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  4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 3. The determinate</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="home" href="index.xhtml" title="Russian verbs of motion:"/><link rel="up" href="index.xhtml" title="Russian verbs of motion:"/><link rel="prev" href="ch02.xhtml" title="Chapter 2. Verbs of motion"/><link rel="next" href="ch04.xhtml" title="Chapter 4. The indeterminate verbs of motion"/></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 3. The determinate</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch04.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr/></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="d5e897"/>Chapter 3. The determinate</h1></div></div></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: indeterminate and determinate (either
  5. order)</p><p>First let's take up the determinate imperfective. The most common determinate verb is
  6. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span> "to go on foot". As you can see on the
  7. card, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span>, along with all imperfective verbs,
  8. has a present tense, a past tense, an imperative, and an infinitive. You can also form a
  9. future tense with the present tense forms of the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">быть</em></span> "to be" plus the infinitive form.</p><p>One note of caution. If you are going to rely on that card, you will probably be making a
  10. mistake. There are about twenty prefixes that can be added to these verbs to form new verbs —
  11. approximately 100 verbs, and all are in common use! It wouldn't hurt to write them out for
  12. practice right now.</p><p>Now that you know the forms of the imperfective determinate verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span> let us see how to use it. Since a determinate verb is a
  13. subcategory of an imperfective verb, we shall start with our definition of an imperfective
  14. verb.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>What are the three meanings of an imperfective
  15. verb?</strong></span></p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>________________________________</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>________________________________</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>________________________________</p></li></ol></div><p><a id="p16"/><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>progressive action</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>repeated action</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>naming the action</p></li></ol></div><p>The determinate verb describes a motion in progress at a given time — a progressive
  16. motion. The determinate roughly correlates with the English progressive tenses.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>I am going to the movies.</td><td>A motion in progress in the present tense.</td></tr><tr><td>He was going home.</td><td>A motion in progress in the past tense.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>NOT</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>I go to school.</td><td>A repeated (habitual) action.</td></tr><tr><td>They went home every day.</td><td>A repeated (habitual) action.</td></tr><tr><td>The baby walks now.</td><td>Naming the motion (action) without reference to time.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The determinate imperfective verb roughly corresponds to the English progressive forms.
  17. <span class="bold"><strong>Which of the following sentences in English would be translated into
  18. Russian using the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span></strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>DEFINITION</strong></span>: A determinate verb describes an action in
  19. progress at a given (specific) moment in time.</p><p>Mary goes to church. (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p18">page </a>)</p><p>Bobby usually comes to work late. (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p19">page </a>)</p><p>Here comes Harry! (<a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p17">page </a>)</p><p><a id="p17"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer</strong></span>: Here comes
  20. Harry!</p><p>Correct. "Here comes Harry" is an action in progress at a specific moment in time. In
  21. English we do not always use the progressive form "is coming" to express a progressive
  22. action.</p><p>Turn to <a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p20">page </a>.</p><p><a id="p18"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer</strong></span>: Mary goes to
  23. church.</p><p>That's not it. "Mary goes to church" is a repeated action. Doesn't the English imply that
  24. she goes to church regularly (or at least occasionally)? To express the idea of an action in
  25. progress at a specific moment we would have to change this sentence to:</p><p>Mary is going to church (right this moment).</p><p>Return to <a class="xref" href="ch03.xhtml#p16">page </a> and select the correct
  26. answer.</p><p><a id="p19"/><span class="bold"><strong>Your Answer: </strong></span> Bobby usually
  27. comes to work late.</p><p>Very unlikely. The adverb "usually" implies something that takes place repeatedly. To
  28. express the idea of an action in progress at a specific moment in time we would have to change
  29. the sentence to read:</p><p>Bobby is coming to work late (today).</p><p>Return to page 16 and select the correct answer.</p><p><a id="p20"/>Whenever determinate verbs of motion are discussed, the notion of
  30. a definite direction is brought up. A favorite textbook definition is: "Determinate verbs of
  31. motion describe an action in progress at a given time in a definite direction.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>I am going to the movies.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>He is coming home.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Olga is coming into the room.</p></li></ul></div><p>Although direction is sometimes a handy way of looking at determinate verbs, it can cause
  32. some con-fusion. The phrases "to the movies", "home", and "into the room" really say more
  33. about destination than direction. The point is this: if you can see (visualize in your mind's
  34. eye) a motion in progress, then whoever or whatever is moving at any given moment can only be
  35. moving In one direction. This is self-evident. A better way to look at determinate motion is
  36. to visualize a simple progressive motion along a line. This line is not necessarily straight.
  37. Turn to the next page and consider the drawings of determinate motion.</p><p>All of the motions below can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</p><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="496"><tr><td><img src="../../Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-1.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="496"><tr><td><img src="../../Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-2.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><div class="mediaobject"><table border="0" summary="manufactured viewport for HTML img" style="cellpadding: 0; cellspacing: 0;" width="496"><tr><td><img src="../../Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-3.png" width="496"/></td></tr></table></div><p>All of the above motions can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга шла мимо дома.</em></span></td><td>Olga was walking past the house.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/><p>Using the definition "motion in progress along a line at a specific moment", are you able
  38. to visualize in your mind's eye Olga's walking along a line (in the past)? It is a concrete
  39. image. A simple act of motion progressing along a line at the moment you visualize it. In this
  40. case, I saw in my mind's eye Olga walking in a fairly straight line on a sidewalk running past
  41. a house. In this sentence I don't know her destination, but I do visualize her moving in some
  42. direction. Here are two sentences with a determinate verb expressing a progressive motion
  43. along a line at a specific moment in time.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Which sentence has the more crooked line of
  44. motion?</strong></span></p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван идёт туда в кино.</em></span> Ivan is going
  45. there to the movies.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Собака идёт зигзагами к дому.</em></span> The dog
  46. zigzagged toward the house.</p></li></ul></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>. Your choice . It all depends on how you visualize
  47. it. A determinate verb expresses the action along a line irrespective of how intricate the
  48. line is.</p><p>Did you notice the adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> "there" in the
  49. sentence <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван идёт туда в кино?</em></span> Until now you
  50. have always used <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span> in Russian for the concept
  51. "there". Russian has two adverbs for the concept of "where", "there", and "here". These
  52. adverbs have specific uses in Russian, and they are not interchangeable.</p><p>The adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span> "where" (you already know this
  53. one)refers only to location — where someone or something is located. The adverb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span> "where" is used when motion is involved. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда</em></span> really means "whereto". In English we now generally use
  54. the adverb <span class="bold"><strong>where</strong></span>, to mean both location and motion-to. Not
  55. too long ago we had the same opposition in English as the Russians have. The adverb <span class="bold"><strong>whither</strong></span> was used with motion-to, and where referred only to location.
  56. You are familiar with words of Ruth: "Whither thou goest, I shall go ...." Notice the
  57. difference in the following sentences.</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где Иван?</em></span></td><td><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Куда идёт Иван?</em></span></td></tr><tr><td>Where is Ivan?</td><td>Where is Ivan going?</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Go to the next page.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Can you fill In the "blanks below?</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col align="center" class="newCol2"/><col class="c2"/><col class="c3"/><col align="center" class="c4"/><col class="c5"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td>
  58. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span></p>
  59. </td><td align="center">=</td><td>
  60. <p>where</p>
  61. </td><td>
  62. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span></p>
  63. </td><td align="center">
  64. <p>=</p>
  65. </td><td>
  66. <p>where (whither)</p>
  67. </td></tr><tr><td>
  68. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p>
  69. </td><td align="center">=</td><td>
  70. <p>here</p>
  71. </td><td>
  72. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span></p>
  73. </td><td align="center">
  74. <p>=</p>
  75. </td><td>
  76. <p>_____( _____)</p>
  77. </td></tr><tr><td>
  78. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span></p>
  79. </td><td align="center">=</td><td>
  80. <p>there</p>
  81. </td><td>
  82. <p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p>
  83. </td><td align="center">
  84. <p>=</p>
  85. </td><td>
  86. <p>_____(_____ )</p>
  87. </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span> = where (whither)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span> = here (hither)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> = there (thither)</p></li></ul></div><p>The adverbs <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span>, and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span> are used for
  88. location; and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span>, and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span> are used with
  89. verbs expressing motion.</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Choose the correct form</strong></span>.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Иван, (куда/где) ты идёшь?</em></span> Ivan, where
  90. are you going?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга, (куда/где) ты работаешь?</em></span> Olga,
  91. where do you work?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Вы тоже шли (туда/там)?</em></span> Were you going
  92. there also?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Он живёт (сюда/здесь).</em></span> He lives
  93. here.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Она была (сюда/здесь) в комнате.</em></span> She was
  94. here in the room.</p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Now, will you write a definition of determinate
  95. verb?</strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: Determinate verbs express a simple progressive
  96. motion along a line at a given (specific) moment in time. (It is not necessary to have the
  97. same words as mine.)</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Does this motion have to visualized as a straight
  98. line?</strong></span></p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: NO.</p><p>Is a stated direction necessary for determinate verbs? __________</p><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: NO.</p><p>Many Russian sentences can be generated without a stated direction. For example:</p><div class="informaltable"><table class="informaltable" width="100%" border="1"><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Поезд идет быстро.</em></span></td><td>The train is going fast.</td></tr><tr><td><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Вор идёт!</em></span></td><td>A thief is coming!</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb</strong></span> (
  99. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">куда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">где</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span>, <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span>, or
  100. <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">здесь</em></span> ).</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>_____ <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">твоя мама живёт?</em></span> Where does your
  101. mother live?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я иду</em></span> _____ . I am going there.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Ольга шла</em></span> _____. Olga was coming
  102. here,</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>_____ <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">автомобиль</em></span>? Where is the
  103. car?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Пётр стоял</em></span> _____ Peter was standing
  104. there.</p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>: 1.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">туда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">сюда</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Где</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">там</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p>This completes the section on determinate verbs of motion using the verb <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span>.</p><p>Turn the page when you are ready to start the next section on the indeterminate
  105. verbs.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr/><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ch02.xhtml">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ch04.xhtml">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 2. Verbs of motion </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.xhtml">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 4. The indeterminate verbs of motion</td></tr></table></div></body></html>