Dli-Verbs-of-motion/DLI-verb-of-motion.xml

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  <info>
    <title>Russian verbs of motion:</title>
    <subtitle>An Introduction to determinate and Indeterminate verbs.</subtitle>
    <author>
      <orgname>Hubert Setzler</orgname>
    </author>
    <orgname>U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION &amp; WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
      EDUCATION</orgname>
    <annotation>
      <para>THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION
        ORIGIN ATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE . SENT OFFICIAL
        NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY</para>
    </annotation>
    <abstract>
      <para>This programed textbook introduces Russian imperfective verbs of motion. The text
        explains the verbs and includes questions in the text with blanks for the student to fill
        in. The answers are found on the following pages. The book is devoted primarily to five
        major Russian verbs of motion (those of locomotion and conveyance) in their determinate and
        indeterminate forms, with one section on some other pairs of indeterminate-determinate verbs
        of motion. A final test, for which answers are available, completes the course. An appendix
        of verb definitions and a short bibliography are included. (CHK)<note>
          <para>This course was formatted by Eric Streit (eric@yojik.eu) using the docbook format
            from the pdf scanned documents found on:</para>
          <para>http://sites.google.com/site/soyouwanttolearnalanguage/languagee-books .</para>
          <para>The Russian part was checked by Gulnara Streit (my wife). You can find the pdf, epub
            versions on http://www.yojik.eu/ .</para>
          <para>Version: 4 July 2011</para>
        </note></para>
    </abstract>
  </info>
  <preface>
    <title>Conjugation patterns of the verbs of locomotion and conveyance</title>
    <table frame="all" pgwide="1">
      <title><anchor xml:id="Card"/>Indeterminate imperfective </title>
      <tgroup cols="8">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c7" colnum="8" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c3" namest="c2">to ride</entry>
            <entry align="center">to go on foot, to walk</entry>
            <entry align="center">to carry</entry>
            <entry align="center">to carry by vehicle</entry>
            <entry align="center">to lead, to conduct</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Infinitive</para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здить</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ть</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ть</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ть</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ть</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry morerows="5" valign="middle" namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Present</para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я е́зжу</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хожу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ты е́здишь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дишь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сишь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зишь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дишь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он е́здит</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дит</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сит</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зит</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дит</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы
              е́здим</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дим</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сим</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зим</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дим</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы е́здите</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дите</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сите</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зите</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дите</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они е́здят</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хо́дят</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">но́сят</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́зят</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">во́дят</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">
              <para>Past</para>
            </entry>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">M.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здил</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́л</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́л</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́л</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́л</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">F.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здила</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ла</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ла</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ла</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ла</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">N.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
              >е́здило</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ло</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">PL.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́здили</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́ли</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́ли</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́ли</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́ли</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Imperative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́зди, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходи́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носи́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вози́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">води́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
    <table frame="all" pgwide="1">
      <title>Determinate imperfective</title>
      <tgroup align="left" cols="8">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2"/>
        <colspec align="left" colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c6" colnum="7" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c7" colnum="8" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c3" namest="c2">to ride</entry>
            <entry align="center">to go on foot, to walk</entry>
            <entry align="center">to carry</entry>
            <entry align="center">to carry by vehicle</entry>
            <entry align="center">to lead, to conduct</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Infinitive</para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хать</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вести́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry morerows="5" valign="middle" namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Present </para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я е́ду</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ты е́дешь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёшь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёшь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёшь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёшь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">он е́дет</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёт</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёт</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мы е́дем</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идём</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несём</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везём</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведём</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вы е́дете</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёте</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёте</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёте</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёте</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">они е́дут</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду́т</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу́т</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу́т</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду́т</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">
              <para>Past</para>
            </entry>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">M.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ех́ал</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нёс</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёл</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">F.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хала</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла </foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везла́ </foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вела́ </foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">N.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
                >е́хало</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шло</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несло́</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везло́</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вело́</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><emphasis role="bold">Рl.</emphasis></entry>
            <entry align="left" nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">е́хали</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шли</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несли́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везли́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вели́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">
              <para>Imperative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry nameend="c3" namest="c2">
              <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">попе</foreignphrase>)</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иди́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">неси́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вези́, -те</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веди́</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </table>
  </preface>
  <chapter>
    <title>Introduction</title>
    <para>As you already know, Russian verbs exist in pairs -- imperfective and perfective. In
      Russian it is necessary to have at your command both verbs, the imperfective and the
      perfective, to express all the possibilities of a <emphasis role="bold">verbal
      idea</emphasis>. The imperfective and the perfective verbs are basically identical in meaning,
      but differ in aspect. To express the verbal idea of "writing" in English we need only one verb
      "to write". The Russian language has two verbs, the imperfective <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >писать</foreignphrase> and the perfective <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >написать</foreignphrase>. Both mean "to write".</para>
    <para>Perfective verbs generally express the notion of completion. For example, the perfective
      verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">написать</foreignphrase> "to write" is used in the past
      tense below expressing the notion of a completed action. <informaltable frame="all" pgwide="1">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я написал эту книгу.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>I wrote this book.</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable></para>
    <para>Imperfective verbs describe an action without reference to its completion. imperfective
      verbs are used when expressing a progressive action, repetition, or simply naming the action.
      Considering only the past tense of the imperfective verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >писать</foreignphrase> "to write", you might find the following:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.50*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал весь день.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>I was writing all day. (progressive)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал каждый
              день.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>
              <ns:para>I wrote every day. (repetition) </ns:para>
              <ns:para>I would write every day. </ns:para>
              <ns:para>I used to write every day.</ns:para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я хорошо писал по-русски.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>I wrote Russian well. (naming the action)</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>This opposition between imperfective and perfective verbs is superficially adequate for
      most verbs in most contexts.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2.0*" align="left"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.25*"/>
        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.35*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>
              <ns:para>progressive</ns:para>
              <ns:para>repetition</ns:para>
              <ns:para>naming the action</ns:para>
            </entry>
            <entry valign="middle"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я написал</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry valign="middle">completion</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Before we start with the "verbs of motion" translate this sentence into English.</para>
    <para>RUSSIAN: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я написал это письмо</foreignphrase>.</para>
    <para>ENGLISH:</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <para>ENGLISH: I wrote this letter. (a completed action)</para>
    <para>That was simple. The perfective verb tells you it is a completed action. </para>
    <para>O.K.:<emphasis role="bold"> translate this one.</emphasis></para>
    <para>RUSSIAN: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал маме.</foreignphrase></para>
    <para>ENGLISH:</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <para>ENGLISH:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>I was writing Mother (when you called),</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>I wrote Mother (every day).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>I would write to Mother (every morning before school).</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>The three translations above point out the problem with imperfective verbs -- they can be
      interpreted in several ways. All you know when you see an imperfective verb is that the
      emphasis is <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> on a completed action.</para>
    <para>This is an important point to know about Russian verbs: perfective verbs carry an
      intrinsic meaning of completion, while imperfective verbs have no intrinsic meaning. The
      problem with imperfective verbs is one of interpretation.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Where do you suppose you would look for hints on interpreting the
        meaning of an imperfective verb?</emphasis></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Look at the rest of the sentence or
      paragraph.</para>
    <para>Looking at the rest of the sentence for clues is the normal approach. Since imperfective
      verbs may have several meanings (interpretations), it is necessary to know the sentence
      context as well as the possible meanings of the imperfective verb. From now on we shall deal
      with imperfective verbs only.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the three basic meanings of the imperfective
        verbs?</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>progressive action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>repeated action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>naming the action</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Now, in the sentences below <emphasis role="bold">choose the best meaning for the
        imperfective verbs</emphasis> according to the context of the sentences; progressive,
      repeated, or naming.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я писал отцу три раза.</foreignphrase> I wrote to father
          three times.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я читал всё утро.</foreignphrase> I read (was reading)
          all morning.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я говорил по-русски.</foreignphrase> I spoke (used to
          speak) Russian.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>repeated action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>progressive action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>naming the action</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The last answer, "naming the action" occasionally gives the student some trouble. This
      meaning, of imperfective verbs is used to simply state the verb without reference to any
      quality of action or time.</para>
    <para>Below are listed some English sentences that name the verb.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>I like to play.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>My dog limps.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Most people sneeze.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>He reads Russian.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>We eat to live.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>None of these verbs truly tie themselves to the notions of progression or
      repetition.</para>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Verbs of motion</title>
    <para>In Russian certain verbs have two imperfective forms. These verbs are called the "verbs of
      motion", because they state the basic types of motion — going on foot, going by vehicle,
      flying, swimming, crawling, etc.</para>
    <para>There are only thirteen of these verbs, but they play a large role in both the spoken and
      written language. For our purposes, only the verbs of going, carrying, and leading are used.
      If you are curious, all of the verbs of motion are listed in the Appendix <xref
        linkend="Appendix" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> in the back.</para>
    <para>The two imperfective forms of these verbs present alternate views of going, carrying,
      swimming, etc. In general, a Russian needs only two verbs to express all possibilities of a
      verbal idea — the imperfective and the perfective.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.04*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold">verbal idea
                "writing"</emphasis></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry align="center">
              <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">imperfective</emphasis>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">писать</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry align="center">
              <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">perfective</emphasis>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">написать</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>To express a verbal idea in all possible ways for a verb of motion you need three verbs —
      the perfective verb and two imperfective verbs called the indeterminate and the
      determinate.</para>
    <para/>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.22*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold">verbal idea "going
                on foot"</emphasis></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1"><emphasis role="bold"
                >imperfective</emphasis></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry align="center">
              <para annotations="">
                <emphasis role="bold">indeterminate</emphasis>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
            <entry align="center">
              <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">determinate</emphasis>
              </para>
              <para>
                <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>
              </para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Now look at the card that comes with this booklet. This card is titled <emphasis
        role="italic">CONJUGATION PATTERNS OF THE VERBS OF LOCOMOTION AND CONVEYANCE</emphasis>.
        (<xref linkend="Card" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
    <para>These are the five verbs used throughout this text for examples, practice exercises, and
      tests. You may use this card anytime you wish as a reference, "cheat sheet", or bookmark. Of
      course, if you going to learn Russian you will eventually have to memorize them, but in this
      text it is not obligatory.</para>
    <para>There are in Russian two verb-pairs with the general meaning of "to go", "to come", or "to
      travel", The verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить-идти</foreignphrase> mean "to go on
      foot", and the verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить-ехать</foreignphrase> mean "to go by
      vehicle or some means of conveyance".</para>
    <para>In English we use the verb "to go" much more generally than the Russians. The English
      sentence "I am going to town" has two counterparts in Russian.<itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду в город.</foreignphrase> I am going to town (on
            foot).</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я еду в город.</foreignphrase> I am going to town (by
            vehicle).</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>
    <para>A similar distinction is made for <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >носить-нести</foreignphrase> "to carry on foot" and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >возить-везти</foreignphrase> , "to carry by vehicle, to transport".</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colwidth="2.49*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="2.39*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry align="center"/>
            <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
            <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>to go</entry>
            <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить --
              идти</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить --
              ехать</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>to carry</entry>
            <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить --
              нести</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry align="center"><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить --
              везти</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para/>
    <para>This is a simple exercise to help you start to discriminate between "going on foot" and
      "going by vehicle". <emphasis role="bold">Place a check beside the correct
        response.</emphasis></para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup cols="4">
        <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colwidth="7.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colwidth="3.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colwidth="3.0*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry/>
            <entry/>
            <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
            <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>1.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>going across the room</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>2.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>going to Florida</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>з.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carrying my friend to the movies</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>4.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>going into the kitchen</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>5.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carrying the book upstairs</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>6.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carrying the refrigerator back to town</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>7.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>going to the country</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>8.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carrying the newspaper next door</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>9.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carrying the family home</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>10.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>going through the library</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para/>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colname="c1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colwidth="5.5*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colwidth="5.5*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry/>
            <entry align="center">On Foot</entry>
            <entry align="center">By Vehicle</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>1.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>2.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>з.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>4.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>5.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>6.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>7.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>8.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>9.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>-</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>10.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>X</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>-</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Now with the aid of your card translate the two sentences into English.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу книгу в класс.</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу деньги</foreignphrase> (money) <foreignphrase
            xml:lang="ru">в банк.</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>I am carrying the book to class (on foot).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>I am carrying the money to the bank (by car).</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The verbs of motion have two imperfective forms. They are called the _____________ and the
      _____________.</para>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>The determinate</title>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: indeterminate and determinate (either
      order)</para>
    <para>First let's take up the determinate imperfective. The most common determinate verb is
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase> "to go on foot". As you can see on the
      card, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>, along with all imperfective verbs,
      has a present tense, a past tense, an imperative, and an infinitive. You can also form a
      future tense with the present tense forms of the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >быть</foreignphrase> "to be" plus the infinitive form.</para>
    <para>One note of caution. If you are going to rely on that card, you will probably be making a
      mistake. There are about twenty prefixes that can be added to these verbs to form new verbs —
      approximately 100 verbs, and all are in common use! It wouldn't hurt to write them out for
      practice right now.</para>
    <para>Now that you know the forms of the imperfective determinate verb <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase> let us see how to use it. Since a determinate verb is a
      subcategory of an imperfective verb, we shall start with our definition of an imperfective
      verb.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the three meanings of an imperfective
      verb?</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>________________________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>________________________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>________________________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p16"/><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>progressive action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>repeated action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>naming the action</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The determinate verb describes a motion in progress at a given time — a progressive
      motion. The determinate roughly correlates with the English progressive tenses.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.7*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>I am going to the movies.</entry>
            <entry>A motion in progress in the present tense.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>He was going home.</entry>
            <entry>A motion in progress in the past tense.</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis>:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.7*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>I go to school.</entry>
            <entry>A repeated (habitual) action.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>They went home every day.</entry>
            <entry>A repeated (habitual) action.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>The baby walks now.</entry>
            <entry>Naming the motion (action) without reference to time.</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>The determinate imperfective verb roughly corresponds to the English progressive forms.
        <emphasis role="bold">Which of the following sentences in English would be translated into
        Russian using the verb <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
      >идти</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">DEFINITION</emphasis>: A determinate verb describes an action in
      progress at a given (specific) moment in time.</para>
    <para>Mary goes to church. (<xref linkend="p18" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
    <para>Bobby usually comes to work late. (<xref linkend="p19" xrefstyle="template:page %p"
      />)</para>
    <para>Here comes Harry! (<xref linkend="p17" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>)</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p17"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: Here comes
      Harry!</para>
    <para>Correct. "Here comes Harry" is an action in progress at a specific moment in time. In
      English we do not always use the progressive form "is coming" to express a progressive
      action.</para>
    <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p20" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p18"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: Mary goes to
      church.</para>
    <para>That's not it. "Mary goes to church" is a repeated action. Doesn't the English imply that
      she goes to church regularly (or at least occasionally)? To express the idea of an action in
      progress at a specific moment we would have to change this sentence to:</para>
    <para>Mary is going to church (right this moment).</para>
    <para>Return to <xref linkend="p16" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and select the correct
      answer.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p19"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer: </emphasis> Bobby usually
      comes to work late.</para>
    <para>Very unlikely. The adverb "usually" implies something that takes place repeatedly. To
      express the idea of an action in progress at a specific moment in time we would have to change
      the sentence to read:</para>
    <para>Bobby is coming to work late (today).</para>
    <para>Return to page 16 and select the correct answer.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p20"/>Whenever determinate verbs of motion are discussed, the notion of
      a definite direction is brought up. A favorite textbook definition is: "Determinate verbs of
      motion describe an action in progress at a given time in a definite direction.</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>I am going to the movies.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>He is coming home.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Olga is coming into the room.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>Although direction is sometimes a handy way of looking at determinate verbs, it can cause
      some con-fusion. The phrases "to the movies", "home", and "into the room" really say more
      about destination than direction. The point is this: if you can see (visualize in your mind's
      eye) a motion in progress, then whoever or whatever is moving at any given moment can only be
      moving In one direction. This is self-evident. A better way to look at determinate motion is
      to visualize a simple progressive motion along a line. This line is not necessarily straight.
      Turn to the next page and consider the drawings of determinate motion.</para>
    <para>All of the motions below can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.</para>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-1.png" width="14cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-2.png" width="14cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <mediaobject>
      <imageobject>
        <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-3.png" width="14cm"/>
      </imageobject>
    </mediaobject>
    <para>All of the above motions can be expressed by the determinate verb of motion.<informaltable
        frame="all" pgwide="1">
        <tgroup cols="2">
          <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
          <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
          <tbody>
            <row>
              <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга шла мимо дома.</foreignphrase></entry>
              <entry>Olga was walking past the house.</entry>
            </row>
          </tbody>
        </tgroup>
      </informaltable></para>
    <para/>
    <para>Using the definition "motion in progress along a line at a specific moment", are you able
      to visualize in your mind's eye Olga's walking along a line (in the past)? It is a concrete
      image. A simple act of motion progressing along a line at the moment you visualize it. In this
      case, I saw in my mind's eye Olga walking in a fairly straight line on a sidewalk running past
      a house. In this sentence I don't know her destination, but I do visualize her moving in some
      direction. Here are two sentences with a determinate verb expressing a progressive motion
      along a line at a specific moment in time.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Which sentence has the more crooked line of
      motion?</emphasis></para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван идёт туда в кино.</foreignphrase> Ivan is going
          there to the movies.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Собака идёт зигзагами к дому.</foreignphrase> The dog
          zigzagged toward the house.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>. Your choice . It all depends on how you visualize
      it. A determinate verb expresses the action along a line irrespective of how intricate the
      line is.</para>
    <para>Did you notice the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> "there" in the
      sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван идёт туда в кино?</foreignphrase> Until now you
      have always used <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase> in Russian for the concept
      "there". Russian has two adverbs for the concept of "where", "there", and "here". These
      adverbs have specific uses in Russian, and they are not interchangeable.</para>
    <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase> "where" (you already know this
      one)refers only to location — where someone or something is located. The adverb <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase> "where" is used when motion is involved. <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">Куда</foreignphrase> really means "whereto". In English we now generally use
      the adverb <emphasis role="bold">where</emphasis>, to mean both location and motion-to. Not
      too long ago we had the same opposition in English as the Russians have. The adverb <emphasis
        role="bold">whither</emphasis> was used with motion-to, and where referred only to location.
      You are familiar with words of Ruth: "Whither thou goest, I shall go ...." Notice the
      difference in the following sentences.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>Where is Ivan?</entry>
            <entry>Where is Ivan going?</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Go to the next page.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you fill In the "blanks below?</emphasis></para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup cols="6">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="5" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="6" colwidth="2.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>=</entry>
            <entry>
              <para>where</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>=</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>where (whither)</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>=</entry>
            <entry>
              <para>here</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>=</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>_____( _____)</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>=</entry>
            <entry>
              <para>there</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>=</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>_____(_____ )</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase> = where (whither)</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase> = here (hither)</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> = there (thither)</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>The adverbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >здесь</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase> are used for
      location; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >сюда</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase> are used with
      verbs expressing motion.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Choose the correct form</emphasis>.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван, (куда/где) ты идёшь?</foreignphrase> Ivan, where
          are you going?</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга, (куда/где) ты работаешь?</foreignphrase> Olga,
          where do you work?</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы тоже шли (туда/там)?</foreignphrase> Were you going
          there also?</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он живёт (сюда/здесь).</foreignphrase> He lives
          here.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она была (сюда/здесь) в комнате.</foreignphrase> She was
          here in the room.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Now, will you write a definition of determinate
      verb?</emphasis></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Determinate verbs express a simple progressive
      motion along a line at a given (specific) moment in time. (It is not necessary to have the
      same words as mine.)</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Does this motion have to visualized as a straight
      line?</emphasis></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: NO.</para>
    <para>Is a stated direction necessary for determinate verbs? __________</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: NO.</para>
    <para>Many Russian sentences can be generated without a stated direction. For example:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Поезд идет быстро.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>The train is going fast.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вор идёт!</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>A thief is coming!</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Fill in the blanks with the correct adverb</emphasis> (
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >где</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase>, or
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase> ).</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>_____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">твоя мама живёт?</foreignphrase> Where does your
          mother live?</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду</foreignphrase> _____ . I am going there.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга шла</foreignphrase> _____. Olga was coming
          here,</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">автомобиль</foreignphrase>? Where is the
          car?</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр стоял</foreignphrase> _____ Peter was standing
          there.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: 1.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>This completes the section on determinate verbs of motion using the verb <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase>.</para>
    <para>Turn the page when you are ready to start the next section on the indeterminate
      verbs.</para>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>The indeterminate verbs of motion</title>
    <para>Before we start on the indeterminate verbs of motion, there is one more point of grammar
      paralleling the kind of choice we must make between <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >куда</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase> , Two
      prepositions <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >на</foreignphrase> + locative express location. This is something you have been doing all
      along.</para>
    <para>When в or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</ns:foreignphrase> governs the locative case:
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> means "in, at", and <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> means "on, at".</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>Where is Ivan?</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он в библотеке.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>He's in the library.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он на концерте.</foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>He's at the concert.</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>In sentences with verbs of motion, a question is generally а <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >куда</foreignphrase>-question. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">кyда</foreignphrase>-question
      asks, "whereto?" The same prepositions в and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase>
      may be used to answer a <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>-question. In this
      case в means "in, to", and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> means "on, to". In
      answering <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase>-questions, <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> govern
      the accusative case — <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + accusative.<itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase> Where is Ivan
            going?</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт в театр.</foreignphrase> He is going to the
            theater.</para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт на концерт.</foreignphrase> He is going to the
            concert.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Choose the correct form.</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Моя терелка (на кухне/на кухню).</foreignphrase></para>
        <para>My plate is in the kitchen.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я иду (на уроке/на урок).</foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I am going to class.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Люди читают (в библотеке/в
          библиотеку).</foreignphrase></para>
        <para>People read in the library.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец шёл (в городе/в город).</foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Father was going to town.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я видел его (на футболе/на
          футбол).</foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I saw him at the football game.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на урок</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в библиотеке</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в город</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на футболе.</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>There is one other pair of adverbial forms meaning "home" used the same way —
        <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</foreignphrase> (location) and <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">домой</foreignphrase> (destination or direction).</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate the answers to the following questions into Russian using
        either <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase
          xml:lang="ru">домой</ns:foreignphrase>.</emphasis></para>
    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где Иван?</foreignphrase></para>
    <para>He is at home. _______</para>
    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда идёт Иван?</foreignphrase></para>
    <para>He is going home. _______</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он дома.</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он идёт домой.</foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1">Fill In the blanks below.</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry align="center">
              <para><emphasis role="bold">Location</emphasis></para>
            </entry>
            <entry align="center">
              <para><emphasis role="bold">Motion</emphasis></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>_______________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>_______________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там </foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>_______________________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома в</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>_______+______________</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>_______+______________</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.2*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry align="center">Location</entry>
            <entry align="center">Motion</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">где</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">куда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">здесь</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">туда</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">дома</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">домой</foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в</foreignphrase> + accusative</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + locative</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на</foreignphrase> + accusative</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Since indeterminate verbs are Imperfective verbs, <emphasis role="bold">what are the three
        basic actions expressed by imperfective verbs?</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_______________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>progressive action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>repeated action</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>naming the action</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>If determinate verbs of motion express a progressive (a simple progressive motion along a
      line at a given moment), then<emphasis role="bold"> indeterminate verbs express ____________
        and ______________.</emphasis></para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: repeated action (motion) and naming the action
      (motion)</para>
    <para>To put repeated motion and naming the action into the same sort of definition as the
      determinate one, let us say that an indeterminate verb may describe:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>motion non-progressively along a line</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>motion with no relation to the line</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The repeated or habitual actions when translated into repeated or habitual motions can be
      thought of as non-progressive motion along a line. Using the indeterminate verb <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">ходить</foreignphrase> (the partner of the determinate verb <foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">идти</foreignphrase>), turn to the next page and look at the sentences
      describing non-progressive motion along a line.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Repeated motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">хожу в школу три раза в
            неделю.</foreignphrase> I go to class three times a week.</para>
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-4.png" width="14cm"/>
          </imageobject>
        </mediaobject>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Repeated motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ходил по комнате.</foreignphrase> I
          was walking around the room.</para>
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-5.png" width="14cm"/>
          </imageobject>
        </mediaobject>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Habitual motion: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой брат ходит в город.</foreignphrase>
          My brother goes to town.</para>
        <mediaobject>
          <imageobject>
            <imagedata fileref="Images/DLI-verbs-of-motion-6.png" width="14cm"/>
          </imageobject>
        </mediaobject>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p39"/>Now at the sentence below. <emphasis role="bold">Select the best
        answer.</emphasis></para>
    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина</foreignphrase> _____ <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в
        школу.</foreignphrase></para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>a: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase>
          <xref linkend="p42" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>b: <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</foreignphrase>
          <xref linkend="p40" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/>
        </para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>c: either <foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
            xml:lang="ru">ходит</foreignphrase>
          <xref linkend="p41" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: (b) <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">зина
        ходит в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina goes to school.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p40"/>"Zina goes to school" is a non-progressive motion considered as a
      repeated action or habitual action. It certainly can be interpreted in this way. But can't you
      also say <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу</ns:foreignphrase> "Zina is going
      to school" (a progressive motion along a line at a given moment in time)? This also
      correct.</para>
    <para>The problem is there is not enough information in the rest of the sentence to give you
      only one possible interpretation. The sentence can be visualized in more than one way.</para>
    <para>Most often a sentence with an indeterminate verb of motion will have adverbial clues for
      repeated or habitual actions.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that will help you
        visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? </emphasis></para>
    <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p43" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I
      thought of.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p41"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina is going to
          school.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина ходит в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina goes to
          school.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>You are absolutely right. There was not enough Information in the rest of the sentence to
      be sure of any one single interpretation. The sentence can be visualized in more than one
      way.</para>
    <para>More often than not a sentence with an indeterminate verb will have adverbial clues for
      repeated or habitual motions.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that will help you
        visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? </emphasis></para>
    <para>Turn to <xref linkend="p43" xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I
      thought of.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p42"/><emphasis role="bold">Your Answer</emphasis>: (а)
        <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Зина идёт в школу.</ns:foreignphrase> Zina is going to
      school.</para>
    <para>"Zina is going to school" describes a simple progressive motion along a line at a given
      moment in time. This is correct as far as it goes. What about <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >Зина ходит в школу</ns:foreignphrase> "Zina goes to school" (an habitual or repeated
      motion)? This is also possible.</para>
    <para>The problem is there is not enough information in the rest of the sentence to give you
      only one possible answer. The sentence can be visualized more than one way.</para>
    <para>Most often a sentence with an indeterminate verb of motion will have adverbs or adverbial
      clues for repeated or habitual actions. Can you think of any adverbs or adverbial phrases that
      will help you visualize the motion as being repeated or habitual? Turn to <xref linkend="p43"
        xrefstyle="template:page %p"/> and you will see some that I thought of.</para>
    <para><ns:anchor xml:id="p43"/>Here is my list of adverbial clues or cues that can assist you in
      choosing the indeterminate from.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всегда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>always</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">никогда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>never</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">два раза</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>twice</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">три раза</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>three times</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">пять раз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>five times</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">много раз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>many times</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждый день</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>every day</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждую неделю</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>every week</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">часто</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>often</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">обычно</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>usually</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">обыкновенно</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>generally</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">от времени до времени</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>from time to time</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>In the three sentences below the forms of the determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >идти</ns:foreignphrase> can not be used.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">What are the cues in the sentences that make the forms of the
        indeterminate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> the only
        choice?</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всё время ходил взад и вперёд по
            комнате.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>He continuously walked back and forth about the room.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я хожу на лекции по
          вторникам.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I go to lectures on Tuesdays.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга редко ходила в класс.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Olga rarely came to class.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всё время</ns:foreignphrase> "continuously" and
            <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">взад и вперё</ns:foreignphrase>д "back and forth"</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">по вторникам</ns:foreignphrase> "on Tuesdays"</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">редко</ns:foreignphrase> "rarely"</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>These clues help you determine that the sentences express a repeated or habitual action.
      Therefore, the indeterminate verb is called for. An indeterminate verb expresses a
      non-progressive motion along a line — motion back and forth along that line or motion several
      times along that line. Since a non-progressive motion can be a back-and-forth motion, the
      indeterminate verb is sometimes used in the past tense to describe a completed round trip
      (having gone somewhere and returned).</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где ты был сегодня
              утром?</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>Where were you this morning?</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ходил в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>I went to the bank (and returned).</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">This round-trip notion easily falls into the definition of what
        Indeterminate verbs can do, that is, indeterminate verbs express</emphasis>
      _________________________________.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: motion non-progressively along a line. (At this
      point any definition using the idea of repeated, habitual, or back-and-forth motion Is
      correct.)</para>
    <para>"Motion non-progressively along a line" is only half of the definition of indeterminate
      verbs. Can you fill in the blank below?</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">An indeterminate verb may describe:</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>motion non-progressively along a line</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>_____________________________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: motion having no relation to the line (or any
      words to that effect).</para>
    <para>Indeterminate verbs may also express motion without any reference to a line. This is
      simply naming the action, a general description of the motion.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Люди ходят.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>People walk.</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Рыбы плавают.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>Fish swim</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Птицы летают.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>Birds fly.</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate the following sentence into Russian.</emphasis></para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>I love to walk. ___________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">я люблю
        ходить.</ns:foreignphrase> "I love to walk."</para>
    <para>Since the motion is simply described with no relation to a line, the indeterminate verb of
      motion <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> is required. Let us do one
      more.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Translate this sentence into Russian.</emphasis></para>
    <para>Our baby can walk. ________________________________.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">NOTE</emphasis>: The English modal verb "can" is not
      translated.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Наш ребёнок
        ходит.</ns:foreignphrase> "Our baby can walk."</para>
    <para>Write a definition of an indeterminate verb.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">An indeterminate verb expresses:</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>____________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>____________________</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: An indeterminate verb expresses: (1) motion
      non-progressively along a line, and (2) motion having no relation to a line.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Now write a definition of a determinate verb.</emphasis></para>
    <para>A determinate verb expresses ____________________.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: A determinate verb expresses a simple progressive
      motion along a line at a given moment in time.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Circle the correct form:</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы часто (ходим/идём) в
          театр.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я встретил его на улице; он (ходил/шёл) в
            банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы (ходим/идём) в гости</ns:foreignphrase> (as guests
            )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> сегодня вечером.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он начал полнеть</ns:foreignphrase> (to gain weight
            )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">, потому что он мало
          (ходит/идёт).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она (ходит/идёт) в библиотеку почти каждый
            день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходим</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идём</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>We have now covered the basic uses of the determinate and indeterminate forms of the
      imperfective verbs of motion. In the next sections we shall apply these principles to some
      other verbs of motion.</para>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Some other verbs</title>
    <para>The indeterminate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase> and the
      determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> act the same way as
        <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase> and <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase>. The big difference is that <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">ездить-ехать</ns:foreignphrase> means to go by vehicle in stead of on foot.
      Use the card supplied with this program to learn the conjugation patterns of both
        <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase> and <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> then<emphasis role="bold"> select the correct form in
        each sentence below.</emphasis> Be careful not to have someone walking to California or
      riding in the bedroom.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вадим (идёт/едет) в деревню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я завтра (иду/еду) в
          Филадельфию.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Собака (идёт/едет) на
          веранду.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он (идёт/едет) на кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кама (идёт/едет) в Лондон.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">еду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The determinate expresses a progressive motion along a line at a specific moment in time.
      The determinate <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase> "going by vehicle" is
      shown in several examples below.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда едут все эти люди!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Where are all those people going!</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы едем завтра во Флориду.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>We are going to Florida tomorrow.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто едет со мной?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Who is going with me?</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The indeterminate verb expresses a non-progressive motion along a line or a motion without
      reference to any line.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">REPETITION</emphasis></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я езжу в Одессу два раза в
          год.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I go to Odessa twice a year.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">HABITUAL ACTION</emphasis></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она ездит только на такси.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>She only takes taxis.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">NAMING THE ACTION</emphasis></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Они любят ездить.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>They love to ride.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Change the determinate verb in the following sentences to the
        corresponding indeterminate form. Add one of the following adverbs to the altered
        sentence:</emphasis>
      <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">часто</ns:foreignphrase>, <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
        >редко</ns:foreignphrase>, <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">всё время</ns:foreignphrase>,
        <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">каждый день</ns:foreignphrase>, or <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">обычно</ns:foreignphrase>. For example:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я еду в город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">езжу</emphasis> в город
              <emphasis role="bold">каждый день.</emphasis></ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ехал в Москву.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я ____ в Москву _____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга ехала на концерт.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга ____ на концерт ____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы едем домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы ____ домой ____.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы едете в кино?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вы ____ в кино ____?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">езжу</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
          listed</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездил</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
          listed</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездила</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
          listed</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездим</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
          listed</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездите</ns:foreignphrase> any of the adverbials
          listed</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Not only do you have to pay attention to the correct choice between determinate and
      indeterminate, but also you must note whether the verb in the sentence means on foot or by
      vehicle. It is necessary to memorize the following oppositions.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.15*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.15*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c2" namest="c1">On Foot</entry>
            <entry align="center" nameend="c4" namest="c3">By Vehicle</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>indeterminate</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>determinate</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>indeterminate</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>determinate</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>Another pair of indeterminate-determinate verbs of motion that we shall take up is
        <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> "to lead". <ns:foreignphrase
        xml:lang="ru">Водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> can mean "to lead on foot" or "to lead by
      vehicle". With <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> it makes no
      difference.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">The Indeterminate</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр водит своего брата в парк каждый
            день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Peter leads his brother to the park every day.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я водил сестру в школу только два раза в
            неделю.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I led (took) my sister to school only twice a week.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">The Determinate</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама видела, как я вёл сестру туда сегодня
            утром.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>Mother saw me leading (taking) my sister there this morning.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Брат шёл по улице и вёл за руку маленькую сестру в
            парк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>The brother was walking along the street leading his little sister by the hand to the
          park.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Complete the following using the verbs</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы идёте? Я (вожу/веду) дочку к
            доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы едете? Я (вожу/везу) дочку к
            доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Don't get confused with the idea of. "on foot" or "by vehicle". Remember that it makes no
      difference with <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase>. The choice is
      the same for both sentences -- the determinate verb, action progressing along a line.</para>
    <para>The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry on
      foot" are similar to <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить-идти</ns:foreignphrase> "to go on
      foot". However, the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase> take
      a direct object, that is , they carry something or someone.</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу книгу в библиотеку</ns:foreignphrase>. I am
          carrying the book to the library.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Replace the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >ходить</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase> in
        the following sentences with the correct form of <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
          >носить</ns:foreignphrase> or <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase>
        plus a direct object.</emphasis> For example:</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="7.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="7.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>1.</entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама <emphasis role="bold">идёт</emphasis>
                домой</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама <emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="ru">несёт пакет</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>
                домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>2.</entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">хожу</emphasis> в школу
                каждый день.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я _____ в школу каждый
              день.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>3.</entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга <emphasis role="bold">шла</emphasis> на
                кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга _____ на кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>4.</entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она часто <emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase
                    xml:lang="ru">ходила</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis> на
              кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она _____ часто на
              кухню.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>5.</entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я <emphasis role="bold">иду</emphasis> в
                банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я _____ в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт пакет</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
          case.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
          case.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носила</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the
          accusative case.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу</ns:foreignphrase> plus a noun in the accusative
          case.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Using your definitions of the determinate and indeterminate, select
        the proper verb form from the following sentences.</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы (носите/несёте) этот
          пакет?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (ношу/несу) его на почту.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Когда я видел его на улице, брат (носил/нёс) большую
            книгу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всегда (носил/нёс) свою шляпу в
            руке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он (носит/несёт) её книги каждый
            день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёте</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нёс</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>The verbs<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
      vehicle" is used exactly like <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
      >носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase>.</para>
    <para/>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <colspec align="center" colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="5.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить-нести</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>=</entry>
            <entry>to carry ON FOOT, WALKING</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>=</entry>
            <entry>to carry BY VEHICLE, RIDING</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>The determinate form expresses motion in progress at a given moment in time, a progressive
      motion along a line.</para>
    <informaltable pgwide="1">
      <tgroup cols="2">
        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.2*"/>
        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я несу хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>I am carrying the bread home. (ON FOOT, WALKING)</entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></entry>
            <entry>I am carrying the bread home. (BY VEHICLE, RIDING)</entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para>The indeterminate form expresses a motion non-progressively along a line (repeated or
      habitual motion), and motion with no reference to a line (a naming of the motion).</para>
    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я возил хлеб домой два раза.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I carried the bread home twice. <emphasis role="bold">REPEATED
          MOTION</emphasis></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я возил хлеб домой каждый
          день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I carried the bread home every day. <emphasis role="bold">HABITUAL
          MOTION</emphasis></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я люблю возить хлеб домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
        <para>I like to carry the bread home.<emphasis role="bold"> NAMING THE
          ACTION</emphasis></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
    <para>The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
      vehicle" also take a direct object. <emphasis role="bold">Underline the direct object in the
        following sentences and translate the sentences into English.</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я везу деньги в банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама всегда возит мою сестру на
            футбол.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец вёз мою кровать на дачу.</ns:foreignphrase> (to
          the country house).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой брат везёт лошадь на выставку</ns:foreignphrase>
          (to the fair).</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >деньги</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: I am taking the money to the bank by vehicle
          (car).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мою
            сестру</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: Mother always takes my sister to the football game
          (by car).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">мою
            кровать</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: Father was taking (by car) my bed to the country
          house.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><emphasis role="bold"><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"
            >лошадь</ns:foreignphrase></emphasis>: My brother is taking (his) horse to the
          fair.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Now supply the correct form (the indeterminate or the determinate)
        of the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить-везти</ns:foreignphrase> "to carry by
        vehicle"</emphasis>.</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>He drove us around the city yesterday in his car.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он _____ нас вчера по городу в своем
            автомобиле.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The bus was taking the children to school.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Автобус _____ детей в школу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Drive carefully with this box; there is glass in it.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">_____ этот ящик осторожно; там
            стекло!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>This bus takes children to school every morning.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот автобус _____ детей в школу каждое
            утро.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>In front of us was a truck, which was carrying some kind of machines.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Впереди нас ехал грузовик, который _____ какие-то
            машины.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Везите</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>When you use the verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вест</ns:foreignphrase>и "to
      lead". It makes no difference whether you are leading on foot or by vehicle, the same verb is
      used. The verbs <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить-вести</ns:foreignphrase> also take a
      direct object, that is, you <emphasis role="bold">lead</emphasis> someone or something.</para>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Circle the correct forms and underline the direct
      object.</emphasis></para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Every day she takes her children to the park.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она каждый день (водит/ведёт) своих детей в
            парк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>She was going to the park and leading her child there.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Она шла в парк и (водила/вела) туда своего
            ребёнка</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Lead me; it's so dark in here!</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Водите/Ведите) меня;тут так
          темно!</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>I am taking my daughter to the doctor.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (вожу/веду) мою дочь к
          доктору.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The guide was leading us along a narrow mountain path.</para>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гид (водил/вёл) нас по узкой горной
            тропинке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">Answers</emphasis>:</para>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водит своих детей</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вела . . . своего ребёнка</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ведите меня</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">веду мою дочь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёл нас</ns:foreignphrase></para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    <para>Take a break, and then take the final test!</para>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Test</title>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Write a definition of imperfective verbs with three example sentences.</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Write a definition of the determinate imperfective with one example sentence.</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>(1) ________________________</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Write a definition of the indeterminate imperfective including three example
          sentences.</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <para>___________________________</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para>_______________________</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Select the correct form.</para>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мы часто (ходим/идём) в
              театр.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы (ходите/идёте)?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он всегда (носит/нёс) свою шляпу в
                руке.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой отец любил (ездить/ехать) верхом.
                .</ns:foreignphrase>(on horseback)</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот автобус (возит/везёт) туристов по
                городу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я вчера встретил</ns:foreignphrase> (met)
                <ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Андрея, когда он (ходил/шёл)в
                библиотеку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда вы едете? Я (вожу/везу) детей в
                школу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Если ты будешь (ездить/ехать) быстро, ты не
                опоздаешь</ns:foreignphrase> (will not be late).</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (ходила/шла) очень быстро и не видела
                меня.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он стал плохо видеть; ему нужно (he
                needs)(носить/нести) очки</ns:foreignphrase> ("carry" in this sentence means
              "wear").</para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Вера вчера (носила/несла) книгу
                домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сейчас я дома. Я уже (ходил/шёл) в
                банк.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Каждую неделю брат (водит/ведёт) старого человека
                в город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Завтра я (хожу/иду) в
              кино.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (носила/несла) газеты в класс два раза в
                неделю.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Гид сейчас (водит/ведёт) туристов в
                музей.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я часто (вожу/везу) маму в
                лавку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Этот молодой человек любит (водить/вести) девушку
                в сад.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Родители (ездят/едут) сейчас на
                футбол.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сегодня сестра (ходит/идёт)
                домой.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Circle the correct form.</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я живу (на квартире/на
                квартиру).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сейчас я иду
              (дома/домой)</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он читает книги (в библиотеке/в
                библиотеку).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Он ехал (на концерте/на
                концерт).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Иван любит ездить (в деревне/в
                деревню).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Где/Куда) вы работаете?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мой отец шёл (в саду/в
              сад).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга спит</ns:foreignphrase> ( sleeps
                )<ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru"> (там/туда).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">(Где/Куда) вы идёте?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сестра идёт
              (здесь/сюда).</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Select the correct form.</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Разговор в поезде: Куда
                вы(идёте/едете)?</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (иду/еду) в Чикаго.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Ольга (несёт/везёт) свою книгу в
                комнату.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Пётр (несёт/везёт) семью (family) в
                деревню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Я (ношу/вожу) газеты в читальню каждый
                день.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Отец (нёс/вёз) диван в
              город.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Сестра (ехала/шла) на
              кухню</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Кто (идёт/едет) в лавку.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Брат хочет (идти/ехать) в
                Европу.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Мама (несла/везла) молоко в
                спальню.</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title>Answers</title>
    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>KEY PHRASES: progressive action, repeated action, habitual action, naming the action,
          the action spoken of in general terms, no emphasis on the completion of the action. (three
          example sentences)</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The determinate expresses a progressive motion along a line at a given (specific)
          moment in time. (one example sentence)</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>The indeterminate expresses a non-progressive motion(repeated, habitual,
          back-and-forth) along a line,and a motion with no reference to any line (naming the
          action, speaking of the action in general terms).(three example sentences).</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
          <tgroup cols="6">
            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
            <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <colspec align="center" colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <colspec align="center" colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <colspec align="center" colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <colspec align="center" colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1.0*"/>
            <tbody>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>a.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходим</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>k.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>b.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёте</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>l.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>c.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носил</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>m.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>d.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>n.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">иду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>e.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возит</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>о.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носила</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>f.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шёл</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>p.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ведёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>g.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>q.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вожу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>h.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>r.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>i.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>s.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едут</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
              <row>
                <entry>
                  <para>j.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>I</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>t.</para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
                </entry>
                <entry>
                  <para>D</para>
                </entry>
              </row>
            </tbody>
          </tgroup>
        </informaltable>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Circle the correct form.</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на квартире</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">домой</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в библиотеке</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">на концерт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в деревне</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Где</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">в сад</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">там</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">Куда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">сюда</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Select the correct form.</para>
        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">едете</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">еду</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ношу</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вёз</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">шла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идёт</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
          <listitem>
            <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">несла</ns:foreignphrase></para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </chapter>
  <chapter>
    <title><anchor xml:id="Appendix"/>Appendix</title>
    <informaltable pgwide="1" frame="all">
      <tgroup align="center" cols="4">
        <colspec align="left" colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.5*"/>
        <colspec align="center" colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>1.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">идти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ходить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>go, walk</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>2.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бежать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">бегать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>run</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>3.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ползти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ползать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>crawl</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>4.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лезть</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лазить (лазать)</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>climb</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>5.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плыть</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">плавать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>swim</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>6.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">лететь</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">летать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>fly</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>7.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ехать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">ездить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>go, ride</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>8.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">вести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">водить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>lead</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>9.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гнать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">гонять</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>drive</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>10.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">нести</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">носить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>carry</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>11.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">везти</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">возить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>convey</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>12.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">тащить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">таскать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>drag</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
            <entry>
              <para>13.</para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">катить</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para><ns:foreignphrase xml:lang="ru">катать</ns:foreignphrase></para>
            </entry>
            <entry>
              <para>roll</para>
            </entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">BIBLIOGRAPHY</emphasis></para>
    <para>Foote, I. P. Verbs of motion. In Dennis Ward (Ed.) Studies in the modern Russian language.
      Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1967.</para>
    <para>Forsyth, J. A grammar of aspect. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
      1970.</para>
    <para>Murphy, A. B. Aspectival usage in Russian. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1965.</para>
    <para>Stilman, L. Russian verbs of motion. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.</para>
    <para>Stilman, G. &amp; Harklns, W. E. Introductory Russian grammar.</para>
    <para>Waltham, Massachusetts: Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1964.</para>
  </chapter>
</book>