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    <div id="page-navbar" class="clearfix row-fluid"><div class="breadcrumb-nav span9"><span class="accesshide" id="navbar-label">Chemin de la page</span><nav aria-labelledby="navbar-label"><ul class="breadcrumb style1"><li class="first"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/">Accueil</a></li><li><span style="display: inline-block; width: 17px;"><a title="Niveau 1" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3" style="width: 72px;">Niveau 1</a></span></li><li><span style="display: inline-block; width: 17px;"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;section=2" style="width: 157px;">Séquence 2 Politesse</a></span></li><li class="last"><a title="Page" href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/page/view.php?id=315">Grammaire</a></li></ul></nav></div><nav class="breadcrumb-button span3"></nav></div>    <section role="main-content">
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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=2" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 2 Pol...">Revenir à Séquence 2 Pol...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>Salutation en chinois</h2>

<p>Nous avons vu dans la leçon précédente que pour saluer en chinois nous disons <span class="hanzi">你好</span> <span class="pinyin">nǐhǎo</span>.</p>
<p>Que se passe-t-il si l'on veut saluer son professeur par exemple ? En
 français, nous dirons, "Bonjour Monsieur", ou plus rarement "Bonjour 
Professeur".</p>
<p>En chinois, il faut absolument saluer la personne par son titre 
hiérarchique (professeur, directeur, etc.) et non par "monsieur". De 
plus, <strong> le titre hiérarchique doit se placer en premier</strong> : <span class="hanzi">老师你好！</span> <span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī nǐhǎo !</span> ou plus simplement <span class="hanzi">老师好！</span> <span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī hǎo !</span>
</p>

<p>Ce qui est remarquable en chinois et très différent dans nos cultures
 occidentales, c'est qu'il suffit, pour saluer une personne, de dire 
seulement son titre. Par exemple, si l'on croise son professeur dans un 
couloir, il est possible (et c'est même souvent le cas) de dire 
simplement <span class="hanzi">老师！</span> <span class="pinyin">Lǎoshī !</span> Il ne serait pas du tout poli de dire <span class="hanzi">你好</span> <span class="pinyin">nǐhǎo</span>.</p>
<p>Cette façon de saluer est effective dans un contexte de rapport 
hiérarchique pour saluer un supérieur. Par contre un professeur dira 
seulement <span class="hanzi">你好</span> <span class="pinyin">nǐhǎo</span> à un élève.</p>

<p>Dans une famille, on saluera en disant le titre de la personne "Maman", "Papa", "Oncle, "Tante", "Grand-mère", etc.</p>

<p> Par contre entre amis, ou dans des relations sans rapport hiérarchique, on dit simplement <span class="hanzi">你好</span> <span class="pinyin">nǐhǎo</span>.</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le pluriel  <span class="hanzi">们</span></h2>

<p>Nous avons vu dans l'introduction du cours de grammaire de la 
séquence 1 que le chinois n'a ni genre (féminin - masculin) ni nombre 
(singulier - pluriel).</p>

<p>En réalité, il existe une marque du pluriel utilisée seulement avec 
les pronoms personnels (je, tu, il...) et lorsqu'on s'adresse à des être
 humains : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我们</span> <span class="pinyin">wǒmen</span> nous<br>
<span class="hanzi">你们</span> <span class="pinyin">nǐmen</span> vous<br>
<span class="hanzi">他们</span> <span class="pinyin">tāmen</span> ils<br>
（"elle" se prononce comme "il", mais s'écrit avec un caractère différent que nous verrons dans la leçon suivante).
</p>

<p>Si un professeur s'adresse à ses élèves, il pourra dire <span class="hanzi">同学们</span> <span class="pinyin">tóngxué men</span>.</p>

<p>Pour dire bonjour à ses élèves, un professeur dira <span class="hanzi">同学们好!</span> <span class="pinyin">tóngxué men hǎo !</span>


</p><hr>


<h2>L'adverbe <span class="hanzi">也</span></h2>

<p><span class="hanzi">也</span> <span class="pinyin">yě</span> est un 
adverbe qui signifie "également", "aussi". Comme tous les adverbes en 
chinois, il se place devant le verbe ou devant un ou plusieurs autres 
adverbes qui sont devant un verbe. C'est une règle générale de la 
grammaire chinoise. </p> 

<p>Exemple : <span class="hanzi">你坐， 我也坐。</span> Tu t'asseois, moi aussi.</p>

<p> Comme vous le constatez dans l'exemple, "moi aussi" n'a pas de verbe
 en français, mais fonctionne avec un verbe en chinois. En chinois il 
faudra absolument reprendre le verbe. <span class="hanzi">我也。</span> est impossible. Pourquoi ? Parce qu'en chinois <strong>un adverbe fonctionne toujours avec un verbe</strong>.</p>

<p>Enfin, si plusieurs adverbes se suivent, <span class="hanzi">也</span> se place toujours en premier : <br>
<span class="hanzi">你很不客气，他也很不客气。</span> Tu n'es pas du tout (très pas) poli, lui non plus. </p>

<p></p>Petite remarque <span class="hanzi">也不</span> se traduit par "non plus" en français. <p></p>


<hr>


<h2> <span class="hanzi">请</span> inviter, SVP</h2>

<p><span class="hanzi">请</span> <span class="pinyin">qǐng</span> signifie "inviter" : <br>
Exemple : <span class="hanzi">我请你。</span> Je t'invite.</p>

<p>Par extension, il signifie "s'il vous plaît". <strong> Il se place alors en début de phrase</strong> : <br>
<span class="hanzi">请坐！</span> <span class="pinyin">Qǐng zuò !</span> Asseyez-vous s'il vous plaît !<br>
<span class="hanzi">请他坐。</span> <span class="pinyin">Qǐng tā zuò.</span> Prie-le de s'asseoir.
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Pardon - ce n'est rien</h2>

<p> En chinois "pardon" se dit <span class="hanzi">对不起</span> <span class="pinyin">duì bù qǐ</span>.
 Cette expression signifie littéralement "ne pas pouvoir faire face" et 
indique l'importance de la "face" dans la culture chinoise. <span class="hanzi">对</span> a le sens de "faire face" et <span class="hanzi">不起</span>
 signifie "ne pas relever" (à la suite d'un verbe, cela indique 
l'impossibilité d'effectuer l'action). Garder la face et garder celle de
 ses relations sont les fondements de la vie sociale en Chine.</p>

<p>"Ce n'est rien", "Il n'y a pas de mal" se dit <span class="hanzi">没关系</span> <span class="pinyin">méi guānxi</span>, littéralement "aucun lien".</p>

<p>Petite note : <span class="hanzi">关系</span> <span class="pinyin">guānxi</span>
 désigne les relations, les liens. C'est un mot qui désigne également 
les relations sociales et professionnelles. On parle souvent des 
"guanxi" quand on explique le fonctionnement socioprofessionnel du monde
 chinois. </p></div></div><div class="modified">Modifié le: Thursday 4 June 2015, 09:16</div></div><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span12 text-center footer-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=2" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 2 Pol...">Revenir à Séquence 2 Pol...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></section><aside id="block-region-side-pre" class="span3 desktop-first-column block-region" data-blockregion="side-pre" data-droptarget="1"><a class="skip skip-block" id="fsb-1" href="#sb-1">Sauter Administration</a><div id="inst5" class="block_settings  block" role="navigation" data-block="settings" data-instanceid="5" aria-labelledby="instance-5-header" data-dockable="1"><div class="header"><div class="title" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1467549491011_189"><div class="block_action"><img class="block-hider-hide" alt="Cacher bloc Administration" src="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire_files/switch_minus.svg" 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