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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    2. 

  2. <!DOCTYPE html>
    3. 

  3. 

  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
    5. 

  5. <head>
    6. 

  6.   <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy for HTML5 for Linux version 5.2.0"/>
    7. 

  7.   <title>Reduplication</title>
    8. 

  8.   <link href="../Styles/main.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/>
    9. 

  9. </head>
    10. 

  10. 

  11. <body>
    12. 

  12.   <h1>Reduplication of adjectives</h1>
    13. 

  13. 

  14.   <p>One of the charming features of Chinese is reduplication (repeating, or doubling up) of certain words and characters, including adjectives! Reduplication makes the descriptive feeling of the adjective stronger.</p>
    15. 

  15. 

  16.   <h2>Contents</h2>
    17. 

  17. 

  18. <ol>
    19. 

  19. 	<li>One-Syllable Adjectives (AA</li>
    20. 

  20. 	<ol>
    21. 

  21. 		<li>Structure</li>
    22. 

  22. 		<li>Examples</li>
    23. 

  23. 	</ol>
    24. 

  24. 	<li>Two-Syllable Adjectives (AABB</li>
    25. 

  25. 	<ol>
    26. 

  26. 		<li>Structur</li>
    27. 

  27. 		<li>2.2 Examples</li>
    28. 

  28. 	</ol>
    29. 

  29. 	<li>Used as Adverbs (AABB</li>
    30. 

  30. 	<ol>
    31. 

  31. 		<li>Structure</li>
    32. 

  32. 		<li>Examples</li>
    33. 

  33. 	</ol>
    34. 

  34. 	<li>Used as Predicates (ABAB</li>
    35. 

  35. 	<ol>
    36. 

  36. 		<li>Structure</li>
    37. 

  37. 		<li>Examples</li>
    38. 

  38. 	</ol>
    39. 

  39. 	<li>Sources and further reading</li>
    40. 

  40. 	<ol>
    41. 

  41. 		<li>Books</li>
    42. 

  42. 	</ol>
    43. 

  43. </ol>
    44. 

  44. 

  45. <h2 id="one-syllable-adjectives-aa">One-Syllable Adjectives (AA)</h2>
    46. 

  46. 

  47.   <p>If an adjective is only one syllable (one character), then reduplicating it is a no-brainer. In most Chinese textbooks and grammar books, this is known as the "<b>AA</b>" pattern.</p>
    48. 

  48. 

  49.   <h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
    50. 

  50. 

  51.   <div>
    52. 

  52.     <div class="deux">
    53. 

  53.       Adj. + Adj. + <span class="hanzist">的</span> (+ Noun)
    54. 

  54.     </div>
    55. 

  55.   </div>
    56. 

  56. 

  57.   <p>Another way of putting that (and we'll be using this form more extensively below) is:</p>
    58. 

  58. 

  59.   <div>
    60. 

  60.     <div class="deux">
    61. 

  61.       A A + <span class="hanzist">的</span> (+ Noun)
    62. 

  62.     </div>
    63. 

  63.   </div>
    64. 

  64. 

  65.   <p>Note that this pattern is also identical to <a href="reduplication_of_verbs" title="wikilink">single-syllable reduplication of verbs</a>.</p>
    66. 

  66. 

  67.   <h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
    68. 

  68. 

  69.   <div class="exemple">
    70. 

  70.     <ul>
    71. 

  71.       <li><span class="hanzi">你 的 脸 红 红 的 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Nǐ de liǎn hóng hóng de.</span><br/><span> Your face is red.</span></li>
    72. 

  72. 

  73.       <li><span class="hanzi">宝宝 的 眼睛 大 大 的 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Bǎobao de yǎnjing dà dà de.</span><br/><span> The baby's eyes are big.</span></li>
    74. 

  74. 

  75.       <li><span class="hanzi">今晚 的 月亮 圆 圆 的 。</span> <br/><span>The moon is round tonight.</span></li>
    76. 

  76. 

  77.       <li><span class="hanzi">她 爸爸 高 高 胖 胖 的 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Tā bàba gāo gāo pàng pàng de.</span><br/><span> Her father is tall and fat.</span></li>
    78. 

  78. 

  79.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 妹妹 一直 瘦 瘦 小 小 的 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ mèimei yīzhí shòu shòu xiǎo xiǎo de.</span><br/><span> My little sister are thin and small all the time.</span></li>
    80. 

  80.     </ul>
    81. 

  81.   </div>
    82. 

  82. 

  83.   <h2 id="two-syllable-adjectives-aabb">Two-Syllable Adjectives (AABB)</h2>
    84. 

  84. 

  85.   <p>If the adjective has more than one character, then you should repeat each character individually (rather than the whole word). This is known as the "AABB" pattern.</p>
    86. 

  86. 

  87.   <h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
    88. 

  88. 

  89.   <p>In the structure below, the original two-character adjective (such as <span class="hanzi">高兴</span>, <span class="hanzi">漂亮</span>) is "AB," where the first character of the adjective is represented by "A," and the second by "B."</p>
    90. 

  90. 

  91.   <div>
    92. 

  92.     <div class="deux">
    93. 

  93.       A A B B + <span class="hanzist">的</span> (+ Noun)
    94. 

  94.     </div>
    95. 

  95.   </div>
    96. 

  96. 

  97.   <h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
    98. 

  98. 

  99.   <p>Not all two-syllable adjectives are used in AABB form, but here are some common examples of AB adjectives represented in AABB form.</p>
    100. 

  100. 

  101.   <div class="exemple">
    102. 

  102.     <ul>
    103. 

  103.       <li><span class="hanzi">高兴 → 高高兴兴</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">gāoxìng ￫ gāo gāo xìng xìng</span><br/><span> happy</span></li>
    104. 

  104. 

  105.       <li><span class="hanzi">开心 → 开开心心</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">kāixīn ￫ kāi kāi xīn xīn</span><br/><span> happy</span></li>
    106. 

  106. 

  107.       <li><span class="hanzi">热闹 → 热热闹闹</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">rènao ￫ rè rè nāo nāo</span><br/><span> exciting</span></li>
    108. 

  108. 

  109.       <li><span class="hanzi">干净 → 干干净净</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">gānjìng ￫ gān gān jìng jìng</span><br/><span> clean</span></li>
    110. 

  110. 

  111.       <li><span class="hanzi">漂亮 → 漂漂亮亮</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">piàoliang ￫ piào piào liāng liāng</span><br/><span> pretty</span></li>
    112. 

  112. 

  113.       <li><span class="hanzi">舒服 → 舒舒服服</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">shūfu ￫ shū shū fū fū</span><br/><span> comfortable</span></li>
    114. 

  114. 

  115.       <li><span class="hanzi">安静 → 安安静静</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">ānjìng ￫ ān ān jìng jìng</span><br/><span> peaceful</span></li>
    116. 

  116. 

  117.       <li><span class="hanzi">健康 → 健健康康</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">jiànkāng ￫ jiàn jiàn kāng kāng</span><br/><span> healthy</span></li>
    118. 

  118. 

  119.       <li><span class="hanzi">辛苦 → 辛辛苦苦</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">xīnkǔ ￫ xīn xīn kǔ kǔ</span><br/><span> hard</span></li>
    120. 

  120. 

  121.       <li><span class="hanzi">清楚 → 清清楚楚</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">qīngchu ￫ qīng qīng chǔ chǔ</span><br/><span> clear</span></li>
    122. 

  122. 

  123.       <li><span class="hanzi">大方 → 大大方方</span><br/> <span class="pinyin">dàfāng ￫ dà da fāng fāng</span><br/><span> generous</span></li>
    124. 

  124.     </ul>
    125. 

  125.   </div>
    126. 

  126. 

  127.   <p>Not all adjectives can take AABB form. Here are some examples of common adjectives that don't work in AABB form.</p>
    128. 

  128. 

  129.   <div class="exemple">
    130. 

  130.     <ul>
    131. 

  131.       <li><span class="hanzi">便宜 → 便便宜宜</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">piányi ￫ piánpiányíyí</span><span> cheap</span></li>
    132. 

  132. 

  133.       <li><span class="hanzi">好吃 → 好好吃吃</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">hǎochī ￫ hǎo hǎo chī chī</span> <span> tasty</span></li>
    134. 

  134. 

  135.       <li><span class="hanzi">麻烦 → 麻麻烦烦</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">máfan ￫ má má fán fán</span> <span> bothersome</span></li>
    136. 

  136. 

  137.       <li><span class="hanzi">友好 → 友友好好</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">yǒuhǎo ￫ yǒu yǒu hǎo hǎo</span> <span> friendly</span></li>
    138. 

  138. 

  139.       <li><span class="hanzi">小气 → 小小气气</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">xiǎoqì ￫ xiǎo xiǎo qì qì</span> <span> stingy</span></li>
    140. 

  140.     </ul>
    141. 

  141.   </div>
    142. 

  142. 

  143.   <h2 id="using-reduplicated-adjectives-as-adverbs-aabb">Using Reduplicated Adjectives as Adverbs (AABB)</h2>
    144. 

  144. 

  145.   <p>When adjectives are used as <a href="adverb" title="wikilink">adverbs</a> to modify verbs, you can reduplicate the adjective using the AABB pattern.</p>
    146. 

  146. 

  147.   <h3 id="structure-2">Structure</h3>
    148. 

  148. 

  149.   <div>
    150. 

  150.     <div class="deux">
    151. 

  151.       A A B B + <span class="hanzist">地</span> + Verb
    152. 

  152.     </div>
    153. 

  153.   </div>
    154. 

  154. 

  155.   <h3 id="examples-2">Examples</h3>
    156. 

  156. 

  157.   <div class="exemple">
    158. 

  158.     <ul>
    159. 

  159.       <li><span class="hanzi">过年 的 时候 ，我们 全 家人 都 聚 在 一起 ，热 热 闹 闹 地 吃 年夜饭 。</span><br/><span class="pinyin"> Guònián de shíhou, wǒmen quán jiārén dōu jù zài yīqǐ, rè rè nāo nāo de chī niányè fàn.</span><br/><span> At Chinese New Year, our whole family gathers together and joyously shares a New Year's Eve meal.</span></li>
    160. 

  160. 

  161.       <li><span class="hanzi">听到 这 个 消息，她 高高兴兴 地 走 了。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Tīngdào zhège xiāoxī, tā gāo gāo xìng xìng de zǒu le.</span><br/><span> Upon hearing the news, she happily left.</span></li>
    162. 

  162. 

  163.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 清清楚楚 地 看到 他 跟 一 个 胖胖的 男人 上 车 了。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ qīng qīng chǔ chǔ de kàndào tā gēn yīgè pàng pàng de nánrén shàng chēle.</span><br/><span> I clearly saw him get in the car with a fat man.</span></li>
    164. 

  164. 

  165.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 现在 真 想 舒舒服服 地 躺 在 沙发 上 看 电视。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài zhēn xiǎng shū shū fú fú de tǎng zài shāfā shàng kàn diànshì.</span><br/><span> Right now I'd really like to comfortably lie on the couch and watch TV.</span></li>
    166. 

  166. 

  167.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 辛辛苦苦 地 做 了 两 个 小时 的 饭，你们 都 不 吃？</span><br/><span class="vert"> 辛辛苦苦 is difficult to translate into English directly!</span><br/><span class="pinyin"> Wǒ xīn xīn kǔ kǔ de zuòle liǎng gè xiǎoshí de fàn, nǐmen dōu bù chī?</span><br/><span> I labored over this meal for two hours, and none of you guys are going to eat it?</span></li>
    168. 

  168.     </ul>
    169. 

  169.   </div>
    170. 

  170. 

  171.   <h2 id="using-reduplicated-adjectives-as-predicates-abab">Using Reduplicated Adjectives as Predicates (ABAB)</h2>
    172. 

  172. 

  173.   <p>If you use an <a href="adjective" class="uri" title="wikilink">adjective</a> as a <a href="predicate" class="uri" title="wikilink">predicate</a>, then you're basically using the adjective like a verb, and you reduplicate it <a href="reduplication_of_verbs" title="wikilink">as you would a verb</a>, which means ABAB form. Using an adjective in this way is roughly equivalent to using <span class="hanzi">一下</span> after the (non-reduplicated) adjective.</p>
    174. 

  174. 

  175.   <h3 id="structure-for-abab">Structure for ABAB</h3>
    176. 

  176. 

  177.   <p>To use a reduplicated adjective as a predicate, follow this structure:</p>
    178. 

  178. 

  179.   <div>
    180. 

  180.     <div class="deux">
    181. 

  181.       Subj. + A B A B
    182. 

  182.     </div>
    183. 

  183.   </div>
    184. 

  184. 

  185.   <p>In the pattern above there's no verb, because when an adjective serves as the predicate, it does the job of a verb. Notice also that there's no <span class="hanzi">的</span> after the ABAB, because it's not acting as an adjective.</p>
    186. 

  186. 

  187.   <h3 id="examples-3">Examples</h3>
    188. 

  188. 

  189.   <div class="exemple">
    190. 

  190.     <ul>
    191. 

  191.       <li><span class="hanzi">妹妹 快 过 生日 了 ，我 打算 给 她 办 一 个 生日 派对 ，热闹 热闹 。</span><br/><span class="pinyin"> Mèimei kuàiguò shēngrìle, wǒ dǎsuàn gěi tā bàn yīgè shēngrì pàiduì, rènao rènao.</span><br/><span> My little sister's birthday is coming and I'm going to throw her a birthday party and have a blast.</span></li>
    192. 

  192. 

  193.       <li><span class="hanzi">来 ，喝 点 酒 ，高兴 高兴 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Lái, hē diǎn jiǔ, gāoxìng gāoxìng.</span><br/><span> Come on, have a little wine and enjoy yourself.</span></li>
    194. 

  194. 

  195.       <li><span class="hanzi">到 这里 来 凉快 凉快 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Dào zhèlǐ lái liángkuai liángkuai.</span><br/><span> Come over here and cool off.</span></li>
    196. 

  196. 

  197.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 想 去 做 个 按摩 ，放松 放松 。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng qù zuò gè ànmó, fāngsōng fāngsōng.</span><br/><span> I'm going to go get a massage and unwind.</span></li>
    198. 

  198.     </ul>
    199. 

  199.   </div>
    200. 

  200. 

  201.   <h3 id="structure-for-ab-一下">Structure for AB<span class="hanzist">一下</span></h3>
    202. 

  202. 

  203.   <p>The above structure is essentially equivalent to this one:</p>
    204. 

  204. 

  205.   <div>
    206. 

  206.     <div class="deux">
    207. 

  207.       Subj. + A B +<span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px;">一下</span>
    208. 

  208.     </div>
    209. 

  209.   </div>
    210. 

  210. 

  211.   <h3 id="examples-of-ab-一下">Examples of AB<span class="hanzist">一下</span></h3>
    212. 

  212. 

  213.   <div class="exemple">
    214. 

  214.     <ul>
    215. 

  215.       <li><span class="hanzi">妹妹 快 过 生日 了 ，我 打算 给 她 办 一 个 生日 派对 ，热闹 一下 。</span><br/><span class="pinyin"> Mèimei kuàiguò shēngrìle, wǒ dǎsuàn gěi tā bàn yīgè shēngrì pàiduì, rènao yīxià.</span><br/><span> My little sister's birthday is coming and I'm going to throw her a birthday party and have a blast.</span></li>
    216. 

  216. 

  217.       <li><span class="hanzi">来，喝 点 酒， 高兴 一下。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Lái, hē diǎn jiǔ, gāoxìng yīxià.</span><br/><span> Come on, have a little wine and enjoy yourself.</span></li>
    218. 

  218. 

  219.       <li><span class="hanzi">到 这里 来 凉快 一下。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Dào zhèlǐ lái liángkuai yīxià.</span><br/><span> Come over here and cool off.</span></li>
    220. 

  220. 

  221.       <li><span class="hanzi">我 想 去 做 个 按摩， 轻松 一下。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng qù zuò gè ànmó, qīngsōng yīxià.</span><br/><span> I'm going to go get a massage and unwind.</span></li>
    222. 

  222. 

  223.       <li><span class="hanzi">洗 个 澡 吧， 舒服 一下。</span> <br/><span class="pinyin">Xǐ gè zǎo ba, shūfu yīxià.</span><br/><span> Take a shower and get comfortable.</span></li>
    224. 

  224.     </ul>
    225. 

  225.   </div>
    226. 

  226. 

  227.   <p>Note: The "AABB" pattern for reduplication of two-syllable adjectives contrasts with the <a href="reduplication_of_verbs" title="wikilink">"ABAB" pattern for reduplication of two-syllable verbs</a>.</p>
    228. 

  228. 

  229.   <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
    230. 

  230. 

  231.   <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
    232. 

  232. 

  233.   <ul>
    234. 

  234.     <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (p. 53)</li>
    235. 

  235. 

  236.     <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 189-90)</li>
    237. 

  237. 

  238.     <li>Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 32-6)</li>
    239. 

  239. 

  240.     <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本3</span>) (pp. 50)</li>
    241. 

  241. 

  242.     <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 4 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本4</span>) (pp. 103-4)</li>
    243. 

  243. 

  244.     <li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课上册</span>） (pp. 271-2)</li>
    245. 

  245.   </ul>
    246. 

  246. </body>
    247. 

  247. </html>
    248.