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  <p>Passive with 被, 让, 叫 and 给</p>
  <p>In Chinese, the passive constructions with 被 bèi 让 ràng 叫 jiào
  and 给 gěi are not as</p>
  <p>frequently used as are passive constructions in English. For
  instance, when translating the</p>
  <p>previous sentence into Chinese, one would not use the bèi
  construction.</p>
  <p>1. The co-verbs 被 bèi 让 ràng 叫 jiào and 给 gěi are used to
  introduce the agent of a</p>
  <p>passive sentence, as in 我的车被小王借走了 wǒ de chē bèi Xiǎo Wáng jiè
  zǒu le</p>
  <p>my car has been borrowed by Xiao Wang. The co-verb 被 bèi
  introduces the agent,</p>
  <p>Xiao Wang, who has carried out the action of borrowing. All
  the co-verbs above have</p>
  <p>the same function when introducing the agent of a passive
  sentence, but 被 bèi is the</p>
  <p>most commonly used. The following tables show the sentence
  components that are</p>
  <p>used in the 被 bèi construction.</p>
  <p>89Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我的车</p>
  <p>wǒ de</p>
  <p>chē</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小 王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>借 走 了</p>
  <p>jiè zǒu le</p>
  <p>My car has been borrowed by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我的车</p>
  <p>wǒ de</p>
  <p>chē</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小 王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>开</p>
  <p>回 家 去 了</p>
  <p>kāi</p>
  <p>huí jiā qù le</p>
  <p>My car has been driven back home by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>You might have noticed that the „action verb plus other
  element‟ constructions used in the</p>
  <p>above sentences are complicated ones. Which elements that can
  be used with verbs in a 被</p>
  <p>bèi construction? Let‟s look at the following list.</p>
  <p>2. The elements that are commonly preceded by verbs in the bèi
  construction are:</p>
  <p>--resultative complements</p>
  <p>--directional complements</p>
  <p>--the complement of degree</p>
  <p>--action measures</p>
  <p>As you may have noticed, the elements that are used in the 被
  bèi sentence construction are</p>
  <p>very similar to the ones used in the 把 bǎ construction. After
  learning the examples below</p>
  <p>please try to reformulate them as 把 bǎ constructions.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>电视</p>
  <p>diànshì</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小</p>
  <p>王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + resultative complement</p>
  <p>修 好 了</p>
  <p>xiū hǎo le</p>
  <p>The TV has been mended by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>90Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我的车</p>
  <p>wǒ de</p>
  <p>chē</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小 王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>verb + directional complement</p>
  <p>开</p>
  <p>回 家 去 了</p>
  <p>kāi</p>
  <p>huí jiā qù le</p>
  <p>My car has been driven back home by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小 王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + complement of degree</p>
  <p>打扫 得 很 干净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我 的 车</p>
  <p>wǒ de</p>
  <p>chē</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi agent</p>
  <p>被/让/</p>
  <p>叫 /给 小 王</p>
  <p>bèi/ràng/jiào/gěi Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + action measure</p>
  <p>用 了 一会儿</p>
  <p>yòng le yíhuòr</p>
  <p>My car has been used by Xiao Wang for a little while.</p>
  <p>3. 被 bèi can also be used to form a passive sentence without
  introducing an agent, but 给</p>
  <p>gěi 让 jiào and 叫 ràng cannot be used in this way. For
  example,</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>我 的 车</p>
  <p>wǒ de chē</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>开</p>
  <p>回 家 去 了</p>
  <p>kāi</p>
  <p>huí jiā qù le</p>
  <p>My car has been driven back home.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>电 视</p>
  <p>diànshì</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>修</p>
  <p>好 了</p>
  <p>xiū hǎo le</p>
  <p>The TV has been mended.</p>
  <p>91Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房 间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>打扫 得 很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>课文</p>
  <p>kèwén</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>翻译 成</p>
  <p>汉 语了</p>
  <p>fānyì chéng Hànyǔ le</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>4. The above examples also indicate that aspect le is used
  when expressing the idea of an</p>
  <p>action that has happened. 没 méi not can be followed by the
  co-verb 被 bèi to change the</p>
  <p>above examples into the negative form in order to deny that
  the action has taken place. For</p>
  <p>example, if someone says that:</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>电 视</p>
  <p>diànshì</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>agent</p>
  <p>小 王</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + resultative complement</p>
  <p>修</p>
  <p>好 了</p>
  <p>xiū</p>
  <p>hǎo le</p>
  <p>The TV has been mended by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>You can deny that the action has taken place by saying:</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>电视</p>
  <p>diànshì</p>
  <p>méi bèi</p>
  <p>没 被</p>
  <p>méi bèi</p>
  <p>agent</p>
  <p>小王</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>verb + resultative complement</p>
  <p>修</p>
  <p>好</p>
  <p>xiū hǎo</p>
  <p>The TV hasn’t been mended by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>If someone says that:</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>bèi</p>
  <p>verb + complement of degree</p>
  <p>打扫 得 很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de hěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>92Elementary Chinese Grammar 基础汉语语法</p>
  <p>2011</p>
  <p>You can deny that the outcome of the action by saying:</p>
  <p>sbject bèi verb + complement of degree (bu)</p>
  <p>房间</p>
  <p>fángjiān 被</p>
  <p>bèi 打 扫 得 不很 干 净</p>
  <p>dǎsǎo de buhěn gānjìng</p>
  <p>The room has been cleaned up very nicely.</p>
  <p>5. Adverbs that are used to describe actions are placed before
  the verb in a 被 bèi</p>
  <p>construction, unlike adverbs that are used in the 把 bǎ
  construction, which are followed by</p>
  <p>the co-verb 把 bǎ. Let‟s see look at some examples.</p>
  <p>sbject bèi</p>
  <p>课文</p>
  <p>被</p>
  <p>kèwén bèi</p>
  <p>agent</p>
  <p>小</p>
  <p>王</p>
  <p>Xiǎo</p>
  <p>Wáng</p>
  <p>adverbial phrase + de verb + other elements</p>
  <p>清 清 楚 楚</p>
  <p>地 念</p>
  <p>了一遍</p>
  <p>Qīngqīngchǔchǔ de niàn le yíbiàn</p>
  <p>The text has been read out very clearly by Xiao Wang.</p>
  <p>If we use this information to form a 把 bǎ sentence it would
  become:</p>
  <p>sbject</p>
  <p>小王</p>
  <p>Xiǎo Wáng</p>
  <p>adverbial phrase + de</p>
  <p>清 清 楚 楚 地</p>
  <p>qīngqīngchǔchǔ de</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>把</p>
  <p>bǎ</p>
  <p>object</p>
  <p>课文</p>
  <p>kèwén</p>
  <p>verb + other elements</p>
  <p>念</p>
  <p>了一遍</p>
  <p>niàn le yíbiàn</p>
  <p>Xiao Wang has read the text out loud very clearly.</p>
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