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  <h1></h1>

  <p>A <b>direction complement</b> is a <a href="complement" class="uri" title="wikilink">complement</a> that's used, you guessed it, to describe the direction of the action of a verb.</p>

  <h2>Contents</h2>

  <ol>
    <li>Structure<br/></li>

    <li>Examples<br/></li>

    <li>See also<br/></li>

    <li>Sources and further reading<br/></li>

    <ol>
      <li>Books<br/></li>
    </ol>
  </ol>

  <h2 id="simple-direction-complement">Simple Direction Complement</h2>

  <p>The most basic (and common) form of direction complement is formed by a verb and <span class="hanzi">来</span> or <span class="hanzi">去</span>:</p>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Verb + <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px;">来 / 去</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>The most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use <span class="hanzi">来</span>. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use <span class="hanzi">去</span>.</p>

  <table class="table big-text table-striped table-bordered">
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th style="width:15%">
          <p>Verb</p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:25%">
          <p>+ Complement</p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:60%">
          <p>Explanation</p>
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">下</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">下来</span> xiàlái</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is down towards the speaker: "come down"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">下</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">下去</span> xiàqù</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is down away from the speaker: "go down"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">上</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">上来</span> shànglái</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is up towards the speaker: "come up"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">上</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">上去</span> shàngqù</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">出</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">出来</span> chūlái</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">出</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">出去</span> chūqù</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">进</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">进来</span> jìnlái</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">进</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">进去</span> jìnqù</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">回</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">回来</span> huílái</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is towards the speaker: "come back"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">回</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="pinyin"><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">回去</span> huíqù</span></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="spaced">The movement is away from the speaker: "go back"</span></p>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p>You might be wondering how the directional distinction between <span class="hanzi">来</span> and <span class="hanzi">去</span> works when you're talking about yourself moving. You can't move away from or towards yourself, so should it be <span class="hanzi">来</span> or <span class="hanzi">去</span>? The answer is to look at the context of the movement you're talking about. Are you telling someone you'll see them tomorrow? As in English, in Chinese you'd say something like "I'll come and see you tomorrow."</p>

  <h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>

  <p>You can use these simple compounds in a huge variety of situations. Here are some examples:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">我 在 楼上，请 你 十 分钟 以后 上来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zài lóushàng, qǐng nǐ shí fēnzhōng yǐhòu shànglái.</span><br/><span> I'm on the upper floor. Please come up in ten minutes.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 在 楼上 等 我 一下 。我 一会儿 就 上去 找 你。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zài lóushàng děng wǒ yīxià. Wǒ yīhuǐ'er jiù shàngqù zhǎo nǐ.</span><br/><span> Please wait a moment on the upper floor. I'm coming up to you in a few seconds.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">在 树上 玩 很 危险 ，你 快下来 !</span> <span class="pinyin">Zài shù shàng wán hěn wéixiǎn, nǐ kuài xiàlái!</span><br/><span> It's too dangerous to play in the tree! Come down!</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">楼下 有 咖啡厅 ，我们 下去 聊 吧 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Lóuxià yǒu kāfēitīng, wǒmen xiàqù liáo bā.</span><br/><span> There is a cafe downstairs. Let's go downstair and talk.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">出来 玩 吧 ，我们 在 KTV 等 你 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Chūlái wán bā, wǒmen zài KTV děng nǐ.</span><br/><span> Come over and hang out with us. We'll be waiting in the KTV.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">外面 太 热 了 ，不要 出去 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wàimiàn tài rè le, bù yào chūqù.</span><br/><span> It's too hot outside. Don't go outside.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">我们 在 里面 开会 ，大家 都 进来 吧。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen zài lǐmiàn kāihuì, dàjiā dōu jìnlái ba.</span><br/><span> We are going to have a meeting inside. Please come in here.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">他 在 办公室 里 等 你 ，你 快进去 吧。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā zài bàngōngshì lǐ děng nǐ, nǐ kuài jìnqù ba.</span><br/><span> He is waiting for you in his office. You can go in now.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 什么时候 回来 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ shénme shíhou huílái?</span><br/><span> When are you coming back?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">他 明天 一个人回去。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā míngtiān yīgèrén huíqù.</span><br/><span> He is going back alone tomorrow.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 过来 让 我 看 一下 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ guòlái ràng wǒ kàn yīxià.</span><br/><span> Come here and let me take a look.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">那儿 很 危险 ，不要 过去 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nàr hěn wēixián, bùdào guòqù.</span><br/><span> It's dangerous there. Don't go over there.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h3 id="adding-a-place-with-到">Adding a place with <span class="hanzist">到</span></h3>

  <p>Direction complements are very useful for talking about arriving at destinations. The structure for this is:</p>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px;">到</span> + Place + <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px;">来 / 去</span>
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>Notice that you separate the verb from its direction complement. The location goes in between the two.</p>

  <p>A few examples:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">我 妹妹 到 上海 来 了。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ mèimei dào Shànghǎi lái le.</span><br/><span> My sister arrived in Shanghai.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 想 到 我家 来 吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng dào wǒ jiā lái ma?</span><br/><span> Do you want to come to my house?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">我 就 在 会议室 等 他 ，你 让 他 马上 到 会议室 来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ jiù zài huìyìshì děng tā, nǐ ràng tā mǎshàng dào huìyìshì lái.</span><br/><span> I'm waiting for him in the meeting room. Tell him to come here right now.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="compound-direction-complements">Compound Direction Complements</h2>

  <p>Direction complements can be more complex than just <span class="hanzi">来</span> or <span class="hanzi">去</span>. You can form compound direction complements in the following way:</p>

  <table class="table big-text table-striped table-bordered">
    <tbody>
      <tr>
        <th style="width:15%"></th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">上</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">下</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">进</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">出</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">回</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">过</span><br/></p>
        </th>

        <th style="width:10%">
          <p><span class="hanzi">起</span><br/></p>
        </th>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">上来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">下来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">进来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">出来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">回来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">过来</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">起来</span><br/></p>
        </td>
      </tr>

      <tr>
        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">上去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">下去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">进去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">出去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">回去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td>
          <p><span class="hanzi">过去</span><br/></p>
        </td>

        <td></td>
      </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>

  <p><span class="hanzi">很多学习者习惯说"回来中国"，"回去美国"，都是错的。正确的说法是"回中国来""回美国去"，因为"回"才是动词，"来""去"是补语。口语里如果语境比较明确，经常省略"来""去"，只说"回中国""回美国"。</span><br/></p>

  <p>These compounds can then be used in the same way as <span class="hanzi">来</span> and <span class="hanzi">去</span>. Attach them to verbs to give detail about the direction of the action.</p>

  <h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Verb + [Compound Direction Complement]
    </div>
  </div>

  <h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 坐 下来 吧 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuò xiàlái ba.</span><br/><span> Please sit down.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">他们 还没 走 出来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tāmen hái méi zǒu chūlái.</span><br/><span> They haven't walked out yet.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 可以 站 起来 吗 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kěyǐ zhàn qǐlái ma?</span><br/><span> Could you please stand up?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">我们 想 自己 走 下去 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen xiǎng zìjǐ zǒu xiàqù.</span><br/><span> We'd like to walk down from here by ourselves.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">不要 让 它 跑 出去 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Bùyào ràng tā pǎo chūqù.</span><br/><span> Don't let it run out.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">从 我 家 走 过来 要 半 个 小时 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Cóng wǒ jiā zǒu guòlái yào bàn gè xiǎoshí.</span> <span> It took me half an hour to walk here from my place.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="direction-complements-with-objects">Direction Complements with Objects</h2>

  <p>Direction complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is what's most important when deciding what complement to use.</p>

  <p>These verbs that commonly appear in this construction include <span class="hanzi">拿</span>, <span class="hanzi">送</span> and <span class="hanzi">带</span>.</p>

  <p>Some examples:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">可以 带 一些 朋友 来 吗 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Kěyǐ dài le yīxiē péngyou lái ma?</span><br/><span> Can I bring some friends?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 快点 送 孩子 去 吧 ，别 迟到 了 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kuàidiǎn sòng háizi qù ba, bié chídào le.</span><br/><span> Hurry up, take the child there. Don't be late.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">师傅 ，再 送 两 桶 水 来 。</span> S<span class="pinyin">hīfu, zài sòng liǎng tǒng shuǐ lái.</span><br/><span> Shifu, please deliver two more buckets of water.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">他们 从 老家 带 了 一些 特产 回来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tāmen cóng lǎojiā dài le yīxiē tèchǎn huílái.</span><br/><span> They brought some local goods back from hometown.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">这儿 的 冬天 太 冷 了，我 需要 你 带 一些 厚衣服 过来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Zhèr de dōngtiān tài lěng le, wǒ xūyào nǐ dài yīxiē hòu yīfu guòlái.</span><br/><span> It's too cold here in winter. I need you to bring me some thick clothes.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 要 不 要 拿 一点 吃的 过去 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ yào bù yào ná yīdiǎn chīde guòqù?</span><br/><span> Would you like to take some food there?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你们 可以 帮 我 拿 一些 书 进去 吗 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐmen kěyǐ bāng wǒ ná yīxiē shū jìnqù ma?</span><br/><span> Could you please help me take some books inside?</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="direction-complements-with-把">Direction Complements with <span class="hanzist">把</span></h2>

  <p>Direction complements work very well in <a href="Ba_sentence" title="wikilink">把 sentences</a>, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and <span class="hanzi">把 </span> ppearing together.</p>

  <h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Subj. + <span class="hanzist">把</span> + Obj. + Verb + [Direction Complement]
    </div>
  </div>

  <h3 id="examples-2">Examples</h3>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">把 书 拿 出来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Bǎ shū ná chūlái.</span><br/><span> Please take out your book.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">把 外套 脱 下来 吧 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Bǎ wàitào tuō xiàlái ba.</span><br/><span> Take off your coat.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 把 他们 的 礼物 带 过去 了 吗 ？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ bǎ tāmen de lǐwù dài guòqù le ma?</span><br/><span> Did you take their presents there?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">快递 还没 把 我 的 东西 送 来 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Kuàidì háiméi bǎ wǒ de dōngxi sòng lái.</span><br/><span> The delivery man hasn't delivered my things yet.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">帮 我 把 这个 箱子 搬 过去 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Bāng wǒ bǎ zhège xiāngzi bān guòqù.</span><br/><span> Please help me to move this suitcase over there.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <dl>
    <dd>See also: <a href="Ba_sentence" title="wikilink">把 sentences</a></dd>
  </dl>

  <h2 id="compared-with-potential-complement">Compared with Potential Complement</h2>

  <div class="exemple">
    <table>
      <caption>Direction and Potential Complements</caption>

      <thead>
        <tr class="header">
          <th>
            <p>Directional Complement</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Aff. Potential Complement</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Neg. Potential Complement</p>
          </th>
        </tr>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">起 来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">起 得 来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">起 不 来</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">回 去</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">回 得 去</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">回 不 去</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">站 起来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">站 得 起来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">站 不 起来</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">爬 上来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">爬 得 上来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">爬 不 上来</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">开 进来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">开 得 进了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">开 不 进来</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">拿 出来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">拿得 出来</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">拿 不 出来</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td></td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>

  <h2 id="additional-meanings">Additional Meanings</h2>

  <p>A lot of direction complements, particularly compound direction complements, have additional idiomatic meanings beyond literally describing the direction of an action. The most common of these are:</p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-qilai&quot;" title="wikilink">起来</a></li>

    <li><a href="Resultative_Complement_&quot;chu(lai)&quot;" title="wikilink">出来</a></li>

    <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;xiaqu&quot;" title="wikilink">下去</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="Result_complement" title="wikilink">Result complement</a></li>

    <li><a href="Potential_complement" title="wikilink">Potential complement</a></li>

    <li><a href="Degree_complement" title="wikilink">Degree complement</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>

  <h3 id="books">Books</h3>

  <ul>
    <li>A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (<span class="hanzi">外国人实用汉语语法</span>) (pp. 302-17)</li>

    <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 1 (3rd ed) (pp. 165)</li>

    <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 185-9)</li>

    <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1 (pp. 267-8)</li>

    <li>Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar</li>

    <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本2</span>) (pp. 40-1, 197-8) &gt;</li>

    <li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课下册</span>） (pp. 313-4)</li>

    <li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课上册</span>） (pp. 238-9, 255)</li>
  </ul>

  <h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>

  <ul>
    <li>Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): <a href="http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/directional/grammar/direction.htm"> Directional Complements</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h3 id="videos">Videos</h3>

  <p>Yoyo Chinese: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbY2bNpYd6g">Introduction to complement of direction</a></p>
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