Niveau 2: Grammaire de la séquence 8.html 77 KB

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  116. <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 2</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><span class="notifications" id="user-notifications"></span><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire de la séquence 8</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=4&amp;sesskey=D4dSUvLswC&amp;section=8" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 8 Faire des achats">Revenir à Séquence 8 Faire des achats<span aria-hidden="true" class="fa-fw fa fa-sign-in"></span></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>Les nombres</h2>
  117. <p>Nous avons vu dans le niveau 1 comment former des nombres jusqu'à 99.
  118. À partir de cent, il faut faire attention aux points suivants :</p>
  119. <p>- à l'inverse de 10 <span class="hanzi">十</span> les centaines <span class="hanzi">百</span> <span class="pinyin">bǎi</span> et les milliers <span class="hanzi">千</span> <span class="pinyin">qiān</span> doivent être précédés du chiffre 1 <span class="hanzi">一</span>:<br> <span class="hanzi">一百</span> 100<br> <span class="hanzi">一百七十二</span> 172<br> <span class="hanzi">一千</span> 1000<br> <span class="hanzi">一千三百</span>1300<br> etc.</p>
  120. <p>- encore une fois à l'inverse de 10 <span class="hanzi">十</span>, <span class="hanzi">百</span> et <span class="hanzi">千</span> sont en général précédés de <span class="hanzi">两</span> et non de <span class="hanzi">二</span> (mais cela peut s'entendre) :<br> <span class="hanzi">两百</span> 200<br> <span class="hanzi">两千</span> 2000</p>
  121. <p>- en chinois mandarin, si la dernière puissance de dix n'est pas notée, il s'agit de celle du plus haut niveau :<br> <span class="hanzi">两百三</span> 230 (et non 203)<br> <span class="hanzi">五千二</span> 5200 (et non 5002)</p>
  122. <p>Attention : la dernière puissance de 10 est facultative pour un
  123. nombre seul. Mais pour une quantité (avec un classificateur) il faut la
  124. préciser : <span class="hanzi">两百三十个学生</span>.</p>
  125. <p>- alors, comment dire 203 et 5002 ? En chinois mandarin, quand on
  126. saute une ou plusieurs puissances de dix on intercale un zéro :<br> <span class="hanzi">两百零三</span>203<br> <span class="hanzi">五千零二</span>5002<br> <span class="hanzi">五千零二十</span>5020</p>
  127. <p>Attention, le mot <span class="hanzi">二百五</span> <span class="pinyin">èr bǎi wǔ</span> "250" est une insulte qui signifie "abruti, débile".</p>
  128. <hr>
  129. <h2>Nouveaux classificateurs</h2>
  130. <p>Nous avons déjà vu le caractère <span class="hanzi">张</span> <span class="pinyin">zhāng</span> comme nom de famille. Ce caractère a aussi le sens de "ouvrir" : <span class="hanzi">张开!</span> Ouvre (la bouche) ! (pour nourrir un petit enfant)</p>
  131. <p><span class="hanzi">张</span> <span class="pinyin">zhāng</span> est également un classificateur pour les objets plats :<br> <span class="hanzi">一张纸</span> une feuille de papier<br> <span class="hanzi">这两张桌子</span> ces deux tables <br> <span class="hanzi">一张报纸</span> un journal (Le journal est composé de feuilles pliées, on emploie donc <span class="hanzi">张</span>. Pour un livre qui est relié, on emploie le classificateur <span class="hanzi">本</span> : <span class="hanzi">一本书</span> "un livre".)</p>
  132. <p>Nous avons vu <span class="hanzi">件</span> <span class="pinyin">jiàn</span> comme classificateur des vêtements : <span class="hanzi">这两件衣服很好看。</span> "Ces deux vêtements sont très beaux."</p>
  133. <p><span class="hanzi">件</span> est également employé avec <span class="hanzi">东西</span> <span class="pinyin">dōngxi</span> "choses" : <br> <span class="hanzi">我要出去买一件东西。</span> Je dois sortir acheter une chose.</p>
  134. <hr>
  135. <h2><span class="hanzi">好</span> + verbe</h2>
  136. <p>Devant un verbe <span class="hanzi">好</span> a le sens de "facile à" :<br> <span class="hanzi">好找</span> facile à trouver <br> <span class="hanzi">不好找</span> pas facile à trouver<br> <span class="hanzi">汉语不好学。</span> Le chinois n'est pas facile à apprendre.</p>
  137. <p>C'est l'origine de la construction du mot <span class="hanzi">好看</span>
  138. "être beau / joli" car "facile à regarder". On entrevoit ici un aspect
  139. de la pensée traditionnelle chinoise qui considère comme bon - beau -
  140. bénéfique tout ce qui va dans le sens de la nature, qui n'entrave pas la
  141. grande dynamique du cosmos : le Dao.</p>
  142. <p>Nous pouvons voir plusieurs mots dérivés de cette tournure :<br> <span class="hanzi">好听</span> être beau à entendre <br> <span class="hanzi">好喝</span> être bon à boire <br> <span class="hanzi">好吃</span> être bon à manger</p>
  143. <hr>
  144. <h2><span class="hanzi">没有</span></h2>
  145. <p>La négation <span class="hanzi">没</span> <span class="pinyin">méi</span> ne peut pas s'employer seule comme <span class="hanzi">不</span> et doit être accompagné d'un verbe. Si aucun verbe ne convient, il faut mettre le verbe avoir <span class="hanzi">有</span> :<br> <span class="hanzi">这张报纸你读完了吗?没有。</span> As-tu fini de lire ce journal ? Non.</p>
  146. <p><span class="hanzi">没</span> est souvent employé avec <span class="hanzi">有</span> même si ce dernier n'est pas nécessaire :<br> <span class="hanzi">我没有做完第三题。</span> Je n'ai pas fini la troisième question.</p>
  147. <hr>
  148. <h2>Le futur proche</h2>
  149. <p>Nous avons déjà vu (<a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/page/view.php?id=348">dans la grammaire de la séquence 3 niveau 2</a>) la construction du futur proche de cette manière :</p>
  150. <p style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.3em;"><span class="gram">Sujet + <span class="hanzi">要</span> + verbe + (COD) + <span class="hanzi">了。</span></span></p>
  151. <p><span class="hanzi">要下雪了。</span> Il va neiger.</p>
  152. <p>Le futur proche peut également se construire avec cette structure :</p>
  153. <p style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.3em;"><span class="gram">Sujet + <span class="hanzi">快要</span> + verbe + (COD) + <span class="hanzi">了。</span></span></p>
  154. <p><span class="hanzi">她快要回中国了。</span> Elle va bientôt rentrer en Chine.</p>
  155. <p>On peut aussi seulement utiliser <span class="hanzi">快。。。了。</span>:</p>
  156. <p style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.3em;"><span class="gram">Sujet + <span class="hanzi">快</span> + verbe + (COD) + <span class="hanzi">了。</span></span></p>
  157. <p><span class="hanzi">我快做完了。</span> J'ai bientôt fini.</p></div></div><div class="modified">Modifié le: Wednesday 6 April 2016, 12:06</div></div><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span12 text-center footer-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=4&amp;sesskey=D4dSUvLswC&amp;section=8" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 8 Faire des achats">Revenir à Séquence 8 Faire des achats<span aria-hidden="true" class="fa-fw fa fa-sign-in"></span></a></div></div></section><aside id="block-region-side-pre" class="span3 desktop-first-column block-region" data-blockregion="side-pre" data-droptarget="1"><a class="skip skip-block" id="fsb-1" href="#sb-1">Sauter Administration</a><div id="inst5" class="block_settings block" role="navigation" data-block="settings" data-instanceid="5" aria-labelledby="instance-5-header" data-dockable="1"><div class="header"><div class="title" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1477386908967_52"><div class="block_action"><img class="block-hider-hide" alt="Cacher bloc Administration" src="Niveau%202:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%208_files/switch_minus.svg" tabindex="0" title="Cacher bloc Administration"><img class="block-hider-show" alt="Afficher bloc Administration" src="Niveau%202:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%208_files/switch_plus.svg" tabindex="0" title="Afficher bloc Administration"><input class="moveto customcommand requiresjs" alt="Déplacer vers le dock" title="Mettre le bloc Administration dans le dock" src="Niveau%202:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%208_files/block_to_dock.svg" type="image"></div><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-cogs"></span><h2 id="instance-5-header">Administration</h2></div></div><div class="content"><div id="settingsnav" class="box block_tree_box"><ul class="block_tree list" role="tree" data-ajax-loader="block_navigation/site_admin_loader"><li class="type_course depth_1 contains_branch" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="label_1_1"><p class="tree_item root_node tree_item branch" role="treeitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-owns="580f229c0d6a8_group" tabindex="0" aria-selected="true"><span tabindex="-1">Administration du cours</span></p><ul id="580f229c0d6a8_group" role="group" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><li class="type_setting depth_2 item_with_icon" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="label_2_1"><p class="tree_item hasicon tree_item leaf" role="treeitem" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/grade/report/index.php?id=4" tabindex="-1"><i class="fa fa-table icon" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img class="smallicon navicon" alt="" src="Niveau%202:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%208_files/grades.svg" tabindex="-1"></i>Notes</a></p></li>
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href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=4&amp;section=4">Séquence 4 En voyage</a></p></li><li class="type_structure depth_4 contains_branch" aria-labelledby="label_4_22" tabindex="-1"><p class="tree_item branch" role="treeitem" id="expandable_branch_30_30" aria-expanded="false" data-requires-ajax="true" data-loaded="false" data-node-id="expandable_branch_30_30" data-node-key="30" data-node-type="30" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false"><a tabindex="-1" id="label_4_22" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=4&amp;section=5">Séquence 5 Décrire</a></p></li><li class="type_structure depth_4 contains_branch" aria-labelledby="label_4_23" tabindex="-1"><p class="tree_item branch" role="treeitem" id="expandable_branch_30_31" aria-expanded="false" data-requires-ajax="true" data-loaded="false" data-node-id="expandable_branch_30_31" data-node-key="31" data-node-type="30" tabindex="-1" aria-selected="false"><a tabindex="-1" id="label_4_23" 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  195. <li><a href="http://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/dictionnaire-chinois.php">Dictionnaire chinois</a></li>
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