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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=5" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 5 Chi...">Revenir à Séquence 5 Chi...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>Les nombres</h2>

<p>Vous avez appris les chiffres de 0 à dix dans le vocabulaire. C'est assez facile mise à part l'écriture du zéro : <span class="hanzi">零</span> <span class="pinyin">líng</span> mais on peut aussi l'écrire <span class="hanzi">〇</span> qui est plus simple, mais moins traditionnel. Dans les tests de niveau HSK, le zéro est écrit <span class="hanzi">零</span>, il faut donc le maîtriser sous cette forme. </p>

<p>Les Chinois utilisent aussi (et même souvent) les chiffres arabes. 
Mais il faut connaître les chiffres chinois qui sont aussi communément 
employés. </p>

<p>Pour les contrats, les chèques (assez rares en Chine) et autres 
documents officiels, il existe des caractères différents pour les 
chiffres, plus compliqués, sinon il serait facile de transformer un "un"
 <span class="hanzi">一</span> en "trois" <span class="hanzi">三</span> ! Mais cela n'est pas dans le programme de niveau 1.</p>


<p>Après 10, la suite est assez logique :<br>
11 <span class="hanzi">十一</span><br>
12 <span class="hanzi">十二</span><br>
13 <span class="hanzi">十三</span><br>
...<br>
19 <span class="hanzi">十九</span><br>

Ensuite : 
20 <span class="hanzi">二十</span><br>
21 <span class="hanzi">二十一</span><br>
22 <span class="hanzi">二十二</span><br>
etc.
</p>

<p>C'est très facile et il n'y a rien de particulier si ce n'est qu'il ne faut pas rajouter un "un" de 10 à 19 : <del><span class="hanzi">一十</span></del>， <del><span class="hanzi">一十一</span></del>, etc. </p>

<p>Il n'est pas dans le programme de niveau 1 d'apprendre les nombres au-delà de 99.</p>


<hr>


<h2>La date</h2>

<p>Contrairement au français, la date se construit du plus général au plus précis : </p>

<p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
<span class="gram">Année + mois + jours du mois + jour de la semaine</span>
</p>

<p>L'année se construit en énumérant les chiffres devant le mot "année" <span class="hanzi">年</span> <span class="pinyin">nián</span> : <br>
Ainsi, 2012 se dit <span class="hanzi">二零一二年</span> <span class="pinyin">èr líng yí èr nián</span>. On dit donc "année deux, zéro, un, deux". Il ne faut pas dire deux mille, etc.</p>

<p>Les mois se construisent en mettant le chiffre ou le nombre (10, 11, 12) devant le mot "mois" <span class="hanzi">月</span> <span class="pinyin">yuè</span> : <br>
janvier : <span class="hanzi">一月</span> <span class="pinyin">yí yuè</span> (notez le changement de ton de yī, voir la <a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/page/view.php?id=138" target="_blank">phonétique</a>)<br>
février : <span class="hanzi">二月</span> <span class="pinyin">èr yuè</span><br>
mars : <span class="hanzi">三月</span> <span class="pinyin">sān yuè</span><br>
...<br>
octobre<span class="hanzi">十月</span> <span class="pinyin">shí yuè</span><br>
novembre <span class="hanzi">十一月</span> <span class="pinyin">shí yí yuè</span><br>
décembre<span class="hanzi">十二月</span> <span class="pinyin">shí èr yuè</span><br>
</p>

<p>Seule l'année se construit en énumérant les chiffres. </p>

<p> Avril 1998 se dit donc : <span class="hanzi">一九九八年四月</span>. </p>

<p>Le jour du mois se construit en mettant le chiffre ou le nombre devant le mot "jour" <span class="hanzi">日</span> <span class="pinyin">rì</span>. <br>
Attention le mot <span class="hanzi">天</span> <span class="pinyin">tiān</span>, "journée" indique la durée (dans une expression comme "trois jours de vacances" par exemple).</p>

<p>Ainsi le premier jour du mois se dira : <span class="hanzi">一日</span> <span class="pinyin">yí rì</span>, le deuxième <span class="hanzi">二日</span> <span class="pinyin">èr rì</span>, le trentième <span class="hanzi">三十日</span> <span class="pinyin">sān shí rì</span>; le trente et unième <span class="hanzi">三十一日</span> <span class="pinyin">sān shí yí rì</span>, etc. </p>

<p>Le 21 décembre 2012 s'écrit donc : <span class="hanzi">二零一二年十二月二十一日</span></p>

<p>En chinois, le mot semaine se dit <span class="hanzi">星期</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī</span> (littéralement "période d'étoiles"). Le jour de la semaine se construit en ajoutant le chiffre APRÈS le mot semaine <span class="hanzi">星期</span> : <br>
- lundi <span class="hanzi">星期一</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī yī</span> <br>
- mardi <span class="hanzi">星期二</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī èr</span> <br>
- mercredi <span class="hanzi">星期三</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī sān</span> <br>
-jeudi <span class="hanzi">星期四</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī sì</span> <br>
- vendredi <span class="hanzi">星期五</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī wǔ</span> <br>
-samedi  <span class="hanzi">星期六</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī liù</span> 
</p>

<p>Le mot "dimanche" est particulier et se dit soit  <span class="hanzi">星期天</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī tiān</span> (jour du ciel), soit  <span class="hanzi">星期日</span> <span class="pinyin">xīngqī rì</span> (jour du soleil).</p>

<p>Et oui, la semaine n'est pas de tradition chinoise, mais 
judéo-chrétienne. Le calendrier chinois est un calendrier lunaire. Il 
est encore très utilisé pour les fêtes traditionnelles et les 
anniversaires. Pour le travail et l'administration, c'est notre 
calendrier dit "solaire" qui est utilisé.</p>


<p>Pour demander la date, deux questions sont possibles :<br>
  <span class="hanzi">今天的日期是什么？</span> <span class="pinyin">Jīntiān de rìqī shì shénme ?</span> <br>
ou<br>
<span class="hanzi">今天几月几日？</span> <span class="pinyin">Jīntiān jǐ yuè jǐ rì ?</span> (pour la forme courte)<br>
<span class="hanzi">今天几年几月几日星期几？</span> <span class="pinyin">Jīntiān jǐ nián jǐ yuè jǐ rì xīngqī jǐ ?</span> (pour la forme longue)
</p>

<p>Pour demander la date d'anniversaire, on dira :<br>
<span class="hanzi">你的生日是几月几日？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ de shēngrì shì jǐ yuè jǐ rì ?</span><br>
Et la réponse :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我的生日是三月二十一日。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ de shēngrì shì sān yuè èrshíyí rì.</span> : Mon anniversaire est le 21 mars.
</p>


<hr>


<h2>L'âge</h2>

<p>Le verbe adjectival <span class="hanzi">大</span> <span class="pinyin">dà</span> peut se traduire par  "être grand" dans le sens du volume et de l'âge.<br>
<span class="hanzi">中国很大。</span> La Chine est grande.<br>
<span class="hanzi">大人</span> Les adultes. 
</p>

<p>Attention : "être vieux" se dit <span class="hanzi">老</span> <span class="pinyin">lǎo</span>.</p>

<p> En chinois, le mot "être nombreux" <span class="hanzi">多</span> <span class="pinyin">duō</span> peut aussi se traduire par "combien ?" lorsqu'il est devant un verbe adjectival :<br>
<span class="hanzi">中国人很多。</span> Les Chinois sont nombreux. <br>
<span class="hanzi">你多大？</span> Quel âge as-tu ? (littéralement : "Tu es de combien âgé ?")
</p>

<p>Cette utilisation du verbe <span class="hanzi">多</span> permet de faire des questions difficilement traduisibles en français, mais qui existent bien en chinois : <br>
<span class="hanzi">她多美？</span> "De combien est-elle jolie ?"<br>
<span class="hanzi">他多好？</span> "De combien est-il gentil ?"<br>
etc.
</p>

<p>La réponse à la question "Quel âge as-tu ?" <span class="hanzi">你多大？</span> se construit sans verbe : </p>

<p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
<span class="gram">Sujet + nombre + <span class="hanzi">岁</span>。</span>
</p>

<p>Exemple : "J'ai 17 ans" : <span class="hanzi">我十七岁。</span> <span class="pinyin">Wǒ shíqī suì.</span></p>

<p><span class="hanzi">岁</span> <span class="pinyin">suì</span> est employé uniquement pour les années d'âge.</p>


<p>Quand on s'adresse à un enfant, on peut aussi dire <span class="hanzi">你几岁？</span> <span class="pinyin">Nǐ jǐ suì ?</span><br>
En réalité, le mot interrogatif "combien ?" <span class="hanzi">几</span> <span class="pinyin">jǐ</span>
 est employé lorsqu'on estime la réponse inférieure à 10 (environ). Pour
 une réponse supérieure à dix, il existe un autre mot interrogatif qui 
se construit avec <span class="hanzi">多</span> <span class="pinyin">duō</span>. Mais nous verrons cela plus en détail dans une autre leçon. 
</p>


<hr>


<h2>Le  <span class="hanzi">的</span> et la proposition subordonnée relative</h2>

<p>Nous avons vu dans la <a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/mod/page/view.php?id=316">grammaire de la séquence 3</a> que le <span class="hanzi">的</span> s'utilise pour relier le possédant au possédé. </p>

<p>Le  <span class="hanzi">的</span> sert aussi à construire des propositions subordonnées relatives (inversée par rapport au français) :<br>
- <span class="hanzi">学中文的学生</span> les élèves qui apprennent le chinois<br>
- <span class="hanzi">住北京的中国人</span> les chinois qui habitent Beijing
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Y.use("moodle-core-popuphelp",function() {M.core.init_popuphelp();
});
M.util.init_skiplink(Y);
M.util.init_block_hider(Y, {"id":"inst5","title":"Administration","preference":"block5hidden","tooltipVisible":"Cacher bloc Administration","tooltipHidden":"Afficher bloc Administration"});
M.util.init_block_hider(Y, {"id":"inst4","title":"Navigation","preference":"block4hidden","tooltipVisible":"Cacher bloc Navigation","tooltipHidden":"Afficher bloc Navigation"});
 M.util.js_pending('random57790aed1b6275'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.js_complete("init");  M.util.js_complete('random57790aed1b6275'); });
})();
//]]>
</script>


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