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ChineseGrammarWiki


			
				
					
						
						
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<p>The <a href="aspect_particle" title="wikilink">aspect particle</a> 过 (guo) is used to indicate that an <strong>action has been experienced</strong> in the past.</p>
<h2 id="basic-usage">Basic Usage</h2>
<h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Subj. + Verb + 过 + Obj.</p>
</div>
<p>What this expresses is that the verb <em>has been</em> done at least once before, without specifying a particular time. 过 (guo) is used to talk about whether something has <em>ever</em> happened - whether it <em>has been experienced</em>.</p>
<h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
<p>In English, if you're asking a question and really trying to figure out if someone has <em>ever</em> done something before, we tend to use the words &quot;ever&quot; and &quot;before.&quot; In Chinese, 过 (guo) alone expresses this, without the need for additional words.</p>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>你 学 <em>过</em> 中文 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ xué <em>guo</em> Zhōngwén ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you ever studied Chinese?</span></li>
<li>你 见 <em>过</em> 那 个 人 吗？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ jiàn <em>guo</em> nàge rén ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you seen that person before?</span></li>
<li>我们 来 <em>过</em> 这 个 地方。<span class="pinyin">Wǒmen lái <em>guo</em> zhège dìfang.</span><span class="trans">We've been to this place before.</span></li>
<li>我 也 吃 <em>过</em> 日本菜。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ yě chī <em>guo</em> Rìběn cài.</span><span class="trans">I've also eaten Japanese food before.</span></li>
<li>你 看 <em>过</em> 这 个 电影 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ kàn <em>guo</em> zhège diànyǐng ma?</span><span class="trans">Have you seen this movie?</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="negating-a-过-guo-sentence">Negating a 过 (guo) Sentence</h2>
<p>Because 过 (guo) is used to talk about past actions, it should be <a href="Negation_of_past_actions_with_&quot;meiyou&quot;" title="wikilink">negated with 没</a> (méi).</p>
<h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
<div class="jiegou">
<p>Subj. + 没 + Verb + 过 + Obj.</p>
</div>
<h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
<p>Note that when you translate these examples into English, &quot;have <em>never</em>&quot; [done something] is often more natural, indicating that someone <em>lacks the <strong>experience</strong> of having done something</em>, rather than just &quot;have not&quot; [done something].</p>
<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li>我 <em>没</em> 想 <em>过</em> 这 个 问题。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xiǎng <em>guo</em> zhège wèntí.</span><span class="trans"> I've never thought about this question before.</span></li>
<li>我 <em>没</em> 学 <em>过</em> 这 个 词 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <em>méi</em> xué <em>guo</em> zhège cí.</span><span class="trans">I have never studied this word before.</span></li>
<li>妈妈 <em>没</em> 买 <em>过</em> 很 贵 的 衣服。 <span class="pinyin">Māma <em>méi</em> mǎi <em>guo</em> hěn guì de yīfu.</span><span class="trans">Mom has never bought any expensive clothes before.</span></li>
<li>我们 都 <em>没</em> 坐 <em>过</em> 飞机。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒmen dōu <em>méi</em> zuò <em>guo</em> fēijī.</span><span class="trans">None of us has ever been on a airplane before.</span></li>
<li>你们 <em>没</em> 见 <em>过</em> 美女 吗？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen <em>méi</em> jiàn <em>guo</em> měinǚ ma? </span><span class="trans">Have you never seen beautiful girls before? </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>To emphasize &quot;never&quot; even more, you can also <a href="Expressing_&quot;never&quot;_with_&quot;conglai&quot;" title="wikilink">use the word 从来 (cónglái)</a>.</p>
<h2 id="using-过-guo-with-了-le">Using 过 (guo) with 了 (le)</h2>
<p>You'll sometimes see 过 (guo) used together with 了 (le). This can be a little confusing, as it doesn't seem to be following the rules laid out above. For more on this special usage of 过 (guo), see the article on <a href="Using_&quot;guo&quot;_with_&quot;le&quot;" title="wikilink">using 过 (guo) with 了 (le)</a>.</p>
<h2 id="see-also">See Also</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="Expressing_completion_with_&quot;le&quot;" title="wikilink">Expressing completion with &quot;le&quot;</a></li>
<li><a href="Aspect_particle_&quot;zhe&quot;" title="wikilink">Aspect particle &quot;zhe&quot;</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
<h3 id="books">Books</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="A_Practical_Chinese_Grammar_For_Foreigners_(外国人实用汉语语法)" title="wikilink">A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)</a> (p. 138) <a href="http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B001J0ADWA&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition" title="wikilink">Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition</a> (pp. 59-60) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0415372615">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_Grammar_Without_Tears_(简明汉语语法学习手册)" title="wikilink">Chinese Grammar Without Tears (简明汉语语法学习手册)</a> (pp. 73-4) <a href="http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp/ref=as_li_ss_tl?_encoding=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-23&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;asin=B0041UGAJU&amp;camp=536&amp;creative=3132&amp;creativeASIN=B0041UGAJU">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Chinese:_Level_1,_Part_2_(3rd_ed)" title="wikilink">Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)</a> (pp. 83- 4) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276709/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0887276709">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_1" title="wikilink">Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 1</a> (pp. 345-7) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276792/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=0887276792">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_Chinese:_Level_2,_Part_2" title="wikilink">Integrated Chinese: Level 2, Part 2</a> (pp. 49-51) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0887276881/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0887276881">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="Modern_Mandarin_Chinese_Grammar:_A_Practical_Guide" title="wikilink">Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar: A Practical Guide</a> (pp. 76-7, 230-2) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415700108?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=0415700108">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="New_Practical_Chinese_Reader_2_(新实用汉语课本2)" title="wikilink">New Practical Chinese Reader 2 (新实用汉语课本2)</a> (pp. 175-6) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561911297/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=7561911297">→buy</a></li>
<li><a href="40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(基础汉语40课上册）" title="wikilink">40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）</a> (p. 188)<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=allset-20">→buy</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="websites">Websites</h3>
<ul>
<li>ChinesePod: <a href="http://chinesepod.com/lessons/%E8%BF%87guo">Qing Wen - 过(guo)</a> (free podcast content)</li>
</ul>
<p>       </p>
<p><a href="Category:A2_grammar_points" title="wikilink">Category:A2 grammar points</a></p>