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- <p>You probably learned early on that <span class="hanzi">和</span> (<span class="pinyin">hé</span>) is used as an "<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>" word to connect <a href="noun" title="wikilink">nouns</a> and noun phrases, but not sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by <span class="hanzi">和</span>. This article addresses how you may see <span class="hanzi">和</span> used in other ways.</p>
- <p>It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of <span class="hanzi">和</span> needs to be "<b>learned</b>." You could do just fine only using <span class="hanzi">和</span> to connect <b>nouns</b> and <b>noun phrases</b>, and native speakers may prefer not to use <span class="hanzi">和</span> in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these do exist.</p>
- <h2 id="linking-verbs-with-和">Linking Verbs with <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">和</span></h2>
- <div class="jiegou">
- <div class="deux">Verb 1 + <span class="hanzist">和</span> + Verb 2</div>
- </div>
- <p>Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using <span class="hanzi">和</span> with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.</p>
- <p>In most cases, the following trends apply when <span class="hanzi">和</span> is used to connect verbs:</p>
- <ol>
- <li>The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus "<span class="hanzi">唱歌和跳舞</span>" is natural (both are <a href="separable_verb" title="wikilink">separable verbs</a>, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "<span class="hanzi"><strike>玩游戏和跑</strike></span>" (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.</li>
- <li>Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "<span class="hanzi">管理和运营着家公司</span>") or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "<span class="hanzi">进一步地了解和交流</span>").</li>
- <li>Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as <span class="hanzi">维护</span>, <span class="hanzi">修理</span>.</li>
- </ol>
- <div class="exemple">
- <ul>
- <li><span class="hanzi">政府 每年 都 会 维护 和 修理 这些 建筑 。</span><br/></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 和 交流。</span><br/></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 和 运营 着 一 家 公司。</span><br/></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 和 利用。</span><br/></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">预防 和 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。</span><br/></li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <h2 id="linking-adjectives-with-和">Linking Adjectives with 和</h2>
- <div class="jiegou">
- <div class="deux">Adj. 1 + <span class="hanzist">和</span> + Adj. 2</div>
- </div>
- <p>In most cases, at least one of the following trends apply when <span class="hanzi">和</span> is used to connect adjectives:</p>
- <ol>
- <li>The two adjectives do not act as the <a href="predicate" class="uri" title="wikilink">predicate</a> of the sentence, but instead act as an <a href="attributive" class="uri" title="wikilink">attributive</a> (coming before a noun), <a href="object" class="uri" title="wikilink">object</a> (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.</li>
- <li>There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"</li>
- </ol>
- <div class="exemple">
- <ul>
- <li><span class="hanzi">我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 和 调皮，怎么了？</span> <span class="vert">做宾语)</span></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">她 那么 单纯 和 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？</span> <span class="vert">有修饰成分)</span></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">她 安静 和 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。</span> <span class="vert">做定语)</span></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">这种 恐惧 和 担心 不 是 没有 道理。</span> <span class="vert">有修饰成分，做主语)</span></li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 和 理性？</span> <span class="vert">有修饰成分)</span></li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <h2 id="incorrect-uses-of-和">Incorrect uses of <span style="color: rgb(255, 127, 80); font-family: NotoSansCJKsc; font-size: 30px; font-weight: normal;">和</span></h2>
- <p>Don't forget that in addition to <span class="hanzi">和</span>, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "<a href="and" class="uri" title="wikilink">and</a>" meaning, such as the words <a href="%E5%B9%B6" class="uri" title="wikilink">并</a>, <a href="%E5%B9%B6%E4%B8%94" class="uri" title="wikilink">并且</a>, and <a href="%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89" class="uri" title="wikilink">还有</a>, or the patterns <a href=""Both_A_and_B"_with_"you"" title="wikilink">又⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a> or <a href=""Both%E2%80%A6_and%E2%80%A6"_with_"ji...you"" title="wikilink">既⋯⋯又⋯⋯</a>.</p>
- <p>The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.</p>
- <div class="exemple">
- <ul>
- <li><span class="hanzi"><strike>你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？</strike></span>！<span class="vert">The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li>
- <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi"><strike>你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！</strike></span>Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li>
- <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi"><strike>我去了超市和买了水果。</strike></span>You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)</span></li>
- <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi"><strike>我去了超市，并且买了水果。</strike></span>Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li>
- <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi"><strike>你需要买和装杀毒软件。</strike></span>Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)</span></li>
- <li><span class="vert"><span class="hanzi"><strike>你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。</strike></span>They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="and" title="wikilink">Translations of "and"</a></li>
- <li><a href="Expressing_"in_addition"_with_"haiyou"" title="wikilink">Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"</a></li>
- <li><a href=""In_addition"_as_"lingwai"" title="wikilink">"In addition" as "lingwai"</a></li>
- <li><a href="Expressing_"not_only%E2%80%A6_but_also"" title="wikilink">Expressing "not only… but also"</a></li>
- <li><a href="Combining_verbs_with_"bing"" title="wikilink">Combining verbs with "bing"</a></li>
- </ul>
- <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
- <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
- <ul>
- <li>Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar (pp. 74-5) </li>
- <li>Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition (pp. 14-5) </li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">现代汉语虚词例释</span> (p. 236)</li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">现代汉语八百词</span> (p.265) </li>
- <li><span class="hanzi">实用现代汉语语法</span> (p.317)</li>
- </ul>
- <h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
- <ul>
- <li>Sinosplice: <a href="http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety"> Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety</a></li>
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