english">yǒu</span> <span class="english">. See
    336. 

  336.   below,</span></p>
    337. 

  337.   <p><span class="hanzi">十</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    338. 

  338.   <span class="hanzi">以前</span> <span class="hanzi">小</span>
    339. 

  339.   <span class="hanzi">王</span> <span class="hanzi">是</span>
    340. 

  340.   <span class="hanzi">汉</span> <span class="hanzi">语</span>
    341. 

  341.   <span class="hanzi">老</span> <span class="hanzi">师</span></p>
    342. 

  342.   <p><span class="english">shí nián yĭqián xiăo wáng
    343. 

  343.   <span>shì</span> hànyŭ lăoshī</span> <span class=
    344. 

  344.   "english"><a href=
    345. 

  345.   "Sound/10%20nian%20yiqian%20xiao%20wang%20shi%20hanyu%20laoshi.wav">
    346. 

  346.   <img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    347. 

  347.   <p><span class="english">Xiao Wang was a Chinese language teacher
    348. 

  348.   ten years ago.</span></p>
    349. 

  349.   <p><span class="hanzi">十</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    350. 

  350.   <span class="hanzi">以前</span> <span class="hanzi">小</span>
    351. 

  351.   <span class="hanzi">王</span> <span class="hanzi">不</span>
    352. 

  352.   <span class="hanzi">是</span> <span class="hanzi">汉</span>
    353. 

  353.   <span class="hanzi">语</span> <span class="hanzi">老</span>
    354. 

  354.   <span class="hanzi">师</span></p>
    355. 

  355.   <p><span class="english">shí nián yĭqián xiăo wáng
    356. 

  356.   <span>búshì</span> hànyŭ lăoshī</span> <span class=
    357. 

  357.   "english"><a href=
    358. 

  358.   "Sound/10%20nian%20yiqian%20xiao%20wang%20bu%20shi%20hanyu%20laoshi.wav">
    359. 

  359.   <img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    360. 

  360.   <p><span class="english">Xiao Wang wasn’t a Chinese language
    361. 

  361.   teacher ten years ago.</span></p>
    362. 

  362.   <p><span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    363. 

  363.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">在</span>
    364. 

  364.   <span class="hanzi">图书</span> <span class="hanzi">馆</span></p>
    365. 

  365.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wǒ <span>zài</span>
    366. 

  366.   túshūguăn</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    367. 

  367.   "Sound/zuotain%20wo%20zai%20tushu%20guan.wav"><img src=
    368. 

  368.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    369. 

  369.   <p><span class="english">I was in the library
    370. 

  370.   yesterday.</span></p>
    371. 

  371.   <p><span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    372. 

  372.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">不在</span>
    373. 

  373.   <span class="hanzi">图书</span> <span class="hanzi">馆</span></p>
    374. 

  374.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wǒ <span>búzài</span>
    375. 

  375.   túshūguăn</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    376. 

  376.   "Sound/zuotian%20wo%20bu%20zai%20tushu%20guan.wav"><img src=
    377. 

  377.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    378. 

  378.   <p><span class="english">I wasn’t in the library
    379. 

  379.   yesterday.</span></p>
    380. 

  380.   <p><span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    381. 

  381.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">有</span>
    382. 

  382.   <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="hanzi">多</span>
    383. 

  383.   <span class="hanzi">钱</span></p>
    384. 

  384.   <p><span class="english">qùnián wǒ <span>yǒu</span> hěnduō
    385. 

  385.   qián</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    386. 

  386.   "Sound/qunian%20wo%20you%20hen%20duo%20qian.wav"><img src=
    387. 

  387.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    388. 

  388.   <p><span class="english">I had a lot of money last
    389. 

  389.   year.</span></p>
    390. 

  390.   <p><span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    391. 

  391.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    392. 

  392.   <span class="hanzi">有</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span>
    393. 

  393.   <span class="hanzi">多</span> <span class="hanzi">钱</span></p>
    394. 

  394.   <p><span class="english">qùnián wǒ <span>méiyǒu</span> hěnduō
    395. 

  395.   qián</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    396. 

  396.   "Sound/qunian%20wo%20mei%20you%20hen%20duo%20qian.wav"><img src=
    397. 

  397.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    398. 

  398.   <p><span class="english">I didn’t have a lot of money last
    399. 

  399.   year.</span></p>
    400. 

  400.   <p><span class="english">6. If a modal verb <span class=
    401. 

  401.   "Char"><span style=
    402. 

  402.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    403. 

  403.   is used in a sentence, the aspect particle</span></span></span>
    404. 

  404.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    405. 

  405.   <span class="english">should not be applied, but a time adverb
    406. 

  406.   such as</span> <span class="hanzi">昨天</span> <span class=
    407. 

  407.   "english">zuótiān</span> <span class="english">yesterday
    408. 

  408.   or</span> <span class="hanzi">去年</span> <span class=
    409. 

  409.   "english">qùnián</span> <span class="english">last year is placed
    410. 

  410.   in the sentence to indicate the completion of the action. The
    411. 

  411.   negation for a modal verb in the past is</span> <span class=
    412. 

  412.   "hanzi">不</span> <span class="english">bù</span> <span class=
    413. 

  413.   "english">do not, but not</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    414. 

  414.   <span class="english">méi</span> <span class="english">.
    415. 

  415.   <u><span style="color:#333399"><a href="#Modal%20verbs">Modal
    416. 

  416.   verbs</a></span></u> are those verbs which express <span class=
    417. 

  417.   "Char"><span style=
    418. 

  418.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    419. 

  419.   intentions,</span></span> such as</span> <span class=
    420. 

  420.   "Char"><span class="hanzi" style=
    421. 

  421.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">想</span>
    422. 

  422.   <span class="english" style=
    423. 

  423.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">xiăng</span>
    424. 

  424.   <span class="english" style=
    425. 

  425.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    426. 

  426.   wish to</span> <span class="english" style=
    427. 

  427.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    428. 

  428.   and</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    429. 

  429.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">要</span>
    430. 

  430.   <span class="english" style=
    431. 

  431.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">yào</span> <span class=
    432. 

  432.   "english" style=
    433. 

  433.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    434. 

  434.   want to; the verbs that are used to express feelings such
    435. 

  435.   as</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    436. 

  436.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">喜欢</span>
    437. 

  437.   <span class="english" style=
    438. 

  438.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">xĭhuān</span>
    439. 

  439.   <span class="english" style=
    440. 

  440.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    441. 

  441.   like</span> <span class="english" style=
    442. 

  442.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    443. 

  443.   and</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    444. 

  444.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">爱</span>
    445. 

  445.   <span class="english" style=
    446. 

  446.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">ài</span> <span class=
    447. 

  447.   "english" style=
    448. 

  448.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    449. 

  449.   love; or the verbs that express obligations such as</span>
    450. 

  450.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    451. 

  451.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">应该</span>
    452. 

  452.   <span class="english" style=
    453. 

  453.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">yīnggāi</span>
    454. 

  454.   <span class="english" style=
    455. 

  455.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    456. 

  456.   ought to</span> <span class="english" style=
    457. 

  457.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    458. 

  458.   ,</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    459. 

  459.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">能</span>
    460. 

  460.   <span class="english" style=
    461. 

  461.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">néng</span> <span class=
    462. 

  462.   "english" style=
    463. 

  463.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    464. 

  464.   can and</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    465. 

  465.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">可以</span>
    466. 

  466.   <span class="english" style=
    467. 

  467.   "line-height: 150%; font-weight: normal">kěyĭ</span> <span class=
    468. 

  468.   "english" style=
    469. 

  469.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: Times New Roman; font-weight: normal">
    470. 

  470.   may. For instance,</span></span></p>
    471. 

  471.   <p><span class="Char"><span class="hanzi" style=
    472. 

  472.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">昨</span>
    473. 

  473.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    474. 

  474.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">天</span>
    475. 

  475.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    476. 

  476.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">晚</span>
    477. 

  477.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    478. 

  478.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">上</span>
    479. 

  479.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    480. 

  480.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">我</span>
    481. 

  481.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    482. 

  482.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">很</span>
    483. 

  483.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    484. 

  484.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; color: red; font-weight: normal">
    485. 

  485.   想</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    486. 

  486.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; color: red; font-weight: normal">
    487. 

  487.   吃</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    488. 

  488.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">中</span>
    489. 

  489.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    490. 

  490.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">国</span>
    491. 

  491.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    492. 

  492.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">菜</span></span></p>
    493. 

  493.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wănshang wǒhěn <span>xiăng
    494. 

  494.   chī</span> zhōngguó cài</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    495. 

  495.   "Sound/zuotian%20wanshang%20wo%20hen%20xiang%20chi.wav"><img src=
    496. 

  496.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    497. 

  497.   <p><span class="english">I really wanted to eat some Chinese food
    498. 

  498.   last night.</span></p>
    499. 

  499.   <p><span class="Char"><span class="hanzi" style=
    500. 

  500.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">昨</span>
    501. 

  501.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    502. 

  502.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">天</span>
    503. 

  503.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    504. 

  504.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">晚</span>
    505. 

  505.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    506. 

  506.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">上</span>
    507. 

  507.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    508. 

  508.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">我</span>
    509. 

  509.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    510. 

  510.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; color: red; font-weight: normal">
    511. 

  511.   不想</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    512. 

  512.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; color: red; font-weight: normal">
    513. 

  513.   吃</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    514. 

  514.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">中</span>
    515. 

  515.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    516. 

  516.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">国</span>
    517. 

  517.   <span class="hanzi" style=
    518. 

  518.   "line-height: 150%; font-family: SimSun; font-weight: normal">菜</span></span></p>
    519. 

  519.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wănshang wǒ <span>bùxiăng
    520. 

  520.   chī</span> zhōngguó cài</span> <span class="english"><a href=
    521. 

  521.   "Sound/zuotian%20wanshang%20wo%20bu%20xiang%20chi.wav"><img src=
    522. 

  522.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    523. 

  523.   <p><span class="english">I didn’t want to eat Chinese food last
    524. 

  524.   night.</span></p>
    525. 

  525.   <p><span class="english">7. The aspect particle</span>
    526. 

  526.   <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span>
    527. 

  527.   <span class="english">is not used</span> <span class="english">in
    528. 

  528.   the complement of degree construction. In other words when one
    529. 

  529.   expresses a sentence using <u><span style="color:navy"><a href=
    530. 

  530.   "#_%E5%BE%97the_complement_of" style=
    531. 

  531.   "color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">
    532. 

  532.   verb+ <span class="hanzi">得</span>+adverb</a></span></u> , the
    533. 

  533.   aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    534. 

  534.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used. As you may
    535. 

  535.   have remembered, the complement of degree construction is used to
    536. 

  536.   describe habitual actions, such as “he runs very fast” and “she
    537. 

  537.   eats slowly”. It is mentioned in points 4 and 5 of this section
    538. 

  538.   that the aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    539. 

  539.   <span class="english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used
    540. 

  540.   when describing a regular action in the past. Although the
    541. 

  541.   complement of degree construction can also be used to describe
    542. 

  542.   the result or the outcome of a particular (one off) action, the
    543. 

  543.   aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    544. 

  544.   "english">le</span> <span class="english">is not used. The
    545. 

  545.   following sentence describes a past habitual action without using
    546. 

  546.   the particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class=
    547. 

  547.   "english">le.</span> <span class="english">The following sentence
    548. 

  548.   describes the regular action of studying in the past without
    549. 

  549.   using the particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    550. 

  550.   <span class="english">le</span> <span class=
    551. 

  551.   "english">.</span></p>
    552. 

  552.   <p><span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">年</span>
    553. 

  553.   <span class="hanzi">他</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span>
    554. 

  554.   <span class="hanzi">中</span> <span class="hanzi">文</span>
    555. 

  555.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">得</span>
    556. 

  556.   <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="hanzi">好</span></p>
    557. 

  557.   <p><span class="english">qùnián tā xué zhōngwén <span>xué
    558. 

  558.   de</span> <span>hěnhăo</span></span> <span class=
    559. 

  559.   "english"><a href=
    560. 

  560.   "Sound/qunian%20ta%20xue%20zhongwen.wav"><img src=
    561. 

  561.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    562. 

  562.   <p><span class="english">He studied Chinese very well last
    563. 

  563.   year.</span></p>
    564. 

  564.   <p><span class="english">The following sentence describes the
    565. 

  565.   outcome of a particular action, cooking in the past, without
    566. 

  566.   using the aspect particle</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    567. 

  567.   <span class="english">le</span> <span class=
    568. 

  568.   "english">.</span></p>
    569. 

  569.   <p><span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    570. 

  570.   <span class="hanzi">晚</span> <span class="hanzi">上</span>
    571. 

  571.   <span class="hanzi">他</span> <span class="hanzi">做</span>
    572. 

  572.   <span class="hanzi">饭</span> <span class="hanzi">作</span>
    573. 

  573.   <span class="hanzi">得</span> <span class="hanzi">很</span>
    574. 

  574.   <span class="hanzi">好</span></p>
    575. 

  575.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wănshàng tā zuòfàn <span>zuò
    576. 

  576.   dehěnhăo</span></span> <span class="english"><a href=
    577. 

  577.   "Sound/zuotian%20wanshang%20ta%20zuo%20fan.wav"><img src=
    578. 

  578.   "../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    579. 

  579.   <p><span class="english">He cooked a lot last night.</span></p>
    580. 

  580.   <p><span class="english">8. If a sentence describes a sequence of
    581. 

  581.   completed actions, the aspect particle</span> <span class=
    582. 

  582.   "hanzi">了</span> <span class="english">le</span> <span class=
    583. 

  583.   "english">is placed after the last verb in the sequence, but in a
    584. 

  584.   negative sentence, the negation</span> <span class=
    585. 

  585.   "hanzi">没</span> <span class="english">méi</span> <span class=
    586. 

  586.   "english">is placed before the first verb. For
    587. 

  587.   instance,</span></p>
    588. 

  588.   <p><span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    589. 

  589.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">去</span>
    590. 

  590.   <span class="hanzi">大</span> <span class="hanzi">学</span>
    591. 

  591.   <span class="hanzi">书</span> <span class="hanzi">店</span>
    592. 

  592.   <span class="hanzi">买</span> <span class="hanzi">了</span>
    593. 

  593.   <span class="hanzi">三</span> <span class="hanzi">本</span>
    594. 

  594.   <span class="hanzi">书</span></p>
    595. 

  595.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wǒ <span>qù</span> dàxué shūdiàn
    596. 

  596.   <span>măile</span> sān běn shū</span> <span class=
    597. 

  597.   "english"><a href=
    598. 

  598.   "Sound/zuotian%20wo%20qu%20daxue%20shudian%20mai%20le.wav"><img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" />
    599. 

  599.   </a></span></p>
    600. 

  600.   <p><span class="english">I went to the university bookshop and
    601. 

  601.   bought three books yesterday.</span></p>
    602. 

  602.   <p><span class="hanzi">昨</span> <span class="hanzi">天</span>
    603. 

  603.   <span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    604. 

  604.   <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="hanzi">大</span>
    605. 

  605.   <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="hanzi">书</span>
    606. 

  606.   <span class="hanzi">店</span> <span class="hanzi">买</span>
    607. 

  607.   <span class="hanzi">书</span></p>
    608. 

  608.   <p><span class="english">zuótiān wǒ <span>méiqù</span> dàxué
    609. 

  609.   shūdiàn <span>măi</span> shū</span> <span class=
    610. 

  610.   "english"><a href="Sound/zuotian%20wo%20mei%20qu%20daxue%20shudian%20mai%20shu.wav">
    611. 

  611.   <img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    612. 

  612.   <p><span class="english">I didn’t go to the university bookshop
    613. 

  613.   to buy books yesterday.</span></p>
    614. 

  614.   <p><span class="english">If one of the actions in a sequence is
    615. 

  615.   completed and the other is not, they should be treated separately
    616. 

  616.   as indicated below.</span></p>
    617. 

  617.   <p><span class="hanzi">我</span> <span class="hanzi">去了</span>
    618. 

  618.   <span class="hanzi">大学</span> <span class="hanzi">书</span>
    619. 

  619.   <span class="hanzi">店，可是</span> <span class="hanzi">没</span>
    620. 

  620.   <span class="hanzi">买</span> <span class="hanzi">书</span></p>
    621. 

  621.   <p><span class="english">wǒ <span>qùle</span> dàxué shūdiàn,
    622. 

  622.   kěshì <span>méimăi</span>shū</span> <span class=
    623. 

  623.   "english"><a href="Sound/wo%20qu%20le%20daxue%20shudian%20keshi.wav">
    624. 

  624.   <img src="../Misc/BD18249_.WMF" /></a></span></p>
    625. 

  625.   <p><span class="english">Yesterday I went to the university
    626. 

  626.   bookshop, but I didn’t buy books.</span></p>
    627. 

  627.   <p><span class="english">If you have any questions about the
    628. 

  628.   above explanation, please click here to ask.</span></p>
    629. 

  629.   <p><span style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: 700"><a style=
    630. 

  630.   "text-decoration: none" target="_blank" href=
    631. 

  631.   "Lessons%2014-16.htm#aspect%20for%20the%20completion%20of%20actions">
    632. 

  632.   Assignments</a></span></p>
    633. 

  633.   <p>Translate the following sentences into Chinese (the aspect for
    634. 

  634.   the completion of actions)</p>
    635. 

  635.   <p>Yesterday I went to the shop and bought three Chinese
    636. 

  636.   maps.</p>
    637. 

  637.   <p>I went to your place yesterday, but (但是) you were not at
    638. 

  638.   home.</p>
    639. 

  639.   <p>I was at home yesterday afternoon.</p>
    640. 

  640.   <p>The grammar teacher who lives next to the library had three
    641. 

  641.   Chinese cars last year.</p>
    642. 

  642.   <p>I was learning French at the language college four months
    643. 

  643.   ago.</p>
    644. 

  644.   <p>I haven’t learned the new characters in lesson fifteen.</p>
    645. 

  645.   <p>I ate in restaurants everyday when I was in China last
    646. 

  646.   May.</p>
    647. 

  647.   <p>I wanted to go to France last month.</p>
    648. 

  648.   <p>Did you introduce Gubo to Mr Wang this morning?</p>
    649. 

  649.   <p>In the past I often smoked in the classroom when there was no
    650. 

  650.   one there.</p>
    651. 

  651.   <p>I liked drinking coffee in the morning last year.</p>
    652. 

  652.   <p>Yesterday evening I went to the dormitory to see Ding Yun.</p>
    653. 

  653.   <div>
    654. 

  654.     <br />
    655. 

  655.   </div>
    656. 

  656.   <p><span lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US">Frequently asked
    657. 

  657.   questions</span></p>
    658. 

  658.   <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span lang="en-us" xml:lang=
    659. 

  659.   "en-us">Click on the following links to view the
    660. 

  660.   answers</span></p>
    661. 

  661.   <ol>
    662. 

  662.     <li>
    663. 

  663.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><span style=
    664. 

  664.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none" href=
    665. 

  665.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#1.%20When%20should%20I%20use%20it">
    666. 

  666.       When should I use it?</a></span></p>
    667. 

  667.     </li>
    668. 

  668.     <li>
    669. 

  669.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    670. 

  670.       href=
    671. 

  671.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#2.%20When%20should%20I%20place%20the%20%E4%BA%86%20at%20the%20end%20of%20a%20sentence,%20and%20when%20should%20I%20place%20it%20after%20the%20main%20verb%20of%20a%20sentence">
    672. 

  672.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">When should I place the</span>
    673. 

  673.       <span class="hanzi" style=
    674. 

  674.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    675. 

  675.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">at the end of a sentence, and
    676. 

  676.       when should I place it after the main verb of a
    677. 

  677.       sentence?</span></a></p>
    678. 

  678.     </li>
    679. 

  679.     <li>
    680. 

  680.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    681. 

  681.       href=
    682. 

  682.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#3.%20Is%20it%20incorrect%20if%20I%20place%20%E4%BA%86%20after%20the%20verb%20in%20a%20simple-object%20sentence">
    683. 

  683.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Is it incorrect if I
    684. 

  684.       place</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    685. 

  685.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    686. 

  686.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">after the verb in a
    687. 

  687.       simple-object sentence?</span></a></p>
    688. 

  688.     </li>
    689. 

  689.     <li>
    690. 

  690.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    691. 

  691.       href=
    692. 

  692.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#4.%20Can%20I%20place%20%E4%BA%86%20at%20the%20end%20of%20a%20sentence%20that%20has%20a%20complex%20object">
    693. 

  693.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Can I place</span> <span class=
    694. 

  694.       "hanzi" style=
    695. 

  695.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    696. 

  696.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">at the end of a sentence that
    697. 

  697.       has a complex object?</span></a></p>
    698. 

  698.     </li>
    699. 

  699.     <li>
    700. 

  700.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    701. 

  701.       href=
    702. 

  702.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#5.%20Where%20should%20I%20place%20%E4%BA%86%20if%20a%20sentence%20has%20a%20time%20measure">
    703. 

  703.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Where should I place</span>
    704. 

  704.       <span class="hanzi" style=
    705. 

  705.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    706. 

  706.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">if a sentence has a time
    707. 

  707.       measure?</span></a></p>
    708. 

  708.     </li>
    709. 

  709.     <li>
    710. 

  710.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    711. 

  711.       href=
    712. 

  712.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#6.%20Is%20a%20time%20measure%20placed%20after%20%E4%BA%86%20in%20a%20negative%20sentence">
    713. 

  713.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Is a time measure placed
    714. 

  714.       after</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    715. 

  715.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    716. 

  716.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">in a negative
    717. 

  717.       sentence?</span></a></p>
    718. 

  718.     </li>
    719. 

  719.     <li>
    720. 

  720.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    721. 

  721.       href=
    722. 

  722.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#7.%20Do%20I%20have%20to%20put%20the%20time-measures%20before%20%E6%B2%A1%20in%20all%20negative%20sentences">
    723. 

  723.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Do I have to put the
    724. 

  724.       time-measures before</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    725. 

  725.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">没</span>
    726. 

  726.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">in all negative
    727. 

  727.       sentences?</span></a></p>
    728. 

  728.     </li>
    729. 

  729.     <li>
    730. 

  730.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    731. 

  731.       href=
    732. 

  732.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#8.%20Do%20I%20have%20to%20put%20%E4%BA%86%20after%20every%20verb%20in%20a%20sentence,%20if%20the%20sentence%20has%20a%20sequence%20of%20actions">
    733. 

  733.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Do I have to put</span>
    734. 

  734.       <span class="hanzi" style=
    735. 

  735.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    736. 

  736.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">after every verb in a sentence,
    737. 

  737.       if the sentence has a sequence of actions?</span></a></p>
    738. 

  738.     </li>
    739. 

  739.     <li>
    740. 

  740.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    741. 

  741.       href=
    742. 

  742.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#9.%20Do%20I%20always%20have%20to%20place%20%E4%BA%86%20after%20the%20last%20verb%20of%20a%20sentence%20when%20describing%20a%20sequence%20of%20actions">
    743. 

  743.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Do I always have to
    744. 

  744.       place</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    745. 

  745.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    746. 

  746.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">after the last verb of a
    747. 

  747.       sentence when describing a sequence of
    748. 

  748.       actions?</span></a></p>
    749. 

  749.     </li>
    750. 

  750.     <li>
    751. 

  751.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    752. 

  752.       href=
    753. 

  753.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#10.%20Do%20I%20always%20have%20to%20use%20%E4%BA%86%20to%20indicate%20a%20completed%20action">
    754. 

  754.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Do I always have to use</span>
    755. 

  755.       <span class="hanzi" style=
    756. 

  756.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    757. 

  757.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">to indicate a completed
    758. 

  758.       action?</span></a></p>
    759. 

  759.     </li>
    760. 

  760.     <li>
    761. 

  761.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    762. 

  762.       href=
    763. 

  763.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#11.%20Apart%20from%20the%20negation,%20are%20there%20any%20circumstances%20in%20which%20%E4%BA%86%20is%20not%20used?">
    764. 

  764.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Apart from the negation, are
    765. 

  765.       there any circumstances in which</span> <span class="hanzi"
    766. 

  766.       style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    767. 

  767.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">is not used?</span></a></p>
    768. 

  768.     </li>
    769. 

  769.     <li>
    770. 

  770.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    771. 

  771.       href=
    772. 

  772.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#12.%20Is%20it%20true%20that%20if%20I%20use%20a%20time-word%20I%20dont%20have%20to%20use%20%E4%BA%86">
    773. 

  773.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Is it true that if I use a
    774. 

  774.       time-word I don't have to use</span> <span class="hanzi"
    775. 

  775.       style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    776. 

  776.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">?</span></a></p>
    777. 

  777.     </li>
    778. 

  778.     <li>
    779. 

  779.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    780. 

  780.       href=
    781. 

  781.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#13.%20Are%20there%20any%20constructions%20that%20cannot%20take%20an%20aspectual%20particle%20%E4%BA%86">
    782. 

  782.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Are there any constructions
    783. 

  783.       that cannot take an aspectual particle</span> <span class=
    784. 

  784.       "hanzi" style=
    785. 

  785.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    786. 

  786.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">?</span></a></p>
    787. 

  787.     </li>
    788. 

  788.     <li>
    789. 

  789.       <p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt"><a style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"
    790. 

  790.       href=
    791. 

  791.       "http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/LE1.htm#14.%20Do%20I%20always%20have%20to%20consider%20the%20use%20of%20%E4%BA%86%20when%20I%20see%20a%20past%20tense%20in%20an%20English%20sentence">
    792. 

  792.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Do I always have to consider
    793. 

  793.       the use of</span> <span class="hanzi" style=
    794. 

  794.       "FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: TSC UKai M TT">了</span>
    795. 

  795.       <span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">when I see a past tense in an
    796. 

  796.       English sentence?</span></a></p>
    797. 

  797.     </li>
    798. 

  798.   </ol>
    799. 

  799. </body>
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  800. </html>
    801.