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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire de la séquence 1</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=1" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 1 Sal...">Revenir à Séquence 1 Sal...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h1>Introduction à la grammaire chinoise</h1>

<p>
La grammaire du chinois est assez simple : pas de genre 
(masculin/féminin), pas de nombre (singulier/pluriel), pas de 
conjugaison : les mots sont tous invariables. C'est pourquoi la place 
des mots est très importante et, comme nous le verrons par la suite, 
suit un ordre logique (mais qui est souvent l'inverse du nôtre). Le 
contexte joue un rôle important pour savoir, par exemple, si l'on parle 
d'une ou plusieurs choses.</p>

<hr>

<h2>La phrase simple en chinois mandarin</h2>

<p>En chinois mandarin, la phrase simple se construit sur le modèle <strong>SUJET + VERBE (+ COD)</strong>.</p>

<hr>

<h2>Le verbe adjectival</h2>


<p>Mais première surprise : <span class="hanzi">好</span> "aller bien, être bien" est ce que l'on appelle un <strong>verbe adjectival</strong>,
 c'est-à-dire que l'adjectif "bien" porte déjà en lui le verbe "être" ou
 "aller". Il ne faut donc pas rajouter un verbe auxiliaire aux adjectifs
 en chinois.<br> La particularité de ces verbes adjectivaux (être bien, 
être fatigué, être content, etc.) est qu'à l'affirmatif, ils 
sous-entendent une comparaison. Ainsi : <span class="hanzi">我好</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ hǎo, </span>
 n'est pas une phrase terminée et se traduirait par "Moi, je vais bien 
tandis que ..." ("toi tu ne vas pas bien" par exemple pour terminer la 
phrase.)</p>
<p><em>Pour enlever la comparaison et faire une phrase terminée, il faut ajouter l'adverbe <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn.</span></em></p>
<p>La phrase "Je vais bien" s'écrit donc : <span class="hanzi">我很好</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ hěn hǎo.</span></p>
<p>Mais alors, cette phrase se traduit-elle par "Je vais bien." ou par 
"Je vais très bien" ? À l'écrit, la différence est impossible à faire, 
il y a donc ambiguïté. Par contre, à l'oral, si le <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> n'est pas accentué cela signifie "Je vais bien."<br> Écoutez : <audio tabindex="0" controls="controls"> <source src="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/jevaisbien.oga"> <source src="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/jevaisbien.ogg"> <object type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/dewplayer.swf" id="dewplayer" name="dewplayer" width="200" height="20"><param name="movie" value="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/players/dewplayer/dewplayer.swf"><param name="flashvars" value="mp3=https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/audio/n1/1/jevaisbien.mp3"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></object></audio></p>
<p>Si le <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn</span> est accentué, alors cela signifie "Je vais très bien." <br> Écoutez : <audio tabindex="0" controls="controls"> <source src="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/jevaistresbien.oga"> <source src="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/jevaistresbien.ogg"> <object type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="Niveau%201:%20Grammaire%20de%20la%20s%C3%A9quence%201_files/dewplayer.swf" id="dewplayer" name="dewplayer" width="200" height="20"><param name="movie" value="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/players/dewplayer/dewplayer.swf"><param name="flashvars" value="mp3=https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/audio/n1/1/jevaistresbien.mp3"><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></object></audio></p>


<hr>


<h2>Pas de conjugaison</h2>


<p>En chinois, il n'y a pas de conjugaison : <br> <span class="hanzi">我很好。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ hěn hǎo.</span> Je vais bien. <br> <span class="hanzi">你很好。</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ hěn hǎo.</span> Tu vas bien. <br> <span class="hanzi">他很好。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā hěn hǎo.</span> Il va bien.</p>

<hr>


<h2>La phrase négative en chinois</h2>


<p>Pour mettre la phrase à la négative, il faut ajouter la négation <span class="hanzi">不</span> <span class="pinyin">bù</span> devant le verbe :</p>
<p style="text-align: center;" class="pcenter"><span class="hanzi">我不好。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo.</span> Je ne vais pas bien.</p>
<p><strong>ATTENTION</strong> : <span class="hanzi">不</span> <span class="pinyin">bù</span> est un adverbe et <em>en chinois mandarin les adverbes se mettent toujours devant le verbe</em>.</p>
<p>Comme il ne s'agit pas d'une phrase affirmative, le verbe adjectival 
n'exprime pas de comparaison. Il n'est donc pas nécessaire de rajouter 
l'adverbe <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn</span>.</p>


<hr>

<h2>La phrase interrogative</h2>


<p>En chinois mandarin, la question complète (c'est-à-dire celle pour 
laquelle on peut répondre par oui ou par non et non donner une 
information. Exemple "Est-ce que tu vas bien ?" est une question 
complète, mais "Comment vas-tu ?" ne l'est pas), se construit de façon 
très simple :</p>
<p class="pcenter"><strong>Phrase + <span class="hanzi">吗</span> <span class="pinyin">ma</span> ?</strong><br> Exemple : <span class="hanzi">你好吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma ? </span><br> Est-ce que tu vas bien ?</p>
<p>Remarque :</p>
<ol>
<li>comme il ne s'agit pas d'une phrase affirmative, le verbe adjectival (<span class="hanzi">好</span> <span class="pinyin">hǎo</span> "aller bien") ne sous-entend pas une comparaison. Ce n'est donc pas la peine de rajouter <span class="hanzi">很</span> <span class="pinyin">hěn</span>. Si on le rajoute, cela signifie alors : "Est-ce que tu vas très bien ?" <span class="hanzi">你很好吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ hěn hǎo ma ?</span></li>
<li>dans les questions en chinois, il n'y pas d'inversion de sujet. La 
structure de la phrase reste la même : "sujet + verbe + complément".</li>
</ol>


<hr>

<h2>La particule interrogative "ne"</h2>


<p>La particule interrogative <span class="hanzi">呢</span> <span class="pinyin">ne</span>  sert à reprendre une question. Exemple :<br> <span class="hanzi">你好吗？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ hǎo ma ?</span> Est-ce que ça va bien ?<br> <span class="hanzi">我很好，谢谢，你呢？</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ hěn hǎo, xièxie, nǐ ne ?</span> Je vais bien, merci, et toi ?<br> <span class="hanzi">我不好。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo.</span> Je ne vais pas bien.</p>
<p>Attention ! La particule <span class="hanzi">呢</span> <span class="pinyin">ne</span>
 ne se met derrière une proposition, seulement derrière un mot, sinon 
elle prend un autre sens (le sens "d'être en train de"), mais nous 
verrons cela plus en détail dans une autre leçon.</p></div></div><div class="modified">Modifié le: Wednesday 29 June 2016, 19:54</div></div><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span12 text-center footer-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=1" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 1 Sal...">Revenir à Séquence 1 Sal...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div></section><aside id="block-region-side-pre" class="span3 desktop-first-column block-region" data-blockregion="side-pre" data-droptarget="1"><a class="skip skip-block" id="fsb-1" href="#sb-1">Sauter Administration</a><div id="inst5" class="block_settings  block" role="navigation" data-block="settings" data-instanceid="5" aria-labelledby="instance-5-header" data-dockable="1"><div class="header"><div class="title" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1467549368876_189"><div class="block_action"><img class="block-hider-hide" alt="Cacher bloc Administration" 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