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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=6" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 6 L'h...">Revenir à Séquence 6 L'h...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>La particule modale <span class="hanzi">了</span></h2>

<p>Dans le vocabulaire, nous avons dit que <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="pinyin">le</span>
 est une particule modale indiquant que la situation est nouvelle 
(changement de situation). Elle se place à la fin de la phrase et 
s'appelle donc aussi  "le final" (cette particule peut aussi se mettre 
derrière le verbe, mais avec une autre nuance sur le temps de l'action).</p>

<p>Pour y voir plus clair, observez les deux exemples ci-dessous :<br>
<span class="hanzi">他学汉语。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā xué hànyǔ.</span>
 Il étudie le chinois. (Il n'y pas d'indication particulière par rapport
 au temps, si cela fait longtemps qu'il a commencé ou non. C'est une 
phrase très simple).<br>
<span class="hanzi">他学汉语了。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā xué hànyǔ le.</span> Il s'est mis au chinois. (Le <span class="hanzi">了</span> indique que c'est nouveau, qu'il n'étudiait pas le chinois avant et qu'il s'y est mis).
</p>

<p>Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, on peut rendre facilement le sens en français, mais ce n'est pas toujours le cas : <br>
<span class="hanzi">你多大？</span> Quel âge as-tu ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">你多大了？</span> Quel âge as-tu ? (dans le sens de "Maintenant, ça te fait quel âge ?" )<br>
<span class="hanzi">现在几点？</span> <span class="pinyin">Xiànzài jǐ diǎn ?</span> Quelle heure est-il maintenant ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">现在几点了？</span> <span class="pinyin">Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le ?</span> Quelle heure est-il maintenant ? (renforce l'idée de "maintenant", mais dans le sens du changement).
</p>

<p>L'utilisation du <span class="hanzi">了</span> modal n'est pas 
toujours évidente pour un débutant. Par contre elle vient assez 
naturellement avec la pratique. Il est donc important d'apprendre des 
phrases types par </p><p>cœur et de répéter souvent après des enregistrements.</p><p></p>

<p>Voici encore des exemples :<br>
<span class="hanzi">他去中国。</span> Il va en Chine. (peut-être qu'il est en train de se préparer ou qu'il est déjà à l'aéroport).<br>
<span class="hanzi">他去中国了。</span> Il est parti en Chine. (Ça y est, c'est fait, il est bien parti.)<br>
<span class="hanzi">我看见他。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ kànjiàn tā.</span> Je le vois<br>
<span class="hanzi">我看见他了！</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ kànjiàn tā le !</span> Ça y est, je le vois (maintenant) !
</p>


<p>La négation dans un contexte passé sera <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="pinyin">méi</span> que nous avons déjà vu à la séquence 2 dans l'expression <span class="hanzi">没关系</span> <span class="pinyin">méi guānxi</span> "Ce n'est rien". Il ne faut pas rajouter le <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="pinyin">le</span>.<br>
<span class="hanzi">他没去中国。</span> Il n'est pas parti en Chine. <br>
<span class="hanzi">我没看见他。</span> Je ne l'ai pas vu.
</p>

<p>Par contre, l'expression <span class="hanzi">不.....了。</span> <span class="pinyin">bù ......le.</span> signifie "ne plus" : <br>
<span class="hanzi">他不学汉语了。</span> Il n'étudie plus le chinois. 
</p>

<hr>


<h2>L'heure</h2>


<p>En chinois, l'heure ponctuelle (et non la durée) se construit avec <span class="hanzi">点</span> <span class="pinyin">diǎn</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">一点</span> <span class="pinyin">yì diǎn</span> une heure.<br>
<span class="hanzi">两点</span> <span class="pinyin">liǎng diǎn</span> deux heures.<br>
<span class="hanzi">三点</span> <span class="pinyin">sān diǎn</span> trois heures.<br>
...<br>
<span class="hanzi">十一点</span> <span class="pinyin">shí'èr diǎn</span> onze heures.<br>
<span class="hanzi">十二点</span> <span class="pinyin">shí èr diǎn</span> douze heures.
</p>

<p>Deux remarques :<br>
1- pour le chiffre "deux", lorsqu'il s'agit de l'heure, il faut employer <span class="hanzi">两</span> <span class="pinyin">liǎng</span> et non <span class="hanzi">二</span> <span class="pinyin">èr</span> et cela seulement pour le chiffre 2, pas pour les nombres composés avec 2 comme 12, 22, etc.<br>
2- lorsqu'une syllabe qui commence par une voyelle (comme <span class="pinyin">èr</span>) est précédée d'une autre syllabe, il faut les séparer par une apostrophe : <span class="pinyin">shí'èr</span> 12; <span class="pinyin">tiān'ānmén</span> la place Tian'anmen, etc. 
</p>

<p>Si on veut préciser qu'il s'agit de l'heure pile, on peut rajouter <span class="hanzi">钟</span> <span class="pinyin">zhōng</span> après <span class="hanzi">点</span> <span class="pinyin">diǎn</span>, mais ce n'est pas obligatoire :<br>
<span class="hanzi">七点钟</span> <span class="pinyin">qī diǎn zhōng</span> 7 heures pile</p>


<p>Les minutes se construisent avec <span class="hanzi">分</span> <span class="pinyin">fēn</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">八点五分</span> <span class="pinyin">bā diǎn wǔ fēn</span> 8h05
</p>


<p>En chinois, on peut dire 13h00 <span class="hanzi">十三点</span>, 14h00 <span class="hanzi">十四点</span>. Mais il est préférable de dire 2 heures de l'après-midi, 9h du matin, etc. Le mot "matin" <span class="hanzi">上午</span> <span class="pinyin">shàngwǔ</span> ou "après-midi" <span class="hanzi">下午</span> <span class="pinyin">xiàwǔ</span> se place avant l'heure :<br>
<span class="hanzi">上午九点二十五分</span> 9h25 du matin<br>
<span class="hanzi">下午六点钟</span> 18h00 pile
</p>

<p>La question pour demander l'heure est <span class="hanzi">现在几点了？</span> <span class="pinyin">Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le ?</span> On peut enlever le <span class="hanzi">了</span> pour donner moins de force au sens de "maintenant".</p>

<p>Il est tout-à-fait possible de répondre en utilisant <span class="hanzi">现在</span> : <br>
<span class="hanzi">现在三点了</span> Il est trois heures.
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le temps ponctuel</h2>

<p>Nous avons vu à la séquence 4 que le complément circonstanciel de 
lieu (l'endroit où se passe l'action) se place avant le verbe d'action :
 <br>
<span class="hanzi">她在中国学中文。</span> Elle étudie le chinois en Chine.
</p>

<p>C'est une règle générale en chinois mandarin que les compléments 
circonstanciels se placent avant le verbe d'action (il faut d'abord 
placer le décor avant de parler de l'action). </p>

<p>Le temps ponctuel peut prendre la fonction de complément circonstanciel et suit donc cette règle :<br>

<span class="hanzi">我今天打电话。</span> Je téléphone aujourd'hui.<br>
<span class="hanzi">我明天去看他。</span> J'irai le voir demain. <br>
<span class="hanzi">李小姐星期三下午三点学日语。</span> Mlle Li apprend le japonais le mercredi après-midi à trois heures.
</p>

<p>La question est <span class="hanzi">什么时候</span> <span class="pinyin">shénme shíhou</span> : quand ?</p>

<p>Comme presque tous les mots interrogatifs en chinois mandarin, il se met à la même place que le mot réponse : <br>
<span class="hanzi">你什么时候回家？</span> Quand rentres-tu chez toi ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">我明天上午回家。</span> Je rentre chez moi demain matin. 
</p>


<p>Si le c.c.(complément circonstanciel) de lieu et celui du temps se retrouvent dans la même phrase, lequel est en premier ?<br>
Le temps est considéré comme plus général que l'espace. Il se place donc en premier : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我明天在你家打电话。</span> Je téléphonerai demain chez toi.</p>

<p>Remarquez qu'en chinois, il n'y a pas de temps. Ce sont les mots de temps qui situent l'action dans le présent, passé ou futur.</p>


<hr>


<h2>La durée</h2>

<p>Contrairement au temps ponctuel, la durée n'est pas un complément 
circonstanciel (qui se place devant le verbe), mais un complément verbal
 qui se place après le verbe :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我学汉语两年。</span> J'ai fait deux ans de chinois.
</p>

<p>Remarquez la différence entre :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我学汉语两年。</span> J'ai fait deux ans de chinois.<br>
et<br>
<span class="hanzi">我学汉语两年了。</span> Je fais du chinois depuis deux ans.
</p>

<p>La combinaison du <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="pinyin">le</span> final et de la durée permet de donner l'idée de "depuis" puisque le <span class="hanzi">了</span> <span class="pinyin">le</span> place la situation dans le présent : il y a un changement de situation, avant cela ne faisait pas deux ans, maintenant si. 
</p>

<p>Comme le complément verbal se place après le verbe, la place du COD 
peut varier. La règle de grammaire rigide veut qu'il se place alors 
devant le verbe d'action :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我汉语学两年了。</span> Je fais du chinois depuis deux ans.<br>
Mais l'usage de la langue parlée est plus souple et la durée peut se mettre derrière le COD : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我学汉语两年了。</span> Je fais du chinois depuis deux ans.
</p>

<p>Il faut donc retenir ces deux phrases qui sont souvent employées :<br>
<span class="hanzi">你学汉语几年了？</span> Depuis combien d'années fais-tu du chinois ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">我学汉语三年了。</span> Je fais du chinois depuis trois ans.
</p>

<hr>


<h2>Les directionnels simples</h2>

<p>Dans le vocabulaire, nous avons vu les verbes <span class="hanzi">来</span> <span class="pinyin">lái</span> "venir" et <span class="hanzi">去</span> <span class="pinyin">qù</span> "aller". <span class="hanzi">来</span> indiquent le rapprochement et <span class="hanzi">去</span> l'éloignement, ce qui semble assez logique : <br>
<span class="hanzi">他去中国。</span> Il part en Chine. (les locuteurs ne sont pas en Chine)<br>
<span class="hanzi">他来法国。</span> Il vient en France. (les locuteurs sont en France)
</p>

<p>Rien de bien compliqué, mais il est possible de rajouter  <span class="hanzi">来</span> et <span class="hanzi">去</span>
 à des verbes d'action. Ils indiquent alors la direction de l'action par
 rapport aux locuteurs. Ils deviennent alors des "directionnels". 
Exemple : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我回去。</span> J'y retourne.<br>
<span class="hanzi">你回来了 ！</span> Tu es revenu !<br>
Ici le verbe d'action est <span class="hanzi">回</span> <span class="pinyin">huí</span> (retourner) que l'on ne peut pas employer seul. 
</p>

<p>Mais, alors, si on discute au téléphone avec quelqu'un qui n'est pas 
au même endroit que nous ( l'un est en Chine et l'autre est en France), 
quel directionnel choisir ? Cela dépendra de quel côté (vous ou 
l'interlocuteur) vous vous placez. La politesse veut que l'on se place 
du côté de l'interlocuteur. Si, par exemple, vous téléphonez à votre 
petite amie et qu'elle vous demande : <span class="hanzi">你什么时候回来？</span> "Quand rentres-tu ?" et que vous répondez <span class="hanzi">我现在回去。</span>, vous indiquez que vous ne vous placez pas à ses côtés... Il serait donc plus poli de répondre <span class="hanzi">我现在回来。</span>
</p>

<p>Il ne s'agit que d'une petite différence du point de vue de la 
langue, mais cette subtilité est d'une grande importance dans la 
réalité. À méditer et retenir.</p>


<p>La construction "verbe d'action + directionnel" s'appelle 
"directionnel simple". Il existe une construction dite "directionnelle 
complexe" avec un caractère supplémentaire qui donne une indication de 
mouvement fondamental comme "monter", "descendre", "traverser". Ce n'est
 pas bien compliqué, mais ce n'est pas dans le programme de niveau 1. </p>

<p>Enfin, si l'on veut préciser le lieu dans la construction du 
directionnel simple, il faut le mettre entre le verbe d'action et le 
directionnel :</p>

<p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
<span class="gram">verbe d'action + lieu + directionnel</span>
</p>

<p>Exemple :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我回中国去。</span> Je retourne en Chine.<br>
<span class="hanzi">他回我家来。</span> Il rentre chez moi.<br>
</p>

<p> Remarque, "rentrer à la maison" se dit simplement <span class="hanzi">回家</span> <span class="pinyin">huíjiā</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我下午六点回家。</span> Je rentre chez moi à 18h00.
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Les verbes objet</h2>

<p>Nous avons vu à la séquence 4 le verbe <span class="hanzi">说</span> <span class="pinyin">shuō</span> "parler". Si ce verbe est suivi d'un COD, il s'emploie seul :<br>
 <span class="hanzi">我说汉语。</span> Je parle chinois. 
</p>

<p>Mais si l'on veut dire tout simplement "parler", il faut lui rajouter un "COD standard" : <span class="hanzi">话</span> <span class="pinyin">huà</span> "parole". Pour dire "Il parle." la tournure obligatoire est <span class="hanzi">他说话。</span> et non <del><span class="hanzi">他说。</span></del>
</p>

<p>Ce genre de verbes qui ont toujours besoin d'un COD sont appelés "verbe-objet". On les appelle également "verbe marié".</p>

<p>Nous avons aussi déjà vu "écrire" <span class="hanzi">写</span> <span class="pinyin">xiě</span> qui nécessite le COD standard <span class="hanzi">字</span> <span class="pinyin">zì</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">她写字。</span> Elle écrit.
</p>

<p>Attention, il faut absolument enlever le COD standard lorsqu'un autre COD est précisé. La phrase suivante est donc fausse :  <del><span class="hanzi">他说话汉语。</span></del>.</p>

<p>Il se peut que l'on entende des verbes-objet seuls, mais dans ce cas, le COD est sous-entendu :<br>
<span class="hanzi">（汉语）我会说，不会写。</span> (Le chinois) Je sais le parler, mais pas l'écrire. 
</p>


<hr>


<h2><span class="hanzi">能</span> et <span class="hanzi">一点儿</span></h2>

<p>Pour terminer, quelques détails sur 2 mots de vocabulaire.</p>

<p><span class="hanzi">能</span> <span class="pinyin">néng</span> indique la capacité à faire quelque chose :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我能打电话。</span> Je peux téléphoner. (j'en suis capable)
</p>

<p>Il y a une nuance avec <span class="hanzi">会</span> <span class="pinyin">huì</span> "savoir faire quelque chose", même si l'utilisation est parfois très proche :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我能说话。</span> Je sais parler. (j'en ai la capacité physique : la bouche, une langue, etc.)<br>
<span class="hanzi">我会说话。</span> Je sais parler. (parce que je l'ai 
appris, c'est un savoir-faire et dans ce sens la phrase se comprend 
également par l'éloquence : "Je sais bien parler.")
</p>

<p><span class="hanzi">能</span> <span class="pinyin">néng</span> indique aussi la permission :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我能不能去看他？</span> Puis-je aller le voir ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">不能</span> Non.
</p>


<p>Nous avons vu dans le vocabulaire <span class="hanzi">一点儿</span> <span class="pinyin">yì diǎnr</span> : un peu. Ce mot un "classificateur verbal". Cela signifie seulement qu'il se place après le verbe : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我会说一点儿日语。</span> Je sais parler un peu le japonais. </p></div></div><div class="modified">Modifié le: Thursday 4 June 2015, 09:27</div></div><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span12 text-center footer-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=6" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 6 L'h...">Revenir à Séquence 6 L'h...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></section><aside id="block-region-side-pre" class="span3 desktop-first-column block-region" data-blockregion="side-pre" data-droptarget="1"><a class="skip skip-block" id="fsb-1" href="#sb-1">Sauter Administration</a><div id="inst5" class="block_settings  block" role="navigation" data-block="settings" data-instanceid="5" aria-labelledby="instance-5-header" data-dockable="1"><div class="header"><div class="title" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1467550527586_189"><div class="block_action"><img class="block-hider-hide" alt="Cacher bloc 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