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= Degree complement =


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<li>[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Direction_complement Direction complement] (B1)</li>
<li>[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_degree_complements Advanced degree complements] (B2)</li></ul>


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Used for

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[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Expressing_degree Expressing degree]

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[https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%BE%97 得]

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''Also known as: 程度补语 (chéngdù bǔyǔ) and complement of degree.''
While most [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Complement complements] follow [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Verb verbs], degree complements very often follow [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adjective adjectives]. They intensify, or in some other way, modify the degree of expression of the adjective (or verb).

<div id="toc" class="toc">

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== Contents ==

<span class="toctoggle"> [[[#|hide]]] </span>

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* [[#When_to_use_it|<span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">When to use it</span>]]
* [[#Basic_Pattern|<span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Basic Pattern</span>]]
** [[#Structure|<span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span>]]
** [[#Examples|<span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span>]]
* [[#Descriptive_and_State_Complements|<span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Descriptive and State Complements</span>]]
* [[#Degree_Complements_with_Objects|<span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Degree Complements with Objects</span>]]
* [[#Degree_Complements_Following_Adjectives|<span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Degree Complements Following Adjectives</span>]]
** [[#Common_Patterns|<span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Common Patterns</span>]]
** [[#Examples_2|<span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span>]]
* [[#Compared_with_Potential_Complements|<span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Compared with Potential Complements</span>]]
* [[#References|<span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span>]]
* [[#See_also|<span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span>]]
* [[#Sources_and_further_reading|<span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sources and further reading</span>]]
** [[#Books|<span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span>]]
** [[#Websites|<span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Websites</span>]]


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== <span id="When_to_use_it" class="mw-headline">When to use it</span> ==

Until now, you may have probably been getting by just fine modifying your verbs with adverbs. You can use 非常 to say &quot;very&quot; and all that. Great. But once you learn to use degree complements, a whole new layer of expressiveness is infused into your language. You will be able to express '''degree''' of verbs and adjectives with much more precision and color. But how do you know ''when to use'' the degree complement? Here are the main reasons to use it:

# To express '''how''' a [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Verbs verb] happened or assess its quality
# To express '''to what extent''' (or degree) an [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adjectives adjective] is true

For the first case, the most typical examples would be describing ''how well'' an action is done, or in ''asking'' how well an action is done, which are sometimes also classified as [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Descriptive_complement descriptive complements] and [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/State_complement state complements].

<div class="liju">

* 你们 觉得 我 画 ''得 怎么样'' ？<span class="expl">The complement is used to ask &quot;how well I draw.&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Nǐmen juéde wǒ huà ''de zěnmeyàng''?</span>
* 我们 觉得 你 画 ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="expl">The complement tells us that &quot;I draw very well.&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Wǒmen juéde nǐ huà ''de hěn hǎo''.</span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* 他 英语 说 ''得 怎么样'' ？ <span class="expl">The complement is used to ask &quot;how well he speaks English.&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Tā Yīngyǔ shuō ''de zěnmeyàng''?</span>
* 他 英语 说 ''得 一般'' 。 <span class="expl">The complement tells us that &quot;His English is average.&quot;</span><span class="pinyin">Tā Yīngyǔ shuō ''de yībān''.</span>


</div>
== <span id="Basic_Pattern" class="mw-headline">Basic Pattern</span> ==

Instead of using the good old standby adverbs 很 and 非常, we can use all kinds of degree complements to spice up our adjective.

=== <span id="Structure" class="mw-headline">Structure</span> ===

<div class="jiegou">

Verb + 得 + [Degree Complement]


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=== <span id="Examples" class="mw-headline">Examples</span> ===

<div class="liju">

* 你 做 ''得 不错'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ zuò ''de bùcuò''.</span><span class="trans">You're doing a great job.</span>
* 孩子们 学 ''得 挺 快 的'' 。<span class="pinyin">Háizi men xué ''de tǐng kuài de''.</span><span class="trans">The kids are learning fast.</span>
* 我 吃 ''得 太 饱了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wǒ chī ''de tài bǎo le''.</span><span class="trans">I'm stuffed.</span>
* 你们 谈 ''得 顺利'' 吗 ？<span class="pinyin">Nǐmen tán ''de shùnlì'' ma?</span><span class="trans">Did your conversation go well?</span>
* 她 长 ''得 还可以'' 。<span class="pinyin">Tā zhǎng ''de hái kěyǐ''.</span><span class="trans">She is all right-looking.</span>


</div>
== <span id="Descriptive_and_State_Complements" class="mw-headline">Descriptive and State Complements</span> ==

Not every aspect of Chinese grammar is agreed upon in the world of academia, and this is the case with degree complements, [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Descriptive_complement descriptive complements], and [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/State_complement state complements]. Some scholars hold that the three are distinct, while others posit they're all just types of degree complements. Still, others maintain that degree complements are one, and descriptive complements and state complements are also one.

Here's how a professor of Chinese at Yale puts it<sup>[[#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>:

<blockquote>Generally speaking, the complement of degree is a grammatical unit that describes the main verb of the sentence. Specifically, the complement of degree is an assessment of an action or a description of the consequential state of an action. It may also be a description of the degree of a state.
</blockquote>
Okayyy, so it sounds like descriptions and states are all degree complements? That's one of the views on the issue.

None of these classifications truly matters though: the key is ''understanding'' them and ''using'' complements correctly to express yourself in Chinese. (This is already difficult without adding in unnecessary academic distinctions!)

== <span id="Degree_Complements_with_Objects" class="mw-headline">Degree Complements with Objects</span> ==

Both adding a complement to a verb with an object and adding an objective to a verb with a complement complicate a sentence in Mandarin, because ''a single verb cannot be followed by both an object and a complement''. In order to get all three pieces of information into a grammatically correct Chinese sentence, there are two approaches to take:

Approach #1: Repeat the Verb

<div class="liju">

* 你 '''说''' 中文 '''说''' ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ '''shuō''' Zhōngwén '''shuō''' ''de hěn hǎo''.</span><span class="trans">You speak Chinese well. (lit. You speak Chinese speak it well.)</span>


</div>
Make sure that the object comes after the first instance of the verb, and the complement after the second.

Approach #2: Move the Object to the Front

<div class="liju">

* 你 的 '''中文''' 说 ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de '''Zhōngwén''' shuō ''de hěn hǎo''.</span><span class="trans">You speak Chinese well. (lit. You Chinese speak well.)</span>


</div>
Just to be completely clear, the following sentences are both ''incorrect'':

<div class="liju">

* 你 '''说''' 中文 ''很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ shuō '''Zhōngwén''' ''hěn hǎo''.</span>
* 你 '''说''' 中文 ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ shuō '''Zhōngwén''' ''de hěn hǎo''.</span>


</div>
A few more examples:

<div class="liju">

* 你 '''做''' 菜 '''做''' ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ '''zuò''' cài '''zuò''' ''de hěn hǎo''.</span><span class="trans">You cook very well.</span>
* 你 的 '''菜''' 做 ''得 很 好'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de '''cài''' zuò ''de hěn hǎo''.</span><span class="trans">You cook very well.</span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* 你 '''写''' 字 '''写''' ''得 很 漂亮'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ '''xiě''' zì '''xiě''' ''de hěn piàoliang''.</span><span class="trans">Your handwriting is beautiful.</span>
* 你 的 '''字''' 写 ''得 很 漂亮'' 。<span class="pinyin">Nǐ de '''zì''' xiě ''de hěn piàoliang''.</span><span class="trans">Your handwriting is beautiful.</span>


</div>
== <span id="Degree_Complements_Following_Adjectives" class="mw-headline">Degree Complements Following Adjectives</span> ==

=== <span id="Common_Patterns" class="mw-headline">Common Patterns</span> ===

There are three especially common degree complements which can follow adjectives immediately and are ''not'' preceded by a 得:

# [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adjectives_with_%22-ji_le%22 极了] (like 好), indicating an extremely high degree.
# [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Negative_adjectives_with_%22-si_le%22 死了] usually comes after adjectives with negative connotations (like 忙, 累, 臭, 难看) and are commonly used to exaggerate the degree of how bad something is. In recent years, however, 死了 also comes after adjectives with positive connotations.
# Figuratively, [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/%E5%9D%8F%E4%BA%86 坏了] is a bit like the complement [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Negative_adjectives_with_%22-si_le%22 死了] and can be used to mean &quot;extremely&quot; in either a positive or a negative sense.

=== <span id="Examples_2" class="mw-headline">Examples</span> ===

<div class="liju">

* 味道 '''好''' ''极了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Wèidào '''hǎo''' ''jí le''.</span><span class="trans">The taste is amazing.</span>
* 这里 的 天气 '''舒服''' ''极了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Zhèlǐ de tiānqì '''shūfu''' ''jíle''.</span><span class="trans">The weather here is so comfortable.</span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* 他 的 袜子 '''臭''' ''死了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Tā de wàzi '''chòu''' ''sǐ le''.</span><span class="trans">His socks totally reek.</span>
* 小狗 '''可爱''' ''死了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Xiǎogǒu '''kě'ài''' ''sǐ le''.</span><span class="trans">The puppy is so adorable! </span>


</div>
<div class="liju">

* 老师 说 今天 没有 作业 ，我们 都 '''高兴''' ''坏 了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī shuō jīntiān méiyǒu zuòyè, wǒmen dōu '''gāoxìng''' ''huài le''.</span><span class="trans">The teacher said there's no homework for today, which thrilled us all.</span>
* 找 不 到 孩子 ，妈妈 '''急''' ''坏 了'' 。<span class="pinyin">Zhǎo bu dào háizi, māma '''jí''' ''huài le''.</span><span class="trans">Having not found the child, the mother was extremely anxious.</span>


</div>
Note that 死 can also act as a [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Result_complement result complement]. In the examples above, however, it merely indicates an extreme degree (no actual deaths involved!).

== <span id="Compared_with_Potential_Complements" class="mw-headline">Compared with Potential Complements</span> ==

Some sentences that contain adjective complements may be indistinguishable as degree or potential complements when they are taken out of context. The following table explains different meanings that one complement phrase could have as either a degree or potential.

<div class="liju">

{|
|+ Examples of complement phrases that can serve as both degree and potential complements
! Example
! Degree Complement Translation
! Potential Complement Translation
|-
| 她说得很清楚
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><span class="spaced">&quot;She speaks very clearly.&quot; </span></span>
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"> <span class="spaced"> &quot;She is able to speak very clearly.&quot; </span></span>
|-
| 他做得非常快
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><span class="spaced"> &quot;He does it very fast.&quot; </span></span>
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><span class="spaced"> &quot;He is able to do it very fast.&quot; </span></span>
|-
| 他们唱得很好
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><span class="spaced"> &quot;They sing very well.&quot; </span></span>
| <span style="font-size:0.7em;"><span class="spaced"> &quot;They are able to sing very well.&quot; </span></span>
|}


</div>
Degree complements commonly are directly preceded by an adverb (她说得很清楚) distinguishing them from potential complements which are never directly preceded by an adverb.

== <span id="References" class="mw-headline">References</span> ==

<ol>
<li><div id="cite_note-1">



</div>
<span class="mw-cite-backlink">[[#cite_ref-1|<span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </span>↑]]</span> <span class="reference-text">See the article [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/degree/grammar/Degree-1.htm What is the complement of degree?] by Ling Mu, Rongzhen Li, and Peisong Xu.</span></li></ol>

== <span id="See_also" class="mw-headline">See also</span> ==

* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Advanced_degree_complements Advanced degree complements]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Complement_%22-huai_le%22 Complement &quot;-huai le&quot;]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Adjectives_with_%22-ji_le%22 Adjectives with &quot;-ji le&quot;]

== <span id="Sources_and_further_reading" class="mw-headline">Sources and further reading</span> ==

=== <span id="Books" class="mw-headline">Books</span> ===

* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/A_Practical_Chinese_Grammar_For_Foreigners_(%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95) A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners (外国人实用汉语语法)] (pp. 284-292) [http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailApp?_encoding=UTF8&tag=allset-23&linkCode=as2&asin=B001J0ADWA&camp=536&creative=3132&creativeASIN=B001J0ADWA →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Chinese:_An_Essential_Grammar,_Second_Edition Chinese: An Essential Grammar, Second Edition] (pp. 105-6) [http://amzn.to/2h67UYa →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/Integrated_Chinese:_Level_1,_Part_2_(3rd_ed) Integrated Chinese: Level 1, Part 2 (3rd ed)] (pp. 139) [http://amzn.to/2femBuy →buy]
* [https://resources.allsetlearning.com/chinese/grammar/40_Lessons_for_Basic_Chinese_Course_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD40%E8%AF%BE%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8C%EF%BC%89 40 Lessons for Basic Chinese Course (基础汉语40课上册）] (pp. 141) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001FTL8D8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001FTL8D8&linkCode=as2&tag=allset-20 →buy]

=== <span id="Websites" class="mw-headline">Websites</span> ===

* Oxford University website: [http://www.ctcfl.ox.ac.uk/Lang%20work/Grammar%20database/grammar_database1.htm#Complement%20of%20degree%20%E5%BE%97 Complement of degree 得]
* Yale University website: [http://comet.cls.yale.edu/mandarin/content/degree/grammar/Degree.htm The Complement Of Degree]
* [http://www.doc88.com/p-9069095291857.html 现代汉语中程度补语的范围及类别]
* [http://www.docin.com/p-1196439776.html 带“得”字程度补语和状态补语的比较分析]

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