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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=4" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 4 Lan...">Revenir à Séquence 4 Lan...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>Le mot interrogatif <span class="hanzi">哪</span></h2>

<p>Vous avez certainement constaté dans le vocabulaire que la nationalité se construit en ajoutant "humain" <span class="hanzi">人</span> <span class="pinyin">rén</span> au nom du pays :<br>
<span class="hanzi">中国</span> la Chine =&gt; <span class="hanzi">中国人</span> les Chinois<br>
<span class="hanzi">法国</span> la France =&gt; <span class="hanzi">法国人</span> les Français<br>
<span class="hanzi">日本</span> le Japon =&gt; <span class="hanzi">日本人</span> les Japonais<br>
</p>

<p>Attention à bien dire <span class="hanzi">日本</span> et non <del><span class="hanzi">日国</span></del> pour le Japon, de même il ne faut pas dire <del><span class="hanzi">日国人</span></del> mais <span class="hanzi">日本人</span> pour les Japonais.</p>


<p>La question se fera en plaçant <span class="hanzi">哪</span> <span class="pinyin">nǎ</span> à la place de la première syllabe du nom de pays : <br>
<span class="hanzi">你是哪国人？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ shì nǎguórén ?</span> De quel pays / nationalité es-tu ?
</p>

<p>Vous remarquez qu'il s'agit d'une question incomplète (à laquelle on 
ne peut répondre ni par oui ni par non) et qu'il ne faut pas mettre <span class="hanzi">吗</span> à la fin, ni employer la forme alterno-interrogative (vue dans la séquence précédente).</p>

<p> On entend parfois la phrase : <span class="hanzi">你是什么人？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ shì shénme rén ?</span>
 pour demander la nationalité, mais cette tournure n'est pas élégante du
 tout et peut également être comprise par "Quel type de personne es-tu 
?" <br>
Il vaut mieux l'éviter, mais il faut également savoir qu'elle existe et qu'on peut l'entendre.</p>

<p>Quelle différence entre <span class="hanzi">哪</span> et <span class="hanzi">什么</span> ? <span class="hanzi">哪</span> signifie "quel, lequel ?" dans un groupe dénombrable (il n'y pas une infinité de pays sur notre planète). <span class="hanzi">什么</span>
 signifie "quoi, quel ?" pour une quantité indénombrable (il existe par 
exemple un nombre infini de gens différents, du moins à l'échelle 
humaine bien sûr). </p>


<hr>


<h2>L'adverbe <span class="hanzi">都</span></h2>

<p><span class="hanzi">都</span> <span class="pinyin">dōu</span> "tous" 
est un adverbe et, comme tous les adverbes en chinois, il se place 
devant le verbe (ou devant un autre adverbe qui sera devant un verbe).</p>

<p>Exemple : <span class="hanzi">我们都是法国人。</span> Nous sommes tous français.</p>

<p>"Pas tous" se traduira par <span class="hanzi">不都</span>. Exemple : <span class="hanzi">她们不都说汉语。</span> Elles ne parlent pas toutes le chinois.</p>

<p><span class="hanzi">都不</span> se traduira par "aucun" (tous pas) : <span class="hanzi">我的学生都不会说日语。</span> Aucun de mes élèves ne parle le japonais. </p>


<hr>


<h2>Le verbe <span class="hanzi">在</span> et le complément circonstanciel</h2>


<p>Quand nous avons vu le verbe "être" <span class="hanzi">是</span> <span class="pinyin">shì</span>, nous avions dit que son utilisation était plus restreinte qu'en français.</p>

<p>Par exemple, pour dire "être quelque part" on n'emploie pas <span class="hanzi">是</span> <span class="pinyin">shì</span> mais <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class="pinyin">zài</span> :<br>
exemple : <span class="hanzi">他在北京。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā zài běijīng.</span> Il est à Beijing.
</p>

<p>Le mot interrogatif est <span class="hanzi">哪儿</span> <span class="pinyin">nǎr</span> : où ? <br>
<span class="hanzi">她在哪儿？</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā zài nǎr ?</span> Où est-elle ?
</p>


<p>Le verbe habiter <span class="hanzi">住</span> <span class="pinyin">zhù</span> peut être employé avec ou sans <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class="pinyin">zài</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">你住在哪儿？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zhù zài nǎr ?</span> Où habites-tu ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">你住哪儿？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ zhù nǎr ?</span> Où habites-tu ?<br><br>
<span class="hanzi">我住在北京。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zhù zài Běijing.</span> J'habite à Beijing.<br>
<span class="hanzi">我住北京。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zhù Běijing.</span> J'habite Beijing.
</p>


<p>Si l'on veut dire que "l'on fait quelque chose à tel endroit", 
c'est-à-dire que l'on emploie le complément circonstanciel de lieu, il 
faudra introduire le complément de lieu par <span class="hanzi">在</span> <span class="pinyin">zài</span> en le plaçant <strong>avant le verbe d'action</strong> contrairement au français : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我在中国学中文。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ zài zhōngguó xué zhōngwén.</span> J'étudie le chinois en Chine.
</p>

<p>
Retenez donc bien la structure :</p>

<p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
<span class="gram">Sujet + <span class="hanzi">在</span> + lieu + verbe + complément.</span>
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le verbe <span class="hanzi">会</span></h2>

<p>Nous avons déjà vu trois verbes d'action : <span class="hanzi">学</span> <span class="pinyin">xué</span> étudier, <span class="hanzi">说</span> <span class="pinyin">shuō</span> parler, <span class="hanzi">写</span> <span class="pinyin">xiě</span> écrire.</p>

<p>Leur utilisation est facile :<br>
<span class="hanzi">他学日语。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā xué rìyǔ.</span> Il apprend le japonais. <br>
<span class="hanzi">我说英语。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ shuō yīngyǔ.</span> Je parle l'anglais. <br>
<span class="hanzi">我的学生都写汉字。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ de xuéshēng dōu xiě hànzì.</span> Mes élèves écrivent tous des caractères chinois. 
</p>


<p>Le verbe <span class="hanzi">会</span> <span class="pinyin">huì</span> est un verbe auxiliaire qui signifie "savoir faire quelque chose". Il se place avant le verbe : <br>
<span class="hanzi">他会说法语。</span> <span class="pinyin">Tā huì shuō fǎyǔ.</span> Il sait parler le français. </p>

<p>Pour faire une question alterno-interrogative, quel verbe faudra-t-il redoubler puisqu'il y a deux verbes dans la phrase ?<br>
Il faudra redoubler le verbe sur lequel porte la question. Par exemple, 
dans la question "Sais-tu parler le chinois ?" la question porte sur 
"savoir" plutôt que sur "parler" :<br>
<span class="hanzi">你会不会说汉语？</span>
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 M.util.js_pending('random577907ba990a05'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.js_complete("init");  M.util.js_complete('random577907ba990a05'); });
})();
//]]>
</script>


</body></html>
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