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  1. <!DOCTYPE html>
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    3. 

  3. <head>
    4. 

  4. <meta name="generator" content=
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  5. "HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.2.0" />
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  6. <title></title>
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  7. </head>
    8. 

  8. <body>
    9. 

  9. <p>刚 (gāng) and 刚才 (gāngcái) are similar, but they have somewhat
    10. 

  10. different uses.</p>
    11. 

  11. <h2 id="both-come-before-the-verb-but-have-different-emphasis">Both
    12. 

  12. Come Before the Verb, But Have Different Emphasis</h2>
    13. 

  13. <h3 id="刚-emphasizes-something-just-happened">刚 emphasizes
    14. 

  14. something "just" happened</h3>
    15. 

  15. <p>"刚" is actually an adverb, and it is placed in front of the
    16. 

  16. verb. It emphasizes that the action <em>just</em> happened a short
    17. 

  17. time ago. It is similar to the English "just."</p>
    18. 

  18. <p>The key here is that a short time ago is relative, and
    19. 

  19. determined by the speaker. For this reason, 刚 can indicate that
    20. 

  20. something "just" happened 1 second ago, 5 minutes ago, 2 hours ago,
    21. 

  21. 3 weeks ago, or even a year ago. The absolute time is flexible, but
    22. 

  22. from the speaker's perspective, it <em>feels</em> recent.</p>
    23. 

  23. <h4 id="structure">Structure</h4>
    24. 

  24. <div class="jiegou">
    25. 

  25. <p>刚 + Verb</p>
    26. 

  26. </div>
    27. 

  27. <h4 id="examples">Examples</h4>
    28. 

  28. <div class="liju">
    29. 

  29. <ul>
    30. 

  30. <li>他 <em>刚</em> 来。<span class="expl">This gives the impression
    31. 

  31. that not only did he just get here, but he should still be
    32. 

  32. here.</span><span class="pinyin">Tā <em>gāng</em>
    33. 

  33. lái.</span><span class="trans">He just came.</span></li>
    34. 

  34. <li>我 昨天 <em>刚</em> 看到 他 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān
    35. 

  35. <em>gāng</em> kàndào tā.</span><span class="trans">I just saw him
    36. 

  36. yesterday.</span></li>
    37. 

  37. <li>我 <em>刚</em> 说过 ， 不 想 再 说 一 遍 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān
    38. 

  38. <em>gāng</em> kàn dào tā.</span><span class="trans">I just said it,
    39. 

  39. and I don't want to say it again.</span></li>
    40. 

  40. <li>我们 去年 <em>刚</em> 去 过 美国 。<span class="expl">This "just" is
    41. 

  41. relative, clearly. The speaker feels that a year ago isn't too long
    42. 

  42. ago.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen qùnián <em>gāng</em> qù guo
    43. 

  43. Měiguó.</span><span class="trans">We've just been to the United
    44. 

  44. States last year.</span></li>
    45. 

  45. </ul>
    46. 

  46. </div>
    47. 

  47. <h3 id="刚才-emphasizes-just-now">刚才 emphasizes "just now"</h3>
    48. 

  48. <p>刚才 is a <a href="time_noun" title="wikilink">time noun</a> (like
    49. 

  49. 今天 and 现在), and it expresses that the time that has passed is
    50. 

  50. really short, in near-absolute terms. We're talking no more than
    51. 

  51. 1-30 minutes, in most situations. If it is placed before the verb,
    52. 

  52. it emphasizes what happened in the time that has just passed. It is
    53. 

  53. similar to the English "<strong>just now</strong>."</p>
    54. 

  54. <h4 id="structure-1">Structure</h4>
    55. 

  55. <div class="jiegou">
    56. 

  56. <p>刚才 + Verb</p>
    57. 

  57. </div>
    58. 

  58. <h4 id="examples-1">Examples</h4>
    59. 

  59. <div class="liju">
    60. 

  60. <ul>
    61. 

  61. <li>他 <em>刚才</em> 来 过。 <span class="expl">In this case, he's come
    62. 

  62. and gone already. He's not here anymore.</span><span class=
    63. 

  63. "pinyin">Tā <em>gāngcái</em> lái guo.</span><span class="trans">He
    64. 

  64. came just now.</span></li>
    65. 

  65. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> 看到 他 了。<span class="expl">Sounds like he's not
    66. 

  66. here anymore; I just saw him, but don't see him
    67. 

  67. now.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>gāngcái</em> kàndào tā
    68. 

  68. le.</span><span class="trans">I just now saw him.</span></li>
    69. 

  69. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> 看 过 了 ， 不 想 再 看 了 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ
    70. 

  70. <em>gāngcái</em> kàn guo le, bù xiǎng zài kàn
    71. 

  71. le.</span><span class="trans">I saw it just now, and I don't want
    72. 

  72. to see it again.</span></li>
    73. 

  73. <li>我 现在 感觉 比 <em>刚才</em> 好 一点 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
    74. 

  74. gǎnjué bǐ <em>gāngcái</em> hǎo yīdiǎn.</span><span class="trans">I
    75. 

  75. feel a little better now than just before.</span></li>
    76. 

  76. </ul>
    77. 

  77. </div>
    78. 

  78. <h2 id="刚才-can-be-used-as-an-attribute-while-刚-cannot">刚才 can be
    79. 

  79. used as an attribute while 刚 cannot</h2>
    80. 

  80. <p>刚才 can also directly modify a noun to indicate it is that one
    81. 

  81. from "just now" or "just before."</p>
    82. 

  82. <h3 id="structure-2">Structure</h3>
    83. 

  83. <div class="jiegou">
    84. 

  84. <p>刚才 + 的 + Noun</p>
    85. 

  85. </div>
    86. 

  86. <h3 id="examples-2">Examples</h3>
    87. 

  87. <div class="liju">
    88. 

  88. <ul>
    89. 

  89. <li><em>刚才</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了。<span class=
    90. 

  90. "pinyin"><em>Gāngcái</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén
    91. 

  91. shēngqì le.</span><span class="trans">What just happened really
    92. 

  92. made people angry.</span></li>
    93. 

  93. <li><em>刚</em> <strong>的 事情</strong> 太 让 人 生气 了。<span class=
    94. 

  94. "pinyin"><em>Gāng</em> <strong>de shìqing</strong> tài ràng rén
    95. 

  95. shēngqì le.</span><span class="trans">Just thing really makes
    96. 

  96. people angry.</span></li>
    97. 

  97. </ul>
    98. 

  98. </div>
    99. 

  99. <h2 id="刚-can-be-used-with-adjectives">刚 Can Be Used with
    100. 

  100. Adjectives</h2>
    101. 

  101. <p>刚 is an adverb, and it can also spruce up an adjective. It has
    102. 

  102. the same meaning as 刚刚. (刚才 cannot do this.)</p>
    103. 

  103. <h3 id="structure-3">Structure</h3>
    104. 

  104. <div class="jiegou">
    105. 

  105. <p>刚 + Adj.</p>
    106. 

  106. </div>
    107. 

  107. <h3 id="examples-3">Examples</h3>
    108. 

  108. <div class="liju">
    109. 

  109. <ul>
    110. 

  110. <li>天 <em>刚</em> 晴 。 <span class="pinyin">Tiān <em>gāng</em>
    111. 

  111. qíng.</span><span class="trans">The sky just cleared
    112. 

  112. up.</span></li>
    113. 

  113. <li>这些 <em>刚</em> 好 。 <span class="pinyin">Zhèxiē <em>gāng</em>
    114. 

  114. hǎo.</span><span class="trans">These are just right.</span></li>
    115. 

  115. <li>面包 <em>刚</em> 熟 ， 过 一会儿 再 吃 。 <span class="pinyin">Miànbāo
    116. 

  116. <em>gāng</em> shóu, guò yīhuìr zài chī.</span><span class=
    117. 

  117. "trans">The bread just got done cooking. Eat in a little
    118. 

  118. bit.</span></li>
    119. 

  119. </ul>
    120. 

  120. </div>
    121. 

  121. <h2 id="刚-and-刚才-with-了">刚 and 刚才 with 了</h2>
    122. 

  122. <p>You may have noticed that something interesting is going on with
    123. 

  123. regards to <a href="%E4%BA%86" class="uri" title="wikilink">了</a>
    124. 

  124. in the sentences with 刚 and 刚才. Namely, 了 is not usually required
    125. 

  125. in sentences with 刚, but it is usually required in sentences with
    126. 

  126. 刚才. This is because 刚才 refers to a time in the recent past, and
    127. 

  127. you're usually indicated that something happened just now (started
    128. 

  128. and finished).</p>
    129. 

  129. <p>Take these sentences for example:</p>
    130. 

  130. <div class="liju">
    131. 

  131. <ul>
    132. 

  132. <li>我 昨天 买 了 。<span class="trans">I bought it
    133. 

  133. yesterday.</span></li>
    134. 

  134. <li>我 刚才 买 了 。<span class="trans">I bought it just now.</span></li>
    135. 

  135. <li>我 明天 买 。<span class="trans">I'll buy it tomorrow.</span></li>
    136. 

  136. </ul>
    137. 

  137. </div>
    138. 

  138. <p>So these are all simple time "noun + verb" sentences. Notice
    139. 

  139. that when they refer to the <em>past</em> (including the one with
    140. 

  140. 刚才), the action is completed and you need 了. You don't need 了 for
    141. 

  141. things that haven't happened yet (they're just plans, and nothing
    142. 

  142. is completed). And remember that 刚才 <em>always refers to the
    143. 

  143. past</em>.</p>
    144. 

  144. <p>OK, now what about 刚? Why does it not need 了?</p>
    145. 

  145. <p>The key is that you don't need a 了 in a sentence with 刚 if the
    146. 

  146. verb indicates a clear result. So, to use the 买 example from
    147. 

  147. above:</p>
    148. 

  148. <div class="liju">
    149. 

  149. <ul>
    150. 

  150. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>买</strong> 。<span class="expl">The verb 买
    151. 

  151. is kind of like "try to buy"; there is no clear indication of
    152. 

  152. result.</span><span class="trans">I just buy it.</span></li>
    153. 

  153. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>买到</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 到
    154. 

  154. to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class=
    155. 

  155. "trans">I just bought it.</span></li>
    156. 

  156. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>买 了</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 了
    157. 

  157. after the verb also gives a clear indication of
    158. 

  158. result.</span><span class="trans">I just bought it.</span></li>
    159. 

  159. <li>你 也 <em>刚</em> <strong>知道</strong> 吗 ？ <span class="expl">The
    160. 

  160. verb 知道 always includes the result of "knowing."</span><span class=
    161. 

  161. "trans">You also just found out?</span></li>
    162. 

  162. <li>妈妈 <em>刚</em> <strong>看</strong> 。<span class="expl">No clear
    163. 

  163. indication of result.</span><span class="trans">Mom just
    164. 

  164. look.</span></li>
    165. 

  165. <li>妈妈 <em>刚</em> <strong>看到</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 到
    166. 

  166. to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class=
    167. 

  167. "trans">Mom just saw it.</span></li>
    168. 

  168. <li>妈妈 <em>刚</em> <strong>看 了</strong> 。<span class="expl">Adding 了
    169. 

  169. to the verb gives a clear indication of result.</span><span class=
    170. 

  170. "trans">Mom just looked at it.</span></li>
    171. 

  171. </ul>
    172. 

  172. </div>
    173. 

  173. <h2 id="刚-and-刚才-with-没">刚 and 刚才 with 没</h2>
    174. 

  174. <p>OK, so there's also something going on with <a href="%E6%B2%A1"
    175. 

  175. class="uri" title="wikilink">没</a> in sentences with 刚 and 刚才. The
    176. 

  176. deal here is that you can say something <em>didn't happen
    177. 

  177. <strong>just now</strong></em> (刚才), but you can't say that
    178. 

  178. something <em><strong>just</strong> didn't happen</em> (刚). [Saying
    179. 

  179. that something "just didn't happen" only works in English if you
    180. 

  180. interpret "just" to mean "simply."]</p>
    181. 

  181. <p>The takeaway? Just don't use 刚 in sentences where you use 没 to
    182. 

  182. negate the past.</p>
    183. 

  183. <div class="liju">
    184. 

  184. <ul>
    185. 

  185. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>没 去</strong> 。<span class="expl">Don't use
    186. 

  186. 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't
    187. 

  187. go.</span></li>
    188. 

  188. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 去</strong> 。<span class="expl">It's
    189. 

  189. fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I
    190. 

  190. didn't go just now.</span></li>
    191. 

  191. <li>她 <em>刚</em> <strong>没 问</strong> 我 这个 问题 。<span class=
    192. 

  192. "expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class=
    193. 

  193. "trans">She just didn't ask me this question.</span></li>
    194. 

  194. <li>她 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 问</strong> 我 这个 问题 。<span class=
    195. 

  195. "expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class=
    196. 

  196. "trans">She didn't ask me this question just now.</span></li>
    197. 

  197. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>没 喝</strong> 你的 啤酒 。<span class=
    198. 

  198. "expl">Don't use 刚 with 没 in the past.</span><span class="trans">I
    199. 

  199. just didn't drink your beer.</span></li>
    200. 

  200. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>没 喝</strong> 你的 啤酒 。<span class=
    201. 

  201. "expl">It's fine to use 刚才 with 没 in the past.</span><span class=
    202. 

  202. "trans">I didn't drink your beer just now.</span></li>
    203. 

  203. <li>我 <em>刚</em> <strong>不 知道</strong> 。<span class="expl">OK, so
    204. 

  204. it's not 没, but you still shouldn't use 刚 for something that didn't
    205. 

  205. happen.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't know.</span></li>
    206. 

  206. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> <strong>不 知道</strong> 。<span class="expl">It's
    207. 

  207. fine to use 刚才 with exceptions where you use 不 in the
    208. 

  208. past.</span><span class="trans">Just now I didn't know.</span></li>
    209. 

  209. </ul>
    210. 

  210. </div>
    211. 

  211. <p>For that last pair of sentences, if you're not clear why it's OK
    212. 

  212. to use <a href="%E4%B8%8D" class="uri" title="wikilink">不</a> with
    213. 

  213. 知道 in the past, go ahead and check out our article on <a href=
    214. 

  214. "comparing_&quot;bu&quot;_and_&quot;mei&quot;" title="wikilink">the
    215. 

  215. differences between 不 and 没</a>. It goes beyond the basics into
    216. 

  216. some of the trickier scenarios.</p>
    217. 

  217. <h2 id="right-or-wrong">Right or Wrong</h2>
    218. 

  218. <h3 id="examples-4">Examples</h3>
    219. 

  219. <div class="liju">
    220. 

  220. <ul>
    221. 

  221. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> 回家。<span class="expl">You should use 了 with 刚才
    222. 

  222. here.</span><span class="trans">I just now go home.</span></li>
    223. 

  223. <li>我 <em>刚</em> 回家。<span class="expl">The verb 回 includes a clear
    224. 

  224. enough indication of result.</span><span class="trans">I just got
    225. 

  225. home.</span></li>
    226. 

  226. <li>我 <em>刚</em> 没 想好 吃 什么，现在 我 想好 了。<span class="expl">刚 doesn't
    227. 

  227. work with 没.</span><span class="trans">I just didn't make up my
    228. 

  228. mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.</span></li>
    229. 

  229. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> 没 想好 吃 什么，现在 我 想好 了。<span class="expl">No need to
    230. 

  230. use 了 with 没.</span><span class="trans">Just now, I hadn't made up
    231. 

  231. my mind what to eat, now I've made up my mind.</span></li>
    232. 

  232. <li>他 <em>刚才</em> 没 听懂 我的 话 。<span class="expl">No need to use 了
    233. 

  233. with 没.</span><span class="trans">He didn't understand what I said
    234. 

  234. just now.</span></li>
    235. 

  235. <li>他 <em>刚</em> 没 听懂我的话。<span class="expl">刚 doesn't work with
    236. 

  236. 没.</span><span class="trans">He just didn't understand what I
    237. 

  237. said.</span></li>
    238. 

  238. <li>我 也 是 <em>刚</em> 听说 这 个 消息。<span class="expl">The verb 听说
    239. 

  239. includes a clear enough indication of result.</span><span class=
    240. 

  240. "trans">I also just heard this news.</span></li>
    241. 

  241. <li>我 <em>刚才</em> 听说 了 这 个 消息。<span class="expl">You should use 了
    242. 

  242. with 刚才 here.</span><span class="trans">I heard this news just
    243. 

  243. now.</span></li>
    244. 

  244. <li>昨天 他 <em>刚才</em> 来 过。<span class="expl">刚才 should be used for
    245. 

  245. events a lot closer in time than 昨天.</span><span class="trans">He
    246. 

  246. just now came yesterday.</span></li>
    247. 

  247. <li>昨天 他 <em>刚</em> 来 过。<span class="expl">刚 works with
    248. 

  248. 昨天.</span><span class="trans">He just came yesterday.</span></li>
    249. 

  249. </ul>
    250. 

  250. </div>
    251. 

  251. <h2 id="example-dialog">Example dialog</h2>
    252. 

  252. <div class="liju">
    253. 

  253. <ul>
    254. 

  254. <li>A: 你 <em>刚才</em> 去 哪儿 了？<span class="trans">Where did you go
    255. 

  255. just now?</span></li>
    256. 

  256. <li>B: 我 <em>刚</em> 上 完 厕所。<span class="trans">I just got done in
    257. 

  257. the bathroom.</span></li>
    258. 

  258. <li>A: 那 你 不 知道 <em>刚才</em> 的 事情 吧？<span class="trans">Then you
    259. 

  259. don't know what happened just now?</span></li>
    260. 

  260. <li>B: 是 不 是 有人 吵架 了？<span class="trans">Did some people have an
    261. 

  261. argument?</span></li>
    262. 

  262. </ul>
    263. 

  263. </div>
    264. 

  264. <h2 id="see-also">See Also</h2>
    265. 

  265. <ul>
    266. 

  266. <li><a href="&quot;Just_now&quot;_with_&quot;gangcai&quot;" title=
    267. 

  267. "wikilink">"Just now" with "gangcai"</a></li>
    268. 

  268. <li><a href="&quot;Just&quot;_with_&quot;gang&quot;" title=
    269. 

  269. "wikilink">"Just" with "gang"</a></li>
    270. 

  270. </ul>
    271. 

  271. <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further
    272. 

  272. reading</h2>
    273. 

  273. <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
    274. 

  274. <ul>
    275. 

  275. <li><a href=
    276. 

  276. "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%9E%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89"
    277. 

  277. class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语八百词（增订本）</a> (刚 p.216) <a href=
    278. 

  278. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">
    279. 

  279. →buy</a></li>
    280. 

  280. <li><a href=
    281. 

  281. "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A"
    282. 

  282. class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语虚词例释</a>(刚 p.190) <a href=
    283. 

  283. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">
    284. 

  284. →buy</a></li>
    285. 

  285. <li><a href=
    286. 

  286. "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%9E%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89"
    287. 

  287. class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语八百词（增订本）</a> (刚才 p.217) <a href=
    288. 

  288. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">
    289. 

  289. →buy</a></li>
    290. 

  290. <li><a href=
    291. 

  291. "%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8A%E7%96%91201%E4%BE%8B"
    292. 

  292. class="uri" title="wikilink">对外汉语教学语法释疑201例</a> (p.28) <a href=
    293. 

  293. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B001198GSW/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">
    294. 

  294. →buy</a></li>
    295. 

  295. <li><a href="Integrated_Chinese:_Level_1,_Part_2_(3rd_ed)" title=
    296. 

  296. "wikilink">Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)</a> (pp.
    297. 

  297. 40- 2) <a href=
    298. 

  298. "http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0887276709">
    299. 

  299. →buy</a></li>
    300. 

  300. <li><a href=
    301. 

  301. "%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87"
    302. 

  302. class="uri" title="wikilink">卓越汉语－公司实战篇</a> (p. 239) <a href=
    303. 

  303. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E5%8D%93%E8%B6%8A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD-%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E5%AE%9E%E6%88%98%E7%AF%87-%E8%83%A1%E7%81%B5%E5%9D%87/dp/B003QZWQ6M/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1347863170&amp;sr=8-1">
    304. 

  304. →buy</a></li>
    305. 

  305. </ul>
    306. 

  306. <h3 id="dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3>
    307. 

  307. <ul>
    308. 

  308. <li><a href=
    309. 

  309. "%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89"
    310. 

  310. class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语词典（第5版）</a> (p.446) <a href=
    311. 

  311. "http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8/dp/B001B1RZCI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693609&amp;sr=8-1">
    312. 

  312. →buy</a></li>
    313. 

  313. </ul>
    314. 

  314. <p><a href="Category:grammar_comparison" title=
    315. 

  315. "wikilink">Category:grammar comparison</a></p>
    316. 

  316. </body>
    317. 

  317. </html>
    318.