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  <p>The use of the adverbial 地</p>
  <p>The adverbial particle 地 de is used to describe the way or
  manner in which an action is</p>
  <p>carried out. The descriptions can be adverbs or phrases with
  an adverbial function. Adverbs</p>
  <p>used to describe actions should be placed before 地 de as
  demonstrated below.</p>
  <p>s</p>
  <p>他</p>
  <p>tā</p>
  <p>adv</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>认 真</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>rènzhēn de</p>
  <p>v</p>
  <p>在 纸 上</p>
  <p>写 了</p>
  <p>zài zhĭ shàng xiě le</p>
  <p>三 个</p>
  <p>sānge</p>
  <p>o</p>
  <p>汉字。</p>
  <p>hànzi</p>
  <p>He very carefully wrote three Chinese characters on a piece of
  paper.</p>
  <p>s</p>
  <p>他</p>
  <p>tā</p>
  <p>adv</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>一笔一笔 地</p>
  <p>bĭ yì bĭ</p>
  <p>de</p>
  <p>v</p>
  <p>在 纸 上</p>
  <p>写 了</p>
  <p>zài zhĭ shàng xiě le</p>
  <p>三 个</p>
  <p>sānge</p>
  <p>o</p>
  <p>汉字。</p>
  <p>hànzi</p>
  <p>Stroke by stroke, he wrote three Chinese characters on a piece
  of paper.</p>
  <p>As you may have noticed, the aspect 了 le is used in the above
  sentences. The adverb phrase</p>
  <p>一笔一笔地 yìbĭyìbĭ de stroke by stroke is placed before the
  co-verb phrase 在纸上 zài</p>
  <p>zhĭ shàng to be on paper.</p>
  <p>The negation for the adverbial 地 sentences is 不 bù, which is
  placed before the adverbial</p>
  <p>phrases. For example,</p>
  <p>s</p>
  <p>他</p>
  <p>tā</p>
  <p>不 adv</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>不 认 真 地</p>
  <p>bù rènzhēn de</p>
  <p>v</p>
  <p>在 纸 上</p>
  <p>写</p>
  <p>zài zhĭ shàng xiě</p>
  <p>o</p>
  <p>汉字。</p>
  <p>hànzi</p>
  <p>He is carelessly writing Chinese characters on a piece of
  paper.</p>
  <p>66Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>The negation 没 méi is used for denying that an action has
  taken place in the suggested</p>
  <p>manner. For example, if someone says "he wrote Chinese
  characters very carefully", you can</p>
  <p>deny it by saying</p>
  <p>没 adv</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>没 认 真 地</p>
  <p>méi rènzhēn de</p>
  <p>s</p>
  <p>他</p>
  <p>tā</p>
  <p>v</p>
  <p>在 纸 上</p>
  <p>写</p>
  <p>zài zhĭ shàng xiě</p>
  <p>o</p>
  <p>汉字。</p>
  <p>hànzi</p>
  <p>He didn't write the Chinese characters carefully on the
  paper.</p>
  <p>The above Chinese sentence implies that he did write the
  Chinese characters, but he didn't do</p>
  <p>it in a careful manner.</p>
  <p>A monosyllabic adverb is reduplicated when using the adverbial
  地 de and the duplicated</p>
  <p>adverb is often pronounced in the first tone. For
  instance,</p>
  <p>adv</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>慢 慢</p>
  <p>地</p>
  <p>ta mànmān de</p>
  <p>s</p>
  <p>他</p>
  <p>tā</p>
  <p>v</p>
  <p>在 纸 上</p>
  <p>写 了</p>
  <p>zài zhĭ shàng xiě le</p>
  <p>o</p>
  <p>三 个</p>
  <p>sānge</p>
  <p>汉字。</p>
  <p>hànzi</p>
  <p>He slowly wrote three Chinese characters on a piece of
  paper.</p>
  <p>The object 汉字 hànzi Chinese character in the above examples is
  attached to a number word</p>
  <p>and a measure word. When an object has nothing else attached
  to it, the adverbial 地 de can</p>
  <p>be omitted. For instance,</p>
  <p>他 总 是 认 真</p>
  <p>工</p>
  <p>作。</p>
  <p>tā zŏngshì rēnzhēn gōngzuò</p>
  <p>He always works conscientiously.</p>
  <p>小</p>
  <p>王</p>
  <p>总</p>
  <p>是 努力 学 习 中</p>
  <p>文。</p>
  <p>Xiăo Wáng zŏngshì nŭ lì xuéxí Zhōngwén</p>
  <p>Xiao Wang always studies Chinese diligently.</p>
  <p>The above sentences describe habitual actions. You might ask
  if the complement of degree</p>
  <p>67Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>construction can be used to describe the above situation. Of
  course you can, but it would be</p>
  <p>something like this.</p>
  <p>小</p>
  <p>王</p>
  <p>学习 中</p>
  <p>文</p>
  <p>学习 得 很 好 。</p>
  <p>Xiăo Wáng xuéxí Zhōngwén xuéxí de hěn hăo</p>
  <p>Xiao Wang studies Chinese well.</p>
  <p>You have to remember that the adverbial construction describes
  the manner in which an</p>
  <p>action is carried out, and the complement of degree
  construction focuses on the outcome of an</p>
  <p>action. As you can see from the above examples, 努力 nŭ lì
  diligent is used to describe the</p>
  <p>manner and 好 hăo well/excellently is a description on the
  outcome of Xiao Wang‟s</p>
  <p>studying</p>
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