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ChineseGrammarWiki


			
				
					
						
						
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  <h1></h1>

  <p>The 把 (bǎ) sentence is a useful structure for focusing on the result or influence of an action. It's really common in Mandarin, but can feel a bit strange for English speakers at first.</p>

  <h2>Contents</h2>

  <ol>
    <li>Structure<br/></li>

    <li>Examples<br/></li>

    <li>See also<br/></li>

    <li>Sources and further reading<br/></li>

    <ol>
      <li>Books<br/></li>
    </ol>
  </ol>

  <h2 id="what-is-a-把-sentence">What is a <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentence?</h2>

  <p>A basic sentence in Mandarin is formed with a subject-verb-object (SVO) <a href="word_order" title="wikilink">word order</a>, as in English:</p>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Subj. + Verb Phrase + Obj.
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>A <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence shakes things up a bit, and you get this structure:</p>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Subj. + <span class="hanzist">把</span> + Obj. + Verb Phrase
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>Note that the object has moved, and is preceded by <span class="hanzi">把</span>. You now have <b>SOV</b> word order.</p>

  <p>This is all well and good, but most students of Chinese, on learning about <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences for the first time, have the same reaction: "Why the hell would I ever use this structure? The <b>SVO</b> word order always works just fine, right?" The answer is: well, no... not always. It's true that <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences are often used to achieve somewhat subtle differences in emphasis, but there are also very good reasons to use <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences when a regular sentence just won't do. Take this sentence for example:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi">你 把 书 放 在 桌子 上 。</span>" Put the book on the table."</span><span class="pinyin"> Nǐ bǎ shū fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <p>How would you say this without the <span class="hanzi">把</span> construction? You might try this:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 放 书 在 桌子 上 。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ fàng shū zài zhuōzi shàng.</span></li>
    </ul>

    <p>The only problem is that the above sentence is not grammatical. You can't put an object right after a verb, and then put other modifiers of the verb after the object. Here are other examples of how to successfully use <span class="hanzi">把</span> and <span class="hanzi">放</span> in the same sentence.</p>

    <ul>
      <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi">她 把 手机 放 在 包 里 了。</span> "She put the phone in the bag."</span><span class="pinyin"> Tā bǎ shǒujī fàng zài bāo lǐ le.</span></li>

      <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi">请 把 钱 放 在 桌子 上 。</span> "Please put the money on the table."</span><span class="pinyin"> Qǐng bǎ qián fàng zài zhuōzi shàng.</span></li>

      <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi">你 是 不 是 把 衣服 放 在 办公室 了？</span> "Did you put your clothes in the office or not?"</span><span class="pinyin"> Nǐ shì bu shì bǎ yīfu fàng zài bàngōngshì le?</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="把-sentences-with-two-objects"><span class="hanzist">把</span> Sentences with Two Objects</h2>

  <p>The usual structure for <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences, as described above, puts the object right after <span class="hanzi">把</span> for certain verbs, however, you can have two objects in a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence. Their use in a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence will also involve <a href="prepositions" class="uri" title="wikilink">prepositions</a>.</p>

  <p>They use the following structure:</p>

  <div>
    <div class="deux">
      Subj. + <span class="hanzist">把</span> + Obj. 1 + Verb + Preposition + Obj. 2
    </div>
  </div>

  <p>Common verbs that take two objects include: <span class="hanzi">买</span> (<span class="pinyin">mǎi</span>), <span class="hanzi">卖</span> (<span class="pinyin">mài</span>), <span class="hanzi">送</span> (<span class="pinyin">sòng</span>), <span class="hanzi">借</span> (<span class="pinyin">jiè</span>), <span class="hanzi">还</span> (<span class="pinyin">huán</span>), <span class="hanzi">介绍 </span>(<span class="pinyin">jièshào</span>).</p>

  <h2 id="把-sentences-and-complements"><span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences and complements</h2>

  <p>Because <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences are all about disposal, and <a href="complements" class="uri" title="wikilink">complements</a> in Mandarin often handle this issue, it's good to be aware of how these two grammar features interact.</p>

  <p><a href="Result_complement" title="wikilink">Result complements</a> work particularly well in <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences. When you consider that both structures deal with the result or outcome of an action, this makes sense. The majority of result complements (except for perception verbs) fit in very well in a <span class="hanzi">把</span> construction. A couple of examples:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">我 把 作业 做 完 了。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le.</span><br/><span> I finished the homework.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 把 这 个 汉字 写 错 了。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ bǎ zhège Hànzì xiě cuò le.</span><br/><span> You wrote this character wrong.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <p><a href="Direction_complement" title="wikilink">Direction complements</a> also work well in <span class="hanzi">把</span> constructions, for similar reasons. For example:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">请 把 这些 东西 拿 出来。</span> <span class="pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhèxiē dōngxi ná chūlái.</span><br/><span> Please take this stuff out.</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">我 把 他 推 出去 了。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ bǎ tā tuī chūqù le.</span><br/><span> I pushed him out.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <p>Note that <a href="potential_complement" title="wikilink">potential complements</a> do not appear in <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences. This is because they are hypothetical, whereas a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence must describe what actually happens.</p>

  <h2 id="forming-把-sentences">Forming <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences</h2>

  <h3 id="negating-把-sentences">Negating <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences</h3>

  <p>To negate a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence, insert <span class="hanzi">不</span> (<b>present or future</b>) or <span class="hanzi">没有</span> (<b>past</b>) directly in front of <span class="hanzi">把</span>. You can't put it <b><strike>after</strike></b> <span class="hanzi">把</span>, '<b><strike>inside</strike></b>' the <span class="hanzi">把</span> construction, as this would break the rule about describing what happened to the object. It would be like saying "<b>What happened to ... was nothing.</b>" It doesn't sound natural.</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <table>
      <caption>Negating <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences</caption>

      <thead>
        <tr class="header">
          <th>
            <p>Subject</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Negative</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p><span class="hanzist">把</span><br/></p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Object</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Verb</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Disposal</p>
          </th>

          <th></th>
        </tr>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">没有</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">你的 电脑</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">用</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">坏</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p>。</p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">你</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">不要</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我的 水</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">喝</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">完</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p>。</p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">他</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">没</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">衣服</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">穿</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">好</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p>。</p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">她</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">没有</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">她的 房间</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">打扫</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">干净</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p>。</p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">不 想</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">这 件 事</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">告诉</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">她</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p>。</p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>

  <h3 id="question-forms-of-把-sentences">Question forms of <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences</h3>

  <p>You can make <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences into questions in the usual three ways to form questions in Mandarin:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>With a question particle</li>

    <li>With a question word</li>

    <li>With positive-negative verbs</li>
  </ul>

  <p>Some examples:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 把 作业 写 完 了 吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le ma?</span><br/><span> Did you finishing doing your homework?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 可以 把 这些 都 吃 完 吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kěyǐ bǎ zhèxiē dōu chī wán ma?</span><br/><span> Can you eat these all?</span></li>
    </ul>

    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 把 我 的 东西 放 在 哪里 了？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ bǎ wǒ de dōngxi fàng zài nálǐ le?</span><br/><span> Where did you put my stuff?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">他 把 你 的 书 借 给 谁 了？</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā bǎ nǐ de shū jiè gěi shéi le?</span><br/><span> Who did he lend your book to?</span></li>
    </ul>

    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">你 是 不 是 把 纸 用 完 了？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ shì bù shì bǎ zhǐ yòng wán le?</span><br/><span> Did you use up the paper or not?</span></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">你 能 不 能 把 你 的 名字 写 清楚？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ néng bù néng bǎ nǐ de míngzi xiě qīngchǔ?</span><br/><span> Can you write your name clearly or not?</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <p>Be careful how you form questions with <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences though. Remember that you have to have a definite object, and you have to describe the disposal of that object. A question form could easily get in the way of one of these conditions.</p>

  <h3 id="adverbs-in-把-sentences">Adverbs in <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences</h3>

  <p>Adverbs can usually be placed before <span class="hanzi">把</span> or before the verb (the exception is negative adverbs, as described above). Adverbs in each of these positions can change the meaning in slightly different ways, as demonstrated with <span class="hanzi">都</span> in the examples below. In the first sentence, "<span class="hanzi">我们都把作业做完了,</span>" <span class="hanzi">都</span> modifies "<span class="hanzi">我们</span>" to make "<b>We all finished the homework.</b>" In the second sentence, <span class="hanzi">都</span> modifies <span class="hanzi">作业</span> to make "<b>We finished all the homework.</b>"</p>

  <p>(Note the subtle difference in meaning between the first two sentences.)</p>

  <h3 id="把-sentences-and-measure-words"><span class="hanzist">把</span> Sentences and Measure Words</h3>

  <p>As mentioned above, the object of a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence must be something specific and definite. This might involve noun <a href="measure_word" title="wikilink">measure words</a>, which will come after the <span class="hanzi">把</span> and before the object.</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <table>
      <caption>More <span class="hanzi">把</span> and quantity examples</caption>

      <thead>
        <tr class="header">
          <th>
            <p>Subject</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Measure Word</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Object</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Verb</p>
          </th>

          <th></th>
        </tr>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">你 的 两 件</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">衣服</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">洗 好 了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">他</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">昨天 买的 三 块</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">蛋糕</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">吃 了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">请 你</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">老师 写 给 我们 的 几 句</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">话</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">读 一下</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>

  <p><a href="Verb_measure_words" title="wikilink">Verb measure words</a> are frequently used in <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences, and come at the end of a <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentence.</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <table>
      <caption>More <span class="hanzi">把</span> and quantity examples</caption>

      <thead>
        <tr class="header">
          <th>
            <p>Subject</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Object</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Verb</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Measure Word</p>
          </th>

          <th></th>
        </tr>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">这 句 话</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">读 了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">三 遍</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">妈妈</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">这些 脏 衣服</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">洗 了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">好 几 遍</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">弟弟</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我 的 手机</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">玩 坏 了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">好 几 次</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>

  <p>Note that in all of these sentences, the object is something specific and definite.</p>

  <h3 id="把-sentences-and-aspect-particles"><span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences and aspect particles</h3>

  <p>The particles <span class="hanzi">了</span> and <span class="hanzi">着</span> can both be used with <span class="hanzi">把</span> constructions, while <span class="hanzi">过</span> cannot. This is because the object of a <span class="hanzi">把</span> construction must be <b>obvious</b>, or '<b>present</b>' in some way in the <b>context</b>. <span class="hanzi">过</span> indicates some kind of action in the past, which suggests that the object is no longer present in the context, so it's not suitable for a <span class="hanzi">把</span> construction.</p>

  <p><span style="color: rgb(139, 0, 0); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 22px;">了</span> and <span class="hanzi">着</span>, though, can be used to indicate that the disposal of the object is complete or ongoing, respectively.</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <table>
      <caption>把 sentences and aspect particles</caption>

      <thead>
        <tr class="header">
          <th>
            <p>Subject</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Object</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Verb phrase</p>
          </th>

          <th>
            <p>Aspect particle</p>
          </th>

          <th></th>
        </tr>
      </thead>

      <tbody>
        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">我</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">那 本 书</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">翻译 成 英文</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">你</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">不要 把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">门</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">开</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">着</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="odd">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">她</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">瓶子</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">打 破</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">了</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>

        <tr class="even">
          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">请</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">把</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">你 的 电脑</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">带</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">着</span><br/></p>
          </td>

          <td>
            <p><span class="hanzi">。</span><br/></p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>

  <h2 id="verbs-for-把-sentences">Verbs for <span class="hanzist">把</span> sentences</h2>

  <p>Some verbs generally can't indicate what happened to the object. They only describe what the subject did. Here are some examples of verbs that do not generally work in <span class="hanzi">把</span> sentences:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>Psychological verbs 

    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">爱</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">喜欢</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">想念</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">了解</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">害怕</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">痛恨</span><br/></li>
    </ul></li>

    <li>Perception verbs 

    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">看</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">听</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">闻</span><br/></li>

      <li><span class="hanzi">像</span><br/></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul>

  <h2 id="notes-about-把">Notes about <span class="hanzist">把</span></h2>

  <ul>
    <li>The object is known. (It's already been mentioned or discussed previously.)</li>

    <li>The sentence describes what happened to the object in some detail (it's not just a "bare" verb; there's "more stuff" after the verb).</li>
  </ul>

  <h2 id="other-uses-of-把">Other uses of <span class="hanzist">把</span></h2>

  <p>It's important to note that <span class="hanzi">把</span> has other uses. The most common is as a <a href="measure_word" title="wikilink">measure word</a> for things with handles, or things that you hold. Examples include <span class="hanzi">一把伞, 一把枪</span> and <span class="hanzi">一把椅子</span>. So, you've got to look at how 把 is being used in a sentence before you can understand its meaning.</p>

  <p>To demonstrate the difference, here's a sentence with both kinds of 把 in:</p>

  <div class="exemple">
    <ul>
      <li><span class="hanzi">请 你 把 那 把 伞 拿 给 我。</span> <span class="pinyin">Qǐng bǎ nà bǎ sǎn ná gěi wǒ.</span><br/><span> Please give me that umbrella.</span></li>
    </ul>
  </div>

  <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="Result_complement" title="wikilink">Result complement</a></li>

    <li><a href="Direction_complement" title="wikilink">Direction complement</a></li>

    <li><a href="Bei_sentence" title="wikilink">Bei sentence</a></li>

    <li><a href="Aspect_particles" title="wikilink">Aspect particles</a></li>
  </ul>

  <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>

  <h3 id="books">Books</h3>

  <ul>
    <li>A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (<span class="hanzi">外国人实用汉语语法</span>) (pp. 461-70)</li>

    <li>Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 53-4)</li>

    <li>Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 159-64)</li>

    <li>Chinese Grammar Without Tears (<span class="hanzi">简明汉语语法学习手册</span>) (pp. 167-81)</li>

    <li>Common Chinese Patterns 330 (<span class="hanzi">汉语常用格式330例</span>) (pp. 3-5)</li>

    <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed) (pp. 142-4)</li>

    <li>Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2 (pp. 225-7, 321-3)</li>

    <li>Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar (pp. 463-92)</li>

    <li>Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide (pp. 354-5)</li>

    <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本2</span>) (pp. 41-2, 88)</li>

    <li>New Practical Chinese Reader 3 (<span class="hanzi">新实用汉语课本3</span>) (pp. 15, 51, 101-2)</li>

    <li>40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (<span class="hanzi">基础汉语40课下册</span>） (pp. 369-70, 384, 398-9)</li>
  </ul>

  <h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>

  <ul>
    <li>Mandarin Essential Grammar (Yale): <a href="http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/ba/grammar/ba.htm">把 Construction</a></li>

    <li>CTCFL (Oxford): <a href="http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Grammar%20exercises/Ba.htm">The 把 Construction</a></li>

    <li>ChinesePod: <a href="http://chinesepod.com/lessons/the-magic-word-%E6%8A%8A">Qing Wen - The Magic Word 把</a> (free podcast content)</li>

    <li>ChinesePod: <a href="http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E6%8A%8A-humbug">Qing Wen - 把 Humbug</a> (free podcast content)</li>

    <li>FluentU: <a href="http://www.fluentu.com/chinese/blog/2015/04/01/mandarin-chinese-ba/"> The Definite Guide to the Chinese Ba Construction</a></li>

    <li>Mandarin Online: <a href="http://xmmandarinonline.com/2010/10/grammar-the-ba3-sentence/">把字句</a></li>

    <li>Just Learn Chinese (blog): <a href="http://justlearnchinese.com/lesson-10-how-to-understand-and-use-pattern-%E2%80%9C-%E6%8A%8A-%E2%80%9D-in-chinese/"> Lesson 10 How to understand and use Chinese sentence pattern “…把…”?</a></li>
  </ul>
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