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ChineseGrammarWiki


			
				
					
						
						
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<p>You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an
"<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>" word to
connect <a href="noun" title="wikilink">nouns</a> and noun phrases,
but <em>not</em> sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a
while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be
non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和
used in other ways.</p>
<p>It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和
<em>needs</em> to be "learned." You could do just fine only using 和
to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer
<em>not</em> to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given
below. Still, uses like these <em>do</em> exist.</p>
<h2 id="linking-verbs-with-和">Linking Verbs with 和</h2>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2</p>
</div>
<p>Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give
trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和
with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray
areas.</p>
<p>In <em>most cases</em>, the following trends apply when 和 is
used to connect verbs:</p>
<ol>
<li>The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include
characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope.
Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning
or are frequently used together. Thus "唱歌和跳舞" is natural (both are
<a href="separable_verb" title="wikilink">separable verbs</a>,
equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "玩游戏和跑" (the
structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.</li>
<li>Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "管理和运营着家公司") or are both
modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "进一步地了解和交流").</li>
<li>Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic
(two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.</li>
</ol>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。</li>
<li>我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。</li>
<li>他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。</li>
<li>这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。</li>
<li>预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="linking-adjectives-with-和">Linking Adjectives with 和</h2>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2</p>
</div>
<p>In <em>most cases</em>, at least one of the following trends
apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:</p>
<ol>
<li>The two adjectives do not act as the <a href="predicate" class=
"uri" title="wikilink">predicate</a> of the sentence, but instead
act as an <a href="attributive" class="uri" title=
"wikilink">attributive</a> (coming before a noun), <a href="object"
class="uri" title="wikilink">object</a> (coming after a verb), or
other sentence element.</li>
<li>There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives;
they won't just be used "bare"</li>
</ol>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮，怎么了？<span class=
"expl">做宾语)</span></li>
<li>她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？<span class=
"expl">有修饰成分)</span></li>
<li>她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。<span class=
"expl">做定语)</span></li>
<li>这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class=
"expl">有修饰成分，做主语)</span></li>
<li>你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em> 理性？<span class=
"expl">有修饰成分)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="incorrect-uses-of-和">Incorrect uses of 和</h2>
<p>Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other
ways to express the "<a href="and" class="uri" title=
"wikilink">and</a>" meaning, such as the words <a href="%E5%B9%B6"
class="uri" title="wikilink">并</a>, <a href="%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%94"
class="uri" title="wikilink">并且</a>, and <a href=
"%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89" class="uri" title="wikilink">还有</a>, or the
patterns <a href="&quot;Both_A_and_B&quot;_with_&quot;you&quot;"
title="wikilink">又⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a> or <a href=
"&quot;Both%E2%80%A6_and%E2%80%A6&quot;_with_&quot;ji...you&quot;"
title="wikilink">既⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a>.</p>
<p>The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above,
and are thus not good sentences.</p>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">The adjectives are acting
as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li>
<li>你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">Adding a modifier to the
adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li>
<li>我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">You could look at these actions
as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way,
it's bad.)</span></li>
<li>我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">Here we treated the verbs as
separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li>
<li>你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">Although the verbs share an
object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not
blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most
Chinese.)</span></li>
<li>你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">They still share the same
object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to
disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="and" title="wikilink">Translations of "and"</a></li>
<li><a href=
"Expressing_&quot;in_addition&quot;_with_&quot;haiyou&quot;" title=
"wikilink">Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"</a></li>
<li><a href="&quot;In_addition&quot;_as_&quot;lingwai&quot;" title=
"wikilink">"In addition" as "lingwai"</a></li>
<li><a href="Expressing_&quot;not_only%E2%80%A6_but_also&quot;"
title="wikilink">Expressing "not only… but also"</a></li>
<li><a href="Combining_verbs_with_&quot;bing&quot;" title=
"wikilink">Combining verbs with "bing"</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further
reading</h2>
<h3 id="books">Books</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar" title=
"wikilink">Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar</a> (pp. 74-5)
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399373&amp;creativeASIN=1933330899">
→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition" title=
"wikilink">Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition</a> (pp.
14-5) <a href=
"http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0415372615">
→buy</a></li>
<li><a href=
"%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%99%9A%E8%AF%8D%E4%BE%8B%E9%87%8A"
class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语虚词例释</a> (p. 236)<a href=
"http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1345693275&amp;sr=8-1">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href=
"%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D"
class="uri" title="wikilink">现代汉语八百词</a> (p.265) <a href=
"http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B001198GSW&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B001198GSW">
→buy</a></li>
<li><a href=
"%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95"
class="uri" title="wikilink">实用现代汉语语法</a> (p.317)<a href=
"http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B003YJGCSS&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B003YJGCSS">→buy</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
<ul>
<li>Sinosplice: <a href=
"http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety">
Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety</a></li>
</ul>
<p><a href="Category:B2_grammar_points" title=
"wikilink">Category:B2 grammar points</a></p>
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