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  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:epub="http://www.idpf.org/2007/ops" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:pls="http://www.w3.org/2005/01/pronunciation-lexicon" xmlns:ssml="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/synthesis" xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><head><title>Chapter 2. Verbs of motion</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="docbook-epub.css"/><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.2"/><link rel="prev" href="ch01.xhtml" title="Chapter 1. Introduction"/><link rel="next" href="ch03.xhtml" title="Chapter 3. The determinate"/></head><body><header/><section class="chapter" title="Chapter 2. Verbs of motion" epub:type="chapter" id="d0e1101"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Chapter 2. Verbs of motion</h1></div></div></div><p>In Russian certain verbs have two imperfective forms. These verbs are called the "verbs of
    2. 

  2.       motion", because they state the basic types of motion — going on foot, going by vehicle,
    3. 

  3.       flying, swimming, crawling, etc.</p><p>There are only thirteen of these verbs, but they play a large role in both the spoken and
    4. 

  4.       written language. For our purposes, only the verbs of going, carrying, and leading are used.
    5. 

  5.       If you are curious, all of the verbs of motion are listed in the Appendix <a class="xref" href="ch08.xhtml#Appendix">page </a> in the back.</p><p>The two imperfective forms of these verbs present alternate views of going, carrying,
    6. 

  6.       swimming, etc. In general, a Russian needs only two verbs to express all possibilities of a
    7. 

  7.       verbal idea — the imperfective and the perfective.</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>verbal idea
    8. 

  8.                 "writing"</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    9. 

  9.               <p>
    10. 

  10.                 <span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span>
    11. 

  11.               </p>
    12. 

  12.               <p>
    13. 

  13.                 <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">писать</em></span>
    14. 

  14.               </p>
    15. 

  15.             </td><td style="text-align: center; ">
    16. 

  16.               <p>
    17. 

  17.                 <span class="bold"><strong>perfective</strong></span>
    18. 

  18.               </p>
    19. 

  19.               <p>
    20. 

  20.                 <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">написать</em></span>
    21. 

  21.               </p>
    22. 

  22.             </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>To express a verbal idea in all possible ways for a verb of motion you need three verbs —
    23. 

  23.       the perfective verb and two imperfective verbs called the indeterminate and the
    24. 

  24.       determinate.</p><p/><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/></colgroup><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>verbal idea "going
    25. 

  25.                 on foot"</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; " colspan="2"><span class="bold"><strong>imperfective</strong></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    26. 

  26.               <p>
    27. 

  27.                 <span class="bold"><strong>indeterminate</strong></span>
    28. 

  28.               </p>
    29. 

  29.               <p>
    30. 

  30.                 <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ходить</em></span>
    31. 

  31.               </p>
    32. 

  32.             </td><td style="text-align: center; ">
    33. 

  33.               <p>
    34. 

  34.                 <span class="bold"><strong>determinate</strong></span>
    35. 

  35.               </p>
    36. 

  36.               <p>
    37. 

  37.                 <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">идти</em></span>
    38. 

  38.               </p>
    39. 

  39.             </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Now look at the card that comes with this booklet. This card is titled <span class="italic">CONJUGATION PATTERNS OF THE VERBS OF LOCOMOTION AND CONVEYANCE</span>.
    40. 

  40.         (<a class="xref" href="pr01.xhtml#Card">page </a>)</p><p>These are the five verbs used throughout this text for examples, practice exercises, and
    41. 

  41.       tests. You may use this card anytime you wish as a reference, "cheat sheet", or bookmark. Of
    42. 

  42.       course, if you going to learn Russian you will eventually have to memorize them, but in this
    43. 

  43.       text it is not obligatory.</p><p>There are in Russian two verb-pairs with the general meaning of "to go", "to come", or "to
    44. 

  44.       travel", The verbs <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ходить-идти</em></span> mean "to go on
    45. 

  45.       foot", and the verbs <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ездить-ехать</em></span> mean "to go by
    46. 

  46.       vehicle or some means of conveyance".</p><p>In English we use the verb "to go" much more generally than the Russians. The English
    47. 

  47.       sentence "I am going to town" has two counterparts in Russian.</p><div class="itemizedlist" epub:type="list"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я иду в город.</em></span> I am going to town (on
    48. 

  48.             foot).</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я еду в город.</em></span> I am going to town (by
    49. 

  49.             vehicle).</p></li></ul></div><p>A similar distinction is made for <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">носить-нести</em></span> "to carry on foot" and <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">возить-везти</em></span> , "to carry by vehicle, to transport".</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col/><col style="text-align: center; "/><col class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </th><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">On Foot</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">By Vehicle</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">to go</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ходить --
    50. 

  50.               идти</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">ездить --
    51. 

  51.               ехать</em></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">to carry</td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">носить --
    52. 

  52.               нести</em></span></td><td style="text-align: center; "><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">возить --
    53. 

  53.               везти</em></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p/><p>This is a simple exercise to help you start to discriminate between "going on foot" and
    54. 

  54.       "going by vehicle". <span class="bold"><strong>Place a check beside the correct
    55. 

  55.         response.</strong></span></p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c4"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </th><th style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </th><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">On Foot</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">By Vehicle</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    56. 

  56.               <p>1.</p>
    57. 

  57.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    58. 

  58.               <p>going across the room</p>
    59. 

  59.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    60. 

  60.               <p/>
    61. 

  61.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    62. 

  62.               <p/>
    63. 

  63.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    64. 

  64.               <p>2.</p>
    65. 

  65.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    66. 

  66.               <p>going to Florida</p>
    67. 

  67.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    68. 

  68.               <p/>
    69. 

  69.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    70. 

  70.               <p/>
    71. 

  71.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    72. 

  72.               <p>з.</p>
    73. 

  73.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    74. 

  74.               <p>carrying my friend to the movies</p>
    75. 

  75.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    76. 

  76.               <p/>
    77. 

  77.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    78. 

  78.               <p/>
    79. 

  79.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    80. 

  80.               <p>4.</p>
    81. 

  81.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    82. 

  82.               <p>going into the kitchen</p>
    83. 

  83.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    84. 

  84.               <p/>
    85. 

  85.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    86. 

  86.               <p/>
    87. 

  87.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    88. 

  88.               <p>5.</p>
    89. 

  89.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    90. 

  90.               <p>carrying the book upstairs</p>
    91. 

  91.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    92. 

  92.               <p/>
    93. 

  93.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    94. 

  94.               <p/>
    95. 

  95.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    96. 

  96.               <p>6.</p>
    97. 

  97.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    98. 

  98.               <p>carrying the refrigerator back to town</p>
    99. 

  99.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    100. 

  100.               <p/>
    101. 

  101.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    102. 

  102.               <p/>
    103. 

  103.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    104. 

  104.               <p>7.</p>
    105. 

  105.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    106. 

  106.               <p>going to the country</p>
    107. 

  107.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    108. 

  108.               <p/>
    109. 

  109.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    110. 

  110.               <p/>
    111. 

  111.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    112. 

  112.               <p>8.</p>
    113. 

  113.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    114. 

  114.               <p>carrying the newspaper next door</p>
    115. 

  115.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    116. 

  116.               <p/>
    117. 

  117.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    118. 

  118.               <p/>
    119. 

  119.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    120. 

  120.               <p>9.</p>
    121. 

  121.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    122. 

  122.               <p>carrying the family home</p>
    123. 

  123.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    124. 

  124.               <p/>
    125. 

  125.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    126. 

  126.               <p/>
    127. 

  127.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    128. 

  128.               <p>10.</p>
    129. 

  129.             </td><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    130. 

  130.               <p>going through the library</p>
    131. 

  131.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    132. 

  132.               <p/>
    133. 

  133.             </td><td style="text-align: center; ">
    134. 

  134.               <p/>
    135. 

  135.             </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="informaltable"><table style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; border-top: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; border-left: 1px solid ; border-right: 1px solid ; "><colgroup><col class="c1"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c2"/><col style="text-align: center; " class="c3"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; "> </th><th style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">On Foot</th><th style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">By Vehicle</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    136. 

  136.               <p>1.</p>
    137. 

  137.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    138. 

  138.               <p>X</p>
    139. 

  139.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    140. 

  140.               <p>-</p>
    141. 

  141.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    142. 

  142.               <p>2.</p>
    143. 

  143.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    144. 

  144.               <p>-</p>
    145. 

  145.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    146. 

  146.               <p>X</p>
    147. 

  147.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    148. 

  148.               <p>з.</p>
    149. 

  149.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    150. 

  150.               <p>-</p>
    151. 

  151.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    152. 

  152.               <p>X</p>
    153. 

  153.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    154. 

  154.               <p>4.</p>
    155. 

  155.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    156. 

  156.               <p>X</p>
    157. 

  157.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    158. 

  158.               <p>-</p>
    159. 

  159.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    160. 

  160.               <p>5.</p>
    161. 

  161.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    162. 

  162.               <p>X</p>
    163. 

  163.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    164. 

  164.               <p>-</p>
    165. 

  165.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    166. 

  166.               <p>6.</p>
    167. 

  167.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    168. 

  168.               <p>-</p>
    169. 

  169.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    170. 

  170.               <p>X</p>
    171. 

  171.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    172. 

  172.               <p>7.</p>
    173. 

  173.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    174. 

  174.               <p>-</p>
    175. 

  175.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    176. 

  176.               <p>X</p>
    177. 

  177.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    178. 

  178.               <p>8.</p>
    179. 

  179.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    180. 

  180.               <p>X</p>
    181. 

  181.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    182. 

  182.               <p>-</p>
    183. 

  183.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    184. 

  184.               <p>9.</p>
    185. 

  185.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    186. 

  186.               <p>-</p>
    187. 

  187.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid ; ">
    188. 

  188.               <p>X</p>
    189. 

  189.             </td></tr><tr><td style="border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    190. 

  190.               <p>10.</p>
    191. 

  191.             </td><td style="text-align: center; border-right: 1px solid ; ">
    192. 

  192.               <p>X</p>
    193. 

  193.             </td><td style="text-align: center; ">-</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>Now with the aid of your card translate the two sentences into English.</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я несу книгу в класс.</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p><span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">Я везу деньги</em></span> (money) <span xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase"><em xml:lang="ru" class="foreignphrase">в банк.</em></span></p></li></ol></div><p><span class="bold"><strong>Answer</strong></span>:</p><div class="orderedlist" epub:type="list"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>I am carrying the book to class (on foot).</p></li><li class="listitem" epub:type="list-item"><p>I am carrying the money to the bank (by car).</p></li></ol></div><p>The verbs of motion have two imperfective forms. They are called the _____________ and the
    194. 

  194.       _____________.</p></section><footer/></body></html>
    195.