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  2. <p>Two of the most common result complements in Chinese are 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn). On this page we're only going to be talking about verbs related to the senses (&quot;see,&quot; &quot;hear,&quot; etc.), and for this usage, the two are interchangeable.</p>
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  3. <h2 id="verbs-with-到-dào-and-见-jiàn">Verbs with 到 (dào) and 见 (jiàn)</h2>
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  4. <h3 id="structure">Structure</h3>
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  5. <p><a href="Result_complement" title="wikilink">Result complements</a> are a huge topic in Chinese grammar, but you can approach them in stages. The structure you come across the most is a verb with 到 (dào):</p>
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  6. <div class="jiegou">
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  7. <p>Subj. + Verb + 到 + Obj.</p>
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  8. </div>
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  9. <p>What 到 (dào) does is indicate that the outcome of the verb is achieved - what its <em>result</em> is. Without a result complement, the sentence would describe only the action itself. To illustrate, 看 (kàn) &quot;to look&quot; is the action of turning your head in a particular direction and focusing your eyes, whereas 看到 (kàndào), &quot;to see,&quot; is the result of your brain taking in the visual input. It may sound a little hokey, but it really is possible to &quot;look but not see,&quot; and Chinese makes a clear distinction between the action and the result.</p>
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  10. <p>The complement 见 (jiàn) is very similar to 到 (dào), and it is used in the same way:</p>
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  11. <div class="jiegou">
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  12. <p>Subj. + Verb + 见 + Obj.</p>
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  13. </div>
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  14. <p>However, there is a difference. 见 (jiàn) is generally <em>only</em> used after verbs involving one of the senses, like 听 (tīng) and 看 (kàn), whereas 到 (dào) can be attached to a large variety of verbs, which we will discuss <a href="Tricky_uses_of_&quot;dao&quot;" title="wikilink">at a higher level later</a>.</p>
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  15. <h3 id="examples">Examples</h3>
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  16. <div class="liju">
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  17. <ul>
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  18. <li>你 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē le ma?</span></li>
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  19. <li>你 <strong>看</strong><em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē le ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you see that handsome guy?</span></li>
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  20. </ul>
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  21. </div>
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  22. <div class="liju">
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  23. <ul>
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  24. <li>我 <strong>看</strong> <em>见</em> 了 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what &quot;I&quot; saw; you have to infer it from the context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>kàn</strong><em>jiàn</em> le.</span></li>
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  25. <li>我 <strong>看</strong> <em>到</em> 了 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>kàn</strong><em>dào</em> le.</span><span class="trans">I saw it.</span></li>
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  26. </ul>
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  27. </div>
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  28. <div class="liju">
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  29. <ul>
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  30. <li>你 <strong>听</strong> <em>见</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong><em>jiàn</em> le ma?</span></li>
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  31. <li>你 <strong>听</strong> <em>到</em> 了 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>tīng</strong><em>dào</em> le ma?</span><span class="trans">Did you hear it?</span></li>
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  32. </ul>
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  33. </div>
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  34. <h2 id="negative-forms">Negative Forms</h2>
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  35. <h3 id="structure-1">Structure</h3>
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  36. <div class="jiegou">
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  37. <p>Subj. + 没 + Verb + 到 / 见 + Obj.</p>
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  38. </div>
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  39. <p>This structure can be negated using 没 (méi) on 没有 (méiyǒu). This is because if there is a result, then it already happened. And you need to <a href="Negation_of_&quot;you&quot;_with_&quot;mei&quot;" title="wikilink">use 没 (méi) to negate past events</a>, not 不 (bù).</p>
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  40. <h3 id="examples-1">Examples</h3>
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  41. <div class="liju">
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  42. <ul>
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  43. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>dào</em> nàge shuàigē ma?</span></li>
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  44. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 那 个 帅哥 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> kàn<em>jiàn</em> nàge shuàigē ma?</span><span class="trans">You didn't see that handsome guy?</span></li>
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  45. </ul>
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  46. </div>
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  47. <div class="liju">
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  48. <ul>
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  49. <li>我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>到</em> 。 <span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn<em>dào</em>.</span></li>
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  50. <li>我 <strong>没有</strong> 看 <em>见</em> 。 <span class="expl">We didn't say what &quot;I&quot; didn't see; you have to infer it from the context.</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒ <strong>méiyǒu</strong> kàn<em>jiàn</em>.</span><span class="trans">I didn't see it.</span></li>
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  51. </ul>
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  52. </div>
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  53. <div class="liju">
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  54. <ul>
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  55. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>到</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>dào</em> ma?</span></li>
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  56. <li>你 <strong>没</strong> 听 <em>见</em> 吗 ？ <span class="pinyin">Nǐ <strong>méi</strong> tīng<em>jiàn</em> ma?</span><span class="trans">You didn't hear it?</span></li>
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  57. </ul>
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  58. </div>
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  59. <h2 id="see-also">See also</h2>
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  60. <ul>
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  61. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-wan&quot;_for_finishing" title="wikilink">Result complement &quot;-wan&quot; for finishing</a></li>
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  62. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-qilai&quot;" title="wikilink">Result complement &quot;-qilai&quot;</a></li>
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  63. <li><a href="Result_complement_&quot;-cuo&quot;" title="wikilink">Result complement &quot;-cuo&quot;</a></li>
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  64. </ul>
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  65. <h2 id="sources-and-further-reading">Sources and further reading</h2>
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  66. <h3 id="books">Books</h3>
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  67. <ul>
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  68. <li><a href="Short-term_Spoken_Chinese:_Threshold_Vol._2_(汉语口语入门篇下)" title="wikilink">Short-term Spoken Chinese: Threshold Vol. 2 (汉语口语入门篇下)</a> (p. 92) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/7561913656/ref%3das_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399369&amp;creativeASIN=7561913656">→buy</a></li>
    69. 

  69. <li><a href="Basic_Patterns_of_Chinese_Grammar" title="wikilink">Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar</a> (p. 109) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=allset-20&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;camp=217145&amp;creative=399373&amp;creativeASIN=1933330899">→buy</a></li>
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  70. <li><a href="40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(基础汉语40课上册）" title="wikilink">40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）</a> (pp. 205-6)<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;camp=1789&amp;creative=390957&amp;creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;tag=allset-20">→buy</a></li>
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  71. </ul>
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  81. 

  82. <p><a href="Category:A2_grammar_points" title="wikilink">Category:A2 grammar points</a> <a href="Category:Result_complement" title="wikilink">Category:Result complement</a></p>
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