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                    <section id="region-main" class="span9 pull-right"><div class="coursetitle"><div class="page-context-header"><div class="page-header-headings"><h1>Niveau 1</h1></div></div></div><div class="bor"></div><div role="main"><span id="maincontent"></span><div class="row-fluid"><div class="span8"><h2>Grammaire</h2></div><div class="span4 heading-rts"><a href="https://www.cours-de-chinois.com/course/view.php?id=3&amp;sesskey=vEaigbaWFL&amp;section=7" class="btn btn-default" title="Revenir à Séquence 7 Fam...">Revenir à Séquence 7 Fam...<i class="fa-sign-in fa fa-fw"></i></a></div></div><div class="box generalbox center clearfix"><div class="no-overflow"><h2>Les classificateurs</h2>


<p>En chinois mandarin, lorsqu'on emploie un démonstratif (ceci, cela, 
cet, ce, etc.) ou un nombre avec un nom, il faut mettre entre les deux 
un caractère que l'on appelle "classificateur" ou "spécificatif". Comme 
son nom l'indique, le classificateur met le nom dans une catégorie.</p>

<p style="text-align:center; font-size: 1.3em;">
<span class="gram">démonstratif et/ou nombre + classificateur + nom</span>
</p>


<p> Par exemple, le classificateur des établissements est <span class="hanzi">家</span> <span class="pinyin">jiā</span> (qui, dans un autre contexte, signifie "famille, maison") : <br>
- une école : <span class="hanzi">一家学校</span> <span class="pinyin">yì jiā xuéxiào</span><br>
- cette école : <span class="hanzi">这家学校</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè jiā xuéxiào</span><br>
- trois hôpitaux : <span class="hanzi">三家医院</span> <span class="pinyin">sān jiā yīyuàn</span><br>
</p>

<p>Pour la quantité "deux", il faudra employer <span class="hanzi">两</span> <span class="pinyin">liǎng</span> et non pas <span class="hanzi">二</span> <span class="pinyin">èr</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">两家学校</span> <span class="pinyin">liǎng jiā xuéxiào</span> : deux écoles
</p>


<p>On peut combiner démonstratif et quantité :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这两家学校</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè liǎng jiā xuéxiào</span> : ces deux écoles
</p>

<p>Il faut aussi mettre le classificateur avec le mot interrogatif correspondant au démonstratif (<span class="hanzi">哪</span> <span class="pinyin">nǎ</span> lequel ?) et à la quantité (<span class="hanzi">几</span> <span class="pinyin">jǐ</span> combien ?) :<br>
<span class="hanzi">几家医院？</span> <span class="pinyin">jǐ jiā yīyuàn ?</span> Combien d'hôpitaux ?<br>
<span class="hanzi">哪家医院？</span> <span class="pinyin">nǎ jiā yīyuàn ?</span> Quel hôpital ?
</p>

<p> Avec <span class="hanzi">哪</span>, on emploie souvent le <span class="hanzi">一</span> sans que cela ne change le sens :<br>
<span class="hanzi">哪一家医院？</span> <span class="pinyin">nǎ yì jiā yīyuàn ?</span> Quel hôpital ?
</p>


<p>Le classificateur des humains est <span class="hanzi">个</span> <span class="pinyin">gè</span> : <br>
<span class="hanzi">这个人</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè gè rén</span> cette personne
</p>

<p>Il existe beaucoup de classificateurs. Mais certains mots n'ont pas de classificateur particulier et <span class="hanzi">个</span> fait alors office de classificateur général :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这两个电话</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè liǎng gè diànhuà</span> ces deux téléphones<br>
<span class="hanzi">一个名字</span> <span class="pinyin">yí gè míngzì</span> un prénom <br>
<span class="hanzi">四个字</span> <span class="pinyin">sì gè zì</span> 4 caractères
</p>


<p>Certains mots sont eux-mêmes classificateurs :<br>
<span class="hanzi">两天</span> <span class="pinyin">liǎng tiān</span> deux jours<br>
<span class="hanzi">三年</span> <span class="pinyin">sān nián</span> trois années
</p>

<p>Mais pour les autres mots, l'ajout du classificateur change totalement le sens :<br>
<span class="hanzi">一月</span> <span class="pinyin">yí yuè</span> janvier (le premier mois)<br>
<span class="hanzi">一个月</span> <span class="pinyin">yí gè yuè</span> un mois (durée)
</p>


<p>Le nom peut être omis :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这个</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè gè </span> celui-ci<br>
<span class="hanzi">这个不是我的。</span> <span class="pinyin">Zhè gè bú shì wǒ de.</span> Celui-ci n'est pas le mien.
</p>

<p>Enfin, du point de vue phonétique le <span class="hanzi">这</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè</span> et le <span class="hanzi">那</span> <span class="pinyin">nà</span> se prononcent souvent <span class="pinyin">zhèi</span> et <span class="pinyin">nèi</span> quand ils sont employés avec un classificateur. Cela vient d'une contraction avec <span class="hanzi">一</span> qui peut être employé avec le démonstratif (comme avec <span class="hanzi">哪</span>) :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这一个人</span> <span class="pinyin">Zhè yí gè rén</span> =&gt; <span class="hanzi">这个人</span> <span class="pinyin">Zhèi gè rén</span> : cette personne.
</p>


<hr>


<h2><span class="hanzi">这</span>  et <span class="hanzi">那</span></h2>


<p><span class="hanzi">这</span> <span class="pinyin">zhè</span> et <span class="hanzi">那</span> <span class="pinyin">nà</span> sont des démonstratifs. Ils permettent de désigner quelque chose <span class="hanzi">这个人</span> "cette personne" ou de présenter : <span class="hanzi">这是我的爸爸。</span> "Voici mon père."
</p>

<p><span class="hanzi">这</span> est utilisé pour désigner quelque chose de proche alors que <span class="hanzi">那</span> sert à désigner quelque chose d'éloigné. La différence est plus marquée qu'en français et il faut le retenir.</p>

<p>En ajoutant le suffixe <span class="hanzi">儿</span> <span class="pinyin">ér</span>, deux mots peuvent être créer :<br>
<span class="hanzi">这儿</span> <span class="pinyin">zhèr</span> : ici<br>
<span class="hanzi">那儿</span> <span class="pinyin">nàr</span> : là-bas
</p>


<hr>


<h2><span class="hanzi">想</span></h2>

<p>
<span class="hanzi">想</span> <span class="pinyin">xiǎng</span> est un mot qui signifie "penser, avoir envie de" : 
<span class="hanzi">我想他不是中国人。</span> Je pense qu'il n'est pas chinois.<br>
<span class="hanzi">我不想去。</span> Je n'ai pas envie d'y aller.
</p>

<p>Par extension <span class="hanzi">想</span> peut signifier "manquer" dans le sens affectif :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我想你。</span> Je pense à toi. =&gt; Tu me manques !<br>
<span class="hanzi">我想家。</span> Ma famille me manque.
</p>

<p>Remarquez qu'en Occident nous disons "J'ai le mal du pays."  alors 
que les Asiatiques diront "Ma famille me manque." Traditionnellement la 
famille est d'une très grande importance en Asie. Traduire littéralement
 "J'ai le mal du pays." en chinois n'aurait aucun sens. Nous voyons ici 
l'importance de la compréhension de la culture dans l'apprentissage 
d'une langue, mais aussi comment l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère 
nous permet de mieux comprendre la culture étrangère et également la 
nôtre. </p>


<hr>


<h2><span class="hanzi">和</span></h2>

<p><span class="hanzi">和</span> <span class="pinyin">hé</span> est la 
conjonction de coordination "et" mais son emploi est plus restreint 
qu'en français : on ne l'emploie jamais entre deux propositions. 
</p>

<p>Par exemple on peut dire : <span class="hanzi">我想学汉语和日语。</span> Je veux apprendre le chinois et le japonais. 
</p>

<p>Mais il est impossible de dire <del><span class="hanzi">我想学汉语和我想去中国。</span></del> Je veux apprendre le chinois et je veux aller en Chine.</p>

<p>Comment savoir si une phrase a une ou plusieurs propositions ? (Et 
oui, nous ne sommes pas tous des pros de la grammaire...) C'est assez 
simple, il suffit de compter les verbes <strong>conjugués</strong> en français. Il y a un verbe conjugué par proposition :<br>
Dans la phrase "Je veux apprendre le chinois et je veux aller en chine." il y a deux fois le verbe "veux" qui est conjugué.</p>

<p>
Par contre, si je veux dire "Je veux apprendre le chinois et aller en 
Chine.", il n'y a alors qu'un verbe conjugué (veux). Les deux autres 
verbes (apprendre et aller) sont à l'infinitif : <br>
<span class="hanzi">我想学汉语和去中国。</span>
</p>

<p>Il est important d'insister sur ce point, car c'est une erreur très courante pour les apprenants occidentaux.</p>


<hr>


<h2><span class="hanzi">有</span></h2>


<p>Le verbe "avoir" est <span class="hanzi">有</span> <span class="pinyin">yǒu</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我有一个中国朋友。</span> J'ai un ami chinois.
</p>

<p><strong>La négation de <span class="hanzi">有</span> est TOUJOURS <span class="hanzi">没</span></strong> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我没有日本朋友。</span> Je n'ai pas d'ami japonais. 
</p>

<p>Ainsi, avec <span class="hanzi">有</span>, la question alterno-interrogative sera sous la forme <span class="hanzi">有没有</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">他有没有儿子？</span> A-t-il un fils ?
</p>

<p>Avec <span class="hanzi">有</span> la règle qui veut que <span class="hanzi">没</span> ne s'emploie pas avec <span class="hanzi">了</span> fait exception :<br>
<span class="hanzi">他没有工作了。</span> Il n'a plus de travail.
</p>


<p><span class="hanzi">有</span> sert aussi à exprimer "il y a" : <br>
<span class="hanzi">这儿没有人。</span> Il n'y a personne ici.
</p>


<hr>


<h2>L'absence du <span class="hanzi">的</span></h2>

<p>Pour les relations proches (famille, amis) on peut ne pas mettre le <span class="hanzi">的</span> :<br>
<span class="hanzi">我的爸爸</span> = <span class="hanzi">我爸爸</span>
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Y.use("moodle-core-popuphelp",function() {M.core.init_popuphelp();
});
M.util.init_skiplink(Y);
M.util.init_block_hider(Y, {"id":"inst5","title":"Administration","preference":"block5hidden","tooltipVisible":"Cacher bloc Administration","tooltipHidden":"Afficher bloc Administration"});
M.util.init_block_hider(Y, {"id":"inst4","title":"Navigation","preference":"block4hidden","tooltipVisible":"Cacher bloc Navigation","tooltipHidden":"Afficher bloc Navigation"});
 M.util.js_pending('random57790b91760c25'); Y.on('domready', function() { M.util.js_complete("init");  M.util.js_complete('random57790b91760c25'); });
})();
//]]>
</script>


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