ChineseGrammarWiki/Programmes/B2.old/Grammar-wiki-B2-37.txt.html

<p>You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an &quot;<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>&quot; word to connect <a href="noun" title="wikilink">nouns</a> and noun phrases, but <em>not</em> sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.</p>
<p>It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 <em>needs</em> to be &quot;learned.&quot; You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer <em>not</em> to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these <em>do</em> exist.</p>
<h2 id="linking-verbs-with-和">Linking Verbs with 和</h2>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2</p>
</div>
<p>Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.</p>
<p>In <em>most cases</em>, the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:</p>
<ol>
<li>The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus &quot;唱歌和跳舞&quot; is natural (both are <a href="separable_verb" title="wikilink">separable verbs</a>, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas &quot;玩游戏和跑&quot; (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.</li>
<li>Both verbs share the same object (e.g. &quot;管理和运营着家公司&quot;) or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. &quot;进一步地了解和交流&quot;).</li>
<li>Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.</li>
</ol>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。</li>
<li>我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。</li>
<li>他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。</li>
<li>这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。</li>
<li>预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="linking-adjectives-with-和">Linking Adjectives with 和</h2>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2</p>
</div>
<p>In <em>most cases</em>, at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:</p>
<ol>
<li>The two adjectives do not act as the <a href="predicate" class="uri" title="wikilink">predicate</a> of the sentence, but instead act as an <a href="attributive" class="uri" title="wikilink">attributive</a> (coming before a noun), <a href="object" class="uri" title="wikilink">object</a> (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.</li>
<li>There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used &quot;bare&quot;</li>
</ol>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮，怎么了？<span class="expl">做宾语)</span></li>
<li>她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？<span class="expl">有修饰成分)</span></li>
<li>她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。<span class="expl">做定语)</span></li>
<li>这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class="expl">有修饰成分，做主语)</span></li>
<li>你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em> 理性？<span class="expl">有修饰成分)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="incorrect-uses-of-和">Incorrect uses of 和</h2>
<p>Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the &quot;<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>&quot; meaning, such as the words <a href="并" class="uri" title="wikilink">并</a>, <a href="并且" class="uri" title="wikilink">并且</a>, and <a href="还有" class="uri" title="wikilink">还有</a>, or the patterns <a href="&quot;Both_A_and_B&quot;_with_&quot;you&quot;" title="wikilink">又⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a> or <a href="&quot;Both…_and…&quot;_with_&quot;ji...you&quot;" title="wikilink">既⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a>.</p>
<p>The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.</p>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li>
<li>你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li>
<li>我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)</span></li>
<li>我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li>
<li>你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)</span></li>
<li>你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="and" title="wikilink">Translations of &quot;and&quot;</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressing_&quot;in_addition&quot;_with_&quot;haiyou&quot;" title="wikilink">Expressing &quot;in addition&quot; with &quot;haiyou&quot;</a></li>
<li><a href="&quot;In_addition&quot;_as_&quot;lingwai&quot;" title="wikilink">&quot;In addition&quot; as &quot;lingwai&quot;</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressing_&quot;not_only…_but_also&quot;" title="wikilink">Expressing &quot;not only… but also&quot;</a></li>
<li><a href="Combining_verbs_with_&quot;bing&quot;" title="wikilink">Combining verbs with &quot;bing&quot;</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
<h3 id="books">Books</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar" title="wikilink">Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar</a> (pp. 74-5) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399373&amp;creativeASIN=1933330899">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition" title="wikilink">Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition</a> (pp. 14-5) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0415372615">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="现代汉语虚词例释" class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语虚词例释</a> (p. 236)<a href="http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="现代汉语八百词" class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语八百词</a> (p.265) <a href="http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B001198GSW&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B001198GSW">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="实用现代汉语语法" class="uri" title="wikilink">实用现代汉语语法</a> (p.317)<a href="http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B003YJGCSS&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B003YJGCSS">→buy</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
<ul>
<li>Sinosplice: <a href="http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety">Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety</a></li>
</ul>
<p>        </p>
<p><a href="Category:B2_grammar_points" title="wikilink">Category:B2 grammar points</a></p>