ChineseGrammarWiki/Programmes/B2.old/Grammar-wiki-B2-37.txt

{{Grammar Box}} 

You probably learned early on that 和 (hé) is used as an "[[and]]" word to connect [[noun]]s and noun phrases,  but ''not'' sentences or clauses. This rule is fine for a while but eventually you will begin encountering what appears to be non-nouns linked by 和. This article addresses how you may see 和 used in other ways.

It's worth mentioning that none of these uses of 和 ''needs'' to be "learned." You could do just fine only using 和 to connect nouns and noun phrases, and native speakers may prefer ''not'' to use 和 in some of the examples sentences given below. Still, uses like these ''do'' exist.

== Linking Verbs with 和 ==

<div class="jiegou">

Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2

</div>

Rather than give absolute rules, it's more helpful to give trends, because it's very difficult to provide a rule for using 和 with non-nouns which is never broken. There are just too many gray areas.

In ''most cases'', the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect verbs:

# The two verbs are very similar in nature. This could include characteristics such as level of formality, structure, and scope. Often you'll find that the verbs even overlap a little in meaning or are frequently used together. Thus "唱歌和跳舞" is natural (both are [[separable verb]]s, equally informal, frequently used together), whereas "玩游戏和跑" (the structure of the two is very different) is quite awkward.
# Both verbs share the same object (e.g. "管理和运营着家公司") or are both modified by the same adverbial phrase (e.g. "进一步地了解和交流").
# Normally (but not always) both verbs are disyllabic (two-syllable verbs), such as 维护, 修理.

<div class="liju">
* 政府 每年 都 会 维护  <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。
* 我们 需要 进一步 地 了解 <em>和</em> 交流。
* 他 十八岁 的 时候 就 管理 <em>和</em> 运营 着 一 家 公司。
* 这 种 材料 可以 无限 地 回收 <em>和</em> 利用。
* 预防 <em>和</em> 治理 污染 需要 所有 人 共同 的 努力。
</div>

== Linking Adjectives with 和 ==

<div class="jiegou">

Adj. 1 + 和 + Adj. 2

</div>

In ''most cases'', at least one of the following trends apply when 和 is used to connect adjectives:

# The two adjectives do not act as the [[predicate]] of the sentence, but instead act as an [[attributive]] (coming before a noun), [[object]] (coming after a verb), or other sentence element.
# There will be some kind of modification before the adjectives; they won't just be used "bare"

<div class="liju">
* 我 就是 喜欢 她 任性 <em>和</em> 调皮，怎么了？<span class="expl">做宾语)</span>
* 她 那么 单纯 <em>和</em> 天真，你 怎么 可以 这样 对 她？<span class="expl">有修饰成分)</span>
* 她 安静 <em>和</em> 甜美 的笑容让我觉得温暖。<span class="expl">做定语)</span>
* 这种 恐惧 <em>和</em> 担心 不 是 没有 道理。<span class="expl">有修饰成分，做主语)</span>
* 你 什么时候 才 可以 像 他 那样 冷静 <em>和</em>  理性？<span class="expl">有修饰成分)</span>
</div>

== Incorrect uses of 和 ==

Don't forget that in addition to 和, there are all kinds of other ways to express the "[[and]]" meaning, such as the words [[并]], [[并且]], and [[还有]], or the patterns [["Both A and B" with "you"|又⋯⋯又⋯⋯]] or [["Both… and…" with "ji...you"|既⋯⋯又⋯⋯]].

The following sentences don't follow the trends laid out above, and are thus not good sentences.

<div class="liju">
<ul>
<li class="x">你自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">The adjectives are acting as the predicate, and have nothing modifying them.)</span></li>
<li class="o">你这么自私和冷漠，怎么会有人喜欢你？！<span class="expl">Adding a modifier to the adjectives sounds much better.)</span></li>
<li class="x">我去了超市和买了水果。<span class="expl">You could look at these actions as two separate clauses or verbs with separate objects. Either way, it's bad.)</span></li>
<li class="o">我去了超市，并且买了水果。<span class="expl">Here we treated the verbs as separate clauses and used 并且 to connect them.)</span></li>
<li class="q">你需要买和装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">Although the verbs share an object, they're both monosyllabic verbs. While perhaps not blatantly incorrect, this sentence just sounds weird to most Chinese.)</span></li>
<li class="o">你需要购买和安装杀毒软件。<span class="expl">They still share the same object, but now the monosyllabic verbs have been converted to disyllabic verbs. Problem solved!)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>

==See also==
*[[and|Translations of "and"]]
*[[Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"]]
*[["In addition" as "lingwai"]]
*[[Expressing "not only… but also"]]
*[[Combining verbs with "bing"]]

== Sources and further reading ==

=== Books ===

* [[Basic Patterns of Chinese Grammar]] (pp. 74-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1933330899/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=1933330899 →buy] 
* [[Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition]] (pp. 14-5) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0415372615/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=allset-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=0415372615 →buy]
* [[现代汉语虚词例释]] (p. 236)[http://www.amazon.cn/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%85%AB%E7%99%BE%E8%AF%8D/dp/B004323J90/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1345693275&sr=8-1 →buy]
* [[现代汉语八百词]] (p.265) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001198GSW&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001198GSW →buy]
* [[实用现代汉语语法]] (p.317)[http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B003YJGCSS&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B003YJGCSS →buy]

=== Websites ===

* Sinosplice: [http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2008/10/13/syntactic-anguish-of-the-verb-object-modifier-variety Syntactic Anguish of the Verb-Object-Modifier Variety]

[[Category:B2 grammar points]]
{{Basic Grammar|和|B2|Verb 1 + 和 + Verb 2|政府 每年 都 会 维护 <em>和</em> 修理 这些 建筑 。|grammar point|ASGXN52R}}
{{Similar|Expressing "and" with "he"}} 
{{Similar|Expressing "in addition" with "haiyou"}} 
{{Similar|"In Addition" as "lingwai"}} 
{{Similar|Expressing "Not Only… But Also"}} 
{{Similar|Combining Verbs with "bing"}}
{{POS|Conjunctions}}
{{Used for|Listing}}
{{Translation|and}}