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  <p>The 把 sentence construction</p>
  <p>The 把 bǎ construction is used to talk about, for example:
  handling or disposing of a</p>
  <p>particular object (such as sending a particular letter to
  somewhere); saying a particular</p>
  <p>sentence clearly; or putting something somewhere.</p>
  <p>The verbs used in 把 bǎ sentences take complicated forms such
  resultative complements,</p>
  <p>directional complements and the complement of degree. Because
  of the complex use of verbs</p>
  <p>in the 把 bǎ construction, it is important to learn or revise
  the grammar points that are in the</p>
  <p>other sections relating to the 把 bǎ construction before
  embarking on this section.</p>
  <p>Although 把 bǎ is not often used as a verb in modern Chinese,
  it still retains the meaning of</p>
  <p>to hold or to grasp. In this section I will introduce 把 bǎ as
  a co-verb in the 把 bǎ</p>
  <p>construction. Please note in this context that sequence is
  important in Chinese when it comes</p>
  <p>to describing actions. The first action in a sequence should
  come first in an utterance. The</p>
  <p>way to learn co-verb sentences properly is to understand the
  description of sequence in</p>
  <p>Chinese word order. The following two patterns are commonly
  used to form 把 bǎ</p>
  <p>sentences.</p>
  <p>1. A sentence with a verb and direct and indirect objects</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>小 李</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Lǐ</p>
  <p>(没)把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O direct</p>
  <p>信</p>
  <p>xìn</p>
  <p>V+ other element</p>
  <p>寄 给 了</p>
  <p>jì gěi le</p>
  <p>O indirect</p>
  <p>小 王</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Wang</p>
  <p>Xiao Li has sent the letter to Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>86Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>小 李</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Lǐ</p>
  <p>(没)把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O direct</p>
  <p>信</p>
  <p>xìn</p>
  <p>V+ other element</p>
  <p>寄 到</p>
  <p>jì dào</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>O indirect</p>
  <p>中国</p>
  <p>去 了</p>
  <p>Zhōngguó qù le</p>
  <p>Xiao Li has sent the letter to China.</p>
  <p>These two sentences show how the direct and indirect objects
  are connected by the verb</p>
  <p>complements 寄 给 jì gěi send to and 寄 到 jì dào send to. (The
  complement 给 gěi to is</p>
  <p>followed by persons and the complement 到 dào to is followed by
  places.) The above</p>
  <p>examples also demonstrate that „aspect‟ 了 le is placed after
  the verbs: in the first example it</p>
  <p>is placed after 寄 给 jì gěi send to and in the second example
  it is placed after 去 qù.</p>
  <p>2. A sentence with a verb and an object</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà</p>
  <p>(没)把</p>
  <p>没 把</p>
  <p>méi bǎ</p>
  <p>V+ other element</p>
  <p>说 清 楚</p>
  <p>shuō qīngchǔ</p>
  <p>You didn’t say it clearly.</p>
  <p>The negation 没 méi did not is placed before the co-verb 把 bǎ
  in the above sentence.</p>
  <p>Modal verbs, adverbial 地 de and co-verb phrases can also
  precede 把 bǎ. For example</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>要</p>
  <p>yào</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà V+ other element</p>
  <p>说</p>
  <p>清 楚 吗?</p>
  <p>shuō qīngchu ma</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà V+ other element</p>
  <p>说</p>
  <p>清 楚。</p>
  <p>shuō qīngchu</p>
  <p>Would you like to say it clearly?</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>在这儿</p>
  <p>zài zhèr</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>Say it clearly here.</p>
  <p>87Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>一句一句地 把</p>
  <p>yí jùyí jù de bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>V+ other element</p>
  <p>说</p>
  <p>清 楚。</p>
  <p>shuō qīngchu</p>
  <p>Say it clearly, sentence by sentence.</p>
  <p>The following list consists of five types of the most common
  elements that can be attached to</p>
  <p>verbs in 把 sentences.</p>
  <p>1. Complement of degree</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà</p>
  <p>V+ complement of degree</p>
  <p>说</p>
  <p>得 非 常</p>
  <p>清 楚。</p>
  <p>shuō de fēicháng qīngchu</p>
  <p>You’ve said it very clearly indeed.</p>
  <p>2. Resultative complements apart from 见</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>话</p>
  <p>huà</p>
  <p>V+ resultative complement</p>
  <p>说</p>
  <p>错 了。</p>
  <p>shuō chuò le</p>
  <p>You’ve said it wrong.</p>
  <p>3. Directional complements</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>衬衫</p>
  <p>chènshān</p>
  <p>V+ directional complement</p>
  <p>拿 进来。</p>
  <p>ná jìnlai</p>
  <p>Bring in the shirt.</p>
  <p>4. ...action measures</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>V+ action measure</p>
  <p>整</p>
  <p>理一下。</p>
  <p>zhěnglǐ yíxià</p>
  <p>Tidy up the room a little.</p>
  <p>88Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>5. ...着(as a continuous aspect)</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>O</p>
  <p>门</p>
  <p>mén</p>
  <p>V+ 着</p>
  <p>开 着。</p>
  <p>kāi zhe</p>
  <p>Leave the door open.</p>
  <p>Potential verb complements are not used in the 把 bǎ
  construction; instead the modal verb</p>
  <p>能 néng is placed before 把 bǎ.</p>
  <p>S</p>
  <p>你</p>
  <p>nǐ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>能</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>néng bǎ</p>
  <p>O V+ other element</p>
  <p>饭</p>
  <p>fàn 吃 完</p>
  <p>吗?</p>
  <p>chī wán ma</p>
  <p>Can you finish this meal?</p>
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