1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889909192939495969798991001011021031041051061071081091101111121131141151161171181191201211221231241251261271281291301311321331341351361371381391401411421431441451461471481491501511521531541551561571581591601611621631641651661671681691701711721731741751761771781791801811821831841851861871881891901911921931941951961971981992002012022032042052062072082092102112122132142152162172182192202212222232242252262272282292302312322332342352362372382392402412422432442452462472482492502512522532542552562572582592602612622632642652662672682692702712722732742752762772782792802812822832842852862872882892902912922932942952962972982993003013023033043053063073083093103113123133143153163173183193203213223233243253263273283293303313323333343353363373383393403413423433443453463473483493503513523533543553563573583593603613623633643653663673683693703713723733743753763773783793803813823833843853863873883893903913923933943953963973983994004014024034044054064074084094104114124134144154164174184194204214224234244254264274284294304314324334344354364374384394404414424434444454464474484494504514524534544554564574584594604614624634644654664674684694704714724734744754764774784794804814824834844854864874884894904914924934944954964974984995005015025035045055065075085095105115125135145155165175185195205215225235245255265275285295305315325335345355365375385395405415425435445455465475485495505515525535545555565575585595605615625635645655665675685695705715725735745755765775785795805815825835845855865875885895905915925935945955965975985996006016026036046056066076086096106116126136146156166176186196206216226236246256266276286296306316326336346356366376386396406416426436446456466476486496506516526536546556566576586596606616626636646656666676686696706716726736746756766776786796806816826836846856866876886896906916926936946956966976986997007017027037047057067077087097107117127137147157167177187197207217227237247257267277287297307317327337347357367377387397407417427437447457467477487497507517527537547557567577587597607617627637647657667677687697707717727737747757767777787797807817827837847857867877887897907917927937947957967977987998008018028038048058068078088098108118128138148158168178188198208218228238248258268278288298308318328338348358368378388398408418428438448458468478488498508518528538548558568578588598608618628638648658668678688698708718728738748758768778788798808818828838848858868878888898908918928938948958968978988999009019029039049059069079089099109119129139149159169179189199209219229239249259269279289299309319329339349359369379389399409419429439449459469479489499509519529539549559569579589599609619629639649659669679689699709719729739749759769779789799809819829839849859869879889899909919929939949959969979989991000100110021003100410051006100710081009101010111012101310141015101610171018101910201021102210231024102510261027102810291030103110321033103410351036103710381039104010411042104310441045104610471048104910501051105210531054105510561057105810591060106110621063106410651066106710681069107010711072107310741075107610771078107910801081108210831084108510861087108810891090109110921093109410951096109710981099110011011102110311041105110611071108110911101111111211131114111511161117111811191120112111221123112411251126112711281129113011311132113311341135113611371138113911401141114211431144114511461147114811491150115111521153115411551156115711581159116011611162116311641165116611671168116911701171117211731174117511761177117811791180118111821183118411851186118711881189119011911192119311941195119611971198119912001201120212031204120512061207120812091210121112121213121412151216121712181219122012211222122312241225122612271228122912301231123212331234123512361237123812391240124112421243124412451246124712481249125012511252125312541255125612571258125912601261126212631264126512661267126812691270127112721273127412751276127712781279128012811282128312841285128612871288128912901291129212931294129512961297129812991300130113021303130413051306130713081309131013111312131313141315131613171318131913201321132213231324132513261327132813291330133113321333133413351336133713381339134013411342134313441345134613471348134913501351135213531354135513561357135813591360136113621363136413651366136713681369137013711372137313741375137613771378137913801381138213831384138513861387138813891390139113921393139413951396139713981399140014011402140314041405140614071408140914101411141214131414141514161417141814191420142114221423142414251426142714281429143014311432143314341435143614371438143914401441144214431444144514461447144814491450145114521453145414551456145714581459146014611462146314641465146614671468146914701471147214731474147514761477147814791480148114821483148414851486148714881489149014911492149314941495149614971498149915001501150215031504150515061507150815091510151115121513151415151516151715181519152015211522152315241525152615271528152915301531153215331534153515361537153815391540154115421543154415451546154715481549155015511552155315541555155615571558155915601561156215631564156515661567156815691570157115721573157415751576157715781579158015811582158315841585158615871588158915901591159215931594159515961597159815991600160116021603160416051606160716081609161016111612161316141615161616171618161916201621162216231624162516261627162816291630163116321633163416351636163716381639164016411642164316441645164616471648164916501651165216531654165516561657165816591660166116621663166416651666166716681669167016711672167316741675167616771678167916801681168216831684168516861687168816891690169116921693169416951696169716981699170017011702170317041705170617071708170917101711171217131714171517161717171817191720172117221723172417251726172717281729173017311732173317341735173617371738173917401741174217431744174517461747174817491750175117521753175417551756175717581759176017611762176317641765176617671768176917701771177217731774177517761777177817791780178117821783178417851786178717881789179017911792179317941795179617971798179918001801180218031804180518061807180818091810181118121813181418151816181718181819182018211822182318241825182618271828182918301831183218331834183518361837183818391840184118421843184418451846184718481849185018511852185318541855185618571858185918601861186218631864186518661867186818691870187118721873187418751876187718781879188018811882188318841885188618871888188918901891189218931894189518961897189818991900190119021903190419051906190719081909191019111912191319141915191619171918191919201921192219231924192519261927192819291930193119321933193419351936193719381939194019411942194319441945194619471948194919501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975197619771978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029203020312032203320342035203620372038203920402041204220432044204520462047204820492050205120522053205420552056205720582059206020612062206320642065206620672068206920702071207220732074207520762077207820792080208120822083208420852086208720882089209020912092209320942095209620972098209921002101210221032104210521062107210821092110211121122113211421152116211721182119212021212122212321242125212621272128212921302131213221332134213521362137213821392140214121422143214421452146214721482149215021512152215321542155215621572158215921602161216221632164216521662167216821692170217121722173217421752176217721782179218021812182218321842185218621872188218921902191219221932194219521962197219821992200220122022203220422052206220722082209221022112212221322142215221622172218221922202221222222232224222522262227222822292230223122322233223422352236223722382239224022412242224322442245224622472248224922502251225222532254225522562257225822592260226122622263226422652266226722682269227022712272227322742275227622772278227922802281228222832284228522862287228822892290229122922293229422952296229722982299230023012302230323042305230623072308230923102311231223132314231523162317231823192320232123222323232423252326232723282329233023312332233323342335233623372338233923402341234223432344234523462347234823492350235123522353235423552356235723582359236023612362236323642365236623672368236923702371237223732374237523762377237823792380238123822383238423852386238723882389239023912392239323942395239623972398239924002401240224032404240524062407240824092410241124122413241424152416241724182419242024212422242324242425242624272428242924302431243224332434243524362437243824392440244124422443244424452446244724482449245024512452245324542455245624572458245924602461246224632464246524662467246824692470247124722473247424752476247724782479248024812482248324842485248624872488248924902491249224932494249524962497249824992500250125022503250425052506250725082509251025112512251325142515251625172518251925202521252225232524252525262527252825292530253125322533253425352536253725382539254025412542254325442545254625472548254925502551255225532554255525562557255825592560256125622563256425652566256725682569257025712572257325742575257625772578257925802581258225832584258525862587258825892590259125922593259425952596259725982599260026012602260326042605260626072608260926102611261226132614261526162617261826192620262126222623262426252626262726282629263026312632263326342635263626372638263926402641264226432644264526462647264826492650265126522653265426552656265726582659266026612662266326642665266626672668266926702671267226732674267526762677267826792680268126822683268426852686268726882689269026912692269326942695269626972698269927002701270227032704270527062707270827092710271127122713271427152716271727182719272027212722272327242725272627272728272927302731273227332734273527362737273827392740274127422743274427452746274727482749275027512752275327542755275627572758275927602761276227632764276527662767276827692770277127722773277427752776277727782779278027812782278327842785278627872788278927902791279227932794279527962797279827992800280128022803280428052806280728082809281028112812281328142815281628172818281928202821282228232824282528262827282828292830283128322833283428352836283728382839284028412842284328442845284628472848284928502851285228532854285528562857285828592860286128622863286428652866286728682869287028712872287328742875287628772878287928802881288228832884288528862887288828892890289128922893289428952896289728982899290029012902290329042905290629072908290929102911291229132914291529162917291829192920292129222923292429252926292729282929293029312932293329342935293629372938293929402941294229432944294529462947294829492950295129522953295429552956295729582959296029612962296329642965296629672968296929702971297229732974297529762977297829792980298129822983298429852986298729882989299029912992299329942995299629972998299930003001300230033004300530063007300830093010301130123013301430153016301730183019302030213022302330243025302630273028302930303031303230333034303530363037303830393040304130423043304430453046304730483049305030513052305330543055305630573058305930603061306230633064306530663067306830693070307130723073307430753076307730783079308030813082308330843085308630873088308930903091309230933094309530963097309830993100310131023103310431053106310731083109311031113112311331143115311631173118311931203121312231233124312531263127312831293130313131323133313431353136313731383139314031413142314331443145314631473148314931503151315231533154315531563157315831593160316131623163316431653166316731683169317031713172317331743175317631773178317931803181318231833184318531863187318831893190319131923193319431953196319731983199320032013202320332043205320632073208320932103211321232133214321532163217321832193220322132223223322432253226322732283229323032313232323332343235323632373238323932403241324232433244324532463247324832493250325132523253325432553256325732583259326032613262326332643265326632673268326932703271327232733274327532763277327832793280328132823283328432853286328732883289329032913292329332943295329632973298329933003301330233033304330533063307330833093310331133123313331433153316331733183319332033213322332333243325332633273328332933303331333233333334333533363337333833393340334133423343334433453346334733483349335033513352335333543355335633573358335933603361336233633364336533663367336833693370337133723373337433753376337733783379338033813382338333843385338633873388338933903391339233933394339533963397339833993400340134023403340434053406340734083409341034113412341334143415341634173418341934203421342234233424342534263427342834293430343134323433343434353436343734383439344034413442344334443445344634473448344934503451345234533454345534563457345834593460346134623463346434653466346734683469347034713472347334743475347634773478347934803481348234833484348534863487348834893490349134923493349434953496349734983499350035013502350335043505350635073508350935103511351235133514351535163517351835193520352135223523352435253526352735283529353035313532353335343535353635373538353935403541354235433544354535463547354835493550355135523553355435553556355735583559356035613562356335643565356635673568356935703571357235733574357535763577357835793580358135823583358435853586358735883589359035913592359335943595359635973598359936003601360236033604360536063607360836093610361136123613361436153616361736183619362036213622362336243625362636273628362936303631363236333634363536363637363836393640364136423643364436453646364736483649365036513652365336543655365636573658365936603661366236633664366536663667366836693670367136723673367436753676367736783679368036813682368336843685368636873688368936903691369236933694369536963697369836993700370137023703370437053706370737083709371037113712371337143715371637173718371937203721372237233724372537263727372837293730373137323733373437353736373737383739374037413742374337443745374637473748374937503751375237533754375537563757375837593760376137623763376437653766376737683769377037713772377337743775377637773778377937803781378237833784378537863787378837893790379137923793379437953796379737983799380038013802380338043805380638073808380938103811381238133814381538163817381838193820382138223823382438253826382738283829383038313832383338343835383638373838383938403841384238433844384538463847384838493850385138523853385438553856385738583859386038613862386338643865386638673868386938703871387238733874387538763877387838793880388138823883388438853886388738883889389038913892389338943895389638973898389939003901390239033904390539063907390839093910391139123913391439153916391739183919392039213922392339243925392639273928392939303931393239333934393539363937393839393940394139423943394439453946394739483949395039513952395339543955395639573958395939603961396239633964396539663967396839693970397139723973397439753976397739783979398039813982398339843985398639873988398939903991399239933994399539963997399839994000400140024003400440054006400740084009401040114012401340144015401640174018401940204021402240234024402540264027402840294030403140324033403440354036403740384039404040414042404340444045404640474048404940504051405240534054405540564057405840594060406140624063406440654066406740684069407040714072407340744075407640774078407940804081408240834084408540864087408840894090409140924093409440954096409740984099410041014102410341044105410641074108410941104111411241134114411541164117411841194120412141224123412441254126412741284129413041314132413341344135413641374138413941404141414241434144414541464147414841494150415141524153415441554156415741584159416041614162416341644165416641674168416941704171417241734174417541764177417841794180418141824183418441854186418741884189419041914192419341944195419641974198419942004201420242034204420542064207420842094210421142124213421442154216421742184219422042214222422342244225422642274228422942304231423242334234423542364237423842394240424142424243424442454246424742484249425042514252425342544255425642574258425942604261426242634264426542664267426842694270427142724273427442754276427742784279428042814282428342844285428642874288428942904291429242934294429542964297429842994300430143024303430443054306430743084309431043114312431343144315431643174318431943204321432243234324432543264327432843294330433143324333433443354336433743384339434043414342434343444345434643474348434943504351435243534354435543564357435843594360436143624363436443654366436743684369437043714372437343744375437643774378437943804381438243834384438543864387438843894390439143924393439443954396439743984399440044014402440344044405440644074408440944104411441244134414441544164417441844194420442144224423442444254426442744284429443044314432443344344435443644374438443944404441444244434444444544464447444844494450445144524453445444554456445744584459446044614462446344644465446644674468446944704471447244734474447544764477447844794480448144824483448444854486448744884489449044914492449344944495449644974498449945004501450245034504450545064507450845094510451145124513451445154516451745184519452045214522452345244525452645274528452945304531453245334534453545364537453845394540454145424543454445454546454745484549455045514552455345544555455645574558455945604561456245634564456545664567456845694570457145724573457445754576457745784579458045814582458345844585458645874588458945904591459245934594459545964597459845994600460146024603460446054606460746084609461046114612461346144615461646174618461946204621462246234624462546264627462846294630463146324633463446354636463746384639464046414642464346444645464646474648464946504651465246534654465546564657465846594660466146624663466446654666466746684669467046714672467346744675467646774678467946804681468246834684468546864687468846894690469146924693469446954696469746984699470047014702470347044705470647074708470947104711471247134714471547164717471847194720472147224723472447254726472747284729473047314732473347344735473647374738473947404741474247434744474547464747474847494750475147524753475447554756475747584759476047614762476347644765476647674768476947704771477247734774477547764777477847794780478147824783478447854786478747884789479047914792479347944795479647974798479948004801480248034804480548064807480848094810481148124813481448154816481748184819482048214822482348244825482648274828482948304831483248334834483548364837483848394840484148424843484448454846484748484849485048514852485348544855485648574858485948604861486248634864486548664867486848694870487148724873487448754876487748784879488048814882488348844885488648874888488948904891489248934894489548964897489848994900490149024903490449054906490749084909491049114912491349144915491649174918491949204921492249234924492549264927492849294930493149324933493449354936493749384939494049414942494349444945494649474948494949504951495249534954495549564957495849594960496149624963496449654966496749684969497049714972497349744975497649774978497949804981498249834984498549864987498849894990499149924993499449954996499749984999500050015002500350045005500650075008500950105011501250135014501550165017501850195020502150225023502450255026502750285029503050315032503350345035503650375038503950405041504250435044504550465047504850495050505150525053505450555056505750585059506050615062506350645065506650675068506950705071507250735074507550765077507850795080508150825083508450855086508750885089509050915092509350945095509650975098509951005101510251035104510551065107510851095110511151125113511451155116511751185119512051215122512351245125512651275128512951305131513251335134513551365137513851395140514151425143514451455146514751485149515051515152515351545155515651575158515951605161516251635164516551665167516851695170517151725173517451755176517751785179518051815182518351845185518651875188518951905191519251935194519551965197519851995200520152025203520452055206520752085209521052115212521352145215521652175218521952205221522252235224522552265227522852295230523152325233523452355236523752385239524052415242524352445245524652475248524952505251525252535254525552565257525852595260526152625263526452655266526752685269527052715272527352745275527652775278527952805281528252835284528552865287528852895290529152925293529452955296529752985299530053015302530353045305530653075308530953105311531253135314531553165317531853195320532153225323532453255326532753285329533053315332533353345335533653375338533953405341534253435344534553465347534853495350535153525353535453555356535753585359536053615362536353645365536653675368536953705371537253735374537553765377537853795380538153825383538453855386538753885389539053915392539353945395539653975398539954005401540254035404540554065407540854095410541154125413541454155416541754185419542054215422542354245425542654275428542954305431543254335434543554365437543854395440544154425443544454455446544754485449545054515452545354545455545654575458545954605461546254635464546554665467546854695470547154725473547454755476547754785479548054815482548354845485548654875488548954905491549254935494549554965497549854995500550155025503550455055506550755085509551055115512551355145515551655175518551955205521552255235524552555265527552855295530553155325533553455355536553755385539554055415542554355445545554655475548554955505551555255535554555555565557555855595560556155625563556455655566556755685569557055715572557355745575557655775578557955805581558255835584558555865587558855895590559155925593559455955596559755985599560056015602560356045605560656075608560956105611561256135614561556165617561856195620562156225623562456255626562756285629563056315632563356345635563656375638563956405641564256435644564556465647564856495650565156525653565456555656565756585659566056615662566356645665566656675668566956705671567256735674567556765677567856795680568156825683568456855686568756885689569056915692569356945695569656975698569957005701570257035704570557065707570857095710571157125713571457155716571757185719572057215722572357245725572657275728572957305731573257335734573557365737573857395740574157425743574457455746574757485749575057515752575357545755575657575758575957605761576257635764576557665767576857695770577157725773577457755776577757785779578057815782578357845785578657875788578957905791579257935794579557965797579857995800580158025803580458055806580758085809581058115812581358145815581658175818581958205821582258235824582558265827582858295830583158325833583458355836583758385839584058415842584358445845584658475848584958505851585258535854585558565857585858595860586158625863586458655866586758685869587058715872587358745875587658775878587958805881588258835884588558865887588858895890589158925893589458955896589758985899590059015902590359045905590659075908590959105911591259135914591559165917591859195920592159225923592459255926592759285929593059315932593359345935593659375938593959405941594259435944594559465947594859495950595159525953595459555956595759585959596059615962596359645965596659675968596959705971597259735974597559765977597859795980598159825983598459855986598759885989599059915992599359945995599659975998599960006001600260036004600560066007600860096010601160126013601460156016601760186019602060216022602360246025602660276028602960306031603260336034603560366037603860396040604160426043604460456046604760486049605060516052605360546055605660576058605960606061606260636064606560666067606860696070607160726073607460756076607760786079608060816082608360846085608660876088608960906091609260936094609560966097609860996100610161026103610461056106610761086109611061116112611361146115611661176118611961206121612261236124612561266127612861296130613161326133613461356136613761386139614061416142614361446145614661476148614961506151615261536154615561566157615861596160616161626163616461656166616761686169617061716172617361746175617661776178617961806181618261836184618561866187618861896190619161926193619461956196619761986199620062016202620362046205620662076208620962106211621262136214621562166217621862196220622162226223622462256226622762286229623062316232623362346235623662376238623962406241624262436244624562466247624862496250625162526253625462556256625762586259626062616262626362646265626662676268626962706271627262736274627562766277627862796280628162826283628462856286628762886289629062916292629362946295629662976298629963006301630263036304630563066307630863096310631163126313631463156316631763186319632063216322632363246325632663276328632963306331633263336334633563366337633863396340634163426343634463456346634763486349635063516352635363546355635663576358635963606361636263636364636563666367636863696370637163726373637463756376637763786379638063816382638363846385638663876388638963906391639263936394639563966397639863996400640164026403640464056406640764086409641064116412641364146415641664176418641964206421642264236424642564266427642864296430643164326433643464356436643764386439644064416442644364446445644664476448644964506451645264536454645564566457645864596460646164626463646464656466646764686469647064716472647364746475647664776478647964806481648264836484648564866487648864896490649164926493649464956496649764986499650065016502650365046505650665076508650965106511651265136514651565166517651865196520652165226523652465256526652765286529653065316532653365346535653665376538653965406541654265436544654565466547654865496550655165526553655465556556655765586559656065616562656365646565656665676568656965706571657265736574657565766577657865796580658165826583658465856586658765886589659065916592659365946595659665976598659966006601660266036604660566066607660866096610661166126613661466156616661766186619662066216622662366246625662666276628662966306631663266336634663566366637663866396640664166426643664466456646664766486649665066516652665366546655665666576658665966606661666266636664666566666667666866696670667166726673667466756676667766786679668066816682668366846685668666876688668966906691669266936694669566966697669866996700670167026703670467056706670767086709671067116712671367146715671667176718671967206721672267236724672567266727672867296730673167326733673467356736673767386739674067416742674367446745674667476748674967506751675267536754675567566757675867596760676167626763676467656766676767686769677067716772677367746775677667776778677967806781678267836784678567866787678867896790679167926793679467956796679767986799680068016802680368046805680668076808680968106811681268136814681568166817681868196820682168226823682468256826682768286829683068316832683368346835683668376838683968406841684268436844684568466847684868496850685168526853685468556856685768586859686068616862686368646865686668676868686968706871687268736874687568766877687868796880688168826883688468856886688768886889689068916892689368946895689668976898689969006901690269036904690569066907690869096910691169126913691469156916691769186919692069216922692369246925692669276928692969306931693269336934693569366937693869396940694169426943694469456946694769486949695069516952695369546955695669576958695969606961696269636964696569666967696869696970697169726973697469756976697769786979698069816982698369846985698669876988698969906991699269936994699569966997699869997000700170027003700470057006700770087009701070117012701370147015701670177018701970207021702270237024702570267027702870297030703170327033703470357036703770387039704070417042704370447045704670477048704970507051705270537054705570567057705870597060706170627063706470657066706770687069707070717072707370747075707670777078707970807081708270837084708570867087708870897090709170927093709470957096709770987099710071017102710371047105710671077108710971107111711271137114711571167117711871197120712171227123712471257126712771287129713071317132713371347135713671377138713971407141714271437144714571467147714871497150715171527153715471557156715771587159716071617162716371647165716671677168716971707171717271737174717571767177717871797180718171827183718471857186718771887189719071917192719371947195719671977198719972007201720272037204720572067207720872097210721172127213721472157216721772187219722072217222722372247225722672277228722972307231723272337234723572367237723872397240724172427243724472457246724772487249725072517252725372547255725672577258725972607261726272637264726572667267726872697270727172727273727472757276727772787279728072817282728372847285728672877288728972907291729272937294729572967297729872997300730173027303730473057306730773087309731073117312731373147315731673177318731973207321732273237324732573267327732873297330733173327333733473357336733773387339734073417342734373447345734673477348734973507351735273537354735573567357735873597360736173627363736473657366736773687369737073717372737373747375737673777378737973807381738273837384738573867387738873897390739173927393739473957396739773987399740074017402740374047405740674077408740974107411741274137414741574167417741874197420742174227423742474257426742774287429743074317432743374347435743674377438743974407441744274437444744574467447744874497450745174527453745474557456745774587459746074617462746374647465746674677468746974707471747274737474747574767477747874797480748174827483748474857486748774887489749074917492749374947495749674977498749975007501750275037504750575067507750875097510751175127513751475157516751775187519752075217522752375247525752675277528752975307531753275337534753575367537753875397540754175427543754475457546754775487549755075517552755375547555755675577558755975607561756275637564756575667567756875697570757175727573757475757576757775787579758075817582758375847585758675877588758975907591759275937594759575967597759875997600760176027603760476057606760776087609761076117612761376147615761676177618761976207621762276237624762576267627762876297630763176327633763476357636763776387639764076417642764376447645764676477648764976507651765276537654765576567657765876597660766176627663766476657666766776687669767076717672767376747675767676777678767976807681768276837684768576867687768876897690769176927693769476957696769776987699770077017702770377047705770677077708770977107711771277137714771577167717771877197720772177227723772477257726772777287729773077317732773377347735773677377738773977407741774277437744774577467747774877497750775177527753775477557756775777587759776077617762776377647765776677677768776977707771777277737774777577767777777877797780778177827783778477857786778777887789779077917792779377947795779677977798779978007801780278037804780578067807780878097810781178127813781478157816781778187819782078217822782378247825782678277828782978307831783278337834783578367837783878397840784178427843784478457846784778487849785078517852785378547855785678577858785978607861786278637864786578667867786878697870787178727873787478757876787778787879788078817882788378847885788678877888788978907891789278937894789578967897789878997900790179027903790479057906790779087909791079117912791379147915791679177918791979207921792279237924792579267927792879297930793179327933793479357936793779387939794079417942794379447945794679477948794979507951795279537954795579567957795879597960796179627963796479657966796779687969797079717972797379747975797679777978797979807981798279837984798579867987798879897990799179927993799479957996799779987999800080018002800380048005800680078008800980108011801280138014801580168017801880198020802180228023802480258026802780288029803080318032803380348035803680378038803980408041804280438044804580468047804880498050805180528053805480558056805780588059806080618062806380648065806680678068806980708071807280738074807580768077807880798080808180828083808480858086808780888089809080918092809380948095809680978098809981008101810281038104810581068107810881098110811181128113811481158116811781188119812081218122812381248125812681278128812981308131813281338134813581368137813881398140814181428143814481458146814781488149815081518152815381548155815681578158815981608161816281638164816581668167816881698170817181728173817481758176817781788179818081818182818381848185818681878188818981908191819281938194819581968197819881998200820182028203820482058206820782088209821082118212821382148215821682178218821982208221822282238224822582268227822882298230823182328233823482358236823782388239824082418242824382448245824682478248824982508251825282538254825582568257825882598260826182628263826482658266826782688269827082718272827382748275827682778278827982808281828282838284828582868287828882898290829182928293829482958296829782988299830083018302830383048305830683078308830983108311831283138314831583168317831883198320832183228323832483258326832783288329833083318332833383348335833683378338833983408341834283438344834583468347834883498350835183528353835483558356835783588359836083618362836383648365836683678368836983708371837283738374837583768377837883798380838183828383838483858386838783888389839083918392839383948395839683978398839984008401840284038404840584068407840884098410841184128413841484158416841784188419842084218422842384248425842684278428842984308431843284338434843584368437843884398440844184428443844484458446844784488449845084518452845384548455845684578458845984608461846284638464846584668467846884698470847184728473847484758476847784788479848084818482848384848485848684878488848984908491849284938494849584968497849884998500850185028503850485058506850785088509851085118512851385148515851685178518851985208521852285238524852585268527852885298530853185328533853485358536853785388539854085418542854385448545854685478548854985508551855285538554855585568557855885598560856185628563856485658566856785688569857085718572857385748575857685778578857985808581858285838584858585868587858885898590859185928593859485958596859785988599860086018602860386048605860686078608860986108611861286138614861586168617861886198620862186228623862486258626862786288629863086318632863386348635863686378638863986408641864286438644864586468647864886498650865186528653865486558656865786588659866086618662866386648665866686678668866986708671867286738674867586768677867886798680868186828683868486858686868786888689869086918692869386948695869686978698869987008701870287038704870587068707870887098710871187128713871487158716871787188719872087218722872387248725872687278728872987308731873287338734873587368737873887398740874187428743874487458746874787488749875087518752875387548755875687578758875987608761876287638764876587668767876887698770877187728773877487758776877787788779878087818782878387848785878687878788878987908791879287938794879587968797879887998800880188028803880488058806880788088809881088118812881388148815881688178818881988208821882288238824882588268827882888298830883188328833883488358836883788388839884088418842884388448845884688478848884988508851885288538854885588568857885888598860886188628863886488658866886788688869887088718872887388748875887688778878887988808881888288838884888588868887888888898890889188928893889488958896889788988899890089018902890389048905890689078908890989108911891289138914891589168917891889198920892189228923892489258926892789288929893089318932893389348935893689378938893989408941894289438944894589468947894889498950895189528953895489558956895789588959896089618962896389648965896689678968896989708971897289738974897589768977897889798980898189828983898489858986898789888989899089918992899389948995899689978998899990009001900290039004900590069007900890099010901190129013901490159016901790189019902090219022902390249025902690279028902990309031903290339034903590369037903890399040904190429043904490459046904790489049905090519052905390549055905690579058905990609061906290639064906590669067906890699070907190729073907490759076907790789079908090819082908390849085908690879088908990909091909290939094909590969097909890999100910191029103910491059106910791089109911091119112911391149115911691179118911991209121912291239124912591269127912891299130913191329133913491359136913791389139914091419142914391449145914691479148914991509151915291539154915591569157915891599160916191629163916491659166916791689169917091719172917391749175917691779178917991809181918291839184918591869187918891899190919191929193919491959196919791989199920092019202920392049205920692079208920992109211921292139214921592169217921892199220922192229223922492259226922792289229923092319232923392349235923692379238923992409241924292439244924592469247924892499250925192529253925492559256925792589259926092619262926392649265926692679268926992709271927292739274927592769277927892799280928192829283928492859286928792889289929092919292929392949295929692979298929993009301930293039304930593069307930893099310931193129313931493159316931793189319932093219322932393249325932693279328932993309331933293339334933593369337933893399340934193429343934493459346934793489349935093519352935393549355935693579358935993609361936293639364936593669367936893699370937193729373937493759376937793789379938093819382938393849385938693879388938993909391939293939394939593969397939893999400940194029403940494059406940794089409941094119412941394149415941694179418941994209421942294239424942594269427942894299430943194329433943494359436943794389439944094419442944394449445944694479448944994509451945294539454945594569457945894599460946194629463946494659466946794689469947094719472947394749475947694779478947994809481948294839484948594869487948894899490949194929493949494959496949794989499950095019502950395049505950695079508950995109511951295139514951595169517951895199520952195229523952495259526952795289529953095319532953395349535953695379538953995409541954295439544954595469547954895499550955195529553955495559556955795589559956095619562956395649565956695679568956995709571957295739574957595769577957895799580958195829583958495859586958795889589959095919592959395949595959695979598959996009601960296039604960596069607960896099610961196129613961496159616961796189619962096219622962396249625962696279628962996309631963296339634963596369637963896399640964196429643964496459646964796489649965096519652965396549655965696579658965996609661966296639664966596669667966896699670967196729673967496759676967796789679968096819682968396849685968696879688968996909691969296939694969596969697969896999700970197029703970497059706970797089709971097119712971397149715971697179718971997209721972297239724972597269727972897299730973197329733973497359736973797389739974097419742974397449745974697479748974997509751975297539754975597569757975897599760976197629763976497659766976797689769977097719772977397749775977697779778977997809781978297839784978597869787978897899790979197929793979497959796979797989799980098019802980398049805980698079808980998109811981298139814981598169817981898199820982198229823982498259826982798289829983098319832983398349835983698379838983998409841984298439844984598469847984898499850985198529853985498559856985798589859986098619862986398649865986698679868986998709871987298739874987598769877987898799880988198829883988498859886988798889889989098919892989398949895989698979898989999009901990299039904990599069907990899099910991199129913991499159916991799189919992099219922992399249925992699279928992999309931993299339934993599369937993899399940994199429943994499459946994799489949995099519952995399549955995699579958995999609961996299639964996599669967996899699970997199729973997499759976997799789979998099819982998399849985998699879988998999909991999299939994999599969997999899991000010001100021000310004100051000610007100081000910010100111001210013100141001510016100171001810019100201002110022100231002410025100261002710028100291003010031100321003310034100351003610037100381003910040100411004210043100441004510046100471004810049100501005110052100531005410055100561005710058100591006010061100621006310064100651006610067100681006910070100711007210073100741007510076100771007810079100801008110082100831008410085100861008710088100891009010091100921009310094100951009610097100981009910100101011010210103101041010510106101071010810109101101011110112101131011410115101161011710118101191012010121101221012310124101251012610127101281012910130101311013210133101341013510136101371013810139101401014110142101431014410145101461014710148101491015010151101521015310154101551015610157101581015910160101611016210163101641016510166101671016810169101701017110172101731017410175101761017710178101791018010181101821018310184101851018610187101881018910190101911019210193101941019510196101971019810199102001020110202102031020410205102061020710208102091021010211102121021310214102151021610217102181021910220102211022210223102241022510226102271022810229102301023110232102331023410235102361023710238102391024010241102421024310244102451024610247102481024910250102511025210253102541025510256102571025810259102601026110262102631026410265102661026710268102691027010271102721027310274102751027610277102781027910280102811028210283102841028510286102871028810289102901029110292102931029410295102961029710298102991030010301103021030310304103051030610307103081030910310103111031210313103141031510316103171031810319103201032110322103231032410325103261032710328103291033010331103321033310334103351033610337103381033910340103411034210343103441034510346103471034810349103501035110352103531035410355103561035710358103591036010361103621036310364103651036610367103681036910370103711037210373103741037510376103771037810379103801038110382103831038410385103861038710388103891039010391103921039310394103951039610397103981039910400104011040210403104041040510406104071040810409104101041110412104131041410415104161041710418104191042010421104221042310424104251042610427104281042910430104311043210433104341043510436104371043810439104401044110442104431044410445104461044710448104491045010451104521045310454104551045610457104581045910460104611046210463104641046510466104671046810469104701047110472104731047410475104761047710478104791048010481104821048310484104851048610487104881048910490104911049210493104941049510496104971049810499105001050110502105031050410505105061050710508105091051010511105121051310514105151051610517105181051910520105211052210523105241052510526105271052810529105301053110532105331053410535105361053710538105391054010541105421054310544105451054610547105481054910550105511055210553105541055510556105571055810559105601056110562105631056410565105661056710568105691057010571105721057310574105751057610577105781057910580105811058210583105841058510586105871058810589105901059110592105931059410595105961059710598105991060010601106021060310604106051060610607106081060910610106111061210613106141061510616106171061810619106201062110622106231062410625106261062710628106291063010631106321063310634106351063610637106381063910640106411064210643106441064510646106471064810649106501065110652106531065410655106561065710658106591066010661106621066310664106651066610667106681066910670106711067210673106741067510676106771067810679106801068110682106831068410685106861068710688106891069010691106921069310694106951069610697106981069910700107011070210703107041070510706107071070810709107101071110712107131071410715107161071710718107191072010721107221072310724107251072610727107281072910730107311073210733107341073510736107371073810739107401074110742107431074410745107461074710748107491075010751107521075310754107551075610757107581075910760107611076210763107641076510766107671076810769107701077110772107731077410775107761077710778107791078010781107821078310784107851078610787107881078910790107911079210793107941079510796107971079810799108001080110802108031080410805108061080710808108091081010811108121081310814108151081610817108181081910820108211082210823108241082510826108271082810829108301083110832108331083410835108361083710838108391084010841108421084310844108451084610847108481084910850108511085210853108541085510856108571085810859108601086110862108631086410865108661086710868108691087010871108721087310874108751087610877108781087910880108811088210883108841088510886108871088810889108901089110892108931089410895108961089710898108991090010901109021090310904109051090610907109081090910910109111091210913109141091510916109171091810919109201092110922109231092410925109261092710928109291093010931109321093310934109351093610937109381093910940109411094210943109441094510946109471094810949109501095110952109531095410955109561095710958109591096010961109621096310964109651096610967109681096910970109711097210973109741097510976109771097810979109801098110982109831098410985109861098710988109891099010991109921099310994109951099610997109981099911000110011100211003110041100511006110071100811009110101101111012110131101411015110161101711018110191102011021110221102311024110251102611027110281102911030110311103211033110341103511036110371103811039110401104111042110431104411045110461104711048110491105011051110521105311054110551105611057110581105911060110611106211063110641106511066110671106811069110701107111072110731107411075110761107711078110791108011081110821108311084110851108611087110881108911090110911109211093110941109511096110971109811099111001110111102111031110411105111061110711108111091111011111111121111311114111151111611117111181111911120111211112211123111241112511126111271112811129111301113111132111331113411135111361113711138111391114011141111421114311144111451114611147111481114911150111511115211153111541115511156111571115811159111601116111162111631116411165111661116711168111691117011171111721117311174111751117611177111781117911180111811118211183111841118511186111871118811189111901119111192111931119411195111961119711198111991120011201112021120311204112051120611207112081120911210112111121211213112141121511216112171121811219112201122111222112231122411225112261122711228112291123011231112321123311234112351123611237112381123911240112411124211243112441124511246112471124811249112501125111252112531125411255112561125711258112591126011261112621126311264112651126611267112681126911270112711127211273112741127511276112771127811279112801128111282112831128411285112861128711288112891129011291112921129311294112951129611297112981129911300113011130211303113041130511306113071130811309113101131111312113131131411315113161131711318113191132011321113221132311324113251132611327113281132911330113311133211333113341133511336113371133811339113401134111342113431134411345113461134711348113491135011351113521135311354113551135611357113581135911360113611136211363113641136511366113671136811369113701137111372113731137411375113761137711378113791138011381113821138311384113851138611387113881138911390113911139211393113941139511396113971139811399114001140111402114031140411405114061140711408114091141011411114121141311414114151141611417114181141911420114211142211423114241142511426114271142811429114301143111432114331143411435114361143711438114391144011441114421144311444114451144611447114481144911450114511145211453114541145511456114571145811459114601146111462114631146411465114661146711468114691147011471114721147311474114751147611477114781147911480114811148211483114841148511486114871148811489114901149111492114931149411495114961149711498114991150011501115021150311504115051150611507115081150911510115111151211513115141151511516115171151811519115201152111522115231152411525115261152711528115291153011531115321153311534115351153611537115381153911540115411154211543115441154511546115471154811549115501155111552115531155411555115561155711558115591156011561115621156311564115651156611567115681156911570115711157211573115741157511576115771157811579115801158111582115831158411585115861158711588115891159011591115921159311594115951159611597115981159911600116011160211603116041160511606116071160811609116101161111612116131161411615116161161711618116191162011621116221162311624116251162611627116281162911630116311163211633116341163511636116371163811639116401164111642116431164411645116461164711648116491165011651116521165311654116551165611657116581165911660116611166211663116641166511666116671166811669116701167111672116731167411675116761167711678116791168011681116821168311684116851168611687116881168911690116911169211693116941169511696116971169811699117001170111702117031170411705117061170711708117091171011711117121171311714117151171611717117181171911720117211172211723117241172511726117271172811729117301173111732117331173411735117361173711738117391174011741117421174311744117451174611747117481174911750117511175211753117541175511756117571175811759117601176111762117631176411765117661176711768117691177011771117721177311774117751177611777117781177911780117811178211783117841178511786117871178811789117901179111792117931179411795117961179711798117991180011801118021180311804118051180611807118081180911810118111181211813118141181511816118171181811819118201182111822118231182411825118261182711828118291183011831118321183311834118351183611837118381183911840118411184211843118441184511846118471184811849118501185111852118531185411855118561185711858118591186011861118621186311864118651186611867118681186911870118711187211873118741187511876118771187811879118801188111882118831188411885118861188711888118891189011891118921189311894118951189611897118981189911900119011190211903119041190511906119071190811909119101191111912119131191411915119161191711918119191192011921119221192311924119251192611927119281192911930119311193211933119341193511936119371193811939119401194111942119431194411945119461194711948119491195011951119521195311954119551195611957119581195911960119611196211963119641196511966119671196811969119701197111972119731197411975119761197711978119791198011981119821198311984119851198611987119881198911990119911199211993119941199511996119971199811999120001200112002120031200412005120061200712008120091201012011120121201312014120151201612017120181201912020120211202212023120241202512026120271202812029120301203112032120331203412035120361203712038120391204012041120421204312044120451204612047120481204912050120511205212053120541205512056120571205812059120601206112062120631206412065120661206712068120691207012071120721207312074120751207612077120781207912080120811208212083120841208512086120871208812089120901209112092120931209412095120961209712098120991210012101121021210312104121051210612107121081210912110121111211212113121141211512116121171211812119121201212112122121231212412125121261212712128121291213012131121321213312134121351213612137121381213912140121411214212143121441214512146121471214812149121501215112152121531215412155121561215712158121591216012161121621216312164121651216612167121681216912170121711217212173121741217512176121771217812179121801218112182121831218412185121861218712188121891219012191121921219312194121951219612197121981219912200122011220212203122041220512206122071220812209122101221112212122131221412215122161221712218122191222012221122221222312224122251222612227122281222912230122311223212233122341223512236122371223812239122401224112242122431224412245122461224712248122491225012251122521225312254122551225612257122581225912260122611226212263122641226512266122671226812269122701227112272122731227412275122761227712278122791228012281122821228312284122851228612287122881228912290122911229212293122941229512296122971229812299123001230112302123031230412305123061230712308123091231012311123121231312314123151231612317123181231912320123211232212323123241232512326123271232812329123301233112332123331233412335123361233712338123391234012341123421234312344123451234612347123481234912350123511235212353123541235512356123571235812359123601236112362123631236412365123661236712368123691237012371123721237312374123751237612377123781237912380123811238212383123841238512386123871238812389123901239112392123931239412395123961239712398123991240012401124021240312404124051240612407124081240912410124111241212413124141241512416124171241812419124201242112422124231242412425124261242712428124291243012431124321243312434124351243612437124381243912440124411244212443124441244512446124471244812449124501245112452124531245412455124561245712458124591246012461124621246312464124651246612467124681246912470124711247212473124741247512476124771247812479124801248112482124831248412485124861248712488124891249012491124921249312494124951249612497124981249912500125011250212503125041250512506125071250812509125101251112512125131251412515125161251712518125191252012521125221252312524125251252612527125281252912530125311253212533125341253512536125371253812539125401254112542125431254412545125461254712548125491255012551125521255312554125551255612557125581255912560125611256212563125641256512566125671256812569125701257112572125731257412575125761257712578125791258012581125821258312584125851258612587125881258912590125911259212593125941259512596125971259812599126001260112602126031260412605126061260712608126091261012611126121261312614126151261612617126181261912620126211262212623126241262512626126271262812629126301263112632126331263412635126361263712638126391264012641126421264312644126451264612647126481264912650126511265212653126541265512656126571265812659126601266112662126631266412665126661266712668126691267012671126721267312674126751267612677126781267912680126811268212683126841268512686126871268812689126901269112692126931269412695126961269712698126991270012701127021270312704127051270612707127081270912710127111271212713127141271512716127171271812719127201272112722127231272412725127261272712728127291273012731127321273312734127351273612737127381273912740127411274212743127441274512746127471274812749127501275112752127531275412755127561275712758127591276012761127621276312764127651276612767127681276912770127711277212773127741277512776127771277812779127801278112782127831278412785127861278712788127891279012791127921279312794127951279612797127981279912800128011280212803128041280512806128071280812809128101281112812128131281412815128161281712818128191282012821128221282312824128251282612827128281282912830128311283212833128341283512836128371283812839128401284112842128431284412845128461284712848128491285012851128521285312854128551285612857128581285912860128611286212863128641286512866128671286812869128701287112872128731287412875128761287712878128791288012881128821288312884128851288612887128881288912890128911289212893128941289512896128971289812899129001290112902129031290412905129061290712908129091291012911129121291312914129151291612917129181291912920129211292212923129241292512926129271292812929129301293112932129331293412935129361293712938129391294012941129421294312944129451294612947129481294912950129511295212953129541295512956129571295812959129601296112962129631296412965129661296712968129691297012971129721297312974129751297612977129781297912980129811298212983129841298512986129871298812989129901299112992129931299412995129961299712998129991300013001130021300313004130051300613007130081300913010130111301213013130141301513016130171301813019130201302113022130231302413025130261302713028130291303013031130321303313034130351303613037130381303913040130411304213043130441304513046130471304813049130501305113052130531305413055130561305713058130591306013061130621306313064130651306613067130681306913070130711307213073130741307513076130771307813079130801308113082130831308413085130861308713088130891309013091130921309313094130951309613097130981309913100131011310213103131041310513106131071310813109131101311113112131131311413115131161311713118131191312013121131221312313124131251312613127131281312913130131311313213133131341313513136131371313813139131401314113142131431314413145131461314713148131491315013151131521315313154131551315613157131581315913160131611316213163131641316513166131671316813169131701317113172131731317413175131761317713178131791318013181131821318313184131851318613187131881318913190131911319213193131941319513196131971319813199132001320113202132031320413205132061320713208132091321013211132121321313214132151321613217132181321913220132211322213223132241322513226132271322813229132301323113232132331323413235132361323713238132391324013241132421324313244132451324613247132481324913250132511325213253132541325513256132571325813259132601326113262132631326413265132661326713268132691327013271132721327313274132751327613277132781327913280132811328213283132841328513286132871328813289132901329113292132931329413295132961329713298132991330013301133021330313304133051330613307133081330913310133111331213313133141331513316133171331813319133201332113322133231332413325133261332713328133291333013331133321333313334133351333613337133381333913340133411334213343133441334513346133471334813349133501335113352133531335413355133561335713358133591336013361133621336313364133651336613367133681336913370133711337213373133741337513376133771337813379133801338113382133831338413385133861338713388133891339013391133921339313394133951339613397133981339913400134011340213403134041340513406134071340813409134101341113412134131341413415134161341713418134191342013421134221342313424134251342613427134281342913430134311343213433134341343513436134371343813439134401344113442134431344413445134461344713448134491345013451134521345313454134551345613457134581345913460134611346213463134641346513466134671346813469134701347113472134731347413475134761347713478134791348013481134821348313484134851348613487134881348913490134911349213493134941349513496134971349813499135001350113502135031350413505135061350713508135091351013511135121351313514135151351613517135181351913520135211352213523135241352513526135271352813529135301353113532135331353413535135361353713538135391354013541135421354313544135451354613547135481354913550135511355213553135541355513556135571355813559135601356113562135631356413565135661356713568135691357013571135721357313574135751357613577135781357913580135811358213583135841358513586135871358813589135901359113592135931359413595135961359713598135991360013601136021360313604136051360613607136081360913610136111361213613136141361513616136171361813619136201362113622136231362413625136261362713628136291363013631136321363313634136351363613637136381363913640136411364213643136441364513646136471364813649136501365113652136531365413655136561365713658136591366013661136621366313664136651366613667136681366913670136711367213673136741367513676136771367813679136801368113682136831368413685136861368713688136891369013691136921369313694136951369613697136981369913700137011370213703137041370513706137071370813709137101371113712137131371413715137161371713718137191372013721137221372313724137251372613727137281372913730137311373213733137341373513736137371373813739137401374113742137431374413745137461374713748137491375013751137521375313754137551375613757137581375913760137611376213763137641376513766137671376813769137701377113772137731377413775137761377713778137791378013781137821378313784137851378613787137881378913790137911379213793137941379513796137971379813799138001380113802138031380413805138061380713808138091381013811138121381313814138151381613817138181381913820138211382213823138241382513826138271382813829138301383113832138331383413835138361383713838138391384013841138421384313844138451384613847138481384913850138511385213853138541385513856138571385813859138601386113862138631386413865138661386713868138691387013871138721387313874138751387613877138781387913880138811388213883138841388513886138871388813889138901389113892138931389413895138961389713898138991390013901139021390313904139051390613907139081390913910139111391213913139141391513916139171391813919139201392113922139231392413925139261392713928139291393013931139321393313934139351393613937139381393913940139411394213943139441394513946139471394813949139501395113952139531395413955139561395713958139591396013961139621396313964139651396613967139681396913970139711397213973139741397513976139771397813979139801398113982139831398413985139861398713988139891399013991139921399313994139951399613997139981399914000140011400214003140041400514006140071400814009140101401114012140131401414015140161401714018140191402014021140221402314024140251402614027140281402914030140311403214033140341403514036140371403814039140401404114042140431404414045140461404714048140491405014051140521405314054140551405614057140581405914060140611406214063140641406514066140671406814069140701407114072140731407414075140761407714078140791408014081140821408314084140851408614087140881408914090140911409214093140941409514096140971409814099141001410114102141031410414105141061410714108141091411014111141121411314114141151411614117141181411914120141211412214123141241412514126141271412814129141301413114132141331413414135141361413714138141391414014141141421414314144141451414614147141481414914150141511415214153141541415514156141571415814159141601416114162141631416414165141661416714168141691417014171141721417314174141751417614177141781417914180141811418214183141841418514186141871418814189141901419114192141931419414195141961419714198141991420014201142021420314204142051420614207142081420914210142111421214213142141421514216142171421814219142201422114222142231422414225142261422714228142291423014231142321423314234142351423614237142381423914240142411424214243142441424514246142471424814249142501425114252142531425414255142561425714258142591426014261142621426314264142651426614267142681426914270142711427214273142741427514276142771427814279142801428114282142831428414285142861428714288142891429014291142921429314294142951429614297142981429914300143011430214303143041430514306143071430814309143101431114312143131431414315143161431714318143191432014321143221432314324143251432614327143281432914330143311433214333143341433514336143371433814339143401434114342143431434414345143461434714348143491435014351143521435314354143551435614357143581435914360143611436214363143641436514366143671436814369143701437114372143731437414375143761437714378143791438014381143821438314384143851438614387143881438914390143911439214393143941439514396143971439814399144001440114402144031440414405144061440714408144091441014411144121441314414144151441614417144181441914420144211442214423144241442514426144271442814429144301443114432144331443414435144361443714438144391444014441144421444314444144451444614447144481444914450144511445214453144541445514456144571445814459144601446114462144631446414465144661446714468144691447014471144721447314474144751447614477144781447914480144811448214483144841448514486144871448814489144901449114492144931449414495144961449714498144991450014501145021450314504145051450614507145081450914510145111451214513145141451514516145171451814519145201452114522145231452414525145261452714528145291453014531145321453314534145351453614537145381453914540145411454214543145441454514546145471454814549145501455114552145531455414555145561455714558145591456014561145621456314564145651456614567145681456914570145711457214573145741457514576145771457814579145801458114582145831458414585145861458714588145891459014591145921459314594145951459614597145981459914600146011460214603146041460514606146071460814609146101461114612146131461414615146161461714618146191462014621146221462314624146251462614627146281462914630146311463214633146341463514636146371463814639146401464114642146431464414645146461464714648146491465014651146521465314654146551465614657146581465914660146611466214663146641466514666146671466814669146701467114672146731467414675146761467714678146791468014681146821468314684146851468614687146881468914690146911469214693146941469514696146971469814699147001470114702147031470414705147061470714708147091471014711147121471314714147151471614717147181471914720147211472214723147241472514726147271472814729147301473114732147331473414735147361473714738147391474014741147421474314744147451474614747147481474914750147511475214753147541475514756147571475814759147601476114762147631476414765147661476714768147691477014771147721477314774147751477614777147781477914780147811478214783147841478514786147871478814789147901479114792147931479414795147961479714798147991480014801148021480314804148051480614807148081480914810148111481214813148141481514816148171481814819148201482114822148231482414825148261482714828148291483014831148321483314834148351483614837148381483914840148411484214843148441484514846148471484814849148501485114852148531485414855148561485714858148591486014861148621486314864148651486614867148681486914870148711487214873148741487514876148771487814879148801488114882148831488414885148861488714888148891489014891148921489314894148951489614897148981489914900149011490214903149041490514906149071490814909149101491114912149131491414915149161491714918149191492014921149221492314924149251492614927149281492914930149311493214933149341493514936149371493814939149401494114942149431494414945149461494714948149491495014951149521495314954149551495614957149581495914960149611496214963149641496514966149671496814969149701497114972149731497414975149761497714978149791498014981149821498314984149851498614987149881498914990149911499214993149941499514996149971499814999150001500115002150031500415005150061500715008150091501015011150121501315014150151501615017150181501915020150211502215023150241502515026150271502815029150301503115032150331503415035150361503715038150391504015041150421504315044150451504615047150481504915050150511505215053150541505515056150571505815059150601506115062150631506415065150661506715068150691507015071150721507315074150751507615077150781507915080150811508215083150841508515086150871508815089150901509115092150931509415095150961509715098150991510015101151021510315104151051510615107151081510915110151111511215113151141511515116151171511815119151201512115122151231512415125151261512715128151291513015131151321513315134151351513615137151381513915140151411514215143151441514515146151471514815149151501515115152151531515415155151561515715158151591516015161151621516315164151651516615167151681516915170151711517215173151741517515176151771517815179151801518115182151831518415185151861518715188151891519015191151921519315194151951519615197151981519915200152011520215203152041520515206152071520815209152101521115212152131521415215152161521715218152191522015221152221522315224152251522615227152281522915230152311523215233152341523515236152371523815239152401524115242152431524415245152461524715248152491525015251152521525315254152551525615257152581525915260152611526215263152641526515266152671526815269152701527115272152731527415275152761527715278152791528015281152821528315284152851528615287152881528915290152911529215293152941529515296152971529815299153001530115302153031530415305153061530715308153091531015311153121531315314153151531615317153181531915320153211532215323153241532515326153271532815329153301533115332153331533415335153361533715338153391534015341153421534315344153451534615347153481534915350153511535215353153541535515356153571535815359153601536115362153631536415365153661536715368153691537015371153721537315374153751537615377153781537915380153811538215383153841538515386153871538815389153901539115392153931539415395153961539715398153991540015401154021540315404154051540615407154081540915410154111541215413154141541515416154171541815419154201542115422154231542415425154261542715428154291543015431154321543315434154351543615437154381543915440154411544215443154441544515446154471544815449154501545115452154531545415455154561545715458154591546015461154621546315464154651546615467154681546915470154711547215473154741547515476154771547815479154801548115482154831548415485154861548715488154891549015491154921549315494154951549615497154981549915500155011550215503155041550515506155071550815509155101551115512155131551415515155161551715518155191552015521155221552315524155251552615527155281552915530155311553215533155341553515536155371553815539155401554115542155431554415545155461554715548155491555015551155521555315554155551555615557155581555915560155611556215563155641556515566155671556815569155701557115572155731557415575155761557715578155791558015581155821558315584155851558615587155881558915590155911559215593155941559515596155971559815599156001560115602156031560415605156061560715608156091561015611156121561315614156151561615617156181561915620156211562215623156241562515626156271562815629156301563115632156331563415635156361563715638156391564015641156421564315644156451564615647156481564915650156511565215653156541565515656156571565815659156601566115662156631566415665156661566715668156691567015671156721567315674156751567615677156781567915680156811568215683156841568515686156871568815689156901569115692156931569415695156961569715698156991570015701157021570315704157051570615707157081570915710157111571215713157141571515716157171571815719157201572115722157231572415725157261572715728157291573015731157321573315734157351573615737157381573915740157411574215743157441574515746157471574815749157501575115752157531575415755157561575715758157591576015761157621576315764157651576615767157681576915770157711577215773157741577515776157771577815779157801578115782157831578415785157861578715788157891579015791157921579315794157951579615797157981579915800158011580215803158041580515806158071580815809158101581115812158131581415815158161581715818158191582015821158221582315824158251582615827158281582915830158311583215833158341583515836158371583815839158401584115842158431584415845158461584715848158491585015851158521585315854158551585615857158581585915860158611586215863158641586515866158671586815869158701587115872158731587415875158761587715878158791588015881158821588315884158851588615887158881588915890158911589215893158941589515896158971589815899159001590115902159031590415905159061590715908159091591015911159121591315914159151591615917159181591915920159211592215923159241592515926159271592815929159301593115932159331593415935159361593715938159391594015941159421594315944159451594615947159481594915950159511595215953159541595515956159571595815959159601596115962159631596415965159661596715968159691597015971159721597315974159751597615977159781597915980159811598215983159841598515986159871598815989159901599115992159931599415995159961599715998159991600016001160021600316004160051600616007160081600916010160111601216013160141601516016160171601816019160201602116022160231602416025160261602716028160291603016031160321603316034160351603616037160381603916040160411604216043160441604516046160471604816049160501605116052160531605416055160561605716058160591606016061160621606316064160651606616067160681606916070160711607216073160741607516076160771607816079160801608116082160831608416085160861608716088160891609016091160921609316094160951609616097160981609916100161011610216103161041610516106161071610816109161101611116112161131611416115161161611716118161191612016121161221612316124161251612616127161281612916130161311613216133161341613516136161371613816139161401614116142161431614416145161461614716148161491615016151161521615316154161551615616157161581615916160161611616216163161641616516166161671616816169161701617116172161731617416175161761617716178161791618016181161821618316184161851618616187161881618916190161911619216193161941619516196161971619816199162001620116202162031620416205162061620716208162091621016211162121621316214162151621616217162181621916220162211622216223162241622516226162271622816229162301623116232162331623416235162361623716238162391624016241162421624316244162451624616247162481624916250162511625216253162541625516256162571625816259162601626116262162631626416265162661626716268162691627016271162721627316274162751627616277162781627916280162811628216283162841628516286162871628816289162901629116292162931629416295162961629716298162991630016301163021630316304163051630616307163081630916310163111631216313163141631516316163171631816319163201632116322163231632416325163261632716328163291633016331163321633316334163351633616337163381633916340163411634216343163441634516346163471634816349163501635116352163531635416355163561635716358163591636016361163621636316364163651636616367163681636916370163711637216373163741637516376163771637816379163801638116382163831638416385163861638716388163891639016391163921639316394163951639616397163981639916400164011640216403164041640516406164071640816409164101641116412164131641416415164161641716418164191642016421164221642316424164251642616427164281642916430164311643216433164341643516436164371643816439164401644116442164431644416445164461644716448164491645016451164521645316454164551645616457164581645916460164611646216463164641646516466164671646816469164701647116472164731647416475164761647716478164791648016481164821648316484164851648616487164881648916490164911649216493164941649516496164971649816499165001650116502165031650416505165061650716508165091651016511165121651316514165151651616517165181651916520165211652216523165241652516526165271652816529165301653116532165331653416535165361653716538165391654016541165421654316544165451654616547165481654916550165511655216553165541655516556165571655816559165601656116562165631656416565165661656716568165691657016571165721657316574165751657616577165781657916580165811658216583165841658516586165871658816589165901659116592165931659416595165961659716598165991660016601166021660316604166051660616607166081660916610166111661216613166141661516616166171661816619166201662116622166231662416625166261662716628166291663016631166321663316634166351663616637166381663916640166411664216643166441664516646166471664816649166501665116652166531665416655166561665716658166591666016661166621666316664166651666616667166681666916670166711667216673166741667516676166771667816679166801668116682166831668416685166861668716688166891669016691166921669316694166951669616697166981669916700167011670216703167041670516706167071670816709167101671116712167131671416715167161671716718167191672016721167221672316724167251672616727167281672916730167311673216733167341673516736167371673816739167401674116742167431674416745167461674716748167491675016751167521675316754167551675616757167581675916760167611676216763167641676516766167671676816769167701677116772167731677416775167761677716778167791678016781167821678316784167851678616787167881678916790167911679216793167941679516796167971679816799168001680116802168031680416805168061680716808168091681016811168121681316814168151681616817168181681916820168211682216823168241682516826168271682816829168301683116832168331683416835168361683716838168391684016841168421684316844168451684616847168481684916850168511685216853168541685516856168571685816859168601686116862168631686416865168661686716868168691687016871168721687316874168751687616877168781687916880168811688216883168841688516886168871688816889168901689116892168931689416895168961689716898168991690016901169021690316904169051690616907169081690916910169111691216913169141691516916169171691816919169201692116922169231692416925169261692716928169291693016931169321693316934169351693616937169381693916940169411694216943169441694516946169471694816949169501695116952169531695416955169561695716958169591696016961169621696316964169651696616967169681696916970169711697216973169741697516976169771697816979169801698116982169831698416985169861698716988169891699016991169921699316994169951699616997169981699917000170011700217003170041700517006170071700817009170101701117012170131701417015170161701717018170191702017021170221702317024170251702617027170281702917030170311703217033170341703517036170371703817039170401704117042170431704417045170461704717048170491705017051170521705317054170551705617057170581705917060170611706217063170641706517066170671706817069170701707117072170731707417075170761707717078170791708017081170821708317084170851708617087170881708917090170911709217093170941709517096170971709817099171001710117102171031710417105171061710717108171091711017111171121711317114171151711617117171181711917120171211712217123171241712517126171271712817129171301713117132171331713417135171361713717138171391714017141171421714317144171451714617147171481714917150171511715217153171541715517156171571715817159171601716117162171631716417165171661716717168171691717017171171721717317174171751717617177171781717917180171811718217183171841718517186171871718817189171901719117192171931719417195171961719717198171991720017201172021720317204172051720617207172081720917210172111721217213172141721517216172171721817219172201722117222172231722417225172261722717228172291723017231172321723317234172351723617237172381723917240172411724217243172441724517246172471724817249172501725117252172531725417255172561725717258172591726017261172621726317264172651726617267172681726917270172711727217273172741727517276172771727817279172801728117282172831728417285172861728717288172891729017291172921729317294172951729617297172981729917300173011730217303173041730517306173071730817309173101731117312173131731417315173161731717318173191732017321173221732317324173251732617327173281732917330173311733217333173341733517336173371733817339173401734117342173431734417345173461734717348173491735017351173521735317354173551735617357173581735917360173611736217363173641736517366173671736817369173701737117372173731737417375173761737717378173791738017381173821738317384173851738617387173881738917390173911739217393173941739517396173971739817399174001740117402174031740417405174061740717408174091741017411174121741317414174151741617417174181741917420174211742217423174241742517426174271742817429174301743117432174331743417435174361743717438174391744017441174421744317444174451744617447174481744917450174511745217453174541745517456174571745817459174601746117462174631746417465174661746717468174691747017471174721747317474174751747617477174781747917480174811748217483174841748517486174871748817489174901749117492174931749417495174961749717498174991750017501175021750317504175051750617507175081750917510175111751217513175141751517516175171751817519175201752117522175231752417525175261752717528175291753017531175321753317534175351753617537175381753917540175411754217543175441754517546175471754817549175501755117552175531755417555175561755717558175591756017561175621756317564175651756617567175681756917570175711757217573175741757517576175771757817579175801758117582175831758417585175861758717588175891759017591175921759317594175951759617597175981759917600176011760217603176041760517606176071760817609176101761117612176131761417615176161761717618176191762017621176221762317624176251762617627176281762917630176311763217633176341763517636176371763817639176401764117642176431764417645176461764717648176491765017651176521765317654176551765617657176581765917660176611766217663176641766517666176671766817669176701767117672176731767417675176761767717678176791768017681176821768317684176851768617687176881768917690176911769217693176941769517696176971769817699177001770117702177031770417705177061770717708177091771017711177121771317714177151771617717177181771917720177211772217723177241772517726177271772817729177301773117732177331773417735177361773717738177391774017741177421774317744177451774617747177481774917750177511775217753177541775517756177571775817759177601776117762177631776417765177661776717768177691777017771177721777317774177751777617777177781777917780177811778217783177841778517786177871778817789177901779117792177931779417795177961779717798177991780017801178021780317804178051780617807178081780917810178111781217813178141781517816178171781817819178201782117822178231782417825178261782717828178291783017831178321783317834178351783617837178381783917840178411784217843178441784517846178471784817849178501785117852178531785417855178561785717858178591786017861178621786317864178651786617867178681786917870178711787217873178741787517876178771787817879178801788117882178831788417885178861788717888178891789017891178921789317894178951789617897178981789917900179011790217903179041790517906179071790817909179101791117912179131791417915179161791717918179191792017921179221792317924179251792617927179281792917930179311793217933179341793517936179371793817939179401794117942179431794417945179461794717948179491795017951179521795317954179551795617957179581795917960179611796217963179641796517966179671796817969179701797117972179731797417975179761797717978179791798017981179821798317984179851798617987179881798917990179911799217993179941799517996179971799817999180001800118002180031800418005180061800718008180091801018011180121801318014180151801618017180181801918020180211802218023180241802518026180271802818029180301803118032180331803418035180361803718038180391804018041180421804318044180451804618047180481804918050180511805218053180541805518056180571805818059180601806118062180631806418065180661806718068180691807018071180721807318074180751807618077180781807918080180811808218083180841808518086180871808818089180901809118092180931809418095180961809718098180991810018101181021810318104181051810618107181081810918110181111811218113181141811518116181171811818119181201812118122181231812418125181261812718128181291813018131181321813318134181351813618137181381813918140181411814218143181441814518146181471814818149181501815118152181531815418155181561815718158181591816018161181621816318164181651816618167181681816918170181711817218173181741817518176181771817818179181801818118182181831818418185181861818718188181891819018191181921819318194181951819618197181981819918200182011820218203182041820518206182071820818209182101821118212182131821418215182161821718218182191822018221182221822318224182251822618227182281822918230182311823218233182341823518236182371823818239182401824118242182431824418245182461824718248182491825018251182521825318254182551825618257182581825918260182611826218263182641826518266182671826818269182701827118272182731827418275182761827718278182791828018281182821828318284182851828618287182881828918290182911829218293182941829518296182971829818299183001830118302183031830418305183061830718308183091831018311183121831318314183151831618317183181831918320183211832218323183241832518326183271832818329183301833118332183331833418335183361833718338183391834018341183421834318344183451834618347183481834918350183511835218353183541835518356183571835818359183601836118362183631836418365183661836718368183691837018371183721837318374183751837618377183781837918380183811838218383183841838518386183871838818389183901839118392183931839418395183961839718398183991840018401184021840318404184051840618407184081840918410184111841218413184141841518416184171841818419184201842118422184231842418425184261842718428184291843018431184321843318434184351843618437184381843918440184411844218443184441844518446184471844818449184501845118452184531845418455184561845718458184591846018461184621846318464184651846618467184681846918470184711847218473184741847518476184771847818479184801848118482184831848418485184861848718488184891849018491184921849318494184951849618497184981849918500185011850218503185041850518506185071850818509185101851118512185131851418515185161851718518185191852018521185221852318524185251852618527185281852918530185311853218533185341853518536185371853818539185401854118542185431854418545185461854718548185491855018551185521855318554185551855618557185581855918560185611856218563185641856518566185671856818569185701857118572185731857418575185761857718578185791858018581185821858318584185851858618587185881858918590185911859218593185941859518596185971859818599186001860118602186031860418605186061860718608186091861018611186121861318614186151861618617186181861918620186211862218623186241862518626186271862818629186301863118632186331863418635186361863718638186391864018641186421864318644186451864618647186481864918650186511865218653186541865518656186571865818659186601866118662186631866418665186661866718668186691867018671186721867318674186751867618677186781867918680186811868218683186841868518686186871868818689186901869118692186931869418695186961869718698186991870018701187021870318704187051870618707187081870918710187111871218713187141871518716187171871818719187201872118722187231872418725187261872718728187291873018731187321873318734187351873618737187381873918740187411874218743187441874518746187471874818749187501875118752187531875418755187561875718758187591876018761187621876318764187651876618767187681876918770187711877218773187741877518776187771877818779187801878118782187831878418785187861878718788187891879018791187921879318794187951879618797187981879918800188011880218803188041880518806188071880818809188101881118812188131881418815188161881718818188191882018821188221882318824188251882618827188281882918830188311883218833188341883518836188371883818839188401884118842188431884418845188461884718848188491885018851188521885318854188551885618857188581885918860188611886218863188641886518866188671886818869188701887118872188731887418875188761887718878188791888018881188821888318884188851888618887188881888918890188911889218893188941889518896188971889818899189001890118902189031890418905189061890718908189091891018911189121891318914189151891618917189181891918920189211892218923189241892518926189271892818929189301893118932189331893418935189361893718938189391894018941189421894318944189451894618947189481894918950189511895218953189541895518956189571895818959189601896118962189631896418965189661896718968189691897018971189721897318974189751897618977189781897918980189811898218983189841898518986189871898818989189901899118992189931899418995189961899718998189991900019001190021900319004190051900619007190081900919010190111901219013190141901519016190171901819019190201902119022190231902419025190261902719028190291903019031190321903319034190351903619037190381903919040190411904219043190441904519046190471904819049190501905119052190531905419055190561905719058190591906019061190621906319064190651906619067190681906919070190711907219073190741907519076190771907819079190801908119082190831908419085190861908719088190891909019091190921909319094190951909619097190981909919100191011910219103191041910519106191071910819109191101911119112191131911419115191161911719118191191912019121191221912319124191251912619127191281912919130191311913219133191341913519136191371913819139191401914119142191431914419145191461914719148191491915019151191521915319154191551915619157191581915919160191611916219163191641916519166191671916819169191701917119172191731917419175191761917719178191791918019181191821918319184191851918619187191881918919190191911919219193191941919519196191971919819199192001920119202192031920419205192061920719208192091921019211192121921319214192151921619217192181921919220192211922219223192241922519226192271922819229192301923119232192331923419235192361923719238192391924019241192421924319244192451924619247192481924919250192511925219253192541925519256192571925819259192601926119262192631926419265192661926719268192691927019271192721927319274192751927619277192781927919280192811928219283192841928519286192871928819289192901929119292192931929419295192961929719298192991930019301193021930319304193051930619307193081930919310193111931219313193141931519316193171931819319193201932119322193231932419325193261932719328193291933019331193321933319334193351933619337193381933919340193411934219343193441934519346193471934819349193501935119352193531935419355193561935719358193591936019361193621936319364193651936619367193681936919370193711937219373193741937519376193771937819379193801938119382193831938419385193861938719388193891939019391193921939319394193951939619397193981939919400194011940219403194041940519406194071940819409194101941119412194131941419415194161941719418194191942019421194221942319424194251942619427194281942919430194311943219433194341943519436194371943819439194401944119442194431944419445194461944719448194491945019451194521945319454194551945619457194581945919460194611946219463194641946519466194671946819469194701947119472194731947419475194761947719478194791948019481194821948319484194851948619487194881948919490194911949219493194941949519496194971949819499195001950119502195031950419505195061950719508195091951019511195121951319514195151951619517195181951919520195211952219523195241952519526195271952819529195301953119532195331953419535195361953719538195391954019541195421954319544195451954619547195481954919550195511955219553195541955519556195571955819559195601956119562195631956419565195661956719568195691957019571195721957319574195751957619577195781957919580195811958219583195841958519586195871958819589195901959119592195931959419595195961959719598195991960019601196021960319604196051960619607196081960919610196111961219613196141961519616196171961819619196201962119622196231962419625196261962719628196291963019631196321963319634196351963619637196381963919640196411964219643196441964519646196471964819649196501965119652196531965419655196561965719658196591966019661196621966319664196651966619667196681966919670196711967219673196741967519676196771967819679196801968119682196831968419685196861968719688196891969019691196921969319694196951969619697196981969919700197011970219703197041970519706197071970819709197101971119712197131971419715197161971719718197191972019721197221972319724197251972619727197281972919730197311973219733197341973519736197371973819739197401974119742197431974419745197461974719748197491975019751197521975319754197551975619757197581975919760197611976219763197641976519766197671976819769197701977119772197731977419775197761977719778197791978019781197821978319784197851978619787197881978919790197911979219793197941979519796197971979819799198001980119802198031980419805198061980719808198091981019811198121981319814198151981619817198181981919820198211982219823198241982519826198271982819829198301983119832198331983419835198361983719838198391984019841198421984319844198451984619847198481984919850198511985219853198541985519856198571985819859198601986119862198631986419865198661986719868198691987019871198721987319874198751987619877198781987919880198811988219883198841988519886198871988819889198901989119892198931989419895198961989719898198991990019901199021990319904199051990619907199081990919910199111991219913199141991519916199171991819919199201992119922199231992419925199261992719928199291993019931199321993319934199351993619937199381993919940199411994219943199441994519946199471994819949199501995119952199531995419955199561995719958199591996019961199621996319964199651996619967199681996919970199711997219973199741997519976199771997819979199801998119982199831998419985199861998719988199891999019991199921999319994199951999619997199981999920000200012000220003200042000520006200072000820009200102001120012200132001420015200162001720018200192002020021200222002320024200252002620027200282002920030200312003220033200342003520036200372003820039200402004120042200432004420045200462004720048200492005020051200522005320054200552005620057200582005920060200612006220063200642006520066200672006820069200702007120072200732007420075200762007720078200792008020081200822008320084200852008620087200882008920090200912009220093200942009520096200972009820099201002010120102201032010420105201062010720108201092011020111201122011320114201152011620117201182011920120201212012220123201242012520126201272012820129201302013120132201332013420135201362013720138201392014020141201422014320144201452014620147201482014920150201512015220153201542015520156201572015820159201602016120162201632016420165201662016720168201692017020171201722017320174201752017620177201782017920180201812018220183201842018520186201872018820189201902019120192201932019420195201962019720198201992020020201202022020320204202052020620207202082020920210202112021220213202142021520216202172021820219202202022120222202232022420225202262022720228202292023020231202322023320234202352023620237202382023920240202412024220243202442024520246202472024820249202502025120252202532025420255202562025720258202592026020261202622026320264202652026620267202682026920270202712027220273202742027520276202772027820279202802028120282202832028420285202862028720288202892029020291202922029320294202952029620297202982029920300203012030220303203042030520306203072030820309203102031120312203132031420315203162031720318203192032020321203222032320324203252032620327203282032920330203312033220333203342033520336203372033820339203402034120342203432034420345203462034720348203492035020351203522035320354203552035620357203582035920360203612036220363203642036520366203672036820369203702037120372203732037420375203762037720378203792038020381203822038320384203852038620387203882038920390203912039220393203942039520396203972039820399204002040120402204032040420405204062040720408204092041020411204122041320414204152041620417204182041920420204212042220423204242042520426204272042820429204302043120432204332043420435204362043720438204392044020441204422044320444204452044620447204482044920450204512045220453204542045520456204572045820459204602046120462204632046420465204662046720468204692047020471204722047320474204752047620477204782047920480204812048220483204842048520486204872048820489204902049120492204932049420495204962049720498204992050020501205022050320504205052050620507205082050920510205112051220513205142051520516205172051820519205202052120522205232052420525205262052720528205292053020531205322053320534205352053620537205382053920540205412054220543205442054520546205472054820549205502055120552205532055420555205562055720558205592056020561205622056320564205652056620567205682056920570205712057220573205742057520576205772057820579205802058120582205832058420585205862058720588205892059020591205922059320594205952059620597205982059920600206012060220603206042060520606206072060820609206102061120612206132061420615206162061720618206192062020621206222062320624206252062620627206282062920630206312063220633206342063520636206372063820639206402064120642206432064420645206462064720648206492065020651206522065320654206552065620657206582065920660206612066220663206642066520666206672066820669206702067120672206732067420675206762067720678206792068020681206822068320684206852068620687206882068920690206912069220693206942069520696206972069820699207002070120702207032070420705207062070720708207092071020711207122071320714207152071620717207182071920720207212072220723207242072520726207272072820729207302073120732207332073420735207362073720738207392074020741207422074320744207452074620747207482074920750207512075220753207542075520756207572075820759207602076120762207632076420765207662076720768207692077020771207722077320774207752077620777207782077920780207812078220783207842078520786207872078820789207902079120792207932079420795207962079720798207992080020801208022080320804208052080620807208082080920810208112081220813208142081520816208172081820819208202082120822208232082420825208262082720828208292083020831208322083320834208352083620837208382083920840208412084220843208442084520846208472084820849208502085120852208532085420855208562085720858208592086020861208622086320864208652086620867208682086920870208712087220873208742087520876208772087820879208802088120882208832088420885208862088720888208892089020891208922089320894208952089620897208982089920900209012090220903209042090520906209072090820909209102091120912209132091420915209162091720918209192092020921209222092320924209252092620927209282092920930209312093220933209342093520936209372093820939209402094120942209432094420945209462094720948209492095020951209522095320954209552095620957209582095920960209612096220963209642096520966209672096820969209702097120972209732097420975209762097720978209792098020981209822098320984209852098620987209882098920990209912099220993209942099520996209972099820999210002100121002210032100421005210062100721008210092101021011210122101321014210152101621017210182101921020210212102221023210242102521026210272102821029210302103121032210332103421035210362103721038210392104021041210422104321044210452104621047210482104921050210512105221053210542105521056210572105821059210602106121062210632106421065210662106721068210692107021071210722107321074210752107621077210782107921080210812108221083210842108521086210872108821089210902109121092210932109421095210962109721098210992110021101211022110321104211052110621107211082110921110211112111221113211142111521116211172111821119211202112121122211232112421125211262112721128211292113021131211322113321134211352113621137211382113921140211412114221143211442114521146211472114821149211502115121152211532115421155211562115721158211592116021161211622116321164211652116621167211682116921170211712117221173211742117521176211772117821179211802118121182211832118421185211862118721188211892119021191211922119321194211952119621197211982119921200212012120221203212042120521206212072120821209212102121121212212132121421215212162121721218212192122021221212222122321224212252122621227212282122921230212312123221233212342123521236212372123821239212402124121242212432124421245212462124721248212492125021251212522125321254212552125621257212582125921260212612126221263212642126521266212672126821269212702127121272212732127421275212762127721278212792128021281212822128321284212852128621287212882128921290212912129221293212942129521296212972129821299213002130121302213032130421305213062130721308213092131021311213122131321314213152131621317213182131921320213212132221323213242132521326213272132821329213302133121332213332133421335213362133721338213392134021341213422134321344213452134621347213482134921350213512135221353213542135521356213572135821359213602136121362213632136421365213662136721368213692137021371213722137321374213752137621377213782137921380213812138221383213842138521386213872138821389213902139121392213932139421395213962139721398213992140021401214022140321404214052140621407214082140921410214112141221413214142141521416214172141821419214202142121422214232142421425214262142721428214292143021431214322143321434214352143621437214382143921440214412144221443214442144521446214472144821449214502145121452214532145421455214562145721458214592146021461214622146321464214652146621467214682146921470214712147221473214742147521476214772147821479214802148121482214832148421485214862148721488214892149021491214922149321494214952149621497214982149921500215012150221503215042150521506215072150821509215102151121512215132151421515215162151721518215192152021521215222152321524215252152621527215282152921530215312153221533215342153521536215372153821539215402154121542215432154421545215462154721548215492155021551215522155321554215552155621557215582155921560215612156221563215642156521566215672156821569215702157121572215732157421575215762157721578215792158021581215822158321584215852158621587215882158921590215912159221593215942159521596215972159821599216002160121602216032160421605216062160721608216092161021611216122161321614216152161621617216182161921620216212162221623216242162521626216272162821629216302163121632216332163421635216362163721638216392164021641216422164321644216452164621647216482164921650216512165221653216542165521656216572165821659216602166121662216632166421665216662166721668216692167021671216722167321674216752167621677216782167921680216812168221683216842168521686216872168821689216902169121692216932169421695216962169721698216992170021701217022170321704217052170621707217082170921710217112171221713217142171521716217172171821719217202172121722217232172421725217262172721728217292173021731217322173321734217352173621737217382173921740217412174221743217442174521746217472174821749217502175121752217532175421755217562175721758217592176021761217622176321764217652176621767217682176921770217712177221773217742177521776217772177821779217802178121782217832178421785217862178721788217892179021791217922179321794217952179621797217982179921800218012180221803218042180521806218072180821809218102181121812218132181421815218162181721818218192182021821218222182321824218252182621827218282182921830218312183221833218342183521836218372183821839218402184121842218432184421845218462184721848218492185021851218522185321854218552185621857218582185921860218612186221863218642186521866218672186821869218702187121872218732187421875218762187721878218792188021881218822188321884218852188621887218882188921890218912189221893218942189521896218972189821899219002190121902219032190421905219062190721908219092191021911219122191321914219152191621917219182191921920219212192221923219242192521926219272192821929219302193121932219332193421935219362193721938219392194021941219422194321944219452194621947219482194921950219512195221953219542195521956219572195821959219602196121962219632196421965219662196721968219692197021971219722197321974219752197621977219782197921980219812198221983219842198521986219872198821989219902199121992219932199421995219962199721998219992200022001220022200322004220052200622007220082200922010220112201222013220142201522016220172201822019220202202122022220232202422025220262202722028220292203022031220322203322034220352203622037220382203922040220412204222043220442204522046220472204822049220502205122052220532205422055220562205722058220592206022061220622206322064220652206622067220682206922070220712207222073220742207522076220772207822079220802208122082220832208422085220862208722088220892209022091220922209322094220952209622097220982209922100221012210222103221042210522106221072210822109221102211122112221132211422115221162211722118221192212022121221222212322124221252212622127221282212922130221312213222133221342213522136221372213822139221402214122142221432214422145221462214722148221492215022151221522215322154221552215622157221582215922160221612216222163221642216522166221672216822169221702217122172221732217422175221762217722178221792218022181221822218322184221852218622187221882218922190221912219222193221942219522196221972219822199222002220122202222032220422205222062220722208222092221022211222122221322214222152221622217222182221922220222212222222223222242222522226222272222822229222302223122232222332223422235222362223722238222392224022241222422224322244222452224622247222482224922250222512225222253222542225522256222572225822259222602226122262222632226422265222662226722268222692227022271222722227322274222752227622277222782227922280222812228222283222842228522286222872228822289222902229122292222932229422295222962229722298222992230022301223022230322304223052230622307223082230922310223112231222313223142231522316223172231822319223202232122322223232232422325223262232722328223292233022331223322233322334223352233622337223382233922340223412234222343223442234522346223472234822349223502235122352223532235422355223562235722358223592236022361223622236322364223652236622367223682236922370223712237222373223742237522376223772237822379223802238122382223832238422385223862238722388223892239022391223922239322394223952239622397223982239922400224012240222403224042240522406224072240822409224102241122412224132241422415224162241722418224192242022421224222242322424224252242622427224282242922430224312243222433224342243522436224372243822439224402244122442224432244422445224462244722448224492245022451224522245322454224552245622457224582245922460224612246222463224642246522466224672246822469224702247122472224732247422475224762247722478224792248022481224822248322484224852248622487224882248922490224912249222493224942249522496224972249822499225002250122502225032250422505225062250722508225092251022511225122251322514225152251622517225182251922520225212252222523225242252522526225272252822529225302253122532225332253422535225362253722538225392254022541225422254322544225452254622547225482254922550225512255222553225542255522556225572255822559225602256122562225632256422565225662256722568225692257022571225722257322574225752257622577225782257922580225812258222583225842258522586225872258822589225902259122592225932259422595225962259722598225992260022601226022260322604226052260622607226082260922610226112261222613226142261522616226172261822619226202262122622226232262422625226262262722628226292263022631226322263322634226352263622637226382263922640226412264222643226442264522646226472264822649226502265122652226532265422655226562265722658226592266022661226622266322664226652266622667226682266922670226712267222673226742267522676226772267822679226802268122682226832268422685226862268722688226892269022691226922269322694226952269622697226982269922700227012270222703227042270522706227072270822709227102271122712227132271422715227162271722718227192272022721227222272322724227252272622727227282272922730227312273222733227342273522736227372273822739227402274122742227432274422745227462274722748227492275022751227522275322754227552275622757227582275922760227612276222763227642276522766227672276822769227702277122772227732277422775227762277722778227792278022781227822278322784227852278622787227882278922790227912279222793227942279522796227972279822799228002280122802228032280422805228062280722808228092281022811228122281322814228152281622817228182281922820228212282222823228242282522826228272282822829228302283122832228332283422835228362283722838228392284022841228422284322844228452284622847228482284922850228512285222853228542285522856228572285822859228602286122862228632286422865228662286722868228692287022871228722287322874228752287622877228782287922880228812288222883228842288522886228872288822889228902289122892228932289422895228962289722898228992290022901229022290322904229052290622907229082290922910229112291222913229142291522916229172291822919229202292122922229232292422925229262292722928229292293022931229322293322934229352293622937229382293922940229412294222943229442294522946229472294822949229502295122952229532295422955229562295722958229592296022961229622296322964229652296622967229682296922970229712297222973229742297522976229772297822979229802298122982229832298422985229862298722988229892299022991229922299322994229952299622997229982299923000230012300223003230042300523006230072300823009230102301123012230132301423015230162301723018230192302023021230222302323024230252302623027230282302923030230312303223033230342303523036230372303823039230402304123042230432304423045230462304723048230492305023051230522305323054230552305623057230582305923060230612306223063230642306523066230672306823069230702307123072230732307423075230762307723078230792308023081230822308323084230852308623087230882308923090230912309223093230942309523096230972309823099231002310123102231032310423105231062310723108231092311023111231122311323114231152311623117231182311923120231212312223123231242312523126231272312823129231302313123132231332313423135231362313723138231392314023141231422314323144231452314623147231482314923150231512315223153231542315523156231572315823159231602316123162231632316423165231662316723168231692317023171231722317323174231752317623177231782317923180231812318223183231842318523186231872318823189231902319123192231932319423195231962319723198231992320023201232022320323204232052320623207232082320923210232112321223213232142321523216232172321823219232202322123222232232322423225232262322723228232292323023231232322323323234232352323623237232382323923240232412324223243232442324523246232472324823249232502325123252232532325423255232562325723258232592326023261232622326323264232652326623267232682326923270232712327223273232742327523276232772327823279232802328123282232832328423285232862328723288232892329023291232922329323294232952329623297232982329923300233012330223303233042330523306233072330823309233102331123312233132331423315233162331723318233192332023321233222332323324233252332623327233282332923330233312333223333233342333523336233372333823339233402334123342233432334423345233462334723348233492335023351233522335323354233552335623357233582335923360233612336223363233642336523366233672336823369233702337123372233732337423375233762337723378233792338023381233822338323384233852338623387233882338923390233912339223393233942339523396233972339823399234002340123402234032340423405234062340723408234092341023411234122341323414234152341623417234182341923420234212342223423234242342523426234272342823429234302343123432234332343423435234362343723438234392344023441234422344323444234452344623447234482344923450234512345223453234542345523456234572345823459234602346123462234632346423465234662346723468234692347023471234722347323474234752347623477234782347923480234812348223483234842348523486234872348823489234902349123492234932349423495234962349723498234992350023501235022350323504235052350623507235082350923510235112351223513235142351523516235172351823519235202352123522235232352423525235262352723528235292353023531235322353323534235352353623537235382353923540235412354223543235442354523546235472354823549235502355123552235532355423555235562355723558235592356023561235622356323564235652356623567235682356923570235712357223573235742357523576235772357823579235802358123582235832358423585235862358723588235892359023591235922359323594235952359623597235982359923600236012360223603236042360523606236072360823609236102361123612236132361423615236162361723618236192362023621236222362323624236252362623627236282362923630236312363223633236342363523636236372363823639236402364123642236432364423645236462364723648236492365023651236522365323654236552365623657236582365923660236612366223663236642366523666236672366823669236702367123672236732367423675236762367723678236792368023681236822368323684236852368623687236882368923690236912369223693236942369523696236972369823699237002370123702237032370423705237062370723708237092371023711237122371323714237152371623717237182371923720237212372223723237242372523726237272372823729237302373123732237332373423735237362373723738237392374023741237422374323744237452374623747237482374923750237512375223753237542375523756237572375823759237602376123762237632376423765237662376723768237692377023771237722377323774237752377623777237782377923780237812378223783237842378523786237872378823789237902379123792237932379423795237962379723798237992380023801238022380323804238052380623807238082380923810238112381223813238142381523816238172381823819238202382123822238232382423825238262382723828238292383023831238322383323834238352383623837238382383923840238412384223843238442384523846238472384823849238502385123852238532385423855238562385723858238592386023861238622386323864238652386623867238682386923870238712387223873238742387523876238772387823879238802388123882238832388423885238862388723888238892389023891238922389323894238952389623897238982389923900239012390223903239042390523906239072390823909239102391123912239132391423915239162391723918239192392023921239222392323924239252392623927239282392923930239312393223933239342393523936239372393823939239402394123942239432394423945239462394723948239492395023951239522395323954239552395623957239582395923960239612396223963239642396523966239672396823969239702397123972239732397423975239762397723978239792398023981239822398323984239852398623987239882398923990239912399223993239942399523996239972399823999240002400124002240032400424005240062400724008240092401024011240122401324014240152401624017240182401924020240212402224023240242402524026240272402824029240302403124032240332403424035240362403724038240392404024041240422404324044240452404624047240482404924050240512405224053240542405524056240572405824059240602406124062240632406424065240662406724068240692407024071240722407324074240752407624077240782407924080240812408224083240842408524086240872408824089240902409124092240932409424095240962409724098240992410024101241022410324104241052410624107241082410924110241112411224113241142411524116241172411824119241202412124122241232412424125241262412724128241292413024131241322413324134241352413624137241382413924140241412414224143241442414524146241472414824149241502415124152241532415424155241562415724158241592416024161241622416324164241652416624167241682416924170241712417224173241742417524176241772417824179241802418124182241832418424185241862418724188241892419024191241922419324194241952419624197241982419924200242012420224203242042420524206242072420824209242102421124212242132421424215242162421724218242192422024221242222422324224242252422624227242282422924230242312423224233242342423524236242372423824239242402424124242242432424424245242462424724248242492425024251242522425324254242552425624257242582425924260242612426224263242642426524266242672426824269242702427124272242732427424275242762427724278242792428024281242822428324284242852428624287242882428924290242912429224293242942429524296242972429824299243002430124302243032430424305243062430724308243092431024311243122431324314243152431624317243182431924320243212432224323243242432524326243272432824329243302433124332243332433424335243362433724338243392434024341243422434324344243452434624347243482434924350243512435224353243542435524356243572435824359243602436124362243632436424365243662436724368243692437024371243722437324374243752437624377243782437924380243812438224383243842438524386243872438824389243902439124392243932439424395243962439724398243992440024401244022440324404244052440624407244082440924410244112441224413244142441524416244172441824419244202442124422244232442424425244262442724428244292443024431244322443324434244352443624437244382443924440244412444224443244442444524446244472444824449244502445124452244532445424455244562445724458244592446024461244622446324464244652446624467244682446924470244712447224473244742447524476244772447824479244802448124482244832448424485244862448724488244892449024491244922449324494244952449624497244982449924500245012450224503245042450524506245072450824509245102451124512245132451424515245162451724518245192452024521245222452324524245252452624527245282452924530245312453224533245342453524536245372453824539245402454124542245432454424545245462454724548245492455024551245522455324554245552455624557245582455924560245612456224563245642456524566245672456824569245702457124572245732457424575245762457724578245792458024581245822458324584245852458624587245882458924590245912459224593245942459524596245972459824599246002460124602246032460424605246062460724608246092461024611246122461324614246152461624617246182461924620246212462224623246242462524626246272462824629246302463124632246332463424635246362463724638246392464024641246422464324644246452464624647246482464924650246512465224653246542465524656246572465824659246602466124662246632466424665246662466724668246692467024671246722467324674246752467624677246782467924680246812468224683246842468524686246872468824689246902469124692246932469424695246962469724698246992470024701247022470324704247052470624707247082470924710247112471224713247142471524716247172471824719247202472124722247232472424725247262472724728247292473024731247322473324734247352473624737247382473924740247412474224743247442474524746247472474824749247502475124752247532475424755247562475724758247592476024761247622476324764247652476624767247682476924770247712477224773247742477524776247772477824779247802478124782247832478424785247862478724788247892479024791247922479324794247952479624797247982479924800248012480224803248042480524806248072480824809248102481124812248132481424815248162481724818248192482024821248222482324824248252482624827248282482924830248312483224833248342483524836248372483824839248402484124842248432484424845248462484724848248492485024851248522485324854248552485624857248582485924860248612486224863248642486524866248672486824869248702487124872248732487424875248762487724878248792488024881248822488324884248852488624887248882488924890248912489224893248942489524896248972489824899249002490124902249032490424905249062490724908249092491024911249122491324914249152491624917249182491924920249212492224923249242492524926249272492824929249302493124932249332493424935249362493724938249392494024941249422494324944249452494624947249482494924950249512495224953249542495524956249572495824959249602496124962249632496424965249662496724968249692497024971249722497324974249752497624977249782497924980249812498224983249842498524986249872498824989249902499124992249932499424995249962499724998249992500025001250022500325004250052500625007250082500925010250112501225013250142501525016250172501825019250202502125022250232502425025250262502725028250292503025031250322503325034250352503625037250382503925040250412504225043250442504525046250472504825049250502505125052250532505425055250562505725058250592506025061250622506325064250652506625067250682506925070250712507225073250742507525076250772507825079250802508125082250832508425085250862508725088250892509025091250922509325094250952509625097250982509925100251012510225103251042510525106251072510825109251102511125112251132511425115251162511725118251192512025121251222512325124251252512625127251282512925130251312513225133251342513525136251372513825139251402514125142251432514425145251462514725148251492515025151251522515325154251552515625157251582515925160251612516225163251642516525166251672516825169251702517125172251732517425175251762517725178251792518025181251822518325184251852518625187251882518925190251912519225193251942519525196251972519825199252002520125202252032520425205252062520725208252092521025211252122521325214252152521625217252182521925220252212522225223252242522525226252272522825229252302523125232252332523425235252362523725238252392524025241252422524325244252452524625247252482524925250252512525225253252542525525256252572525825259252602526125262252632526425265252662526725268252692527025271252722527325274252752527625277252782527925280252812528225283252842528525286252872528825289252902529125292252932529425295252962529725298252992530025301253022530325304253052530625307253082530925310253112531225313253142531525316253172531825319253202532125322253232532425325253262532725328253292533025331253322533325334253352533625337253382533925340253412534225343253442534525346253472534825349253502535125352253532535425355253562535725358253592536025361253622536325364253652536625367253682536925370253712537225373253742537525376253772537825379253802538125382253832538425385253862538725388253892539025391253922539325394253952539625397253982539925400254012540225403254042540525406254072540825409254102541125412254132541425415254162541725418254192542025421254222542325424254252542625427254282542925430254312543225433254342543525436254372543825439254402544125442254432544425445254462544725448254492545025451254522545325454254552545625457254582545925460254612546225463254642546525466254672546825469254702547125472254732547425475254762547725478254792548025481254822548325484254852548625487254882548925490254912549225493254942549525496254972549825499255002550125502255032550425505255062550725508255092551025511255122551325514255152551625517255182551925520255212552225523255242552525526255272552825529255302553125532255332553425535255362553725538255392554025541255422554325544255452554625547255482554925550255512555225553255542555525556255572555825559255602556125562255632556425565255662556725568255692557025571255722557325574255752557625577255782557925580255812558225583255842558525586255872558825589255902559125592255932559425595255962559725598255992560025601256022560325604256052560625607256082560925610256112561225613256142561525616256172561825619256202562125622256232562425625256262562725628256292563025631256322563325634256352563625637256382563925640256412564225643256442564525646256472564825649256502565125652256532565425655256562565725658256592566025661256622566325664256652566625667256682566925670256712567225673256742567525676256772567825679256802568125682256832568425685256862568725688256892569025691256922569325694256952569625697256982569925700257012570225703257042570525706257072570825709257102571125712257132571425715257162571725718257192572025721257222572325724257252572625727257282572925730257312573225733257342573525736257372573825739257402574125742257432574425745257462574725748257492575025751257522575325754257552575625757257582575925760257612576225763257642576525766257672576825769257702577125772257732577425775257762577725778257792578025781257822578325784257852578625787257882578925790257912579225793257942579525796257972579825799258002580125802258032580425805258062580725808258092581025811258122581325814258152581625817258182581925820258212582225823258242582525826258272582825829258302583125832258332583425835258362583725838258392584025841258422584325844258452584625847258482584925850258512585225853258542585525856258572585825859258602586125862258632586425865258662586725868258692587025871258722587325874258752587625877258782587925880258812588225883258842588525886258872588825889258902589125892258932589425895258962589725898258992590025901259022590325904259052590625907259082590925910259112591225913259142591525916259172591825919259202592125922259232592425925259262592725928259292593025931259322593325934259352593625937259382593925940259412594225943259442594525946259472594825949259502595125952259532595425955259562595725958259592596025961259622596325964259652596625967259682596925970259712597225973259742597525976259772597825979259802598125982259832598425985259862598725988259892599025991259922599325994259952599625997259982599926000260012600226003260042600526006260072600826009260102601126012260132601426015260162601726018260192602026021260222602326024260252602626027260282602926030260312603226033260342603526036260372603826039260402604126042260432604426045260462604726048260492605026051260522605326054260552605626057260582605926060260612606226063260642606526066260672606826069260702607126072260732607426075260762607726078260792608026081260822608326084260852608626087260882608926090260912609226093260942609526096260972609826099261002610126102261032610426105261062610726108261092611026111261122611326114261152611626117261182611926120261212612226123261242612526126261272612826129261302613126132261332613426135261362613726138261392614026141261422614326144261452614626147261482614926150261512615226153261542615526156261572615826159261602616126162261632616426165261662616726168261692617026171261722617326174261752617626177261782617926180261812618226183261842618526186261872618826189261902619126192261932619426195261962619726198261992620026201262022620326204262052620626207262082620926210262112621226213262142621526216262172621826219262202622126222262232622426225262262622726228262292623026231262322623326234262352623626237262382623926240262412624226243262442624526246262472624826249262502625126252262532625426255262562625726258262592626026261262622626326264262652626626267262682626926270262712627226273262742627526276262772627826279262802628126282262832628426285262862628726288262892629026291262922629326294262952629626297262982629926300263012630226303263042630526306263072630826309263102631126312263132631426315263162631726318263192632026321263222632326324263252632626327263282632926330263312633226333263342633526336263372633826339263402634126342263432634426345263462634726348263492635026351263522635326354263552635626357263582635926360263612636226363263642636526366263672636826369263702637126372263732637426375263762637726378263792638026381263822638326384263852638626387263882638926390263912639226393263942639526396263972639826399264002640126402264032640426405264062640726408264092641026411264122641326414264152641626417264182641926420264212642226423264242642526426264272642826429264302643126432264332643426435264362643726438264392644026441264422644326444264452644626447264482644926450264512645226453264542645526456264572645826459264602646126462264632646426465264662646726468264692647026471264722647326474264752647626477264782647926480264812648226483264842648526486264872648826489264902649126492264932649426495264962649726498264992650026501265022650326504265052650626507265082650926510265112651226513265142651526516265172651826519265202652126522265232652426525265262652726528265292653026531265322653326534265352653626537265382653926540265412654226543265442654526546265472654826549265502655126552265532655426555265562655726558265592656026561265622656326564265652656626567265682656926570265712657226573265742657526576265772657826579265802658126582265832658426585265862658726588265892659026591265922659326594265952659626597265982659926600266012660226603266042660526606266072660826609266102661126612266132661426615266162661726618266192662026621266222662326624266252662626627266282662926630266312663226633266342663526636266372663826639266402664126642266432664426645266462664726648266492665026651266522665326654266552665626657266582665926660266612666226663266642666526666266672666826669266702667126672266732667426675266762667726678266792668026681266822668326684266852668626687266882668926690266912669226693266942669526696266972669826699267002670126702267032670426705267062670726708267092671026711267122671326714267152671626717267182671926720267212672226723267242672526726267272672826729267302673126732267332673426735267362673726738267392674026741267422674326744267452674626747267482674926750267512675226753267542675526756267572675826759267602676126762267632676426765267662676726768267692677026771267722677326774267752677626777267782677926780267812678226783267842678526786267872678826789267902679126792267932679426795267962679726798267992680026801268022680326804268052680626807268082680926810268112681226813268142681526816268172681826819268202682126822268232682426825268262682726828268292683026831268322683326834268352683626837268382683926840268412684226843268442684526846268472684826849268502685126852268532685426855268562685726858268592686026861268622686326864268652686626867268682686926870268712687226873268742687526876268772687826879268802688126882268832688426885268862688726888268892689026891268922689326894268952689626897268982689926900269012690226903269042690526906269072690826909269102691126912269132691426915269162691726918269192692026921269222692326924269252692626927269282692926930269312693226933269342693526936269372693826939269402694126942269432694426945269462694726948269492695026951269522695326954269552695626957269582695926960269612696226963269642696526966269672696826969269702697126972269732697426975269762697726978269792698026981269822698326984269852698626987269882698926990269912699226993269942699526996269972699826999270002700127002270032700427005270062700727008270092701027011270122701327014270152701627017270182701927020270212702227023270242702527026270272702827029270302703127032270332703427035270362703727038270392704027041270422704327044270452704627047270482704927050270512705227053270542705527056270572705827059270602706127062270632706427065270662706727068270692707027071270722707327074270752707627077270782707927080270812708227083270842708527086270872708827089270902709127092270932709427095270962709727098270992710027101271022710327104271052710627107271082710927110271112711227113271142711527116271172711827119271202712127122271232712427125271262712727128271292713027131271322713327134271352713627137271382713927140271412714227143271442714527146271472714827149271502715127152271532715427155271562715727158271592716027161271622716327164271652716627167271682716927170271712717227173271742717527176271772717827179271802718127182271832718427185271862718727188271892719027191271922719327194271952719627197271982719927200272012720227203272042720527206272072720827209272102721127212272132721427215272162721727218272192722027221272222722327224272252722627227272282722927230272312723227233272342723527236272372723827239272402724127242272432724427245272462724727248272492725027251272522725327254272552725627257272582725927260272612726227263272642726527266272672726827269272702727127272272732727427275272762727727278272792728027281272822728327284272852728627287272882728927290272912729227293272942729527296272972729827299273002730127302273032730427305273062730727308273092731027311273122731327314273152731627317273182731927320273212732227323273242732527326273272732827329273302733127332273332733427335273362733727338273392734027341273422734327344273452734627347273482734927350273512735227353273542735527356273572735827359273602736127362273632736427365273662736727368273692737027371273722737327374273752737627377273782737927380273812738227383273842738527386273872738827389273902739127392273932739427395273962739727398273992740027401274022740327404274052740627407274082740927410274112741227413274142741527416274172741827419274202742127422274232742427425274262742727428274292743027431274322743327434274352743627437274382743927440274412744227443274442744527446274472744827449274502745127452274532745427455274562745727458274592746027461274622746327464274652746627467274682746927470274712747227473274742747527476274772747827479274802748127482274832748427485274862748727488274892749027491274922749327494274952749627497274982749927500275012750227503275042750527506275072750827509275102751127512275132751427515275162751727518275192752027521275222752327524275252752627527275282752927530275312753227533275342753527536275372753827539275402754127542275432754427545275462754727548275492755027551275522755327554275552755627557275582755927560275612756227563275642756527566275672756827569275702757127572275732757427575275762757727578275792758027581275822758327584275852758627587275882758927590275912759227593275942759527596275972759827599276002760127602276032760427605276062760727608276092761027611276122761327614276152761627617276182761927620276212762227623276242762527626276272762827629276302763127632276332763427635276362763727638276392764027641276422764327644276452764627647276482764927650276512765227653276542765527656276572765827659276602766127662276632766427665276662766727668276692767027671276722767327674276752767627677276782767927680276812768227683276842768527686276872768827689276902769127692276932769427695276962769727698276992770027701277022770327704277052770627707277082770927710277112771227713277142771527716277172771827719277202772127722277232772427725277262772727728277292773027731277322773327734277352773627737277382773927740277412774227743277442774527746277472774827749277502775127752277532775427755277562775727758277592776027761277622776327764277652776627767277682776927770277712777227773277742777527776277772777827779277802778127782277832778427785277862778727788277892779027791277922779327794277952779627797277982779927800278012780227803278042780527806278072780827809278102781127812278132781427815278162781727818278192782027821278222782327824278252782627827278282782927830278312783227833278342783527836278372783827839278402784127842278432784427845278462784727848278492785027851278522785327854278552785627857278582785927860278612786227863278642786527866278672786827869278702787127872278732787427875278762787727878278792788027881278822788327884278852788627887278882788927890278912789227893278942789527896278972789827899279002790127902279032790427905279062790727908279092791027911279122791327914279152791627917279182791927920279212792227923279242792527926279272792827929279302793127932279332793427935279362793727938279392794027941279422794327944279452794627947279482794927950279512795227953279542795527956279572795827959279602796127962279632796427965279662796727968279692797027971279722797327974279752797627977279782797927980279812798227983279842798527986279872798827989279902799127992279932799427995279962799727998279992800028001280022800328004280052800628007280082800928010280112801228013280142801528016280172801828019280202802128022280232802428025280262802728028280292803028031280322803328034280352803628037280382803928040280412804228043280442804528046280472804828049280502805128052280532805428055280562805728058280592806028061280622806328064280652806628067280682806928070280712807228073280742807528076280772807828079280802808128082280832808428085280862808728088280892809028091280922809328094280952809628097280982809928100281012810228103281042810528106281072810828109281102811128112281132811428115281162811728118281192812028121281222812328124281252812628127281282812928130281312813228133281342813528136281372813828139281402814128142281432814428145281462814728148281492815028151281522815328154281552815628157281582815928160281612816228163281642816528166281672816828169281702817128172281732817428175281762817728178281792818028181281822818328184281852818628187281882818928190281912819228193281942819528196281972819828199282002820128202282032820428205282062820728208282092821028211282122821328214282152821628217282182821928220282212822228223282242822528226282272822828229282302823128232282332823428235282362823728238282392824028241282422824328244282452824628247282482824928250282512825228253282542825528256282572825828259282602826128262282632826428265282662826728268282692827028271282722827328274282752827628277282782827928280282812828228283282842828528286282872828828289282902829128292282932829428295282962829728298282992830028301283022830328304283052830628307283082830928310283112831228313283142831528316283172831828319283202832128322283232832428325283262832728328283292833028331283322833328334283352833628337283382833928340283412834228343283442834528346283472834828349283502835128352283532835428355283562835728358283592836028361283622836328364283652836628367283682836928370283712837228373283742837528376283772837828379283802838128382283832838428385283862838728388283892839028391283922839328394283952839628397283982839928400284012840228403284042840528406284072840828409284102841128412284132841428415284162841728418284192842028421284222842328424284252842628427284282842928430284312843228433284342843528436284372843828439284402844128442284432844428445284462844728448284492845028451284522845328454284552845628457284582845928460284612846228463284642846528466284672846828469284702847128472284732847428475284762847728478284792848028481284822848328484284852848628487284882848928490284912849228493284942849528496284972849828499285002850128502285032850428505285062850728508285092851028511285122851328514285152851628517285182851928520285212852228523285242852528526285272852828529285302853128532285332853428535285362853728538285392854028541285422854328544285452854628547285482854928550285512855228553285542855528556285572855828559285602856128562285632856428565285662856728568285692857028571285722857328574285752857628577285782857928580285812858228583285842858528586285872858828589285902859128592285932859428595285962859728598285992860028601286022860328604286052860628607286082860928610286112861228613286142861528616286172861828619286202862128622286232862428625286262862728628286292863028631286322863328634286352863628637286382863928640286412864228643286442864528646286472864828649286502865128652286532865428655286562865728658286592866028661286622866328664286652866628667286682866928670286712867228673286742867528676286772867828679286802868128682286832868428685286862868728688286892869028691286922869328694286952869628697286982869928700287012870228703287042870528706287072870828709287102871128712287132871428715287162871728718287192872028721287222872328724287252872628727287282872928730287312873228733287342873528736287372873828739287402874128742287432874428745287462874728748287492875028751287522875328754287552875628757287582875928760287612876228763287642876528766287672876828769287702877128772287732877428775287762877728778287792878028781287822878328784287852878628787287882878928790287912879228793287942879528796287972879828799288002880128802288032880428805288062880728808288092881028811288122881328814288152881628817288182881928820288212882228823288242882528826288272882828829288302883128832288332883428835288362883728838288392884028841288422884328844288452884628847288482884928850288512885228853288542885528856288572885828859288602886128862288632886428865288662886728868288692887028871288722887328874288752887628877288782887928880288812888228883288842888528886288872888828889288902889128892288932889428895288962889728898288992890028901289022890328904289052890628907289082890928910289112891228913289142891528916289172891828919289202892128922289232892428925289262892728928289292893028931289322893328934289352893628937289382893928940289412894228943289442894528946289472894828949289502895128952289532895428955289562895728958289592896028961289622896328964289652896628967289682896928970289712897228973289742897528976289772897828979289802898128982289832898428985289862898728988289892899028991289922899328994289952899628997289982899929000290012900229003290042900529006290072900829009290102901129012290132901429015290162901729018290192902029021290222902329024290252902629027290282902929030290312903229033290342903529036290372903829039290402904129042290432904429045290462904729048290492905029051290522905329054290552905629057290582905929060290612906229063290642906529066290672906829069290702907129072290732907429075290762907729078290792908029081290822908329084290852908629087290882908929090290912909229093290942909529096290972909829099291002910129102291032910429105291062910729108291092911029111291122911329114291152911629117291182911929120291212912229123291242912529126291272912829129291302913129132291332913429135291362913729138291392914029141291422914329144291452914629147291482914929150291512915229153291542915529156291572915829159291602916129162291632916429165291662916729168291692917029171291722917329174291752917629177291782917929180291812918229183291842918529186291872918829189291902919129192291932919429195291962919729198291992920029201292022920329204292052920629207292082920929210292112921229213292142921529216292172921829219292202922129222292232922429225292262922729228292292923029231292322923329234292352923629237292382923929240292412924229243292442924529246292472924829249292502925129252292532925429255292562925729258292592926029261292622926329264292652926629267292682926929270292712927229273292742927529276292772927829279292802928129282292832928429285292862928729288292892929029291292922929329294292952929629297292982929929300293012930229303293042930529306293072930829309293102931129312293132931429315293162931729318293192932029321293222932329324293252932629327293282932929330293312933229333293342933529336293372933829339293402934129342293432934429345293462934729348293492935029351293522935329354293552935629357293582935929360293612936229363293642936529366293672936829369293702937129372293732937429375293762937729378293792938029381293822938329384293852938629387293882938929390293912939229393293942939529396293972939829399294002940129402294032940429405294062940729408294092941029411294122941329414294152941629417294182941929420294212942229423294242942529426294272942829429294302943129432294332943429435294362943729438294392944029441294422944329444294452944629447294482944929450294512945229453294542945529456294572945829459294602946129462294632946429465294662946729468294692947029471294722947329474294752947629477294782947929480294812948229483294842948529486294872948829489294902949129492294932949429495294962949729498294992950029501295022950329504295052950629507295082950929510295112951229513295142951529516295172951829519295202952129522295232952429525295262952729528295292953029531295322953329534295352953629537295382953929540295412954229543295442954529546295472954829549295502955129552295532955429555295562955729558295592956029561295622956329564295652956629567295682956929570295712957229573295742957529576295772957829579295802958129582295832958429585295862958729588295892959029591295922959329594295952959629597295982959929600296012960229603296042960529606296072960829609296102961129612296132961429615296162961729618296192962029621296222962329624296252962629627296282962929630296312963229633296342963529636296372963829639296402964129642296432964429645296462964729648296492965029651296522965329654296552965629657296582965929660296612966229663296642966529666296672966829669296702967129672296732967429675296762967729678296792968029681296822968329684296852968629687296882968929690296912969229693296942969529696296972969829699297002970129702297032970429705297062970729708297092971029711297122971329714297152971629717297182971929720297212972229723297242972529726297272972829729297302973129732297332973429735297362973729738297392974029741297422974329744297452974629747297482974929750297512975229753297542975529756297572975829759297602976129762297632976429765297662976729768297692977029771297722977329774297752977629777297782977929780297812978229783297842978529786297872978829789297902979129792297932979429795297962979729798297992980029801298022980329804298052980629807298082980929810298112981229813298142981529816298172981829819298202982129822298232982429825298262982729828298292983029831298322983329834298352983629837298382983929840298412984229843298442984529846298472984829849298502985129852298532985429855298562985729858298592986029861298622986329864298652986629867298682986929870298712987229873298742987529876298772987829879298802988129882298832988429885298862988729888298892989029891298922989329894298952989629897298982989929900299012990229903299042990529906299072990829909299102991129912299132991429915299162991729918299192992029921299222992329924299252992629927299282992929930299312993229933299342993529936299372993829939299402994129942299432994429945299462994729948299492995029951299522995329954299552995629957299582995929960299612996229963299642996529966299672996829969299702997129972299732997429975299762997729978299792998029981299822998329984299852998629987299882998929990299912999229993299942999529996299972999829999300003000130002300033000430005300063000730008300093001030011300123001330014300153001630017300183001930020300213002230023300243002530026300273002830029300303003130032300333003430035300363003730038300393004030041300423004330044300453004630047300483004930050300513005230053300543005530056300573005830059300603006130062300633006430065300663006730068300693007030071300723007330074300753007630077300783007930080300813008230083300843008530086300873008830089300903009130092300933009430095300963009730098300993010030101301023010330104301053010630107301083010930110301113011230113301143011530116301173011830119301203012130122301233012430125301263012730128301293013030131301323013330134301353013630137301383013930140301413014230143301443014530146301473014830149301503015130152301533015430155301563015730158301593016030161301623016330164301653016630167301683016930170301713017230173301743017530176301773017830179301803018130182301833018430185301863018730188301893019030191301923019330194301953019630197301983019930200302013020230203302043020530206302073020830209302103021130212302133021430215302163021730218302193022030221302223022330224302253022630227302283022930230302313023230233302343023530236302373023830239302403024130242302433024430245302463024730248302493025030251302523025330254302553025630257302583025930260302613026230263302643026530266302673026830269302703027130272302733027430275302763027730278302793028030281302823028330284302853028630287302883028930290302913029230293302943029530296302973029830299303003030130302303033030430305303063030730308303093031030311303123031330314303153031630317303183031930320303213032230323303243032530326303273032830329303303033130332303333033430335303363033730338303393034030341303423034330344303453034630347303483034930350303513035230353303543035530356303573035830359303603036130362303633036430365303663036730368303693037030371303723037330374303753037630377303783037930380303813038230383303843038530386303873038830389303903039130392303933039430395303963039730398303993040030401304023040330404304053040630407304083040930410304113041230413304143041530416304173041830419304203042130422304233042430425304263042730428304293043030431304323043330434304353043630437304383043930440304413044230443304443044530446304473044830449304503045130452304533045430455304563045730458304593046030461304623046330464304653046630467304683046930470304713047230473304743047530476304773047830479304803048130482304833048430485304863048730488304893049030491304923049330494304953049630497304983049930500305013050230503305043050530506305073050830509305103051130512305133051430515305163051730518305193052030521305223052330524305253052630527305283052930530305313053230533305343053530536305373053830539305403054130542305433054430545305463054730548305493055030551305523055330554305553055630557305583055930560305613056230563305643056530566305673056830569305703057130572305733057430575305763057730578305793058030581305823058330584305853058630587305883058930590305913059230593305943059530596305973059830599306003060130602306033060430605306063060730608306093061030611306123061330614306153061630617306183061930620306213062230623306243062530626306273062830629306303063130632306333063430635306363063730638306393064030641306423064330644306453064630647306483064930650306513065230653306543065530656306573065830659306603066130662306633066430665306663066730668306693067030671306723067330674306753067630677306783067930680306813068230683306843068530686306873068830689306903069130692306933069430695306963069730698306993070030701307023070330704307053070630707307083070930710307113071230713307143071530716307173071830719307203072130722307233072430725307263072730728307293073030731307323073330734307353073630737307383073930740307413074230743307443074530746307473074830749307503075130752307533075430755307563075730758307593076030761307623076330764307653076630767307683076930770307713077230773307743077530776307773077830779307803078130782307833078430785307863078730788307893079030791307923079330794307953079630797307983079930800308013080230803308043080530806308073080830809308103081130812308133081430815308163081730818308193082030821308223082330824308253082630827308283082930830308313083230833308343083530836308373083830839308403084130842308433084430845308463084730848308493085030851308523085330854308553085630857308583085930860308613086230863308643086530866308673086830869308703087130872308733087430875308763087730878308793088030881308823088330884308853088630887308883088930890308913089230893308943089530896308973089830899309003090130902309033090430905309063090730908309093091030911309123091330914309153091630917309183091930920309213092230923309243092530926309273092830929309303093130932309333093430935309363093730938309393094030941309423094330944309453094630947309483094930950309513095230953309543095530956309573095830959309603096130962309633096430965309663096730968309693097030971309723097330974309753097630977309783097930980309813098230983309843098530986309873098830989309903099130992309933099430995309963099730998309993100031001310023100331004310053100631007310083100931010310113101231013310143101531016310173101831019310203102131022310233102431025310263102731028310293103031031310323103331034310353103631037310383103931040310413104231043310443104531046310473104831049310503105131052310533105431055310563105731058310593106031061310623106331064310653106631067310683106931070310713107231073310743107531076310773107831079310803108131082310833108431085310863108731088310893109031091310923109331094310953109631097310983109931100311013110231103311043110531106311073110831109311103111131112311133111431115311163111731118311193112031121311223112331124311253112631127311283112931130311313113231133311343113531136311373113831139311403114131142311433114431145311463114731148311493115031151311523115331154311553115631157311583115931160311613116231163311643116531166311673116831169311703117131172311733117431175311763117731178311793118031181311823118331184311853118631187311883118931190311913119231193311943119531196311973119831199312003120131202312033120431205312063120731208312093121031211312123121331214312153121631217312183121931220312213122231223312243122531226312273122831229312303123131232312333123431235312363123731238312393124031241312423124331244312453124631247312483124931250312513125231253312543125531256312573125831259312603126131262312633126431265312663126731268312693127031271312723127331274312753127631277312783127931280312813128231283312843128531286312873128831289312903129131292312933129431295312963129731298312993130031301313023130331304313053130631307313083130931310313113131231313313143131531316313173131831319313203132131322313233132431325313263132731328313293133031331313323133331334313353133631337313383133931340313413134231343313443134531346313473134831349313503135131352313533135431355313563135731358313593136031361313623136331364313653136631367313683136931370313713137231373313743137531376313773137831379313803138131382313833138431385313863138731388313893139031391313923139331394313953139631397313983139931400314013140231403314043140531406314073140831409314103141131412314133141431415314163141731418314193142031421314223142331424314253142631427314283142931430314313143231433314343143531436314373143831439314403144131442314433144431445314463144731448314493145031451314523145331454314553145631457314583145931460314613146231463314643146531466314673146831469314703147131472314733147431475314763147731478314793148031481314823148331484314853148631487314883148931490314913149231493314943149531496314973149831499315003150131502315033150431505315063150731508315093151031511315123151331514315153151631517315183151931520315213152231523315243152531526315273152831529315303153131532315333153431535315363153731538315393154031541315423154331544315453154631547315483154931550315513155231553315543155531556315573155831559315603156131562315633156431565315663156731568315693157031571315723157331574315753157631577315783157931580315813158231583315843158531586315873158831589315903159131592315933159431595315963159731598315993160031601316023160331604316053160631607316083160931610316113161231613316143161531616316173161831619316203162131622316233162431625316263162731628316293163031631316323163331634316353163631637316383163931640316413164231643316443164531646316473164831649316503165131652316533165431655316563165731658316593166031661316623166331664316653166631667316683166931670316713167231673316743167531676316773167831679316803168131682316833168431685316863168731688316893169031691316923169331694316953169631697316983169931700317013170231703317043170531706317073170831709317103171131712317133171431715317163171731718317193172031721317223172331724317253172631727317283172931730317313173231733317343173531736317373173831739317403174131742317433174431745317463174731748317493175031751317523175331754317553175631757317583175931760317613176231763317643176531766317673176831769317703177131772317733177431775317763177731778317793178031781317823178331784317853178631787317883178931790317913179231793317943179531796317973179831799318003180131802318033180431805318063180731808318093181031811318123181331814318153181631817318183181931820318213182231823318243182531826318273182831829318303183131832318333183431835318363183731838318393184031841318423184331844318453184631847318483184931850318513185231853318543185531856318573185831859318603186131862318633186431865318663186731868318693187031871318723187331874318753187631877318783187931880318813188231883318843188531886318873188831889318903189131892318933189431895318963189731898318993190031901319023190331904319053190631907319083190931910319113191231913319143191531916319173191831919319203192131922319233192431925319263192731928319293193031931319323193331934319353193631937319383193931940319413194231943319443194531946319473194831949319503195131952319533195431955319563195731958319593196031961319623196331964319653196631967319683196931970319713197231973319743197531976319773197831979319803198131982319833198431985319863198731988319893199031991319923199331994319953199631997319983199932000320013200232003320043200532006320073200832009320103201132012320133201432015320163201732018320193202032021320223202332024320253202632027320283202932030320313203232033320343203532036320373203832039320403204132042320433204432045320463204732048320493205032051320523205332054320553205632057320583205932060320613206232063320643206532066320673206832069320703207132072320733207432075320763207732078320793208032081320823208332084320853208632087320883208932090320913209232093320943209532096320973209832099321003210132102321033210432105321063210732108321093211032111321123211332114321153211632117321183211932120321213212232123321243212532126321273212832129321303213132132321333213432135321363213732138321393214032141321423214332144321453214632147321483214932150321513215232153321543215532156321573215832159321603216132162321633216432165321663216732168321693217032171321723217332174321753217632177321783217932180321813218232183321843218532186321873218832189321903219132192321933219432195321963219732198321993220032201322023220332204322053220632207322083220932210322113221232213322143221532216322173221832219322203222132222322233222432225322263222732228322293223032231322323223332234322353223632237322383223932240322413224232243322443224532246322473224832249322503225132252322533225432255322563225732258322593226032261322623226332264322653226632267322683226932270322713227232273322743227532276322773227832279322803228132282322833228432285322863228732288322893229032291322923229332294322953229632297322983229932300323013230232303323043230532306323073230832309323103231132312323133231432315323163231732318323193232032321323223232332324323253232632327323283232932330323313233232333323343233532336323373233832339323403234132342323433234432345323463234732348323493235032351323523235332354323553235632357323583235932360323613236232363323643236532366323673236832369323703237132372323733237432375323763237732378323793238032381323823238332384323853238632387323883238932390323913239232393323943239532396323973239832399324003240132402324033240432405324063240732408324093241032411324123241332414324153241632417324183241932420324213242232423324243242532426324273242832429324303243132432324333243432435324363243732438324393244032441324423244332444324453244632447324483244932450324513245232453324543245532456324573245832459324603246132462324633246432465324663246732468324693247032471324723247332474324753247632477324783247932480324813248232483324843248532486324873248832489324903249132492324933249432495324963249732498324993250032501325023250332504325053250632507325083250932510325113251232513325143251532516325173251832519325203252132522325233252432525325263252732528325293253032531325323253332534325353253632537325383253932540325413254232543325443254532546325473254832549325503255132552325533255432555325563255732558325593256032561325623256332564325653256632567325683256932570325713257232573325743257532576325773257832579325803258132582325833258432585325863258732588325893259032591325923259332594325953259632597325983259932600326013260232603326043260532606326073260832609326103261132612326133261432615326163261732618326193262032621326223262332624326253262632627326283262932630326313263232633326343263532636326373263832639326403264132642326433264432645326463264732648326493265032651326523265332654326553265632657326583265932660326613266232663326643266532666326673266832669326703267132672326733267432675326763267732678326793268032681326823268332684326853268632687326883268932690326913269232693326943269532696326973269832699327003270132702327033270432705327063270732708327093271032711327123271332714327153271632717327183271932720327213272232723327243272532726327273272832729327303273132732327333273432735327363273732738327393274032741327423274332744327453274632747327483274932750327513275232753327543275532756327573275832759327603276132762327633276432765327663276732768327693277032771327723277332774327753277632777327783277932780327813278232783327843278532786327873278832789327903279132792327933279432795327963279732798327993280032801328023280332804328053280632807328083280932810328113281232813328143281532816328173281832819328203282132822328233282432825328263282732828328293283032831328323283332834328353283632837328383283932840328413284232843328443284532846328473284832849328503285132852328533285432855328563285732858328593286032861328623286332864328653286632867328683286932870328713287232873328743287532876328773287832879328803288132882328833288432885328863288732888328893289032891328923289332894328953289632897328983289932900329013290232903329043290532906329073290832909329103291132912329133291432915329163291732918329193292032921329223292332924329253292632927329283292932930329313293232933329343293532936329373293832939329403294132942329433294432945329463294732948329493295032951329523295332954329553295632957329583295932960329613296232963329643296532966329673296832969329703297132972329733297432975329763297732978329793298032981329823298332984329853298632987329883298932990329913299232993329943299532996329973299832999330003300133002330033300433005330063300733008330093301033011330123301333014330153301633017330183301933020330213302233023330243302533026330273302833029330303303133032330333303433035330363303733038330393304033041330423304333044330453304633047330483304933050330513305233053330543305533056330573305833059330603306133062330633306433065330663306733068330693307033071330723307333074330753307633077330783307933080330813308233083330843308533086330873308833089330903309133092330933309433095330963309733098330993310033101331023310333104331053310633107331083310933110331113311233113331143311533116331173311833119331203312133122331233312433125331263312733128331293313033131331323313333134331353313633137331383313933140331413314233143331443314533146331473314833149331503315133152331533315433155331563315733158331593316033161331623316333164331653316633167331683316933170331713317233173331743317533176331773317833179331803318133182331833318433185331863318733188331893319033191331923319333194331953319633197331983319933200332013320233203332043320533206332073320833209332103321133212332133321433215332163321733218332193322033221332223322333224332253322633227332283322933230332313323233233332343323533236332373323833239332403324133242332433324433245332463324733248332493325033251332523325333254332553325633257332583325933260332613326233263332643326533266332673326833269332703327133272332733327433275332763327733278332793328033281332823328333284332853328633287332883328933290332913329233293332943329533296332973329833299333003330133302333033330433305333063330733308333093331033311333123331333314333153331633317333183331933320333213332233323333243332533326333273332833329333303333133332333333333433335333363333733338333393334033341333423334333344333453334633347333483334933350333513335233353333543335533356333573335833359333603336133362333633336433365333663336733368333693337033371333723337333374333753337633377333783337933380333813338233383333843338533386333873338833389333903339133392333933339433395333963339733398333993340033401334023340333404334053340633407334083340933410334113341233413334143341533416334173341833419334203342133422334233342433425334263342733428334293343033431334323343333434334353343633437334383343933440334413344233443334443344533446334473344833449334503345133452334533345433455334563345733458334593346033461334623346333464334653346633467334683346933470334713347233473334743347533476334773347833479334803348133482334833348433485334863348733488334893349033491334923349333494334953349633497334983349933500335013350233503335043350533506335073350833509335103351133512335133351433515335163351733518335193352033521335223352333524335253352633527335283352933530335313353233533335343353533536335373353833539335403354133542335433354433545335463354733548335493355033551335523355333554335553355633557335583355933560335613356233563335643356533566335673356833569335703357133572335733357433575335763357733578335793358033581335823358333584335853358633587335883358933590335913359233593335943359533596335973359833599336003360133602336033360433605336063360733608336093361033611336123361333614336153361633617336183361933620336213362233623336243362533626336273362833629336303363133632336333363433635336363363733638336393364033641336423364333644336453364633647336483364933650336513365233653336543365533656336573365833659336603366133662336633366433665336663366733668336693367033671336723367333674336753367633677336783367933680336813368233683336843368533686336873368833689336903369133692336933369433695336963369733698336993370033701337023370333704337053370633707337083370933710337113371233713337143371533716337173371833719337203372133722337233372433725337263372733728337293373033731337323373333734337353373633737337383373933740337413374233743337443374533746337473374833749337503375133752337533375433755337563375733758337593376033761337623376333764337653376633767337683376933770337713377233773337743377533776337773377833779337803378133782337833378433785337863378733788337893379033791337923379333794337953379633797337983379933800338013380233803338043380533806338073380833809338103381133812338133381433815338163381733818338193382033821338223382333824338253382633827338283382933830338313383233833338343383533836338373383833839338403384133842338433384433845338463384733848338493385033851338523385333854338553385633857338583385933860338613386233863338643386533866338673386833869338703387133872338733387433875338763387733878338793388033881338823388333884338853388633887338883388933890338913389233893338943389533896338973389833899339003390133902339033390433905339063390733908339093391033911339123391333914339153391633917339183391933920339213392233923339243392533926339273392833929339303393133932339333393433935339363393733938339393394033941339423394333944339453394633947339483394933950339513395233953339543395533956339573395833959339603396133962339633396433965339663396733968339693397033971339723397333974339753397633977339783397933980339813398233983339843398533986339873398833989339903399133992339933399433995339963399733998339993400034001340023400334004340053400634007340083400934010340113401234013340143401534016340173401834019340203402134022340233402434025340263402734028340293403034031340323403334034340353403634037340383403934040340413404234043340443404534046340473404834049340503405134052340533405434055340563405734058340593406034061340623406334064340653406634067340683406934070340713407234073340743407534076340773407834079340803408134082340833408434085340863408734088340893409034091340923409334094340953409634097340983409934100341013410234103341043410534106341073410834109341103411134112341133411434115341163411734118341193412034121341223412334124341253412634127341283412934130341313413234133341343413534136341373413834139341403414134142341433414434145341463414734148341493415034151341523415334154341553415634157341583415934160341613416234163341643416534166341673416834169341703417134172341733417434175341763417734178341793418034181341823418334184341853418634187341883418934190341913419234193341943419534196341973419834199342003420134202342033420434205342063420734208342093421034211342123421334214342153421634217342183421934220342213422234223342243422534226342273422834229342303423134232342333423434235342363423734238342393424034241342423424334244342453424634247342483424934250342513425234253342543425534256342573425834259342603426134262342633426434265342663426734268342693427034271342723427334274342753427634277342783427934280342813428234283342843428534286342873428834289342903429134292342933429434295342963429734298342993430034301343023430334304343053430634307343083430934310343113431234313343143431534316343173431834319343203432134322343233432434325343263432734328343293433034331343323433334334343353433634337343383433934340343413434234343343443434534346343473434834349343503435134352343533435434355343563435734358343593436034361343623436334364343653436634367343683436934370343713437234373343743437534376343773437834379343803438134382343833438434385343863438734388343893439034391343923439334394343953439634397343983439934400344013440234403344043440534406344073440834409344103441134412344133441434415344163441734418344193442034421344223442334424344253442634427344283442934430344313443234433344343443534436344373443834439344403444134442344433444434445344463444734448344493445034451344523445334454344553445634457344583445934460344613446234463344643446534466344673446834469344703447134472344733447434475344763447734478344793448034481344823448334484344853448634487344883448934490344913449234493344943449534496344973449834499345003450134502345033450434505345063450734508345093451034511345123451334514345153451634517345183451934520345213452234523345243452534526345273452834529345303453134532345333453434535345363453734538345393454034541345423454334544345453454634547345483454934550345513455234553345543455534556345573455834559345603456134562345633456434565345663456734568345693457034571345723457334574345753457634577345783457934580345813458234583345843458534586345873458834589345903459134592345933459434595345963459734598345993460034601346023460334604346053460634607346083460934610346113461234613346143461534616346173461834619346203462134622346233462434625346263462734628346293463034631346323463334634346353463634637346383463934640346413464234643346443464534646346473464834649346503465134652346533465434655346563465734658346593466034661346623466334664346653466634667346683466934670346713467234673346743467534676346773467834679346803468134682346833468434685346863468734688346893469034691346923469334694346953469634697346983469934700347013470234703347043470534706347073470834709347103471134712347133471434715347163471734718347193472034721347223472334724347253472634727347283472934730347313473234733347343473534736347373473834739347403474134742347433474434745347463474734748347493475034751347523475334754347553475634757347583475934760347613476234763347643476534766347673476834769347703477134772347733477434775347763477734778347793478034781347823478334784347853478634787347883478934790347913479234793347943479534796347973479834799348003480134802348033480434805348063480734808348093481034811348123481334814348153481634817348183481934820348213482234823348243482534826348273482834829348303483134832348333483434835348363483734838348393484034841348423484334844348453484634847348483484934850348513485234853348543485534856348573485834859348603486134862348633486434865348663486734868348693487034871348723487334874348753487634877348783487934880348813488234883348843488534886348873488834889348903489134892348933489434895348963489734898348993490034901349023490334904349053490634907349083490934910349113491234913349143491534916349173491834919349203492134922349233492434925349263492734928349293493034931349323493334934349353493634937349383493934940349413494234943349443494534946349473494834949349503495134952349533495434955349563495734958349593496034961349623496334964349653496634967349683496934970349713497234973349743497534976349773497834979349803498134982349833498434985349863498734988349893499034991349923499334994349953499634997349983499935000350013500235003350043500535006350073500835009350103501135012350133501435015350163501735018350193502035021350223502335024350253502635027350283502935030350313503235033350343503535036350373503835039350403504135042350433504435045350463504735048350493505035051350523505335054350553505635057350583505935060350613506235063350643506535066350673506835069350703507135072350733507435075350763507735078350793508035081350823508335084350853508635087350883508935090350913509235093350943509535096350973509835099351003510135102351033510435105351063510735108351093511035111351123511335114351153511635117351183511935120351213512235123351243512535126351273512835129351303513135132351333513435135351363513735138351393514035141351423514335144351453514635147351483514935150351513515235153351543515535156351573515835159351603516135162351633516435165351663516735168351693517035171351723517335174351753517635177351783517935180351813518235183351843518535186351873518835189351903519135192351933519435195351963519735198351993520035201352023520335204352053520635207352083520935210352113521235213352143521535216352173521835219352203522135222352233522435225352263522735228352293523035231352323523335234352353523635237352383523935240352413524235243352443524535246352473524835249352503525135252352533525435255352563525735258352593526035261352623526335264352653526635267352683526935270352713527235273352743527535276352773527835279352803528135282352833528435285352863528735288352893529035291352923529335294352953529635297352983529935300353013530235303353043530535306353073530835309353103531135312353133531435315353163531735318353193532035321353223532335324353253532635327353283532935330353313533235333353343533535336353373533835339353403534135342353433534435345353463534735348353493535035351353523535335354353553535635357353583535935360353613536235363353643536535366353673536835369353703537135372353733537435375353763537735378353793538035381353823538335384353853538635387353883538935390353913539235393353943539535396353973539835399354003540135402354033540435405354063540735408354093541035411354123541335414354153541635417354183541935420354213542235423354243542535426354273542835429354303543135432354333543435435354363543735438354393544035441354423544335444354453544635447354483544935450354513545235453354543545535456354573545835459354603546135462354633546435465354663546735468354693547035471354723547335474354753547635477354783547935480354813548235483354843548535486354873548835489354903549135492354933549435495354963549735498354993550035501355023550335504355053550635507355083550935510355113551235513355143551535516355173551835519355203552135522355233552435525355263552735528355293553035531355323553335534355353553635537355383553935540355413554235543355443554535546355473554835549355503555135552355533555435555355563555735558355593556035561355623556335564355653556635567355683556935570355713557235573355743557535576355773557835579355803558135582355833558435585355863558735588355893559035591355923559335594355953559635597355983559935600356013560235603356043560535606356073560835609356103561135612356133561435615356163561735618356193562035621356223562335624356253562635627356283562935630356313563235633356343563535636356373563835639356403564135642356433564435645356463564735648356493565035651356523565335654356553565635657356583565935660356613566235663356643566535666356673566835669356703567135672356733567435675356763567735678356793568035681356823568335684356853568635687356883568935690356913569235693356943569535696356973569835699357003570135702357033570435705357063570735708357093571035711357123571335714357153571635717357183571935720357213572235723357243572535726357273572835729357303573135732357333573435735357363573735738357393574035741357423574335744357453574635747357483574935750357513575235753357543575535756357573575835759357603576135762357633576435765357663576735768357693577035771357723577335774357753577635777357783577935780357813578235783357843578535786357873578835789357903579135792357933579435795357963579735798357993580035801358023580335804358053580635807358083580935810358113581235813358143581535816358173581835819358203582135822358233582435825358263582735828358293583035831358323583335834358353583635837358383583935840358413584235843358443584535846358473584835849358503585135852358533585435855358563585735858358593586035861358623586335864358653586635867358683586935870358713587235873358743587535876358773587835879358803588135882358833588435885358863588735888358893589035891358923589335894358953589635897358983589935900359013590235903359043590535906359073590835909359103591135912359133591435915359163591735918359193592035921359223592335924359253592635927359283592935930359313593235933359343593535936359373593835939359403594135942359433594435945359463594735948359493595035951359523595335954359553595635957359583595935960359613596235963359643596535966359673596835969359703597135972359733597435975359763597735978359793598035981359823598335984359853598635987359883598935990359913599235993359943599535996359973599835999360003600136002360033600436005360063600736008360093601036011360123601336014360153601636017360183601936020360213602236023360243602536026360273602836029360303603136032360333603436035360363603736038360393604036041360423604336044360453604636047360483604936050360513605236053360543605536056360573605836059360603606136062360633606436065360663606736068360693607036071360723607336074360753607636077360783607936080360813608236083360843608536086360873608836089360903609136092360933609436095360963609736098360993610036101361023610336104361053610636107361083610936110361113611236113361143611536116361173611836119361203612136122361233612436125361263612736128361293613036131361323613336134361353613636137361383613936140361413614236143361443614536146361473614836149361503615136152361533615436155361563615736158361593616036161361623616336164361653616636167361683616936170361713617236173361743617536176361773617836179361803618136182361833618436185361863618736188361893619036191361923619336194361953619636197361983619936200362013620236203362043620536206362073620836209362103621136212362133621436215362163621736218362193622036221362223622336224362253622636227362283622936230362313623236233362343623536236362373623836239362403624136242362433624436245362463624736248362493625036251362523625336254362553625636257362583625936260362613626236263362643626536266362673626836269362703627136272362733627436275362763627736278362793628036281362823628336284362853628636287362883628936290362913629236293362943629536296362973629836299363003630136302363033630436305363063630736308363093631036311363123631336314363153631636317363183631936320363213632236323363243632536326363273632836329363303633136332363333633436335363363633736338363393634036341363423634336344363453634636347363483634936350363513635236353363543635536356363573635836359363603636136362363633636436365363663636736368363693637036371363723637336374363753637636377363783637936380363813638236383363843638536386363873638836389363903639136392363933639436395363963639736398363993640036401364023640336404364053640636407364083640936410364113641236413364143641536416364173641836419364203642136422364233642436425364263642736428364293643036431364323643336434364353643636437364383643936440364413644236443364443644536446364473644836449364503645136452364533645436455364563645736458364593646036461364623646336464364653646636467364683646936470364713647236473364743647536476364773647836479364803648136482364833648436485364863648736488364893649036491364923649336494364953649636497364983649936500365013650236503365043650536506365073650836509365103651136512365133651436515365163651736518365193652036521365223652336524365253652636527365283652936530365313653236533365343653536536365373653836539365403654136542365433654436545365463654736548365493655036551365523655336554365553655636557365583655936560365613656236563365643656536566365673656836569365703657136572365733657436575365763657736578365793658036581365823658336584365853658636587365883658936590365913659236593365943659536596365973659836599366003660136602366033660436605366063660736608366093661036611366123661336614366153661636617366183661936620366213662236623366243662536626366273662836629366303663136632366333663436635366363663736638366393664036641366423664336644366453664636647366483664936650366513665236653366543665536656366573665836659366603666136662366633666436665366663666736668366693667036671366723667336674366753667636677366783667936680366813668236683366843668536686366873668836689366903669136692366933669436695366963669736698366993670036701367023670336704367053670636707367083670936710367113671236713367143671536716367173671836719367203672136722367233672436725367263672736728367293673036731367323673336734367353673636737367383673936740367413674236743367443674536746367473674836749367503675136752367533675436755367563675736758367593676036761367623676336764367653676636767367683676936770367713677236773367743677536776367773677836779367803678136782367833678436785367863678736788367893679036791367923679336794367953679636797367983679936800368013680236803368043680536806368073680836809368103681136812368133681436815368163681736818368193682036821368223682336824368253682636827368283682936830368313683236833368343683536836368373683836839368403684136842368433684436845368463684736848368493685036851368523685336854368553685636857368583685936860368613686236863368643686536866368673686836869368703687136872368733687436875368763687736878368793688036881368823688336884368853688636887368883688936890368913689236893368943689536896368973689836899369003690136902369033690436905369063690736908369093691036911369123691336914369153691636917369183691936920369213692236923369243692536926369273692836929369303693136932369333693436935369363693736938369393694036941369423694336944369453694636947369483694936950369513695236953369543695536956369573695836959369603696136962369633696436965369663696736968369693697036971369723697336974369753697636977369783697936980369813698236983369843698536986369873698836989369903699136992369933699436995369963699736998369993700037001370023700337004370053700637007370083700937010370113701237013370143701537016370173701837019370203702137022370233702437025370263702737028370293703037031370323703337034370353703637037370383703937040370413704237043370443704537046370473704837049370503705137052370533705437055370563705737058370593706037061370623706337064370653706637067370683706937070370713707237073370743707537076370773707837079370803708137082370833708437085370863708737088370893709037091370923709337094370953709637097370983709937100371013710237103371043710537106371073710837109371103711137112371133711437115371163711737118371193712037121371223712337124371253712637127371283712937130371313713237133371343713537136371373713837139371403714137142371433714437145371463714737148371493715037151371523715337154371553715637157371583715937160371613716237163371643716537166371673716837169371703717137172371733717437175371763717737178371793718037181371823718337184371853718637187371883718937190371913719237193371943719537196371973719837199372003720137202372033720437205372063720737208372093721037211372123721337214372153721637217372183721937220372213722237223372243722537226372273722837229372303723137232372333723437235372363723737238372393724037241372423724337244372453724637247372483724937250372513725237253372543725537256372573725837259372603726137262372633726437265372663726737268372693727037271372723727337274372753727637277372783727937280372813728237283372843728537286372873728837289372903729137292372933729437295372963729737298372993730037301373023730337304373053730637307373083730937310373113731237313373143731537316373173731837319373203732137322373233732437325373263732737328373293733037331373323733337334373353733637337373383733937340373413734237343373443734537346373473734837349373503735137352373533735437355373563735737358373593736037361373623736337364373653736637367373683736937370373713737237373373743737537376373773737837379373803738137382373833738437385373863738737388373893739037391373923739337394373953739637397373983739937400374013740237403374043740537406374073740837409374103741137412374133741437415374163741737418374193742037421374223742337424374253742637427374283742937430374313743237433374343743537436374373743837439374403744137442374433744437445374463744737448374493745037451374523745337454374553745637457374583745937460374613746237463374643746537466374673746837469374703747137472374733747437475374763747737478374793748037481374823748337484374853748637487374883748937490374913749237493374943749537496374973749837499375003750137502375033750437505375063750737508375093751037511375123751337514375153751637517375183751937520375213752237523375243752537526375273752837529375303753137532375333753437535375363753737538375393754037541375423754337544375453754637547375483754937550375513755237553375543755537556375573755837559375603756137562375633756437565375663756737568375693757037571375723757337574375753757637577375783757937580375813758237583375843758537586375873758837589375903759137592375933759437595375963759737598375993760037601376023760337604376053760637607376083760937610376113761237613376143761537616376173761837619376203762137622376233762437625376263762737628376293763037631376323763337634376353763637637376383763937640376413764237643376443764537646376473764837649376503765137652376533765437655376563765737658376593766037661376623766337664376653766637667376683766937670376713767237673376743767537676376773767837679376803768137682376833768437685376863768737688376893769037691376923769337694376953769637697376983769937700377013770237703377043770537706377073770837709377103771137712377133771437715377163771737718377193772037721377223772337724377253772637727377283772937730377313773237733377343773537736377373773837739377403774137742377433774437745377463774737748377493775037751377523775337754377553775637757377583775937760377613776237763377643776537766377673776837769377703777137772377733777437775377763777737778377793778037781377823778337784377853778637787377883778937790377913779237793377943779537796377973779837799378003780137802378033780437805378063780737808378093781037811378123781337814378153781637817378183781937820378213782237823378243782537826378273782837829378303783137832378333783437835378363783737838378393784037841378423784337844378453784637847378483784937850378513785237853378543785537856378573785837859378603786137862378633786437865378663786737868378693787037871378723787337874378753787637877378783787937880378813788237883378843788537886378873788837889378903789137892378933789437895378963789737898378993790037901379023790337904379053790637907379083790937910379113791237913379143791537916379173791837919379203792137922379233792437925379263792737928379293793037931379323793337934379353793637937379383793937940379413794237943379443794537946379473794837949379503795137952379533795437955379563795737958379593796037961379623796337964379653796637967379683796937970379713797237973379743797537976379773797837979379803798137982379833798437985379863798737988379893799037991379923799337994379953799637997379983799938000380013800238003380043800538006380073800838009380103801138012380133801438015380163801738018380193802038021380223802338024380253802638027380283802938030380313803238033380343803538036380373803838039380403804138042380433804438045380463804738048380493805038051380523805338054380553805638057380583805938060380613806238063380643806538066380673806838069380703807138072380733807438075380763807738078380793808038081380823808338084380853808638087380883808938090380913809238093380943809538096380973809838099381003810138102381033810438105381063810738108381093811038111381123811338114381153811638117381183811938120381213812238123381243812538126381273812838129381303813138132381333813438135381363813738138381393814038141381423814338144381453814638147381483814938150381513815238153381543815538156381573815838159381603816138162381633816438165381663816738168381693817038171381723817338174381753817638177381783817938180381813818238183381843818538186381873818838189381903819138192381933819438195381963819738198381993820038201382023820338204382053820638207382083820938210382113821238213382143821538216382173821838219382203822138222382233822438225382263822738228382293823038231382323823338234382353823638237382383823938240382413824238243382443824538246382473824838249382503825138252382533825438255382563825738258382593826038261382623826338264382653826638267382683826938270382713827238273382743827538276382773827838279382803828138282382833828438285382863828738288382893829038291382923829338294382953829638297382983829938300383013830238303383043830538306383073830838309383103831138312383133831438315383163831738318383193832038321383223832338324383253832638327383283832938330383313833238333383343833538336383373833838339383403834138342383433834438345383463834738348383493835038351383523835338354383553835638357383583835938360383613836238363383643836538366383673836838369383703837138372383733837438375383763837738378383793838038381383823838338384383853838638387383883838938390383913839238393383943839538396383973839838399384003840138402384033840438405384063840738408384093841038411384123841338414384153841638417384183841938420384213842238423384243842538426384273842838429384303843138432384333843438435384363843738438384393844038441384423844338444384453844638447384483844938450384513845238453384543845538456384573845838459384603846138462384633846438465384663846738468384693847038471384723847338474384753847638477384783847938480384813848238483384843848538486384873848838489384903849138492384933849438495384963849738498384993850038501385023850338504385053850638507385083850938510385113851238513385143851538516385173851838519385203852138522385233852438525385263852738528385293853038531385323853338534385353853638537385383853938540385413854238543385443854538546385473854838549385503855138552385533855438555385563855738558385593856038561385623856338564385653856638567385683856938570385713857238573385743857538576385773857838579385803858138582385833858438585385863858738588385893859038591385923859338594385953859638597385983859938600386013860238603386043860538606386073860838609386103861138612386133861438615386163861738618386193862038621386223862338624386253862638627386283862938630386313863238633386343863538636386373863838639386403864138642386433864438645386463864738648386493865038651386523865338654386553865638657386583865938660386613866238663386643866538666386673866838669386703867138672386733867438675386763867738678386793868038681386823868338684386853868638687386883868938690386913869238693386943869538696386973869838699387003870138702387033870438705387063870738708387093871038711387123871338714387153871638717387183871938720387213872238723387243872538726387273872838729387303873138732387333873438735387363873738738387393874038741387423874338744387453874638747387483874938750387513875238753387543875538756387573875838759387603876138762387633876438765387663876738768387693877038771387723877338774387753877638777387783877938780387813878238783387843878538786387873878838789387903879138792387933879438795387963879738798387993880038801388023880338804388053880638807388083880938810388113881238813388143881538816388173881838819388203882138822388233882438825388263882738828388293883038831388323883338834388353883638837388383883938840388413884238843388443884538846388473884838849388503885138852388533885438855388563885738858388593886038861388623886338864388653886638867388683886938870388713887238873388743887538876388773887838879388803888138882388833888438885388863888738888388893889038891388923889338894388953889638897388983889938900389013890238903389043890538906389073890838909389103891138912389133891438915389163891738918389193892038921389223892338924389253892638927389283892938930389313893238933389343893538936389373893838939389403894138942389433894438945389463894738948389493895038951389523895338954389553895638957389583895938960389613896238963389643896538966389673896838969389703897138972389733897438975389763897738978389793898038981389823898338984389853898638987389883898938990389913899238993389943899538996389973899838999390003900139002390033900439005390063900739008390093901039011390123901339014390153901639017390183901939020390213902239023390243902539026390273902839029390303903139032390333903439035390363903739038390393904039041390423904339044390453904639047390483904939050390513905239053390543905539056390573905839059390603906139062390633906439065390663906739068390693907039071390723907339074390753907639077390783907939080390813908239083390843908539086390873908839089390903909139092390933909439095390963909739098390993910039101391023910339104391053910639107391083910939110391113911239113391143911539116391173911839119391203912139122391233912439125391263912739128391293913039131391323913339134391353913639137391383913939140391413914239143391443914539146391473914839149391503915139152391533915439155391563915739158391593916039161391623916339164391653916639167391683916939170391713917239173391743917539176391773917839179391803918139182391833918439185391863918739188391893919039191391923919339194391953919639197391983919939200392013920239203392043920539206392073920839209392103921139212392133921439215392163921739218392193922039221392223922339224392253922639227392283922939230392313923239233392343923539236392373923839239392403924139242392433924439245392463924739248392493925039251392523925339254392553925639257392583925939260392613926239263392643926539266392673926839269392703927139272392733927439275392763927739278392793928039281392823928339284392853928639287392883928939290392913929239293392943929539296392973929839299393003930139302393033930439305393063930739308393093931039311393123931339314393153931639317393183931939320393213932239323393243932539326393273932839329393303933139332393333933439335393363933739338393393934039341393423934339344393453934639347393483934939350393513935239353393543935539356393573935839359393603936139362393633936439365393663936739368393693937039371393723937339374393753937639377393783937939380393813938239383393843938539386393873938839389393903939139392393933939439395393963939739398393993940039401394023940339404394053940639407394083940939410394113941239413394143941539416394173941839419394203942139422394233942439425394263942739428394293943039431394323943339434394353943639437394383943939440394413944239443394443944539446394473944839449394503945139452394533945439455394563945739458394593946039461394623946339464394653946639467394683946939470394713947239473394743947539476394773947839479394803948139482394833948439485394863948739488394893949039491394923949339494394953949639497394983949939500395013950239503395043950539506395073950839509395103951139512395133951439515395163951739518395193952039521395223952339524395253952639527395283952939530395313953239533395343953539536395373953839539395403954139542395433954439545395463954739548395493955039551395523955339554395553955639557395583955939560395613956239563395643956539566395673956839569395703957139572395733957439575395763957739578395793958039581395823958339584395853958639587395883958939590395913959239593395943959539596395973959839599396003960139602396033960439605396063960739608396093961039611396123961339614396153961639617396183961939620396213962239623396243962539626396273962839629396303963139632396333963439635396363963739638396393964039641396423964339644396453964639647396483964939650396513965239653396543965539656396573965839659396603966139662396633966439665396663966739668396693967039671396723967339674396753967639677396783967939680396813968239683396843968539686396873968839689396903969139692396933969439695396963969739698396993970039701397023970339704397053970639707397083970939710397113971239713397143971539716397173971839719397203972139722397233972439725397263972739728397293973039731397323973339734397353973639737397383973939740397413974239743397443974539746397473974839749397503975139752397533975439755397563975739758397593976039761397623976339764397653976639767397683976939770397713977239773397743977539776397773977839779397803978139782397833978439785397863978739788397893979039791397923979339794397953979639797397983979939800398013980239803398043980539806398073980839809398103981139812398133981439815398163981739818398193982039821398223982339824398253982639827398283982939830398313983239833398343983539836398373983839839398403984139842398433984439845398463984739848398493985039851398523985339854398553985639857398583985939860398613986239863398643986539866398673986839869398703987139872398733987439875398763987739878398793988039881398823988339884398853988639887398883988939890398913989239893398943989539896398973989839899399003990139902399033990439905399063990739908399093991039911399123991339914399153991639917399183991939920399213992239923399243992539926399273992839929399303993139932399333993439935399363993739938399393994039941399423994339944399453994639947399483994939950399513995239953399543995539956399573995839959399603996139962399633996439965399663996739968399693997039971399723997339974399753997639977399783997939980399813998239983399843998539986399873998839989399903999139992399933999439995399963999739998399994000040001400024000340004400054000640007400084000940010400114001240013400144001540016400174001840019400204002140022400234002440025400264002740028400294003040031400324003340034400354003640037400384003940040400414004240043400444004540046400474004840049400504005140052400534005440055400564005740058400594006040061400624006340064400654006640067400684006940070400714007240073400744007540076400774007840079400804008140082400834008440085400864008740088400894009040091400924009340094400954009640097400984009940100401014010240103401044010540106401074010840109401104011140112401134011440115401164011740118401194012040121401224012340124401254012640127401284012940130401314013240133401344013540136401374013840139401404014140142401434014440145401464014740148401494015040151401524015340154401554015640157401584015940160401614016240163401644016540166401674016840169401704017140172401734017440175401764017740178401794018040181401824018340184401854018640187401884018940190401914019240193401944019540196401974019840199402004020140202402034020440205402064020740208402094021040211402124021340214402154021640217402184021940220402214022240223402244022540226402274022840229402304023140232402334023440235402364023740238402394024040241402424024340244402454024640247402484024940250402514025240253402544025540256402574025840259402604026140262402634026440265402664026740268402694027040271402724027340274402754027640277402784027940280402814028240283402844028540286402874028840289402904029140292402934029440295402964029740298402994030040301403024030340304403054030640307403084030940310403114031240313403144031540316403174031840319403204032140322403234032440325403264032740328403294033040331403324033340334403354033640337403384033940340403414034240343403444034540346403474034840349403504035140352403534035440355403564035740358403594036040361403624036340364403654036640367403684036940370403714037240373403744037540376403774037840379403804038140382403834038440385403864038740388403894039040391403924039340394403954039640397403984039940400404014040240403404044040540406404074040840409404104041140412404134041440415404164041740418404194042040421404224042340424404254042640427404284042940430404314043240433404344043540436404374043840439404404044140442404434044440445404464044740448404494045040451404524045340454404554045640457404584045940460404614046240463404644046540466404674046840469404704047140472404734047440475404764047740478404794048040481404824048340484404854048640487404884048940490404914049240493404944049540496404974049840499405004050140502405034050440505405064050740508405094051040511405124051340514405154051640517405184051940520405214052240523405244052540526405274052840529405304053140532405334053440535405364053740538405394054040541405424054340544405454054640547405484054940550405514055240553405544055540556405574055840559405604056140562405634056440565405664056740568405694057040571405724057340574405754057640577405784057940580405814058240583405844058540586405874058840589405904059140592405934059440595405964059740598405994060040601406024060340604406054060640607406084060940610406114061240613406144061540616406174061840619406204062140622406234062440625406264062740628406294063040631406324063340634406354063640637406384063940640406414064240643406444064540646406474064840649406504065140652406534065440655406564065740658406594066040661406624066340664406654066640667406684066940670406714067240673406744067540676406774067840679406804068140682406834068440685406864068740688406894069040691406924069340694406954069640697406984069940700407014070240703407044070540706407074070840709407104071140712407134071440715407164071740718407194072040721407224072340724407254072640727407284072940730407314073240733407344073540736407374073840739407404074140742407434074440745407464074740748407494075040751407524075340754407554075640757407584075940760407614076240763407644076540766407674076840769407704077140772407734077440775407764077740778407794078040781407824078340784407854078640787407884078940790407914079240793407944079540796407974079840799408004080140802408034080440805408064080740808408094081040811408124081340814408154081640817408184081940820408214082240823408244082540826408274082840829408304083140832408334083440835408364083740838408394084040841408424084340844408454084640847408484084940850408514085240853408544085540856408574085840859408604086140862408634086440865408664086740868408694087040871408724087340874408754087640877408784087940880408814088240883408844088540886408874088840889408904089140892408934089440895408964089740898408994090040901409024090340904409054090640907409084090940910409114091240913409144091540916409174091840919409204092140922409234092440925409264092740928409294093040931409324093340934409354093640937409384093940940409414094240943409444094540946409474094840949409504095140952409534095440955409564095740958409594096040961409624096340964409654096640967409684096940970409714097240973409744097540976409774097840979409804098140982409834098440985409864098740988409894099040991409924099340994409954099640997409984099941000410014100241003410044100541006410074100841009410104101141012410134101441015410164101741018410194102041021410224102341024410254102641027410284102941030410314103241033410344103541036410374103841039410404104141042410434104441045410464104741048410494105041051410524105341054410554105641057410584105941060410614106241063410644106541066410674106841069410704107141072410734107441075410764107741078410794108041081410824108341084410854108641087410884108941090410914109241093410944109541096410974109841099411004110141102411034110441105411064110741108411094111041111411124111341114411154111641117411184111941120411214112241123411244112541126411274112841129411304113141132411334113441135411364113741138411394114041141411424114341144411454114641147411484114941150411514115241153411544115541156411574115841159411604116141162411634116441165411664116741168411694117041171411724117341174411754117641177411784117941180411814118241183411844118541186411874118841189411904119141192411934119441195411964119741198411994120041201412024120341204412054120641207412084120941210412114121241213412144121541216412174121841219412204122141222412234122441225412264122741228412294123041231412324123341234412354123641237412384123941240412414124241243412444124541246412474124841249412504125141252412534125441255412564125741258412594126041261412624126341264412654126641267412684126941270412714127241273412744127541276412774127841279412804128141282412834128441285412864128741288412894129041291412924129341294412954129641297412984129941300413014130241303413044130541306413074130841309413104131141312413134131441315413164131741318413194132041321413224132341324413254132641327413284132941330413314133241333413344133541336413374133841339413404134141342413434134441345413464134741348413494135041351413524135341354413554135641357413584135941360413614136241363413644136541366413674136841369413704137141372413734137441375413764137741378413794138041381413824138341384413854138641387413884138941390413914139241393413944139541396413974139841399414004140141402414034140441405414064140741408414094141041411414124141341414414154141641417414184141941420414214142241423414244142541426414274142841429414304143141432414334143441435414364143741438414394144041441414424144341444414454144641447414484144941450414514145241453414544145541456414574145841459414604146141462414634146441465414664146741468414694147041471414724147341474414754147641477414784147941480414814148241483414844148541486414874148841489414904149141492414934149441495414964149741498414994150041501415024150341504415054150641507415084150941510415114151241513415144151541516415174151841519415204152141522415234152441525415264152741528415294153041531415324153341534415354153641537415384153941540415414154241543415444154541546415474154841549415504155141552415534155441555415564155741558415594156041561415624156341564415654156641567415684156941570415714157241573415744157541576415774157841579415804158141582415834158441585415864158741588415894159041591415924159341594415954159641597415984159941600416014160241603416044160541606416074160841609416104161141612416134161441615416164161741618416194162041621416224162341624416254162641627416284162941630416314163241633416344163541636416374163841639416404164141642416434164441645416464164741648416494165041651416524165341654416554165641657416584165941660416614166241663416644166541666416674166841669416704167141672416734167441675416764167741678416794168041681416824168341684416854168641687416884168941690416914169241693416944169541696416974169841699417004170141702417034170441705417064170741708417094171041711417124171341714417154171641717417184171941720417214172241723417244172541726417274172841729417304173141732417334173441735417364173741738417394174041741417424174341744417454174641747417484174941750417514175241753417544175541756417574175841759417604176141762417634176441765417664176741768417694177041771417724177341774417754177641777417784177941780417814178241783417844178541786417874178841789417904179141792417934179441795417964179741798417994180041801418024180341804418054180641807418084180941810418114181241813418144181541816418174181841819418204182141822418234182441825418264182741828418294183041831418324183341834418354183641837418384183941840418414184241843418444184541846418474184841849418504185141852418534185441855418564185741858418594186041861418624186341864418654186641867418684186941870418714187241873418744187541876418774187841879418804188141882418834188441885418864188741888418894189041891418924189341894418954189641897418984189941900419014190241903419044190541906419074190841909419104191141912419134191441915419164191741918419194192041921419224192341924419254192641927419284192941930419314193241933419344193541936419374193841939419404194141942419434194441945419464194741948419494195041951419524195341954419554195641957419584195941960419614196241963419644196541966419674196841969419704197141972419734197441975419764197741978419794198041981419824198341984419854198641987419884198941990419914199241993419944199541996419974199841999420004200142002420034200442005420064200742008420094201042011420124201342014420154201642017420184201942020420214202242023420244202542026420274202842029420304203142032420334203442035420364203742038420394204042041420424204342044420454204642047420484204942050420514205242053420544205542056420574205842059420604206142062420634206442065420664206742068420694207042071420724207342074420754207642077420784207942080420814208242083420844208542086420874208842089420904209142092420934209442095420964209742098420994210042101421024210342104421054210642107421084210942110421114211242113421144211542116421174211842119421204212142122421234212442125421264212742128421294213042131421324213342134421354213642137421384213942140421414214242143421444214542146421474214842149421504215142152421534215442155421564215742158421594216042161421624216342164421654216642167421684216942170421714217242173421744217542176421774217842179421804218142182421834218442185421864218742188421894219042191421924219342194421954219642197421984219942200422014220242203422044220542206422074220842209422104221142212422134221442215422164221742218422194222042221422224222342224422254222642227422284222942230422314223242233422344223542236422374223842239422404224142242422434224442245422464224742248422494225042251422524225342254422554225642257422584225942260422614226242263422644226542266422674226842269422704227142272422734227442275422764227742278422794228042281422824228342284422854228642287422884228942290422914229242293422944229542296422974229842299423004230142302423034230442305423064230742308423094231042311423124231342314423154231642317423184231942320423214232242323423244232542326423274232842329423304233142332423334233442335423364233742338423394234042341423424234342344423454234642347423484234942350423514235242353423544235542356423574235842359423604236142362423634236442365423664236742368423694237042371423724237342374423754237642377423784237942380423814238242383423844238542386423874238842389423904239142392423934239442395423964239742398423994240042401424024240342404424054240642407424084240942410424114241242413424144241542416424174241842419424204242142422424234242442425424264242742428424294243042431424324243342434424354243642437424384243942440424414244242443424444244542446424474244842449424504245142452424534245442455424564245742458424594246042461424624246342464424654246642467424684246942470424714247242473424744247542476424774247842479424804248142482424834248442485424864248742488424894249042491424924249342494424954249642497424984249942500425014250242503425044250542506425074250842509425104251142512425134251442515425164251742518425194252042521425224252342524425254252642527425284252942530425314253242533425344253542536425374253842539425404254142542425434254442545425464254742548425494255042551425524255342554425554255642557425584255942560425614256242563425644256542566425674256842569425704257142572425734257442575425764257742578425794258042581425824258342584425854258642587425884258942590425914259242593425944259542596425974259842599426004260142602426034260442605426064260742608426094261042611426124261342614426154261642617426184261942620426214262242623426244262542626426274262842629426304263142632426334263442635426364263742638426394264042641426424264342644426454264642647426484264942650426514265242653426544265542656426574265842659426604266142662426634266442665426664266742668426694267042671426724267342674426754267642677426784267942680426814268242683426844268542686426874268842689426904269142692426934269442695426964269742698426994270042701427024270342704427054270642707427084270942710427114271242713427144271542716427174271842719427204272142722427234272442725427264272742728427294273042731427324273342734427354273642737427384273942740427414274242743427444274542746427474274842749427504275142752427534275442755427564275742758427594276042761427624276342764427654276642767427684276942770427714277242773427744277542776427774277842779427804278142782427834278442785427864278742788427894279042791427924279342794427954279642797427984279942800428014280242803428044280542806428074280842809428104281142812428134281442815428164281742818428194282042821428224282342824428254282642827428284282942830428314283242833428344283542836428374283842839428404284142842428434284442845428464284742848428494285042851428524285342854428554285642857428584285942860428614286242863428644286542866428674286842869428704287142872428734287442875428764287742878428794288042881428824288342884428854288642887428884288942890428914289242893428944289542896428974289842899429004290142902429034290442905429064290742908429094291042911429124291342914429154291642917429184291942920429214292242923429244292542926429274292842929429304293142932429334293442935429364293742938429394294042941429424294342944429454294642947429484294942950429514295242953429544295542956429574295842959429604296142962429634296442965429664296742968429694297042971429724297342974429754297642977429784297942980429814298242983429844298542986429874298842989429904299142992429934299442995429964299742998429994300043001430024300343004430054300643007430084300943010430114301243013430144301543016430174301843019430204302143022430234302443025430264302743028430294303043031430324303343034430354303643037430384303943040430414304243043430444304543046430474304843049430504305143052430534305443055430564305743058430594306043061430624306343064430654306643067430684306943070430714307243073430744307543076430774307843079430804308143082430834308443085430864308743088430894309043091430924309343094430954309643097430984309943100431014310243103431044310543106431074310843109431104311143112431134311443115431164311743118431194312043121431224312343124431254312643127431284312943130431314313243133431344313543136431374313843139431404314143142431434314443145431464314743148431494315043151431524315343154431554315643157431584315943160431614316243163431644316543166431674316843169431704317143172431734317443175431764317743178431794318043181431824318343184431854318643187431884318943190431914319243193431944319543196431974319843199432004320143202432034320443205432064320743208432094321043211432124321343214432154321643217432184321943220432214322243223432244322543226432274322843229432304323143232432334323443235432364323743238432394324043241432424324343244432454324643247432484324943250432514325243253432544325543256432574325843259432604326143262432634326443265432664326743268432694327043271432724327343274432754327643277432784327943280432814328243283432844328543286432874328843289432904329143292432934329443295432964329743298432994330043301433024330343304433054330643307433084330943310433114331243313433144331543316433174331843319433204332143322433234332443325433264332743328433294333043331433324333343334433354333643337433384333943340433414334243343433444334543346433474334843349433504335143352433534335443355433564335743358433594336043361433624336343364433654336643367433684336943370433714337243373433744337543376433774337843379433804338143382433834338443385433864338743388433894339043391433924339343394433954339643397433984339943400434014340243403434044340543406434074340843409434104341143412434134341443415434164341743418434194342043421434224342343424434254342643427434284342943430434314343243433434344343543436434374343843439434404344143442434434344443445434464344743448434494345043451434524345343454434554345643457434584345943460434614346243463434644346543466434674346843469434704347143472434734347443475434764347743478434794348043481434824348343484434854348643487434884348943490434914349243493434944349543496434974349843499435004350143502435034350443505435064350743508435094351043511435124351343514435154351643517435184351943520435214352243523435244352543526435274352843529435304353143532435334353443535435364353743538435394354043541435424354343544435454354643547435484354943550435514355243553435544355543556435574355843559435604356143562435634356443565435664356743568435694357043571435724357343574435754357643577435784357943580435814358243583435844358543586435874358843589435904359143592435934359443595435964359743598435994360043601436024360343604436054360643607436084360943610436114361243613436144361543616436174361843619436204362143622436234362443625436264362743628436294363043631436324363343634436354363643637436384363943640436414364243643436444364543646436474364843649436504365143652436534365443655436564365743658436594366043661436624366343664436654366643667436684366943670436714367243673436744367543676436774367843679436804368143682436834368443685436864368743688436894369043691436924369343694436954369643697436984369943700437014370243703437044370543706437074370843709437104371143712437134371443715437164371743718437194372043721437224372343724437254372643727437284372943730437314373243733437344373543736437374373843739437404374143742437434374443745437464374743748437494375043751437524375343754437554375643757437584375943760437614376243763437644376543766437674376843769437704377143772437734377443775437764377743778437794378043781437824378343784437854378643787437884378943790437914379243793437944379543796437974379843799438004380143802438034380443805438064380743808438094381043811438124381343814438154381643817438184381943820438214382243823438244382543826438274382843829438304383143832438334383443835438364383743838438394384043841 |
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
- <?xml-model href="http://docbook.org/xml/5.0/rng/docbook.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
- <chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
- version="5.0">
- <title>Module 7: Society</title>
- <section>
- <title>Preface</title>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</emphasis> originated in an
- inter-agency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address
- the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving
- and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei. </para>
- <para>The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and
- content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic
- institutions.</para>
- <para> A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central
- Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
- Department1s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security
- Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
- Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and
- John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III, Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
- Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III (FSI); Kazuo Shitama
- (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
- (CFFLS).</para>
- <para>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided
- at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
- provided funds and other assistance. </para>
- <para>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed
- consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 0'Connor
- of the University of Texas9 Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James
- Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977, Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
- project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R.
- Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and
- contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
- design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</para>
- <para>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale,
- and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with
- the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute, Mr, Harvey developed the
- instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also
- designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides.
- Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By
- 1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms, Barale, they
- have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6. </para>
- <para>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi
- Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for
- part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
- Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
- of dialogues.</para>
- <para>Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A,
- Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola,
- and Kathleen Strype.</para>
- <para>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign
- Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced “by Ms. Chao, Ms.
- Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was
- read “by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. The
- graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual
- Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual. </para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</emphasis> was field-tested
- with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
- Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United
- States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. </para>
- <para>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G, Foster, Commandants of the Defense
- Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
- preparation of this edition of the course materials.</para>
- <para><inlinemediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata
- fileref="../images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-1.png"/>
- </imageobject>
- </inlinemediaobject></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Section 1 : To the student</title>
- <para>With the Society module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in
- Chinese. Up till now, you have been dealing with relatively short sentences about
- concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences
- and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you can make
- it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material
- in each unit. The following suggestions may help.</para>
- <para> Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue to work on,
- production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the
- same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase
- more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts. As you work through the
- Society module, bear in mind that, while you are asked to understand all the
- dialogues, you are required to be able to produce only a limited part of the
- language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit
- vocabulary lists, and the introductions to the units.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>How to use the book</title>
- <para>Each unit of this “book presents quite a “bit of new information much more than
- anyone can master in a few days time. This is because information has also been
- included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is what you should
- master in each unit:</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The “basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may be
- given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, “but you are
- not required to remember them.)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> The cultural “background information discussed in some reference
- notes and contained in each unit1s review dialogue.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para> You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the
- first time through, read only the notes on cultural “background. The second time, go
- through the notes that explain new grammatical structures.</para>
- <para>The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For
- review, <emphasis role="bold">test yourself</emphasis> on the example sentences in
- the notes by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English column
- into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>How to use the tapes</title>
- <para> Starting with Module7, there will be only two thirty-minute tapes per
- unit,</para>
- <para> instead of five.</para>
- <para>
- <emphasis role="bold">Tape 1</emphasis> introduces the material on the Reference
- List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice
- saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-l tapes which you used in Modules 1
- through 6.</para>
- <para> You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either
- the C-l or P-l tapes. The number of new vocabulary items in each unit has been
- increased from 20-25 to 30-35- You will also notice that the sentences have
- increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these
- sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and
- review the presentation of each sentence several times. In addition, explanations
- which were formerly found on the C-l and P-l tapes are now found only in the
- Reference Notes.</para>
- <para>
- <emphasis role="bold">Tape 2</emphasis> replaces the C—2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2
- will start off with a review of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be
- followed by-three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you
- under-stand it thoroughly. The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the
- setting of the conversation and provides you with the new vocabulary you need to
- understand it. (You are not required to learn these additional vocabulary items.)
- The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue for which you will need to
- prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher will ask you to answer these and other
- questions about the conversation in class.</para>
- <para> When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the
- ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for word is not critical.
- Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing which
- you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort
- (it is expected to take repeated listening), you will understand.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Section 2 : To the teacher</title>
- <para>The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those
- preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new
- format. Below are a few suggestions on how to use this and subsequent core
- modules.</para>
- <section>
- <title>How to Use the Reference Notes</title>
- <para> The reference notes in Society include grammatical explanations, discussions
- of the usage of new words, and some cultural “background information.</para>
- <para>They are called “reference” notes for a reason: they are here for the student
- 1 s present and future reference. They are not intended as material for
- classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules, as in the first six,
- the “bulk of classroom time should “be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The
- thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give
- lectures on grammar and usage and allow you to devote most of your time with
- students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with
- the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a
- new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.</para>
- <para> The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double purpose.
- First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they show the versatility
- of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English
- translation can seldom fully do Justice to the range of nuances expressed by a
- Chinese word. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for
- translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip
- of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for
- immediate reinforcement.</para>
- <section>
- <title>How to Use the Exercise Dialogues</title>
- <para>The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3 and 4) present
- completely different situations and characters from the unit review
- dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide
- extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an
- area which should receive increased attention from both student and teacher
- beginning with this module.</para>
- <para> The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and
- thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this stage,
- students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese and if given
- ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But bear in mind
- that students are not expected to be able to produce sentences in this
- colloquial style, only to understand them.</para>
- <para> The taped exercises 2, 3, and 4, are to be listened to outside of class
- as many times as is necessary for the student to answer the questions in the
- workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased
- in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from
- memory. If students bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the
- dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on
- expressions which are not required for production. The point of this
- activity is for the students to talk-- to practice saying the new words and
- structures of the unit.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Further Classroom Activities</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure
- for class discussions in which the teacher takes the part of the
- Chinese who wants to understand American society and the American
- students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things.
- Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual
- students competitiveness or reticence, these conversations will need
- to be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the
- flow of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating
- the discussion, everyone can be asked to outline possible answers
- “before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for
- the students.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Students can “be asked to tell the story of the review dialogue or
- an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can be done by the
- whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the
- story, another student can remind him of it or supply it
- himself.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues
- certain sentences which serve a particular communicative function.
- The Chinese material in this book is especially suited to this type
- of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the
- range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed within them.
- For example, the students may be asked to find a sentence that
- conveys enthusiasm toward an idea, one that conveys tentativeness
- when asking a question about a delicate subject, or one that conveys
- a desire to be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as take-off
- points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up with other
- sentences with the same linguistic function, or ask them to change
- elements of the sentence to vary its function.</para>
- <para>For example, Unit 1 of Society -presents some sentences (in the
- reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to
- proposals:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"
- align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- kǎolǜ kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我虑的虑的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll think it over. (non-committal)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >非常好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Great. (enthusiastic)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà
- wǒmen shuō hǎo le...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那我们说好了。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Then we've agreed. (decisive)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù
- zhèiyang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >就这样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's settled. (decisive)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>Students can be asked to add to this list sentences
- expressing a wider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat
- rejection (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- xíng!</foreignphrase>), scandalization (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà zěnme kěyǐ
- ā</foreignphrase>),lukewarm acceptance (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěyǐ . . .</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě
- hǎo</foreignphrase>), indecisiveness (M . . , or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, wǒ hái děi
- xiǎngyixiǎng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shuō ba</foreignphrase>), etc. If
- you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to
- base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in
- each unit. A list of these functions will be found in each unit's
- introduction.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to be
- separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined to a
- review of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit's
- introduction.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Review</title>
- <para> The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students
- to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to 4 and 5 to 8,
- respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been
- scrambled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to
- English, the second from English to Chinese.</para>
- <para> Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in
- subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as in the
- earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some
- vocabulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in
- that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit1s exercise
- dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two
- instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then
- return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the
- vocabulary and structures.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title> TAPES FOR MODULE 7 (SOC)</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 1: SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 2: SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 3: SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit U: SOC 4.l, SOC 4.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 5: SOC 5.1, SOC 5.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 6: SOC 6.1, SOC 6.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 7: SOC 7.I, SOC 7.2</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Unit 8: SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Review Tapes</emphasis>: </para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>SOC Review 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Objectives</title>
- <para>The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic skills and cultural
- background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of
- family life and society, to find out how someone's family fits into the pattern of
- traditional Chinese society, and how it reflects the changes of modern society. Before
- starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is
- assumed that by this point you will have already completed the optional modules Personal
- Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now considered taught.
- The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first
- six core modules and associated resource modules is also included. </para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">OBJECTIVES </emphasis></para>
- <para>Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference
- Lists. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when cued with its English
- equivalent. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ask someone about the size of his family, which family members live at home,
- and where other family members live and why. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for
- visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of
- response expected from the visitor; and some polite ways to end a social visit.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Discuss the status, duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional
- Chinese family. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially
- those between parents and children, and between mother-in-lav and
- daughter-in-law. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional
- Chinese society. SOC, Objectives </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Use the proper terms for referring to your own or someone else's children, and
- understand the terms for addressing one's children directly; use the terms for
- paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one's friend. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Understand why early marriage was a common practice in traditional China.
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional
- Chinese society. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Discuss the concept of filial obedience. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Compare the position of women in Chinese society before and after the founding
- of the People1s Republic of China. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were
- placed in as a result. Understand the government1s policy toward marriage after
- 1949 and the actual changes that have occurred.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as equality of
- the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child
- relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic
- conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1 Travel plans</title>
- <subtitle>Travel Plans</subtitle>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern (Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
- shì...</foreignphrase></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Phrases with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānyú</foreignphrase>, “concerning,” “about.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The directional ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-lai</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase>, “might,” “be likely to,“will.” </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The sentence marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase>, ”that's the way the situation is.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Offering a visitor something to drink. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Responding to an offer of something to drink. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Concluding a social visit. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Telling someone you can't take the time to explain something but will
- talk about it later. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something. </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1 Reference List</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān wǒ jièdào
- yìběn hǎo xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天我借到一本好笑说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
- xiǎoshuō,ràng nǐ zénme gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么小说,让你
- 怎么高兴?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What novel is it that makes you so happy?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō
- xiěde shì dàlùde qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本小说写的是大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This novel is about the situation on the mainland.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú dàlùde? Jiè
- gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于大陆的?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>About the mainland? How about lending it to me to
- read?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàge xuéqí nǐ
- xiǎng yánjiū shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下个学期你想研究生么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What are you going to do research on next semester?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái shi lǎo wèntí:
- Zhōngguóde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还是老问题:
- 中国的政治情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It's still the same old topic: the political situation in
- China.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān Xiǎo Míng
- gěi tā nǚpéngyǒu xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo
- cháng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >昨天小明给他女朋有写信,写的好长。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yesterday <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Mín</foreignphrase>g wrote a letter to his girl friend, and
- it was really long!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng rén zǒng
- shi niánqīng rén. Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou yě shi zhèiyang, nǐ
- wàng le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >年轻人总是年轻人。我年轻的时候也是这样,你忘了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Young people are always young people. When I was young I was
- like that too, have you forgotten?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǔjiàde shíhou, nǐ
- xiǎng dào nǎr qù wánwanr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >暑假的时候,你想到哪儿去往往儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Where do you want to go to summer vacation?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng dào Yàzhōu
- jǐge guójiā qu kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想到亚洲几个国家去看看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'd like to go visit a few countries in Asia.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme, nǐ xiǎng
- yánjiū Yàzhōude wénhuà chuántǒng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么,你想研究亚洲的文化传统?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia's cultural
- tradition?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù néng shuō
- yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide shèhuì
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不能说研究。我只是想去看看那里的社会情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It can't be called research. I just want to go have a look at
- the social situation there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng, wǒ
- jīntiān gǎnjué hěn bu shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">Lǎo Wáng,
- 我今天感觉很不舒服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>, I feel awful today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài zuòxia, wǒ qù
- gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >快做下,我去给你倒杯茶来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sit down and I'll pour you a cup of tea.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qùde nèige
- dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji fāngmiànde qíngxing
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你去的那个地方政治,经济方面的情形怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What was the political and economic situation like where you
- went?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐjù huà
- shuōbuqīngchu, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr shuō
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >几句话说不清楚,有时间我在跟你慢慢儿说吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I
- have time I'll tell you all about it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánjiū Zhōngguo
- xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi dǒngde Zhōngguó
- lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >研究中国现在的问题一定得懂得中国历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>To study the problem of China now, you have to understand
- Chinese history.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- zhèiyidiǎn hěn yàojǐn, wǒ kǎolǜ
- kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说得这一点很要紧,我考虑考虑。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This point of yours is very important; I'll think it
- over.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài Zhōngguo zhù
- liǎngnian, yídìng huì xuéhǎo
- Zhōngwénde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在中国住两年,一定会学好中文的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If you live in China for two years, you're sure to learn
- Chinese very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, yìfāngmiàn
- kěyǐ xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kěyǐ duō zhīdào yidiǎnr
- Zhōngguóde shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,一方面可以学好中文,一方面也可以多知道一点儿中国的事情。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the
- other hand I can find out more things about China.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
- yìbiān(r)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一边(儿)。。。
- 一边(儿)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yímiàn...yímiàn...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面(儿)。。。
- 一面(儿)。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be long </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chuántǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">传统</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> tradition, traditional </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大陆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mainland, continent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">倒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to pour (liquid) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-diǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">点</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> point </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngde</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">懂得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to understand, to grasp, to know </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fāngmiàn
- (-fāngmian)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方面</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> aspect, side, area, respect </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">感觉</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> feeling, sensation, to feel, to perceive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">关于</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> as to, with regard to, concerning, about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">国家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> country, state, nation; national </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> might, be likely, will </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to borrow; to lend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to successfully borrow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">句</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> sentence; counter for sentences or utterances, often
- followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huà</foreignphrase>, "speech" </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考虑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to consider, to think about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mànmānr</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">慢慢儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one's time; in all
- details </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >niánqīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年轻</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be young </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情况</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngxing</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情形</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">让</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to make (someone a certain way) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèhuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">社会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> society, social </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǔjià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">暑假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> summer vacation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuōbuqīngchu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说不清楚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can't explain clearly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénhuà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文化</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> culture </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> fiction, novel </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(-)xuéqī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学期</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> semester, term (of school) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánjiū
- (yánjiu,yánjiù)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">研究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to study (in detail), to do research on; research </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàzhōu
- (Yǎzhōu)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亚洲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Asia </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
- yìbiān(r)...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一边(儿)。。。
- 一边(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìfāngmiàn(r)...,yìfāngmiàn(r)...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一方面(儿)。。。
- 一方面(儿)。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> on one hand... , on the other hand... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yímiàn(r)...
- yímiàn(r)...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面(儿)。。。
- 一面(儿)。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhengzhi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政治</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> politics, political affairs; political </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> always; inevitably, without exception, after all, in any
- case </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòxia</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">坐下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to sit down </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān wǒ
- jièdào yìběn hǎo xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天我借到一本好笑说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
- xiǎoshuō,ràng nǐ zénme
- gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么小说,让你
- 怎么高兴?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What novel is it that makes you so happy?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>: “to borrow”
- [Also “to lend,” see Notes on No. 2.]<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dào
- túshūguǎn qù jiè shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我到图书馆去借束。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I'm going to the library to borrow [take out] some
- books.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For “from,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gen</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàng</foreignphrase> for people and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng</foreignphrase> for place names like the library.<note>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng</foreignphrase> is
- used more in written style.</para>
- </note><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi dài
- qián, xiǎng gēn (xiàng) Níngning qù
- jiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我没带钱,想跟
- (相)宁宁去借。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't bring any money, I want to go borrow some
- from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Níngning</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng
- túshūguǎn jièle yì běn Zhīngguo lìshǐ
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从图书馆借了一本中国历史书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I borrowed a Chinese history book from the
- library.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng</foreignphrase> can only be
- followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by
- the addition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèr</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nàli</foreignphrase>):<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng tā
- nèr jièle wǔ kuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从他那儿借了五块钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I borrowed five dollars from him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For people, you may also use the common pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèn... jiè...</foreignphrase>, literally
- “ask... borrow.”:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wèn tā jièle yīběn
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我问她接了一本书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I borrowed a book from him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo
- yìsī wèn bièrén jiè qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不好意思问别人借钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> I'm too embarrassed to borrow money from other
- people.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>: The ending
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> to
- expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You
- learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> and
- the similar <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zháo</foreignphrase> in the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiēdao</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiēzhao</foreignphrase> “to receive,” in the Meeting module.</para>
- <para> You need to know not only what the ending <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> means, but also when to
- use it and when not to. This can't be summed up in one neat formula, but you
- will see from the following examples that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> to is used when there
- was a question of not being able to get the thing. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè</foreignphrase> by itself does not
- necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations when you tried
- to borrow something but couldn't get it.<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tā
- jièle yìběn zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我跟他接了一本字典。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I borrowed a dictionary from him.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
- jièguo, kěshi méi jièdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我去借过,可是没借到。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I went and tried to borrow it, but I didn't get
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="15*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóng
- túshūguǎn jièdào nèiběn Měiguó lìshí shū le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从图书馆借到那本美国书了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Did you get that American history book out of the
- library?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyǒu, dōu
- jièchūqù le. Dàgài xià Xingīyī cái néng
- jièdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有,都借出去了。大概下星期一才能借到。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, they had all been taken out. I probably won't be
- able to (borrow and) get it until next Monday.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè</foreignphrase> may have
- certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are
- examples.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèr
- kàn kěyǐ, bù néng jièchūqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在这儿看可以,不能借出去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You can read it here, but you can't take it
- out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ wǒ de
- chē jièqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他把我的车街去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>He borrowed my car (and took it away)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
- nèiběn shū jièzǒu le</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他把那本书街走了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>He borrowed that book (and took it away)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng tā
- nèr jièlái wǔkuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从他那儿借来五块钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I borrowed five dollars from him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to make”
- someone a certain way, or “to cause” someone to become a certain way. When
- used this way, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ràng</foreignphrase> is followed by a person and an adjectival verb.
- You learned rang as “to let” in the Welfare module:</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng wǒ kànkan nǐde
- hùzhào</foreignphrase> “Let me see your passport.” [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng</foreignphrase>: can also mean “to
- have,” “To tell,”or “to make” someone do something.]<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
- huà ràng wǒ hěn shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他说的话让我很生气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What he said made me very angry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nàme bú
- kèqi ràng tā péngyǒu hěn bù hǎo
- yìsī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他那么不客气让他朋友很不好意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He embarrassed his friend by being so rude.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme xiǎoshuō? --ràng nǐ zhème
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase>: There is a pause after the question
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
- xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, and the rest of the sentence, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng nǐ zhème gāoxìng.</foreignphrase> is
- like an afterthought. Compare these examples:<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shì
- shénme kāfēi? --zhème hǎo
- hē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是什么咖啡?--这么好喝。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What kind of coffee is this? It's so good.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù
- shì nǐ mǎide chē? --zhème
- nánkàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这就是你买的车?
- --这么难看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So this is the car you bought? It's so ugly!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xǐhuān
- shūxué a? --nàme méi yìsī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你喜欢数学阿?
- --那么没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You like math?--such a boring thing!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- xiǎoshuō xiěde shì dàlùde
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本小说写的是大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This novel is about the situation on the
- mainland.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- dàlùde? Jiè gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于大陆的?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>About the mainland? How about lending it to me to
- read?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>: This verb
- which you learned as “to write,” is also one of several ways that “about” is
- expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> usually appears in the
- <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
- shi</emphasis></foreignphrase> construction discussed immediately below. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiěde shi</foreignphrase>: This
- structure, <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
- shi</emphasis></foreignphrase>, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay
- extra attention! Use <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
- shi</emphasis></foreignphrase> when the verb is not new information and
- you want to focus instead on the identity of the thing talked about. The
- pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an <emphasis
- role="bold">A EQUALS B</emphasis> sentence: <informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A</entry>
- <entry>IS</entry>
- <entry>B</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>B</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zuòde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >báicài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">What he's making is
- cabbage.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In sentence 2A, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiě</foreignphrase> is not new information because any novel must “be
- written about” something. The object <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlùde qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> is new
- information which is focused on. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ zài
- Jiāzhōu Dàxué niànde shì
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">A:
- 你在加州大学念的大学是什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: What is it that you study at the University of
- California? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ
- niànde shì jīngjixué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">B:
- 我念的经济学。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's economics.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- diànyǐng jiǎngde shì yīge Zhōngguó rén qù Měiguó
- wànde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个电影间的是一个中国人去美国望的是。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This film is about a Chinese going to America to
- visit.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái nǐ
- jiàode shì shénme? Shì fàn háishì
- miàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刚才你叫的是什么?是饭还是面?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What did you order just now? Rice or noodles?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài
- shuōde shì wǒ háishì tā?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你现在说的是我还是他?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is the person you're talking about now me or
- him?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
- xǐhuān kàn shū, kěshì tā kànde dōu shì yìxiē
- méiyìside xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她很喜欢看书,可是他看的都是一些没意思的小说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He likes to read, but all he reads are stupid
- novels.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>:
- “continent, mainland” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- dàlù</foreignphrase> is “mainland China, ”which may also be called
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase> for short
- just as we say “the mainland.”</para>
- <para>Other ways are by using the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǎng</foreignphrase>, “to talk about,” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū jiǎng shénme?</foreignphrase>,
- “What is this book about?”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānyú</foreignphrase> (see the note in this section)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>:
- “situation, circumstances 5 state of affairs, condition” Used much more
- frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in
- English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> when in English we
- would just say “things” or “the way things are.”<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ de
- qíngkuàng gēn tā de
- chàbùduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你的情况跟他的差不多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You and he are in about the same situation. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dìdi de
- jīngji qīngkuàng bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我弟弟的经济情况不太好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My younger brother's financial situation isn't too
- good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì
- sìshi nián qián de shì, xiànzài qíngkuàng bù tòng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那是四十年前的事,现在情况不同了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That was forty years ago. Now things are different.
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng
- bù néng gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang nǐ zài dàlùde
- qíngkuàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">A:
- 你能不能给我讲讲你在大陆的情况?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: Could you tell me about the way things were for
- you on the mainland?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ de
- yìsī shì wǒ zìjǐ de qíngkuàng
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">B:
- 你的意思是我自己的情况吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: Do you mean my own situation?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> means the “picture” about a place (especially
- an organization); in such cases it may not be necessary to translate it
- literally.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi
- wǒmen jiè shao le tāmen xuéxiào de
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他给我们介绍了他们学校的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He gave us a presentation (briefing) on their school.
- (E.g., what grades, how many students and teachers, what
- subjects are taught, etc.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú tài
- shúxī Měidàsī de qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不太熟悉美大司的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I'm not too familiar with (the way things are at)
- the Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
- </para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>: “with
- regard to, concerning” The phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānyú dàlù de</foreignphrase> means literally “one concerning the
- mainland.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase>
- is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of “about” is more often
- expressed in other ways <note>
- <para>Other ways include using the verbs <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>
- (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program
- and you walk into the room and want to ask, “What's this about?” the
- most '“everyday” way would be <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng shénme de?</foreignphrase>
- (actually an abbreviated form of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jiémù [program] shì jiǎng
- shénme de?</foreignphrase>). It would sound stilted to use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
- in such an informal situation. You see another example of how
- “about” is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in
- the little dialogue: “About what?” is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme diànyǐng?</foreignphrase>.
- </para>
- </note> , but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānyú</foreignphrase> is often used in formal contexts. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> is a
- prepositional verb, which means it is followed by a noun (its object) and is
- related to the main verb. It is not the best behaved of prepositional verbs,
- however. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase>
- does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb
- phrase (before the verb, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
- Zhōngguó qù</foreignphrase>). Nor does <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase> occur in a sentence
- the way “about,” does in English. “About” phrases in English are free to
- occur after the verb, e.g. , “talk about Chinese history,” “think about your
- problem.” A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
- phrase (that is, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānyú</foreignphrase> and its object) can only occur in the following
- places in the sentence: </para>
- <para>(1) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> can
- occur at the beginning of the sentence to introduce the topic about to be
- commented on. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- nèijiàn shì, wǒ shénme dōu bù
- zhìdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于那个件事,我什么都不知道。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Concerning that matter, I don't know anything. (OR I
- don't know anything about that matter.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānyú nèrde
- qíngkuàng, nǐ gěi wǒ dǎting dǎting hǎo
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于那儿的情况,你给我打听打听好吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you please ask for me about the situation
- there?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- zhège, nǐmen hái yǒu méiyou shénme
- wèntí?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于这个,你们还有没有什么问题?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have any other questions about this? </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(2) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> can
- also occur in a phrase with -de which modifies a noun. <informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xièxie nǐ
- gàosu wǒ zhème duō guānyú dàlùde
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谢谢你哦告诉我这么多关于大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Thank you for telling me so much about the situation
- on the mainland.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhīdào
- hěn duō guānyú zhèi fāngmiàn de
- shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他知道很多关于这方面的事情。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He knows a lot (of things) about this field.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhèli
- méiyǒu duōshǎo guānyú Zhōngguo de
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们这里没有多少关于中国的书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We don't have very many books about China
- here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>It also occurs in a phrase with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase>, the whole phrase acting as a noun. <informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng
- Xiǎo Zhào nèr jièlai yī běn shū, shì guānyú Zhōngguó
- càide, nǐ kànkan. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我从小趙
- 那儿借来一本书,是关于中国菜的,你看看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I borrowed a book from <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Zhào</foreignphrase>. It's (a book) about Chinese food.
- Have a look at it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(3) A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
- phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase> +
- noun) is occasionally used alone as an abbreviated sentence.<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān
- kànle yige diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我昨天看了一个电影。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I saw a movie yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
- diànyǐng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么电影?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>About what?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- Fǎguó ...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于法国。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>About France...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- Fǎguóde shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于法国什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>About what (aspect) of France?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
- Fǎguóde jīngji.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于法国的经济。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>About the French economy. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in
- parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would be
- considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example
- you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiāoxi</foreignphrase>, “news.”)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tīngshuō
- guānyú Tiětuōde xiāoxi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你听说哦关于铁托的消息吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have you heard (the news) about Tito?(i.e., that he
- had died)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù yào wèn
- wǒ guānyú shùxuéde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要问我关于数学的问题。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't ask me (any questions) about math.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè gěi wǒ
- kànkan</foreignphrase>: “lend (it) to me to read” In exchange 1,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiě</foreignphrase> was
- translated “borrow.” Now you see it used for “to lend.” To say “lend
- something to someone,” the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gěi</foreignphrase> phrase always follows the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase><note>
- <para>A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
- phrase before <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiè</foreignphrase> would mean “for,” not “to.” Example :
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi wǒ jièle jǐběn
- shū.</foreignphrase> “He borrowed a few books for me.”</para>
- </note>. If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> may be
- omitted: <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè wǒ
- yìzhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >借我一支笔。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Lend me a pen. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè gěi wǒ
- yìzhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >借给我一支笔。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Lend me a pen. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(In this extremely common sentence, the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is more frequently
- omitted.) </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàge xuéqí
- nǐ xiǎng yánjiū shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下个学期你想研究生么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What are you going to do research on next
- semester?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái shi lǎo
- wèntí: Zhōngguóde zhèngzhi
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还是老问题:
- 中国的政治情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It's still the same old topic: the political
- situation in China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéqī</foreignphrase> :
- “semester, term.” Since <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xuéqī</foreignphrase> means literally just “school-period”, it could
- conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters.
- Chinese schools, however, run on semester system (fall-winter, and
- winter-spring.)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- yǒude Měiguó dàxué yīge xuéqī zhǐ yǒu shíèr sānge
- lǐbài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在有的美国大学一个学期只有十二三个礼拜。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some American colleges have semesters which last only
- twelve or thirteen weeks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànge
- xuéqī nǐ dōu niànle shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry xml:lang="cmn-Hani"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >上个学期你都念了什么。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What (courses) did you take last semester?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéqī</foreignphrase> may also
- be used without the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-ge</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shàngxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìxuéqī</foreignphrase>, etc .</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánjiū</foreignphrase> : “to do
- research on” a topic (usually at the graduate level or above). Sometimes may
- be translated as “to study” (in depth, not just preparing for a
- test).<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yánjiūde
- shi něifāngmiande wèntí?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她研究的是那方面的问题?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What area does she study (OR do research
- on)?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē jiàoshòu
- zài jīngji fāngmiande yánjiū shi dàjiā hěn
- shóuxīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >科教授在经济方面的研究是大家很熟悉的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Everyone is familiar with Professor Kē1s research
- in the area of economics.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yánjiū
- gōngzuò hěn zhòngyào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的研究工作很重要。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His research work is very important.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> Another meaning is “to look into, to consider, to discuss”
- (possibilities, opinions, questions) :<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- wèntí wǒmen děi yánjiū yanjiu.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个问题我们得研究研究。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>We should discuss (OR look into this)
- question.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase>:
- “politics, political affairs; political”</para>
- <para>Keep in mind that because of China's political system, the word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> has a
- different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question
- which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this
- concept, here is the definition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> from a Chinese dictionary.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> : The
- concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular
- economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on
- economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most
- fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their
- own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each
- other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes
- becomes the main content of politics. The relations which politics must
- handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes,
- relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is
- manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and
- international relations of political parties, social groups, and social
- forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class
- has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow
- interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown
- with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian
- political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established;
- after power has been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the
- end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions between ourselves
- and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people... are properly
- handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging
- in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to
- developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely
- abolish classes and bring about communism.</para>
- <para> Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations
- in the PRC has resulted in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> being used in a host of phrases such as
- “political influence,” “political relations,” “political background,”
- “political qualifications,” etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
- Xiǎo Míng gěi tā nǚpéngyǒu xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo
- cháng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >昨天小明给他女朋有写信,写的好长。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yesterday <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo Mín</foreignphrase>g wrote a letter to his
- girl friend, and it was really long!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng
- rén zǒng shi niánqīng rén. Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou yě
- shi zhèiyang, nǐ wàng le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >年轻人总是年轻人。我年轻的时候也是这样,你忘了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Young people are always young people. When I was
- young I was like that too, have you forgotten?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- long” in physical length, or in some cases, time<note>
- <para>There are other words for “long” in other contexts. When referring
- to distance, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuǎn</foreignphrase> : <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lù hěn yuǎn.</foreignphrase> “It's a
- long way.” For time, you will also need <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase> : <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒule duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase>,
- “How long has it been since he left?”</para>
- </note>. The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cháng</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duǎn</foreignphrase>, “to “be short.”<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángchéng
- yǒu duō cháng? Yǒu liùqiānduō gōnglǐ
- (cháng).</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >长城有多长?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How long is the Great Wall? It's over six thousand
- kilometers (long.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiède
- tài cháng le, duǎn yidiǎnr, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你写的太长了,段一点儿,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You made this (piece of writing) too long. Could you
- shorten it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- cháng shíjiān méi kànjian ta
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我很长时间没看见他了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> I haven't seen him in a long time.
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn
- cháng shíjiān</foreignphrase> is the same as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn
- jiǔ</foreignphrase>)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
- zài nàr zhǎo fángzi yídìng xūyào yige hěn chángde
- shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想你在哪儿找房子一定需要一个很长的时间。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sure it will take you a long time to find a house
- there,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài zhèr
- gōngzuòde shījiān yǒu duō
- cháng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在这儿工作的时间有多长?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How long did he work here?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- young” While the idea of being young is often relative to a particular
- situation, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng
- rěn</foreignphrase> usually means people from the teens through the twenties.<note>
- <para>Remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎo</foreignphrase> is another word for “young” :
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǐ wǒ xiǎo
- yísuì.</foreignphrase> “He's a year younger than I.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎode
- shihou</foreignphrase> usually means “When I was a child.” When
- speaking to a child, you would say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái xiǎo</foreignphrase> for
- “You're still young.”</para>
- </note><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- niánqīngde shíhou bǐ xiànzài gèng hǎo
- kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她年轻的时候比现在更好看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When she was young she was even more beautiful than
- now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng
- rén dōu xǐhuan wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >年轻人都喜欢玩儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All young people like to have fun.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase>: “always,
- invariably” Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, really,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, “still,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase> is often
- followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒngshi
- wèn wo wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你总是问我问题。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>You always ask me questions.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
- shìqing zǒngshi ràng rén hěn
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这种事情总是让人很高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This type of thing always makes one very
- happy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng bù</foreignphrase>, “always
- not... ” is one way of saying “never” :<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒng bù
- xǐhuān biérén wèn tā jiālide
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他总不喜欢别人问他家的事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He never likes other people to ask about his
- family,</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng</foreignphrase> has another
- use, which is the one you see in exchange 4: Instead of meaning literally
- “on every occasion” or “at all times,f” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase> is used to suggest that
- a certain state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other
- circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some
- are “after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done,
- inevitably, eventually.” Other possible translations are suggested in the
- following examples.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoháizi
- zǒng shi xiǎoháizi, dàle jiu hǎo le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小孩子总是小孩子,大了就好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Children will always be children; after they grow
- up it will be better.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú jiè
- wǒ, wǒ zài zhèr kànkan zǒng kěyi
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不借我,我在这儿看看总可以吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If you won't lend it [this book] to me, at least I
- can read it here, can't I?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn shū
- shi hǎo shì, zǒng bù néng bù chī fàn ba?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你念是好事,总不能不吃饭吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>It's great that you're studying, but after all,
- you can't go without eating, can you?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
- Měiguó rén, nǐ zǒng bù néng bù zhīdào Dézhōu zài nǎr
- ba?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是美国人,你总不能不知道德州在哪儿吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> You're an American, you can't very well not know
- where Texas is, can you?!</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ názǒu
- wǒde shū, zǒng děi wèn wǒ
- yíxià!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你拿走我的书,总得问我一下!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You really should ask before you take one of my
- books.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng yǒu
- yìtiān, tā huì huílaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >总有一天,他会回来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Someday he will surely come back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshige bú
- gòu, nà nǐ shuō sānshige zǒng gòu le
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >二十个不够,那你说三十个总够了吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If twenty isn't enough, then thirty should surely
- be enough, wouldn't you say?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōnggòng
- qìchē méiyou dào nèige dìfangde, wǒmen děi qí
- zìxíngchē qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >公共汽车没有到那个地方的,我们得骑自行车去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There aren't any buses that go there. We'll have to
- go by bicycle.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, qí chē
- duō lèi...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >欧,汽车多累。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, but it's so tiring to ride a bicycle.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng bǐ
- zǒuzhe qù hǎoduō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >总比走车去好多了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Well, it's much better than walking!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái wǎn
- yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bù lái hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >来晚一点儿总笔不来好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's better to come a little late than not to come at
- all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú nǐ
- zhèige wèntí, wǒ zhīdào bù duō, dàgài méiyou bànfǎ
- huídáhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于你这个问题,我知道不多,大概没有办法回答好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't know much about this question of yours. I
- probably can't give you a good answer.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒng
- zhīdào bǐ wǒmen duō, jiù qǐng nǐ jiǎngjiang ba!
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你总知道比我们多,就请你讲讲吧!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In any case, you know more than we do, so please
- try.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǔjiàde
- shíhou, nǐ xiǎng dào nǎr qù
- wánwanr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >暑假的时候,你想到哪儿去往往儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Where do you want to go to summer vacation?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- dào Yàzhōu jǐge guójiā qu
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想到亚洲几个国家去看看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'd like to go visit a few countries in Asia.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǔjià</foreignphrase>: “summer
- vacation” In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September
- for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.</para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige shǔjià
- wǒ bú dào nǎr qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个暑假我不到那儿去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>This summer vacation I'm not going anywhere.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàzhōu</foreignphrase>: “Asia”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yà</foreignphrase> comes from
- the transliterated word for Asia, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yàxìyà</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōu</foreignphrase> means “continent.” Many people say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǎzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>: “country,
- nation, state,” literally, “country-family.” The bound word -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guó</foreignphrase> is used only in certain
- phrases or compound words. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Guójiā</foreignphrase> is the word to use everywhere else. (Sometimes
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guó</foreignphrase> may be
- used alone, such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China.
- But a modern nation is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guójiā</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme, nǐ
- xiǎng yánjiū Yàzhōude wénhuà
- chuántǒng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么,你想研究亚洲的文化传统?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia's cultural
- tradition?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù néng
- shuō yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide
- shèhuì qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不能说研究。我只是想去看看那里的社会情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It can't be called research. I just want to go have a
- look at the social situation there.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme?</foreignphrase>: “oh?;
- what?; really?” The intonation can change the implication.<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme, nǐ
- yě dào zhèr lái le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么你也到这儿来了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Well, you've come here too!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme? Tā
- bú shi Zhōngguó rén? Nà tade zhōngwén zěnme zènme
- hǎo ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么?他不是中国人?那他的中文怎么怎么好呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What? He's not Chinese? Then how is his Chinese so
- good?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiàwu
- yǒu shíjiān ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你下午有时间吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have any time this afternoon?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme? Yǒu
- shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么?有事吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why? Is something happening?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénhuà</foreignphrase>: “culture,
- civilization” Also “education, cultural background” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyǒu wénhuàde rén</foreignphrase>, “an
- uncultured person” or an “uneducated person.”</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèhuì</foreignphrase> “society;
- social” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn shèhuì</foreignphrase>
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shèhuì</foreignphrase> are
- jargon for the new and old societies (after and before the socialist
- transformation). “In society” is more often <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shèhuìshang</foreignphrase>, less
- frequently <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎi
- shèhuìli</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānggǎngde
- shèhuì wèntí hěn duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >香港的社会问题很多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems.
- (e.g., drugs, killings)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng,
- wǒ jīntiān gǎnjué hěn bu
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">Lǎo Wáng,
- 我今天感觉很不舒服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>, I feel awful today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài
- zuòxia, wǒ qù gěi ni dào bēi chá
- lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >快做下,我去给你倒杯茶来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sit down and I'll pour you a cup of tea.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué</foreignphrase>: “to feel;
- feeling” In 7a, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǎnjué</foreignphrase> is used as a verb. Here are other
- examples:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gǎnjué
- zenmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你感觉怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How do you feel?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān
- gǎnjué hǎo yidiǎnr le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你今天感觉好一点儿了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you feel better today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnjué
- tā jīntiān yǒu diǎnr bu
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我感觉他今天有点儿不高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I get the feeling he's a little unhappy (OR bothered)
- today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán wǒ
- bù fā shāo le, kěshi zǒng gǎnjué hěn
- lèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >虽然我不发烧了,可是总感觉很累。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Although I don't have a fever any more, I feel
- very tired all the time.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> Here is an example of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǎnjué</foreignphrase> used as a noun:<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- wǒde gǎnjué, nǐde kànfa
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这时我的感觉,你的看法怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's my feeling, what is your opinion?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòxia</foreignphrase> : “to sit
- down” Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuòxialai</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng
- zuòxia(lai) tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >清坐下(来)谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have a seat and let's talk about it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào... lai</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase> is “to
- pour”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai</foreignphrase> is
- “to pour and bring here.” You have seen <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> used as a directional
- ending before, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >náxialai</foreignphrase>, “bring down and here,” or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎolái</foreignphrase> “run here.” There are
- two things to notice about the meaning of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> as a directional ending:
- 1) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase> can be used
- after verbs which tell of movement from one place to another, like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎo</foreignphrase>, “to run”
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase>, “to carry”;
- OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to
- another, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase>, “to pour.” 2) The thing <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> refers to, which is what
- ends up “here”, may be the subject OR the object of the sentence . For
- example, in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎolai
- le</foreignphrase>, “He ran here,” it is the subject <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> who performs the action of
- running and comes here. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiělai yifēng xìn le</foreignphrase>, “He has written a letter which has
- come here,” it is the object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xìn</foreignphrase> which is written and comes here. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">In Yīfu dōu yǐjīng xǐlai le</foreignphrase>,
- “All the clothes have already been washed and brought here,” it is the topic
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīfu</foreignphrase> which
- were washed and brought here.</para>
- <para> You will often split <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lai</foreignphrase> from the verb by inserting an object like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbēi chá</foreignphrase>, as
- in sentence In fact, in sentence 7B, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> must be split up;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> may not
- precede the object. The rules allowing <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> to precede the object are
- complex, and here we will just give some examples of usage.<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ nǎr
- jièlai zhème yíliàng pò chē?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你哪儿借来这么一粮破
- 车?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where did you borrow such a beat-up old car
- from?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì
- xǐhuān nǐ cóng Shànghǎi mǎilaide nèijiàn
- máoyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我最喜欢你从上海买来的那间毛衣。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I like the sweater you bought in Shanghai
- best.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yídìng
- gěi nǐ zhǎolai nèiběn shū.</foreignphrase> OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yídìng
- gěi nǐ zhǎo nèiběn shū lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我一定给你找来那本书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll be sure to find that book for you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
- shíhou yǒu shíjiān, dǎ ge diànhuà lai, wǒmen yìqǐ qù
- kàn diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你什么时候有时间,打个电话来,我们一起去看电影。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>When you get the time, give me a call, and we'll
- go see a movie together. (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lai</foreignphrase>
- must follow the object.)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié wàngle
- míngtiān yě bǎ nǐde nǚpéngyou
- dàilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别忘了明天也吧你的女朋友带来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't forget to bring your girlfriend tomorrow
- too.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qùde
- nèige dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji fāngmiànde qíngxing
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你去的那个地方政治,经济方面的情形怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What was the political and economic situation like
- where you went?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐjù huà
- shuōbuqīngchu, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr
- shuō ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >几句话说不清楚,有时间我在跟你慢慢儿说吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences;
- when I have time I'll tell you all about it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase>: “aspect;
- area; respect; side” This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful,
- sometimes overused word. You won't have any trouble understanding how
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> is
- used, but there will be sentences where you wouldn't have thought to use it.
- When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> out of the English
- than to strain to use the word “aspect,” “side,” etc.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> has two
- main uses:</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“aspect, respect, area, field”<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèige wèntí yǒu
- liǎngfāngmiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个问题有两方面。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>There are two aspects to this
- question.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒmen zài zhèifānmiàn zuòde hái bú
- gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们在这方面做的还不够。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We haven't done enough in this
- area.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yīngguó zài jīngjixué fāngmiànde yánjiū zuòde bù
- shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >英国在经济学方面的研究做的不少。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A lot of research in the area of economics
- has been done in England.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ méi shìde shihou xǐhuan kànkan wénxué
- fāngmiànde shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我没事的时候喜欢看看文学方面的书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>When I don't have anything to do, I like to
- read books on the subject of literature.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànle nǐ xiěde yǐhòu
- juéde yǒu yìfāngmiàn kěyǐ xiěde gèng
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我看了你写的以后觉得有一方面可以写得更好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> After reading what you wrote, I feel
- there's one aspect in which can make it
- better.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něifāngmiàn
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪方面呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What aspect?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“party, side,” referring to a group of people<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Niǔyuē fāngmiàn dàgài bú huì yǒu shénme wèntí,
- kěshǐ wǒmen yīnggāi hé Běijīng fāngmiàn xiān
- shāngliang yixia zài shuō.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >纽约方面大概不会有什么问题,可是我们应该和北京方面先商量以下再说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>New York won't have any problem with this,
- but we should check with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- before going ahead, (meaning groups of people,
- e.g., offices of a company.)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Guānyú zhèige wèntí, liǎng fāngmiànde kànfà yǒu
- diǎn bù tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关于这个问题,两方面的看法有点不同。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>The two sides have somewhat different views
- on this question.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngxing</foreignphrase> :: In
- most cases interchangeable with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>. In present-day <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, at least
- among the younger generation, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> is the more common of these two words.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōbuqīngchu</foreignphrase> :
- “can't say/explain clearly” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shuōqīngchu</foreignphrase> is a compound verb of result. Here are
- other examples:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- shuōbùqīngchu wèishénme tā
- shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我说不清楚为什么她生气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I can't really explain why he got angry.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- shuōqīngchu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不说清楚不行。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>It won't do, not to explain it clearly.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shuōqīngchu tāde mùdi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他说清楚他的目的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He explained his goal clearly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng bu
- néng shuōqīngchu “niánqíng” hé “xiǎo” de bù
- tóng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你能不能说清楚“年轻”和“小”的不同?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Can you explain clearly the differences between
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >niánqīng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎo</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase> : Also
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn</foreignphrase>. Many
- adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the
- subject and the verb. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, when you double certain adjectival
- verbs of one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its
- original tone) and is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. Other
- examples are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kuàikuāir</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase>), “quickly,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāorde</foreignphrase>, “veil,
- properly.”</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mànmàn(de)</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr(de)</foreignphrase>
- has these meanings:<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“slowly” Don't forget, however, that “slowly” can sometimes be
- translated by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >màn</foreignphrase> alone.<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他慢慢儿的走回家去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He slowly walked home.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>BUT <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zǒu màn yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >走慢一点儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Walk more slowly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Màn diǎnr zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >慢点儿走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Walk more slowly.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“gradually, bit by bit, by and by”<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ gāng lái, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng bù shúxī,
- mànmānr nǐ jiu zhīdao le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你刚来,对这儿的情况不熟悉,慢慢儿你就知道了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You just arrived and are unfamiliar with
- the situation here, but you'll come to know it by
- and by.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mànmānrde, tā jiu dǒng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >慢慢儿的,他就懂了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Gradually he began to understand.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sentences which instruct someone to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase> do this
- or that can often be translated as “take your time... ,” or
- “don't rush.”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mànmānr zǒu, zánmen
- láidejí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >慢慢儿走,咱们来得及。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Let's take our time walking. We'll make
- it.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bù jí, mànmānr chī, wǒ děng
- nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不及,慢慢儿吃,等你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>There's no hurry, so take your time eating.
- I111 wait for you.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para> With verbs meaning “to tell” someone about something,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >mànmānr</foreignphrase> has more of the meaning, “in all
- details.”<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zuòxia, wǒ mànmānr gēn nǐ
- jiǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你坐下,我慢慢儿跟你讲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Sit down and I'll give you the whole
- story.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ hái xiǎng gēn nǐ duō tántan zhèige
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我还想跟你多谈谈这个事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'd like to talk some more with you about
- this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hǎode, yǐhòu wǒmen mànmàn
- tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,以后我们慢慢儿谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Okay, later we can talk about it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánjiū
- Zhōngguo xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi dǒngde Zhōngguó
- lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >研究中国现在的问题一定得懂得中国历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>To study the problem of China now, you have to
- understand Chinese history.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- zhèiyidiǎn hěn yàojǐn, wǒ kǎolǜ
- kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说得这一点很要紧,我考虑考虑。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This point of yours is very important; I'll think it
- over.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngde</foreignphrase>: “to
- understand” Narrower in use than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dǒng</foreignphrase>. You <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dǒngde</foreignphrase> the meaning of a word, the implications or
- significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign
- language (that you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dǒng</foreignphrase>), nor what the teacher just said (that you
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdǒng</foreignphrase> le),
- nor someone else's feelings (that you <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, which will be
- presented in the Traveling in China module).</para>
- <para>You have seen the component -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> in the verbs <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènde</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìde</foreignphrase>. It is only used in a
- handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example,
- you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rènbude</foreignphrase>, “can't recognize,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìbude</foreignphrase>,” can't remember,“ but
- you may not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dǒngde</foreignphrase> in the potential form; form, “can't understand,”
- you just say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- dǒngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎn</foreignphrase> : “point”
- (For the second example, you need to know <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli</foreignphrase>, “in one' s
- heart.”)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, hái yǒu
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,还有一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Oh, there's one more point [that should be
- made].</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi, shi
- ràng rén xīnli zuì bù shūfude
- yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这,是让人心理最不舒服的一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is the most upsetting point</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi yidiǎn
- wǒmen yǐjīng tánguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那一点我们已经谈过了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We've been over that point already</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde tā
- shuōde měiyidiǎn dōu duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我觉得他说的每一点都对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> I think that every point of his was right.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase> : “to
- consider, to think over; consideration”<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yidiǎn
- wǒmen yīnggāi kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这一点我们应该考录。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We should consider this point.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
- hǎohāor kǎolǜ zhèige wèntí. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我得好好儿考虑这个问题。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> I have to think this matter over
- carefully.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- fāngmiànde qíngkuàng nǐ kǎolǜ
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这方面的情况你考虑吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Have you taken this aspect of the matter into
- consideration?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài
- Zhōngguo zhù liǎngnian, yídìng huì xuéhǎo
- Zhōngwénde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在中国住两年,一定会学好中文的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If you live in China for two years, you're sure to
- learn Chinese very well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- yìfāngmiàn kěyǐ xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kěyǐ
- duō zhīdào yidiǎnr Zhōngguóde
- shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,一方面可以学好中文,一方面也可以多知道一点儿中国的事情。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on
- the other hand I can find out more things about
- China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> : “might, be
- likely to, will” You already know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase> meaning “to know how to, can.” Here you see
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> used in a
- new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English
- translations, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
- ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be
- sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not
- important to the message, and there might be no single “correct” English
- translation. Various adverbs can be added before <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> to clarify the degree of
- certainty, for example,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yídìng</foreignphrase> “definitely,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgài</foreignphrase>, “probably,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yěxǔ</foreignphrase>,
- “perhaps, ” etc.</para>
- <para> Here are some examples of how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huì</foreignphrase> can be used to indicate likelihood:</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold"
- >huì</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
- shíèrdiǎn bàn le, zhè shíhou shéi huì lái
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >已经十二点半了,这时候谁回来呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>It's half past twelve. Who would come at this
- hour?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yídìng yào
- wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >已经要我去,他才会去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll have to go or else he won't go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cài yàoshi
- fàngde tài duō le, báobǐng huì
- pò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >菜要是放的太多了,薄饼会坡。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If you put too much food in, the pancake will
- break.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
- chènshān zāngle bù yàojǐn,wǒ huì gěi nǐ xǐ.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你的衬衫脏了不要紧,我会给你洗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>It doesn't matter that your shirt got dirty. I, ll
- wash it for you.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">bú
- huì</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú dà huì
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不大会吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's not very likely.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàgài bú
- huì shì tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大概不会是他。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It is probably not him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshizài
- Táiwān mǎi jiù bú huì zhème guì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >要是在台湾买就不会这么贵了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you buy it in Taiwan, it won't be so
- expensive.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú huì
- zhǎobudào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不会找不到吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>You won't be unable to find it, will you?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yào
- jí le, wǒ bú huì chū shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不要急了,我不会出事的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't get anxious, I won't have an accident.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold"
- >huì...ma?</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
- jīntiān wǎnshang huì liángkuai yidiǎn
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看今天晚上会凉快一点吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> Do you think it might be cooler tonight?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huì qù
- ma? Tā huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他回去吗?他回去。</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Will he go? He'll go.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì bu
- huì</foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
- huì bu huì lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >明天他会不会来?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmenxiěde
- nèifēng xìn, dào xiànzài tāmen hái méiyǒu shōudào,
- wǒmen huì bu huì xiěcuòle
- dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们写的的那封信,到现在他们还没有受到,我们会不会写错了地址。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> They still haven't gotten the letter. Could we
- have written the address wrong?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ mén
- kāi le, zhèiyang nǐ huì bu huì juéde tài
- lěng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我把门开了,这样你会不会觉得太冷?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> I opened the door. Will you feel too cold like
- this?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
- jīntiān huì bu huì xià yǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看今天会不会下雨?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Does it look to you as if it might rain
- today?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ huì zǒucuòde</foreignphrase>:
- So far you have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase> used as a marker of possession or of modification,
- and in the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi...de</foreignphrase> construction. Here it is used in an entirely
- new way: at the end of a sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase> can mean “that's the way the situation is.”
- Generally speaking, this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase> is used in emphatic assertions or denials,
- especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.</para>
- <para><emphasis role="bold">Usage note</emphasis>: Unless the sentence contains
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> or is
- understood to have an omitted <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase>, the majority of native <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speakers seem to feel
- that this -de is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng
- huà</foreignphrase>, southern Chinese (e.g. , <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>), or a carry-over
- into Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional
- connotations, you needn't try to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to
- understand this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase>; in fact, you will see that in most of the
- following examples, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-de</foreignphrase> is completely unnecessary.<orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase> in the sense of “it is that... it is a
- case of.. .”</para>
- <para>This <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase> may often be omitted.<informaltable
- frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ shi bú qù de.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我是不去的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I'm not going. (More literally, “As for me,
- it is that I'm not going.”)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèige, nǐ shi zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个,你是知道的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>This you know.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nèige rén (shi) yǒu
- wèntíde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个人(是)有问题的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is something wrong with that
- guy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zěnme lái le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么来了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why are you here?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >(Shi) Lǐ xiānsheng jiào wò
- láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >(是)李先生叫我来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> told
- me to come.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xiānggǎng mǎi shūde shíhou,
- měicì dōu (shi) jì
- zhīpiàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >从前我从香港买书的时候,每次都(是)及支票的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para> In the past whenever I have bought
- (mail-order) books from Hong Kong, I have always
- paid by check (lit. ”sent a check”).</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Sentences with an auxiliary verb (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >néng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yīnggāi</foreignphrase>, etc.)<informaltable frame="all"
- rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì
- shēngqìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你告诉他,他会生气的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If you tell him he'll get angry.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiàng néng
- xiěwánde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在写一两个钟头,我想能写完的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> If I write for another hour or two, I
- think I can finish writing it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zěnme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yīnggāi
- mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么没买阿,一点都不贵,你应该买的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>How come you didn't buy it? It's not at all
- expensive. You should have bought it.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zhème bù shūfu, jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yīnggāi
- qùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你这么不舒服,今天的会你不应该去的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Since you're feeling so ill, you shouldn't
- go to today's meeting.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒmen zǒng yǒu yìtiān yào huí
- dàlùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们总有一天要回大陆的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>There will come a day when we will go back
- to the mainland.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Others: sentences with certain adverts like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>, with
- potential resultative verbs, with the aspect marker
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-guo</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèxiē shū yídìng
- xūyàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这些书一定需要的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These books are definitely needed.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ hē kāfēi cónglái bú fàng
- tángde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我喝咖啡从来不方糖的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never take sugar in my coffee.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mápó Dòufu píngcháng dōu yǒu
- ròude.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >麻婆豆腐平常都有肉的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mápó</foreignphrase> Bean curd usually has meat
- in it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒmende gōngzuō zhēnshi tài duō le,
- zuòbuwánde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们的工作真是太多了,做不完的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>We really have an awful lot of work. We'll
- never be through with it.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián
- kànguode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个电影我从前看过的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've seen this movie before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bù yàojǐnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要紧的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It doesn't matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hǎode, hǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,好的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All right, all right.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfāngmiàn...
- yìfāngmiàn...</foreignphrase>: This has two meanings: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“On one hand..., on the other hand...” or “for one thing..., for
- another thing...” and </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“doing... while doing...”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- Xiānggǎng, yìfāngmiàn nǐ yǒu jīhui hé zhōngguó rén
- tán huà, yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhǐdao dàlùde
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在香港,一方面你有机会和中国人谈话,一方面可以知道大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll have a chance to
- talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn
- about the situation on the mainland.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yìfāngmiàn chī
- dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他一方面看电视,一方面吃东西。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He watches television while eating.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11-12</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìbiān(r)... yìbiān(r)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一边(儿)。。。
- 一边(儿)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yímiàn...yímiàn...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面(儿)。。。
- 一面(儿)。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
- yìbiān(r)...</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yímiàn (r)... yímiàn (r)</foreignphrase>:
- Both of these patterns are similar to the second meaning of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfāngmiàn...
- yìfāngmiàn...</foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
- colsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbiān zuò
- yìbiān xué ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一边做一边学吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Learn by doing (learn as you do it)!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìbiānr
- tīng yìbiānr xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我一边听一边儿写。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I write as I listen.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tán, hǎo
- buhǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们一边走一边谈,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's talk as we walk, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Workbook</title>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</title>
- <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">As Tom (A) (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngmǔ</foreignphrase>), a graduate student
- in Chinese Area Studies at Georgetown University, is studying in his
- apartment, a knock comes at the door. It is his classmate <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B), an exchange
- student from Hong Kong.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">À! Shì nǐ
- ya! Hǎo jiǔ bu jiàn! jīntiān zěnme yǒu shíjiān
- chūlai zǒuzou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >啊!是你啊,好久不见,今天怎么有时间出来走走?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well, it's you! I haven't seen you in a long time!
- How is it you've got time to come out for a walk
- today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge
- zhōngtóu yǐqián, wǒ cóng xuéxiào gěi nǐ dǎ diànhuà,
- nǐ bú zài jiā, gāngcái wǒ dào zhèli fūjìn mǎi
- dōngxi, jiù lái kànkan. Zhēn bú cuò, nǐ yǐjīng
- huílai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一个钟头以前,我从学校给你打电话,你不在家。刚才我到这里附近买东西,就来看看。真不错,你已经回来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I called you an hour ago from school, but you weren't
- home. I just came over to this neighborhood to do some
- shopping, so I stopped by to visit. It's great that
- you're back already.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ
- gāngcái dào péngyou jiā jiè shū qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对不起,我刚才到朋友家借书去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sorry. I just went over to a friend's house to borrow
- a book.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme shū?
- Yòu shi guānyú Zhōngguóde
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么书,又是关于中国的吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What book? More about China, I bet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, yǒu
- Xiānggǎngde, dàlùde, yě yǒu Táiwānde, dōu shi
- xiǎshuōr. Nǐ zuòxia kàn, wǒ qù gěi nǐ dào bēi chá
- lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,有香港的,大陆的,也有台湾的,都是小说。你坐下看,我去给你倒杯茶来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, there are ones from Hong Kong, the mainland and
- Taiwan, all fiction. Sit down and have a look. I'll go
- get you a cup of tea.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào
- máfan, shénme hēde dōu xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要麻烦,什么喝的都行。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't go to any trouble. Anything to drink is
- fine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěkǒukělè,
- júzi shuǐr**, háishi píjiǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可口可乐,橘子水,还是啤酒?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Coke, orange juice or beer?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">M, júzi
- shuǐ ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯,橘子水吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Um, orange juice.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, wǒ
- mǎshàng jiù lái, yào bīngkuàir
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,我马上就来,要冰块吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, I'll get it right now. Do you want ice
- cubes?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào,
- xièxie.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要,谢谢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, thanks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tāngmǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >汤姆?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Tom?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ng?
- (ēn)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yeah?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè sānge
- dìfangde shū, ni dōu kàn, ní juéde
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这三个地方的书你都看,你觉得怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Reading books from all three of these places, what do
- you think?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde gǎnjué
- bú shi yíjù huà kéyi shuōqīngchude. Eng... zhème
- shuō ba, wǒ zǒng juéde dàlù rén, Xiānggǎng rén, hé
- Táiwān rén dōu shi Zhōngguo rén, tāmen yǒu yíyàngle
- wénhuà chuántǒng, kěshi yīnwei zhèngzhide qíngkuàng
- bù tóng, shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě jiu bù yíyàng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的感觉不是一句话可以说清楚的,这么说吧。我总觉得大陆人、香港人和台湾人都是中国人,他们有一样的文化传统,可是因为政治的情况不同,社会的情况也就不一样了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I can't explain my feelings in just a few words.
- Hmm...let's say that I've always felt that people on the
- mainland, in Hong Kong and Taiwan are all Chinese, all
- have the same cultural tradition, but because the
- political situations are different, the social
- situations are also different.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- duì, dànshi nǐ yào dǒngde Zhōngguo shèhuì, zhǐ kàn
- shū shi bù gōude.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的对,但是你要懂得中国社会,只看书是不够的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're right. But if you want to understand Chinese
- society, it's not enough just to read books.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éi, nǐ
- zhīdào ma, xiànzài xué Zhōngwénde xuéshēng yǒu hěn
- duō jíhuà dào Zhōngguo qu. Suǒyǐ wǒ jìhuà zài zhèige
- xuéqī wánle de shihou, qù Zhōngguo kànkan. Érqiě, wǒ
- hái xiǎng zhǎo ge hǎo péngyou yìqǐ
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你知道吗,现在学中文的学生有很多机会到中国去,所以我计划在这个学期完了的时候去中国看看,而且我还想找个好朋友一起去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Say, you know, students of Chinese have a lot of
- opportunities to go to China now. So I'm planning to go
- to China for a visit when this semester is over. And
- what's more, I'd like to find a good friend to go
- with.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān wǒ
- jiēdao wǒ mǔqinde xìn, tā xǐwàng wǒ huí Xiānggǎng
- guò shùjià; zěnmeyàng, nǐ hé wo yìqǐ huíqu ba. Nǐ
- kéyi zhù zai wǒmen jiāli, érqiě, zài Xiānggǎng
- yìfāngmiàn nǐ yǒu jīhui hé Zhōngguo rén tán huà, yì
- fāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao dàlù, Xiānggǎng hé Taiwǎnde
- qíngkuàng, nǐ kàn hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >昨天我接到我母亲的信,她希望我回香港过暑假,怎么样,你和我一起回去吧,你可以住在我们家里。而且在香港,一方面你有机会和中国人谈话,一方面可以知道大陆、香港和台湾的情况,你看好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yesterday I got a letter from my mother, and she'd
- like me to come back to Hong Kong for summer vacation.
- How about going back with me? You can stay at our house;
- what's more, in Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll have a
- chance to talk with Chinese and on the other hand you
- can learn about the situation on the mainland. In Hong
- Kong and in Taiwan. What do you think?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēicháng
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >非常好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Great.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme, nǐ
- hái yào hé nǐ jiāli rén shāngliang yixiar
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那么你还要和你家里人商量一下吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well then, you'll still want to discuss this a bit
- with your parents, I suppose?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú bì, gěi
- fùmǔ dǎ diànhuàde shihou, gàosu tamen wǒde jìhua jiu
- xíng le. Wǒ yào yánjiū Zhōngguo shèhuì, fùmǔ yídìng
- huì gāoxìngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不必,给父亲打电话的时候告诉他们我的计划就行了。我要研究中国社会,父母一定会高兴的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's not necessary. When I call them, I'll tell
- them my plan, and then everything should be all right.
- I'm sure they'll be happy that I want to study Chinese
- society.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
- niánqīng rén dōu yǒu zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ, zhèi yidiǎnr,
- wǒ fēicháng xǐhuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国年轻人都有自己的想法,这一点我非常喜欢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Young people in America really think for themselves
- (have their own ideas). I really like that.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng
- rén yǒu zìjǐde xiǎngfǎ shi duìde, kěshi fùmǔde huà
- yě yīnggai kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >年轻人有自己的想法是对的,可是父母的话也应该考虑。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It's good that young people think for themselves, but
- you still ought to consider what your parents
- say.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">M. Nà wǒmen
- shuōhǎo le, jīnnián shǔjià qù Xianggǎng, xiànzài hái
- yǒu wǔge yuède shíjiān kéyi
- zhǔnbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯,那我们说好了,今天暑假去香港,现在还有五个月时间可以准备。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This summer vacation we'll go to Hong Kong. We still
- have five months to prepare.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì, jiù
- zhème bàn! Jīnnián xiàtiān wǒ jiù yào dào zhèige
- dìfang dà, rénkǒu duō, lìshǐ yòu chángde guójiā qu
- le. Hài! Zhèige jìhua zhēn ràng wo
- gāoxìng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今年夏天我就要到这个地方大人口多,历史又长的国家去了。嘿,这个计划真让我高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right, that's what we'll do. This summer we will go
- to that country with a large area, a great population,
- and a long history. Boy, this plan really makes me
- happy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, jiù
- zhèiyang. Wǒ yinggāi zǒu le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好吧,就这样,我应该走了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Good, it's settled. I have to go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ máng
- shenme! Hái zǎo ne! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你忙什么?还早呢?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What's the hurry? It's still early!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zǎo le,
- huíqu hái děi niàn shū ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >早了,回去还去念书呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No it isn't. I still have to study when I get
- back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, yǒu
- shíjiān nǐ zài lái wánr!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那,有时间再来玩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well then, come again when you have time!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
- jiàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明天见!
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>See you tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 1, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese, Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para> All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2 </title>
- <para>This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and
- son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the
- possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.</para>
- <para> The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time. </para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnshì
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">something weighing
- on one's mind</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >心事</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǎngdà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to grow up</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长大
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàxuéshēng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">college
- student</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大学生</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gèguó</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">various
- countries</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >各国</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāozhōng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">senior high
- school</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >高中</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎohāor</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">properly, carefully,
- thoroughly</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好好儿</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jìzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to remember</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">记住
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2 </title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
- able to give them orally in class. </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>How does Xiao Ming's mother know that something is on his
- mind? How does she bring up the subject? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What are his classmates doing over the summer? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does he think Asian culture is interesting? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How does Xiao Ming's mother react to his idea? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What advice does she give? </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
- a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers. </para>
- <note>
- <para>The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
- English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
- the literal meaning of the Chinese. </para>
- </note>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3 </title>
- <para>In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the
- U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate
- engrossed in his studies. </para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions. Here are the new
- words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- tiān na!</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">My God!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的天啊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xuéshēnghuì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">student
- association</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生会
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānxīn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be concerned
- about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >关心</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jìndàishǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">modern history
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >近代史</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàndài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">modern</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现代</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐsá
- bǐng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">pizza</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >比萨饼</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǔshū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ancient
- books</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >古书</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3 </title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
- able to give them orally in class. </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying
- the classics? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why doesn't the American student like to talk about politics?
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate
- should become familiar with for a well-rounded education?
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Does the American student agree? Why or why not? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What will the roommates do after the American student finishes
- his homework? </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
- a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
- you have prepared. </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese
- literature professor after class in his office. </para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions. </para>
- <para>You will need the following new words and phrases: <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīdòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to get worked up, to
- be agitated</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >激动</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liùshi
- niándài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">the decade of the
- sixties</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >六十年代</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">as soon as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǎibiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">change(s)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liúxia</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to leave</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >留下</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 4 </title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why was Professor Tang so upset in class? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why did the student visit her professor? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What things does she bring him? Why? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese
- literature? </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is Professor Tang1s attitude about the future? </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
- a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>A mother and her son who immigrated to America from China five years ago
- are talking after dinner:</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Míng,
- nǐ zài chī yidiǎnr a.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小明,你再吃一点儿啊.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míng</foreignphrase>, have some more to eat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā, wǒ
- chībǎo le, bù xiǎng chī le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,我吃饱了,不想吃了.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm full, Mom. I don't want any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitian
- niàn shū niànde zhěme wǎn, zài bu duō chī yidiǎnr,
- zěnme xíng na?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >每天念书,念得这么晚,再不多吃一点儿怎么行呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You study so late every day, if you keep eating so
- little, how will that do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēnde
- chībǎo le, yìdiǎnr dōu bù xiǎng chī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我真的吃饱了,一点儿都不想吃了.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I've really had enough. I Just don't want any
- more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi, nǐ
- yǒu shénme xīnshì Kě bu kéyi hé wo
- tāntan?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >孩子,你有什么心事,可不可以和我谈谈?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Son, what do you have on your mind? Can you talk
- about it with me?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā, nǐ
- zuòxia. Zánmen lái Měiguo sìwǔnián le, láide shihou
- wǒ hái shi ge háizi, xiànzài yǐjīng shi dàren le. Wǒ
- suīrán zhǎngdà le, kěshi zuò shénme shìr, háishi
- xiǎng xiān hé nín tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,你坐下.咱们来美国四五年了.来的时候我还是个孩子,现在已经是大人了.我虽然长大了,可是做什么事儿还是想先和您谈谈?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>When we came I was still a child, but now I'm an
- adult. But even though I've grown up, whenever I do
- something I still like to discuss it with you
- first.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎode, yoǒ
- shénme shìr, nǐ jiù shuō ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,有什么事儿你就说吧.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, if you have something you'd like to talk about,
- go ahead.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā, wǒ yǒu
- jǐge Měiguo tóngxué, dōu shi xuě Zhōngwénde, jīnnián
- shǔjià, tāmen xiǎng dào Yàzhōu qù kànkan, wǒ yě
- xiǎng hé tāmen yìqǐ qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,我有几个美国同学都是学中文的.今年暑假他们想到亚洲去看看,我也想和他们一起去.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mom, I have a few American classmates who study
- Chinese. This summer vacation, they want to go to Asia,
- and I'd like to go with them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu shi
- niánqīng rén ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >都是年轻人吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Are they all young people?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, dōu
- shi dàxuéshēng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是阿,都是大学生.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, they're all college students,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen qù
- Yǎzhōu, shi qù wánr háishi qù yánjiū Yǎzhōude
- zhèngzhi, wénhuà qíngxing?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们去亚洲是去玩,还是去研究亚洲的政治文化情形?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Are they going to Asia for fun or to study the
- political and cultural situation in Asia?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng,
- tāmen juéde Yàzhōu wénhuà hěn yǒu yìsi, Yàzhōu gèguó
- shèhuìde qíngkuàng yě hěn yǒu
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想他们觉得亚洲文化很有意思,亚洲各国社会的情况也很有意思.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think they find Asian culture and the social
- situation in the Asian countries very
- interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen juéde
- zuì yǒu yìside dìfang shi nǎr
- a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们觉得最有意思的地方是哪儿啊?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Which place do they think is the most
- interesting?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngrán shi
- Zhōngguó!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >当然是中国.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>China, of course!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ líkāi
- Zhōngguo zhǐ yǒu sìwǔnián, jiù xiǎng huíqu
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你离开中国只有四五年,就想回去了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You left China only four or five years ago, and
- already you want to go back again?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ láide
- shihou cái shàng gāozhōng, duì Zhōngguo wénhuà
- dǒngdéde tài shǎo. Wǒ xiǎng wǒ yīnggāi huíqu
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来的时候才上高中,对中国文化懂得太少,我想我应该回去看看.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>When I came I was only in senior high, and ī
- understood too little about Chinese culture. I think I
- ought to go back to visit.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguode
- wénhuà yǐjīng yǒu sìqiānniánde lìshǐ, yǒu yìside
- dōngxi hěn duō. Nǐ yào yánjiū Zhōngguo wénhuà, wǒ bù
- fǎnduì. Búguò, zǒu yǐqián, nǐ yídìng yào hé Yěye
- hǎohāor tán yícì. Tā jǐshínián méiyou huíqu le,
- yídìng yǒu hěn duō huà yào hé ni
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国文化已经有四千年的历史,有意思的事情很多。你要研究中国文化,我不反对。不过,走以前你一定要和爷爷好好谈一次。他几十年没有回去了,一定有很多话要和你说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Chinese culture already has four thousand years of
- history, and there are many interesting things. I'm not
- against your wanting to study Chinese culture. But
- before you go you have to talk it over thoroughly with
- Grandpa. He hasn't been back in several decades and I'm
- sure he'll have a lot to say to you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìzhu
- le, yídìng hé Yéye hǎohāor
- tányitán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我记住了,一定和爷爷好好谈一谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll remember. I'll make sure I talk it over
- thoroughly with Grandpa.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para> Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an apartment
- somewhere in America. The American is at home studying <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ Jì</foreignphrase>, <emphasis role="bold"
- >Records of the Historian</emphasis>, a classical history. His Chinese
- classmate comes in the door.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde tiān
- na! Nǐ hái zài niàn shū? Ài, hé bēi píjiǔ xiūxi
- xiuxi hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的天呐,你还在念书?嘿,喝杯啤酒,休息休息,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My God! Are you still studying? Hey, how about taking
- a break for a beer?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hǎo
- hǎo, ràng wo bǎ zhèiyidiǎnr kànwán xíng bu
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好好好,让我把这一点看完行不行?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, okay, let me finish reading this little bit,
- okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài, nǐ
- zǒngshi kàn gǔshu? Xiànzài shèhuìde qíngxing, nǐ jiu
- yìdiǎnr dōu bu kǎolǜ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗨,你总是看《古书》。现在社会的情形你就一点都不考虑吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Come on, you're always reading classics! Don't you
- ever think about the condition of today's
- society?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shuō
- wǒ bù kǎolǜ, xuéshēnghuìde shì wǒ yě zuòle bù shǎo
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谁说我不考虑?学生会的事我也做了不少嘛。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Who says I don't think about it. I've done a lot with
- the Student Association, you know!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhēn yǒu
- y4si! Zuò yidiǎnr xuéshēnghuìde shì jiu shi guānxīn
- shèhuì le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真有意思,做一点学生会的事就是关心社会了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're something else! Just doing a little work with
- the Student Association means you're concerned about
- society!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐ shuō,
- wǒ yīnggāi zuò diǎn shénme
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那你说我应该做点什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well then, what do you think I should do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàlùshang
- yǒu nàme duō rén, nǐ zěnme bú wènwen tāmende
- qíngxing zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大陆上有那么多人,你怎么不问问他们的情形怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There are so many people on the mainland, how come
- you don't try to find out what their situation is
- like?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde
- zhèngzhi wèntí tài máfan, wǒ bù xiǎng tán
- zhèngzhi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我觉得政治问题太麻烦,我不想谈政治。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think that political problems are too much bother
- (tedious and involved). I don't like to talk about
- politics.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yě
- méiyou yào gēn nǐ tán zhèngzhide yìsi. Wǒde yìsi
- shi, nǐ yánjiū Zhōngguode shihou, yìfāngmiàn yào
- kànkan gǔshū, yánjiuyanjiu Zhōngguo chuántǒng
- wénhuà, yìfāngmiàn yě kéyi kànkan zhèi yìbǎiniánde
- Zhōngguo lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我也没有要跟你谈政治的意思。我的意思是,你研究中国的时候,一方面要看看《古书》,研究研究中国传统文化,一方面也可以看看这一百年的中国历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I didn't mean I wanted to talk politics with you. I
- mean that as you study China, on the one hand you should
- read the classics and study traditional Chinese culture,
- but on the other hand you can also read some Chinese
- history of the past hundred years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyidiǎn
- shi duìde. Zhèi yìxuéqī wǒ bú shi yǒu Zhōngguo
- jìndàishǐ kè ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这一点是对的,这一学期我不是有中国近代时刻吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're right about that. I have modern Chinese
- history class this semester, don't I?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- chūle shàng xué yǐwài, nǐ hái kéyi kàn yidiǎnr
- xiǎoshuōr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想除了上学以外,你还可以看一点小说儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But I think that besides taking classes, you could
- read some fiction, too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn
- xiǎoshuōr?! Wǒ nǎr yǒu shíjiān kàn shenme
- xiǎoshuōr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >看小说?我哪有时间看什么小说儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Read fiction?! When (lit. “where”) do I have time to
- read any fiction?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuìjìn
- zài kàn jǐběnr Zhōngguo jìndài xiǎoshuōr, fēicháng
- yǒu yìsi. Nǐ rúguǒ xiǎng dǒngde Zhōngguo xiàndài
- shèhuì, zhēn děi duō kàn diǎnr zhěizhǒng
- xiǎoshuōr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我最近在看几本中国近代小说,非常有意思。你如果想懂得中国近代社会,真得多看点这种小说儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Lately I've been reading a few modern Chinese novels
- which are very interesting. If you want to understand
- modern Chinese society, you really have to read more of
- this kind of fiction.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zěnme
- kéyi hē nǐ bǐ, nǐ kànde nàme kuài! É, zhèiyang hǎo
- bu hǎo, nǐ kànwán yǐhòu gàosu wo něiyiběn hǎo
- yidiǎnr, wǒ zài kàn, xíng bu
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我怎么可以和你一比?你看得那么快?嘿,这样好不好?你看完以后告诉我哪一本好一点,我再看,行不行?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How can I compare with you; you read so fast! Hey,
- how about this: after you've finished reading them, tell
- me which book is best and then I'll read it,
- okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hǎo
- hǎo, jiù zhèiyang ba! Xiànzài wǒ bú zài máfan nǐ le.
- Éi, dùi le, jīntiān wǎnshang zánmen chī shénme? Wǒ
- lái zuò yidiǎnr, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好好好,就这样吧。现在我不再麻烦你了。哎,对了,今天晚上咱们吃什么?我来做一点好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, that's what we'll do. Now I'll leave you alone.
- Oh yeah what are we going to eat tonight? I'll make
- something, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú bì zuò
- le, suíbiàn chī diǎnr ba! Wǒ niànwán zhèiyidiǎnr,
- zánmen chūqu chī pǐchá bǐng, hǎo bu
- hao?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不必做了,随便吃点吧。我念完这一点,咱们出去吃披萨铃好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You don't have to make anything. Why don't we just
- have something easy, After I finish reading this, how
- about going out and having a pizza?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo! Nǐ
- kuài diǎnr niàn, niànwán zánmen jiu
- zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,你快点儿念,念完咱们就走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay! Hurry up and read, we'll leave right after you
- finish.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in Taiwan, comes
- to see her professor from China, Professor <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> (B).<footnote>
- <para>Professor <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Táng</foreignphrase> first studied literature in the early
- 1930's in Shanghai and himself belonged to several literary clubs
- and publications which included some of the authors he now discusses
- with his students.</para>
- </footnote></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng
- Xiānsheng, wǒ kéyi jìnlai
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >唐先生,我可以进来吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Professor (Teacher) Tang, may I come in?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngrán,
- qǐng jìnlai ba! Yǒu shi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >当然,请进来吧,有事吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Of course, please come in! Is there some matter (you
- want to see me about)?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mm, jīntiān
- shàng kède shihou nín dàgài hěn bu shūfu, wǒ lái
- kànkan nín.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天上课的时候,您大概很不舒服,我来看看您。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Um, in class today, you must have felt very bad, so
- I've come to see you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu! Hái
- dàile huār lai! Xièxie ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,还带了花来,谢谢你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh! You even brought flowers! Thank you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shenme,
- yīnggāide. Táng Xiānsheng, nín xiànzàide gǎnjué
- zěnmeyàng, hǎo yidiǎnr ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没什么,应该的。唐先生,您现在的感觉怎么样?好一点吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Not at all, it's only proper. Dr. Tang, how do you
- feel now, better?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎoduō le,
- xièxie ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好多了,谢谢你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Much better, thank you,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme
- wǒ kéyi gěi nín zuòde...nín bié
- kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有什么我可以给您做的,您别客气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If there's anything I can do for you... don't be
- polite.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù dào
- liǎngbēi kāfēi lai, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想,今天上课的时候您太激动,现在最好不喝咖啡。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How about going and pouring [us] a couple of cups of
- coffee?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng,
- jīntiān shàng kède shihou nín tài jīdòng, xiànzài
- zuì hǎo bù hē kāfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想,今天上课的时候您太激动,现在最好不喝咖啡。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think that during class today you got too worked
- up. It would be best if you didn't have any coffee
- now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo ba, nǐ
- dào liǎngbēi júzishuǐ lai. Wǒ bú yāo
- bīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好吧,你倒两杯橘子水来,我不要冰。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, then get us two glasses of orange juice. I
- don't want any ice.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎode, wǒ
- jiù lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,我就来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, I'll be right back.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(She gets the orange Juice out of the refrigerator in Professor
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase>'s office
- and brings it over to his desk.)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng
- Xiānsheng, yǒu yíjù huà wǒ bù zhīdào kéyi bu kéyi
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >唐先生,有一句话我不知道可以不可以说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Dr. Tang, there's something I want to say but I don't
- know if I can.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme
- huà, nǐ jiù shuō ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有什么话,你就说吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Whatever you have to say, just say it!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nin měici
- jiang Zhongguo liūshi niandai wěnxuě dou feichang
- jīdSng, zhěiyangr dui ninde shěntī bu
- hao!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您每次讲中国六十年代文学,都非常激动,这样对您的身体不好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Every time you talk about Chinese literature of the
- sixties you get very agitated. That's bad for your
- health!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yě
- zhīdao, kěshi yì tán zhèi fāngmiànde wèntí, zǒngshi
- ràng wo hěn jīdòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我也知道,可是一谈这方面的问题,总是让我很激动。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I know, but as soon as I talk about the topic it
- always makes me very agitated.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- wénxué de qíngkuàng zhèijǐnián yǒule hěn dàde
- gǎilàian. Yǒude shíhou hǎo yidiǎnr, yǒude shíhou bù
- zěnme hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国的事情就是这样,和政治的关系太大,我老了,我没办法懂了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There have been big changes in the state of Chinese
- literature in the past few years. Sometimes it's been a
- little better and sometimes it hasn't been too
- good.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguode
- shìqing jiù shi zhèiyàng, hé zhèngzhide guānxi tài
- dà. Wǒ lǎo le, wǒ méi bànfǎ dǒng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国的事情就是这样,和政治的关系太大,我老了,我没办法懂了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's exactly the way things are in China; their
- relationship with politics is too great. I'm too old, I
- can't understand it any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín shi
- wǒmende lǎoshī. Rúguǒ nín bù dǒng, shéi dǒng
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >您是我们的老师,如果您不懂,谁懂呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But you're our teacher. If you don't understand, who
- does?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èi, yǐhòude
- yánjiū, jiù shi nǐmen niánqīng rénde shì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对,以后的研究就是你们年轻人的事了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(Sigh) In the future, research will be the job of you
- young people.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng
- Xiānsheng, nín bú yào zhèiyangr xiǎng, wǒmen dōu
- xīwàng yǐhòu Zhōngguo wénxuéde qíngxing huì hǎo
- yìdiǎnr. Jīntiān wǒ zài túshūguǎn jièle jǐběnr xīn
- shū, dōu shi bú cuòde. Gěi nín liúxia
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,有时间我看一看。今天我在图书馆借了几本新书,都是不错的,给您留下吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Dr. Tang, don't think that way. All of us hope that
- the state of Chinese literature will get better in the
- future. I got a few new books out of the library today
- which are all pretty good. I'll leave them with
- you!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, yǒu
- shíjiān wǒ kànyikan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,有时间我看一看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, I'll look through them when I have
- time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǒu le,
- nín duō xiūxi yihuǐr.
- Zàijiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我走了,您多休息一会儿,再见。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm going to leave now. You get some more rest.
- Goodbye.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
- zàijiàn. Xièxie nǐ lái kàn
- wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,再见,谢谢你来看我。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All right, goodbye. Thanks for coming to see
- me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
- kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不客气</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're welcome.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Many authors of considerable fame and accomplishment were persecuted
- during the Cultural Revolution. One unfortunate instance of this resulted in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lán</foreignphrase> She's
- suicide.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2 Equality of sexes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The uses of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biéde</foreignphrase>, “others(s)” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase>,
- “other.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi...
- jiù...</foreignphrase> .</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè...
- yuè...</foreignphrase> , “the more... the more …”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái
- yuè...</foreignphrase> , “more and more … . ”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The verb ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-xiaqu</foreignphrase>, “to continue, ” “to go on.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàng</foreignphrase>, “like.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase>, “as soon/early as that.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional language Contained in This Unit</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Asking a person's views on an issue.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate
- topic.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Correcting a false impression given by something you said.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Dismissing an idea or proposal.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn Fǎwén
- zhōukān xiāngdāng bú cuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本法文周刊,相当不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This French weekly is quite good!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">À! Nǐ xiànzài
- duì Fǎwén hěn yǒu yánjiū le, néng kàn Fǎwén zázhì
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >啊,你现在对法文很有研究了,能看法文杂志了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read French
- magazines!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚ píngděng
- shì bu shi Zhōngguó rénde kànfǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >男女平等,是不是中国人的看法?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is equality between men and women a Chinese
- viewpoint?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, kěshi nèi
- shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn guānniàn, bú shi lǎo
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是,可是那是中国人的新观念,不是老观念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, but that's a new concept of the Chinese, not an old
- one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
- wénzhāng bù hǎo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这篇文章不好吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Isn't this article any good?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi zhèige
- yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是这个意思。文章不错,就是长了一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That wasn't what I meant. The article is pretty good,
- it's just that it's a bit long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yǒu
- shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你还有什么别的巍峨会长吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Do you have any other articles?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiēhūn
- yǐqián yìzhí dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你结婚以前一直都跟父母一起住吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Before you got married did you live with your parents all
- along?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ méi
- jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā dúlì shēnghuōle qī-bā
- nián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是,我没结婚就离开家,独立生活了七八年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, I left home before I got married and lived
- independently for seven or eight years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn, zhèr
- yǒu yìpiān guānyù tóngjūde
- xīnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看,这儿有一篇关于同居的新闻。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Look, here's a news article about living
- together.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suànle ba.
- Zhèizhǒng xīnwén yǒu shénme
- yìsi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >算了吧,这种新闻有什么意思?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Forget it. What's interesting about that kind of
- news?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī jiějie yīxué
- fāngmiànde shū yuè lái yuè duō
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你姐姐医学方面的书越来越多了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your sister is getting more and more medical
- books!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, tā zài
- pīnmìng xué yī ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,她在拼命学医呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, she's studying medicine with all her energy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú Xiānshengde
- kè shízài méi yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘先生的课实在没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mr. Liu's class is really boring.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tǐīgxiaqu,
- mànmānr huì yǒu xìngqude.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你听下去,慢慢会有兴趣的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If you keep attending it, gradually you'll become
- interested.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng Wáng
- Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde lǎoshī zhēnshi bù
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >像王教授这样的老师真是不多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There really aren't many teachers like Professor
- Wang.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōduì le.
- Rúguǒ bú shi tā bāngzhu wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng xué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说对了。如果不是他帮助我,我真不想学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're right. If it weren't for the help he's given me, I
- wouldn't want to study anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānnián yǐqián
- wǒ jiu bú kào fùmǔ shēnghuó le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >三年以前我就不靠父母生活了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I stopped depending on my parents for a living three
- years ago.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng zìjǐ
- guǎn zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你能自己管自己,真不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It's really great that you can take care of yourself [be
- your own boss].</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde jǐběn
- xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn
- liúxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他写的几本小说,现在都很流行。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The novels he wrote are all very popular now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dāngrān,
- xiàng tā nèiyang yǒu dìwei yǒu zhǐshide rén, xiěde
- xiǎoshuō yídìng yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那当然,像他那样有地位有知识的人,写的小说一定有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Of course. Novels written by someone with his position
- and knowledge are sure to be interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有帮助</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be helpful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- dàolǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有道理</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to make sense</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìyóu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >自由</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be free; freedom</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-bèizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >辈子</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>all one's life, lifetime</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>15.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
- Zhōukān</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >新闻周刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Newsweek</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>16.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùnǚ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >夫女</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>woman; women, womankind</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮助</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> help; to help </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèizi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">辈子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all one's life, lifetime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">道理</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> principle, truth, hows and whys; reason, argument, sense
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìwei</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">低微</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> position, status </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúlì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">獨立</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be independent; independence </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> woman; women, womankind </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">管</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take care of; to mind, to bother about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānniàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">观念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> concept, idea, notion </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn
- (jiēhūn)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get married </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">靠</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be
- next to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liúxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">流行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
- yìsi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没意思</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be uninteresting, to be boring; to be pointless, to be
- meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of
- respect </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> men and women, male-female </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">片</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for sheets, articles or pieces of writing </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >píngděng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">平等</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> equality; to be equal (of people) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pínmìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">拼命</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> with all one's might, for all one is worth, desperately,
- like mad; to risk one's life, to defy death </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēnghuó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生活</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> life; to live; livelihood </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">實在</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> really; to be real </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn
- le</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">算了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> forget it, let's drop the matter,let it go at that; come off
- it, come on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同居</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cohabit; cohabitation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wénzhāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文章</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> article, essay; prose (writing) style </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">像</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be like, to resemble; like; such as </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> quite, pretty, considerably </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> resultative ending which indicates continuing an action
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìngqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兴趣</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> interest </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> news </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
- Zhōukān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻周刊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Newsweek </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué yī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学医</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to study medicine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> medical science, medicine (used in phrases like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué
- yī</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīxué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医学</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> medical science, medicine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一直</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all along, continuously, all the time (up until a certain
- point) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有帮助</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be helpful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- dàoli</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有道理</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to make sense </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- xìngqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有兴趣</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be interested </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yánjiū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有研究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have done research on; to know a lot about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuè...yuè...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越。。。越。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the more... the more... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái
- yuè...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越来越</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> more and more..., increasingly... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīshi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">知识</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> knowledge </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhōukān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周刊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> weekly publication, weekly, magazine, a "weekly" </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìyóu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">自由</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> freedom; to be free </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- Fǎwén zhōukān xiāngdāng bú
- cuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本法文周刊,相当不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This French weekly is quite good!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">À! Nǐ
- xiànzài duì Fǎwén hěn yǒu yánjiū le, néng kàn Fǎwén
- zázhì le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >啊,你现在对法文很有研究了,能看法文杂志了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh! You know a lot about French now you can read
- French magazines!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōukān</foreignphrase>: “weekly
- publication, weekly magazine“ One of the meanings for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōu</foreignphrase> is '“week.” (Other
- meanings include '“cycle, circuit.“) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kān</foreignphrase> is a word element meaning
- “to print, to publish” or “a periodical, a publication.” Notice that this is
- a different word from the falling-tone <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> “to read.” Some other
- words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn
- now) are:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhōumò</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekend</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周末
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhōubào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekly publication,
- weekly</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周报
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhōukān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekly
- publication</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >周刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuèkān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">monthly
- publication</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >月刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàokān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">newspapers and magazines
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >报刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qīkān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">periodicals</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >期刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kānwù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">publications</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刊物</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
- “quite, pretty,” as in “quite a lot” or “pretty good.” This word is not
- quite as positive as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhēn</foreignphrase> “really, truly,” but more so than <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, “fairly, rather” (which
- will be presented in Unit 4).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chǎode
- cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他朝的菜相当好吃。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He cooks pretty well Korean food.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng bú
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个展览馆相当不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This exhibition hall is quite good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yánjiū</foreignphrase>: “to
- have done research on, to know a lot about, to be expert on, to be
- knowledgeable about.” You have often seen you used with a noun, such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng</foreignphrase>, “name,”
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qián</foreignphrase>, “money,”
- to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. You <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng</foreignphrase> is “to be famous,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián</foreignphrase> is
- “to be rich.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
- yánjiū</foreignphrase> is just such a phrase.</para>
- <para>As shown in sentence 1B, to say “knowledgeable ABOUT” something, use the
- prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duì</foreignphrase>, “towards, with regard to,” as in:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>...</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
- yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有研究</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>with regard to</entry>
- <entry>a subject of study</entry>
- <entry>have research</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">to know a lot about
- (something)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: The marker
- le is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This
- person's French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about
- French and can read magazines.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚ
- píngděng shì bu shi Zhōngguó rénde
- kànfǎ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >男女平等,是不是中国人的看法?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is equality between men and women a Chinese
- viewpoint?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì, kěshi
- nèi shi Zhōngguo rénde xīn guānniàn, bú shi lǎo
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是,可是那是中国人的新观念,不是老观念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, but that's a new concept of the Chinese, not an
- old one.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
- female,” used only for humans.<note>
- <para>For animals, “male” is<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- gōng(de)</foreignphrase> and “female” is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔ(de)</foreignphrase>, e.g.,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngniú</foreignphrase>, “bull,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔniú</foreignphrase>, “cow.”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǚde?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的狗是公的还是姆的?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is his dog a male or a female?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
- rén shuō kāidāo yǐhòu bù yīnggāi chī gōngjī,
- yīnggāi chi mǔjī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有人说开刀以后不应该吃公鸡,应该吃母鸡。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some people say that after an operation one
- shouldn't eat rooster; one should eat hen.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </note><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚde
- shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >男女的事情最难说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Matters between men and women are the hardest to
- judge.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- xuéxiào nánnǚ xuéshēng dōu
- yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们学校男女学生都有</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are both men and women students at our
- school.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ</foreignphrase> may modify
- nouns referring to people, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nüxuéshēng</foreignphrase>, “woman student, “ <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtōngzhì</foreignphrase> , “woman
- comrade.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
- Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >陳英明到哪儿去了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where did <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chén Yīngmíng</foreignphrase> go?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hé yíge
- tóngxué chūqu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他和一个同学出去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He went out with a classmate.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi
- nántóngxué shi nǚtōngxué?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男同学是女同学?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Was it a male classmate or a female
- classmate?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánde</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚde</foreignphrase> are
- sometimes used for “man” and “woman,” but when used to refer to an
- individual (e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
- nánde</foreignphrase>) they are rather impolite. When used for “men” and
- “women” in general or to distinguish between the sexes, they are, however,
- acceptable.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎi
- zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我买这种行不行?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Should I buy this kind?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xíng,
- zhèi shi nánde yòngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不行,这是男的用的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No, this is for men's use.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái you
- yíge rén dǎ diànhuà lai zhǎo
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刚才有一个人打电话来找你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Just now someone telephoned for you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánde
- shi nǚde? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是男的是女的?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Was it a man or a woman?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ píngděng</foreignphrase>:
- “equality of the sexes,” literally “man-woman equality.” The marriage law of
- May 1, 1950, established a policy in the PRC which has remained basically
- the same up to the present day. It forbade bigamy polygamy, and the
- traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later
- marrying her to one's son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged
- the acceptance of remarriage of widows, allowed divorce by mutual consent,
- and gave women the choice not to take their husband's surname at marriage.
- Today, although traditional attitudes toward women and marriage persist
- especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads
- toward the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as
- equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive
- equal compensation for equal work. (it is expected, however, that women
- doing heavy physical work are not as strong or productive as men, and so
- their pay will be correspondingly lower.) In addition, the leadership of
- communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel
- who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work,
- and personal relations.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngděng</foreignphrase>: This
- word is both a noun and a verb: “to be equal; equality”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
- zài Zhōngguo nánnǚ bù píngděng, xiànzài bù tóng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >从前在中国男女不平等,现在不同了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Formerly men and women were unequal in China. Now it
- is different.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo rén
- gēn Zhōngguo rén duì nánnǚ píngděngde guānniàn bú
- tài yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国人跟中国人对男女平等的观念不太一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Americans and Chinese don't have all that similar an
- idea of equality of the sexes.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase>: “way
- of thought, concept; sense (of), mentality (of)” This is a way of thinking
- about the larger issues of life, the way “things” (values, responsibilities,
- and so on) should be. One <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānniàn</foreignphrase> is only part of a whole system of attitudes,
- thoughts and beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as
- an “idea” held by a person or group (but it does not mean “idea” as in “I
- have a good idea” [this would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhúyì</foreignphrase>]).</para>
- <para>In a society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn guānniàn</foreignphrase>,
- “new ways of thought, new ideas,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “old ways of
- thought, old ideas.” Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù guānniàn</foreignphrase>,
- “outmoded ways of thinking.” For instance, equality of the sexes is a
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xín guānniàn</foreignphrase>;
- the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is
- a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo guānniàn</foreignphrase>;
- the idea of child brides as acceptable and practical is a <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù guānniàn</foreignphrase>. Some
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase> are
- considered “correct” and “good” by the majority, and some are considered
- “incorrect” and “bad.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiātíng
- guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “a sense of family,” is usually considered good.<note>
- <para>Other “good” concepts containing words that haven't been presented
- yet are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàode
- guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “sense of morality,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔzhī guānnián</foreignphrase>,
- “sense of organization,”and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèncè guānnián</foreignphrase>
- “sense of official policy.”</para>
- </note> “Bad” concepts have names too [for example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sīyǒu guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “sense of
- personal ownership”]. People are sometimes criticized because their
- such-and-such <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guānniàn</foreignphrase> is too weak or too strong, and they are told
- accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
- rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude
- yíyàng, yǒude bù yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国人的观念根中国人的观念有的一样,有的不一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sometimes the American way of thinking and the
- Chinese way is the same, sometimes not.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- ><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
- ba, zài guò jǐnián nián-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn jiù huì biàncheng yizhǒng
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看吧,在过今年年轻应人应该晚恋晚婚就会变成一种观念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You watch, in a few more years, it will have become
- an accepted idea that young people should get involved
- late and marry late.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable><note>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”
- This refers to waiting until young people are in their late twenties
- before they become romantically involved or think of
- marriage.</para>
- </note><note>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biàncheng</foreignphrase>: “to change into”</para>
- </note></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
- wénzhāng bù hǎo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这篇文章不好吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Isn't this article any good?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi
- zhèige yìsi. Wénzhāng bú cuò, jiù shi chángle
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是这个意思。文章不错,就是长了一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That wasn't what I meant. The article is pretty good,
- it's just that it's a bit long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yǒu
- shénme biéde wénzhāng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你还有什么别的巍峨会长吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Do you have any other articles?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>: This is a
- counter. First, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >piān</foreignphrase> is the counter for whole short pieces of writing,
- such as articles or essays. Second, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase> can count single sheets
- of paper with writing or printing on them (compare <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhāng zhǐ</foreignphrase> which is a sheet
- of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān(r)</foreignphrase> by itself means a
- leaf of a book; that is, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìpiān(r)</foreignphrase> equals both sides of one page.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzhāng</foreignphrase>: (1) “a
- writing, literary composition, article, essay” (counter: -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>); (2) “prose style,“ as
- in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- wénzhāng bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的文章不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His (prose) writing is very good.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi zhèige
- yìsi</foreignphrase>: “That wasn't what I meant,” or more literally,
- “Not that meaning (the one you just said).”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi...</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> here means
- “merely, only, just.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángle yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>:
- “a little bit too long.” The marker le following an adjectival verb, such as
- “to be long“ can mean either: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>new situation, the article is now a bit long, or </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You've seen the
- second meaning in sentences such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài hǎo le</foreignphrase>, “That's
- wonderful.” Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article
- is overly long.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase>: “other,
- others” Distinguish in Chinese between <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase>, “others in general,”
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase>,
- “another” or “the other.” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biéde</foreignphrase> when you are not specifying “which others.” Use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase> +
- Number + Counter when you refer to a certain “other” or certain
- “others.”Contrast this pair of sentences:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
- kàn biéde ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你还要看别的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you like to look at some other ones?
- (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
- kàn lìngwài yíge ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你还要看另外一个吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Would you like to see the other one, too? (A CERTAIN
- ONE—“THE” OTHER)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Contrast also:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
- zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài
- yìběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本儿字典不好,我要另外一本儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This dictionary is no good. I want the other one. (A
- CERTAIN OTHER ONE—e.g., the other one which the sales
- clerk showed you)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
- zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本儿字典不好,我要别的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This dictionary is no good. I want another.
- (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you don't know whether the store has
- any others, but you would like to see some)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ
- péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们两个人,一个是哦我哥哥,另外一个是我朋友。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Of those two, one is my older brother, and the other
- is my friend. (A CERTAIN OTHER—“THE“ OTHER)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xiānggǎng qù
- yǐwài, biéde rén dōu dào Táiwān
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们这些人里边儿,除了我到香港区意外,别的人都到台湾区。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Of those of us here, only I am going to Hong Kong;
- all the others are going to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED— ANY
- AND ALL OTHERS IN THE GROUP)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
- láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Táng Huìyīng, lìngwài sānge
- rén wǒ dōu bù rènshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >昨天来的人,我之认识唐惠英,另外三个人我都不认识。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Of the people who came yesterday, I only know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng
- Huìyíng</foreignphrase>. I don't know any of the
- other three. (CERTAIN OTHERS—“THE“ OTHER ONES)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>If you do not specify the set of things you are talking about,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase> tends to
- mean any others in the whole world:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhǐ
- yǒu zhèiyiběn, méiyou biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们只有这一本,没有别的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We only don't have this one volume. We have any
- others.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào
- biéde shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们需要别的书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We need (an)other book(s).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>This last sentence you want to change supplement the one can mean
- either</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>the content of the book(s) is bad and to another book entirely, or
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>you need other books to you are using.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái...biéde</foreignphrase>: Now
- that you have seen how to say “other“” in Chinese, you should note that the
- words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase> are
- often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning “additionally” or
- “again”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>. For now,
- concentrate on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase>. As used in sentence 3B, it means literally “in
- addition to what has come before.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái yào
- biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他还要别的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He wants more of them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái
- zuòle biéde cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他还做了别的菜。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He made other dishes as well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní hái
- zhīdao biéde hao fànguānr
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你还指导别的好饭馆儿吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you know any other good restaurants?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>: “any“
- The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shénme</foreignphrase> is changed from “what” to “any” by the question
- word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase> at the end
- of the sentence. (Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ma</foreignphrase>, the sentence would mean, “What other articles do
- you have?”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yào
- shénme? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你要什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What do you want?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yào
- shénme ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你要什么吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you want anything?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní dōu
- zhīdao shénme hǎo fànguǎnr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你都知道什么好饭馆儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What good restaurants do you know?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zhīdao
- shénme hǎo fànguǎnr ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你知道什么好饭馆儿吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you know of any good restaurants?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiēhūn
- yǐqián yìzhí dōu gēn fùmǔ yìqǐ zhù
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你结婚以前一直都跟父母一起住吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Before you got married did you live with your parents
- all along?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, wǒ
- méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi jiā dúlì shēnghuōle qī-bā
- nián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是,我没结婚就离开家,独立生活了七八年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, I left home before I got married and lived
- independently for seven or eight years.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
- married” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often
- seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase>, or negated with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们结婚了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
- of “Are they married?”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen méi
- jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们每结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> They have not gotten married. (Equivalent to “They
- are not married.“)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen bù
- jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们不结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They are not going to get married.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī jiéhūn
- duo jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你结婚多久了</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have long have you been married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
- verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jié</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be
- separated by aspect markers, such as -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. or -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī shi
- shénme shihou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是什么时候结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When did you get married? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>or</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī shi
- shénme shihou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你是什么时候结婚的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When did you get married? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
- Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘先生结果三次婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> has been married three
- times.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To say”get married TO SOMEONE“ use the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn... jiéhūn</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé...
- Jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
- jiéhūn le? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他跟谁结婚了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>: “all
- along, continuously, always” You have seen <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>, “straight,” used to
- refer to direction, as in<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yìzhí
- zǒu</foreignphrase>. Here <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìzhí</foreignphrase> is used to refer to time.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yìzhí
- zài zhèli gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们一直在这里工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> We've always worked here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìzhí
- zài Táidà niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他一直在台大念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He studied all along at Taiwan University.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìzhí</foreignphrase> can be
- used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānnián</foreignphrase>, “three years,” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn yǐqiān</foreignphrase>,
- “before getting married”) to say “all during (that time).”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yù yìzhí
- xiàle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >雨一直下了三天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It rained for three days straight.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Often the time phrase and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìzhí</foreignphrase> are followed by <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wǔtiān
- yìzhí dōu méi xiūxi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他五天一直都没休息。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He didn't rest for five days on end.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wō méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi
- jiā...</foreignphrase>: This might look like “l didn't get married and
- left home,“ but is actually “when I wasn't yet married, I already left
- home.” The order of events is made explicit by <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi...</foreignphrase> (hadn't yet...)and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù...</foreignphrase>
- (already...).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi xué
- sìwǔge yuè Yīngwén jiù shuōde bú cuò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他没学四五个月英文就说得不错了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Before he had studied even three or four months of
- English, he could speak it pretty well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìng méi
- hǎo jiù lái shàng bān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他病没好就来上班了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She came back to work before she had recovered from
- her illness.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō gàosu nǐ
- méi jītiǎn, nī yòu wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我告诉你没几天,你又忘了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I told you just a few days ago and you've forgotten
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi duō
- jiǔ, tā jiù shuìzháo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没多久,他就睡着了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He fell asleep before long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yù xiàle
- méi duō jiǔ jiù tíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >雨下了没多久就停了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It hadn't rained long when it stopped.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
- independent, to be on one's own; independence,” literally “singly
- stand.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo shi
- yīqīqīliùnián dúlìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >美国是一七七六年独立的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>America became independent in 1776.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn
- jǐnián yǒu jǐge xīn dúlìde
- guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >最近几年有一个新独立的国家。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There have been several newly independent countries
- in the last few years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
- hěn xǐhuan dúlì shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde shíhou
- yǐjīng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个孩子很喜欢独立生活,他在中学的时候已经开始工作了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That child really likes to he independent. He started
- to work when he was in high school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhème
- dà, jīngJi hái méiyou dúlì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他这么大,经济还没有独立。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's so old and still not economically
- independent.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>: “to
- live; life; livelihood” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shēng</foreignphrase>- is stressed and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase> is unstressed or neutral
- tone. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> phrase
- may come either before or after the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiongmāo
- chàbuduō dōu shēnghuó zài
- gāoshānshang.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para>According to those pandas who answered our
- surveys...</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >熊猫差不多都生活在高山上。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Almost all panda bears live in the high
- mountains.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
- shēnghuoshang duì wo hěn
- zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在生活上对我很照顾。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She takes good care of me in my daily life.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎo
- shíhou shēnghuó qíngxing hěn bù
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他小时候生活情形很不好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When he was a child, he lived in very bad
- circumstances.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn,
- zhèr yǒu yìpiān guānyù tóngjūde
- xīnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看,这儿有一篇关于同居的新闻。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Look, here's a news article about living
- together.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suànle ba.
- Zhèizhǒng xīnwén yǒu shénme
- yìsi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >算了吧,这种新闻有什么意思?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Forget it. What's interesting about that kind of
- news?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>: “to live
- together, to cohabit” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jū</foreignphrase> is a literary word for “to live.” Although some
- dictionaries define <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóngjū</foreignphrase> simply as “to live together,” giving examples
- such as an uncle and nephew living together, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>almost always implies
- sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter
- durations, whether or not a household was set up. You'll notice that in some
- dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ tóngjū</foreignphrase> in order to be
- explicit.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>: “news”
- This is the word for “news” as in “the evening news,” “the news in the paper
- today,” “official news.” It is not the word for news between friends, unless
- one is joking about the importance of what is about to be said. [The word
- for news between people is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiāoxi</foreignphrase>, “tidings,” (MBD, Unit 5) which has a second
- meaning of “official news.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
- diànshi xīnwén le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看电视新闻了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Did you see the television news?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- bàoshangde xīnwén hěn yǒu yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天报上的新闻和有意思,应该好好儿看看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The news in the paper today is very interesting; you
- should read it carefully.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- tā gàosu wǒ yíge xīnwén, shuō Xiǎo Wáng hé Xiǎo Lǐ
- “Shíyī” jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天她沟苏我一个新闻,说小王和小李十一结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today she told me some real news. She said that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wang</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ</foreignphrase>
- are getting married on October 1 (National Day).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēnde?
- Zhèi zhēn shi ge dà xīnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真的?这真是个大新闻。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Really? Boy, that really is big news.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn le</foreignphrase>: “Forget
- it.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn</foreignphrase> is the
- verb “to calculate, to figure, to compute.” The idiom <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn le</foreignphrase> is translated as “let
- it be,” “let it pass,” “drop the matter,” “let it go at that.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn le, bú
- yào zài wèn tā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >算了,不要再问他了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Forget it, don't ask him about it any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng tā
- zìjǐ bàn, jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >让他自己版,就算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let him do it himself, and the heck with it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen
- chūqu chi fàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >咱们出去吃饭吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How about going out to eat?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiù
- xiǎng zài jiāli suíbiàn chī yìdiǎnr suàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我就像在家里便吃一点儿算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I just want to eat a little bit at home and leave it
- at that.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu gěi ni,
- suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >都给你,算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Go ahead and take them all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào qù
- jiù qù, bú qù jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >,你要去就去,不去就算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you want to go, then go. If you don't want to go,
- then forget it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī jiějie
- yīxué fāngmiànde shū yuè lái yuè duō
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你姐姐医学方面的书越来越多了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your sister is getting more and more medical
- books!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, tā
- zài pīnmìng xué yī ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,她在拼命学医呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, she's studying medicine with all her
- energy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde
- shū</foreignphrase>: “your sister's medical books” To say just “your
- sister's books” you put a -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiějie</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- jiějiede shū</foreignphrase>. But -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used after
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějie</foreignphrase> in 6A.
- This is because of the modifying phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīxué fāngmiànde</foreignphrase>, which ends
- in -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. To have
- two -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> phrases in
- a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get
- around it is to keep only the last -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. Other
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì
- hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fànguǎnr</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >北京</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >最好</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >饭馆儿</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu
- Xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >周先生</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >太太</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >朋友</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái yuè duō
- le</foreignphrase>: “more and more...” The pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè...yuè...</foreignphrase> is used to
- express the idea “the more... the more...” Fill in the blanks with verbs
- (state or action).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè duō
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yuè
- hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越多</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越好</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“the more the
- better“</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè
- kàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè bù
- dǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越看</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越不懂</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“the more one reads, the
- more confused one gets”</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou yuè
- duō yuè hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >朋友越多懂好</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The more friends you have, the better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìtú yuè dà
- yuè qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >地图越大越清除。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The larger a map is, the clearer it is.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
- xǐhuan qǐng kè, juéde kèren yuè duō yuè
- máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她不喜欢请客,觉得客人越多越麻烦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She doesn't like to invite guests; she feels that the
- more guests there are, the more trouble it is.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yuè
- xiǎng yuè pà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我越想越怕。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The more I thought about it, the more frightened I
- got.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yuè shuō
- yuè shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他越说越生气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The more he talked, the madder he got.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèipiān
- wénzhāng xiěde hěn bu qīngchu, nǐ yuè kàn yuè bù
- dǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那篇文章写得很不清楚,你越看越不懂。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The article is very unclear. The more you read it,
- the less you understand.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>When the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase> is used in the first blank of this pattern, the
- whole phrase expresses the idea of “increasingly...” or “...-er and
- ...-er”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yuè
- lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè
- gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越来</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >越高</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“to become taller and
- taller”</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng
- Tàitaide nǚer yuè lái yuè piàoliang
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >黃太太的女儿越来越漂亮了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Huáng</foreignphrase>'s daughter is getting
- prettier all the time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngxi
- yuè lái yuè guì le. </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >东西越来越贵了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Things are getting more and more expensive.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> is the
- marker of ongoing action which you learned in the Meeting module, Unit
- 2:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā xiànzài zài kāi
- huì</foreignphrase>, “She is attending a meeting now.” Note that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is used in
- sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on
- at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right
- when this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school.
- Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài kàn yiběn xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>
- even if you have put it aside for a day or two.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài...ne</foreignphrase>:
- Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ongoing action, often end in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, the marker
- of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the
- Transportation module and Unit 4 of this module.)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnmìng</foreignphrase>:
- “exerting the utmost strength, with all one's might, for all one is worth,
- desperately, like mad” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Pīnmìng</foreignphrase> means literally “to risk one's life” or “to
- defy death.” One translation which captures the spirit of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnmìng</foreignphrase> is “knocking oneself
- out.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing tài
- duō, tā pīnmìngde zuò yě
- zuòbuwwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >事情太多,她拼命的做也做不完。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's too much to do. She's working like mad and
- still won't be able to finish.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoháir yí
- kànjian lǎoshǔ jiù pīnmìng pǎo huí jiā qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小孩人一看见老鼠就拼命跑回家去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As soon as the child saw the rat, he ran like mad for
- home.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
- Xiānshengde kè shízài méi
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刘先生的课实在没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mr. Liu's class is really boring.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- tǐīgxiaqu, mànmānr huì yǒu
- xìngqude.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你听下去,慢慢会有兴趣的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If you keep attending it, gradually you'll become
- interested.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízài</foreignphrase>:
- '“really, indeed, honestly; to be true to be real” This is an adjectival
- verb which is most often used as an adverb meaning “really,
- actually.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shízài
- yònggōng, měitiān wǎnshang niàn hǎo jǐge zhōngtóu
- Yīngwén. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他实在用功,每天晚上功念好几个钟头英文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is really industrious; every night he studies
- several hours of English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shízài
- bù zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我实在不知道。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I really (OR honestly) don't know.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shízài
- gàosu nǐ ba, wǒ bù xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我实在告诉你吧,我不想去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll tell you the truth: I don't want to go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi nǐ
- shízài méi bànfa, nà jiù suàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >要是你实在没办法,那就算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you really can't do it, then Just forget
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shízài</foreignphrase> can also
- be used in speaking of people; when so used it carries the connotation of
- dependability.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèige
- rén hěn shízài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他这个人很实在。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is very sincere and dependable.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi yìsi</foreignphrase>: This
- phrase, meaning literally '“has no meaning,” has an abundance of uses: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>uninteresting, boring; </para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本书真没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This book is really boring.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我看你不必去那个地方,没什么意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't think you need to go there. It's not
- particularly fun (interesting)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>pointless, meaningless; </para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We didn't get anything done at today's
- meeting. How pointless.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- bù dǒng, zài jiǎng yě méi
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不懂,再讲也没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He doesn't understand. It's pointless to try
- to explain it any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng
- zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不再,咱们去也没意思,什么都不能做。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Since he's not there, it would be pointless
- for us to go. We wouldn't be able to do
- anything.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>to be a drag; </para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在美国,他爱人在德国,真没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's in America and his love is in Germany.
- What a drag!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>without value, not worthy of respect, cheap.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- tā bèihōu shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi
- yìsi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在他背后说这样儿的话,真没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Talking like that behind her back is really
- low.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngxiaqu</foreignphrase>: “to
- go on listening” You've seen the action verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>, “to listen” and the
- directional ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàqu</foreignphrase> “to go down” before. Here <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàqu</foreignphrase> is not used as a
- directional ending, but rather a resultative ending “to continue, to go on.”
- As a resultative verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngxiaqu</foreignphrase> may take <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase> as middle syllables to
- make verbs which say “can” and “cannot.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
- tài méi yìsi, wǒ kànbuxiàqù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本书台没意思,我看不下去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This book is too boring. I can't read on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- duì, jiǎngxiaqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: G<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的对,讲下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's right. Go on (speaking).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àosu wo,
- hòulái zěnme le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >告诉我,后来怎么了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tell me, what happens later?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàosu ni
- méi yìsi. Nǐ kànxiaqu jiù huì zhīdao
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >告诉你没意思。你看下去就会知道了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It would be no fun to tell you. Go on reading and
- you'll find out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōxiaqu
- a, women dōu ài tīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说下去啊,我们都爱听。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Go on talking. We all love to listen.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhèiyang
- děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你这样等下去怎么行呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How can you go on waiting like this?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xìngqu</foreignphrase>: “to
- be interested” Use the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> to say what you are
- interested in.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
- nèijiàn shì yìdiǎnr xìngqu yě
- méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我对那件事一点儿兴趣也没有。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have no interest at all in that matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duì
- shénmeyàngrde shū zuì yǒu
- xìngqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你对什么言儿的书最有兴趣?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What kind of books are you most interested
- in?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng Wáng
- Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde lǎoshī zhēnshi bù
- duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >像王教授这样的老师真是不多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There really aren't many teachers like Professor
- Wang.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōduì
- le. Rúguǒ bú shi tā bāngzhu wo, wǒ zhēn bù xiǎng xué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说对了。如果不是他帮助我,我真不想学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're right. If it weren't for the help he's given
- me, I wouldn't want to study anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- similar to, to resemble” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiàng</foreignphrase> may be used as a full verb or as a prepositional
- verb. Here it is a full verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiàng
- fùqin, bú xiàng mǔqin. </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他像父亲,不像母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He resembles his father, not his mother.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a prepositional verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàng</foreignphrase> is used in making comparisons. Notice the
- similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> and
- those with you and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase>.<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu</foreignphrase>,as
- used in the second example above, can be thought as meaning “comes
- up to (a certain level).” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gēn</foreignphrase>, which is usually used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíyàng</foreignphrase> as in the
- example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence
- compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is
- usually better to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >...gēn ... yīyàng...</foreignphrase> . For example,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng
- gāo</foreignphrase> states explicitly that you are the same
- height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> here.</para>
- </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiang tā
- gēge nàme cōngming.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她像她哥哥那么聪明。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's as intelligent as her brother.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǒu tā
- nàme gāo. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你有他那么高。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're as tall as he is.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn tā
- yíyàng gāo. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你跟他一样高。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're the same height as he.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> Comparison sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàng</foreignphrase> must have either <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíyàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zènme</foreignphrase>), or name before the
- main verb. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng</foreignphrase>
- makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is, after all,
- “resemble” or ““like,” not exact equality.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiàng wǒ
- zhème ná kuàizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你像我这么拿筷子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You hold chopsticks like I do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng huàr
- nàme hǎokàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >像画儿那么好看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> (It's) as beautiful as a painting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiàng chūntian nàme
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这两天的天气像春天那么舒服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The weather the past couple of days has been as nice
- as spring.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- yǎnjing xiàng hǎishuǐ yíyàng
- lán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的眼睛像海水一样兰。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her eyes are as blue as sea water.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>
- comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú xiàng
- tā mèimei nàme cōngming.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不像他妹妹那么聪明。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's not as intelligent as his little sister.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shíhou
- shēnghuó bú xiàng xiànzài zhème hǎo.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那时候生活不像现在这么好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Life was not as good then as it is now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiàng...zhèiyang</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> are sometimes used
- after a noun or pronoun in phrases with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>, for
- example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> xiàng tā
- zhèiyangde rén </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >像他这样的人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>people like him (lit., “like him this kind of
- people“œ)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng Wang
- jiàoshòu zhèiyangde </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >像王教授这样的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>teachers like Professor Wang (lit., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>
- “like Professor Wang this kind of teachers”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In such sentences, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> are hard to
- translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out
- of the translation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān dōu
- xiàng jīntiān zhèiyang jiù shūfu le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >每天都像今天这样就舒服了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If every day were like today, we would have it easy.
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng kǎo
- yā zhèiyangde cài,tiāntiān chī tài guì le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >北京烤鸭这样的菜天天吃太贵了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> It would be too expensive to eat dishes like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> roast duck every
- day.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānnián
- yǐqián wǒ jiu bú kào fùmǔ shēnghuó
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >三年以前我就不靠父母生活了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I stopped depending on my parents for a living three
- years ago.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng
- zìjǐ guǎn zìjī, zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你能自己管自己,真不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It's really great that you can take care of yourself
- [be your own boss].</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>: The adverb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often
- used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event
- happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations
- may vary; this use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase> has the flavor of '“as soon as that” or “as early
- as that,” but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra
- stress on the time expression. For example, “He's coming
- TODAY.”(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān jiu
- láile.</foreignphrase>). When used this way, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is always unstressed or
- neutral tone.</para>
- <para>As in sentence 9A, new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >le</foreignphrase> is often (but not always) used at the end of a
- sentence in connection with the adverb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde yīfu
- yìhuǐr jiù xǐhǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你的衣一会儿就洗好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Your clothes will be all washed in Just a while (that
- soon).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ
- jiù yǒu gōngfu, kéyi qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >明天我就有工夫,可以去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll have time to go tomorrow (that soon).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài děng
- yìhuǐr, yìdiǎnzhōng jiù yǒu dìxià huǒchē
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在等一会儿,一点种就有地下火车了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Wait a while longer, there will be a subway train at
- one o'clock (that soon).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- zǎoshang wǒ wùdiǎn zhōng jiù qǐlai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天早上我五点钟就起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got up at five this morning (that early).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kào</foreignphrase>: This verb
- has several commonly used meanings: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>to lean against, to lay back on, </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>to depend/rely on, and </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>to be near/next to.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kào
- chēmén. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别靠车门。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't lean against the door of the car.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
- Yīngwén bù hǎo, xiě wénzhāng wánquán kào
- zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的英文不好,写文章完全靠字典。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My English isn't good. When I write essays, I depend
- completely on a dictionary.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
- kào zài chuángshang kàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他总是靠在床上看书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's always laying back in bed reading.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài'āmì shi
- yíge kào hǎide chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >迈阿密是一个靠海的城市。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Miami is a city on the sea.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
- tend/take care of/look after/manage/run/be in charge of”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
- liǎngge chūqu wánr, shéi guǎn
- háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你们两个出去玩儿,谁管孩子?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you two go out (for fun), who'll look after the
- kids?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xuěméi
- guǎn jiā guǎnde hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >劉雪管家管得好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Xuěméi</foreignphrase> runs the house very
- well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
- Xiānsheng shi guǎn kǎoshìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >劉先生是管考试的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> is in charge of
- testing.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Another meaning is “to care, to bother about, to concern oneself
- with.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
- xǐhuan guǎn biérénde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不喜欢管别人的事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He doesn't like to mind others' business.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào zuò
- shénme, wǒ zìjǐ zhīdao, nǐ shǎo guǎn wǒde shì, hǎo
- bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我要做什么,我自己知道,你少管我的事,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I know what I want to do, would you please not
- interfere with my affairs so much! (IMPOLITE)</entry>
- </row>
- <row valign="middle">
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù guǎn,
- suíbiàn nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不管,随便你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't care. Whatever you like.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zháo</foreignphrase>, “'succeed (in connecting with or touching),” can also
- be used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎnbuzáo</foreignphrase>
- means '“can be no concern of..., to be none of one's
- business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- wǒmen zìjǐde shì, nǐmen
- guǎnbuzháo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是我门自己的事,你们管不赵。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is our own affair; it's none of your
- business.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The colloquial <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎn ta (ne)!
- </foreignphrase> expresses brusque dismissal: '“Who cares about him!” or
- '“Who cares about that!”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry> A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- jīntiān wǎnshang rúguǒ bú qù, tā huì hěn bu
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你今天晚上如果不去,她会很不高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you don't go tonight he'll be very
- unhappy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Guǎn ta
- ne! Wǒ yào niàn shū, méi shíjiān qù.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >管他呢!我要念书,没时间去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who gives a damn about him! I've got to study; I
- don't have time to go.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ</foreignphrase>:
- '“oneself” Use the pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒ</foreignphrase> for “l, me, my, mine,” but use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ zìjǐ</foreignphrase> for '“myself.”
- Depending on the context, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìjǐ</foreignphrase> can mean '“myself, yourself, him/herself,
- ourselves, themselves.” Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìjǐ</foreignphrase> is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence
- 9B.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuáng</foreignphrase>:
- “bed</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>: “test,
- exam; testing”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- xǐhuan wǒ zìjǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不喜欢我自己。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't like myself, (as said by a confused
- teenager)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
- xiǎo le, yīnggāi zhīdao</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhàogu</foreignphrase>: “to take care of, to care
- for“ </para>
- </footnote><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìjī zhàogu zìjī.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不小了,应该知道自己照顾自己。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're not a child anymore; you should know how to
- take care of yourself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī bú yào
- zìjī gěi zìjī zhǎo máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不要自己给自己找麻烦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't go asking for trouble for yourself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zhèiyangr zuò, zìjī piàn zìjī.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >piàn</foreignphrase>: “to fool, to
- deceive“</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她这样儿做,自己骗自己。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>By doing this, he's only fooling himself.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10 through 12</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde
- jǐběn xiǎoshuō xiànzài dōu hěn
- liúxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他写的几本小说,现在都很流行。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The novels he wrote are all very popular now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dāngrān,
- xiàng tā nèiyang yǒu dìwei yǒu zhǐshide rén, xiěde
- xiǎoshuō yídìng yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那当然,像他那样有地位有知识的人,写的小说一定有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Of course. Novels written by someone with his
- position and knowledge are sure to be
- interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有帮助</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be helpful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- dàolǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有道理</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to make sense</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíng</foreignphrase>: “ to be
- popular, prevalent, current, widespread, common. This is an adjectival verb.
- Make it negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
- huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú
- tài duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这种话现在很流行,可是我想这话不太对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This kind of talk is very popular these days, but I
- don't think it's very true.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- chuān duǎn qúnzi bù liúxíng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在穿短裙子不流行了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's not popular to wear long skirts anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You can also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liúxíng</foreignphrase> with a phrase following it to mean “to be
- popular to (do something).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- liúxíng chuān cháng qúnzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在流行穿长裙子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It is popular to wear long skirts now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài hěn duō
- dìfang, yuè lái yuè liúxíng nánnǚ tóngjū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在很多地方,越来越流行男女同居了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In a lot of places, it is getting more and more
- common for men and women to live together.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase> is also
- used in compound nouns, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liúxíngbìng</foreignphrase>, “epidemic.”</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè yíge
- xīngqī yǒu liúxíngbìng, nǐmen jiāde háizi zuì hǎo
- bié chū men.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >着一个星期有流行病,你们家的孩子最好别出门。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This past week there has been an epidemic; it would
- be best if your children didn't go out.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìwei</foreignphrase>:
- “position, place or status (in an organization or society)'”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìwei
- hěn gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的地位很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a very high position.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cái
- gōngzuòle shíjinián jiù yǒule jīntiānde dìwei hěn bù
- róngyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在流行穿长裙子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Having worked only ten or so years, it wasn't easy to
- get the position you have today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yào
- yǒu dúlìde jīngji hé shèhuì
- dìwei.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们要有独立的经济和社会地位。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They want independent economic and social
- status.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- zhīshi</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有知识</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>“to be knowledgeable,” literally “to have
- knowledge”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- dàolǐ</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有道理</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> “to make sense,” literally “to have reason”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有帮助</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>“to be helpful,” literally “to have help”</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>Here you see three more examples of how you, “to exist, to have,” and a
- noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the
- resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu xìngqu</foreignphrase> is “to be
- interested (in something),” while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu yìsi</foreignphrase> is “to be interesting.” Here are some of the
- others you have already learned.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- guānxi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be related to</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu míng
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be famous</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有关系</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有名</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to be expert</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be useful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有研究</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有用</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №13 through 16</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìyóu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >自由</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be free; freedom</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-bèizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >辈子</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>all one's life, lifetime</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>15.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
- Zhōukān</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >新闻周刊</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Newsweek</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>16.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fùnǚ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >夫女</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>woman; women, womankind</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèizi</foreignphrase>: This
- word is usually used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase>-, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- gōngzuòle yíbèizi, xiànzài liùshisuì le, kéyi
- xiūxixiuxi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我工作了一辈子,现在六十岁了,可以休息休息了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've worked all my life and am now sixty years old. I
- can take a little rest now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn
- shi yíbèizide shì, děi hǎohāor xiǎngxiang.
- </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >结婚是一辈子的事,得好好儿想想。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Marriage is a lifetime thing; you should think it
- over carefully.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: In Taiwan,
- a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> is
- generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations
- about marital status. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Fùnǚ</foreignphrase> is also used in a collective sense, “women” or
- “womankind.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</title>
- <para>At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B)
- encounters Tom (A).</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èi! Tāngmǔ,
- nǐ hǎo a! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >诶!汤姆,你好啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Hey! Hi, Tom!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎo, Lǐ
- Píng! Lái kàn shū ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你好,李平,来看书吗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry> Hi, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> Píng. Did you come here to do
- some reading?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīle
- wǎnfàn, chūlai zǒuzou, dào túshūguǎn kànkan xīn
- dàode zázhì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >吃了晚饭,出来走走,到图书馆看看新到的杂志。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>After dinner I went out for a walk and came to the
- library to read through some of the new
- magazines.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zuì
- xǐhuande Yīngwén zázhì shi
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你最喜欢的英文杂志是什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What's your favorite English magazine?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ng, Xīnwén
- Zhōukān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯,新闻周刊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Um, Newsweek.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèishenme
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
- Zhōukān hěn hǎo, duì xué Yīngwén hěn yǒu
- bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >新闻周刊很好,对学英文很有帮助。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Newsweek is very good. It's a big help in learning
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì, kàn
- zhèige zázhì, yìfāngmiàn kéyi xué Yīngwén,
- yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhīdao Měiguo shèhuìde qíngkuāng,
- shì bu cuò. Zhèige xīngqī yǒu shénme yǒu yìside
- wénzhāng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对,看这个杂志,一方面可以学英文,一方面可以知道美国社会的情况,是不错。这个星期有什么有意思的文章吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. When you read it, you can study English at the
- same time you learn about conditions in American
- society; it is good. Are there any interesting articles
- in it this week?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, yǒu
- yìpiān guānyú nánnǚ píngděngde wénzhāng hěn yǒu
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有,有一篇关于男女平等的文章很有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, there's an article about equality of the sexes
- that's very interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, “nánnǚ”
- píngděng... wǒde nǚpéngyou duì zhèige tímu**tímu,
- subject, topic (see Unit 5)* hěn yǒu yánjiū. Zěnme?
- Nǐ yě duì zhèige wèntí yǒu xìngqu
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,男女平等,我的女朋友对这个题目很有研究。怎么?你也对这个问题有兴趣吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, equality of the sexes... My girl friend is an
- expert on the subject. Don't tell me, are you interested
- in that issue too?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu, wǒ yǒu
- xìngqu, érqiě xiǎng zhīdao nǐmende kànfǎ. Wǒ kéyi
- wèn jǐge wèntí ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有,我有兴趣,而且想知道你们的看法。我可以问几个问题吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, I am, and I'd also like to know your views on
- it. Can I ask a few questions?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāngrán,
- qǐng wèn ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >当然,请问吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sure. What would you like to know?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
- wénzhāng shuō, zài hěn duō dìfāng yuè lái yuè
- liúxíng nánnǚ tóngjū le. Ēn,
- duìbuqǐ...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这篇文章说,在很多地方越来越流行男女同居了,嗯,对不起。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The article says that in a lot of places,
- cohabitation is getting more and more common. Uh, excuse
- me...**The reason <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase>
- is being so careful here is that he knows Tom and his
- girlfriend are living together.*</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shenme,
- nǐ shuōxiaqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没什么,你说下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Not at all, go on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
- wénzhāng hái shuō zhèizhōng shì hé fùnǚde dìwei yǒu
- guānxi. Zhèi yidiǎn wǒ zhēnshi bù dǒng le. Zhōngguo
- rénde chuántǒng guānniàn shi, fùnǚ méiyou jiēhūn, bù
- yīnggāi hé tāde nánpéngyou zhù zai
- yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这篇文章还说,这种事和妇女的地位有关系。 这一点我真是不懂了。 中国人的传统观念是,妇女没有结婚,
- 不应该和她的男朋友住在一起。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It also said in the article that this is related to
- the status of women. I really don't understand that
- point. The traditional Chinese idea is that a woman
- should not live with her boyfriend before they get
- married.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
- guānniàn bú tài yíyàng. Yìxiē fùnǚ, tèbié shi zhīshi
- fùnǚ, tāmen bú yào kào xiānsheng shēnghuó, tāmen yào
- yǒu dúlìde jīngji hé shèhui dìwei. Xiàng wǒde
- nǚpéngyou, tā jiù yǒu zhèiyangde kànfǎ. Erqiě wǒ
- xiǎng, tóngjūde wèntí hé hěn duō shìqing yǒu guānxi,
- bù zhǐ shi fùnǚde dìwei
- wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我们的观念不太一样,
- 一些妇女特别是知识妇女, 他们不要靠先生生活, 他们要有独立的经济和社会地位。
- 像我的女朋友,她就有这样的看法。
- 而且我想,同居的问题和很多事情有关系,不只是妇女的地位问题。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>We have a somewhat different concept. Some women,
- especially women intellectuals, don't want to depend on
- their husbands in order to live; they want to have
- independent economic and social status. Like my
- girlfriend; that's the way her view is. But also, I
- think that living together has to do with a lot of
- things. It's not just a question of the status of
- women.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguó kéyi
- tánde huà, nǐ gěi wo jiǎngjiang
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >如果可以谈的话,你给我讲讲怎么样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If it's all right to talk about it, would you tell me
- more?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
- zhèiyangr ba, wǒ gěi ni tántan wǒde shì, nǐ jiu
- zhīdao wǒmen zěnme xiǎng le. Wǒde nǚpéngyou, tā shi
- xué yīde. Xué yī bú shi yíjiàn róngyide shìr. Tā hái
- yào zài dàxué xuéxí liùnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,这样吧,我给你谈谈我的事,你就知道我们怎么想了。我的女朋友她是学医的,学医不是一件容易的事儿。她还要在大学学习六年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, how about this. I'll tell you about my
- situation, and then you'll know the way we think. My
- girlfriend is studying medicine. Studying medicine isn't
- the easiest thing. She still has six more years of
- university.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐmen
- shénme shíhou jiēhūn ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那你们什么时候结婚呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Then when are you getting married?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- wǒmen hái bù xiǎng jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在我们还不想结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>We don't want to get married just yet.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèishénme?
- Nǐmen juéde jiēle hūn, yǒule háizi huì hěn máfan,
- shì bu shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么?你们觉得结了婚,有了孩子会不会麻烦是不是?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why not? You think that once you get married and have
- children it'll be a lot of trouble, right?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi
- zhèige yìsi. Jiùshi wǒmen jiēhūnle, yě bù yídìng
- mǎshàng yào háizi. Zhòngyàode shi wǒmen zhèi yíbèizi
- yào zuò shénme, hái méiyou hǎohāor xiǎngguo ne,
- yīnggāi xiān xiǎng nèige wèntí. Érqiě wǒmen dōu
- yuànyi zài jiēhūn yǐqiān qīngchǔde zhīdao zìjǐ
- xǐhuande nèige rén shi yíge shénmeyàngrde rén. Zhèi
- yě xūyào shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是这个意思。
- 就是我们结婚了,也不一定马上要孩子。 重要的是,我们这一辈子要做什么, 还没有好好儿想过呢?
- 应该先想那个问题。 而且我们都愿意在结婚以前, 清楚地知道自己喜欢的那个人是一个什么样的儿人。
- 这也需要时间。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's not the point. Even if we get married, we
- won't necessarily have children right away The important
- thing is that we haven't even thought out well what we
- want to do in our lives. We should think about that
- problem first. What's more, we each want to have a clear
- idea of what kind of person the other is before we get
- married. And that takes time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi yǒu
- rén huì juéde nǐmen zhèiyang zuò shi yīnwei nǐmen
- juéde tóngjū bǐ jiēhūn
- zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可是有人会觉得你们这样做,是因为你们觉得同居比结婚自由。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But some people will think you are doing this because
- you feel that living together is freer than
- marriage.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu rén
- zhème shuō, kěshi wǒ xiǎng tāmen méi dǒng wǒmende
- zìyóu shì shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有人这么说,可是我想他们没懂我们的自由是什么。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Some people say that, but I don't think they have
- understood what our freedom is.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì shénme
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What is it, then?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo rén
- juéde zìjǐ kéyi jìhua zìjǐde shēnghuó shi zuì
- zhòngyàode zìyóu. Rúguo Měiguo méiyǒu zhèizhǒng
- zìyóu, jiù bú huì you nàme duō rén xiǎng lái Měiguo
- le, nǐ shuō wǒ shuōde duì bu
- dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">美国人觉得自己可以计划自己的生活,
- 是最重要的自由。 如果美国没有这种自由, 就不会有那么多人想来美国了。
- 你说我说的对不对?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Americans feel that to be able to plan their own life
- is the most important freedom. If America didn't have
- that kind of freedom, there wouldn't be so many people
- who want to come here. Don't you think I'm
- right?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- yǒu diǎnr dàoli. Òu... Wǒ hái wàngle wèn ni, jīnnián
- xiàtiān, nǐde nǚpéngyou néng péi ni dào Xiānggǎng qu
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你说的有点儿道理。
- 哦,我还忘了问你, 今年夏天你的女朋友能陪你到香港去吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There's something to what you say. Oh! ... I forgot
- to ask you something else: Will your girlfriend be able
- to come with you to Hong Kong this summer?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xíng. Tā
- jìhua dào Déguo qu niàn shū. Shǔjiàde shihou tā yào
- zài Déguo zhù sānge yuè, nà duì tāde Déwén yídìng
- hěn yǒu bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不行。 她计划到德国去念书。
- 暑假的时候,她要在德国住三个月。
- 那对她的德文一定很有帮助。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No. She's planning to go to school in Germany. During
- summer vacation she's going to live in Germany for three
- months. I'm sure that will help her German a
- lot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnmeyàng,
- nǐ duì Xīnwén Zhōukān zhèipiān wénzhāng hái yǒu
- shénme biéde kànfǎ ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怎么样?
- 你对新闻周刊这篇文章还有什么别的看法吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>So what about it, do you have any other opinions
- about that article in Newsweek?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànfǎ yǒu.
- Zhèige tímu hěn dà, wǒmen yǐhòu mànmàn zài
- tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看法有。 这个题目很大,
- 我们以后慢慢再谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, I have other opinions about it. But it's a big
- topic. We can talk all about it later.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, yǐhòu
- zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,以后再谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, we'll talk about it later.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 2, Tape 2, Workbook</title>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This exercise is a conversation in which a young man in Beijing talks
- with a middle-aged man about a problem.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >húshuō</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to talk nonsense; drive</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngbuchū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>can't think up, can't come up with</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín tamen</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín</foreignphrase> and the others</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēnqǐng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to apply for</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <para>1. Propose a reason why <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo Míngzi</foreignphrase> is no longer in school. (Hint: What
- are his other friends doing? What is the policy emphasis in China on
- careers for youth?)</para>
- <para>2. Is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míngzi</foreignphrase> looking for a job? Why or why not?</para>
- <para>3. What kind of job does his middle-aged friend suggest?</para>
- <para>4. To whom must <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míngzi</foreignphrase> apply before he goes out to take
- pictures?</para>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <para>
- <note>
- <para>The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
- indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
- sentences rather than the literal meaning of the
- Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this conversation a grandmother and her granddaughter discuss
- sexual equality and changes in morality in new China.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà hái
- yòng shuō</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That goes without saying</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
- hào!</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How great that is!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíguài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be strange</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngguo Qīngnián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>China Youth (a periodical)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòulái</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>afterwards</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàodé</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>morality, morals, ethics</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What was the status of women before liberation?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did the granddaughter read about in the latest issue
- of China Youth?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is her grandmother's reaction?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What things does a "sense of morality" probably include
- for the grandmother?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this exercise, as a mother and son finish dinner, they discuss his
- future.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following new words and phrases:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuòshì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Master's degree</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bóshì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Ph.D.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǎobudǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be unable to find</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngxuéshēng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>High School Student (a periodical)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāozhōng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>senior high school</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fādá</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be developed</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for exercise 4</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín</foreignphrase>'s mother's major concern about his
- future?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why doesn't he want to go to college anymore?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Who does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín</foreignphrase> use as an example of why a college
- education is useless?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is his mother's position on the advantages of college
- education in Hong Kong?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín</foreignphrase>'s mother act as an advisor or does
- she expect her son to obey her wishes on this matter?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
- answers correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Conversation between a middle-aged man (A) and a young man (B) in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míngzi, jīntiān zěnme yǒu shíjiān zài
- jiā?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小名字,今天怎么有时间在家?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Míngzi</foreignphrase>, how is it that you have
- time to be at home today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- méi shíjiān? Líkāi xuéxiào yǐhòu, shíjiān duōduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么没时间?离开学校以后时间多多了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How would I not have time? Since I left school,
- I've had lots more time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
- húshuō. Nǐ yǒu gōngzuò le
- meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别胡说,你有工作了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Cut it out. Do you have a job yet?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
- gōngzuò! Yǒule gōngzuò hái zài zhèr zuòzhe! Nǐ
- zhēn yǒu yìsi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有工作?有了工作还在这儿坐著,你真有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Have a job! If I had a Job would I still be
- sitting here! You're something else!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ó! Wǒ
- zhīdao le, nǐ hái méi gōngzuò na!**
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >噢,我知道了,你还没工作呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh! I see, you still don't have a job!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ng.
- Lǎoshī** shuō wǒ kéyi
- děngyiděng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯,老师说我可以等一等。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Uh-huh. My teachers said I can wait a
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zhèiyang děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne? Yìtiān méi
- gōngzuò, yìtiān jiù děi kào fùmǔ
- a.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你这样等下去怎么行呢?一天没工作,一天就得靠父母啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How will it do for you to go on waiting like
- this? Every day you don't have a job, you have to
- depend on your parents.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài, wǒ
- yě zhīdao, zhèiyang xiàqu bù xíng, kěshi wǒ shízài
- xiǎngbuchū shenme hǎo bànfa ya! Nī shuōwǒ zěnme
- bàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗨,我也知道,这样下去不行,35。可是我实在想不出什么好办法呀,你说我怎么办?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(Sigh), I know that it won't do to go on like
- this, but I really can't think of any good solution!
- What do you think I should do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你会什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What do you know how to do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- shénme dōu bú huì. Xiàng Xiǎo Lín tamen huì zuò
- zhuōzi yǐzi shenmede, yě dōu yǒu gōngzuò
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我什么都不会,像小林他们会坐桌子、椅子什么的,也都有工作了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't know how to do anything. Like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín</foreignphrase> and the others, who can make
- tables, chairs, and so on, all have jobs
- already.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éi, nǐ
- huì bu hui zhào xiàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >欸,你会不会照相?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Say, can you take photographs?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
- huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不会。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duì
- zhào xiàng yǒu méiyou
- xìngqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你对照相有没有兴趣?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Are you interested in photography?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
- a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sure!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiyang ba! Wǒ yǒu yíge Rìběn zhàoxiàngjī, wǒ
- jiāo ni zěnmeyàng zhào xiàng, nǐ jiu kéyi yǒu
- gōngzuǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这样吧,我有一个日本照相机,我教你怎样照相,你就可以有工作了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How about this: I have a Japanese camera. I'll
- teach you how to take pictures, and then you can
- have a job.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn le
- ba, huì zhào xiàng zěnme huì yǒu gōngzuò
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >算了吧,会照相怎么会有工作呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Come on! How can I have a job by knowing how to
- take pictures!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài, nǐ
- zhēn bù cōngming. Měitiān dōu yǒu bù shǎo rén lái
- Běijīng, shéi bù xiǎng zài Tiān'ānmén qián zhào
- zhāng xiàng! Nǐ zài zhǎo liǎngge tóngxué, yǒu guǎn
- zhàoxiàngde, yǒu guǎn shōu qiánde, bú jiù xíng le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗨,你真不聪明,每天都有不少人来北京,谁不想在天门前照照相?你再找两个同学,有管照相的,有管收钱的,不就行了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Tsk, you're really not on the ball. Every day
- there are lots of people who come to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>; who doesn't want to get
- their picture taken in front of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tiān'ānmén</foreignphrase>! If you find a couple
- of classmates, and have one in charge of taking the
- pictures and one in charge of collecting the money
- then you're all set, right?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín
- shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, jiù zènme bàn! Duì le, yào chūqu
- zhào xiàng, hái xūyào shēnqǐng
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >。你说的有道理,就这么办!对了,要出去照相,还需要申请吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What you say makes sense; that's just what I'll
- do! Oh yes! If you want to go out and take pictures,
- you have to apply too, don't you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà
- róngyi. Míngtiān, nǐ qù zhǎo lǎoshī, tāmen huì
- bāngzhu ni bànde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >。那容易,明天你去找老师,他们会帮助你办的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's easy. Tomorrow, go see your teachers.
- They'll help you do it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>*Work is assigned, so getting a job is not a matter of personal
- initiative. Work assignment is done by the work assignment committee of
- the city district, under coordination of the citywide office.</para>
- <para>**Teachers, while not directly involved in the assignment of work, can
- be influential in the process. There is a group of teachers in each high
- school or university who make specific recommendations to city offices
- which decide whether a student finds work in the city or is sent to the
- country.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Conversation between a grandmother (B) and her granddaughter (A) in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai,
- nín shuō, xīn Zhōngguo, nánnǚ píngděng, fùnǚde
- dìwei gāoduō le, duì bu
- dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,您说,新中国男女平等,妇女的地位高多了,对不对?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma, don't you think that in new China, with
- equality of the sexes the status of women is much
- higher?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà hái
- yòng shuō. Wǒmen niánqīngde shihou, fùnǚ zài
- jiāli, zài shèhuìshang dōu méiyou shenme dìwei,
- zhǐ yǒu hěn shǎode nǚháizi yǒu jīhui niàn shū. Bú
- xiàng nǐmen, gēn nánháizi yíyàng, niàn shū, zuǒ
- shì, duó hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那还用说,我们年轻的时候,妇女在家里,在社会上都没有什么地位。只有很少的女孩子,有机会念书,不像你们,跟男孩子一样,念书,做事,多好!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That goes without saying. When we were young,
- women didn't have much status in the family or in
- society. Only a very few girls had a chance to
- study. It wasn't like the way it is for you, who
- study and work just the same as boys. How great that
- is!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai,
- nà nǐ shuō, tóngjū zhèijiàn shìr shì bu shi duì
- fùnǚ bù hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,那您说,同居这件事儿,是不是对妇女不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Then what do you think, Grandma, is cohabitation
- a bad thing for women?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zěnme yuè shuō yuè qíguài le? Zài xīn Zhōngguó nǎr
- yǒu tóngjūde shìr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么越说越奇怪了?在新中国,哪儿有同居的事儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What's with these odd topics you're bringing up?
- Where is there such a thing as cohabitation in new
- China?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- méiyou? Wǒ gāngcái kànde Zhōngguó Qīngniánshang
- jiù yǒu yìpiān wénzhāng, zhèipiān wénzhāng shuō,
- yǒu yíge nánháizi hé yíge nǚháizi tóngjū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么没有?我刚才看的中国青年上,就有一篇文章。这篇文章说,有一个男孩子和一个女孩子同居了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There isn't, huh? Well in the China Youth that I
- just read there's an article that said there was a
- young man who was living with a young woman.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- wèishénme bù jiēhūn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们为什么不结婚?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why didn't they get married?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- nánde xiǎng shàng dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个男的想上大学?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The man wanted to go to college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò , duì
- le, jiēle hūn jiu bù néng shàng dàxué le. Nà
- hòulái ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,对了,结了婚就不能上大学了,那后来呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, right, you can't go to college after you're
- married. So what happened afterwards?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hòulái,
- nèige nánde zhēn shàng dàxué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >后来,那个男的真上大学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Afterwards, the man really went to
- college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Niànwánle shū tāmen jiēhūn le
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >念完书,他们结婚了吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>And after he finished school they got married, I
- suppose?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou.
- Niànwán shū, nèige nánde xiǎng, nèi nǚháizi méi
- dìwei, yě méi qián, tāmen jiu suàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有,念完书,那个男的想,那女孩子没地位,也没钱,他们就算了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No. After he finished school, the guy thought,
- she didn't have any status or any money, so they
- should call it quits.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn
- le?! Nà shi shénme huà! Tā hái yǒu méiyou yìdiǎnr
- dàodé guānniàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >算了?!那是什么话!他还有没有一点儿道德观念!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Call it quits. What kind of thing is that to say!
- Didn't he have any sense of morality!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàodé
- guānniàn?! Hng, xiànzài shèhuishang jiù yǒu
- zhèizhǒng shìr! Nín shuō zhèi shi
- wèishénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >道德观念?!嗯,现在社会上就有这种事儿!您说这是为什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sense of morality?! Ha, that's just the sort of
- thing that society is full of these days! Why do you
- think that is?!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ài!
- Zhèi shíjǐnián qíqíguàiguàide xīnwén zhēn duō!
- Shénme shíhou cái néng hǎo yidiǎnr
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哎,这十几年奇奇怪怪的新闻,真多!什么时候才能好一点儿呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(Sigh) The last decade or so there sure has been
- a lot of strange news! When will it get
- better?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi
- zhīdào! Wǒ xiǎng kuài le! Kuài hǎo yidiǎnr
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谁知道!我想快了!快好一点儿了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think it will be soon! It's going to get better
- soon!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In Hong Kong, a mother (A) and son (B) have just finished
- dinner.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lín, chīle fàn bú yào niàn shū le, xiūxi xiuxi
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小林,吃了饭不要念书了,休息休息吧!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lin</foreignphrase>, don't study any more after
- dinner, just relax a bit!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo.
- Nín yào hē chá ma? Wǒ qù
- dào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,您要喝茶吗?我去倒。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Do you want to drink some tea? I'll go pour
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng
- yíxià, ràng wo kànkan, nǐde máoyí shì bu shi pò
- le? Míngtiān wǒ děi qù gěi ni mǎi jiàn
- xīnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >等一下,让我看看,你的毛衣是不是破了?明天我得去给你买件新的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Wait a second, let me see, is your sweater torn?
- Tomorrow I'll have to go buy you a new one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mā, wǒ
- bú yào xīnde, zhèijiàn hái kéyi chuān
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,我不要新的,这件还可以穿呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mom, I don't want a new one. I can still wear
- this one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān
- lěng le, nǐ xūyào yíjiàn xīn máoyǐ, wǒ huì gěi ni
- yùbeihǎo. Míngnián nǐ shàng dàxuéde shihou, wǒ huì
- duō gěi ni yùbei jǐjiàn xīn
- yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >天冷了,你需要一件新毛衣,我会给你预备好。明年你上大学的时候,我会多给你预备几件新衣服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The weather's getting cold, you need a new
- sweater. I'll get one ready for you. Next year when
- you go to college I'll get a few more new things
- ready for you to wear.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yòng
- le, wǒ bù xiǎng shàng dàxué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不用了,我不想上大学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You don't need to, I don't want to go to college
- anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèishénme? Nǐ bú shi yào xué yī
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么?你不是要学医吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why not? Don't you want to study
- medicine?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shǎo
- rén shuō bú shàng dàxué yě kéyi gōngzuò, yě yíyàng
- kéyi shēnghuó. Wèishénme yídìng yào shàng dàxué
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不少人说不上大学也可以工作也一样可以生活为什么一定要上大学呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A lot of people say that you can work and live
- Just the same without going to college. Why is it
- necessary to go to college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèizhǒng huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng
- zhè huà bú tài duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这种话现在很流行,可是我想这话不太对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This kind of talk is very popular these days, but
- I don't think it's very true.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèishénme? Yǒude rén zài dàxuéli pīnmìng niàn
- shū, xiàng wǒmen jiā duìmiànde Zhōu Xiansheng, duì
- shùxué nàme yǒu yánjiū, déle shuòshì, bóshì, hái
- bu shi zhǎobudào gōngzuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么?有的人在大学里拼命念书,像我们家对面的周先生,对数学那么有研究,得了硕士,博士,还不是找不到工作!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why not? Some people study like mad at a
- university, like Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>
- who lives across from us; he's such an expert in
- mathematics, he's got a Master's degree and a Ph.D.,
- and isn't he still unable to find a job!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu
- Xianshengde qíngxing gēn biérén bù tóng, suírán tā
- xiāngdāng yǒu zhīshi, kěshi tā bù xǐhuande gōngzuò
- tā jiu bú zuò, nà dāngrán bù róngyi zhǎodào
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >周先生的情形跟别人不同虽然他相当有知识可是他不喜欢的工作,他就不做那当然不容易找到工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōu</foreignphrase>'s situation is different
- from other people's. Although he is quite
- knowledgeable, he won't take a Job he doesn't like.
- So of course it isn't easy for him to find a
- job.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le,
- tā bù xǐhuan zuò lǎoshǐ, tā jiù xǐhuan xiě
- wénzhāng, zài Zhōngxuéshēng zhōukānshang wǒ hái
- kànjianguo tāde wénzhāng
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,他不喜欢做老师,他就喜欢写文章,在中学生周刊上我还看见过他的文章呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. He doesn't like to be a teacher, he just
- likes to write articles. I've even seen his articles
- in the weekly High School Student!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- wénzhāng hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的文章,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Are his articles good?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
- kěshi bù rongyì dǒng, zhōngxuéshēng kàn zhèiyangde
- wénzhāng tài nán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,可是不容易懂,中学生看这样的文章太难了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, but they're not easy to understand. They're
- too hard for high school students to read.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suóyi,
- nǐ bù néng shuō Zhōu Xianshengde qíngxing jiù shi
- dàjiāde qíngxing. Wǒ xiǎng, kéyi zhèiyang shuō:
- niànguo hěn duō shūde rén bù yídìng yǒu hěn hǎode
- gōngzuò. Kěshi duō niàn yidiǎnr shū duì zhǎo
- gōngzuǒ yídìng yǒu
- bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >所以,你不能说周先生的情形就是大家的情形。我想,可以这样说:念过很多书的人不一定有很好的工作。可是多念一点儿书对找工作一定有帮助。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>So you can't say that Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu</foreignphrase>'s
- situation is everyone's situation. I think you might
- say this: someone who has had a lot of education
- doesn't necessarily get a very good job. But getting
- more education will certainly be helpful in looking
- for a job.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi,
- wǒde jǐge tóngxué gāozhōng méiyou niànwán jiu zuò
- shì le, xiànzài tāmende shēnghuó dōu bú yòng kào
- fùmǔ le, tāmen dōu dúlì
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是,我的几个同学
- 高中没有念完就做事了,现在他们的生活都不用靠父母了,他们都独立了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But several classmates of mine started working
- before they had finished high school, and now they
- don't have to depend on their parents to support
- them; they're all independent.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dànshi
- wǒ xiǎng, shèhuì háishi xūyào yǒu zhīshide rén,
- shèhuì yuè fādá yuè xūyào yǒu zhīshi. Nǐ shuō duì
- bu dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >但是我想,社会还是需要有知识的人,社会越发达越需要有知识。你说对不对?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But I think that society still needs
- knowledgeable people. The more developed society is,
- the more it needs knowledge. Don't you think
- so?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Duì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme
- hǎo le, nǐ niàn dàxuéde shi
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那么好了,你念大学的事怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All right then, what about the matter of your
- going to college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mm...
- wǒ zài xiǎngyixiǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯。。。我再想一想。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mm . . . I'll think it over some more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
- wǒmen míngtiān zài tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,我们明天再谈谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, we'll talk more about it tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3 Family Values</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qilai</foreignphrase> showing the start of an action or
- condition.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>)you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shénme</foreignphrase> (Adjectival Verb).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái
- bù/méi</foreignphrase>, “never. “</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cái</foreignphrase>, “only,” before amounts.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhe</foreignphrase> showing the manner of an action.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> for </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>successful reaching/obtaining/finding, </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“of,” “about” (with certain verbs), </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>successful perceiving (e.g., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>, “to
- see”).</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase>, “anymore.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, “to,” “up to,”
- “until.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>, “all.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Narrating a brief story about a person.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing approval and disapproval of someone's attitude or way of
- thinking.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing puzzlement at a situation.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Stressing how understandable a situation is.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiějie
- xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí rèxīnqilai
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你姐姐现在怎么对政治问题热心起来了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How is it that your older sister has become so interested
- and enthusiastic about political questions now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi méiyou
- shénme qíguài, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这没有什么奇怪,她今年开始学政治学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There's nothing strange about that, she started studying
- political science this year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme bù chī
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么不吃了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why aren't you eating?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde wèi hěn
- nánshòu, chībuxiàqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的胃很难受,吃不下去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My stomach is uncomfortable, I can't eat anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà wǒ gěi nǐ
- nòng dianr tāng lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那我去给你弄点汤来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll go get you some soup then.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhǎo Xiǎo
- Lán liáo tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我去找小兰聊天儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm going to go look for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán</foreignphrase> to
- have a chat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù le,
- tā yìtiān dào wǎn yònggōng, méi shíjiān péi ni liáo
- tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你别去了,她一天到晚用工,没时间陪你聊天儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't go, she works hard all day long and doesn't have
- the time to chat with you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng jiā Xiǎo
- Lán cónglái méiyou nánpéngyou
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >王家小蓝从来没有男朋友吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Hasn't the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> family's <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán</foreignphrase> ever
- had a boy friend?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cái
- shíjiǔsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou xiǎngdào zhèixie
- shìr ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她才19岁,忙着念书,还没有想到这些事儿呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's only nineteen years old, busy studying, and hasn't
- thought of these things yet!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xiǎo nǚér
- liǎngsānsuìde shihou cháng kū, xiànzài zhǎngdà le, bú
- zài kū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的小女儿两三岁的时候常哭,现在长大了,不再哭了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My youngest daughter cried a lot when she was two or
- three years old, but now she has grown up and doesn't cry
- anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò fùmǔde bù
- yīnggāi zhòng nán qīng nǚ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >做父母的不应该种男轻女。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Those who are parents shouldn't regard males as superior
- to females.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì. Zuò
- háizide yě yīnggāi xiàoshun
- fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对。做孩子的也应该孝顺父母。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. And those who are children should show filial
- obedience to their parents.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dìdi báitiān
- zài jiā ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你弟弟白天在家吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is your younger brother at home during the day?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú zài, nǐ děng
- dào wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不在,你等到晚上再打电话来吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, wait until the evening and then call him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo rén
- cónglái bù jiǎng nánnǚ píngděng
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国人从来不将男女平等吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Didn't the Chinese ever stress equality between men and
- women?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao nánnǚ
- píngděng, nà shi zuìjìn jǐshíniánde xīn
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说到男女平等,那是最近几十年的新观念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>As for equality of the sexes, that's a new concept of the
- last few decades.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dà jiātíng yǒu
- shénme hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大家庭有什么好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What's good about large families?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme bù hǎo?
- Rén duō, zhuàn qiánde rén yě duō
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么不好?人多,赚钱的人也多吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What could be bad about them? After all, if there are
- more people, there are also more people earning
- money!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi suǒyǒude
- rén dōu xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo xiànzài bù
- zhīdào yǒu duōshao yì rén le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >要是所有的人都像您这么想,中国现在不知道有多少艺人了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If everyone thought the way you do, who knows how many
- hundreds of millions of people there would be in China
- now!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhèicì huí
- guó kàndao nǐ lǎojiāde rén le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你这次回国看到你老家的人了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit
- back to your country?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao le.
- Tāmen shēnghuóde bú cuò, wǒ lǎojiā yě biànchéng yíge hěn
- rènaode dìfangr le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >看到了,他们生活得不错,我老家也变成一个很热闹的地方儿了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. They're living pretty well, and my hometown has
- become quite a bustling place.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有用</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be useful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēiyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >黑夜</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(darkness of) night, nighttime</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >心</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>heart</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >báitiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">白天</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> daytime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to change, to become different </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biànchéng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to turn into, to become </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">才</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> only (before an amount) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-chéng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> into </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃不下去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> cannot eat (cannot get down) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cónglái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> ever (up till now), always (up till now) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
- bù/méi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来不/没</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> never </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> resultative ending used for perception by one of the senses:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiàndao</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngdao</foreignphrase>, etc. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> resultative ending used to indicate reaching: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdao</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuōdao</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tándao</foreignphrase>, etc. ,
- often translated as «about» </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
- dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wait until; when, by the time </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēiyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黑夜</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (darkness of) night, nighttime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to stress, to pay attention to, to be particular about
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiātíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家庭</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> family </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to see </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哭</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to chat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo
- tiān(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊天(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to chat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">嘛</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> marker of obviousness of reasoning </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nánshòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难受</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,to feel unhappy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng
- (nèng)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do; to fool with; to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nònglai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get and bring </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíguài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奇怪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-qilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> resultative ending which indicates starting </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted; to be
- earnest </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rèxínqilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to become enthusiastic and interested </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuōdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说道</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to speak of; as for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >suǒyǒude...dōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">所有的。。。都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to think of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiàoshùn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孝顺</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to he filial; filial obedience </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> down (directional ending used for eating or drinking down)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> heart; mind </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> hundred million </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī tiān dào
- wǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一天到晚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all day long </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yònggōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">用功</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be industrious, to be hardworking (in one's studies)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有用</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be useful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to grow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǎngdà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长大</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to grow up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng nán qīng
- nǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">重男轻女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to regard males as superior to females </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuàn
- qián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赚钱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to earn money, to make money </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">最近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> recently; soon </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">作</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be, to act as </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiějie
- xiànzài zěnme duì zhèngzhi wèntí rèxīnqilai
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你姐姐现在怎么对政治问题热心起来了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How is it that your older sister has become so
- interested and enthusiastic about political questions
- now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi méiyou
- shénme qíguài, tā jīnnián kāishǐ xué zhèngzhixué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这没有什么奇怪,她今年开始学政治学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There's nothing strange about that, she started
- studying political science this year.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be
- enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted, to he earnest”There are two
- meanings for this adjectival verb. It can he used to describe a positive
- feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other
- people.</para>
- <para>Like many adjectival verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rèxīn</foreignphrase> may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb
- (that is, modifying another verb).</para>
- <para>As main verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì xué
- Zhongwén hěn rèxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He's very enthusiastic
- about studying Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他对学中文很热心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì rén
- hěn rèxīn, shénme shíhou dōu xǐhuan bāng rén
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He's very warmhearted
- towards people. He always likes to help people
- out.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他对人很热心,什么时候都喜欢帮人忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As an adverb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
- rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde
- qíngkuāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She studies the mainland
- situation very enthusiastically.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她很热心研究大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hāizi,
- nǐ zènme rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Good child. It's good
- that you're so eager to help others.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好孩子,你怎么热心帮助别人,很好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase>: As a
- verb by itself, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qǐlái</foreignphrase> means “to rise up.” As part of a compound verb,
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> has
- several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative
- ending meaning “go up, rise up (physically)”:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- zhànqilai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He stood up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他站起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- tiàoqilai le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tiào</foreignphrase>, “to jump, to leap”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She jumped up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她跳起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- zhuōzi wǒmen táibuqilái, nǐ lái bāngbang máng hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We can't lift this table
- up. Come and help us, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个桌子我们太不起来,你来帮帮忙好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In addition to meaning literally “to go up,” -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> can be used to tell
- something about the aspect of the verb: to show “the start of the action or
- condition.” In the example in the Reference List above, -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> indicates that older
- sister's enthusiasm has newly started up. Other examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold">WITH
- AN ACTION VERB</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi
- kūqilai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The child began (has
- begun) to cry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >孩子哭起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold">WITH
- AN ADJECTIVAL VERB</emphasis></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānqi
- rèqilai le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The weather has warmed
- up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >天气热起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be inserted
- between the two parts of the verb ending:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào
- wèishénme, tā xiànzài hēqi jiǔ lai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I don't know why, but he
- has started to drink now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不知道为什么,他现在喝起就来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ liùge
- yuè méi xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi jīntiān xiǎngqi jiā lai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I haven't thought of
- home for six months, but today I started to feel
- homesick.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我六个月没想过家,可是今天想起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Another function of the ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qilai</foreignphrase> is to make generalized statements which are
- sometimes translated using “when … ing,” or “when it comes to
- ...ing”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- yǐzide yàngzi hěn hǎo kàn, kěshi zuòqilai bù
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This kind of chair is
- very attractive, but when you sit in it, it's
- uncomfortable.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个椅子的样子很好看,可是坐起来不舒服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōqi
- Zhōngwén lai zhēn nántīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It sounds terrible when
- he speaks Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他说起中文来真难听。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòqi shì
- lai, tā bǐ shéi dōu kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When it comes to
- working, he is faster than anyone else.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >做起事来,他比谁都快。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōqilai
- róngyi, zuòqilai nán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It 's easy to talk
- about, but hard to do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说起来容易,做起来难。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> is
- used this way with verbs of perception, the additional meaning of “it seems”
- is communicated:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànqilai tā
- zhīdao zhèijiàn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It looks as if he knows
- about this matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >看起来她知道这件事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kànqilai
- hěn niánqīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He looks very
- young.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他看起来很年轻。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngqilai
- hěn yǒu dàolǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It sounds
- reasonable.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >听起来很有道理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qilai</foreignphrase> is also
- used in several idiomatic expressions where its meaning is harder to
- pinpoint, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngqilai</foreignphrase>, “to think of, to remember,” where
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> seems
- to indicate the coming “up” into consciousness of an idea.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Now I remember, his
- surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mài</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想起来了,他姓麥。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para/>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíguài</foreignphrase>: “to be
- strange, to be surprising, to be odd”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn
- qíguài, tā tiāntiān lái, jǐntiān zěnme méi lái
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">How strange. He comes
- every day. How is it he didn't come today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真奇怪,他天天来,今天怎么没来呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- shíhou, shénme qíguàide shì dōu yǒu, bié shuō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Back then, there were
- all kinds of strange things; don't talk about it any
- more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >做起事来,他比谁都快。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
- guānxi wǒ juéde hěn qíguài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I find their
- relationship very strange.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们的关系我觉得很奇怪。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In colloquial style, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíguài</foreignphrase> is also used to mean “to find it strange
- that..., can't understand(why)..., can t imagine (how)...,”
- e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn
- qíguài tā wèishenme yào zěnme
- zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I really can't
- understand why he wanted (OR wants) to do that.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我真奇怪他为什么要怎么做。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn
- qíguài zhèijiàn shì tā zěnme kéyi
- bàndedào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I really can't imagine
- how he can (OR could) do it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我真奇怪这件事他怎么可以办得到。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi méiyou shénme
- qíguài</foreignphrase>: “There's nothing strange about that.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme</foreignphrase> is
- used before an adjectival verb, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有什么</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méiyou
- shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有什么</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> bú
- duì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有什么</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不对?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">A:<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā duì Zhōngguóde
- qíngkuàng zhīdaode bù shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他对中国的情况知道的不少。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">He knows so much
- about China!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà yǒu shénme qíguài, tā
- zài Zhōngguo zhùguo shínián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那有什么奇怪,他在中国住过十年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">What's strange
- about that, he lived in China for ten years!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme bù
- chī le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么不吃了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why aren't you eating?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde wèi
- hěn nánshòu, chībuxiàqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的胃很难受,吃不下去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My stomach is uncomfortable, I can't eat
- anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà wǒ gěi
- nǐ nòng dianr tāng lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那我去给你弄点汤来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll go get you some soup then.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánshòu</foreignphrase>: “to
- feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy,” literally , “to find
- something hard to bear” This adjectival verb can be used to describe
- physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- fēijīshang zuòle èrshige xiǎoshí, tài nánshòu
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在飞机上做了二十个小时,太难受了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Twenty hours on an airplane. How
- uncomfortable!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn ràng
- rén nánshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真让人难受。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It really makes one feel bad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- ><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen
- dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren </foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para>bìngren: “sick person, patient”</para>
- </footnote><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi yào chī, zhēn
- nánshòu.</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >咱们都是坐医生的,看见病人没药吃,真难受。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We're both in medicine; seeing sick people without
- medicine to take was really upsetting.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain,
- you can use the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli hěn
- nánshòu</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīn</foreignphrase>, No. 13 on this reference list, being the
- equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngdàole
- zhèiyàngrde huà, tā xīnli hěn nánshòu.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >听到了这样儿的话,她心里很难受。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was very sad after hearing that kind of
- talk.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase>:
- '“unable to eat (it all) up” Here you see an example of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàqù</foreignphrase> used for its meaning as
- a directional ending. While in English we might say “eat it UP,” the
- Chinese, more analytically, say “eat it down.” Using the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē</foreignphrase>, “to drink,” you can also
- say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēxiaqu</foreignphrase>, “to
- drink down.” The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēxiaqu</foreignphrase> might be better conveyed as “to take in” or “to
- get down” food or drink; you use these verbs when you want to stress getting
- food or drink down into the stomach, rather than just the action of
- eating.</para>
- <para>As a resultative verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēxiaqu</foreignphrase> may take -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- or -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- as a middle syllable for
- the additional meaning of “can” or “cannot.” In <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīdexiàqù/chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù</foreignphrase>, the syllables -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> are still somewhat
- stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they are
- unstressed and often neutral tone in the words <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēxiaqu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chīdexiàqù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>able to eat it down</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >吃的下去</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>unable to eat it down</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >吃不下去</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
- chīxiaqu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>didn't eat it down</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没吃下去</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīxiaqu
- le</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>ate it down</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >吃下去了</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry> </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīde
- tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我吃的太保了,吃不下去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm too full, I can't eat any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yào
- chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个药吃下去就好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You'll feel better after you take this
- medicine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- yào zhēn kǔ, wǒ hēbuxiàqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个药真苦,我和不下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This medicine is really bitter. I can't get it
- down.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
- guānxi, kuài diǎnr hēxiaqu jiu kéyi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有关系,快点儿喝下就可以了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sure you can. Just drink it down real fast.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: This is a
- very common verb with several especially useful meanings. First of all it
- means “to do, to make” in a broad, vague sense:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen
- kāishǐ nòng fàn, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >咱们开始弄饭,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's start to make dinner, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
- zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不知道怎么弄了好多钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Somehow he made himself a lot of money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
- bú bì guǎn zhèijiàn shì, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde
- cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想你不必官这件事,弄得不好都是你的错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I don't think you should try to take charge of
- this. If you handled it badly it would be all your
- fault.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing yuè
- nòng yuè dà, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme bàn cái
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >事情越弄越大,真不知道怎么办才好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I
- really don't know what to do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhème
- shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他怎么说弄得我真不好意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His saying that really embarrassed me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para/>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> can mean
- '“to play with, to fool with, to monkey with”:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng
- wǒde biǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Don't fool with my
- watch.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别弄我的表。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> can be
- followed by another verb which shows the result of some action, e.g.,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngzāng</foreignphrase>, '“to
- make (something) dirty”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nòngpò</foreignphrase>, “to break something” (lit., “to make something
- break”); <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngsǐ</foreignphrase>,
- “to kill” (lie. “to make something die”). Examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi shéi bǎ
- wǒde yǔsǎn nònghuài le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是谁把我的雨伞弄坏了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, “made
- it so that it broke”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
- zǎofàn nònghǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我去把早饭弄好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go get breakfast ready.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- wèntí hěn yǎojǐn, děi
- nòngqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个问题很要进,得弄清楚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This question is very important, we must get it
- clear.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
- nòngzāngle nǐde yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别弄脏了你的衣服。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't get your clothes dirty.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ nòngcuò
- le ba, tā qùnián cái cóng dàlù
- chūlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你弄错了吧,他去年才从大陆出来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're mistaken, I think. He didn't leave the
- mainland until last year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- wèntí, nǐ zuótiān gěi wǒ jiǎngguò le, jīntiān wǒ yòu
- nòngbudǒng le, nǐ kě bu kéyi zài gěi wǒ jiǎng
- yícì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个问题,你昨天给我将过了,今天我又弄不懂了,你可不可以在给我将一次?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Yesterday you explained this question to me, but
- today I can't understand it again. Could you explain it
- to me once again?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònglai</foreignphrase>: “to get
- and bring (here)” Compare the use of the directional ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònglai</foreignphrase> to its use in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ni dǎo bēi chá
- lai</foreignphrase>, which you learned in Unit 1.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóng
- nǎr nònglaide?</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Where did you get this
- from?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你从哪儿弄来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhǎo
- Xiǎo Lán liáo tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我去找小兰聊天儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm going to go look for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán</foreignphrase>
- to have a chat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù
- le, tā yìtiān dào wǎn yònggōng, méi shíjiān péi ni
- liáo tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你别去了,她一天到晚用工,没时间陪你聊天儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't go, she works hard all day long and doesn't
- have the time to chat with you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo tiān(r)</foreignphrase>:
- “to chat” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liáo</foreignphrase>
- means “to chat,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tiān(r)</foreignphrase> acts as its object. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān(r)</foreignphrase> may also be
- omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- liáole yíge zhōngtóu. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们聊了一个钟头。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We chatted for an hour.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
- shíhou yǒu gōngfu, wǒmen zhǎo ge dìfang liáoliao ,
- tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你什么时候有工夫,我们找个地方聊聊天儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When you have time, we'll go find a place and chat a
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù le</foreignphrase>:
- '“don't go” The English translation here can't really be adequate without
- getting cumbersome. The one syllable le tells you that not going is a change
- from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker le for new
- situation, the translation might be '“Change your plans and don ' t
- go.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān dào wǎn</foreignphrase>:
- '“all day long” The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase> ('“one”) is sometimes used to mean '“the whole, the
- entire.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìtiān dào
- wǎn</foreignphrase> can be literally translated as '“the whole day until
- late,” but is also often used to mean '“all the time, always.” You can use
- the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase>), or you can split it
- up with a verb, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān máng
- dào wǎn</foreignphrase> '“busy the whole day until late,” or '“busy all
- day long.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
- dào wǎn dōu zài máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他一天到晚都在忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He's busy all day long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
- dào wǎn shuō tāde qián bú gòu
- yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她一天到晚所她的钱不够用。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's always saying from morning to night that she
- doesn't have enough money.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yònggōng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- diligent, to be hardworking” in one's studies<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú
- yònggōng jiù bú ràng nǐ niàn dàxué
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不用功就不让你年大学了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> If you don't work hard, I won't let you go to
- college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn
- yònggōng.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们这儿的学生都很用功。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All our students here are very hardworking.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase>: “to
- accompany; to keep somebody company” In the Transportation module, you saw
- the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase>
- meaning “to accompany, to go along with” in the sentence <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù
- lúxíng</foreignphrase>, “She asked me to accompany her on her trip.”Here
- you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase> used
- in another sense, “to keep someone company.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ
- yào péi wǒ mùqin qù kàn
- bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >明天我要陪我母亲去看病。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow I'm going along with my mother to see the
- doctor.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi rén péi
- wǒ qù, wǒ jiu bú qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没人陪我去,我就不去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If no one goes along with me, I won't go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen lái
- péipei nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们来陪陪你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We'll keep you company.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo rén
- chángcháng xǐhuan yǒu rén péizhe tā shuō
- huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >老人常常喜欢有人陪着他说话。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Older people often like to have someone to keep them
- company and talk with them.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng jiā
- Xiǎo Lán cónglái méiyou nánpéngyou
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >王家小蓝从来没有男朋友吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Hasn't the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> family's <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán</foreignphrase>
- ever had a boy friend?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cái
- shíjiǔsuì, mángzhe niàn shū, hái méiyou xiǎngdào
- zhèixie shìr ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她才19岁,忙着念书,还没有想到这些事儿呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's only nineteen years old, busy studying, and
- hasn't thought of these things yet!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái</foreignphrase>: '“ever
- (up till now), always (up till now)” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái</foreignphrase> means that something
- remains the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always
- followed by an adverb—<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase>, or the negatives <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. The two most common
- combinations are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
- bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
- méi</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>, of course, have different uses; roughly speaking,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái bù</foreignphrase>
- means “(habitually) never (do X)“ and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase> means '“have
- never (done X in the past).” With <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cónglái méi</foreignphrase>, the verb of the sentence usually takes the
- aspect marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>
- (experience at any previous time).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cónglái
- bù dào wǒ jiā lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她从来不到家来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She never comes to my house.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cónglái
- méi dào wǒ jiā láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她从来没到我家来过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She has never been to my house (before).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
- méiyou xiǎngdào xiànzài hái yǒu zhèiyangde jiātíng,
- zhèiyangde fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来没有想到现在还有这样的家庭。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never imagined that there were still families and
- parents like this these days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: In the
- Transportation Module, you saw the adverb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> used to mean “then and
- only then” or “not until then.” It was used to talk about something that
- happened later than expected, for example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān cái láide</foreignphrase>, “He
- didn't get here until yesterday.” In sentence 4B, you see <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> (still an adverb) used to
- mean “only” a certain amount.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> means “only”
- in the sense of “as little as,” “so little.” It stresses that the amount is
- less than expected, less than normal, etc.</para>
- <para>You already know two other adverbs which mean “only”: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is used with the meaning
- “only” strictly before amounts, while <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> are also used for “only”
- in the sense of “no other way” or “no others”:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ/jiù
- néng zhème zuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >只/就能这么做。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>(We) can only do it this way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen jǐge
- rén, zhǐ/jiù yǒu wǒ huì shuō Fǎguo huà.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们几个人,只/就有我会说法国化。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I am the only one of us who can speak
- French.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> may not be
- used in such sentences.)</para>
- <para>That is, it could have been, should have been, or might later become
- more.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cái
- xuéle sānnián, jiù shuōde nàme
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他才学了三年,就说的那么好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS
- LITTLE AS THREE YEARS)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yígòng
- cái kànle sānpiān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他一共才看了三篇文章</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He only read three articles altogether. (SO
- FEW)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>h adverbs normally come only before a verb, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> may stand directly before
- an amount:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái wùge
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >才五个人?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Only five people? (SO FEW?)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- fángzi yìnián cái sānbǎi
- kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的房子一年才三百快。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His house costs only three hundred dollars a year.
- (SO LITTLE!)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái
- zènme yidiǎnr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >才怎么一点儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sentence 4B illustrates that when speaking about a person's age,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> should be
- used for “only” rather than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase>. It is also much better to use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> for “only” when speaking
- about the time of day, the date, etc.:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái yìdiǎn
- zhōng, hái láidejí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >才一点钟,还来得及。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's only one o'clock, we can still make it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jintiān cái
- shísānhào, hái zǎo ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天才十三号,好早呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It's
- still early!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is not used
- in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This
- includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences
- expressing intention. In these sentences, use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>, e.g.: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiù gěi ta yidiǎnr ba</foreignphrase>,
- “Just give him a little”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ
- yào chi yìwǎn fàn</foreignphrase>, “l only want to eat one bowl of
- rice.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mángzhe niàn
- shū</foreignphrase>: “to be busy studying” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máng</foreignphrase> here is not the state
- verb “to be busy,” but an action verb, “to busily engage in (something).”
- Here are other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài máng
- shénme ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你在忙什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What are you busy with?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mángle
- yìtiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我忙了一天了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I have been busily working all day.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
- dào wǎn máng zhèige máng
- nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他一天到晚忙这个忙那个。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is busy with all sorts of things all day
- long.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>: In
- sentence 4B, you see the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhe</foreignphrase> used in a sentence with word order like that of one
- in the Directions module: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe
- qù kéyi ma?</foreignphrase> “Can you get there by walking?”
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhe</foreignphrase> is the
- marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The
- combination action verb plus -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhe</foreignphrase> refers to the duration of the action, that is, the
- action has started and is continuing, e.g., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎozhe ne</foreignphrase>, “He is
- running.” The combination process verb plus -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> refers to the duration of
- the new state entered into through the process (remember that “process” here
- means a change from one state to another), for example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngzhe ne</foreignphrase>, “He is ill,”
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe ne</foreignphrase>,
- “The door is open.”</para>
- <para>Often you see the combination verb plus -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> followed by another verb,
- as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mángzhe niàn
- shū</foreignphrase>. In this case, the verb plus -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> describes the means or
- manner of the following verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zǒuzhe qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们走着去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's go on foot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎozhe
- xiā lóu qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他跑着下楼去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He went running downstairs.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāizhe
- chē lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他开着车来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He came driving a car.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā názhe
- dōngxi shàng chē le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他拿着东西上车了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Carrying the things, he boarded the bus.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèi
- jǐtiān mángzhe kāi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他这几天忙着开会。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The last few days he has been busy with
- meetings.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jízhe
- zǒu, bǎ yàoshi wàng zai jiāli
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他急着走,把钥匙万在家里了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was in a hurry to leave, and left the keys at
- home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zǒuzhe liáo tiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们走着聊天。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We talked while walking.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>: “to
- think of” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
- here is not the prepositional verb “to” but the ending for compound verbs of
- result which you have so far seen in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>, “to successfully
- borrow” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuōdao</foreignphrase>, “to talk about.” The verb ending
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> means “to
- successfully reach/obtain/find.” In the compound verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>, the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>
- expresses the action of thinking about it,and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> says that your thought
- “reached to” the idea—came into your head.</para>
- <para>Another verb like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎng</foreignphrase> in referring to mental activity is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>, “to consider,” which
- you learned in Unit 1, and just as with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, you can use
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>. Here
- are examples of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kǎolǜdào</foreignphrase>. Notice the different translations possible
- for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>
- and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngbudào</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
- xiǎngdào lìngwài yidiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我还想到另外一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've thought of another point.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- dàgài jiù nǐ yíge rén lái, shéi xiǎngdào nǐmen dōu
- lái le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想大概就你一个人来,谁想到你们都来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I thought you would probably be the only one coining.
- Who would have thought all of you would come!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
- xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèizhǒng
- qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我没想到会有这种情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't expect this kind of situation. (Lit., “I
- didn't think there would be this kind of
- situation.“)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎngbudào
- tāmen huì zhème kuài jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >想不到他们会这么快结婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was surprised they got married so soon.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ni méi
- kǎolǜdào zhèi yidiǎn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你没考虑到这一点吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You didn't consider that point, did you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- kǎolǜdedào nàme duō
- shìqing!</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么考虑地到那么多事情!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How could I take so many things into
- consideration!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xiǎo
- nǚér liǎngsānsuìde shihou cháng kū, xiànzài zhǎngdà
- le, bú zài kū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的小女儿两三岁的时候常哭,现在长大了,不再哭了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My youngest daughter cried a lot when she was two or
- three years old, but now she has grown up and doesn't
- cry anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo nǚér</foreignphrase>: Not
- “little daughter,” as you might have thought, but “youngest daughter.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase> are used,
- respectively, for the “youngest and “oldest” of brothers and sisters. The
- ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would
- refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà érzi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr érzi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān érzi</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo érzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎngdà</foreignphrase>: “to
- grow up” This is a compound verb of result made of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase> “to grow” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase> “to be
- big.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你长大了想做什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What do you want to do when you grow up?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānge yuè
- bú jiàn, zhèige hǎizi zhǎngdàle bù
- shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >三个月不见,这个孩子长大了不少。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's been just three months since I last saw this
- youngster and he has grown quite a bit.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài kū le</foreignphrase>:
- “doesn't cry anymore” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zài</foreignphrase> is the adverb which you learned meaning “again.”
- Here it means “anymore,” referring to the continuing of a
- situation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tài lèi
- le, méiyou bànfǎ zài xiě le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我太累了,没有办法在写了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm too tired. I can't write any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù néng
- zài chǐ le, zài chī jiù bù shūfu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不能再吃了,在吃就不舒服了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I can't eat any more. If I eat more I won't feel
- well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào zài
- xiǎng zhèixiē shìqing le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要再想这些事情了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Stop thinking about these things.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào zài
- shuō le, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不要再说了,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't talk about it anymore, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu wǒ bú
- zài nàme màn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >以后我不再那么慢了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the future, I won't be so slow anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò fùmǔde
- bù yīnggāi zhòng nán qīng
- nǚ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >做父母的不应该种男轻女。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Those who are parents shouldn't regard males as
- superior to females.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì. Zuò
- háizide yě yīnggāi xiàoshun
- fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对。做孩子的也应该孝顺父母。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. And those who are children should show filial
- obedience to their parents.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to be, to
- act as” As you are well aware, there are times when you can't use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> to
- translate English “to be.” One of these is when “to be” means that a person
- takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An example is “to be
- president” as in “I want to be president” or “He was president for eight
- years.” In such cases you use the same verb “to do”, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎode
- shíhou chángcháng xiǎng jiānglái yào zuò yíge
- yǐsheng, kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng tài nán
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我校的时候常常想将来要做一个医生,可是现在知道做医生太难了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I was young I often thought I wanted to be a
- doctor when I grew up, but now I know that it's too hard
- to be a doctor.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóngqián
- zuòguo jīngji bùzhǎng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他从前做过经济部长。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was once the Minister of Finance. (You could also
- say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- cóngqián shi jǐngji
- Bùzhǎng.</foreignphrase>)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- wǒ dìyīcì zuò zhǔrén qǐng kè, xīnli hěn
- jǐnzhāng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǔrén</foreignphrase>, “host, master” </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jǐnzhāng</foreignphrase>, “to be nervous, to be
- tense”</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是我第一次做主人请客,心理很紧张。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is the first time I am to be host and have
- guests over. I'm nervous.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
- fùmǔde</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
- háizide</foreignphrase> in the reference list sentence are used to talk
- about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position,
- occupation, etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
- shìqing, zuò fùmǔde yīnggāi xiān xiǎngdào.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这种事情,做父母的应该想想到。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those in the position of parents should foresee
- things like this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao
- xuéshengde Zhōngwén xuéde nàme hǎo, wǒmen zuò
- lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >看到学生的中文学的那么好,我们做老师的真高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When we see that our students have learned their
- Chinese so well, it makes us teachers very
- happy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng nán qīng
- nǚ</foreignphrase>: “to treat men as important and women as
- unimportant,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhòng</foreignphrase> is the verb “to be heavy,” with the additional
- meaning, in literary style, of “to stress, to put importance on.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> is the
- verb “to be light (in weight),” with an extended meaning in literary Chinese
- of “to regard lightly, to attach little importance to.”</para>
- <para>In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason
- was that sons assured the family's continuity, something which every man
- felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the
- family representative after the father's death or retirement. A daughter, on
- the other hand, was expected to leave the family and become part of her
- husband's household, so her importance was considerably less than that of a
- son. <footnote>
- <para>This is from an old saying called the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sān Cóng</foreignphrase>, “the Three
- Follows,” i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is
- usually quoted in its original classical style: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài jiā cóng fù, chū jià cóng fū, fū
- sǐ cóng zǐ</foreignphrase>, “When at home obey your father, when
- married, obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your
- son.”</para>
- </footnote>A woman was always subject to a man's authority: a daughter had
- to obey her father, a wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had to obey
- her son. Of course, individual women, by their strength, intelligence, and
- personality, were able to exert great influence on the family, but this was
- often accomplished indirectly.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàoshun</foreignphrase>: This
- can be used either as a verb with an object, “to be filial toward
- (someone),” as in the Reference List sentence above, or as an adjectival
- verb meaning “to be filial”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- háizi hěn xiàoshun.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个孩子很孝顺。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child is very filial.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary
- virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect
- for one's parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one's parents'
- will, consideration and care for their daily welfare,continuation of the
- family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name
- and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of
- good conduct, filial obedience was also an attitude of warmth, founded in
- the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin
- and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept
- extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of
- a Chinese. It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would
- probably not fulfill the duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a
- loyal citizen.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dìdi
- báitiān zài jiā ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你弟弟白天在家吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is your younger brother at home during the
- day?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú zài, nǐ
- děng dào wǎnshang zài dǎ diànhuà lai
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不在,你等到晚上再打电话来吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, wait until the evening and then call him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báitiān</foreignphrase>:
- “daytime; during daylight,” literally “white-day” In the sense of
- “daylight,” the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >báitiān</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēiyè</foreignphrase>, “dark of night,” literally, “black-night.” In
- the sense of “daytime, working hours,” the opposite of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báitiān</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnshang</foreignphrase>, “evening,
- night.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā báitiān
- zuò shì, wǎnshang niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他白天做事,晚上念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She works during the day and studies at
- night.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>: “wait
- until” Here you see the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> “to, up to” used after
- another verb. (Contrast this with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase> “to think of” where -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is used as a verb ending
- showing result and is written as part of the verb.) You now know two
- meanings for the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, one having to do with
- location and the other with time: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>location: “to, up to”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>time: “until”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>What is the difference between putting your <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase after the verb or
- before it?</para>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
- phrase after verb</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>If the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> phrase tells where or at what time
- you end up as a result of the action, then it comes after
- the verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, tīngjian tāmen zài
- lǐbian shuō huà. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我走到书房外边,听见他们在里边说话。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I walked up to the door of the study and
- heard them inside talking.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyīyè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我已经看到第一百零一页 了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I've already read up to page 101. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū kàn dao sāndiǎnduō
- zhōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我昨天晚上看书看到三点多种。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Last night I read until past three o'clock
- (in the morning).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> In sentences which show that something changes location,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase> “to this place“ or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> “to that
- place“ will usually come at the end of the whole
- clause:</para>
- <para>MAIN VERB <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> TIME OR PLACE <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他走到我前面去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He walked in front of me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào zhèli
- lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请把那几本书拿到这里来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please bring those books here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
- phrase before the verb</term>
- <listitem>
- <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
- <listitem>
- <para>Put the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> phrase before <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase> when they are the main verb of
- the sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā dào Chóngqìng qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他到重庆去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has gone to Chongqing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他要到我这儿来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is coming to my place.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>If another verb phrase follows the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
- phrase, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase> may sometimes be omitted
- making the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> phrase appear to modify the
- second verb phrase:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen dào nǎr chī
- fàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们到哪儿吃饭?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where shall we go to eat?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào fàntīng chī
- fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >到饭厅吃饭。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We'll go to the dining room to eat.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Literally, these mean “To where shall we eat?” and
- “We'll to the dining room to eat.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> phrase may come before the
- verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached
- prior to the action or condition:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dào xiàwu zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >到下午在谈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's wait until the afternoon and then
- talk. (Contrast tan <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
- xiàwu</foreignphrase>, “talk until the
- afternoon.”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- rén cónglái bù jiǎng nánnǚ píngděng
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国人从来不将男女平等吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Didn't the Chinese ever stress equality between men
- and women?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao
- nánnǚ píngděng, nà shi zuìjìn jǐshíniánde xīn
- guānniàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说到男女平等,那是最近几十年的新观念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>As for equality of the sexes, that's a new concept of
- the last few decades.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái bù</foreignphrase>:
- “never, never does...” Earlier in this unit (No. 4), you saw the phrase
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
- “have never, had never...” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cónglái</foreignphrase> itself means “at any time in the past up until
- now.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
- bù xiǎng zǎoshang niàn shū. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来不想早上念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never feel like studying in the morning.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Whether you choose <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
- bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
- méi</foreignphrase> depends on what kind of verb you are using and how
- it is normally negated. To summarize what you learned back in the Biographic
- Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and
- auxiliary verbs) are always negated with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. PROCESS verbs are always
- negated with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>
- when referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verbs can be negated
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> depending
- on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> to negate your verb,
- there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you
- generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific
- instance?</para>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>STATE VERBS (Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>. )</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒde qián cónglái dōu bú
- gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的钱从来都不够。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have never had enough money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā cónglái bù xiǎng zuò zhèiyangde
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他从来不想做这样的工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He never wants / has never wanted to do
- this kind of work.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ cónglái bù xǐhuan qù Niù
- Yuē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来不喜欢去纽约。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never like / have never liked going to
- New York.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>PROCESS VERBS (Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>.)</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā cónglái méi jiēguo
- hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他从来没结过婚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She has never gotten married.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā cónglái méi bìngguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他从来没病过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has never gotten sick.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèige diànshì cónglái méi
- huàiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个电视从来没坏过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This television has never broken.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>ACTION VERBS (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> make a
- difference in meaning.)</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="5*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">1.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ cónglái méi kànguo zhèiyangrde
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来没看过这样儿的书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have never read a book like this. (PAST
- EXPERIENCE)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">2.</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ cónglái bú kàn zhèiyangrde
- shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来不看这样儿的书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never read (present) this kind of book OR
- I never used to read this kind of book.
- (HABITUAL)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái</foreignphrase> vs.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián</foreignphrase>, “the
- past,” is a noun, a time word. It may, for example, be the object of the
- prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase>, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zài cóngqián yǒu rén zènme zuò</foreignphrase>, “in the past, some
- people did it that way.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cónglái</foreignphrase> may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which
- case it can be translated “in the past, before, formerly”: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián</foreignphrase> (OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
- wǒ</foreignphrase>)<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méiyou
- chē, xiànzài yǒu le</foreignphrase>, “Before I didn't have a car, but
- now I do.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái</foreignphrase>, “always
- (in the past), from the beginning,” is not a noun; it cannot, for example,
- be the object of the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>. It is used adverbially,
- always between the subject and the verb. Both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián méi</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
- may sometimes be translated as “never,” but <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase> makes a stronger
- statement.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián
- méi chīguo Zhōngguó cài. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来没吃过中国菜。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't eaten Chinese food before, (There wasn't
- one time when I ate Chinese food.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
- méi chīguo Zhōngguó cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来没吃过中国菜。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have never eaten Chinese food (from the very
- beginning).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- particular about, to stress, to pay attention to” [Also <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>.]<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
- hěn jiǎng chī, hěn jiǎng
- chuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个人很将吃,很讲穿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This person is fastidious about what he eats and what
- he wears.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- jiā tài jiǎng guīju<footnote>
- <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guīju</foreignphrase>: “manners” (see Unit
- U)</para>
- </footnote>. Wǒmen Xiǎo Lán yīnggāi
- xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们家太讲规矩。我们小兰应该小心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their family is overly particular about manners. Our
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán
- </foreignphrase>should be careful.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōdao</foreignphrase>: “to
- speak of; as for” In this unit, you have seen <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as a resultative
- ending “to successfully reach/obtain/find,” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>, “to think of.” You
- also saw it as a prepositional verb in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>, “wait until.” Here
- you see another example of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> as a resultative ending. When -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is used with verbs of
- speech, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuō</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tán</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǎng</foreignphrase>, they are translated as “to speak of”or “to talk
- about.” (In this meaning, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> is not interchangeable with -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zháo</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ jiù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们刚才还说到你,你就来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We were talking about you just now, and here you
- are!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐntiǎn nǐ
- gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今天你跟他讲
- 到我没有。</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you talk about me with him today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我常常想到我的孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I often think of my child.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> </para>
- <para>Notice that in sentence 8B, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuōdao</foreignphrase> is used at the beginning of the sentence to
- introduce a topic, as we use “when it comes to” or “speaking of” in English.
- Here are some other examples.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao
- jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiǎng.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说到结婚的事,我还得想一想。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When it comes to the marriage, I have to think it
- over some more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao
- Zhōngguo wénhuà, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谈到中国文化,他比我知道的夺。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When it comes to Chinese culture, he knows a lot more
- than I do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao Lǐ
- Xiānsheng, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai le, hǎo jiǔ méi qù kàn
- ta le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说到李先生,我就想起来了,还就没去看他了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Speaking of Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>, it
- occurs to me that we haven't been to see him in quite a
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>:
- “recently, lately; recent last” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuìjìn</foreignphrase> may be used as a time word, coming either before
- or after the subject, but always before the verb. <informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn,
- wǒmen gōngsí yòu pàile yíge rén qù
- Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >最近我们公司有派了一个人去香港。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Recently, our company sent another person to Hong
- Kong.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuìjìn
- tài máng, méi shíjiān gēn ta
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我最近太忙,没时间跟他说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been very busy lately, and haven't had time to
- tell him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In sentence 8B (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nà shi zuìjìn
- jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase> is used as an
- adjective modifying a Number-Counter-Noun. Other examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn yíge
- yuè, tā dōu méiyou lái xìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >最近一个月,她都没有来信。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She hasn't written for the last month.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她是最近几天才来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She just arrived within the last few days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Besides referring to the near past, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase> can also refer to the
- near future— “soon“:</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuìjìn
- yào chū guó. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她最近要出过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He will be going abroad soon.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past,
- use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase> in
- combination with auxiliary verbs like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsuan</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐhuà</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dà jiātíng
- yǒu shénme hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大家庭有什么好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What's good about large families?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme bù
- hǎo? Rén duō, zhuàn qiánde rén yě duō
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么不好?人多,赚钱的人也多吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What could be bad about them? After all, if there are
- more people, there are also more people earning
- money!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi
- suǒyǒude rén dōu xiàng nín zhèiyang xiǎng, Zhōngguo
- xiànzài bù zhīdào yǒu duōshao yì rén
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >要是所有的人都像您这么想,中国现在不知道有多少艺人了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If everyone thought the way you do, who knows how
- many hundreds of millions of people there would be in
- China now!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase>:
- “large family; extended family” The phrases <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo jiātíng</foreignphrase>, literally
- “large family” and “small family,” are often used in a specific sense. In
- traditional Chinese society, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
- jiātíng</foreignphrase> referred not merely to the number of people in
- the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although
- opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living
- together to be considered a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
- jiātíng</foreignphrase>—an “extended family”—and each generation must be
- several people “deep.” Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother,
- all their sons and their wives, their sons' sons and their wives, and all
- their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example
- of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase>,
- like the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎ</foreignphrase>
- family in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, might include over 130 people
- all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.</para>
- <para>Do not misuse <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiātíng</foreignphrase>, which refers to the family as an entity, for
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā rén</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiālide rén</foreignphrase>,
- which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make
- because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word
- “family”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dào Niǔ
- Yuē qù kàn wǒ jiā rén</foreignphrase> (OR
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ jiālide
- rén</foreignphrase>).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我到纽约去看我家人。</foreignphrase>(OR <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我家里的人</foreignphrase>)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to New York to see my family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme bù hǎo</foreignphrase>:
- “How could they be bad?” or, more idiomatically, “What could be bad about
- them?” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme</foreignphrase>
- to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else's
- position.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú duì,
- bú duì. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不对,不对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's not right, that's not right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zěnme bú
- duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么不对。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What do you mean it's wrong!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bù
- kéyi zhèiyangr zuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们不可以这样儿做。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We can't do it this way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme bù
- kéyi?.' Zhèi méiyou shenme bù
- kéyide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么不可以?这没有什么不可以得。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why not?! There's nothing wrong with it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>: This little
- marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the
- reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as “you
- know” or “after all,” or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one's
- statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need to know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào lājī</foreignphrase>, “to
- take out [lit., 'dump'] the garbage.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèishenme zǒng děi wǒ zuò fàn
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么总得我做饭呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why do I always have to do the cooking?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Wife: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚ
- píngděng ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那女平等么!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Equality of the sexes.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà
- hǎo, yǐhòu nǐ guǎn dào lājī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那好,以后你官倒垃圾。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Okay, then from now on, you take care of taking out
- the garbage.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Wife: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèishenme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nánnǚ píngděng ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那女平等么!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Equality of the sexes!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>: “all”
- This is the word for “all” used to modify nouns. (The adverb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is used to modify verbs.)
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> is
- mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is, subjects or
- objects in topic position). In sentences with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is almost always used,
- too.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
- cài dōu hěn hǎo chī. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All the food is delicious.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
- cài wǒ dōu chīwán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I finished all the food.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> can be
- used with the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>
- construction, in which case <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase> goes before the main verb, not before the
- prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bǎ</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
- suǒyǒude cài dōu chīwán le.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I finished all the food.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> can
- also be used without a noun following it, as long as the context makes it
- clear what things <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> refers to:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xǐhuan
- gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I like parks. I've been to all the ones in
- Washington.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here are some more example sentences with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>. Notice that the -de
- is sometimes omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
- kāfēitīng wǒ dōu qùguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been to all the coffeehouses.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguo wǒ
- yǒu qián wǒ jiù yào mǎi suǒyǒu zhèixiē Hàn-Yīng
- zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If I had money, I'd like to buy all of these
- Chinese-English dictionaries.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàoguo
- Měiguo suǒyǒu(de) yǒu yìside
- dìfang.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has been to all the interesting places in the
- U.S.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yì</foreignphrase>: “hundred
- million”After <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiān</foreignphrase>, “1000,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàn</foreignphrase>, “10,000,” the next single syllable to represent a
- higher number in Chinese is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yì</foreignphrase>, “100,000,000.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一千</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">10,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yíwàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一万</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
- <para>100,000</para>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíwàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >十万</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbǎi
- wàn</foreignphrase> (“one million”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一百万</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">10,000,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìqiān
- wàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一千万</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">100,000,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yíyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一亿</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000,000,000</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyì
- </foreignphrase>(“one billion“)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >十亿</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhèicì
- huí guó kàndao nǐ lǎojiāde rén le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你这次回国看到你老家的人了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Did you see the people in your hometown on this visit
- back to your country?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao le.
- Tāmen shēnghuóde bú cuò, wǒ lǎojiā yě biànchéng yíge
- hěn rènaode dìfangr le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >看到了,他们生活得不错,我老家也变成一个很热闹的地方儿了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. They're living pretty well, and my hometown has
- become quite a bustling place.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>: “to see,
- to perceive by sight” This is another example of the ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dao</foreignphrase> used as part of a
- compound verb of result. You have now seen -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dao</foreignphrase> meaning </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>to successfully reach/obtain/find</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“about.” With verbs of perception, the meaning of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dao</foreignphrase> can be thought of
- as “successfully reach” by means of the senses, or “to successfully
- perceive.” Another instance of this is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdao</foreignphrase> “to hear, to
- perceive by listening.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speakers
- prefer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànjian</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngjian</foreignphrase> in
- many contexts, but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kàndao</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngdao</foreignphrase> are used by all speakers of Standard
- Chinese.</para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>: “to change,
- to become different, to transform, to alter“<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
- zhēnde biàn le, yǐqiān tā bú shi
- zhèiyangrde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个人真的变了,以前她不是这样儿的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This fellow has really changed, he wasn't this way
- before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèijiàn
- máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn yánsè
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这件毛衣洗了几次,便颜色了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After this sweater was washed a few times, it changed
- color.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐniān bú
- jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn lǎo le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >几年不见,他已经变老了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I hadn't seen him for a few years; he had aged a
- lot. (refers to his appearance) |</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You can also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biàn</foreignphrase> in the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>—de—STATE VERB, as
- in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng qùnián
- dào xiànzài, tā biànde jiànkāngduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >从去年到现在,他变得健康多了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has become a lot healthier since last
- year.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- shíjǐnián méi jiàndao ta, bù zhīdào tā biànde
- zěnmeyàng le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我十几年没见到他,不知道他变得怎么样了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't seen him in over ten years, I wonder what
- he is like now?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>:
- “become,” “into” This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎichéng</foreignphrase>, “to
- change (one thing) into (another)”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyichéng</foreignphrase>, “to translate
- into”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòchéng</foreignphrase>
- “to make into”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǎngchéng</foreignphrase>, “to grow into.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ tāde
- chènshān gǎichéng yíjiàn xiǎoháizide yīfu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我把他的衬衫改成
- 一见小孩子的衣服了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I took his shirt and altered it into an article of
- clothing for a child.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ bǎ
- zhèipiān wénzhāng fānyichéng
- Rìwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >请你把这篇文章翻译成日文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please translate this article into Japanese.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- háizi yǐjīng zhǎngchéng dàren
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个孩子已经章程大人了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child has already grown into an adult.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11-12-13</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有用</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be useful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hēiyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >黑夜</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(darkness of) night, nighttime</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >心</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>heart</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēiyè</foreignphrase>: This is
- mostly used in sentences where <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >báitiān</foreignphrase>, “(light of) day, daytime,” is contrasted with
- its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit).
- The normal word for “nighttime” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǎnshang</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn</foreignphrase>: The
- abstract concept “heart,” or, in many contexts, “mind”:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā(de) xīn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的心好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has a good heart (i.e., he is kind).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuòle
- zhèijiàn shì, xīnli hěn
- nánguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她做了这件事,心里很难过。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He felt very bad after he did that.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiěwánle zhèipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn
- gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他写完了这篇小说,心里很高兴。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was very happy after he finished writing this
- short story.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xīnli
- xiǎngde hé tā zuòde bù
- yíyàng.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她心里想的和他做的不一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He acts differently than he thinks.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>(For the organ “heart,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīnzàng</foreignphrase>, literally, “heart-organ.”)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3 Review Dialogue</title>
- <para>On the flight from Washington to Hong Kong (via New York and Anchorage),
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B)
- and Tom (A) are chatting.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- fēijīshang zuòle zhème yìtiān, gǎnjué
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在飞机上坐了这么一天,感觉怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How do you feel after being on a plane all day like
- this?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn bu
- shūfu, měicì zuò fēijī dōu xiàng shēng bìng yíyàng.
- Tèbié shi zài fēijīshang huànle shíjiān, báitiān
- biànchengle hēiyè, hēiyè biànchengle báitiān, tài
- nánshòu le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真不舒服,每次坐飞机都像生病一样,特别是在飞机上换了时间,白天变成了黑夜,黑夜变成了白天,太难受了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't feel well at all. Every time I take a plane
- it's like getting ill. Especially with the time change
- on the plane, daylight turning into night and night
- turning back into daylight, how uncomfortable! </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duì le, bù
- shūfude shihou yīnggāi hē diǎnr bīngshuǐr. Wǒ qù gěi
- ni nòng diǎnr bīngshuǐr lai, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,不舒服的时候,应该喝点冰水,我去给你弄点冰水来,好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right; You should have some ice water when you don't
- feel well. I'll go get you some ice water, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo shi hǎo,<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi</foreignphrase>... means
- literally, “as for being all right, it is all
- right, but...” This means It is. okay, but... or
- in more idiomatic English, Well, okay,
- but...</para>
- </footnote>kěshi wǒ shízài hēbuxiàqù le... Suàn le
- ba, wǒmen liáoliao tiānr, yěxǔ huì hǎo
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好是好,可是我实在喝不下去了,算了吧,我们聊聊天,也许会好一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well, okay, but I really couldn't drink any... Forget
- it, let's just chat and maybe it'll get a little
- better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài guò
- jǐge zhōngtóu nǐ jiu dào jiā le, xiǎng jiā
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >再过几个钟头,你就到家了,想家吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Just another few hours and you'll be home. Are you
- homesick?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng. Zài
- Měiguo liǎngnián le, yìtiān máng dào wǎn, méiyou
- xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi xiànzài xiǎngqi jiā lai le. Nǐ
- shuō qíguài bu qíguài?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >想,在美国两年了,一天忙到晚,没有想过家,可是现在想起家来了,你说奇怪不奇怪?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. The whole two years I was in America, I was busy
- all day long and never got homesick, but now here I am
- feeling homesick. Don't you think that's
- strange?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà méiyou
- shénme qíguài. Rén ma, zǒng yào yǒu diǎnr jiātíng
- guānniàn. Tèbié shi Zhōngguo rén; Zhōngguo rén shi
- jiǎng xiàoshunde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那没有什么奇怪,人嘛,总要有点家庭观念,特别是中国人,中国人是讲孝顺的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There's nothing strange about that. People are
- people! They have to have a sense of attachment to their
- family. Especially Chinese people; the Chinese put a lot
- of importance on filial obedience.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde
- zuò fùmǔ shi hěn bù róngyide, háizi yīnggāi xiàoshun
- fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我觉得做父母是很不容易的,孩子应该孝顺父母。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think that it's very difficult to be parents, so
- children ought to be filial toward their
- parents.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xiǎngfǎ shi nǐ fùmǔ jiāo nide
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个想法是你父母教你的吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Did your parents teach you that way of
- thinking?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi, shi
- shèhuì jiāo wode. Wǒ mǔqin cónglái bù hé wo tán
- xiàoshun.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不是,是社会教我的,我母亲从来不和我谈孝顺。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, society taught it to me. My mother never talks to
- me about filial obedience.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhēnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真的?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Really?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēnde. Wǒ
- dìyīcì zhuàn qiánde shihou, cái shíwǔsuì. Huí dao
- jiāli, jiù bǎ kǒudàili suǒyǒude qián dōu gěi wǒ
- mǔqin le, hái shuō wǒ yǐhòu yào xiàoshun
- māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真的。我第一次赚钱的时候,才十五岁,回到家里,就把口袋里所有的钱都给我母亲了。还说我以后要孝顺妈妈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Really. The first time I made money I was only
- fifteen. When I got home. I gave all the money I had in
- my pocket to my mother, and I said that in the future I
- must be filial toward her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ māma
- zěnme shuō?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你妈妈怎么说?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What did she say?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kū le.
- Tā shuō wǒ néng dúlì, néng zài shèhuishang zuò ge
- yǒu yòngde rén jiù shi zuì hǎode xiàoshun. Wǒ gěi
- tāde qián, tā dōu gěi wo mǎicheng shū. Yǐhòu, wǒ jiu
- gèng yònggōng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她哭了,她说我能独立,能在社会上做个有用的人,就是最好的孝顺。我给她的钱,她都给我买成书,以后我就更用功了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She cried. She said that if I could be independent
- and be a useful person in society that would be the best
- way to show filial obedience. She used all the money I
- gave her to buy books for me. After that, I worked even
- harder.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn shi
- yíwèi hǎo māma.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真是一位好妈妈。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's really a good mother.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi... . Wǒ
- xiě xìn gěi tā, gàosu ta wǒ yào hé yíwèi Měiguó
- péngyou yìqǐ huílai guò shǔjià, tā hěn gāoxìng. Tā
- hěn huānyíng nǐ lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是,我写信给她,告诉她我要和一位美国朋友一起回来过暑假。她很高兴,她很欢迎你来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, she is. . . . She was very happy when I wrote
- her telling her that I was going to come back with an
- American friend for the summer vacation. She's very glad
- to have you at (welcomes you to) our house.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ,
- liǎngwèi xiānsēn, nǐmen yào hē diǎn sénme?**We have
- altered the spelling to show the stewardess's
- non-standard
- pronunciation.**</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对不起,两位先生,你们要喝点什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Excuse me, what would you two gentlemen like to
- drink?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bū dà
- shūfu, bǔ yào shenme.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不大舒服,不要什么。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm not feeling too well, I don't want
- anything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, bú dà
- sūfú, yìbēi zè cá, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不大舒服,一杯热茶好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, you don't feel well? How about a cup of hot
- tea?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎode,
- xièxie ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,谢谢你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All right, thank you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
- yipíng píjiǔ. Nǐmen yǒu méiyou
- Heineken?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我来一瓶啤酒,你们有没有Heineken?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'd like a beer. Do you have Heineken?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- > Yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xièxie.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谢谢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Thank you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǔ kèqì.
- Zèiwèi xiānsēn, nǐ hái yào sénme, qǐng gàosu
- wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不客气,这位先生,您还要什么?请告诉我。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're welcome. Sir, if you want anything else,
- please let me know.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎode,
- xièxie ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好的,谢谢你。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All right. Thank you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen shuō
- dao nǎr le? Duì le, nǐmen jiāli chúle nǐ fùmǔ hé
- zǔmǔ yǐwài hái yǒu shénme rén
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,你家里除了你父母和祖母以外,还有什么人吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Now, where were we? Oh yes:</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wàngle,
- wǒ hái yǒu yíge mèimei, zài yínháng zuò
- shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你忘了,我还有一个妹妹在银行做事的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You've forgotten that I also have a younger sister
- who works in a bank.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, duì le,
- nǐ gēn wo shuōguo, wǒ zěnme wàngle
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,你跟我说过,我怎么又忘了呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, of course. You told me before. How could I have
- forgotten!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao wǒ
- mèimei, jiù xiǎngdào wǒ mǔqin. Nǐ zhīdao zài
- Zhōngguó, zhòng nán qīng nǚde guānniàn háishi yǒude.
- Kěshi wǒ mèimei shi líkāi dàxué yǐhòu yòu zài
- Yīngguó niànle liǎngnián shū cái zuò shìde. Zhèi yě
- yào gǎnxiè**gǎnxiè, to be grateful/thankful to** wǒ
- mǔqin.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >说到我妹妹,就想到我母亲。你知道,在中国重男轻女的观念还是有的。可是我妹妹是离开大学以后,又在英国念了两年书才做事的。这也要感谢我母亲。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mentioning my sister reminds me of my mother again.
- You know, in China people still have the concept that
- men are superior to women. But after my sister graduated
- from college, she studied for two more years in England
- before she started working. That was also thanks to my
- mother.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mèimei
- xiànzài zhǐ zuò shì, háishi yě niàn diǎnr
- shū?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你妹妹现在只做事还是也念著书?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Does your sister Just work now, or does she also take
- some classes?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǐ zuò
- shì. Búguò tā hěn rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde qíngxing,
- cháng kàn hěn duō guānyú dàlùde shū. Tā cháng shuō,
- Wo shi Zhōngguo rén, dàlùshang yǒu shíyì Zhōngguo
- rén, wǒ zěnme kéyi bù zhídào tāmende shēnghuó,
- gōngzuò, hé xuéxíde qíngkuàng
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她只做事。不过她很热心研究大陆的情形,常看很多关于大陆的书。她常说,我是中国人,大陆上有十亿中国人。我怎么可以不知道他们的生活、工作和学习的情况呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's Just working, but she studies the mainland
- situation very enthusiastically. She reads a lot of
- books about the mainland. She often says, I'm Chinese,
- and there are one billion Chinese on the mainland. How
- can I be ignorant of the way they live, work, and
- study?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde huà
- hěn yǒu dàolǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她的话很有道理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What she says is quite right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yǒu hěn
- duō dàlù láide péngyou; nǐ hé tā tántan, yě huì
- juéde hěn yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她有很多大陆来的朋友,你和她谈谈也会觉得很有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She has a lot of friends from the mainland; you'll
- find it very interesting to talk with her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì
- dàlùde qíngxing zènme rèxǐn, nǐ mǔqin yǒu shénme
- kànfa ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她对大陆的情形这么热心,你母亲有什么看法吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Does your mother have anything to say about her
- enthusiastic interest in the situation on the
- mainland?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cháng
- shuō: Háizi zhǎngdàle, tāmen yào zǒu shénme lù
- yīnggāi zìjǐ kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她常说,孩子长大了,他们要走什么路,应该自己考虑。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She often says, When children grow up, they should
- decide for themselves what road they want to
- take.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn hǎo,
- shízài shi tài hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真好,实在是太好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's great! That's really wonderful.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng dao nǐ
- jiàndao tade shihou, nǐ yídìng huì xǐhuan ta, yě huì
- xǐhuan wǒmen jiāde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >等到你见到她的时候,一定会喜欢她,也会喜欢我们家的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>When you meet her I'm sure you'll like her, and our
- home, too. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yídìng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一定。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm sure I will, too!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 3, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This exercise is a conversation between a Chinese student and an
- American student in their dormitory room somewhere in the U.S.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěkǒukělè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可口可乐</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Coca Cola</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >-bān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >-班</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>counter for a class of students</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚshēng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怒生</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>coeds, women students</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >早</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>a long time ago</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào
- yǎnlèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >掉眼泪</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to cry (lit., “fall tears”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the Chinese student's girlfriend studying? Why is
- he worried about her?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What was the traditional Chinese attitude toward educating
- women?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How did the Chinese student first meet his
- girlfriend?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why do you suppose she would let herself cry in the
- library?What was her boyfriend's reaction?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How was she able to come to college?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <note>
- <para>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
- indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
- sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this conversation a mother and son in Beijing talk after a day of
- work.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions. </para>
- <para>Here are the new words you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kělián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be pitiful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to die</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú
- fàngxīn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to worry</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rìzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>days</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīngshén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>energy, spirits</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will he able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Lì</foreignphrase>'s problem?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How does the son propose to help her?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What problem does the mother see with this proposal? What
- does the son volunteer to do?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the mother's reaction to her son's
- suggestion?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What two other things would lift <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Lì</foreignphrase>'s
- spirits?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have prepared your answers, you may want to look at the
- translation for the conversation. You may also want to listen to the
- conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this conversation, a husband, and wife talk in their home in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following new words:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >青海</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>a province in Western China</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bìngrén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >病人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>sick person, patient</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >反正</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>anyway, in any case</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli
- rén yě hǎo, xiāngxia rén yě
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >城人也好,乡下人也好</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>whether it's city people or country
- people</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yīyuàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >医院</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>hospital</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why was <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiùyún</foreignphrase> late coming home?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why did she get medicine for her husband? For what reason
- does she insist he take the medicine?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did they see in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase> ten
- years ago?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What are their professions?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What kind of situation does the husband hope China will
- never have again?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
- answers correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Conversation between an American student and a Chinese student in
- their college dormitory in America.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zěnme yíge rén zài zhèli? Nide nūpéngyou
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你怎么一个人在这里?你的女朋友呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How come you're all alone here? Where's your
- girlfriend?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- tūshūguǎn niàn tāde
- Jīngjixué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在图书馆念他的经济学?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's in the library studying her
- economics.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhēn
- yònggōng! Zhème hǎode tiānqi, hái zài pīnmìng niàn
- shū!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他真用功,这么好的天气还在拼命念书?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She really works hard! The weather is so nice,
- and she's still knocking herself out
- studying.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi a!
- Gāngcái, wǒ qù gěi ta sòngle yidiǎn Kěkǒukělè, wǒ
- gēn ta shuō, zhèiyang niànxiaqu shi yào shēng
- hìngde, kěshi tā bù ting, háishi zài nar
- niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,刚才我去给他送了一点可口可乐,我跟他说,这样念下去是要生病的,可是他不听,还是在那念。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's right! Just now, I went to take her a
- Coke, and I told her she was going to get sick if
- she kept on studying like this, but she wouldn't
- listen. She Just went on studying.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiǎng nīde nūpengyou you diǎnr tèbié, women
- bānlide jīge nūshēng zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎi-biānr qu
- wánr le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想你的女朋友有点特别,我们班里的几个女生早就跑到海边去玩了,</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think your girlfriend is a little unusual.
- Several of the women students in our class took off
- for the beach a long time ago.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè he
- tāde jiātíng yǒu guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这和他的家庭有关系。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It has to do with her family.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What do you mean?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- fùmù yǒu zhòng nan qīng nude lǎo guānniàn. Tāmen
- xiǎng érzi shi zìjīde, nuér zhǎngdàle zǒng yào
- Jiēhūnde, Jiēle hūn Jiù shi biérén Jiāde rén le,
- niàn shū you shénme yòng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的父母有重男轻女的老观念,他们想儿子是自己的,女儿长大了总要结婚的,结了婚就是别人家的人了,念书有什么用?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Her parents have the old idea of regarding men as
- superior to women. They think that a son is theirs,
- but a daughter gets married sooner or later when she
- grows up, and after she's married she belongs to
- another family, so what use is it for her to get an
- education?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- conglái méiyou xiǎngdào, xiànzài hái yǒu
- zhèiyangde Jiātíng, zhèiyangde
- fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我从来没有想到,现在还有这样的家庭,这样的父母。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I never imagined that there were still families
- and parents like that these days.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè
- méiyou shénme qíguài, bǎ lǎo guānniàn biàncheng
- xìn guānniàn bu shi yíjiàn róngyide
- shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这没有什么奇怪,把老观念变成新观念不是一件容易的事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>There's nothing so strange about that; it's not
- an easy thing to change one's old ideas into new
- ideas.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà,
- nīde nūpéngyou yǒu xiōngdì Jiěmèi
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那你的女朋友有兄弟姐妹吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Then, does your girl friend have any brothers and
- sisters?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu,
- Jiù yǒu yíge gēge.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有,就有一个哥哥。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, Just one older brother.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niàn
- shū niànde hǎo bu hǎo? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他念书念的好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How does he do in school?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mǎmǎhūhū, wǒ xiǎng tā bú shi yíge hěn yònggōngde
- xuéshēng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈妈呼呼,我想他不是一个很用功的学生。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Just so-so, I don't think he's a very hard
- worker.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- rènshi ta?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你认识他?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You know him?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rènshi.
- Wǒ he tāmen shi zhōngxué tóngxué, tā gēge zhīdao
- tā niànwánle zhōngxué jiu kéyi shàng dàxué, kěshi
- tā fùmǔ bú ràng mèimei niàn dàxué. Wǒ kàndao tā
- changcháng yíge rén zài túshūguǎn diào yǎnlèi, jiù
- wèn ta wèishénme, mànmànde, wǒ jiu zhīdao tāde
- qíngxing le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >认识,我和他们是中学同学,他哥哥知道他念完了中学,就可以上大学。可是他父母不让妹妹念大学,我看到他常常一个人在图书馆掉眼泪,就问他,为什么?慢慢的我就知道他的情形。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. We were classmates in high school. Her
- brother knew that after he finished high school he
- could go to college, but her parents wouldn't let
- her go. I used to see her alone in the library,
- crying, and I asked her why. Gradually, I found out
- about her situation.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, shi
- zhèiyang.' Nà tā shi zěnme lái dàxué niàn shūde
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,是这样,那他是怎么来大学念书的呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, so that's the story! So then, how was it that
- she came to college?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fùmǔ
- bāngzhu ta. ^ùnián, tā zìjī yě zhuànle diǎn qián.
- Wǒ mǔqin shuō zhèige háizi zènme xiǎng niàn shū,
- women duō bāngzhu ta yidiǎnr, ràng ta hǎohāo niàn
- shū ba.' Zhèi-yàng tā jiù bú zuò shi, zhǐ niàn shū
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我父母帮助他,去年他自己也赚了点钱。我母亲说,这个孩子这么想念书,我们多帮助他一点,让他好好念书吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My parents helped her out. Also, last year she
- earned some money on her own. My mother said she
- wanted so badly to study, that we should help her
- out and let her do it properly.' This way she can
- just study without having to work. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi
- zhèiyang.' Women qù kànkan ta, ràng ta
- xiūxi-xiuxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是这样,我们去看看他,让他休息休息。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, is that so! Let's go see her, and make her
- take a break.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo,
- zǒu.'</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Good, let's go!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>,
- a mother and son talk after a day of work.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Mā,
- nín dào nǎr qu le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,您到哪儿去了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Where have you been, Mom?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zài
- Lǎo Wáng jiā zuòle yihuǐr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在老王家坐了一会儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I was over at <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Wáng'</foreignphrase>s for a while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng
- Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo yidiǎnr
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >王立的情况好一点吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Li</foreignphrase>'s situation better now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Hǎo
- yidiǎnr, bù kū le, kěshi háishi yìtiān dào wǎn
- méiyou yíjù huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好一点,不哭了,可是还是一天到晚没有一句话。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Somewhat better. She isn't crying anymore, but
- she still doesn't say a thing all day long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhēn
- ràng rén nánshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真让人难受。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>It really makes one feel bad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Kě bu
- shì ma, shízài shi kělián, Wáng Lì fùqin sǐle cái
- bànnián mǔqin yòu sǐ le. Báitiān hǎo yidiǎnr,
- dàjiā kéyi qù péipei ta. Wǎnshang, nǚháizi yíge
- rén zài jiāli, zhēn ràng rén bú
- fàngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可不是嘛,实在是可怜,王立父亲死了才半年,母亲又死了。白天好一点儿,大家可以去陪陪他。晚上女孩子一个人在家里,真让人不放心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Doesn't it, though? It's really pitiful: first
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Li</foreignphrase>'s father dies, and then less
- than half a year later her mother dies, too. During
- the daytime it's not so bad, everybody goes and
- keeps her company. But in the evening the girl is
- alone at home. It really makes one worry. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Mā, wǒ
- xiǎngdào yíge hǎo bànfǎ, ràng Wáng Lì bān dao
- zánmen jiā lái ba! Nín gēn tā liáoliao tiānr, yěxǔ
- huì hǎo yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >妈,我想到一个好办法,让王立搬到咱们家来吧!您跟他聊聊天,也许会好一点儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mom, I've thought of a good way (to solve the
- problem). Have <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Lì</foreignphrase>
- move to our house! If you can chat with her, maybe
- that will help.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Mm,
- zhèige bànfǎ hǎo shi hǎo, kěshi zánmen jiā jiù zhè
- liǎngjiān xiǎo wūzi, wǒ bǎ nǐ fàng zai nǎr
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个办法好是好,可是咱们家就这两间小屋子,我把你放在哪儿呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That is a good idea, but our place only has these
- two small rooms. Where would I put you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ
- xiǎng Wáng Lì bānlái yǐhoù wǒ kéyi zǎi Wáng jiā
- zhù jǐtiān, děng Wáng Lìde qíngkuàng hǎo yìdiǎnr,
- wǒ zǎi bānhuilai ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想王立搬来以后我可以在王家住几天,等王立的情况好一点,我再搬回来嘛!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think I could go live at the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>'s
- house. When <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Li</foreignphrase>'s condition is a little better,
- I'll move back here!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Hǎo
- háizi, nǐ zhème rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn hǎo... .
- Wáng Lì hěn xiàoshun, zhèixiē rìzi, tā huì
- chángcháng xiǎng tāde fùmǔ, duō hé tā tántan,
- mànmānrde, tā huì hǎo
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好孩子,你这么热心帮助别人,很好。。。
- 。王立很孝顺,这些日子他会常常想他的父母,多和他谈谈,慢慢儿的,他会好一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Good boy. It's good that you're so eager to help
- others... . <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Lì</foreignphrase>
- is very filial, and she'll miss her parents a lot
- during this time. If we talk with her a lot,
- gradually, she'll get better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ zǎi
- qù zhǎozhao tā cóngqiánde tóngxué, ràng tamen dōu
- lái hé ta tántan, péi ta chūqu
- zǒuzou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我再去找找他从前的同学,让他们都来和他谈谈,陪他出去走走。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll go call on some of her former classmates and
- have them come talk with her and go out for walks
- with her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Duì
- le, děngdǎo tā shàng bān le, jiù hǎo le. Rén
- mángde shihou jīngshén huì hǎo
- yìxiē.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对了,等到他上班了,就好了。人忙的时候精神会好一些。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. When she starts work, everything will be
- all right. When a person is busy, their spirits
- improve.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Duì.
- Nà zánmen xiànzài jiù qù jiē ta
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >对,那咱们现在就去接他吧!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Right. Well, let's go get her right now!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Děngyiděng, bǎ wūzi shōushihǎo zài
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >等一等,把屋子收拾好再去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Wait. Let's straighten up the room before we
- go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ gēn
- nín yíkuàir shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我跟你一块儿收拾。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll straighten it up with you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>A husband and wife talk in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Beijīng</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiùyún,
- nǐ huílai le. Jīntiān zěnme zènme
- wǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >修云,你回来了。今天怎么这么晚?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Hi <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiùyún</foreignphrase>, you're back. How come
- you're so late tonight?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàle
- bānr, wǒ yòu qù mǎi diǎnr
- yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下了班儿,我又去买了点儿药。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>After work I went to buy some medicine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiǎng wǒ yǐjīng hǎo le, hái mǎi shénme
- yào?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我想我已经好了,还买什么药?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I think I've already recovered. What are you
- buying medicine for?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cái
- yìtiān bù fā shāo, jiù shuō hǎo le? Kuài yidiǎnr
- bǎ zhèi liǎngzhǒng yào dōu
- chīxiaqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你才一天不发烧,就说好了?快点儿把这两种药都吃下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your fever has only been gone for one day and you
- say you've recovered? Come on and take these two
- medicines.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎr
- xūyào zènme duō yào!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我哪儿需要这么多药?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>As if I needed all this medicine!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèizhǒng gǎnmào bú shi yìtiān liǎngtiān jiù huì
- hǎode, nǐ yídìng děi bǎ zhèi jǐzhǒng yào dōu
- chīle.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这种感冒不是一天两天就会好的,你一定得把这几种药都吃了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This kind of cold doesn't get better in just a
- day or two. You have to take all of these
- medicines.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hǎo
- hǎo, wǒ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好好好,我吃。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, okay, I'll take them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi
- ni dào bēi rèshuǐ lai, xiànzài jiù
- chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我给你倒杯热水来,现在就吃。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll get you a cup of hot water, and you take
- them right now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éi<footnote>
- <para>Éi is an interjection which tells that the
- speaker just thought of something.</para>
- </footnote>, shuōdao chī yào, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai
- le, nǐ hái jìde shínián qián, zánmen zài Qīnghǎi
- xiāngxià kànjiande nèijiàn shì
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">诶
- ,说到吃药,我就想起来了,你还记得十年前,咱们在青海乡下看见的那件事吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Say, speaking of taking medicine reminds me, do
- you remember what we saw out in the country of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase> ten years ago?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- bú jìde, zánmen dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian
- bìngren méi yào chī, zhēn
- nánshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么不记得,咱们都是做医生的,看见病人没药吃,真难受。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How could I forget. We're both doctors; seeing
- sick people without medicine to take was really
- upsetting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi,
- hái yǒu rén shuō zhèizhǒng qíngxing méi guānxi,
- fǎnzhèng Zhōngguo rén duō, zhēn shi bù jiǎng
- dàolǐ!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可是,还有人说这种情形没关系,反正中国人多,真是不讲道理。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But you know what some people say? They say that
- this sort of situation doesn't matter, that there
- are plenty of Chinese anyway. How crazy! (Sigh).
- Back then, there were all sorts of strange things;
- don't talk about it any more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài!
- Nèige shihou, shénme qíguàide shìr dōu yǒu, bié
- shuō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗨!那个时候什么奇怪的事都有,别说了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>hey! There was all kinds of weird stuff going on
- back then; don't talk about it anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kéyi bù
- shuō, kěshi bū huì wàng. Zhōngguo yǒu jǐyì rén,
- chéngli rén yě hǎo, xiāngxià rén yě hǎo, yǒu bìng
- bù néng kàn yīsheng, yǒu bìng méi yào chīde shì,
- zài yě bù néng yǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可以不说,可是不会忘。中国有几亿人,城里人也好,乡下人也好,有病不能看医生,有病没药吃的事,再也不能有了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>We don't have to talk about it, but we won't
- forge it. There are several hundred million people
- in China. Whether it's people in the city or people
- in the country, we can't have any more situations
- where people are sick and yet unable to see a doctor
- or get medicine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- shuōde duì. Hǎo le, hǎo le, nǐde bìng cái hǎo
- yidiǎnr, nǐ chīle yào zǎo diǎnr xiūxi
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的对。好了好了,你的病才好一点儿,你吃了药早点儿休息吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're right. Okay, your illness is only a little
- better, after you take your medicine go to head
- early.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiān
- hǎ yào chīle, děng yihuǐr, wo hái děi chūqu
- yítàng, yīyuànli hái yǒu jǐjiàn shì děi bàn, wǒ qù
- kàn yixia jiu huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我先把药吃了,等一会儿我还得出奇一趟,医院里还有几件事得办,我去看一下就回来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll take the medicine now, but I have to go out
- again in a while. I still have a few things I have
- to take care of at the hospital. I'll be back right
- after I go take a look there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo
- diǎnr huílai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >早点儿回来!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't come back too late!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4 A Family History</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>More on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>,
- marker of absence of change/lack of completion.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duō</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duó</foreignphrase>), “how.…”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>More on indefinite pronouns (“any/no” expressions).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Review of you (Noun) phrases.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language content Contained in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reassuring someone that they need not worry.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just
- said.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Commenting on other's good fortune.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Bàba zhème
- zǎo jiu qǐlai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爸爸这么早就起来了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your father got up so early!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji dà
- le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他年纪大了,每天睡得早。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He's getting on in years, and he goes to bed
- early.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wángde
- yéye yòu hé nèixie xiǎo péngyou liáo tiānr
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小王的爷爷又和那些小朋友聊天儿呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s grandfather is talking with those
- kids again!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn hǎo,
- hěn xǐhuan háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人很好,很喜欢孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He's a very good person, and he likes children a
- lot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi liǎngnián
- nǐ nǎinai shēntǐ hǎo ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这两年,你奶奶身体好吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Has your grandmother's health been good the past couple
- of years?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái hǎo, yǒu
- shihou hái néng qǐlai shōushi shoushi
- wūzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还好,有时候还能起来收拾收拾屋子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and
- straighten up the room.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng jiāde
- érxífu hěn yǒu guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >张家的儿媳妇很有规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> family's daughter-in-law is a
- proper young woman.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, Zhāng
- jiā nǎinai zhēn yǒu fúqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,张家奶奶真有福气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> family's grandmother is really
- blessed with good fortune.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù, Zhōngguo
- rén chū guō niàn shū duō nán!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过去,中国人出国念书多难!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go abroad
- to study!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài hǎo le,
- zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在好了,走到那儿也没人看不起了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Now it's better, no matter where they go, no one looks
- down on them anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia dōu
- juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn yǒu lǐmàode
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家都觉得小王是个很有礼貌的孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Everyone feels <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo Wáng</foreignphrase> is a very well-mannered
- child.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìjiā rén
- dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这一家人都念过不少书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This whole family has had quite a good education.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
- tāmende sūnzi sūnnu xiànzài dōu niàn Sì Shū
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >听说他们的孙子孙女现在都念四书呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters are
- (all) studying the Four Books now!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jiā guòqù
- shi yǒu qián rén, yǒu bù shǎo
- cáichǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们家过去是有钱人,有不少财产。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of
- property.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- cáichǎn shi tǔdǐ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的财产是土地吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The property you're talking about is land, isn't
- it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhùxialai
- ba, yě kéyi gěi wǒmen bāng dianr
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住下来吧,也可以给我们帮点儿忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Stay (live) here and you can help us a bit.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ báitiān yǒu
- kè, zhǐ hǎo wǎnshang zuò diǎnr
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我白天有课,只好晚上做点儿事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I have classes during the day; I can only work at
- night.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǔqin zǒng
- dānxǐn wǒ gēge zài wàibianr chī
- kǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我母亲总担心我哥哥在外边儿吃苦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My mother is always worried that my older brother is
- having a rough time away from home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jǐge xiǎo
- péngyou hùxiāng bāng máng, bú huì chī
- kǔde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们几个小朋友互相帮忙,不会吃苦的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>His bunch of friends help each other out. They don't have
- such a rough time.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> father, dad, papa </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
- máng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to help; help </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- shǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不少</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cáichǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">财产</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> property </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī kǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃哭</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to suffer, to undergo hardship </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">但新</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be worried, to be uneasy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
- (duō)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> how...! </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífu(r)
- (érxífer)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿媳妇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> daughter-in-law </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> blessings, good fortune </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">规矩</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> rules of proper behavior, social etiquette, manners; rule
- (of a community or organization), established practice, custom
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the past </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> fairly, passably </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hùxiāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">互相</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mutually </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for families </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看不起</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to look down on, to scorn, to despise </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐmào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">礼貌</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> manners, politeness </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奶奶</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandmother (on father's side) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年纪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> age </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get up (in several senses) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> person; body; self </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> people; they; he, she; I </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēntǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">身体</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> body; health </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shōushi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收拾</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to straighten up; to get one's things ready </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sì Shū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四书</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the Four Books (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàxué</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lúnyǔ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèngzǐ</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> granddaughter (through one's son) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandson (through one's son) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔdì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">土地</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> land </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- péngyou</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小朋友</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> little friend; kids </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爷爷</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandfather (on the father's side) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">又</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> also </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- guīju</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有规矩</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have manners, to he proper </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- lǐmào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有礼貌</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to he well mannered, to he polite </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- qián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有钱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to he rich </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ
- hǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can only, to have to, to he forced to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhùxialai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住下来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to move and stay (in a place), to settle down </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Bàba
- zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你爸爸这么早就起来了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your father got up so early!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji
- dà le, měitiān shuìde zǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他年纪大了,每天睡得早。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He's getting on in years, and he goes to bed
- early.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai
- le</foreignphrase>: The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase> is used to stress the earliness (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème zǎo</foreignphrase>) of father's
- getting up. On this use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase>, review Unit 2, Notes on №9 Here are more
- examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wǔdiǎn
- zhōng jiu qǐlai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他五点钟就起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He got up at five (that early).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎshàng
- jiu lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我马上就来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I'll be there in a minute.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù jiù, tā
- jiu líkāi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不久,他就起来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Shortly afterwards, he left.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai</foreignphrase>: “to get
- up,” from a bed or just from a sitting position. In an abstract sense it
- means “to arise,” e.g., “to arise and revolt” [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai gémìng</foreignphrase>].<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tiāntiān
- shénme shíhou qǐlai?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你天天什么时候起来?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When do you get up every day?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji dà le</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “As for him, the age is now big.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is used here to indicate
- change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person's age
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā sānshi suǐ
- le</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para>You should learn the following typical examples of how to use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >niánji</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā (yǒu)
- duó dà niánji le? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他(有)多大年纪了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How old is he? (USED ONLY OF ADULTS)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji
- dà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他年纪大了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's advanced in years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji
- bù xiǎo le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她年纪不小了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She's not young any more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín duó dà niánji
- le?</foreignphrase> to ask an adult's age. To ask a child's age, though,
- say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà le?</foreignphrase>
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǒu duó dà?</foreignphrase>
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐsuì
- (le)?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para>The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are.
- It is not considered impolite to ask someone's age, even women and old
- people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to
- let you know it.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān shuìde
- zǎo</foreignphrase>: Literally, “every day goes to bed early.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān</foreignphrase> is
- needed in Chinese to express the idea of “habitual” which in English is
- conveyed simply by the present tense of “goes.” Without <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měitiān</foreignphrase>, the Chinese sentence
- might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that
- grandfather went to bed early the night before.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì</foreignphrase>, which you
- may know from the Welfare module, means “to sleep,” but also “to go to bed,
- to retire.” It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the
- continuing performance of an action (sleeping)or the start of an action
- (trying to sleep, i.e., going to bed). In the following examples, the pair
- of translations show the ambiguity. In real conversation, of course, the
- ambiguity rarely causes problems because the listener interprets one way or
- the other according to the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuìle
- meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1"><para>Has he gone to
- bed?</para><para>Did he sleep (and then get
- up)?</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她睡了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yǔ le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1"><para>Has it started to
- rain?</para><para>Did it rain (and then
- stop)?</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下雨了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Diànlíng xiǎngle ma?</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎng</foreignphrase>: “to sound, to make a
- sound”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- <entry morerows="1"><para>Has the bell gone
- off?</para><para>I Did the bell ring (and then
- stop)?</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >点铃响了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example,
- the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ne</foreignphrase> specifies absence of change, lack of completion, and
- so rules out the second translation for each of the above three sentences:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì ne</foreignphrase>,
- “He is sleeping,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yǔ
- ne</foreignphrase>, “It's raining,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Diànlíng xiǎng ne</foreignphrase>,” The bell
- is ringing.” To be even more specific you could use -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, the marker of duration
- (usually used in combination with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ne</foreignphrase>): <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shuìzhe ne, Xiàzhe yǔ ne, Diànlíng xiǎngzhe ne</foreignphrase>. Or you
- could use the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> for ongoing action:<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuì</foreignphrase>, “He is(in the
- midst of) sleeping,” etc. To be the most specific of all, you can use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>,
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> all in the
- same sentence: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuìzhe
- ne</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì</foreignphrase> can also be
- used to mean “to lie down,” regardless of whether the person sleeps or not.
- (The meaning “lie down” for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuì</foreignphrase> is only accepted by some speakers; others always
- use the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>,
- “to lie down,” which you learned in the Welfare module.)<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì zai
- dìshang kàn diànshì. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他睡在地上看电视。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He lies on the floor and watches television.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn tā
- shuì dao zhuōzishang lai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看他睡到桌子上来了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look at him lying on the table!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìde zǎo</foreignphrase> is
- another example of a manner expression following a verb plus -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>, a structure which was
- introduced back in the Transportation module (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kāide tài kuài le</foreignphrase>, “You
- are driving too fast”). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuìde
- wǎn</foreignphrase> means either “to go to bed late” or “to sleep
- late.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wángde
- yéye yòu hé nèixie xiǎo péngyou liáo tiānr
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小王的爷爷又和那些小朋友聊天儿呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s grandfather is talking with
- those kids again!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rén hěn
- hǎo, hěn xǐhuan háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人很好,很喜欢孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>He's a very good person, and he likes children a
- lot.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>:
- “grandfather,” only for the father's father. Back in the Biographic
- Information module you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǔfù</foreignphrase> for “paternal grandfather.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yéye</foreignphrase> is the same person, but
- is the word you would use when addressing him directly or when talking about
- him informally. See the diagram under <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase> below (Notes on No.
- 3). [One's mother's father is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎoyé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wàigōng</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo péngyou</foreignphrase>,
- “little friends,” is a warm term for young children. It may be used either
- to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The
- host of a children's television show, for example, would address the young
- viewers as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- péngyou</foreignphrase> (men). You may someday need to use this word to
- address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that you meet on
- the street. And, of course, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- péngyou</foreignphrase> is also used in its literal sense to refer to
- the “young friends” of a child.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- péngyou! Tiān hēi le, kuài hui jiā qu
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小朋友!天黑了,快回家去吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Little boy/girl, it's getting dark out. You'd better
- go back home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèixiē xiǎo
- péngyou dōu zài wàitou wānr
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那些小朋友都在外头玩儿呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those kids are playing outdoors.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo tiānr ne</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase>, which you
- first learned in the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
- méi ne</foreignphrase>, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE
- or LACK OF COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite of le, which marks
- CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can or should
- you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>? We can
- note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> often
- appears:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Continued State, e.g., <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
- yǒu ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还有呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is still some more.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
- méiyou ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还没有呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not yet.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Ongoing Action, e.g., <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- chī fàn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他吃饭呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's eating.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǎinai zuò fàn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶做饭呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Grandma is cooking.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>Remember also that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ne</foreignphrase> is often used in sentences which contain
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, the
- marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ONGOING
- ACTION.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì
- jiào ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">NO CHANGE</entry>
- <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">He is sleeping.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他睡觉呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuìzhe
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">DURATION + NO
- CHANGE</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他睡着呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuì
- ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ON GOING + NO
- CHANGE</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他在睡呢。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action
- sentences that end in absence-of-change <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>. In one of its many
- versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words
- you don't know):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- hàozir</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>小耗子 </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A little mouse</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàng
- dēngtáir</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上灯台
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Went up the lamp stand</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tōu yóu
- he</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >偷油喝</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> To steal oil to drink</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiàbulái</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下不来</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>But he couldn't get down</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào
- Yéye</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >叫爷爷</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He called Grandpa</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yéye zá
- suàn ne</foreignphrase> ^</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >爷爷杂酸呢</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>But Grandpa was crushing garlic.(<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
- ONGOING ACTION)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
- Nǎinai</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >叫奶奶</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He called Grandma</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai zhǔ
- fàn ne</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶煮饭呢</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>But Grandma was cooking(<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
- ONGOING ACTION)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
- Niūer</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >教女儿</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He called Granddaughter</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bào māo
- lai</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >把猫来</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who brought the cat</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zēr! Zā!
- Děizhao le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >吱儿!砸!得找了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Squeak! Scratch! Got him!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>: Besides the
- meaning of “man, person,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén</foreignphrase> can also be used to refer more specifically to
- someone's (1) character, (2) mental state of “being, or (3) physical
- self.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>character <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- rén hěn rèxīn, chángchàng bāngzhu
- biérén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人很热心,常常帮助别人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is a very warmhearted person. He often
- helps others.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
- rén zuò shì hǎo yòu
- xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人做事好友小心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He does things well and carefully.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
- rén zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人真不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is a very nice person.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>mental state <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- hēduō le, rén yǒu diǎnr bú tài
- qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他喝多了,人有点儿不太清除。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He had too much to drink and is a little
- foggy.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>physical self <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- rén hǎo diǎnr le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你人好点儿了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you better today? (i.e., your
- health)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cáo Yǔshēng bú shi shuō wǔdiǎn zhōng kāi huì
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >草雨生不是说五点钟开会吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Didn't <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cáo
- Yǔshēng</foreignphrase> say there would be a
- meeting at five o'clock?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shi a! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >事啊!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's right!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā rén ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他人呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So where is he?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- gāngcái hái zài zhèr, zěnme yìhuǐr rén bú jiàn
- le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他刚才还在这儿,怎么一会儿人不见了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was Just here a minute ago, how could he
- have disappeared so fast?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén
- lǎo xīn bu lǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人老心不老。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>(saying) The person is old, but his heart is
- not old. (“young at heart“)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén
- yì zǒu, chá jiu liáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人一走,茶就凉。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>(saying) As soon as the person has left, the
- tea gets cold. (describes someone who forgets a
- friendship no sooner than he has left—often used
- to describe Americans)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngnián nǐ nǎinai shēntǐ hǎo
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这两年,你奶奶身体好吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Has your grandmother's health been good the past
- couple of years?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái hǎo,
- yǒu shihou hái néng qǐlai shōushi shoushi
- wūzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还好,有时候还能起来收拾收拾屋子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Fairly good; sometimes she can still get up and
- straighten up the room.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi liǎngnián</foreignphrase>:
- “the last couple of years” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèi</foreignphrase> before an amount of time often means “the last” or
- “the past.” Liang does not necessarily mean exactly “two” but can mean “a
- couple,” an indefinite small number.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò
- liǎngtiān wǒmen jiù qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过两天我们就去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We are going there in a couple of days.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>:
- “paternal grandmother” For “grandma and grandpa,” the Chinese order is
- almost always <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye
- nǎinai</foreignphrase>. [A maternal grandmother is called <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎolao</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàipó</foreignphrase>.] Here is a tree
- showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are
- conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer
- to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO;
- these are <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> used in addressing one's
- grandparents directly. (The labels “Northern” and “Southern,” are
- generalizations; many more terms exist, but these are widely
- encountered.)</para>
- <para>(Northern) (Southern)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēntǐ</foreignphrase>: “body”
- OR “health”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- shēntǐ zhēn bàng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàng</foreignphrase>, “to be
- great/fantastic/terrific”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的身体真棒。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is in great shape.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié zǒngshi
- pīnmìng niàn shū, děi duō zhùyì
- shēntǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别总是拼命念书,得多注意身体。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't always he knocking yourself out studying; you
- should look after your health more.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái hǎo</foreignphrase>: “fairly
- good” You first learned the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái</foreignphrase> as meaning “still.” When used before a state verb,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> can also
- mean that the quality expressed by that verb may still be said to apply,
- although just barely. Often it may be translated as “fairly,
- passably”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- diànyǐng hái bú cuè, suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi duì
- wǒde Zhōngwén yǒu bāngzhu. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这个电影还不错,虽然长一点,可是对我的中文有帮助。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The movie was fairly good. Although it was a little
- long, it was good for my Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes, however, you will need to find other
- translations:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- fànguǎnr hái kéyi, yǒu jǐge cài nǐ kéyi
- shìshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那个饭馆儿还可以,有一个菜你可以试试。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That restaurant isn't too bad. They have a few dishes
- you might try.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你最近怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How have you been lately?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
- mámahūhū, jiù shi máng
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还马马虎虎,就是忙一点儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Eh, all right, just a little busy.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- yǒu yìqiānniánde lìshǐ...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国有一千年的历史。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>China has one thousand years of history...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Á, nǐ
- shuō shenme? Yìqiānnián?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >啊,你说什么?一千年?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What? How's that? One thousand years?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, bú
- shi, sānqiānnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >欧,不是,三千年。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, I mean three thousand years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà hái
- chàbuduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那还差不多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's more like it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to
- straighten up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yīnggāi
- bǎ nǐde wūzi shōushi shōushi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你应该把你的屋子收拾收拾了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You ought to straighten up your room (Le indicates
- “It's gotten to that point.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiānsheng zǒngshi shuō wǒ wūzi shōushide bù
- gānjing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我先生总是说我屋子不干净。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My husband always says I don't keep my room
- neat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shì yì kāishǐ jiù zuòde bù hǎo, xiànzài méi bànfǎ
- shōushi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这件事一开始就做得不好,现在没办法收拾了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This thing was handled poorly right from the start.
- Now there's no way it can be remedied.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shōushi xíngli</foreignphrase>
- means “to pack one's baggage.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng jiāde
- érxífu hěn yǒu guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >张家的儿媳妇很有规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> family's daughter-in-law is a
- proper young woman.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- Zhāng jiā nǎinai zhēn yǒu
- fúqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,张家奶奶真有福气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> family's grandmother is
- really blessed with good fortune.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng jiā</foreignphrase>: “the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase> family”
- In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- pronunciation, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiā</foreignphrase> is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a
- suffix: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāngjia</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífu</foreignphrase>:
- “daughter-in-law” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word is often pronounced <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ěrxífur</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífer</foreignphrase> (note the vowel
- change).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>: A
- definite standard, regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of
- a group of people (e.g., a community, a company, a gang, etc.)<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
- Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qǐng kède shihou kèren yīnggāi
- xiān kāishǐ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >赵中国的老规矩,顷刻的时候客人一个该应该县开始吃。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It is an old Chinese custom that when you have
- guests, the guests should start eating first.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài qù
- nèige guójiā yǐqián, zuì hǎo wǒ néng zhīdao yìxiē
- nèrde guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在去那个国家以前,岁好我能知道一些那儿规矩的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Before going to that country it would best if I could
- find out about some of their customs.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jūnrén yǒu
- hěn duō tèbiéde guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >军人有很多特别的规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Military people have a lot of special
- regulations.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
- wǒmende guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这是我门的规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's the way we do things here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème duō
- guīju!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这么多规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>All this formality!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu guīju</foreignphrase>, as
- you see in exchange U, means “to have manners, to be proper (in behaviour).”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi guīju</foreignphrase> is
- “to be badly behaved,” said, for example, of a child. (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guīju</foreignphrase> may be used to imply
- unfaithfulness of a wife.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
- Tàitai jiāo háizi jiāode hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn yǒu
- guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >張太太教孩子教的好,她的孩子都很有规矩。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase> teaches her children well,
- they are all very well-behaved.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Sānr!
- Bié zhèiyangr. Kèren kànjian nǐ zènme méi guīju,
- zěnme hǎo yìsi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小三儿!别这样儿。客人看见你怎么没规矩,怎么好意思?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Cut it out, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo Sānr</foreignphrase>. What will the guests
- think when they see you misbehaving so?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>: This is a
- traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is
- different from the Western idea of luck [which is closer to Chinese
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>]. Luck
- refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> refers to one's whole
- life situation. Some people have more <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> and some less. In
- practice, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> is
- measured by a person's wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family
- situation.</para>
- <para>In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he
- had <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>. In
- exchange 4, the grandmother is said to have <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> because her
- daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhēn yǒu
- fúqi, búdàn yǒu yíge hǎo jiātíng, yòu yǒu yíge hǎo
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他真有福气,不但有一个还家庭,又有一个好工作。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is really blessed with good fortune. Not only does
- he have a nice family, but a good job, too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fūqi
- zhēn hǎo, da érzi jìqián, xiǎo nūér sòng
- huār!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>你真好福气,大儿子寄钱,小女儿送花儿!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You are really blessed with good fortune. Your oldest
- son sent you money and your little girl gave you
- flowers!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> Daughters-in-law: The relationship between the husband's wife and his
- mother is different in traditional China from in the West. A wife, after
- all, is considered to become a member of her husband's family, so she is
- supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the
- same filial obedience. The husband's mother, for her part, tries to find for
- her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will work
- hard for the family and around the house.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù,
- Zhōngguo rén chū guō niàn shū duō
- nán!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过去,中国人出国念书多难!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>In the past how difficult it was for Chinese to go
- abroad to study!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài hǎo
- le, zǒu dao nǎr yě méi rén kànbuqǐ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在好了,走到那儿也没人看不起了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Now it's better, no matter where they go, no one
- looks down on them anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>: “the
- past” Distinguish this noun from the verb “to pass,” which in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> has a neutral-tone
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>. Since
- it is a time word, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guòqù</foreignphrase> may go either before the subject or between the
- subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the
- sentence, before the subject:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqu, tā
- zài Xiānggǎngde shíhou, tā jiāo shū.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过去,他在香港的时候,他教书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the past, when he was in Hong Kong, he taught
- school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù, tā
- bāngguo wǒ hěn duō máng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过去,他帮过我很多忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the past he has been a great help to me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù</foreignphrase> may also
- be used to modify a noun phrase:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dōu shi
- guòqùde shì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那都事过去的是了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those are all things of the past.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō nán</foreignphrase>: “how
- difficult.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō</foreignphrase>,
- in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> often
- pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó</foreignphrase>, is
- used before a state verb to express a high degree, like “how” in English:
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- tiānqi duō hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天天气多好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How nice the weather is today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
- zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diànyīng piào yǒu duō
- nán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不知道在这儿买电影票友多难。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You don't know how hard it is to buy a movie ticket
- here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō
- piàoliangde háizi a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >多漂亮的孩子啊!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What a beautiful child!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme
- kéyi zhème shuō? Duó ràng rén
- shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他怎么可以这么说?多让人生气。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How can he say such a thing? How infuriating!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn tā
- duō xǐhuan niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看他多喜欢念书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look at how he loves to study.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén
- kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǎr</foreignphrase> here is used as an indefinite pronoun, “anywhere,
- no matter where.” You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting
- module, where you had the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi</foreignphrase>. A question word,
- such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> followed
- by the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>
- before the verb expresses the idea of “any.” When the verb has
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> before it,
- the pattern expresses the ideas of “nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere,”
- etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu
- kéyi qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谁都可以去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Anyone may go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu bù
- kéyi qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谁都不可以去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No one may go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme dōu
- kéyi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么都可以用。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You may use anything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme dōu
- bù kéyi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么都不可以用。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You may not use anything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige dōu
- yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪个都一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Any of them would be the same.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige dōu
- bù qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪个都不清楚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>None of them is clear.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr dōu
- kéyi qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪儿都可以去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You can go anywhere.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr dōu méi
- zhèr hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪儿都没这儿好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No place is as good as here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> is used
- before the verb, the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase> can be used in place of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi yě bù
- kéyi qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >谁也不可以去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No one can go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme yě
- bù kéyi yòng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么也不可以用。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You may not use anything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige yě bù
- qīngchu. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪个也不清楚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>None of them is clear.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr yě méi
- zhèr hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哪儿也没这儿好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No place is as good as here.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> The “any/no” expression may be the subject or object of the sentence, or
- as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a prepositional
- verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
- shéi dōu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >卖给谁都可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's okay to sell it to anyone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
- shéi dōu bu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >卖给谁都不可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's not okay to sell it to anyone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
- shéi yě bu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >卖给谁也不可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's not okay to sell it to anyone.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng zai
- nǎr dōu yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >放在哪儿都一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's the same wherever you put it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng zai
- nǎr dōu bù yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >放在哪儿都不一样。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's different every place you put it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào něige
- yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >到那个邮局去寄都可以。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It would be all right to go to any post office to
- mail it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēn shéi
- shuō dōu</foreignphrase> (OR <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>)
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
- guānxi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟谁说都(OR
- 也)没关系。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It doesn't matter who you tell it to.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>: A
- resultative compound verb meaning “to look down on, to scorn, to despise.”
- Unlike other resultative verb compounds, this one occurs only with
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- or
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>-.
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi kànqǐ</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànqǐ le</foreignphrase> are
- very rare.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kànbuqǐ
- zhèixiē xiǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别看不起这些小事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Don't look down on these little matters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì
- kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我最看不起这样的人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I despise this kind of person most.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù yīnggāi
- kànbuqǐ fùnǚ, nánrén néng zuǒde shì, nǚrén yě néng
- zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不应该看不起妇妇女,男人能做的事,女人也能做。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't look down on women. Anything a man can do a
- woman can do. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The positive form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kàndeqǐ</foreignphrase> means to treat someone or something seriously
- because you believe them/it to be capable, important, worthy, etc. It may be
- translated as “to think a lot of,” “to think highly of”:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàndeqǐ
- ni cái ràng nǐ guǎn zhèijiàn
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我看不起你才让你管这件事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's only because I think a lot of you that I'm
- letting you have charge of this matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàoshi
- xiǎng ràng biérén kàndeqǐ ni, nǐ děi bǐ biérén zuòde
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你要是想让别人看的其你,你得比别人做的好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you want to have others think highly of you, you
- have to do better than they.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia dōu
- juéde Xiǎo Wáng shi ge hěn yǒu lǐmàode
- háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家都觉得小王是个很有礼貌的孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Everyone feels <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wáng</foreignphrase>
- is a very well-mannered child.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase>: This
- pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means
- “everyone, people (in general), they”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia dōu
- shuō nèige dìfang hěn hǎo kàn.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家都说哪个地方很好看。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>People say that place is very pretty.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>It can also mean “other people” or “someone else”:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
- shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi nǐ, búguò shi rénjiade, wǒ
- děixiān wènwen.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这本儿书大概可以借给你,不过是人家的,我得先问问。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I can probably lend you this book, but it's someone
- else's. I have to ask them first.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Besides referring to unspecified people, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase> can also refer to
- specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, “he,”
- “she,” or “they”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia
- bú jiè, suàn le ba!</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家不借,算了吧!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If he doesn't want to lend it, then just forget
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>- A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- nǚér yǒu háizi le meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你女儿有孩子了没有?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Has your daughter had any children yet?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>- B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Méiyou—rénjia bú yào!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有-人家不要!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No—she doesn't want any.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi
- rénjia, rénjia bú yào. Zěnme
- bàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我给人家,人家不要。怎么办?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I tried to give it to her, but she didn't want it.
- What can you do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
- rénjia Xiǎo Huá xuéde duó hǎo, nǐ
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你看人家小花学的多好,你呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look at how well <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase>
- does in her studies, but you!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia</foreignphrase> may also
- refer to the speaker, in other words, “l.” In such a case, the speaker is
- being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào
- zènme duō?! Gěi rénjia yidiǎnr
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你要怎么多?!给人家一点儿吗!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia bù
- xǐhuan zhèizhōng diànyīng! Wèishénme yídǐng yào qù
- kàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家不喜欢这种电影!为什么一定要去看?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't like this kind of movie! Why do I have to go
- see it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia děng
- nǐ yíge zhōngtōu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家等你一个钟头了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've been waiting for you for an hour.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐntiǎn shi
- Xǐngqītiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >今天是星期天,让人家多水一会儿吗!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">1ǐmào</foreignphrase>: “manners,
- etiquette,” the expression in speech and behavior of modesty and
- respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things
- at the right times, table manners, and so on. [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> is “ritual.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mào</foreignphrase> is
- “appearance.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
- zài Zhōngguo lǐmào hěn
- yàojǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >从前在中国礼貌很要紧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Etiquette used to be very important in China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu lǐmào</foreignphrase> means
- “to be well-mannered,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou
- lǐmào</foreignphrase> “to be ill-mannered.”</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìjiā
- rén dōu niànguo bù shǎo shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这一家人都念过不少书。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>This whole family has had quite a good
- education.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
- tāmende sūnzi sūnnu xiànzài dōu niàn Sì Shū
- ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >听说他们的孙子孙女现在都念四书呢!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I understand that their grandsons and granddaughters
- are (all) studying the Four Books now!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìjiā rén</foreignphrase>:
- “this family” You already know that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can be used as a noun
- meaning “family,” for example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒmen jiā</foreignphrase>, “our family.” But <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can also be used as a
- counter. It may be used alone or with the noun <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase> following. The
- translation is still “family.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi yijiā,
- rénrén dōu gōngzuò, yìtiān dào wǎn méi rén zài
- jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那一家,人人都工作,一天到晚没人在家。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everyone in that family works. There's no one home
- all day long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèi
- sānjiā rénde qíngxing, nǐ kéyi zhīdao yìxiē guānyū
- Zhōngguo rénde shēnghuo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >从这三家人的情形,你可以知道一些关于中国人的生活。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>From the situations of these three families, you can
- learn something about the life of the Chinese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niànguo bù shǎo
- shū</foreignphrase>: Literally, “studied a lot of books.” This is the
- GENERAL OBJECT <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>
- which you first learned back in the Biographic Information module. It
- doesn't really mean “books,” but anything at all which is studied.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase> Just
- means “to study, to be in school,” so we translate <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niànguo bù shǎo shū</foreignphrase> as “to be
- very well educated“ or “to have a good education.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūnzi</foreignphrase>,
- “grandson,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>, “granddaughter” include only the children of
- one's son. [The children of one's daughter are called <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàisūnzi</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wài-sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>.] <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūnnǚ</foreignphrase> may also have an -r
- ending: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚr</foreignphrase>
- (the real <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- pronunciation of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚr</foreignphrase> is kind of tricky; ask a native <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speaker to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚr</foreignphrase> for
- you).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sì Shū</foreignphrase>: “the
- Four Books,” which are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàxué</foreignphrase>, “The Great Learning”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase>, “The Doctrine of
- the Mean”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lúnyǔ</foreignphrase>,
- “The Analects of Confucius”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mèngzǐ</foreignphrase>, “Mencius.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàxué</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase> are chapters from
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Jì</foreignphrase>, “The
- Book of Rites,” which were raised to the status of separate “books” by the
- Southern Song Dynasty philosopher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhū Xī</foreignphrase>. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the
- Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism.
- Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books when they were
- children.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jiā
- guòqù shi yǒu qián rén, yǒu bù shǎo
- cáichǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们家过去是有钱人,有不少财产。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Their family used to be rich. They had quite a lot of
- property.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- cáichǎn shi tǔdǐ ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的财产是土地吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The property you're talking about is land, isn't
- it?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián</foreignphrase>: “to be
- rich,” literally, “to have money.” You have now seen quite a few phrases
- built around the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yìsi</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有意思</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>to be interesting, to be fun</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有帮助</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>to be helpful</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
- dàolī</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有道理</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>to be reasonable, to be logical</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- xìngqu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有兴趣</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>to be interested</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有研究</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>to be expert</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Like other state verbs (such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎo</foreignphrase>, “to be good,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>, “to love,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, “to be able to, to know
- how to,”), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> can
- be modified by adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hěn</foreignphrase>, “very”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēicháng</foreignphrase>, “very, extremely”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, “really”;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tài</foreignphrase>, “too”;
- etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >很</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有钱</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">He is very rich.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiběn shū
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhēn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那本书</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >真</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >有意思</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">That book is really
- interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ Píng
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
- xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>李平</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >最</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没兴趣</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Pìng</foreignphrase>
- is the least interested.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme shuō
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shízài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou
- dàolǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >怎么说</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 实在
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有道理</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">To say that is really
- unreasonable.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You, of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made
- negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>
- instead of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. BÙ
- may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bū tài
- yǒu qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他不太有钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He isn't too rich.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You cannot use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase> in this sentence because the negation goes with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tài</foreignphrase>, not with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>. In fact,
- switching around the order of negative and adverb results in a big
- difference in meaning:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bū tài yǒu
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不太有意思</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not too interesting.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài méiyou
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >太没有意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So boring!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián rén</foreignphrase>:
- “wealthy people” This is a sort of compound noun, so -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- zhùxialai ba, yě kéyi gěi wǒmen bāng dianr
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你住下来吧,也可以给我们帮点儿忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Stay (live) here and you can help us a bit.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ báitiān
- yǒu kè, zhǐ hǎo wǎnshang zuò diǎnr
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我白天有课,只好晚上做点儿事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I have classes during the day; I can only work at
- night.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùxialai</foreignphrase>: “to
- stay; to settle down” in a place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhù</foreignphrase> can either mean “to live, to reside” or just “to
- stay” temporarily in a place, The ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xialai</foreignphrase> adds the meaning of
- coming to rest, not going away.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāng láide
- shíhou bù zhīdao, zhùxialai yǐhǒu cái zhīdao
- wèishénme méi rén xǐhuan dào zhèige dìfang
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >刚来的时候不知道,住下来以后才知道为什么没人喜欢到这个地方来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When you first get here you don't know, it's only
- after you've lived here for a while that you realize why
- nobody likes to come here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- xiànzài qù zhǎo yige lǚguǎn
- qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我现在去找一个旅馆去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to go look for a hotel now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi
- guānxi, nǐ jiù zài wǒ jiā zhùxialai
- ba</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>没关系,你就在我家住下来吧。</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's all right, why don't you just stay at my
- house?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng máng</foreignphrase>: “to
- help; help” You first saw this in the Welfare module, Unit 6. Then in Unit 2
- of this module, you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>. Both are very common. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāngzhu</foreignphrase> is a little more
- formal than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
- máng</foreignphrase>, which is purely conversational.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāng máng</foreignphrase> is a
- verb-object phrase (literally, “help-busy,”—“help me in my busyness”). For
- example, you can say:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāng wo
- yìdiǎnr máng. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >帮我一点儿忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Help me a little.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎi
- Měiguode shíhou, tā bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我在美国的时候,她帮了我不少忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He helped me a lot when I was in America.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāngzhu</foreignphrase>, however,
- is just a verb. The word order is therefore simpler with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāngzhu</foreignphrase> than with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāngmáng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="1"/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >帮助</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">BUT</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">or </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >帮</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我的邦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi
- wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >给我</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >帮忙。</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He helps me.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> </para>
- <para>You can see that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
- máng</foreignphrase> is used, the person helped is expressed either (1)
- in a phrase modifying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >máng</foreignphrase> or (2) in a prepositional phrase with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ hǎo</foreignphrase>: “can
- only, have no choice but to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎ zhème
- dàde yù, wǒmen zhǐ hǎo bú qù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >下这么大的雨,我们只好不去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Since it's raining so hard, we have no choice but not
- to go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
- bú yuànyi péi wo qù, wǒ zhǐ hǎo yíge rén qù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大家都不愿意陪我去,我只好一个人去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Nobody wants to go with me. All I can do is go by
- myself.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìyóu yuè
- lái yuè guǐ, hěn duō rén zhǐ hǎo zuò gōnggòng qìchē
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >汽油越来越贵,很多人只好坐公共汽车了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>With gasoline getting more and more expensive, many
- people have no choice hut to take the bus.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǔqin
- zǒng dānxǐn wǒ gēge zài wàibianr chī
- kǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我母亲总担心我哥哥在外边儿吃苦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My mother is always worried that my older brother is
- having a rough time away from home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jǐge
- xiǎo péngyou hùxiāng bāng máng, bú huì chī
- kǔde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他们几个小朋友互相帮忙,不会吃苦的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>His bunch of friends help each other out. They don't
- have such a rough time.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>: “to he
- worried (that)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
- shíyīdiǎn le, Xiǎo Píng hái méi huílai, tāde fùmǔ
- hěn dānxǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >已经是一地年了,小平还没回来,他的父母很担心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's eleven o'clock already and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Píng</foreignphrase>
- hasn't gotten back home yet. His parents are very
- worried.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī bú bì
- dānxīn, háizi dàle, tā zìjǐ huì
- dǒngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你不必担心,孩子大了,她自己会懂得。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You don't need to worry. When the child grows up
- he'll understand.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
- tāde xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我担心他的学习。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm worried about his studies.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
- wǒ nǎinaide shēntǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我担心我奶奶的身体。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm worried about my grandmother's health.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
- tā yǒu shénme wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我担心他有什么问题。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm worried that he has some problem.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dānxīn
- tā zuòbuhǎo nèijiǎn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他担心他坐不好那件事。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's worried he won't be able to do it well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎi wàihianr</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “on the outside,” a common way of saying “away from home” or
- “away from one's hometown.” The Chinese have an expression (in literary
- style), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎi jiā qiān rì hǎo, chū
- wài yì shí nán</foreignphrase>, “At home one thousand days are good, but
- when one is on the outside (away from one's hometown) even one moment is
- difficult.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī kǔ</foreignphrase>: “to have
- a rough time, to suffer hardships” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Kǔ</foreignphrase>, “bitter,” when referring to life or an experience,
- means “hardship, suffering, pain.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chīle bù
- shǎo kǔ cái cóng dàxué bìyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他吃了不少苦才从大学毕业。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He went through some rough times before he graduated
- from college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde kǔ, jiù bù zhīdao
- jīntiānde shēnghuó láide bù
- róngyi.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >“zhànzhēng, “</foreignphrase>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >战争</foreignphrase> war”</para>
- </footnote>
- </para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有吃过战争的苦,就不知道今天的生活来的不容易。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you haven't experienced the suffering of war, you
- don't know that our life today didn't come
- easily.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Néng chī kǔ</foreignphrase>
- means “to be able to take hardships,” “to have fortitude.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng
- chī kǔ. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >中国很多人的看法是年轻人应该能吃苦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In China many people think that young people ought to
- be able to take hardship.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nèige
- rén hěn néng chī kǔ, bú yòng dānxīn.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他那个人很能吃苦,不用担心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He can take a lot of hardship. Don't worry.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hùxiāng</foreignphrase>:
- “mutually, reciprocally, with each other” This is an adverb, so it must go
- after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen kéyi
- hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ jiāo wǒ Yǐngwén, wǒ jiāo nǐ
- Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们可以互相学习。你教我英文,我教你中文。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>We can learn from each other. You teach me English
- and I'll teach you Chinese.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4, Review Dialogue</title>
- <para>Early in the morning the day after <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B) and Tom (A)
- arrive in Hong Kong, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s grandmother (C) is straightening up the living
- room, when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase>
- walks in.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai, nín
- zhēn zǎo. Wǒ mā ne?<footnote>
- <para> Questions ending in ne often ask the
- whereabouts of someone or something, hence the
- translation Where's Mom?</para>
- </footnote></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,您真早。我妈呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Questions ending in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> often
- ask the whereabouts of someone or something, hence the
- translation “Where's Mom?”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā ya,
- chūqu mǎi cài le. Érzi huílai le, zǒng yào duō mǎi
- diǎnr cài ma! Nǐde péngyou ne? Tā hái méiyou qǐlai
- ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她呀,出去买菜了。儿子回来了,总要多买点菜吗!你的朋友呢?他还没有起来吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, she went out to buy some groceries. When a son
- comes back, you've always got to buy some extra food.
- Where's your friend? He's not up yet, is he?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐlai le,
- xǐ liǎn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >起来了,洗脸的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, he's up. He's washing his face.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Píng
- a, nǐde péngyou jiào shénme míngzi, wǒ yòu wàng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小平阿,你的朋友叫什么名字,我又忘了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Píng</foreignphrase>, what's your friend's name?
- I've forgotten it again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
- “Tāngmǔ.”</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >叫“汤姆”。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>“Tom. ”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, Tāngmǔ,
- hái hǎo jì. Nǐ hé tā shuō, dàole zánmen jiā, jiù shi
- yìjiā rén, shénme shìr dōu bié kèqi. Tā yí kèqi, wǒ
- jiu bù zhīdào zěnme bàn hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哦,“汤姆,”还好记。你和他说,到了咱们家,就是一家人,什么事儿都别客气。他一客气,我就不知道怎么办好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Hm, Tom, that's fairly easy to remember. You tell him
- that in our house he's Just part of the family and he
- shouldn't be polite about anything. Once he starts in
- with the politeness, I won't know what to do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- huílai yǐqián zài Tāngmǔ jiā zhùle liǎngtiān, tā
- bàba māma duì wǒ hěn hǎo. Tāngmǔ rén yě hěn hǎo, zài
- Měiguode shíhou, tā gěi wo bù shǎo
- bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我们回来以前,在汤姆家住了两天。他爸爸妈妈对我很好,汤姆人也很好。在美国的时候,他给我不少帮助。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Before we came back we stayed at Tom's house for a
- couple of days. His parents were very nice to me. Tom is
- also a very good person; when we were in America, he
- helped me a lot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, zhèiyang
- hǎo, niánqīng rén yīnggāi hùxiāng bāng máng. Ài!
- Jìde nǐ yéye zài Rìběn nèi shihou, pīnmìng niàn shū,
- rénjia Rìběn rén háishi kànbuqǐ ya, nǎr yǒu shénme
- Rìběn péngyou. Zhǐ hǎo jǐge Zhōngguo xuésheng zhù
- zai yìqǐ. Ài!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哦,这样好,年轻人应该互相帮忙。
- 哎,记得你爷爷在日本的时候, 拼命念书,人家日本人还是看不起啊。 男儿有什么日本朋友,
- 只好几个中国学生住在一起。哎!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mm. That's good. Young people ought to help each
- other out. (Sigh) I remember when your grandfather was
- in Japan, he studied like crazy, but those Japanese
- still looked down on him. He didn't have any Japanese
- friends to speak of. The Chinese students just had to
- live together. (Sigh)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai,
- guòqùde shi jiu bié qù xiǎng ta
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,过去的事就别去想他了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma, don't go thinking about things from bygone
- days anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- hǎodeduō le, nǐ zài wàibianr niàn shū, wǒ bu nàme
- dānxīn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在好得多了,你在外边念书,我不那么担心了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>These days, it's much better. I don't worry so much
- about you out there studying.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>Tom enters.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Nǎinai<footnote>
- <para>Tom knows that this way of addressing
- Grandma is proper for a friend of her grandson. He
- intentionally calls her Lǐ Nǎinai as soon as he
- sees her in order to establish the
- relationship.</para>
- </footnote> , nín zǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李奶奶,您早。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Good morning, Grandma <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase>!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎo,
- Tāngmǔ, zuòle yìtiān fēijī bù duō shuì
- yihuǐr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >早,汤姆,坐了一天飞机不多睡会儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Good morning, Tom. After a day on the airplane don't
- you want to get some more sleep?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuìgòu le.
- Lǐ Nǎinai, nín zuòzhe ba, wǒmen bāng nín
- shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >睡够了,您奶奶,您坐着吧,我们帮您收拾。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, I've gotten enough sleep. Grandma <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase>, you
- sit down, we'll straighten up for you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō yǒu
- lǐmàode háizi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >多有礼貌的孩子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What a well-mannered child!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Nǎinai,
- nín hé érzi, érxífur zhù zai yìqǐ, sūnzi, sūnnü yě
- cháng lái, nínde fúqi zhēn
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李奶奶,您和儿子儿媳妇住在一起,孙子孙女也常来,您的福气真好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma Lǐ, you're so fortunate to live with your son
- and daughter-in-law, and to have your grandson and
- granddaughter come often.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shuō
- bú shì ne? Wǒ cháng shuō, wǒmen jiāde fúqi dōu shi
- wǒ nà xiàoshunde érxífur
- dàilaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁说不是呢? 我常说我们家的福气,
- 都是我那孝顺的儿媳妇带来的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's for sure. I often say that the good fortune of
- our family was all brought to us by that filial
- daughter-in-law of mine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎinai
- yòu gāi<footnote>
- <para>gāi: will probably</para>
- </footnote> shuō wǒmen jiāde lìshǐ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我奶奶又该说我们家的历史了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Here goes Grandma telling our family history
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Nǎinai,
- zhèixiē shìr nín gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang xíng bu
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >李奶奶,这些事你给我讲讲行不行?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase>, could you tell me about these
- things?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo wa.
- Shuōqilái huà jiu cháng le.<footnote>
- <para>More literally, When it comes to telling it,
- the talk is long.</para>
- </footnote> Wǒ he Xiǎo Píng yéye dōu shi Shěnyáng
- rén. Rìben rén láile yǐhòu, cáichǎn ya, tǔdì ya, dōu
- bù néng guan le, líkāi jiā pǎo dàole Nánfāng. Xiǎo
- Píng bàba zài Shànghǎi niàn shū cái rènshile women
- zhèige érxífu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好啊,说起来话就长了。
- 我和小平爷爷都是沈阳人。 日本人来了以后, 财产呀,土地呀,都不能管了, 离开家跑到了南方。
- 小平爸爸在上海念书 才认识了我们这个儿媳妇。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Sure! It's a long story. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s grandfather and I are both from
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shěnyáng</foreignphrase> (Mukden). When the
- Japanese came, we couldn't bother with our property or
- land any more; we left our home and fled to the South..
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s father didn't meet our
- daughter-in-law**Notice that grandma's phrasing shows
- that the woman is first a daughter-in-law, then a
- wife.** until he was going to school in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shihou
- nǚháizi shàng dàxuéde duō bu
- duō?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那时候,女孩子上大学的多不多?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Were there many women who went to college in those
- days?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
- xiànzài zhème duō. Wǒmen érxífu jiā xiāngdāng yǒu
- qián, érqiě yídàjiā rén yǒu qībāshígè, zài Sūzhōu
- shéi dōu zhīdao tāmen jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有现在这么多,
- 我们儿媳妇家相当有钱, 而且一大家人有七八十个,
- 在苏州谁都知道他们家。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Not as many as there are now. My daughter-in-law's
- family was quite rich, and there were seventy or eighty
- people in that one big family. Everyone in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Sūzhōu</foreignphrase> knew them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyangrde
- jiātíng guīju yídìng bù
- shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这样的家庭规矩一定不少。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>A family like that must have had a strict code of
- behavior.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi shuō
- bu shì ne! Tāmen jiāde xiáojie bù néng zài wàibianr
- niàn shū, zhǐ néng qīng lāoshǐ dào jiāli jiāo diǎnr
- Sì Shū shenmede. Xiǎo Píng mǔqin juéde yíge fùnü yào
- zài shèhuìshang dúlì, yídìng děi chūqu niàn shū. Jiù
- zhèiyang, tā cái pǎo dào Shànghǎi niàn shū qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谁说不是呢!
- 他们家的小姐不能在外边念书, 只能请老师到家里教点儿四书什么的。 小平母亲觉得一个妇女要在社会上独立,
- 一定得出去念书。 就这样她才跑到上海念书去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You bet they did! Their young ladies couldn't go to
- school outside the home:</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèi
- shihou, zhēn bu róngyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在那时候真不容易。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That must have been really hard back then.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài dàxuéde
- shíhou, Xiǎo Píngde fùmǔ shi hěn hǎode péngyou,
- kěshi zěnme bàn ne? Wǒmen shénme dōu méiyou le, yě
- méiyou qián, zìjǐde érzi zěnme néng hé zhèiyangr
- yíwèi xiáojie jiēhūn ne? Xiǎo Píng mā bu nàme
- xiǎng...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在大学的时候,小平的父母是很好的朋友, 可是怎么办呢? 我们什么都没有了,也没有钱,
- 自己的儿子怎么能和这样一位小姐结婚呢?
- 小平妈不那么想。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>When they were in college, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s parents were very good friends,
- but what were we to do? We didn't have a thing left, and
- we didn't have any money. How could our (own) son marry
- a young lady like that? But <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s mother didn't think so...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme
- xiǎng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她怎么想?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What did she think?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuō tā
- yào zhǎo yíge zìjǐ xǐhuande rén jiēhūn, dìwei hé
- qián dōu bu zhǒngyào. Ài, tā chīle duōshao kǔ cái
- líkāile nèige dà jiātíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她说她要找一个自己喜欢的人结婚。哎,
- 地位和钱都不重要。 她吃了多少苦才离开了那个大家庭。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She said she wanted to find a person she herself
- liked to get married to, and that status and money
- weren't important. (Sigh) What she went through to leave
- that big family.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, nǐmen
- zěnme dào Xiānggǎng lái le
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那你们怎么到香港来了呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well then, how did you come to Hong Kong?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen zài
- Yīngguó niànwán shū jiù lái Xiānggǎng zuǒ shì,
- yìnián yǐhòu yòu bǎ wǒmen jiēlai le, zhèiyangr yìjiā
- rén cái zài Xiānggǎng zhùxialai le. Xiànzài wǒ
- niánji dà le, jiāli dà shìr xiǎo shìr dōu shi Xiǎo
- Píng mùqin guǎn. Nǐ shuō wǒ fúqi hǎo, zhēn shi
- yìdiǎnr yě bū cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他们在英国念完书就来香港做事,
- 一年以后又把我们接来了, 这样一家人才在香港住下来了。 现在我年纪大了,
- 家里大事儿小事儿都是小平母亲管。
- 你说我福气好,真实一点儿也不错。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>When they finished school in England they came to
- Hong Kong to work; a year later they brought us out, and
- then our whole family settled here. Now that I'm getting
- on in years, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo Píng</foreignphrase>'s mother takes care of
- all the big and small matters here at home. So when you
- say I'm blessed with good fortune, you're absolutely
- right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai, wǒ
- mā kuài huílai le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,我妈快回来了吧?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma, Mom will be home soon, won't she?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài huílai
- le, wǒmen qù bǎ zǎofàn nònghǎo
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >快回来了,我们去把早饭弄好吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. Let's go get breakfast ready.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A, B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, zǒu
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,走吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, let's go.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 4,Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This exercise is a conversation between two neighbors who meet in
- their courtyard in Beijing.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàjiě</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大姐</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>"Older Sister," a familiar way of addressing a
- woman about one's own age or older</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng
- bānde shàng bān, shàng xuéde shàng
- xué</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >上班的上班,上学的上学</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>They're either at the office or at school; some
- are at the office and others at school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuòbuliǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >做不了</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>unable to do</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >一</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>as soon as</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >盖</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to build, to construct</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >政府</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>government</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >该</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>should</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does Older Sister Lin do all of her own
- housework?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does she think of her daughter-in-law?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What can you infer about what housing is like in Older
- Sister <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lín</foreignphrase>'s neighborhood?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>From this conversation you can see that a daughter-in-law
- is very important in the Chinese family. Make a list of her
- responsibilities.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <note>
- <para>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
- indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
- sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this conversation a Chinese man invites his girlfriend over for
- dinner.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怕</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to be afraid</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǒuchāode</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手抄的</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>handwritten</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lán</foreignphrase> hesitant to go to her boyfriend's
- home for dinner?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lán</foreignphrase> think large families are
- difficult?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where would the couple live if they got married? Why must
- they wait for a place of their own to live?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lán</foreignphrase> think of bringing to her boyfriend's
- home that evening? Why?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this exercise a grandmother talks with her granddaughter.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following new words and phrases:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánjiā
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >全家人</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>the whole family</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xìngkuī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >幸亏</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>fortunately, luckily</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò
- rìzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >过日子</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to live; to get along</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rìzi bù
- hǎo guò</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >日子不好过</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>hard to get along</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiāo
- mén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >敲门</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>to knock at the door</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you
- will be able to give them orally in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does Grandma think of the new generation of
- daughters-in-law?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How does Grandma remember her own experience as a
- newlywed?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the difference between "standards of conduct" and
- "manners"?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does Grandma reprimand <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Yún</foreignphrase>? Do
- you think she was justified?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your
- answers correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, two
- old neighbors meet in their courtyard.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín Dàjiě,
- xī yīfu na!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >林大姐洗衣服呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Older Sister Lin, doing your laundry?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xī zěnme
- bàn, shàng bānde shàng bān, shàng xuéde shàng xué,
- jiālide shìr hái bu shi dōu děi wǒ
- zuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不洗怎么办,上班的上班,上学的上学,家里的事儿还不是都得我做!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If I didn't do it what would we do; everyone is
- either at the office or at school, don't I have to do
- all the house work in the end!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizimen
- dōu máng, yǒu nín zài jiā, gěi tamen bāng bù shǎo
- mángr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >孩子们都忙,有您在家,给他们帮不少忙儿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Your children are all busy, but you're at home
- helping them out a lot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ài, niánji
- dà le, zuòbuliǎo duōshǎo shìr
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >哎,年极大了,做不了多少事儿了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>(Sigh), I'm getting old, I can't do very much any
- more!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn, nín
- érxífur zài jiāde shihour, yě bāng nín zuò bù shǎo
- shì a.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我看,您二媳妇儿在家的时候儿,也帮您做不少事阿。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I see that when your daughter-in-law is home she
- helps you do a lot of things too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
- yidiǎnr yě bú cuò, wǒ nèige érxífur bǐ wǒ érzi
- hǎoduō le, yí dào jiā, yòu zuò fàn, yòu xǐ yīfu, yòu
- shōushi wūzi, ài! Kěxi wǒ bù néng shénme shìr dōu
- kào ta ya.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你说的一点儿也不错,我那个二媳妇儿比我儿子好多了,一到家,又做饭,又洗衣服,又收拾屋子,哎!可惜我不能什么事儿都靠她亚。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You're absolutely right. That daughter-in-law of mine
- is much better than my son. As soon as she gets to the
- house, she cooks and washes and straightens up the room.
- (Sigh), it's too bad I can't depend on her for
- everything.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèishenme
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why not?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia duō
- máng! Yíge yuè cái néng huí jiā
- yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >人家多忙!一个月才能回家一次。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>She's so busy! She can only come home once a
- month.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tā bù
- néng zài nín jiāli zhùxialai
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那她不能在您家里住下来吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Well, can't she move in with you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xíng a!
- Wūzi tài xiǎo! Érxífur huílaile, ràng ta zhù zai
- nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >不行阿!屋子太小!二媳妇儿回来了,让他她在那儿?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That wouldn't do! The house is too small! If my
- daughter-in-law came back, where would I have her
- stay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a!
- Yàoshi yǒu fángzi, yijiā rén zhù zai yíkuàir,
- hùxiāng bāngmángr, nà yǒu duō hǎo! Duì le, tīng wǒ
- nǚér shuō, tāmen xuéxiào nèibiānr gàile hǎo duō xīn
- fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那有多好?
- 对了,听我女儿说,他们学校那边盖了好多新房子。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes! If you had enough housing, how nice it would be
- to have the whole family living together and helping
- each other. Oh yes—I hear from my daughter that a lot of
- new buildings have been built over by their
- school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fángzi
- wèntí shi ge dà shìr, zhèngfǔ bú huì bù guǎn. Yǒule
- xǐn fángzi, zánmen jiu hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >房子问题是个大事,政府不会不管,有了新房子咱们就好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The housing problem is a big thing; the government
- wouldn't ignore it. After we get some new housing [in
- this area] we'll be all right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bu shì
- ma! Dàole nèige shíhour, nín jiu bú yòng dǎnxǐn le.
- Nín gēn nín érxífur yídìng néng bǎ zhèige jiā nòngde shūshufufude.<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shūshufufude</foreignphrase>, “very
- comfortable”</para>
- </footnote></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可不是嘛,到了那个时候,您就不用担心了,您跟您儿媳妇一定能把这个家弄得叔叔夫夫的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's for sure! When that time comes you won't have
- to worry any more. I'm sure you and your daughter-in-law
- will be able to make a very comfortable home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a! Nà
- jiu hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是,那就好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes.' Then everything will be all right.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo, Lín
- Dàjiě, bù zǎo le, wǒ yě gāi**yě gāi, “really should”
- huí jiā zuò fàn qu le. Yǒu shíjiān zài liáo
- a.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,林大姐,不早了,我也该回家做饭去了,有时间再聊啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All right, Older Sister Lin, it's getting late, and I
- should really be going back home to fix dinner. We'll
- chat some more when we have time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shìr
- jiu lái zuòzuo. Màn zǒu a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没事,就来坐着,慢走啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Stop in sometime when you're not busy. Take
- care!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a
- 24-year-old man (M) talks with his 23-year-old woman friend (F). They have
- been close friends for a while.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán,
- jīntiān wǒ bàba zài jiā, wǎnshang dào wǒmen jiā chǐ
- fàn ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小兰,今天我爸爸在家,晚上到我们家去吃饭吧!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lán</foreignphrase>, my father is home today, why
- don't you have dinner at our house tonight?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我不去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm not going.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèishénme?
- Wǒ bàba rén hěn hǎo, nǐ bú bì
- dānxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为什么?我爸爸人很好,你不必担心。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why? My father's a very good person you don't have to
- worry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mā
- shuō...</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我妈说。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My mother said...</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mā shuō
- shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >你妈说什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What did your mother say?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mā shuō:
- nǐ jiā rén duō, nǐ yéye, nǎinai hái zài, xiōngdì
- jiěmèi hǎojǐgè, jiāli guīju yě bù shǎo, pà wǒ qùle
- yǐhòu chǐ kǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我妈说,你家人多,你爷爷奶奶还在,兄弟姐妹好几个,家里规矩也不少,怕我去了以后吃苦。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My mother said that you have a big family. Your
- grandparents are still alive, you have so many brothers
- and sisters, and your family has such a strict code of
- behavior, that she was afraid I would have a rough time
- after I went [i.e., after I married you and went to live
- with your family].</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hai, nǐ
- xiǎngde tài duō le, wǒ nǎinai guòqù zuò érxífude
- shihou chīguo hěn duō kǔ, suōyǐ tā duì wǒ māma tèbié
- hǎo, nǐ xiǎng wǒ nǎinai, wǒ māma tāmen zěnme huì
- ràng ni chī kǔ ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">嗨,你想的太多了。
- 我奶奶过去做儿媳妇的时候吃过很多苦, 所以她对我妈妈特别好。
- 你想我奶奶我妈妈他们怎么会让你吃苦呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh come on, you're thinking too much. Back when my
- grandmother was a daughter-in-law she had quite a rough
- time, so she's particularly good to my mother. Really,
- how could my grandmother and mother give you a hard
- time.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- dāngrán hái hǎo, yǐhòu ne? Yídàjiā rén zhù zai
- yíkuàir, shíjiān chángle zǒng shi hěn
- máfande.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在当然还好,以后呢?一大家人住在一块儿,。时间长了总是很麻烦的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Of course it's okay now, but how about later on? When
- a large family lives together, it always gets difficult
- after a while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yidiǎn
- wǒ yě xiǎngdàole, niánji dàle, xiǎngfa yǒude shihou
- hé niánqīng rén bú tài yíyàng, yǐhòu yǒule
- fángzi**Fángzi here refers to any type of housing,
- including an apartment or just a room. The housing
- situation in Běijīng is so tight that this couple
- will probably have to wait months to get one room.**
- wǒmen bānchulai jiu xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这一点我也想到了,年纪大了,
- 想法有的时候和年轻人不太一样,
- 以后有了房子我们搬出来就行了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I've thought of that too. When people get older,
- their way of thinking is sometimes kind of different
- from young people. Afterwards when we get a place [of
- our own] we'll move out, and then it will be all
- right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
- shíhour cái néng yǒu fángzi
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么时候儿才能有房子呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>And when will we be able to get a place to
- live?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié jí, wǒ
- xiǎng bǔ huì děng hěn cháng
- shíjiānde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >别急,我想不会等很长时间的。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't worry, I don't think we'll have to wait too
- long.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Èng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嗯。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mm.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme,
- jīntiān wǎnshang dào wǒmen jiā qu, hǎo
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那么,今天晚上到我们家去好吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Then, how about going to our house tonight?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mm... .
- Jīntiān wǎnshang dōu yǒu
- shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哦。。。
- 。今天晚上都有谁?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Mm . . . Who's going to be there tonight?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu wǒ
- bàba, māma, hé wǒ, xiōngdì jiěmèi dōu bǔ
- zài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >只有我爸爸,妈妈和我,兄弟姐妹都不在。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Just my father, mother, and I. None of my brothers
- and sisters will be there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, yéye,
- nǎinai ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那爷爷奶奶呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What about your grandparents?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yéye nǎinai
- hē cháde shihou guòlai zuò yixiar, ránhòu jiu huí
- tāmen wūzi xiūxi qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >爷爷奶奶喝茶的时候过来坐一下儿,然后就会他们屋子休息去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>They'll come out and sit for a while when we have
- tea, and then they'll go back to their room to
- rest.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tōuyicì qù,
- wǒ dài diǎnr shénme hǎo a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >头一次去,我带点什么好啊?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What should I bring, since this is my first
- visit?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme dōu
- bú yào dài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >什么都不要带。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Don't bring anything at all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Na zěnme
- xíng? Tīngshuō nǐ yéyede zì xiěde hěn hǎo
- a?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那怎么行?。听说你爷爷的字写得很好啊?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>How can I do that? I hear your grandfather is very
- good at writing characters?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- zěnme la?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,怎么了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's right. Why?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bàba yǒu
- yítào shǒuchāode Sì Shū, sòng gěi nǐ yéye hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我爸爸有一套手抄的四书,送给你爷爷好不好?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>My father has a handwritten copy of the Four Books.
- How about if I give it to your grandfather?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tài hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那太好了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That would be great.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>F:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huí jiā
- shōushi yixiar jiu lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >我回家收拾一下就来。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'm going to go home now to straighten up a bit and
- then I'll be right there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>M:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng yihuǐr
- wǒ lái jiē ni a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >等一会儿我来接你啊。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I'll come and get you in a while.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Èi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >嘿!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay.'</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>Conversation between a grandmother and granddaughter in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="2">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Yún
- na! Bādiǎn ban le, hai bu
- qǐlai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >小云啊!八点半了,还不起来!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Yún</foreignphrase>! It's half past eight, aren't
- you getting up!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai,
- jīntiān shi Xīngqītiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr
- ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >奶奶,今天是星期天,让人家多睡一会儿吗!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Grandma, today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little
- later!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎnzǎide
- niánqīng rén zhēn yǒu fūqi, shuì dao bādiǎn bàn hái
- bu xiǎng qǐ. Wǒmen zuò érxífude shihou, wǔdiǎn zhōng
- jiu děi qǐlai, zuò quánjiā rénde zǎofàn le, nǎr néng
- shuì dao bādiǎn bàn?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在的年轻人真有福气,睡到八点半还不想起。 我们做儿媳妇的时候,五点钟就得起来,做全家人的早饭了。
- 哪儿能睡到八点半?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Young people today are so fortunate. They sleep until
- eight-thirty and still don't want to get up. When we
- were daughters-in-law, we had to get up at five o'clock
- and make breakfast for the whole family. Who could sleep
- until eight-thirty!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dōu shi
- guòqùde shìr le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >那都是过去的事儿了!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Those are all things of the past!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a.
- Guòqùde shi, zhēn shi méi bànfar shuō. Wǒ gēn nǐ
- yéye jiēhūnde shihou, nǐ yéye jiā hěn yǒu qián, yě
- yǒu bù shǎo tǔdì, wǒmen jiāli méi shenme cáichǎn,
- dàole rénjia jiāli, yídàjiā rén dōu kànzhe wǒ zhèige
- xīn láide érxífu. Zěnme bàn ne? Wǒ zhīhǎo zuòle
- zhèiyangr zuǒ nèiyangr<footnote>
- <para>“zuòle zhèiyangr zuò nèiyangr:”“After having
- done this thing, do that thing,”i.e. do one task
- after another.</para>
- </footnote>, yìtiān dào wǎn méiyou tíngde shihou.
- Ài! Xìngkuī nǐ yéye shi ge hǎo rén, wǒde rìzi cái
- hǎo guò yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是啊,过去的事儿真是没办法说。
- 我跟你爷爷结婚的时候,爷爷家很有钱,也有不少土地。 我们家里没什么财产。
- 到了人家家里,一大家人都看着我这个新来的儿媳妇,怎么办呢?
- 我只好做了这呀,做内呀,一天到晚没有停的时候。
- 哎,幸亏你爷爷是个好人,我的日子才好过一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. The things of the past are really sad to recall.
- When I married your grandfather, his family was rich and
- had a lot of land. Our family didn't have much property.
- When I arrived in his household, everyone in that huge
- family stared at me, the new daughter-in-law. What could
- I do? Just keep slaving away. I didn't stop the whole
- day long. (Sigh) It's a good thing your grandfather was
- a good man; that's the only thing that made life a
- little easier.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài bù
- tóng le, xiànzài niánqīng rén jiéhūn yīhòu bú yòng
- zài dānxīn zhèixiē le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >现在不同了,现在年轻人结婚以后,不用再担心这些了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Things are different now. Now young people don't have
- to worry about that sort of thing after they get
- married.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi guīju
- háishi děi yǒu a! Děi yǒu lǐmào, jiāli lǎorén dōu
- qǐlai le, nǐ hái shuì zài chuángshang, nà zěnme
- xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可是规矩还是得有啊,得有礼貌,家里老人都起来了,你还睡在床上,那怎么行?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But you still have to have standards of conduct! You
- have to have manners. If the old people in the family
- are up and you're still in hed sleeping, is that any way
- to act?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo le, hǎo
- le, nǎinai, wǒ mǎshàng jiu qǐlai le. Nī tīng, shéi
- zài qiāo mén na?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好了,好了,奶奶,我马上就起来了,你听,谁在敲门呢?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, okay, grandma. I'll get up right away. Listen,
- who's knocking at the door?.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái wèn shenme?<footnote>
- <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hái</foreignphrase>,” still is used in rhetorical
- questions; here it implies The answer to your
- question is so obvious, why are you still asking?
- Shénme, here in the neutral tone, means why, what
- for rather than what.</para>
- </footnote>Hái bu shi nǐde péngyou lái le.<footnote>
- <para>Hái bu shi is used in rhetorical questions;
- literally, it means, Is it not still (a case
- of...), or in more colloquial English, Could it be
- anything but.... Here, it is best translated as of
- course.</para>
- </footnote></foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >还问什么,还不是你的朋友来了?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>You have to ask? It's your friend, of course.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láojià,
- láojià, hǎo nǎinai,<footnote>
- <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎo nǎinai</foreignphrase>”: A rather theatrical,
- humorously cajoling form of address, dear grandma.
- The girl uses this term in order to get her
- grandmother to do her the favor of answering the
- front door.</para>
- </footnote> nín qù kāi mén ba, wǒ kuài bǎ wūzi
- shōushi yixiar.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >老家,老家,好奶奶,你去开门吧,我快把屋子收拾一下。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Oh, please, please, would you go get the door, dear
- grandma? I'll straighten the room real quickly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hǎo
- hǎo, wǒ jiù qù, kuài shōushi
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >好,好,好,我就去,你快收拾吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Okay, I'll get it right away. You hurry and
- straighten up.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě hǎo, ...yě
- hǎo</foreignphrase>, “whether... or”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cái</foreignphrase> marking necessary condition.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile</foreignphrase>, “in
- order to.“</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Comparison of two words for “afterwards,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Inquiring about customs in the culture.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing that you don't understand something and asking another's
- interpretation of it.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing that you don't see the value of something and asking
- another's point of view on it.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing partial agreement, specifying one's reservations.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi liǎngnián, nǐmende shōurù zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这两年,你们的收入怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What has your income been like the past couple of years? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi liǎngnián, nóngyè shēngchǎn qíngkuàng bú cuò, shōurù yě hái hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这两年,农业生产情况不错,收入也还好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The past couple of years, agricultural production conditions have been pretty good, and our income has been all right, too.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shuōfǎ wǒ méi tīngdǒng, nǐ tīngmíngbai le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他的说法,我没听懂,你听明白了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I didn't understand the way he said that. Did you understand it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou, wǒ yě méi tīngmíngbai, érqiě zhèige tímu yě tài nán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没有,我也没听明白,而且这个题目也太难了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, I didn't understand it either. Moreover this topic is too hard.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué pīnyīn yě hǎo, bù xué pīnyīn yě hǎo, Zhōngguo zì zǒng děi xué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学评音也好,不学评音也好,中国字总得学。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Whether you study romanization or not, you'll always have to study Chinese
- characters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà cái néng bǎochíxiàqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是啊,这样中国文化才能保持下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can continue to be preserved.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāli láodònglì duō, shēnghuó yě jiù huì hǎo yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家里劳动力多,生活也就会好一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If a family has more manpower, then it follows that life will be a little better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng yǒu shénme hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是现在人口多,不一定有什么好处。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But now it's not necessarily an advantage to have a lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nàr xiě zìde nèige rén shì bu shi tā zhàngfu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在那写字的那个人,是不是她丈夫?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is that person writing over there her husband?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng shi tā!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正是他!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's him all right!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngshāngyè fādá yǒu shénme haǒchù? Nàli dōu nàme zāng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工商业发达有什么好处?哪里都那么脏!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What benefit is there in having a flourishing industry and commerce? It's so dirty
- everywhere!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìdiǎn wǒ bù tóngyì, gōngshāngyè fādá yǒu bù shǎo hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这一点我不同意,工商业发达有不少好处。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree with that. There are a lot of benefits to having a flourishing industry and
- commerce.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wèishénme zǎohūn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她为什么早婚?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why did she get married early?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián tā fùqin sǐ le, méi rén zhàogu ta, zhǐ hǎo jiēhūn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">去年她父亲死了,没人照顾她,只好结婚了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Last year her father died and there was no one to take care of her. All she could do was get married.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshù rén dōu xǐhuan zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多数人都喜欢自由。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry> Most people like freedom.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi, bú shi hěn duō rén néng dédao zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可是不是很多人能得到自由。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But not many people can obtain freedom.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile néng hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen yìjiā sāndài zhù zai yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">为了能互相照顾,他们一家三代住在一起。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All three generations live together so that they can take care of each other. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō cóngqián, nǐmen zhèli yǒu hěn duō yǒu yìside fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听说啊,从前你们这里有很多有意思的风俗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I've heard that in the past you had a lot of interesting customs here. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a. Hòulái gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú yě gǎibiàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">是啊,后来工商业发达了,风俗也改变了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. Later, when industry and commerce developed, customs changed, too. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to labor; labor</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láolì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳力</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>labor force, labor</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工业</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>industry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">商业</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>business, commerce</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>15.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大多数(儿)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the great majority</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>16.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">活</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to live; to become alive; to survive; to be live/alive/living; to be movable/moving </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>17 </entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯 </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to, to be used to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>18.</entry>
- <entry></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听 </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to heed, to obey (someone's orders) </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎochí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保持</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to keep, to preserve, to maintain </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">才</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> only in that case, only under </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大多数</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the great majority </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">代</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> generation (counter); era, (historical) period </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">㝵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">㝵到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多数</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the majority of, most of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发达</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be
- prosperous </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风俗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> custom(s) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to change </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> industry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngshāngyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工商业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> industry and commerce </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好处</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> benefit, advantage </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> later, afterwards </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">活</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to live; to become alive; to survive; to be
- live/alive/living; to be movable/moving </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >láodòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to labor </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >láodònglì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> labor force, labor; able-bodied person </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láolì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> labor force, labor </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >míngbai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明白</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be clear,
- to be obvious </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> agriculture </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shāngyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">商业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> commerce, business </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生产</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to produce; production </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōurù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收入</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> income, earnings </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōfǎ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说法</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> way of saying a thing; statement, version, argument </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">死</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to die </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tímu
- (tímù)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">题目</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> topic, subject; title; (test) question, problem </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to heed, to obey (someone's orders) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to agree, to consent; agreement, consent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">为了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in order to; for the purpose of; for the sake of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to, to be
- used to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yě hǎo, ...yě
- hǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。也好,。。。也好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> whether... or...; both... and... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也就</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> accordingly, correspondingly, so </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- hǎochù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有好处</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be beneficial, to be good (for) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎohūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child, to
- marry early </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhàngfu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丈夫</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> husband </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàogu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">照顾</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take of; care </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> just, precisely, right </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngnián, nǐmende shōurù
- zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这两年,你们的收入怎么样?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What has your income been like the past couple of
- years? </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngnián, nóngyè shēngchǎn qíngkuàng bú cuò, shōurù
- yě hái hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这两年,农业生产情况不错,收入也还好。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>The past couple of years, agricultural production
- conditions have been pretty good, and our income has
- been all right, too.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèiliǎngnián</foreignphrase>:
- See Unit 4, Notes on №3</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōurù</foreignphrase>: “income,
- earnings” While in English you say “income” is “large” or “small,” in
- Chinese you say “much” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duō</foreignphrase>) or “little” (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase>).<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
- bù shǎo.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">她的收入不少。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Her income isn't small. (lit., “little”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
- bú tài duō.</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">他的收入不太多。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His income isn't very high.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
- produce (agricultural or industrial products), to manufacture (industrial
- products); production, operation (of a plant)”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen dōu
- shēngchǎn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你们都生产什么?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What (all) do you produce?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu rén
- shuō xiāngxiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuó qíngkuàng hǎo
- yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some people say that production and living conditions
- in the countryside have gotten somewhat better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō zhǎo
- Lǐ Guóqiáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我找李国强。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm looking for<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ
- Guóqiáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqī,
- xiànzài shi shēngchǎn shíjiān, bù néng zhǎo
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">对不起,现在事生产时间,不能找人。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sorry, it's production time now You can't visit
- people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>2.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shuōfǎ
- wǒ méi tīngdǒng, nǐ tīngmíngbai le
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >他的说法,我没听懂,你听明白了吗?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I didn't understand the way he said that. Did you
- understand it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou, wǒ
- yě méi tīngmíngbai, érqiě zhèige tímu yě tài nán
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >没有,我也没听明白,而且这个题目也太难了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>No, I didn't understand it either. Moreover this
- topic is too hard.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase>: “to he
- clear on, to understand,” literally, “bright-white” This is an adjectival
- verb which may or may not he followed by an object:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ
- míngbai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now I see.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ míngbai
- nīde yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I understand what you mean.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcǎi nǐ
- yòu gěi wǒ jiǎngle yícǐ,wǒ bǐjiǎo míngbai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now that you've just explained it to me again, I
- understand it better.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngbai</foreignphrase> can also
- be used to mean “to be clear, to be obvious,” as in:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shìqing hěn míngbai. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This matter is very clear/obvious.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase>: “to
- hear and understand” This is a compound verb of result with an adjectival
- verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase>
- indicating the result. As just stated <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase> can mean either “to
- understand” or “to be clear,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase> means only “to understand by listening,”
- NOT “to hear clearly.” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngqǐngchu</foreignphrase> to mean “to hear clearly.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiānde
- kè wǒ yìdiǎnr dōu
- tīngbumíngbai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I couldn't understand a thing in yesterday's
- class.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcāi
- lǎoshí shuōde wǒ méi
- tīngqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't hear (clearly) what the teacher just
- said.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Another verb of perception which can take <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase> to show the result is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase>, “to see,
- to read.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn méi
- kànmíngbai zhèige tímu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you understand the (test) question (when you read
- it)?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a compound verb of result, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase> can take the syllables -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- to add the meaning of
- “can” and “can't.“”(For the following example you need to know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàiwén</foreignphrase>,
- “foreign language,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase>, “no matter.”)<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāng xué
- yìzhǒng wàiwénde shíhou, bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai
- tǐngbumíngbai, duō tīng duì nǐ yídìng yǒu
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>When you're just beginning to study a foreign
- language, it's good for you to listen a lot whether
- you understand or not.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tímu</foreignphrase>: This noun
- has three commonly used meanings: (1) “topic, subject,” (2) “title,” and (3)
- “question, problem” (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- jīntiān huàn yíge tán huàde tímu, tányitǎn shēnghuó
- fāngmiànde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today let's change the topic of conversation and chat
- about things from daily life.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- shūde tímu shi Zhōngguó de
- Shèhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>The title of this book is Chinese Society.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
- kǎoshìde tímu nàme duō, wǒ zhēn bù zhīdao xiān zuò
- něige hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There were so many problems on yesterday's test, I
- didn't know which to do first.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiyangde tímu wǒ zài gāozhōng de shihou dōu
- zuòguo, xiànzài dōu wàngle.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāozhōng</foreignphrase>, “senior high, short for
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎojí
- zhōngxué</foreignphrase></para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I did this sort of problems when I was in senior high
- school, but now I have forgotten all about them.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>3.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué pīnyīn
- yě hǎo, bù xué pīnyīn yě hǎo, Zhōngguo zì zǒng děi
- xué.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >学评音也好,不学评音也好,中国字总得学。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Whether you study romanization or not, you'll always
- have to study Chinese characters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
- zhèiyang Zhōngguo wénhuà cái néng
- bǎochíxiàqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,这样中国文化才能保持下去。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes, this is the only way Chinese culture can
- continue to be preserved.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">. . . yě hǎo, . .. yě
- hǎo</foreignphrase>: This pattern can mean either (1) “whether... or...
- ”</para>
- <para>or (2) “both. . . and....“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù yě
- hǎo, bú qù yě hǎo, wǒ yídìng
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether or not you are going, I'm going for
- sure.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tīng yě
- hǎo, bù ting yě hǎo, zǒng yǒu yìtiān tā huì
- míngbaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether he listens or not, there'll be a day when he
- understands.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
- yě hǎo, bù lái yě hǎo, zánmen xiān chī fàn
- ba.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether or not he comes, let's start eating.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù yě
- hǎo, huòshi wǒ qù yě hǎo, zǒng děi yǒu yíge rén
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether you go or I go, somebody has to go.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the review dialogue, you will see an and example of the second meaning,
- “both... and... ”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búguò wǒ
- xiǎng, dàlù yě hǎo, Táiwān yě hǎo, jǐshínián lái dōu
- yǒule hěn dàde gǎibiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>But I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have
- undergone big changes in the past few decades.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- rén yě hǎo, Měiguo rén yě hǎo, dōu yīnggāi bǎochí
- tāmende wénhuà chuántōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Chinese people and American people should both
- preserve their cultural heritage.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: You've
- already seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
- in talking about TIME (“not until”) as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān cái láide</foreignphrase>, “He
- didn't come until yesterday.” Here you see another use of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>, “not unless.” It points
- out a NECESSARY CONDITION.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shì,</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
- guǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
- xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As for this matter,</entry>
- <entry>(if) he takes care of it,</entry>
- <entry>only in that case will it be okay.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">“it won't be okay unless he
- takes care of this matter.”</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Here are other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shíge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
- gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">“No fewer than ten is
- enough.”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèiyang</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “Only in this way is
- it good.”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Piányi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái
- mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I won't buy it unless
- it's cheap.”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- qù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái qù.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I won't go unless you
- do.”</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitào
- pánziwǎn yǒu kèren lāi </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái
- yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I don't use this set
- of dishes unless I have guests.”</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎochí</foreignphrase>: “to
- keep, to preserve, to maintain”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yàoshi nǐ néng hǎochí měitiān jì sìge xīn zì,
- yìniān kéyi jì yìqiān duō ge zì
- le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jì</foreignphrase>, “to remember,” can also mean
- “to commit to memory.”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If you can keep on memorizing four new characters
- a day, you'll he able to memorize over a thousand a
- year.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
- shèhuì hěn duō dìfang dōu bǎochízhe lǎode fēngsú
- xíguǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are a lot of places in Chinese society which
- are still holding on to old customs and habits.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>4.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāli
- láodònglì duō, shēnghuó yě jiù huì hǎo
- yìdiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >家里劳动力多,生活也就会好一点。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>If a family has more manpower, then it follows that
- life will be a little better.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi
- xiànzài rénkǒu duō bù yídìng yǒu shénme
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可是现在人口多,不一定有什么好处。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But now it's not necessarily an advantage to have a
- lot of people.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodònglì</foreignphrase>: “work
- force,” literally “labor-power”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùnǚ zài
- nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng zhòngyàode
- láodònglì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>In rural areas, women are a very important source
- of labor.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láodònglì</foreignphrase> may
- also he used to refer to able-bodied individuals who do manual
- labor:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Tāmen
- jiā yǒu jǐge láodònglì? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How many able-bodied persons are there in their
- family?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Yǒu sìge
- bàn láodònglì. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are four and a half. (The half may be a child
- or an older person who cannot do as much work.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nénglì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>ability</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rénlì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>manpower</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >diànlì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>electric power</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīnglì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>hearing ability</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huǒlì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>firepower; thermal</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuǐlì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>water power, hydraulic</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dònglì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry namest="c2" nameend="c4">motivating power, force,
- power, impetus, driving force</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry namest="c2" nameend="c4"/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù</foreignphrase>:
- “accordingly,” literally “also then” Other translations for this are
- “correspondingly,” “so.” The tone of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often
- neutral.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì wǒ
- hěn bú kèqi, wǒ yě jiu bù gēn tā shuō huà
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He was very rude to me, so I won't talk with him
- anymore.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiào ta
- bú yào bāng wǒ xǐ wǎn, tā yídìng yào xǐ, wǒ yě jiu
- ràng ta xǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I told him not to help me wash the dishes, but he
- insisted, so I let him wash them.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
- liǎngnián yǐqián xuéde Zhōngwén kěshi yìzhí méi
- jīhui shuō, yě jiu wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I studied Chinese two years ago, but I never had the
- chance to speak it, so I forgot it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- qù, kěshi méi biérén yào qù, yě jiu suàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I wanted to go, but nobody else did, so I said the
- heck with it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāng xué
- Zhōngwénde shíhou, hěn zhùyì fāyīn, shíjiān chángle
- yě jiu bù guǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When I first started studying Chinese I payed a lot
- of attention to pronunciation, but as time went on, I
- stopped paying attention to it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase>:
- “benefit, advantage” You may also hear <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase> (Neutral-tone
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chu</foreignphrase>). The
- phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu hǎochù</foreignphrase>
- means “to be advantageous, to be beneficial.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tiāntiān
- dōu hē jiǔ yǒu shénme
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What good does it do you to drink every day.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Use the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì...yǒu
- hǎochù</foreignphrase> for “to be good for..., to be of benefit
- to...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Yǒu rén
- shuō hē píjiǔ duì shěntǐ yǒu
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Some people say that it is good for the health (body)
- to drink beer.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Bù
- yídìng ba, wǒ yǒu xuěyā gāo, duì wǒ méi shenme
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Not necessarily! I have high blood pressure. It's not
- good for me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- yíkuàir niàn shū duì liǎngge rén dōu yǒu
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It would be advantageous to both of us to study
- together.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>5.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nàr xiě
- zìde nèige rén shì bu shi tā
- zhàngfu?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >在那写字的那个人,是不是她丈夫?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Is that person writing over there her
- husband?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng shi
- tā!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >正是他!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>That's him all right!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài nàr xiě zìde nèige
- rén</foreignphrase>: “the person writing over there” Notice once again
- that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-number-counter between
- the modifying phrase and the noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Modifying phrase</entry>
- <entry>Specifier-Number-Counter</entry>
- <entry>Noun</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zìde
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo
- kànde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi
- sānge</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǚháir</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>It is also possible to put the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nèige</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèige</foreignphrase> at the head of the phrase (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiě zìde rén</foreignphrase>) but
- especially in longer phrases it sounds better to keep <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige</foreignphrase> close to the noun, as
- in the Reference List sentence above.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase>: “just,
- right, exactly, precisely.” Like other adverbs, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase> is placed in front of a
- verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèng
- yào zhǎo nǐ shāngliang zhèijiàn
- shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was just looking for you to talk about this
- matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān
- zhèige yánsè zhèng héshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This color is just right for you (to wear).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
- kànde zhèng shi zhèiběn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is just the book I want to read.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān lái
- kàn nǐde zhèng shi zhèige
- rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is precisely the person who came to see you
- yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng shi
- yīnwei zhèige, tā cái zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's precisely why he left.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù shi</foreignphrase> is more
- colloquial than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng
- shi.</foreignphrase> For 5B, you could also say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù shi tā</foreignphrase></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>6.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngshāngyè
- fādá yǒu shénme haǒchù? Nàli dōu nàme
- zāng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >工商业发达有什么好处?哪里都那么脏!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>What benefit is there in having a flourishing
- industry and commerce? It's so dirty everywhere!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìdiǎn
- wǒ bù tóngyì, gōngshāngyè fādá yǒu bù shǎo
- hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >这一点我不同意,工商业发达有不少好处。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I don't agree with that. There are a lot of benefits
- to having a flourishing industry and commerce.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshāngyè</foreignphrase>:
- '“industry and commerce“ This is a compound of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè</foreignphrase> '“industry” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngyè</foreignphrase>,
- “commerce. “ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gōngyè</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nóngyè</foreignphrase> can also combine as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngyè</foreignphrase>, as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngyè
- shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>, “industrial and agricultural
- production.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>: “to be
- developed, to be well-developed; to be prosperous, to be flourishing” This
- is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal
- translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: “(For)
- industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?” In addition to
- describing industry, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fādá</foreignphrase> can be used to describe a person's muscular build
- or a developed country.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- guójiā hěn fādá. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This country is very prosperous.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen nàrde
- wénhuà hěn fādá.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The culture there is very developed.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Don't confuse the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fādá</foreignphrase> with the action verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn</foreignphrase>, which can take an
- object, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn
- nóngyè</foreignphrase>, “to develop agriculture.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli dōu...</foreignphrase>:
- “everywhere” Here you see another example of a question word (here
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> “where”)
- used to mean “every...” or “any...” In order to get such a meaning, you must
- use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> (or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shenme</foreignphrase>, etc.)
- before <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>. Notice
- that the question word can come in various places in the
- sentence.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>Q: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- xiàtiān xiǎng qù shénme
- dìfang?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where is he going this summer?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shénme dìfang dōu bú qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is not going anywhere.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Q: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi yào
- qù nèibiānr kāi huì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who is going to the meeting there?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Shéi dōu
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everybody is going.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme zuò
- dōu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Any way you do it, it Just doesn't work.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>: “to
- agree, to consent; agreement, consent” As a verb, the meaning of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase> is the
- same as in English. But there is a difference in how you say WHO it is you
- agree with. In Chinese, you don't agree with a person; you agree with an
- idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence 6B, the object <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> is up front in
- the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences
- below.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- xiǎngfa nǐ tóngyì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you agree with his opinion?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tóngyì
- tāde kànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I agree with him (his ideas).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn...tongyì</foreignphrase> because we say
- “agree with...” in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead,
- use the last example above. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tóngyì</foreignphrase> may also be directly followed by a clause, as in
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
- tóngyì tāmen jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He doesn't approve of (OR won't agree to) their
- getting married.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóngyì</foreignphrase> means “agreement” or “consent.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào
- tāmende tóngyì cái néng zuò zhèijiàn
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We need their consent before we can do this.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>7.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- wèishénme zǎohūn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >她为什么早婚?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Why did she get married early?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián tā
- fùqin sǐ le, méi rén zhàogu ta, zhǐ hǎo jiēhūn le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >去年她父亲死了,没人照顾她,只好结婚了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Last year her father died and there was no one to
- take care of her. All she could do was get
- married.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China
- today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are
- self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic conditions are
- starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎohūn</foreignphrase>: “early
- marriage” This can refer to two different things, sometimes causing
- confusion.</para>
- <para>First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long
- before she was an adult in order to bring some money into her parents' home
- and to add to the number of able-bodied workers in her in-laws' home. Her
- “husband” was also very young—as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and
- often younger than she.</para>
- <para>Second, these days <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǎohūn</foreignphrase> can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger
- age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange
- 7.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshisìsuì
- jiēhūn zěnme néng shuō shi zǎohūn?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How can you say getting married at twenty-four is
- early marriage?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu
- zǎohūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the past most people in China married at an early
- age.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>: “to die”
- This is a process verb, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bìng</foreignphrase> “to become ill, to get sick,” and therefore
- corresponds to the English “to become dead” rather than “to be dead.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> is a
- process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one
- can say of a person with a terminal illness that he “is dying,” but this
- cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài (yào) sǐ
- le</foreignphrase>, “He is about to die,” or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuliǎo duō jiǔ le</foreignphrase>, “He
- won't live much longer,” or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- huóbucháng le</foreignphrase>, “He hasn't long to live.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
- Lǎo Liūde fùqin sǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I heard that <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Liu</foreignphrase>'s
- father has died.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase> is
- not usually negated with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase>, but rather with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase> (even when it
- corresponds to English “to be dead”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shihou,
- tā fùqin méi sǐ, kéyi chángcháng zhàogu
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>At that time, his father was alive, and was able to
- take care of him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> can “be used
- directly” before a noun as an adjective meaning “dead.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi sǐde</foreignphrase> may be used to mean
- ”is dead.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- yìtiáo sǐ yú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> This is a dead fish.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitiáo yú
- shi sǐde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This fish is a dead one OR This fish is dead.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> may he
- considered blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people. To he
- respectful, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu
- le</foreignphrase>, '“passed away,” or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì le</foreignphrase>, ““left the world.”
- Sometimes you can avoid saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sǐ</foreignphrase> by using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái zài</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hái huózhe</foreignphrase>, '“still living,” e.g., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shihou tā yeée hái zài/hái
- huózhe</foreignphrase>, “At that time, his grandfather was still
- living.” (See Notes on No. 15-)</para>
- <para>In some parts of traditional China, the usage of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase> was affected by
- superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the
- lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, “to die,”
- lest they he plagued by had luck and death in the clan for the next twelve
- months. </para>
- <para>In Taiwan, the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sì</foreignphrase>, '“four.”
- Some hospitals have no fourth floor; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìlóu</foreignphrase>, '“fourth floor,” could
- too easily become <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sǐlóu</foreignphrase>, '“death floor,” in rapid speech. For a similar
- reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates hearing the
- number 4.</para>
- <para> And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain
- the number 4, or the donor would be guilty of wishing death on the
- couple.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàogu</foreignphrase>: '“to
- look after, to take care of; care” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǒu zhàogu</foreignphrase> can mean '“to be well taken care of, to
- receive good treatment.” (For the first example, you need to know that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuéryuán</foreignphrase>
- means “kindergarten.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizimen
- zài jiāli bǐ zài yòuéryuánli yǒu
- zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The children get better care at home than they would
- at kindergarten.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yíge rén
- zài jiā, méiyou zhàogu bù
- xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>With his being all alone at home, it won't do for him
- to be without care.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngde
- hěn lìhai, xūyào tèbié-(de)
- zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is very ill and needs special care.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde háizi
- duì tā hěn hǎo, tāde shēnghuó yǒu
- zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His children are very good to him; his daily needs
- are well taken care of.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>8.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshù rén
- dōu xǐhuan zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >多数人都喜欢自由。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry> Most people like freedom.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi, bú
- shi hěn duō rén néng dédao
- zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >可是不是很多人能得到自由。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>But not many people can obtain freedom.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù(r)</foreignphrase>:
- “majority, most,” literally, “the larger number” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase> is “the great
- majority.” In many instances, there isn't much difference in meaning between
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàduōshù</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshù</foreignphrase> can be
- used to modify a noun, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duōshùdǎng</foreignphrase>, “the majority party,” or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù mínzú</foreignphrase>, “majority
- nationalities.” [The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duōshù</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǎoshù</foreignphrase>, “minority.” See Traveling in China module,
- Unit 1.]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi</foreignphrase>: “it is
- not the case that” To translate the subject “not many people” into Chinese,
- you need to use a verb (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase>). You can't put <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> directly before
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō rén</foreignphrase>.
- Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- dìfang, bú shi nǐ xiǎng qù jiù kéyi qù(de), nǐ děi
- xiān dédao tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You can't go there any time you want You need to get
- approval first.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi wǒ
- bú yuànyi gēn nǐ jiēhūn , shi wǒ fùmǔ bù
- tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's not that I don't want to marry you; it's that my
- parents don't approve.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>: “to get, to
- receive” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dé</foreignphrase> is
- much more limited than English “to get.” Use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase> only for passively
- receiving a prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you
- need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kǎoshì</foreignphrase>, “test”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yōu</foreignphrase>, “excellent” Fused in
- mainland schools like the grade “A” in the U.S.!; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>, “points”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>, “prize”;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuóshì</foreignphrase>,
- “Master's degree.“)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiānde
- kǎoshì wǒ déle ge “you.”</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I got an “A” on yesterday's test.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ déle
- yìbǎi fēn. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got 100 (points).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dé
- jiǎng le? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who won the prize?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- něinián déde shuòshì? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What year did he receive his Master's degree?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dè</foreignphrase> is also used
- for “contracting” diseases. (in the second example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lánwěiyán</foreignphrase> is
- “appendicitis.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dé bìng
- le, bù néng qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He came down with something and cannot go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā déle
- lánwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng kāi dāo.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He got appendicitis and had to be operated on
- immediately.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>: “to
- receive, to get, to gain, to obtain” Add the ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> to the verb de to get the
- meaning of successful obtaining (cf. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>, “to successfully
- borrow,” in Unit 1).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao
- hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He left immediately after getting his
- passport.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn ta
- jiēhūn, jiù shi xiǎng dédao tāde
- qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He only married her to get her money.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō rén
- débudào zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Many people are unable to obtain freedom.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóng
- zhèli débudào shenme hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>He won't be able to gain anything from
- this.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>“To get” in English often means to actively seek to obtain a thing. In
- those cases, do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dé(dào)</foreignphrase>. Use such verbs as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ná/nádào/nálai</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎo/zhǎodào/
- zhǎolai</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nòngdao/nònglai</foreignphrase>, or a more specific verb such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (“to ask
- for”), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>; and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐng(lai)</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào(lai)</foreignphrase> for
- “getting” people.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>9.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile néng
- hùxiāng zhàogu, tāmen yìjiā sāndài zhù zai
- yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >为了能互相照顾,他们一家三代住在一起。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>All three generations live together so that they can
- take care of each other. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>: “in order
- to, for the purpose of; for the sake of.” A phrase with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase> may come at the very
- front of the sentence or after the subject.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wèile
- yào dào Zhōngguó qù gōngzuò, suóyi xiànzài zài xué
- Zhōngwén ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Because he wants to go to China to work, he is
- studying Chinese now.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile kàn
- diànyǐng, tā méi qù shàng
- kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He didn't go to class so he could go see a
- movie.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile</foreignphrase> may also
- come after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shi</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shì dōu shi wèile tā. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This was done all for him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under the
- categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard
- to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed by a
- particular sentence.</para>
- <para>
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Benefit, sake<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ wèile tā cái láide. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I came only for his sake.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am (doing this) entirely for your
- sake.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Purpose, goal<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile qián, tā shénme dōu
- zuǒdechūlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>For money, he is liable to do
- anything</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile mǎi zhèiběn shū, tā qùle liùge
- shūdiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He went to six bookstores in order to get
- this book.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ pǎo zhème yuǎnde lù, jiù shi wèile ná
- zhèizhāng piào?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You came all this way just to get that
- ticket?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile bǎochí niánqīng, tā yòng niūnǎi
- xǐzǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She washes with (cow's) milk to preserve
- her youth.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
- yào</foreignphrase> is a common combination which often
- means the same as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wèile</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile yào qù kàn péngyou, jīntiān wǒ děi zǎo
- yìdiǎnr xià bān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In order to go visit a friend, I have to
- leave work a little early today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile yào niàn shū, wǒ zhèige Xīngqītiān bù chūqu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not going out this Sunday so that I can
- study.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile bú yào tài lèi, wǒ měitiān dōu zuǒ chē
- shàng bān.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In order not to get too tired, I take the
- bus to work every day.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile néng dúlì shēnghuō, tā hěn zǎo jiù líkāi
- fùmǔ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In order to live independently, she left
- her parents very early.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Motive or reason for some act, thought, or
- feeling<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile zhèijiàn shì, wǒ juéde hěn bù hǎo
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I feel very embarrassed about (because of)
- this matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wèile zhèijiàn shì, tā yíyè dōu shuìbuzháo
- jiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He couldn't get to sleep all night on
- account of this matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ jiù shi wèi(le) zhèijiàn shì
- láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have come precisely because of this
- matter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shì, nǐ jiù shēngqì
- la?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You got angry over such a small
- thing?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </para>
- <para>Even though you will find that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wèile</foreignphrase> is sometimes idiomatically translated as
- “because,” as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym
- of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnwèi</foreignphrase>. When
- you want to say “because,” you should use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnwèi</foreignphrase>. When you want to say
- “for the sake of” or “for the purpose of,” use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>10.</entry>
- <entry>A:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
- cóngqián, nǐmen zhèli yǒu hěn duō yǒu yìside
- fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >听说啊,从前你们这里有很多有意思的风俗。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>I've heard that in the past you had a lot of
- interesting customs here. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>B:</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a.
- Hòulái gōngshāngyè fādá le, fēngsú yě gǎibiàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >是啊,后来工商业发达了,风俗也改变了。</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>Yes. Later, when industry and commerce developed,
- customs changed, too. </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase>: “custom”
- The definition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fēngsú</foreignphrase> in a Chinese dictionary reads: '“the sum total
- of etiquette, usual practices, etc., adhered to over a long period of time
- in the development of society.” Compare this with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>: “behavior, tendency
- or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard
- to change abruptly.” Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguàn</foreignphrase> may refer to the practices or habits of either
- an individual or a community, whereas <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase> refers only to those
- of a community.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù
- Zhōngguo yǒu zǎohūnde
- fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the past China had the custom of early (child)
- marriage.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>:
- “afterwards, later” Both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hòulái</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase> are time nouns which can be translated as
- “afterwards” or “later.” But there are differences between them:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Differences in patterns: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another element
- (translated as “after...”) or it can be used by itself.
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài
- láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards, he never came back again.
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hòulái</foreignphrase>
- can only be used by itself. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Afterwards he went to sleep.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Differences in meaning: Both <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- may be used to refer to the past. For example, either <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- may be used in the sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Kāishǐde shíhou tā bù zhīdào zěnme bàn, kěshi
- hòulái/yǐhòu xiǎngchūle yíge hǎo
- bànfa</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In the beginning, he didn't know what to do,
- but later he thought up a good way.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But if you want to say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the
- future, you can only use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to the future time,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase>
- can be translated in various ways, depending on the
- context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài
- shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's wait until the future to see about
- future matters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng chánglái
- wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> In the future when you have time, please
- come over more often.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll tell you later on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn
- rén jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
- marry a Japanese.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>
- <note>
- <para>Usage: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the literal meaning of “after that.”
- It implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in
- time, a sort of time boundary. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to the
- period from the end of that time boundary up to another point of
- reference (usually the time of speaking). It is often translated as
- “since.”</para>
- </note>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǐ
- xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>He only wrote one book, and hasn't written any
- since (if he is still alive) </para>
- <para>OR </para>
- <para>He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote
- another. (if he is dead)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
- change; change”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- míngbai tā wèishénme háishi bù néng gǎibiàn tāde
- guānniàn. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I don't understand why he still can't change his
- ideas (way of thinking).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biàn</foreignphrase>, which you
- learned in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not as a noun. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biàn</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase> may be
- interchangeable in a small number of contexts, but there is an essential
- difference between them: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Biàn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, “to become different,“”and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase> is an
- action plus process, “to alter in such a way as to become different.” This
- can cause English-speaking students confusion because the English verb
- “change” covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- xiǎngfā biàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His way of thinking changed (became
- different).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- yīnggāi gǎibiàn zhèige
- qíngkuāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We should change this state of affairs (alter this
- state of affairs so that it becomes different).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes Additional Vocabulary</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >láodòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >劳动</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to labor; labor</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>12.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >láolì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >劳力</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>labor force, labor</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>13.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >工业</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>industry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>11.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shāngyè</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >商业</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>business, commerce</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>15.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >大多数(儿)</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the great majority</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>16.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huó</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
- >活</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to live; to become alive; to survive; to be
- live/alive/living; to be movable/moving </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>17 </entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to,
- to be used to</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>18.</entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to heed, to obey (someone's orders) </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodòng</foreignphrase>: The
- verb “to do physical labor, to labor, to work” or the noun “physical labor,
- manual labor.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngchǎn
- lāodòng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1">productive labor</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāodòng
- shōurù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1">income from work</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>: “to live”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>, and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> may all be
- translated as “to live” but actually have different meanings. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> basically refers to the
- body's having life or breath, and is the opposite of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnghuó</foreignphrase> emphasizes
- day-to-day living; it is used mostly when describing the needs or quality of
- daily life. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is
- used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as one's home, or
- temporarily (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
- lǚguān</foreignphrase>, “to stay at a hotel,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù yuàn</foreignphrase>, “to stay in the
- hospital”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yú zài
- shuǐli cái néng huó.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Fish can live only in water.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao hěn lǎo.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The people there live to be very old.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóde
- hěn cháng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He had a long life.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàgài
- huóbucháng le.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He probably won't live much longer.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> often means
- “to live” in the sense of to survive.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jìn
- yīyuànde shíhou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le,
- kěshi tā yòu huóle yìnián cái
- sǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When he went into the hospital, no one thought he
- could live (survive), but he lived another year before
- he died.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> can modify a
- noun directly, for example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó
- yú</foreignphrase>, “live fish,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó rén</foreignphrase>, “living person.” But
- to say, “is he alive?” you must use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase> with the ending
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huózhe
- ma?</foreignphrase></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> can also
- mean “movable, moving,” as in: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huózì</foreignphrase>, “movable type”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huóyè</foreignphrase>, “loose-leaf”
- [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huóyèjiāzi</foreignphrase> is
- “loose-leaf binder”!; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huóshuǐ</foreignphrase>, “flowing water.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>: As a
- noun, this means “habit” or, in a more general sense, “custom, usual
- practice.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎng
- zai chuángshang kàn shū shi yíge bù hǎode
- xíguàn.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chuáng</foreignphrase>, “bed”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's a bad habit to read in bed.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu zǎo
- qǐde xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm an early riser. (Lit., “I have the habit of
- getting up early.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai bù
- xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái huí jiāde
- xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The wife doesn't like her husband's habit of not
- coming home until after midnight.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jùzi
- bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmende
- xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't know why this sentence is said this way. It's
- just the way we say it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As a verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguàn</foreignphrase> means “to get/be used to, to become/be
- accustomed to”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān shi
- wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎnjìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ
- xīwàng hěn kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Today is my first day wearing glasses and I'm not
- used to them yet. I hope I can get used to them
- quickly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
- bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm not at all used to the food here.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán
- gǎi.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm already used to doing it this way It's very hard
- to change.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>: This word,
- which you already know as “to listen,” can also mean “to heed, to obey”
- someone's suggestions, directions, or orders.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi tīng tāde
- huà.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What he says makes sense. You should listen to him
- (do as he says).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gàosu
- tā yīnggāi zhèiyang zuò, tā bù
- tīng.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I told him he should, do this, but he wouldn't
- listen.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo ba,
- tīng nīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Okay, I'll do as you say. (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐde</foreignphrase> is
- short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nīde
- huà</foreignphrase>.)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5, Review Dialog</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B), Tom
- (A), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase>'s
- classmate from Taiwan, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Chéng</foreignphrase> (D), have Just gone to the movie The Dream of the
- Red Chamber<footnote>
- <para>This novel by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cáo
- Xuěqín</foreignphrase> (1724-1764) tells of the twilight years
- of the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎ</foreignphrase>
- family, grown wealthy in the service of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> Dynasty
- emperors. The story revolves around the spoiled and effeminate young
- man of the house, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎ
- Bǎoyù</foreignphrase> (Precious Jade), and his love for his
- cousin, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lín
- Dàiyù</foreignphrase> (Black Jade).</para>
- </footnote>. On their way home , they chat.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 5, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This exercise is a conversation between a grandmother and her
- high-school-age granddaughter in Tianjin.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
- Lǐ Shì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>an old way of referring to a woman whose own
- surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> and whose husband's surname is
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhāng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- shuō</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>besides, moreover</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Can you infer how people generally learn about new
- policies like birth control in China?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does Grandma think of the new policy?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the difference between the old and the new custom
- with regard to taking one's husband's surname after
- marriage?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <note>
- <para>The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
- English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather
- than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this conversation two classmates are talking in Hong Kong about the
- situation on the mainland.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìchǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>market</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nóngmín</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>peasant</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For this conversation, you also need to know what "free markets" are.
- The Chinese term is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìyóu
- shìchǎng</foreignphrase>. These are government-controlled,
- negotiated-price markets which individual peasants, brigades, or
- communes hold in the cities at officially designated locations to sell
- agricultural products, livestock, and fish. After units have fulfilled
- state quotas for an agricultural sideline product, any surplus (with the
- exception of certain restricted products) may be sold on the open
- market. Free markets are supposed to encourage agricultural sideline
- production, stimulate the exchange of urban and rural products, improve
- the supply of non-staple foods in the cities, and supplement
- state-operated commerce.</para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>How do free markets help peasants? How do they help
- agricultural production?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How do free markets improve life for people in the
- cities?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What other developments in the countryside do the
- classmates think will affect the mainland's economic
- situation?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>For how long did classmate B's family live in the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiāngxī</foreignphrase> countryside?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this exercise two classmates in Hong Kong discuss a death in the
- family of a friend.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following words and phrases:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎoxiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>old gentleman</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gǔhuī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>ashes (of a person)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sònghuiqu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to take back</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where will Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s remains be buried?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What was the nature of family clashes between Mr.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> and his five sons?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>From Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase>'s point of view, what were the
- advantages in having his sons get married young?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did his sons think about early marriage?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wáng</foreignphrase> gradually come to understand that
- made him give up trying to have his sons marry early?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What sentence can you say to someone in a conversation to
- suggest that you talk about a different topic?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
- look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>,
- a grandmother talks with her high school age daughter.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In Hong Kong, two classmates are talking.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6 Politics and Culture</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de huà</foreignphrase>,
- “if,” “in case.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>-Choosing between -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guo</foreignphrase> and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>More on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase>, “in the midst of.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- guǎn...</foreignphrase> , “no matter.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr</foreignphrase> used
- in rhetorical questions to make a denial.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- expressing purpose.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Amount of time) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase>, “'in the past...,” “over the
- past.…”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language content in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Requesting to speak with someone.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome
- circumstance.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing scandalized disapproval.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to love </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >àishang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to fall in love with </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保护</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to protect </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不管</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> no matter (what, whether, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng
- huà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不象话</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk,
- acts, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">参加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to participate in, to take part in, to Join, to attend
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chéngshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">城市</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> city; urban </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">党</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (political) party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大字</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to type (on a typewriter) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
- huà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的话</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> if; in case; supposing that </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duǎnpiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">短篇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> short (stories, articles) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿童</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> child (formal word) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to divide, to separate, to split </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnkāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分开</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to separate, to split up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànbu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干部</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> cadre </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">共产党</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the Communist Party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùshi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">故事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> story </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hèn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恨</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to hate, to loathe, to detest (a) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hóngwèibīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红卫兵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Red Guard; the Red Guards </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiārù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">加入</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to join </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiěfàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">解放</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to liberate, to emancipate;liberation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">介意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to mind, to take offense </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jíjímángmáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急急忙忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in a big hurry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jímáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be hasty, to be hurried </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> for the past...(amount of time) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">领导</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over);
- leadership; leader, leading cadre </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nóngcūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农村</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> country, rural area; rural;village </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to enter; to Join </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
- Tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to Join the Communist Youth League (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngqingtuán</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gòngchǎnzhǔyì</foreignphrase>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīngniántuán</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> verb ending indicating starting and continuing </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng
- xué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上学</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to go to school; to attend school </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjiè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> world </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìjièshang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in the world, in the whole world </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to practice, to carry out, to put into effect, to implement
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> group, society </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the (Communist Youth) League </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> under </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià qí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下棋</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to play chess </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuányīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原因</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> reason, cause </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngcè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政策</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> policy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政府</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> government </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùshi</foreignphrase>: “story,”
- only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remember that another word you
- have learned, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, can also be used for “story“ in the sense of
- a literary work. Also take special note that a news “story” should be
- translated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xīnwěn</foreignphrase> (NOT <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gùshi</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para>“To tell stories” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǎng</foreignphrase> (OR <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shuō</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gùshi</foreignphrase> (don't use the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàosu</foreignphrase>).<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen zhèr
- yǒu shénme értóng gùshi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have any children's stories here? (in a
- bookstore)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
- gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This story is very well written.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùshi</foreignphrase> may take
- as a counter either -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ge</foreignphrase>, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duàn</foreignphrase>, or -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >piān</foreignphrase> (for written</para>
- <para>stories).</para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de huà</foreignphrase>: “if,”
- “in case,” or “supposing that” Used at the end of a clause which tells a
- hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for “if”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoshi</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rúguǒ</foreignphrase>, etc.)
- earlier in the same clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi nǐ
- bú qùde huà, wǒ yě bú qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you don't go, I won't go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chī fàn
- chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chī de huà, dùzi jiu bù shūfu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you eat more after you're already full, your
- stomach won't feel well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qǐlai
- tài zǎode huà, wǒ jiù huì juéde
- lèi.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If I get up too early I feel tired.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào shi
- wǒde huà, wǒ bú nàme zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> If it had been me, I wouldn't have done it that
- way.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià qí</foreignphrase>: “play
- chess” This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess
- or other board games. [Specific names do exist for each game: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngqí</foreignphrase>, “Chinese chess”;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiàoqí</foreignphrase>, “(the
- Chinese form of) checkers”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wéiqí</foreignphrase>, “go” (a board game); <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójì xiàngqí</foreignphrase> (PRC) or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīyáng qí
- </foreignphrase>(Taiwan), “international or Western chess”;
- etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn shéi
- xià qí?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who did you play chess with?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xià qí
- xiàde hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He plays chess very well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěfàng</foreignphrase>: “to
- liberate, to emancipate; liberation“”This word is applied in Communist
- ideology to the overthrow of what is considered “reactionary” rule. In China
- today <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěfàng</foreignphrase> may
- be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area by Communist
- forces at any time from 1945 up until 1950 (when the administrative
- authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the
- mainland and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hǎinán</foreignphrase> Island). For example, if someone says
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde wǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our area was liberated late (in the
- revolution).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date
- (perhaps in late 1949 or early 1950). <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng</foreignphrase> may also be used to
- refer to the end of “China's War of Liberation,” marked by the official
- proclamation of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. For
- example: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng
- yīhòude jǐnián, wǒ zhù zai Shànghǎi.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>For the first few years after liberation I lived in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>:
- “the Communist party,” literally “share-property party” In a mainland China
- context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dǎng</foreignphrase>, “the Party.” The
- official name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>, “Chinese Communist Party (CCP).”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngcè</foreignphrase>:
- “policy” (especially of a government)</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn
- le.</foreignphrase> The (government's) policy has changed
- recently.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>: “to enter”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rù</foreignphrase> is most
- often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is mainly used in
- a handful of set phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
- xué</foreignphrase>, “to enter school, to start school,” or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù yuàn</foreignphrase>, “to
- be hospitalized.” Otherwise, “to enter” is expressed by the verbs
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìn</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnlai</foreignphrase>, or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnqu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>In the set phrases <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
- Tuán</foreignphrase>, “to join the Communist Youth League,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù Dǎng</foreignphrase>, “to
- Join the Communist Party,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rù</foreignphrase> is actually short for the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiārù</foreignphrase> (No. 14 on the
- Reference List), which means “to join” an organization.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuán</foreignphrase>: “the
- League,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuān</foreignphrase>, “China Communist Youth
- League,” also abbreviated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gòngqǐngtuaán</foreignphrase>. This is a nationwide organization for
- working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its
- aim is to cultivate members' political awareness and their cultural and
- scientific knowledge. </para>
- <para>The League's history goes back to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence
- have changed over the years. During the Cultural Revolution, the functions
- of the League were largely taken over by the Red Guards (see note on next
- page), but in 1973 the League began to recover its former influence. </para>
- <para>Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as
- educational and recreational activities at schools, universities, factories,
- and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young
- Pioneers (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shàoxiānduì</foreignphrase>), an organization for children from seven
- to fourteen.</para>
- <para>The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a close one,
- although the League is independently organized and has its own central
- committee with a national congress that meets periodically.</para>
- <para>Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the
- Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League members go on
- to become Party members, but leadership experience in League activities
- makes many likely candidates for later Party membership.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>: “to
- Join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānjiā</foreignphrase> refers to the action
- of joining a group or joining in an activity. It also means “to participate”
- or “to take part in.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Cānjiā</foreignphrase> is also the word to use for “to attend” a
- meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other
- non-participatory event).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- cānjiā Shìjiè Yínháng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>China has Joined the World Bank.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- jìhuà xià xīngqī kāi ge wǎnhuì,°nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng
- cānjiā?</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǎnhuì</foreignphrase>, “ evening party”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We're planning to have an evening party next week.
- Would you like to join in?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
- yīnggāi cānjiā láodòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everyone should participate in (physical)
- labor.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
- cānjiāle yíge xùnliànbān.</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xùnliànbān</foreignphrase>, “training
- class”</para>
- </footnote>
- </para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is attending a training class OR He attended a
- training class, (depends on context)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào qù
- cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm going to attend the meeting tomorrow
- afternoon.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rùguo Tuán, cānjiāguo
- Hóngwèibīng</foreignphrase>: You were introduced to the marker
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> in the
- Biographic Information module, with sentences like<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ cóngqiān láiguo ma?</foreignphrase>,
- “Have you ever been here before?“”</para>
- <para>You also saw that -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guo</foreignphrase> can provide by itself the meaning of “ever”:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguó
- ma?</foreignphrase>, “Has he ever been to China?” In exchange 3, the
- speakers use -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>
- with the meaning of “ever” having done something.</para>
- <para>Why use -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> and
- not -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in these
- sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> in Chinese when you would
- say “ever” in English. But -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guo</foreignphrase> and “ever” do not always correspond; as you can see
- in sentence 3B, the English does not contain the word “ever.“”</para>
- <para>The reason speaker B decided to use -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> there rather than
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is that he
- knows <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng</foreignphrase>'s
- son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> rather than
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> implies
- that the Joining (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cānjiā</foreignphrase>) was later undone—that the son is not a Red
- Guard now.</para>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
- tells an action that results in a new state: the action of joining results
- in the state of being part of something. Similar verbs include
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>, “to sit,”
- (the action of sitting results in the state of being seated) and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> (the
- action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being
- on).</para>
- <para> Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> (to go
- from wellness to sickness), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dào</foreignphrase> (to go from not being here to being here). When
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> is used
- with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no
- longer in effect.'<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guo</foreignphrase> may
- also be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the
- state is still in effect. But do not use -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> when you know for
- sure that the state is still in effect. For example, if you know
- that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
- le</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </footnote></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngwèibíng</foreignphrase>:
- “the Red Guards,” lit., “Red Guard-Soldiers” It was in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> in 1966 that middle
- school and college students first began to form groups calling themselves
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngwèibìng</foreignphrase>. </para>
- <para>At that time CCP Chairman <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
- Zédōng</foreignphrase> had been trying with little success to stir up a
- mass movement against “revisionist” elements in the Chinese Communist Party,
- and to infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The newly formed
- Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the
- schools. </para>
- <para>After <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase>
- publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their movement quickly
- grew into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their
- opposition to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
- Shàoqí</foreignphrase>, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, was
- instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards were
- crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means of transportation—many on
- foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. </para>
- <para>The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other
- student groups, and tag-along— altogether millions of young people—were to
- be seen everywhere, bringing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s political movements to the rest of the
- country.</para>
- <para>After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had
- difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years
- of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power began to wane. They
- remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in
- 1978.</para>
- <para>Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red
- Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to join in the
- movements of the time is beyond question. But the zealous excesses and
- cruelties of many Red Guards toward people of “undesirable” political or
- family backgrounds are equally well known.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>: “to love”
- (state verb)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- tā shi zhēnde ài nǐ.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I think she really loves you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòu ài
- xuéxí, òou ài láodòng, shì ge hǎo tóngzhì.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She loves study and loves physical labor. She is a
- good comrade.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Aì</foreignphrase> can also mean
- “to like, to be fond of” a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following
- examples: etc. It is usually used before a verb, as in the following
- examples:</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì ài chī
- tángcù páigǔ le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I just love sweet and sour spareribs!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhēn ài
- jiǎng huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He really loves to talk.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ ài kàn
- diànyǐng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you like to go to the movies?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
- ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fùqin ài xià
- qí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My father is fond of (playing) chess.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àishang</foreignphrase>: “to
- fall in love (with someone)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèige
- xuéxiào shàng kè yíge yuè yǐhòu, tā jiu àishang tāde
- Zhōngwén lǎoshī le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After attending classes at this school for one month,
- he fell in love with his Chinese teacher.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng dìyīcì
- kànjian ta, wǒ jiu àishang ta
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I fell in love with her right from the first time I
- saw her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao
- nǐ bú ài wǒ le, xīhuanshang Wáng Cheng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I know you don't love me anymore; you've taken a
- liking to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Chéng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shang</foreignphrase> added to some verbs has
- the meaning of starting and then continuing, “to set about (doing
- something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing
- something).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yòu
- xiàshang qí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They have started to play chess again OR They're back
- playing chess again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- yòu chōushang yān le?!</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chōu
- yān</foreignphrase>, “to smoke”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're smoking again?!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Rénjia shuì jiào le, nǐ zěnme chàngshang gē
- le?</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chàng gē</foreignphrase>, “to sing (songs)” (a
- verb plus general object, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
- shū</foreignphrase>)</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are people trying to sleep. What are you doing
- singing?!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànshang</foreignphrase> means
- “to take a fancy to, to settle on”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànshang
- nèizhǒng chē le, děng wǒ yǒule qián wǒ yídìng mǎi
- yíliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've taken a fancy to that kind of car. When I have
- money I'll certainly “buy one.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àishang Xiǎo Wáng
- le</foreignphrase>: A new-situation <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is extremely common when
- presenting an event as “hot news,” as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot
- news should, after all, he presented to the listener as something he doesn't
- already know—as a new situation. (For the second example you need to know
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngtǒng</foreignphrase>,
- “president,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase>, “to visit.”)<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò
- le!</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've found a new job!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- bàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguó
- lái fǎngwèn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It says in today's paper that the president of the
- U.S. is going to come visit China!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Of course, this le is sometimes optional. It may he omitted in the above
- two examples, but not in sentence UA.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hèn</foreignphrase>: “to hate,”
- only in the literal meaning of “to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill
- feelings toward”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hèn
- nèiyìjiā rén. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hate that whole family.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hèn ta
- gěi wǒ dàilaile nàme duō
- máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I hate him for bringing me so much trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì hèn
- zuò zhèizhǒng shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I detest doing this sort of thing most of
- all.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>“To hate” in the milder sense of “to dislike” or “to wish to avoid” is
- expressed in Chinese by other words. (For the last example below you need to
- know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎoyàn</foreignphrase>, “to
- dislike, to be disgusted with.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎoshang wǒ
- zhēn bú yào qǐlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I hate to get up in the morning.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
- máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo
- yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hate to put you to all this trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng tā
- zhèiyangde rén méiyou yíge hǎo gōngzuò, tài kěxī le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I hate to see someone like him without a good
- job.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tǎoyàn
- mǎi dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I hate shopping.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièyì</foreignphrase>: “to take
- offense, to mind” This is mostly used when preceded by a negative word
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bié</foreignphrase>).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
- shuōzhe wánrde, xīwàng nǐ bú yào
- jièyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was kidding (when I said that). I hope you don't
- take offense.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú
- huì jièyì ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You don't mind, do you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú
- huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No, that's all right.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- jièyì bu jièyì wǒ míngtiān dài ge péngyou qù
- cānjiā nǐde wǎnhuì?</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǎnhuì</foreignphrase>, “evening party”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you mind if I take a friend along to your party
- tomorrow night?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì</foreignphrase>: “to type”
- on a typewriter, literally “to hit characters.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dǎ zì
- dǎde hěn kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He types very fast.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zì</foreignphrase> here is a
- general object like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huà</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
- huà</foreignphrase>. Speakers of English are often tempted to say
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì zhèige</foreignphrase>
- for “type this,” but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is typed,
- use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase> without the
- word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zì</foreignphrase>. Some verb
- endings, especially -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chulai</foreignphrase>, are often used with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi wǒ dǎ
- yíxiàr (zhèige).</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Type this for me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni bǎ
- zhèifēng xìn dǎ yíxiàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Please type this letter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù
- dǎ yifēng xìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have to go type a letter.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dǎwán
- nèifēng xìn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Have you finished typing that letter?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèifēng xìn
- dǎchulai le meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Has that letter been typed?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
- zhèige dǎchulaile mǎshàng gěi ni
- sòngguoqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll bring this over to you as soon as I finish
- typing it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Used as a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ
- zì</foreignphrase> means “typing” (like the school
- subject):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xuéguo
- dǎ zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've studied typing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yíge
- zhōngxué jiāo Yǐngwen dǎ zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She teaches English typing at a middle
- school.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zì</foreignphrase>, by itself,
- may be used as follows:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dǎcuòle
- yíge zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I typed a character (letter or word) wrong.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
- shū, zì tài xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The type is too small in this hook.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài dǎ zì</foreignphrase>: “He's
- (in the midst of) typing” You first learned <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ongoing
- action, in Meeting, Unit 2: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
- kāi huì</foreignphrase>, “He is (in the midst of) attending a meeting.”
- Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> to specify
- that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.</para>
- <para>Because <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>
- denotes “continuing action,” it is used with action verbs, which indicate
- the event has duration. On the other hand, process verbs, which indicate
- simply a change of state, are not compatible with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, “to die,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, “to arrive,”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíng</foreignphrase>, “to
- (come to a) stop,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase>, “to go.“”</para>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, for
- example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a
- dead state. It makes no sense to speak of being “in the midst of dying”; a
- person is either alive or dead. <footnote>
- <para>In English, “ He is dying” may look like an ongoing action, but it
- actually means "He is very near to passing from a living state to a
- dead state.” The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate
- “He is dying” in Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g.,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài yào sǐ
- le</foreignphrase>, “He is going to die soon”, or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuháng le</foreignphrase>, “He
- won't live long.”</para>
- <para/>
- </footnote>Likewise, you have either arrived (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàole</foreignphrase>) or not; are either
- stopped (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíngle</foreignphrase>)
- or still moving; are either gone (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qùle</foreignphrase>) or still present.</para>
- <para>You can make <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>
- negative with either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi</foreignphrase>. Questions are usually best formed with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bu shi
- zài</foreignphrase>; some speakers use you <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou zài</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài bu zai</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase> often end in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, the emphatic marker of
- absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng huà</foreignphrase>:
- “to be outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be absurd” Literally this means
- “doesn't resemble speech.” As used today, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng huà</foreignphrase> may be applied
- not only to things which are said, but also to situations and
- people.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
- zhēn bú xiàng huà, jiù yào qián bú zuò shì, zěnme
- xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is outrageous! To just want money but not work.
- How can that do!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú xiàng
- huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi
- shoushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is too much! He made the room such a mess and
- doesn't even straighten up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- háizi yìtiān dào wǎn wánr, bú niàn shū, zhēn bú
- xiàng huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child plays all day long and doesn't study. He's
- really too much.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guǎn</foreignphrase>: ”no
- matter...” The first half of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase> sentence contains either</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para> an interrogative word, e.g.,<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="17" valign="middle">
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para/>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="17" valign="middle">No
- matter</entry>
- <entry>what</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>who</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shénme shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>when</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>where</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wèishénme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>why</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zěnme</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duōshǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how much</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >duó lèi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>how tired</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>etc</entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry morerows="8" valign="middle">
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase></para>
- <para/>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- tā qù bu qù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="8" valign="middle">No
- matter</entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether he
- goes or not</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì bu shi zhēnde</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether it's
- true or not</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi Měiguo
- rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether he is
- Chinese or American</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jīntiān (háishi) míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether it's
- today or tomorrow</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry>etc.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para>The last half of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- guǎn</foreignphrase> sentence usually (not always) has <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or sometimes
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn ní
- gěi duōshāo qián, wǒ dōu (yě) bú
- mài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No matter how much money you offer, I'm not selling
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn
- ní xūyào shénme, tā nèr yídìng (dōu)
- yǒu.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No matter what you need, he is sure to have it at his
- place. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dōu</foreignphrase> is optional and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is not
- used here.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn xià
- bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether it rains or not, I'm going.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>: Literally
- '“where,” used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>!, which
- you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny
- compliments.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Zhèixiē
- fángzi dōu shi nǐde ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do these houses all belong to you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr
- a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Heck no!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dào
- nǎr qù le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where did he go?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎr
- zhīdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
- wèn ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go ask him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nǎr
- zhīdao!</foreignphrase> (stress on “<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tā</foreignphrase>”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He doesn't know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sāndiǎn
- zhōng nǎr néng dào!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How could we possibly arrive by three
- o'clock!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng</foreignphrase>: “child”
- This is the word used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children
- under approximately ten years of age.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng
- wénxué</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>children's literature</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng
- yīyuàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>children's hospital</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duǎnpiān</foreignphrase>:
- “short,” of written compositions. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, “short story”?¹In China, the short
- story began to develop as a genre as early as the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase> dynasties. In modern
- times, Chinese short story writers were greatly influenced by Western short
- stories.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>: This
- has three main uses: </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“country, rural area”; </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“rural,” when used to modify a noun; and </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“rural community, farm village” (counter: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>). </para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>In mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the
- reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized units
- becoming production brigades (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēngchǎn dàduì</foreignphrase>).****<footnote>
- <para>The expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
- cūnr</foreignphrase>, “this village,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen cūnr</foreignphrase>, “our
- village,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐmen
- cūnr</foreignphrase>, “your village,” etc., are nevertheless
- still used in the PRC.</para>
- </footnote></para>
- <para>In the Welfare module, you learned another word for “country, rural area”:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase> are
- comparable in meaning. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> is chiefly a conversational word, however,
- rarely used in formal contexts. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> may even be used in a disparaging manner;
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>, being
- more neutral in connotation, cannot.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen Jiā
- zài nóngcūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their home is in the country.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngcūnde
- kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
- city.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā māma
- cóng nóngcūn lái, dàilai hǎo duō xīnxian
- jídàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His mother came from the country and brought lots of
- fresh eggs with her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yíge
- nóngcūn(de) yíyuàn gōngzuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She works in a rural hospital.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- xuéxiàode xuésheng dōu dào nóngcūn cānjiā lāodòng qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The students of this school have all gone to the
- country to participate in labor.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is the population of this farm village? (not
- mainland, usage)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànbu</foreignphrase>: Usually
- translated into English by the French word “cadre,” this word has two
- meanings in China. <footnote>
- <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gànbu</foreignphrase> is also used in Taiwan, although not as
- frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of
- leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government,
- the army, and large corporations.</para>
- </footnote>First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually
- central) Party or government. </para>
- <para>Second—this is the sense of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gànbu</foreignphrase> in sentence 7B—it can have the broader meaning of
- any person who has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army,
- factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist.</para>
- <para> It is always clear who is a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gànbu</foreignphrase> and who is not; positions and people are well
- defined as cadre or not. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gànbu</foreignphrase> is contrasted with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qúnzhòng</foreignphrase>, “the
- masses.”</para>
- <para>For example, certain meetings may be attended by “cadres” but not by “the
- masses,” and certain documents are distributed to “cadres” of a certain
- level but not to “the masses.”</para>
- <para>Most cadres are “not engaged in production” [<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōchǎn le</foreignphrase>], but some are
- “half released from production” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàn tuōchǎn</foreignphrase>]. Very few are “not released from
- production [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- tuōchǎn</foreignphrase>]. In general, cadres' salaries are higher than
- ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo gànbu</foreignphrase> is
- translated as “veteran cadre,” that is, a cadre from before
- liberation.</para>
- <para>In the PRC, the English word “cadre” is usually pronounced “cah-der,” with
- the first syllable stressed.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjímángmáng</foreignphrase>:
- “in a great hurry” This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the
- adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jímáng</foreignphrase>, which means “hasty, hurried.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jí</foreignphrase> means “anxious” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máng</foreignphrase>, which
- you have learned as “busy,” here means “in a rushed manner.”</para>
- <para>Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For
- example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
- shi Chén Bīn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Which (of those people) is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Bīn</foreignphrase>?
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāogāode
- nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The tall one.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
- gāogāode? Nǐ shi shuō hēihēi shòushòude
- nèige?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Which tall one? You mean the dark, thin one?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi.
- Báibái pàngpàngde nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No. The pale (light-complexioned), fat one.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎobǎode</foreignphrase> means
- “very full”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chide
- bǎobǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm very full.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern:
- repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable
- twice.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāogāoxìngxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >píngcháng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >píngpíngchángcháng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kèqi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kèkeqìqì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify nouns, as
- in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiù shi
- yíge
- píngpíngchángchángderén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is Just an ordinary fellow.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>or to modify verbs, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- kèkeqìqìde tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Let's talk it over politely.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They left happily.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a
- comparative sentence.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò shénme qu</foreignphrase>:
- Literally, “you are going in order to do what?” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> may be used at the end of
- a sentence to show purpose: “go in order to...” or “come in order to...”
- Whether you choose <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase> depends, in many cases, on the direction of the
- action; if the direction is towards “here,” use <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> , and if it is “away,”
- use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèn tā qu
- ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Go ask him!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài
- máng qu ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Go about your business!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn ni
- lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I've come to see you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Putting <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> before or
- after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- speech, they may be used both before and after the verb phrase. The
- following three patterns are equivalent:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī qù wèn
- tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">You go ask him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī wèn tā
- qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī qù wèn
- tā qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái ná
- piào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">He came (has come) to
- get the tickets.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā ná piào
- lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái ná
- piào lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>Here are more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuò
- shénme qu le? </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What did he go to
- do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì jiào
- qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to go to
- bed.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí jiā qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to go
- home.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Xǐ yīfu qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to do some
- laundry.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng fàn qu
- le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to get dinner
- ready.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi dōngxi
- qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to do some
- shopping.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> are being used to express
- '”purpose” or “direction.” For example, the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ná piào lai</foreignphrase> means “bring the
- tickets here” if <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lai</foreignphrase> is a directional ending, but “come here in order to
- get the tickets” if <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lai</foreignphrase> indicates purpose.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng xué</foreignphrase>: This
- phrase means either “to go to school” in the sense of “it's eight o'clock,
- the children have already gone to school,” or “to attend school,” as in “I
- attended high school in Chicago.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xué</foreignphrase> is a general object like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>, “to study.” You can
- replace it by a more specific object such as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>, “elementary school,”
- or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐngshān
- Zhōngxué</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jǐngshān</foreignphrase> Middle School.”</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shàng xué qu
- le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has gone to school.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán tā
- niánji dà le, kěshi tā hái xiǎng shàng xué.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Although he's old, he still wants to go to
- school.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase>:
- “government” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng</foreignphrase>
- originally meant “political affairs,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔ</foreignphrase> was the word for
- “government offices.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
- Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He works in the U.S. government.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Distinguish <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guójiā</foreignphrase>, “the state.”<footnote>
- <para> Here we are not talking about <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>'s other
- meaning, “country, nation. </para>
- </footnote>In PRC terminology, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guójiā</foreignphrase> is the entire organization by means of which the
- ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the
- military, police, courts, and prisons. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase> refers to the
- administrative bodies of the state—for example, the State Council.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù</foreignphrase>: “to
- protect” from harm or loss, or “to safeguard”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng
- bǎohù</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>environmental protection</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ értóng
- bǎohù</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>woman and child protection</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng xiǎo
- jiù děi bǎohù yǎnjīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>One should protect one's eyes from the time one is a
- child.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní kàn
- rénjiade chē bǎohùde duó hǎo, nǐde
- ne?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Look at how well maintained his car is! But
- yours!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
- yīnggāi bǎohù guójiā
- cáichǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We should protect state property.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Even before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay
- widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private
- property by proclaiming <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù
- rénmín cáichǎn</foreignphrase> as an official policy.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
- carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement” an idea, plan, policy,
- system, or program.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng hái shi ge wèntí.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Whether or not this plan can be implemented is still
- a question.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàge yuè
- wǒmen yào kāishǐ shíxíng yìzhǒng xīnde kǎoshì
- bànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Next month we are going to put a new method for
- testing into practice.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>: “to
- lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading
- cadre”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- lǐngdǎo nénglì hěn qiáng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nénglì</foreignphrase>, “ability”; <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiáng</foreignphrase>,
- “strong”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has great leadership ability.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nàme
- niánqǐng jiu lǐngdǎo naáme duō
- rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is in charge of so many people at such a young
- age?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende
- gōngzuò zuòde bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You do your job well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dōu
- shi zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎode hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>It's all thanks to the good leadership of the
- government. (Lit., “That is all because the
- government leads well.”)</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shìqing wǒmen děi wènwen
- lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We'll have to ask our leading cadres about
- this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǐngdǎo
- zhèige gōngzuò, zhèijiàn shì yídìng
- zuòbuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If he directs this project, it surely won't be done
- well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gòngqi1ngtuán lǐngdǎo
- Shàoxiānduì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>The Communist Youth League exercises leadership
- over (provides guidance for) the Young
- Pioneers.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>: “under,”
- used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned so far in this
- course are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bāngzhù</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhàogu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì hǎo shénme dōu bú zuò.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In this kind of situation, it is best not to do
- anything.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjiè</foreignphrase>:
- “world.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- dìfang duì tā lái shuō hǎoxiàng shi yíge xīn shìjiè.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> To him, this place seemed like a new world.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì
- dìsān shìjiè guójiāde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng yǒu
- xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is interested in the political situation in third
- world countries.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>To say “in the world,“ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìjièshàng</foreignphrase>. This is often equivalent to English “in
- the whole world.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjièshàng
- méiyou yíge rén xiàng tā zhèiyang.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There is no one like him in the world.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ruìshì hiǎo
- zài shìjièshàng hěn yǒu
- míng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Swiss watches are famous throughout the
- world.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè</foreignphrase> can also
- he used to modify other nouns:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngguó shi Shìjiè Yínhángde
- chéngyuánguō.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chéngyuánguō</foreignphrase>, “member
- country”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>China is a member country of the World Bank.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №11</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shínián lái</foreignphrase>:
- “for the past ten years” or “over the past ten years”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián
- lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Yíngwén.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Over the past ten years, I've learned a lot of
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐnián lái
- wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao tāde xìn le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I haven't gotten any letters from her for the past
- few years.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase> is usually
- used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years.
- There are no definite rules for how long is “long,” but you would not, for
- example, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- to say “for the last half hour” (which would be <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi bànge zhōngtóu</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para>The expression of time may be preceded by <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>, “these,” for example,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi jǐnián
- lái</foreignphrase>, “for the past few years.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngshì</foreignphrase>: “city”
- or “(comparatively large) town” Originally <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> meant a city wall and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> a
- “market.” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is
- now also an administrative unit, as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shì</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- municipality.”)</para>
- <para>You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> for “city, town.”
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéng</foreignphrase>, which
- originally meant “city walls,” is now mostly used in set phrases such
- as<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> jìn chéng</foreignphrase>,
- “to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown” (to the part within
- the original city walls); or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chénglǐ</foreignphrase>, “in the city,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngwài</foreignphrase> “outside the city”
- (again using the walls to differentiate the two). <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéng</foreignphrase> is also used to
- translate “town” in foreign place names, e.g., <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiáozhìchéng</foreignphrase>, “Georgetown.”
- The Chinese also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- chéng</foreignphrase> to translate “town” when referring to foreign
- situations, as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
- lí Niǔ Yuē bù yuǎnde yíge xiǎo
- chéngli.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He lives in a little town near New York.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo chéng</foreignphrase>
- is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say “county”
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàn</foreignphrase>) or
- “commune” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngshè</foreignphrase>) or just “place” (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfang</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para>To translate “city,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chéngshì</foreignphrase> is the word you will use most
- often.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lúndūn shi
- shiJiè yǒu míngde dà
- chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>London is a world-famous metropolis.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi
- shi shìjièshang zuì dàde chéngshì.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> is the largest city in the
- world.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnbukāi</foreignphrase>:
- “cannot he separated” A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B
- would he, “This is directly related to the government's leadership.”</para>
- <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
- means “to separate, to divide,” as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo3men fēn
- yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's split (share) an apple, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèige
- píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Divide the apple in two.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngguǒ fēn
- hǎo duō zhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are lots of different kinds of apples. (Lit.,
- “Apples are divided into many kinds.”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kāi</foreignphrase>, which you have seen meaning “open” as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎkai</foreignphrase>, here is
- something like English “apart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ háizimen
- fēnkāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Keep the children apart.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ hóngde
- gēn lánde fēnkāi. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Keep the red ones separate from the blue
- ones.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi
- fēndekāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These two sheets of paper can he taken apart.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</title>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuányīn</foreignphrase>: “reason,
- cause”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi
- shěnme yuányīn? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why is that?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi
- shénme yuányīn tā jīntiān méi
- laí?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why is it he didn't come today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Shéi
- zhīdào, wèn tā zìjǐ qu ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who knows? Go ask him! </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
- Zhongwěnde yuányīn shi yīnwei wǒ yào dào Zhonguó qu
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The reason I'm studying Chinese is that I am going to
- go work in China,</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- dìng zhème duō Zhōngguó bàozhǐ shi yǒu yuányīnde. </foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dìng</foreignphrase> is the same word you learned
- in the Meeting Module for “to reserve”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's a reason for my subscribing to so many
- Chinese newspapers.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ zuò
- zhèige jìhua yǒu méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányīn?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is there some special reason why you are making this
- plan?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
- shénme tèbiéde yuányīn yào zhèiyangr zuò.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's no particular reason for doing it this
- way.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> </para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāru</foreignphrase>: This is the
- formal word for “to join” (You will recognize <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, “add,” from
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase> and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>, “enter,”
- from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
- Tuán</foreignphrase>.)</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Tape 1 Review Dialog</title>
- <para>On the balcony of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Píng</foreignphrase>'s apartment, Tom (A) and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase>'s sister
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Wén</foreignphrase> (Ē)
- have a conversation.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 6, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This exercise is a conversation in which an evening university teacher
- visits the home of her student, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo Xiǎohuà</foreignphrase>, who also
- works in a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> factory, to talk with her mother.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yèdà</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>evening university</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎolai
- pǎoqù</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to run around</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xuéhuì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to learn, to master</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngchǎng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>factory</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What kind of student is <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎohuà</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What was Teacher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase>'s main concern in visiting Comrade
- Fang <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bǎolán</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What were schools like during the Cultural
- Revolution?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Did Teacher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Liú</foreignphrase> come as a representative of the
- university, factory, or both? How do you know?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <para>Note: The translations used in these dialogues are meant to
- indicate the English functional equivalents for the Chinese
- sentences rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this exercise a husband and wife in the city of Harbin in northeast
- China talk at home.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Èr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>the couple's son, "Little No. Two,” so called
- because he is their second child</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ
- yào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry> as long as, provided that</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāogàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>senior cadres</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >běnrén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>herself, himself, oneself, myself, etc.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where did <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiǎo</foreignphrase> Er go after work?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What kind of trouble does <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Èr</foreignphrase>'s
- father anticipate?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Èr</foreignphrase>'s mother think of his
- girlfriend?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>To whom does she refer when discussing political trouble?
- Why?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this exercise a student talks with another student from mainland
- China in their dorm in Hong Kong.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following new word:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wénxuéjiā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>writer, literary man</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why do the roommates decide to stay home? What do they
- decide to do instead?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where did <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
- Bīn</foreignphrase> learn to play chess? Why do you
- suppose he was living there?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What was the countryside like during the Cultural
- Revolution?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
- Bīn</foreignphrase> do besides play chess?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>After <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
- Bīn</foreignphrase>'s experience, what does he think of
- the situation in mainland China?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
- look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>A young woman named <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo
- Xiǎohuá</foreignphrase> works at a factory in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> and attends the
- factory's evening university. One afternoon her teacher (A) at the
- university pays a visit to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāo
- Xiǎohuá</foreignphrase>'s mother, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng Bǎolán</foreignphrase> (B).</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In the city of Harbin in northeast China, a mother (B) and father (A)
- talk at home.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 7 Social Problems</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Adjectival Verb)-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō
- le</foreignphrase>, “much more... .”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(Verb) (Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kàn</foreignphrase>, “try and (Verb).”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How to express “not anymore,” “never again.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóng</foreignphrase> X (Verb)-<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to start
- (Verb)-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ing</foreignphrase>
- from X.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How to express billions.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián...dōu...</foreignphrase>, “even.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ
- yào...jiù...</foreignphrase>, “provided that.…”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase>
- indicating that someone will perform a specified action.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...jiù
- shi</foreignphrase>..., “either.•.or.…”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ</foreignphrase>, “to
- cause/make/enable.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing value judgments about abstract phenomena.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āndìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安定</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be stable/settled/quiet </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in
- the first place </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng
- bu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不能不</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have to, must </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >cóng...(Verb)-qǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从。。。起</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to start (Verb)ing from... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法律</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> law </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to violate, to offend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
- zuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯罪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to commit a crime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guǎnggào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">广告</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> advertisement </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáshèngdùn
- Yóubào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华盛顿邮报</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the Washington Post </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiǎndān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">简单</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be simple </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to educate; education </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnbù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">进步</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to progress; progress </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(V V)
- kàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">(V V)看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> try and (V), (V) and see how it is </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> used before a verb to express that something will be done
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián...dōu/yě...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">连。。。 都/也。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> even... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to be in a mess;
- indiscriminately, recklessly,arbitrarily, any old way </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱七八糟</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous,
- jumbled, all thrown in together </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng
- Bào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明报</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng
- Bào</foreignphrase> (a Hong Kong newspaper) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杀</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to kill (in general); to kill(specifically with a knife or
- knife like instrument); to try to kill </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">使</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cause, to enable (followed by a verb) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shìjièxìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界性</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> worldwide </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
- jiàoyu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">受教育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to receive an education </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī dú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吸毒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take drugs </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-性</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> nature, -ness, -ibility </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu bànfa,
- (duì...)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有办法,(对。。。)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be able to deal with (something) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- xiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有效</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be effective; to be valid </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āndìng</foreignphrase>: “to he
- political and social stable/settled/quiet,” used to describe lives,
- countries situations. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Ān</foreignphrase> is “peaceful” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng</foreignphrase> is
- “settled.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- yéye nǎinai shēnghuó āndìng, shénme dōu
- hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now grandpa and grandma have a settled life;
- everything is fine.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- zhè hé zhèngzhi bù āndìng yǒu
- guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I think this has to do with political
- instability.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- guójiāde zhèngfǔ zhèi jǐnián hěn bù
- āndìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>These past few years this country's government has
- been very unstable.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āndìngxiàlai</foreignphrase>
- means “to settle down, to calm down,” used in speaking of a situation, a
- place, or a person's feelings.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- hāizi dōu yǒu gōngzuò le, shēnghuó cái āndìngxiàlai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now that the children all have Jobs, our life has
- finally settled down.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèhuìshang
- fàn zuìde wèntí tài duō, dàjiāde shēnghuó jiu méi
- bànfa āndìngxiàlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When there's too much of a crime problem in society,
- people's life can't settle down.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>:
- “law“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yǐjīng
- biànchengle fǎlǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This has already become the law.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- wèntí yǒu fǎlǜ zài, fēicháng
- qīngchǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Laws exist (lit., “there are laws there”) on this
- question. It's very clear-cut.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu fǎlǜ
- guǎn zhèjiàn shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is there a law dealing with this?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
- fǎluǜ bǎohù értóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our law protects children.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
- niàn fǎlǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He is studying law now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>: In
- March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People's
- Congress, the Chinese government began to adopt many new laws. Beginning
- July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People's Congress passed into effect twelve
- new legal codes, including a criminal code.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
- violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes,errors)” Here
- are some other words commonly used with the verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
- zuì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to commit
- crimes</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
- fǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to break the law</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
- guī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry valign="middle" morerows="1"> to violate
- regulations</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng
- le, fànle yòu fàn, zǒng shi bù gǎi.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">There is no more hope for
- this child. He violates the rules time and again, and
- never reforms.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì</foreignphrase>: “crime,
- guilt,” used in phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
- zuì</foreignphrase>, “to commit a crime,” and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu zuì</foreignphrase>, “to be guilty (of a
- crime).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fànle
- shénme zuì, wèishénme yào chī zhème duō
- kǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What crime have I committed? Why do I have to suffer
- so much?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi bu
- shi zhēnde yǒu zuì, lìshǐ huì huídá
- wǒmende.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>History will give us an answer as to whether he is
- really guilty or not.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...shǎoduō le</foreignphrase>:
- “a lot less, far fewer” The adjectival verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase>, “to be many, to be
- much,” can be used after other adjectival verbs which can be qualified by
- degree, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoduō
- le</foreignphrase>, “a lot better,” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōduō le</foreignphrase>, “a lot more.” In
- such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb, showing a
- change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǐ
- yǐqián shòuduō le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shòu</foreignphrase>, “to be thin”</para>
- </footnote>
- </para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're a lot thinner than before.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qībānián
- yǐhòu, dào Zhōngguó qùde jīhui duōduō
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Since '78, there have been a lot more opportunities
- to go to China.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yóubào</foreignphrase>: “Post,”
- in the name of a newspaper. The syllable <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase> means “post” or “mail,”
- as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóujú</foreignphrase>, “post
- office.” [Names of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">X-bào</foreignphrase>:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíbào</foreignphrase> is
- “Times,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìbào</foreignphrase> is
- “Daily,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàibào</foreignphrase>
- is “Express.”]</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náqu...</foreignphrase>: “take
- away” This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you
- have seen have three syllables. But like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai</foreignphrase> in Unit 1 of this
- module (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai yìbēi
- chá</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >náqu</foreignphrase> has only two: the main action verb and the
- relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down, in, out,
- etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)</para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Main Verb</entry>
- <entry>Direction</entry>
- <entry>Relative Motion Towards or Away</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >ná</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chū</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="5" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jìn</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xià</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kāi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shàng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="5" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bān</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guò</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qǐ</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>- is
- used only with -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>,
- never with -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qù</foreignphrase>.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎozhǎo kàn</foreignphrase>:
- '“try to find” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhǎo</foreignphrase> is the verb ”to look for, to search.” It is
- reduplicated here, meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of
- time: “look a little bit.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Kàn</foreignphrase> following a reduplicated verb means '“and see (if
- it works, if it's okay, if you can do it, etc.).”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shìshi
- kàn ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Give it a try and see (if you can do it, if he will
- cooperate, etc.).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zuòzuo
- kàn, zhèige shāfā zhēn
- shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sit down and try it out. This sofa is really
- comfortable.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- xiǎng tā kěn jiè wǒ tāde diànshì
- ma?</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěn</foreignphrase>, ”to be willing to”</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you think he'd be willing to lend me his
- television?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
- zhīdào, nǐ qù wènwen kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't know. Go ask him and see.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
- nī zhèipiān wénzhāng yǒu bù tóngde
- kànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have a different point of view on (what you say in)
- your article.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- shuōshuo kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's hear what it is.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase>: “to
- educate; education” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiào</foreignphrase> is the same character as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase>, “to teach,” but in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is
- pronounced with a Falling tone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yù</foreignphrase> means ”to cultivate, to raise.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu</foreignphrase> has some different
- uses from English “to educate.” It is used not only for institutional
- education but also for parents' education of their children, and in the PRC
- for '“education” of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first
- example, you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nǔlì</foreignphrase>, “to make efforts.”)<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùmǔ
- yīnggāi jiàoyu háizi nǔlì
- xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Parents should teach their children to study
- hard.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
- méiyou jiàoyuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That child was poorly trained (in manners, morals,
- general knowledge).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen vào
- gěi háizi àide jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We should give children a loving education. (Taiwan
- usage)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiātíng
- jiàoyu hé xuéxiào jiàoyu yíyàng
- zhòngyào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Education in the home is Just as important as school
- education. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jiātíng jiàoyu</foreignphrase> consists of parents
- acting as examples in morals, character, family
- relations, hygiene, etc. )</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
- duì wǒ jiàoyu hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This hook has educated me a lot. (PRC usage)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànle
- zhèige diànyǐng gěile wǒmen hěn dàde
- jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Seeing this movie has taught us a great deal. (PRC
- usage)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Another sense of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is to try through reason to convince a person to
- do things according to certain rules, instructions, or
- demands:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ děi
- jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, tā yuè lái yuè
- huài.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You have to try to straighten out your child. He is
- becoming more and more of a scoundrel.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is
- commonly used in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
- jiàoyu</foreignphrase>, “to receive an education,” which is discussed in
- No. 5 below.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnbù</foreignphrase>: “to make
- progress, to advance” or, as a noun, “progress.” Literally “to put forward
- steps.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīxué
- jìnbùde nàme kuài. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Medicine is advancing so rapidly.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- Yǐngwén yòu jìnbù le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has made some more progress with his
- English.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn. </foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His Chinese is progressing too slowly.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìnbù</foreignphrase> is
- commonly used with the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yǒu</foreignphrase>, especially you <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn dàde jìnbù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn jīge
- yuè wǒmende xuéshěng yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our students have made great progress these last few
- months.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu jìnbù</foreignphrase> is
- used as an adjectival verb, “to be improved.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- xuéxiào hěn yǒu jìnbù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> That school is greatly improved.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In the PRC, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jìnbù</foreignphrase> is used as an adjectival verb meaning “to be
- (politically) progressive,” that is, suited to the needs of the times and
- stimulating the development of society.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài yě
- méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: “not anymore...” The adverb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> and a negative, such as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>, can be
- used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word
- orders:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">OR</entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài kū le</foreignphrase>,
- “doesn't cry anymore.”</para>
- <para>The second pattern is more emphatic. The word <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> should be given special
- stress in these sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ ZÀI bù
- huilai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm never coming back here again!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>If <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is added
- between <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> and
- the negative, the meaning is about the same.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ ZÀI yě
- bù chī táng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm never going to eat candy again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèitiáo lù
- hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZÀI yě bié zǒu nèitiáo lù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That road is very dangerous, don't ever take it
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luàn</foreignphrase>: “to be in
- disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèr tài
- luàn, dào wàimian qu tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's too chaotic (noisy) in here. Let's go outside to
- talk.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐnián
- nèige guójiā yǒu diǎnr luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That country has been a little bit chaotic the last
- few years.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè hǎo
- duō dìfang hěn luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So many places in the world are in disorder.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
- zhuōzishang zǒng shi hěn
- luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>His table top is always a mess.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèr tài
- luàn, jiào xiǎoháir chūqu
- wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's too noisy in here. Tell the children to go out
- and play.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duǐbuqǐ, wǒ
- xiěde hěn luàn, ni kàndedǒng
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sorry I wrote this so messily. Can you read
- it?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >luàn</foreignphrase> means “arbitrarily” any old way, at random,
- indiscriminately.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Luàn
- jiang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào luàn
- xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't write it Just any old way.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
- dōngxi bú yào dàochù luàn fàng. </foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàochù</foreignphrase>, “everywhere”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't leave your things all over the place.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
- zuótiān luàn chī luàn he.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén
- luàn gǎo nánnǚ guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He/she is (sexually) loose.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào luàn
- pǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Quit running all over the place.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase>: “to
- be in disorder, to be in a mess,” literally “chaotic-seven-eight-rotten”
- Some people have-translated this as “at sixes and sevens.” It can refer to
- physical or moral messes.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ,
- fángjiān luànqǐbāzāode, wǒ jīntiǎn hái méiyou
- shíjiān shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'm sorry, the room is a mess. I haven't had the time
- to straighten up yet today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shìqing běnlái hěn hǎo, dànshi nèige rén bǎ ta gǎode
- luànqībāzāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everything was fine at first, but then he came along
- and messed it up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn yíge
- luànqǐbāzāode nánrén chūqu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She went out with a disreputable (unsavory)
- character.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase> is
- not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō</foreignphrase>:
- Followed by a question, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
- shuō</foreignphrase> is used to ask the listener's opinion. The forms
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ shuō ne</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nī shuō shì bu
- shi</foreignphrase> may be used at the end of a statement to ask for
- confirmation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō wǒ
- yīnggāi zěnme bàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What do you think I should do?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
- jiātíng jiàoyu hé shèhuì jiàoyu dōu bǐ xuéxiào
- jiàoyu zhòngyào, nǐ shuō ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I think that education in the home and in society are
- more important than school education. Do you
- agree?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
- guǎnggào hěn yǒu yìsi, nǐ shuō shǐ bu
- shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That's a great advertisement, don't you
- think?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zéren</foreignphrase>:
- “responsibility, duty” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zérèn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ
- zhèijiàn shìqing zuòde bù hǎo, wǒ yǒu
- zéren.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If this thing isn't done well, it's my
- responsibility.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎoshīde
- zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor
- xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The teacher's responsibility is to help the students
- apply themselves to their studies.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu
- háizi shi funǚde zéren ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of
- women!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
- Xiànzài fùnǚ jiěfàng le, nánrén yě yǒu zéren zuò
- zhàixiē shìqing.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Women are liberated now. Men also have the
- responsibility to do these things.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing
- nòng dao xiànzài zhèiyangr, zéren bú zài
- wǒmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It is not our responsibility that the situation was
- made the way it is now.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng lìshǐ
- tánqǐ</foreignphrase>: “begin by talking about history” In Unit 3 of this
- module, you learned that the directional ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase>, besides indicating
- upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiějie zěnme duì zhèngzhi
- wèntí rèxǐnqilai le?</foreignphrase>). The ending -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánqǐ</foreignphrase> also means “to start,”
- but is used only in the fixed pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng</foreignphrase> X (Verb)<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to start (Verb)-ing from
- X.” While the English translation for sentence UB says “begin by talking
- about history,” the Chinese says literally, “start talking from
- history.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
- shì cóng nǎr shuōqǐ?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> Where should I begin? (when about to tell a story,
- etc.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
- zhīdào cóng nǎr xiěqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I don't know where to begin writing.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen děi
- cóng tóur zuòqǐ. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We have to start from the beginning again. (Cong tour
- means “from the beginning.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng líng
- zuòqǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> to start from scratch (lit., “start from
- zero”)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyì</foreignphrase>: “one
- billion,” literally “ten one-hundred-millions” Here are some more examples
- of how to express billions in Chinese:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="2*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>1 billion (1,000,000,000)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>1.1 billion (1,100,000,000)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shíyīyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>2 billion (2,000,000,000)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >èrshiyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10 billion (10,000,000,000)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìbǎiyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>10.5 billion (10,500,000,000)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yìbǎilíngwǔyì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài...rénkǒuzhōng</foreignphrase>: “in the population, of the
- population” The syllable -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhōng</foreignphrase> can be added, to nouns, like the locational
- ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐmiàn</foreignphrase>, to
- give the meaning “in” or “among.” It is often used with the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zài</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zheèige
- jìhuàzhōng wǒmen hái yǒu liǎngge xiǎo wèntí xūyào
- zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There are still a couple of little questions we have
- to discuss in this plan.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xuéshēngzhōng yǒu bù shǎo shi cóng nóngcūn
- láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Many of the students are from the country.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài dìsān
- shìjiè guójiāzhōng, bù shǎo shi Yǎzhōu hé Fēizhōude
- guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Many of the countries of the third world are
- countries of Asia and Africa.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèhuì
- shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, yě bù néng bú zhùyì
- a!</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We can't very well ignore the women problems of life
- in society.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu</foreignphrase>: “to
- receive” The types of things which can be “received” using the verb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu</foreignphrase> are
- limited. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòu</foreignphrase> is
- usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry>Receiver</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shòu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Action</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùnǘ
- értóng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shòu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǚde
- bǎohù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Women and children</entry>
- <entry>receive</entry>
- <entry>the protection of the law.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- zhōukān zài Měiguo hěn shòu
- huānyíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This weekly is very well received (popular) in the
- United States.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu jiàoyu</foreignphrase>: “to
- receive an education” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòuguo
- jiàoyu</foreignphrase> means “educated” (because of -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>, which indicates having
- experienced something).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
- (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhǒng
- shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She is an educated person. How could she do such a
- thing?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shòuguo
- dàxué jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He has (received) a college education.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián...dōu</foreignphrase>:
- “even...” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lia2n</foreignphrase> is
- a prepositional verb which literally means “including,” but in the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián...dōu</foreignphrase>
- pattern, “even.” A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase> phrase always precedes the verb. Either the adverb
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is used in
- a sentence with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase>. Notice how <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián</foreignphrase> can be used with
- subjects, objects, and verbs:</para>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>With subject</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Subject</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu/yě . . . .</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎoháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu dǒng zhèijiàn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">Even children
- understand this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shòuguo jiàoyude rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu tíngbudǒng tāde huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">Even educated
- people can't understand what he says.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīntiān tiānqi bù hǎo, lián tā zhème ài wánrde
- rén dōu bu chūqu le, nǐ wèishenme yào
- qù?</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The weather is bad today. Even he, who
- likes to play so much, isn't going out. Why are
- you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ hái shuō méiyou zhèijiàn shì, bú zhǐ shi
- Xiānggǎng hàozhǐ, lián Běijīngde bàozhǐ dōu xiěle
- zhèitiáo xǐnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How can you say it's not true. Not only the
- Hong Kong papers reported this piece of news, it
- was even in the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- papers.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>With object</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Object</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě . . .
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zìjǐde míngzi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4">He can't even
- write his own name.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guǎnggào</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4">He even reads the
- ads.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- Tā jīntiān bù shūfu, lián fàn yě bù xiǎng chī
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He isn't feeling well today. He won't even
- eat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ lián yíge zì dōu bú jìde
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I don't even remember one word.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīntiān lián yìdiǎn fēng yě
- méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There isn't the least bit of wind
- today.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>With verb</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase> is often optional in this
- pattern.</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- <entry>Verb</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu/yě</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi/bù</foreignphrase> (Verb)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kàn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >méi kàn wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">She didn't even
- look at me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bù tīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He wouldn't even
- listen.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lián</foreignphrase>)</entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wèn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bú wèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He didn't even
- ask.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng Bào</foreignphrase>: A Hong
- Kong newspaper known for reporting without an overly dominant political
- point of view.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐjièxìng</foreignphrase>: The
- syllable -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>,
- “character, nature, quality,” can be used after a noun like the English
- endings -<emphasis role="bold">ness</emphasis>, -<emphasis role="bold"
- >ity</emphasis>, or -<emphasis role="bold">ce</emphasis>, as in
- “one-sidedness,” “creativity,” “importance.” The resulting abstract noun can
- be used alone or is frequently used, followed by -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>, to modify another
- noun.</para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěnéngxǐng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">possibility,
- likelihood</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhòngyàoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">importance</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dúlìxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">independent
- character</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xíguànxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">habitual</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">epidemic</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lìshǐxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">historical</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yàoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">property of a
- medicine</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yóuxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">oiliness</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>: You have
- learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> as “he”
- or “she,” but sentence 6A is the first time in this course that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> has been
- used as “it.” (The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tā</foreignphrase> may also be omitted from the sentence without
- changing the meaning.) You know that Chinese most often does not use any
- word for “it,” as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
- ná.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go get it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
- zhuōzishang. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's on the table.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> Furthermore, “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >it</foreignphrase>” is sometimes expressed in Chinese by repeating the
- entire noun phrase, for example<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng
- bāng wǒ zhǎodào zhèiběn shū
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Can you help me find that book?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ yoǒ
- zhèiběn shū, kéyi sòng gěi
- nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I have it, and I can give it to you.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Least often, “it” is expressed by the pronoun <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>.<footnote>
- <para>One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> is
- used for “it” much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was
- originally an imitation of the structure of Western
- languages.</para>
- </footnote>There is no single rule which will tell you when you can use
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>. It is
- often used as the object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bǎ</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǎ ta ná
- dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ zěnme zhǎobudào?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Where did you take it to? How come I can't find
- it?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
- yíge jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta chīle.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>There's one more dumpling left; you eat it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng bu</foreignphrase>:
- “cannot not”—in other words, “cannot but; have no choice but to; must” The
- second bu is unstressed and usually neutral tone.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
- jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù néng bu zhèiyang zuò.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>For the sake of my family, I have no choice but to do
- this.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēn
- zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde shíhou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn
- yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When together with this sort of person, one must be
- rather careful.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>: “as
- long as, provided that” This is used in the pattern <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào...jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào
- kǎolǜ tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ xǐhuan jiù hǎo
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't think it over so much. If you like it, that's
- all that matters.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yào wǒ
- jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèiběn shū
- kànwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading
- this hook.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhǐ yào
- bǎ shū niànhǎole, zhǎo gōngzuò jiu méiyou wèntí
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>As long as you do well in your studies, you won't
- have any trouble finding a Job.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>: In commands
- and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some
- action, and can usually go untranslated. When talking about one's own
- intention, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> can
- be translated as “let me” or “let's.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái wèn
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me ask you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo lái shuō
- liǎngjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me say a few words.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen lái
- tántan zhèige wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's discuss this question.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- zì xiěde duì bu dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is this character written correctly?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me take a look.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- qǐng Wáng Ānmín Tóngzhì lái gěi wǒmen jiǎngjiang
- huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Now let's ask Comrade <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Ānmín</foreignphrase> to speak to us.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài qù
- máng ba! Wǒmen lái shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You go take care of what you have to do. We'll
- straighten up.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīle fàn
- wǒmen zài lái zuò kāfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After dinner let's make some coffee, (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> means
- “then” here.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yìqǐ
- lái bān. Wǒ lái bān zhèr, nǐ dào nèibianr
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's move this together. I'll take it from here, and
- you go over there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Zhènhàn,
- qǐng nǐ lái niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Zhènhàn</foreignphrase>, would you read aloud
- please?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐnggāide</foreignphrase>: This
- is short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bāngzhu ni shi
- yīnggāide</foreignphrase>, “it is right that I help you.” Use the phrase
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐnggāide</foreignphrase> to
- respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor which you consider natural
- under the circumstances.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...jiù
- shi...</foreignphrase>: “if it's not... then it's...” or “either...
- or... ” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi tā,
- jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái yǒu shéi huì
- zhèiyang zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It was either he or you. Who would do something like
- that besides one of you?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng
- zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài
- là.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Wáng</foreignphrase>'s cooking is always either too
- salty or too hot.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
- zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú
- huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If he isn't at home, then he's at the office. He
- wouldn't go anyplace else.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
- shi chī zhèige, jiù shi chī nèige, zuǐ méiyou
- tíngde shihou.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zuǐ</foreignphrase>, “mouth” </para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's always eating something or other. His mouth
- never stops going.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī dú</foreignphrase>: “to take
- drugs” Literally “to inhale poison,” but used for any method of drug taking.
- (For the last example you need to know <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěkǎyīn</foreignphrase>, “cocaine,” and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎiluòyīn</foreignphrase>,
- “heroin.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
- máng dào wǎn, zěnme huì qù xī dú?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's busy all day long. He wouldn't go and take
- drugs!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
- xī dú xīle hǎo jǐnián le, shēntǐ yǐjīng huài
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> That kid has been taking drugs for years, and his
- health has gotten bad.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xī
- shénme dú? Kěkǎyīn háishi hǎiluòyīn?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What drugs does he take? Cocaine or heroin?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā rén</foreignphrase>: “to
- kill, to murder” or “to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder” The Chinese
- verbs for “kill” often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action
- (stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying.
- Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of
- grammar— you don't have to memorize all these words):<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàisǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by scheming)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāsǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by stabbing)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànsǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by electric
- shock)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúsǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by poisoning)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàosǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by hanging)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >biēsǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by suffocation or
- drowning)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> lēisǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by strangling with a
- cord)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiāsī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by strangling with the
- hands)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
- yǎsī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by crushing or running
- over)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuàngsǐ
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by a collision)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìsī
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by making someone
- angry!)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsī
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by a blow, beating, or
- gunshot)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para> and the most general term of all:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nòngsǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">by any means</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In classical Chinese, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shā</foreignphrase> originally meant “to kill with a knife” or “to
- slaughter (an animal).” Today, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shā</foreignphrase> is still used for “to slaughter” or “kill” animals,
- as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu
- hui shā jī? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you know how to kill a chicken?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>In modern Chinese, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shā</foreignphrase> can have (1) a general meaning or (2) a specific
- meaning.</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>The general meaning of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase> is the same
- as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nòngsǐ</foreignphrase> or the English “to kill, to murder.”
- This is the way <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shā</foreignphrase> is used when the method of killing is
- not stated or not known.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He killed that person. (method not
- considered)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The specific meaning of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase> is to kill
- with a knife or knife like instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this
- meaning, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shā</foreignphrase> contrasts with all the other ways of
- killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express
- the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It
- would be wrong to say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le.</foreignphrase>
- Instead, you should say:<footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >qiāng</foreignphrase>, “gun”</para>
- </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> He killed that man with a gun.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shā</foreignphrase> takes on its
- specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such
- sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of
- killing.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ tā
- tàitai shāsǐ le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He killed his wife.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- nòngsǐde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How did he kill her?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dúsǐde.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He poisoned her.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>One last point: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shā</foreignphrase> may express the action of only trying to kill,
- without implying that the person or animal actually died.<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shā jī
- shāle liǎngdāo kěshi méi bǎ ta
- shāsǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He cut the chicken twice, but didn't kill it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>: “to cause,
- to make”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <thead>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry>Object</entry>
- <entry>Verb</entry>
- </row>
- </thead>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nánshòu</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">makes one sad</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn
- shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gāoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">really makes me
- happy</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde yǒu
- xīwàng</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">makes me feel that there's
- hope</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàngle
- nèijiàn shiì</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">made him forget that
- matter</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎngle
- bù shǎo bànfǎ, yě méi shǐ tā érzi duì shàng dàxué
- yǒu xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He tried lots of different things, but couldn't
- interest his son in (going to) college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao tā
- shǐ wǒ juéde hěn gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It made me very happy to see him.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para>If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>, never
- with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>
- itself:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi shénme
- yuányǐn shǐ tāmen fēnkāi le?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What was it that caused them to split up?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ</foreignphrase> sometimes
- means “to enable,” particularly if followed by <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase> or other words of that
- meaning:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīle
- zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ bìngren hǎode hěn kuài.
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>By taking this new medicine, the patient was able
- (enabled) to recover very quickly.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase> may
- sometimes be translated by “make,” “make” may not always be translated by
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>. When
- “make” means “to compel” someone to do something, it can be translated by
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiào</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
- Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě
- yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> made him write it over
- again.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>:
- “originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place”
- This is a moveable adverb; that is, it may come before or after the subject,
- but always before the verb.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái</foreignphrase> has two
- main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation was originally one way but
- then it changed, and (2) to express that something has been the case since
- the beginning and is still the case.</para>
- <para>On the next page are examples of both meanings.</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>SITUATION HAS CHANGED<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ běnlái bú qù, xiànzài qù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I wasn't going to go, but now I
- will.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ běnlái bù xǐhuan ta, kěshi xiànzài xǐhuan ta
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I didn't like her, but now I
- do.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běnlái shuō shi yào dào Xīngqīwǔ cái néng zuòwán,
- dànshi wǒ tīngshuō tāmen yào zǎo yidiǎnr
- zuòwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally it was said that they wouldn't
- be finished until Friday, but now I hear they're
- going to finish sooner.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běnlái wǒ xiǎng jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng,
- hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I wanted to go see a movie this
- afternoon. Later I heard there was a meeting. Oh
- well.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Suàn le, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù
- ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I'll go another time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běnlái wǒ jīntiān yào qù Guǎngzhōu, kěshi tiānqì
- bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái néng zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Originally I was going to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> today, but the weather
- is bad, so now I probably won't be able to go
- until tomorrow.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèijiàn shì běnlái shi kéyi bànde, kěshi shéi
- xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèige
- qíngkuàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It could have been done, but who expected
- this to happen?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START WITH AND STILL IS</para>
- <para>Translations for this meaning include ”to begin with” and “in
- the first place.” In this use, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase> is often
- followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ běnlái jiù bù xǐhuan ta, xiànzài hái bu xǐhuan
- ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never did like her, and I still don't
- like her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù nèige
- dìfang!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't go there!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù bú
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I wasn't going to go there in the first
- place.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié zài qù
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't ever go there again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù méi
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I never did go there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ háishi juéde nǐ
- yīnggāi qù yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I still think you ought to go
- there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù yào
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I am going. (I was intending to go even
- before you told me to.)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běnlái jiù gāi zhèiyang
- bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We should have done this in the first
- place.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige kāfēi zěnme
- zènme hēi?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why is this coffee so black?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāfēi ma, běnlái jiù
- shi hēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Coffee is supposed to be black!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para>A clause with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >běnlái</foreignphrase> is often related to another with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāngrán</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- dōngxi běnlái jiù shi nǐde, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei
- ni! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This thing belongs to you; of course I would return
- it to you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái tā
- zài dàxué niànde shi shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì
- shèhui wèntí yǒu xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She studied sociology in college,so of course she's
- interested in social problems.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xiào</foreignphrase>: “to be
- effective; to be valid”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yào
- hěn yǒu xiào. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This medicine is very effective.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhāng
- piào hái yǒu xiào ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Is this ticket still valid?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Tape 1 Review Dialog</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> Píng (B), Tom
- (A), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> Wen
- (E) are talking in the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase>'s living room.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 7, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>This conversation begins when two young friends run into each other at
- a trolley stop on the west side of <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bàng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be great, to be fantastic</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú jiàn
- bú sàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>don't leave until we've met up!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Where is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Liú</foreignphrase> working and what is he doing
- there?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>How does he keep up with his English?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does the article say about education in the
- U.S.?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Liú</foreignphrase>'s friend want him to do?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- your answers.</para>
- <note>
- <para>The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate
- the English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences
- rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this exercise two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in
- Washington, D.C.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second,
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why do they say that the <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng Bào</foreignphrase> is a
- good newspaper?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the procedure for mail-ordering a television for
- one's relatives in Guangzhou?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why would overseas Chinese want to take advantage of this
- procedure? (Can't their relatives in China buy a television
- themselves?)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>To whom do the sisters want to send the television?
- Why?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>In what form will they make the payment?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>In this conversation a father and son in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> talk about
- religion.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
- and listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para> You will need the following words and. phrases:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiāngxìn</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to believe in</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiàotáng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>church</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
- lǐbài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to worship, to attend religious services</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán
- Měi</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>South America</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tóur</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>head, chief, boss</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué
- hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to learn from good examples, to learn to be a
- good person</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngkè</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>homework, schoolwork, classwork</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does the son think is so strange? Why is this on his
- mind?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did the son read in the newspaper? What was his
- reaction?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does his father have to say about religion? (There
- are four points.)</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué
- hǎo</foreignphrase> is considered very important for
- teenagers in China. How does this fit into the son's concept
- of religion?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
- look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Two young friends run into each other at a trolley stop on the west
- side of Beijing.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Two sisters talk in the home of a Chinese family in Washington,
- D.C.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 8 Directions for the Future</title>
- <section>
- <title>Introduction</title>
- <section>
- <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Action-Process compound verbs.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The directional ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huí</foreignphrase>, “back.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The patterns “(Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>” and“ <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb)
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>”
- (Verb).</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The marker -de after phrases with a parallel structure.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb you, “after all,” “anyway.”</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>The adverb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě
- bu</foreignphrase>, “don't even,” “won't even,” “wouldn't
- even.”</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a
- situation.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Politely asking someone to quiet down.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a
- conversation.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>References</title>
- <section>
- <title>Reference List</title>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para/>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bófù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伯父</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> uncle (father's elder brother); term for the father of one's
- friend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伯母</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> aunt (wife of father's elder brother); term for the mother
- of one's friend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be noisy; to disturb by making noise </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵醒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wake (someone) up by being noisy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàishang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">带上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take along (Beijing) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">单子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> list; form </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ
- zhàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打仗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to fight a war, to go to war </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děi kàn (or yào
- kàn)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得看(要看)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> when; by the time; till </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
- yíxià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等以下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> wait a while; in a little while </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> should, ought to; to be someone's turn to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànmá</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干吗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gànshenme</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干什么</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gōngyìpǐn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工艺品</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> handicrafts </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to pass </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎohāor</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好好儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> well; properly; thoroughly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好象</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to seem as if </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-huí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-回</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase>, matter </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看着</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems
- reasonable </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考试</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz, exam, test </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an
- event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game,
- etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >nántīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难听</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears;
- to be scandalous </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劝</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to advise, to urge, to try to persuade </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyì
- (shēngyi)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> business, trade </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >sòngxíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give
- a going-away party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">疼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">午觉</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> noontime nap </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào kàn (or děi
- kàn)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">要看(得看)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">又</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> anyway; after all (used in questions and negative
- statements) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yuánlái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding
- out the true situation) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuànyi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">愿以</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">运气</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> luck </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme (yì)huí
- shì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怎()么回事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> what's it all about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème (yì)huí
- shì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这()么回事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> like this </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi
- yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这一下子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> after this, as a result of this </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème huí
- shì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这么回事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> like this </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhènghǎo(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just
- in time, Just right, Just enough </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Reference Notes</title>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №1</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>: “to
- take/give a test, or quiz; test, exam” This may be noun used as a verb
- object compound or as a noun. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Kǎo</foreignphrase> as a verb may be used alone if the context makes it
- clear.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎoshì
- yǐhou tā lèi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She was tired after taking the test.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèicì
- kǎoshì tā kǎode bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>He did pretty well on the test this time.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ni3 jīntiān
- kǎode zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How did the test(s) go today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
- jīngjixué kǎode zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How did you do on your economics exam?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
- kǎokao nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let me quiz you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎowán shì
- yǐhòu (OR Kǎowánle yǐhòu), wǒmen qù kàn diànyǐng,
- hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Let's go to the movies after we're done taking the
- test.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng yíxià</foreignphrase> may
- have its literal meaning, “wait a minute, wait a while,” or it may mean “in
- a minute, in a while.”<itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>“WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle wǒmen
- jiù zǒu, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Wait a second, I want to make a phone call.
- We'll go as soon as I'm finished, okay?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu
- ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Wait a second, let me help you with
- that.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>“IN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ xiān chī, děng yíxià wǒ xǐwánle yīfu jiù
- lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You go ahead and eat. I'll come as soon as
- I've finished washing the clothes.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You go ahead and leave. I'll go in a
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Děng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde lái zhǎo wǒ,
- qǐng ni ràng ta jìnlai .</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>In a while a Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
- will be coming to see me. Please let him
- in.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №2</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>: “wife of
- father's older brother,” but also a term for the mother of one's friend.
- Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in
- terms similar to family relationships. Friends are like brothers and
- sisters, and therefore a friend's parents are addressed as aunt
- (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>) and
- uncle (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bófù</foreignphrase>).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to
- take a nap,” literally “to sleep the afternoon sleep.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔshuì shíjiǎn</foreignphrase> is “afternoon
- nap time,” as in a school or organization.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
- méi shíjiǎn shuì wǔjiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I didn't have time to take my afternoon nap
- today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
- nǐmen yǒu meiyou wǔshuì
- shíjiǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Do you have an afternoon nap today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou.
- Zhōngfàn yǐhòu jiù kǎi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No. We have a meeting right after lunch.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store
- schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">X</foreignphrase>: “Sh.:” This
- is the “word” you use to signal someone to keep quiet. It is said with
- rounded lips—like whispering the syllable <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xū</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>: “to
- wake up by making noise” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Chǎo</foreignphrase> can mean “to be noisy,” or as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>, “to disturb by
- being noisy.” [it can also mean “to quarrel, to squabble.”] <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐng</foreignphrase> (Welfare module, Unit
- 1+) is “to wake up,” a process verb. The compound <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase> is therefore made up
- of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning by performing the
- action, to cause the process (change of state) to occur. You can use this
- pattern to make a lot of useful compound verbs:<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒulèi
- le ba, zuòxia xiūxi yihuǐr.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You must be tired (from walking). Sit down and rest a
- while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme
- bìng le? Shì bu shi zuótiān hēde tài
- duō?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How come he got sick? Was it that he had too much to
- drink yesterday?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi
- hēde tài duō, shi chīde tài duō chībìng
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>No, he didn't have too much to drink. He got sick
- from eating too much.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìgòu
- le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Did you get enough sleep?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
- yǎnjing kūhóng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She cried her eyes red.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №3</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyì</foreignphrase>:
- “business, trade” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shēngyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào kàn</foreignphrase>:
- “depends on...” By itself, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kàn</foreignphrase> (which you know as “to look at” and “to think, to
- have the opinion that”) has another meaning, “to depend on, to be up to, to
- be determined by.” Often <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yào</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >děi</foreignphrase> is added before it.<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ
- míngtiān shi qù háishi bú
- qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Are you going tomorrow or not?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ng, děi
- kàn tiānqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Mm, that depends on the weather.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Wǒ
- jǐntiǎn kéyi zǎo diǎnr huí jiā
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Can I go home early today?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: (Yào)
- kàn nī zuòdewán zuòbuwán zhèixiē
- shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That depends on whether you can finish these
- tasks.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī néng
- gēn wǒmen qù Jiāzhōu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Can you go to California with us?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Jiù kàn
- shíjiān le, yào shi xiàtiān jiu kéyi
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>That only depends on the time. If it's in the summer
- I can go.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn nǐde
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's all up to you now!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>: “luck; to
- be lucky” This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb.
- The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yùnqi
- zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He really has good luck.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yùnqi
- zhēn hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're really lucky!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>[To say “to be unlucky,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dǎoméi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
- zǒu yùn</foreignphrase>.]</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №4</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàihuí</foreignphrase>: “to
- bring/take back” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >huí</foreignphrase> used as a main verb meaning “to return to,” in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huí jiā</foreignphrase>, “to
- return home,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huí
- guó</foreignphrase>, “to return to one's country,” and with the endings
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> and
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> as in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huílai</foreignphrase>, “to
- come back.” Here you see it used as a directional ending. </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàihuí</foreignphrase> can only
- be used if it is followed by a place name, like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó</foreignphrase> in sentence UA.
- Otherwise you should use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàihuilai</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàihuiqu</foreignphrase>, depending on whether the direction is toward
- or away from the point of reference.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē cài
- wǒmen chībuwán, kéyi dàihuiqu
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>We can't finish these dishes (of food May we take
- them back with us?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme
- yuǎnde lù, zǒubuhuíqù le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's such a long way. We can't walk back, can
- we?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
- Zǒudehuíqù. Xiànzài cái wǔdiǎn zhōng, zǒuhuiqu zhǐ
- yào yíge bàn zhōngtóu jiu gòu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Sure we can. It's only five o'clock now. It will only
- take an hour and a half to walk back.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǎ
- péngyou sòngqu yǐhòu, děi bǎ chē kāihuilai, wǒ yào
- yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After you've dropped your friend off, you have to
- drive the car back here I want to use it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghǎo(r)</foreignphrase>: </para>
- <para><orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>(1) “just right; just in time; just enough”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zhèishuāng xié wǒ chuān zhènghǎo
- (r).</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>These shoes of yours fit me just
- right.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ láide zhènghǎo(r), wǎn jifēn zhōng wǒ jiu zǒu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You came just in time. If you'd come a few
- minutes later, I would have already left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhèixiē qián zhènghǎo(r) mǎi nèige
- diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This money is just enough to buy that
- T.V.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(2) “to be opportune”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Nǐ zài zhèr zhènghǎo(r), bāng wǒ yíge
- máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's a good thing (lit., “opportune”)
- you're here. You can help me out.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(3) “as it happens, it just so happens”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao Lǐ Xiānsheng, jiù bǎ
- shìqing bàn le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >pèngdao</foreignphrase>, “to run into, to come
- across”</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>I just happened to run into Mr.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Lǐ</foreignphrase> today, so I took care of that
- matter.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
- běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi shāfā, jīntiān
- zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi
- le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shāfā</foreignphrase>, “sofa”</para>
- </footnote></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>I was originally going to buy a sofa next
- month, but today I happened to come across the
- right kind, so I bought it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dàishang</foreignphrase>: “to take along with one” In the
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- dialect, the verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shang</foreignphrase> is sometimes used to mean “along with” a person.
- (For the first example you need to know <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase>, “to carry from the hand
- at the side of the body.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tíshang
- shūhāo jiu zǒu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She picked up her schoolbag and left.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige sǎn
- nǐ náshang ba. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Take this umbrella along with you.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bàoshang
- háizi, wǒ názhe zhèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You carry the child, and I'll hold this.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Speakers who are not from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase> would use different endings in these cases, for
- example -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> or
- -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> (depending
- on the meaning of the sentence).</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №5</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>: “to pass,
- to go over” Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >guòqu</foreignphrase> (neutral-tone <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase>) with <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase> (Falling-tone
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase>), “the
- past” (see Unit U of this module).</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòlai</foreignphrase> is “to
- come over.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ guòqu
- kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Go over there and take a look.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Menkǒu
- guòqu yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Someone passed by the door.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàr guòlai
- yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Someone is coming over from there.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìhuīr jiu
- guòqu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It will pass in just a while.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài
- guòlai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come on over here!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòlai zuò
- yihuǐr ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Come over (to my house) for a while. (Lit., “Come
- over to sit awhile.“)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Guòlai!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>C'mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqu</foreignphrase> is also a
- polite or respectful word for “to die,” similar to English “to pass away.”
- As mentioned in Unit 5» Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāor</foreignphrase>: “well;
- industriously; properly; thoroughly” In Unit 1 of this module, you learned
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase>
- “slowly,” which is a reduplication of the adjectival verb <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màn</foreignphrase> “to be slow.” In
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- conversation, the second <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >màn</foreignphrase> is said with the first tone, and -<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">r</foreignphrase> is added, making
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase>. </para>
- <para>In many other parts of China, it is said as <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn</foreignphrase>. Likewise,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāor</foreignphrase> is often
- heard as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohǎo</foreignphrase>
- elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival verb to be used before a verb
- as a modifier, with or without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase>, for example, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn(de) chī</foreignphrase>, “to eat
- slowly,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohǎo(de)
- tīng</foreignphrase>, “to listen well.”</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎohǎorde
- (hǎohǎode)</foreignphrase> has more specific meanings than just “well.”
- It can mean “properly,” “thoroughly,” or “nicely,” or “in perfectly good
- condition, with nothing the least bit wrong.”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
- hǎohǎorde niàn shū, yǐhòu hǎohǎorde
- gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Study properly now, and do your job properly later
- on.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái hai
- hǎohāorde, xiànzài bù zhī zěnme huí shì yòu kūqilai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Everything was fine just a minute ago. Now I don't
- know what happened, but she's crying again.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèngzhide
- shìqing gēn xiǎohǎizi wánr yíyàng, liǎngtiān yǐqián
- hái hǎohāorde, liǎngtiān yǐhòu jiu dǎqilai
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Politics is like children playing. First everything's
- fine, and then a couple of days later they're
- fighting.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng dōng xiǎng
- xǐ</foreignphrase>: “to think of this and that, to let one's mind
- wander” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōng</foreignphrase>,
- “east,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>,
- “west,” are used in the patterns (Verb) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase> (Verb) to express that a
- person's action has no definite aim or that something is done haphazardly.
- More examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dōng
- kàn xī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">looking here and
- there</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué dōng
- xué xī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> studying this and that
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒu dōng
- zǒu xī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">walking all
- about</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> zhǎo dōng
- zhǎo xī</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">searching here and
- there</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>You can also say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng xiǎng
- xǐīxiǎng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng
- kàn xī kàn</foreignphrase>, etc. Here are some examples in
- sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò mǎlùde
- shíhou, bié zhème kàn dōng kàn xīde, duó wēixiǎn
- a!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Don't let your eyes wander when you cross the street.
- It's very dangerous !</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒng shi
- xué dōng xué xīde yǐjīng shínián le, hái méi cóng
- dàxué bìyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's been studying this and that for ten years, and
- still hasn't graduated from college.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
- dōngxi diū le, zhǎo dōng zhǎo
- xīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're hunting all over the place. What did you
- lose?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- liǎngnián wǒ yìzhí zǒu dōng zǒu xī, méi shíjiān gēn
- jiāli rén zài yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The past couple of years I've been traipsing all over
- the place, and haven't had any time to be with my
- family.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-de</foreignphrase>: Here you
- see a new use of the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase>. After certain phrases, especially ones with a
- parallel structure, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >de</foreignphrase> means “that way,” describing a way of looking,
- acting, or just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need
- these three items: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎo</foreignphrase>, “all the time, always”;</para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù huāng bù
- máng</foreignphrase>, “calm, not the least bit flustered”; and
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhēn</foreignphrase>, “to
- get an injection. ”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gànmá
- lǎo zǒuchū zǒujìnde?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>How come you keep walking in and out?.'</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiǎn
- kuài dào le, nǐ zěnme hái bù huāng bù
- mángde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's almost time, how can you be so calm?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi bànge
- duō yuè, yòu dǎ zhēn yòu chī yàode, tāde tuǐ
- hǎoxiàng yǐjíng hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>During the past half month or so, with all the
- injections and medications , her leg seems to have
- already recovered.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- shénme xié! Yìzhī dà yìzhī
- xiǎode!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What kind of shoes are these, with one bigger than
- the other!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №6</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to be
- fond of, to be attached to, to dote on”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- háizi, bù guǎn nǐ zěnme téng ta, tā yě bu tīng
- huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never
- does what you say.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai zhēn
- téng wǒ dìdi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my
- younger brother.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- háizi zhēn kěài! Ràng rén bù néng bu
- téng!</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kěài</foreignphrase> “to be
- loveable/adorable”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This child is adorable; you can't help but be fond of
- him!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tèbié
- téng érzi, zǒng pà tā
- chībuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>She is especially attached to her son, and is always
- afraid that he won't eat well.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme huí shì</foreignphrase>:
- “what happened; what's it all about; what's the story” Also said as
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme yìhuí
- shì</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zěnme</foreignphrase> here means <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnmeyàng</foreignphrase>, “what kind, of
- what nature.“”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí</foreignphrase>
- is a counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >shì</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yǒu zhèihuí shi ma?</foreignphrase>, “is there such a thing?” or “Did
- such a thing (really) happen?” In the phrase <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme yìhuí shì</foreignphrase>, the number
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> is often
- dropped from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìhuí</foreignphrase>
- just as it can be dropped in phrases like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī (yí)ge píngguǒ</foreignphrase>, “eat an
- apple.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- zěnme huí shì? Wūli zěnme nàme
- zāng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is this, anyway? Why is this room so
- dirty?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- zěnme huí shì? Dōngxi yìtiān bǐ yìtiān
- guì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What's going on, anyway? Things are getting more and
- more expensive every day.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zènme huí shì</foreignphrase>:
- Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème huí
- shì</foreignphrase>. This phrase has two main uses:</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in
- sentence 6B.</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event,
- e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yuánlái shi zhème huí
- shì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, so that's the story.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào
- zhīdao shi zhème huí shì wǒ jiu bù lái
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>If I had known that was what it was all
- about, I wouldn't have come.</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №7</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎo</foreignphrase>: Literally,
- “to look for,” but when the object is a person it can mean, “to call on” a
- person. This is the way <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhǎo</foreignphrase> is used in sentence 7A, hence the translation
- “going to see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Lán</foreignphrase>,” rather than “going to look for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán.</foreignphrase>”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqītiān
- tǎ zǒngshi qù zhǎo péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>On Sundays, he always goes to see his
- friends.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
- wèntí zhǎo tǎ méi cuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>When you have that kind of problem, you won't go
- wrong if you go to him.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǎo wǒ méi
- yòng, wǒ bù guǎn zhè shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It's useless to come to me about this matter, I'm not
- in charge of it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn shénme</foreignphrase>: “to
- do what; what for, why” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gàn</foreignphrase> is the verb “to do.” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn shénme</foreignphrase> and the similar
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànmá</foreignphrase> can be
- used </para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>to ask what someone is doing; </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >wèishénme</foreignphrase>, except with a livelier, more
- conversational tone; or </para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>rhetorically, to question the value or use of something.</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gànmá
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>What are you doing?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ míngtiǎn
- gàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What are you doing tomorrow?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn
- shénme lǎo gēnzhe wǒ!?</foreignphrase><footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase>, “to follow”</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What are you doing always following me?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànma mǎi
- zhèige? Nàme guì!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What did you buy this for? It's so expensive!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní gànma
- zǒng tīng tāde?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>How come you always do what he says?!</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Haá zài
- zhèr gàn shénme? Kuài hui jiā
- ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
- xiǎo shìqing ma! Ní gànma zhème
- shēngqì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This is such a small matter! Why should you get so
- angry?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
- dōngxi shi gànmáde?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What's this thing for?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnshang
- ní yídìng dào tā jiā qù
- yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You have to go to her house tonight.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn
- shenme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What for?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ
- zhèige sòngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>To take this to her.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lián ní dou
- bú qù, wǒ gàn shenme qù?!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If you aren't even going, why should I go?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>: You have
- seen the adverb you meaning (1) “again,” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yòu lái le</foreignphrase>, “You're here
- again” and (2) “both.. .and... ,” as in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòu hǎo yòu piányi</foreignphrase>, “Both
- good and inexpensive.” In sentence 7A, you is used to stress that the
- speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should he
- otherwise. This you is usually used in sentences with the verb made
- negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is
- expected).</para>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yòu bù shǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's no dummy, after all.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ yòu bù zhīdào jīntiān xià
- yǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>After all, I didn't know it was going to
- rain today.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Ní yòu méi kànjianguo ta, nǐ zěnme zhīdao tā bù
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You've never seen him, after all; how could
- you know he's no good?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yòu bú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn
- gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He's not a diplomat, after all; why is he
- working in the embassy?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yòu zhīdao shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What does he know, anyway? (Means, ”He
- doesn't know anything.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Shéi yòu néng kànde nàme yuǎn
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Who could have seen that far ahead, after
- all? (Means, ”No one could have seen that
- far.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Bùzhǎng yòu zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>So what if he's a (government) minister?
- (Means, “The fact that he's a government minister
- is unimpressive.”)</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yàoshi tā bù néng zuò, shéi yòu néng zuò
- ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> If he can't do it, who can? (Means, “if he
- can't, nobody can.“)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quàn</foreignphrase>: “to
- advise” or “to try to persuade” a person. This describes the action of
- talking to someone in order to bring them around to a certain way of
- thinking. Sentence 7B might be translated simply as, “Don't get upset, I'll
- talk to him.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ quàn ni
- háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhǎo gōngzuò
- nán na.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>My advice to you is not to study literature. It would
- be awfully hard to find a job after you
- graduate.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shì nǐ
- bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo
- máfande.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You'd better not try to advise him about his affairs,
- otherwise he'll give you trouble.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №8</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>: “should;
- ought to; to be someone's turn to (do something)” <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi</foreignphrase> is an auxiliary verb very
- similar in meaning to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >yīnggāi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài qīdiǎn
- bàn le, wǒ gāi shàngbān qu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> It's almost seven-thirty. I should be leaving for
- work.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāi shuō
- shénme ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What should I say?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi</foreignphrase> is
- frequently used before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also
- mean “to be (someone's) turn to (do something).”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
- gāi tā qǐng kè le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Tomorrow it's his turn to treat.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shì
- běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshìmen
- dōu bāng máng zuòwán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It should have been me who did these things in the
- first place, but with me being sick the past few days,
- my colleagues finished them all for me.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèicì gāi
- wǒ qǐng ni kàn diànyǐng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>This time it's my turn to treat you to a
- movie.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi nǐ
- zǒu</foreignphrase> le OR <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi nǐ
- le</foreignphrase>.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Your move OR It's your turn, (in playing a
- game)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>: In front
- of another verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kànzhe</foreignphrase> means “(do something) as one sees fit.” The
- “locking” in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >kànzhe</foreignphrase> refers to looking at the situation in order to
- decide what one is able to do and what is best to do. The most common phrase
- in which <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>
- appears is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe
- bàn</foreignphrase>, “to do as one thinks best.”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ shuō
- wǒ shi qù hǎo ne? Háishi bú qù hǎo?
- </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Do you think it would be best for me to go or not
- to go?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
- shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe bàn ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What should I say? Do what you think best!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī yào
- mǎi shénme yánsède chènshǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What color shirt do you want to buy?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
- kànzhe mǎi ba. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Buy what you think best.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhàng</foreignphrase>: “to
- fight a war, to go to war” This is a verb plus general object, like
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>.
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhàng</foreignphrase> is not
- used by itself (except in a construction like <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yízhàng dǎle hǎojǐge
- yuè</foreignphrase>, “This battle/war was fought for many months,” in which
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàng</foreignphrase> simply
- precedes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase>
- instead of following it).</para>
- <para>If you want to say “war” by itself, you have to use another word,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhànzhēng</foreignphrase>,
- which is taught in the next module.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №9</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòngxíng</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>(1) “to see off, to wish (someone) a good trip”<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng
- Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai
- sòngxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>At two this afternoon I'm going to the
- airport to see Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>
- off.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>(2) “to give a going-away party”<informaltable frame="none"
- rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >A: Nǐ jīntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu meiyou
- shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para>Are you busy tonight?</para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>B: <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen jīntiǎn wǎnshang
- chūqu chī fàn, gěi péngyou
- sòngxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>We're going out for dinner tonight to have
- a going-away party for a friend.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>:
- “as a result of this” This means that something has happened which brings a
- new turn to the situation. It can often be translated into English simply by
- using the word “now.” (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it from
- the translation.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qián lái
- le, zhèi yíxiàzi kéyi mǎi fángzi
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>The money has come. Now we can buy the house!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
- yíxiàzi zāogāo le, wǒde qián bú gòu
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> This is terrible! I don't have enough money (e.g.,
- to pay for the things I just brought to the
- cashier).</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng</foreignphrase>: “when, by
- the time; till” This word, which you first learned as “to wait,” can have
- these other meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that of
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>,
- which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for “when” or “by the
- time.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng wǒ
- dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài
- Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>It wasn't till I got to <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- that I found out he was there too.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Notes on №10”</title>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎ</foreignphrase>: “to be
- stupid, to be silly, to be naive“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zhēn
- shǎ! Qián fàng zai yínhángli duó hǎo! Fàng zai jiāli
- gàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You're really silly. It's such a good idea to put
- your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at home
- for?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎ háizi,
- bié zǒng wèn nèixiē shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu
- hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly
- questions all the time?</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>: Besides
- “early,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase> can
- also mean “before, sooner,” or “long ago.” Here are more
- examples.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jīge
- nútóngxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Those women students took off for the beach a long
- time ago.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài! Wǒ
- zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.</foreignphrase></para>
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>(Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>
- only conveys the speaker's feeling of regret and irritation. “A long time
- ago” might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase> can be
- translated by intonation alone:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
- colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zěnme bù
- zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí
- ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Why didn't you say so (before)'. How can we make it
- in time now?</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo
- zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>If I had known that he was this way I wouldn't have
- been so naive.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě bu</foreignphrase>: “don't
- even, won't even, wouldn't even” do something that one should
- do.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bādiǎn bàn
- le, nǐ yě bu zǎo diǎnr jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují
- le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> It's half past eight! Why didn't you get me up
- before? Now I won't make it in time.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yě bu
- kuài diǎnr shōushi, wǒmen dōu děngjí
- le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Will you hurry up and get your things ready? We're
- all getting itchy (from waiting).</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě bu
- kuài diǎnr lái, cài yījīng liáng
- le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>What is keeping him [“Won't he even come a little
- faster“]? The food is cold already!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuánlái</foreignphrase>: </para>
- <para>
- <variablelist>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>(1) “originally” In this meaning, it is usually interchange
- able with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >běnlái</foreignphrase>, which you learned in Unit 7.</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài bù zhídào zěnme
- chīqilai le. </foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>He didn't used to eat meat. No he's started
- eating it for some reason.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><para><foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù
- Ōuzhōu, hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ yě jiu gēnqu
- wánrle yítàng.</foreignphrase>
- <footnote>
- <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gēn</foreignphrase>, “to follow, to go along
- with”</para>
- </footnote>
- </para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry> I hadn't originally planned to go to
- Europe. Then she insisted on going, so I went
- along for the fun of it.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>(2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known,
- especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to
- a puzzling situation. This can sometimes be translated by “it
- turns out that...” or by “So...'.” (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái</foreignphrase> cannot be
- used for this meaning.)</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒ xiǎng shi tā xiěde, yuánlái jiù shi ní
- xiěde!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh, so you wrote this! I thought he wrote
- it.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >À! Yuánlái nǐ jiù shi Xú Xiansheng? Huānyíng, tài
- huānyíng le!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh! So you're Mr. <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xú</foreignphrase>?
- Welcome! Welcome indeed!</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >À, yuánlái shi zhème huí
- shi!</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Oh! So that's what happened!</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- <varlistentry>
- <term>(3) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Yuánláide</foreignphrase> may be used to modify a noun,
- with the meaning “original”:</term>
- <listitem>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Wǒmen yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ
- qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Our original plan was to go next
- Friday.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài
- bān dao chéngli qu zhù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry/>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>Their original house was outside the city,
- (but) now they've moved into the city.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable>
- </para>
- </listitem>
- </varlistentry>
- </variablelist>
- </para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Tape 1 Review Dialog</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> and
- Tom's room, Tom (A) is getting his things packed, when <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B) comes in.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Unit 8, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
- <para/>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 1</title>
- <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
- unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed, by a pause
- for you to translate it into Chinese. Then a second speaker will confirm
- your answer.</para>
- <para>All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
- want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.</para>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 2</title>
- <para>In this exercise a mother and son talk in their apartment in
- Hangzhou.</para>
- <para>The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
- you'll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
- as you listen a second time.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
- conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- diǎnr shēngr</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>a little more quietly</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >bǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to wrap</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán
- liǎn'ài</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>to be in love, to be going together (having a
- courtship)</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these question in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why is his sister going to America? Why is she talking
- handicrafts?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What will happen this evening?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What news does he learn about his sister?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Does his mother seem nervous? How can you tell?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- </para>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying
- answers.</para>
- <note>
- <para>The translations used in these dialogue are meant to indicate
- the English functional equivalent for the Chinese sentences
- rather than the literal meaning of the Chinese.</para>
- </note>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In this conversation a mother talks to her daughter in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> about her
- grandparents.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
- time through, look below and answer the questions.</para>
- <para>Here are the new words for this conversation:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánxiē
- nián</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>a few years back</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
- shuō</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>besides, moreover</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
- Yún</foreignphrase> doing? Why?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What is the latest news about <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Yún</foreignphrase>'s
- grandfather?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>Why does the mother seem to have little regard for the
- company she talks about?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>According to the mother, what is the grandfather's
- attitude toward work?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What does the mother ask her daughter to write into the
- letter to grandfather?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to
- take a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also
- want to listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the
- answers which you have prepared.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Exercise 4</title>
- <para>This conversation takes place in the office of a factory in
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- when an older man and a younger man are on the night shift.</para>
- <para>Listen to the conversation straight though once. Then rewind the tape
- ans listen again. On the second time through, answer the
- questions.</para>
- <para>You will need the following words and phrases:<informaltable
- frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
- <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
- <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
- <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
- Shīfu</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>old master</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >gémìng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>revolution</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū
- Lǎozǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>an affectionate name for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū Dé</foreignphrase>,
- a military leader of China and commander of the
- Eighth Route Army during the war of resistance
- against Japan.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jūnduì</foreignphrase></entry>
- <entry/>
- <entry>army</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- <section>
- <title>Questions for exercise 4</title>
- <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you can
- talk about them in class.</para>
- <orderedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
- Lǎo Shífu</foreignphrase> do before the war of
- resistance against Japan? Was it a secure job?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What happened to his business during the war of resistance
- against Japan?</para>
- </listitem>
- <listitem>
- <para>What did “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū
- Lǎozǒng</foreignphrase>” (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū Dé</foreignphrase>) do at
- that time? What did <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng Lǎo
- Shīfu</foreignphrase> do for <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhū
- Lǎozǒng</foreignphrase>?</para>
- </listitem>
- </orderedlist>
- <para>After you have answered these questions, you may want to take a
- look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
- listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
- correctly.</para>
- </section>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
- <para>A mother (B) and her son (A) talk in their apartment in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hángzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- <section>
- <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
- <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> a
- mother (B) talks with her daughter (A).</para>
- <para/>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- </section>
- <?custom-pagebreak?>
- <section>
- <title>Vocabulary</title>
- <para>
- <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
- <tgroup cols="3">
- <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
- <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
- <tbody>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àishàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱上 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to fall in love with </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to love </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āndìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安定 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be peaceful and stable, to be quiet and settled </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> father, dad, papa </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báitiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">白天 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> daytime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng máng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to help; help </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāngzhu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮助</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to help; help; as a help to, for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">棒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be great, to be fantastic, to be terrific </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-bān </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-班</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for class of students </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保护</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to protect </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎoshí </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保持</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to keep, to preserve, to maintain </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">包 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wrap </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèihòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">背后</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> behind someone's back </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-bèizi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-辈子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all one's life, lifetime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本来 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the
- first place </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnrén </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本人 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> herself, himself, oneself, myself, etc. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biànchéng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变成 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to change into </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to change, to become different </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐcǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">彼此 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> each other, one another, both; the same to you </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìngrén </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">病人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> sick person, patient </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐsà bǐng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">比萨饼</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> pizza </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">比</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to compare </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伯母 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> aunt (wife of father's elder brother); (term for the mother of
- one's friend) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bóshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">博士</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Ph.D. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú fàngxīn
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不放心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to worry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guǎn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不管</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> no matter (what, whether, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù huāng bù
- máng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不慌不忙 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> calm, not the least bit flustered </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú jiàn bú sàn
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不见不散</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> don't leave until we've met up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù jiǎndān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不简单 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> not ordinary, not commonplace; remarkable </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng bu
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不能不</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have to, must </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不少</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi... jiù
- shi...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不是。。。 就是。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> if it isn't... then it's; either... or... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng huà
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不像话 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk, acts,
- etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cáichǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">财产 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> property </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">才</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> only in that case, only under this condition </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">财</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> only (before an amount) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">参加</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to participate in, to take part in; to join; to attend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chàng gē</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唱歌 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to sing (songs) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be long </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵醒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wake (someone) up by being noisy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be noisy; to disturb by making noise </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">城市</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> city; urban </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >chéngyuánguó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成员国 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> member country </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-chéng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-成 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (verb ending) into </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃不下去 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be unable to eat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī kǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃苦 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to suffer, to undergo hardship </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chōu yān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">抽菸</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to smoke (tobacco) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">床 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> bed </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuántǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">传统 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> tradition, traditional </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cōnglái
- bù/méi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来不/从来没</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> never (up till now) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> ever (up till now), always (up till now) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng...
- (verb)-qǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从。。。 -起</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to begin (verb)-ing from. </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cūnr</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">村儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> village </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >dāduōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大多数(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the great majority </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàishang</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">带上</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take along (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-代</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> generation; era, (historical) period </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dājiě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大姐</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> older sister (a respectful term of address for a woman about
- one's own age or older) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大陆</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mainland, continent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">党 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (political) party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">担心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be worried, to be uneasy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">单子 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> list; form </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàochù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到处</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> everywhere </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàodé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">道德</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> morality, morals, ethics </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào lāji</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">倒垃圾</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take out (dump) the garbage </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">道理</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> principle, truth , hows and whys; reason, argument, sense
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">倒</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to pour, to dump </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (resultative ending used for perception to one of the senses:
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jiàndao</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tīngdao</foreignphrase>, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (resultative ending used to indicate reaching; in <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >tándào</foreignphrase>, etc., translated as “about” or “of”
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxuéshēng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大学生</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> college student </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打仗 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to fight a war, to go to war </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhēn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打针</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get an injection </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打字</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to type (on a typewriter) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得到 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to receive, to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de huà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的话 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> if; in case; supposing that </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děi kàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> wait until; when, by the time </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng yíxià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等以下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> wait a minute; in a little while </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> when; by the time; till </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-diǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-点</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> point </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào
- yǎnlèi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">掉眼泪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cry, shed tears </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìwei</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">地位 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> position, status </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngde</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">懂得</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to understand, to grasp, to know </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duǎnpiān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">短片</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> short (stories, articles) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúlì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">独立</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be independent; independence </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó (duō)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> how (to what extent) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó hǎo!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多好!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> how great that is! </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多数 (儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the majority (of), most (of) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">éi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">诶 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> say! (interjection telling that the speaker Just thought of
- something) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿童 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> child (formal word) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífu(r)
- (-fer)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿媳妇(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> daughter-in-law </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发达</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be (highly) developed, to be </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法律 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> law </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎnduì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">反对 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to oppose, to be against </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fāngmiàn
- (-mian)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-方面</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> aspect, side, area, respect </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">访问 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to visit </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎnzhèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">反正</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> anyway, in any case </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn zuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯罪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to commit a crime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to violate, to offend, to commit; to have an attack (of an old
- disease) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">翻 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to translate </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发展</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to develop, to expand, to grow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风俗</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> custom(s) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnkāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分开</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to separate, to split up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> points </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to divide, to separate, to split </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnü</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">妇女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> woman; women, womankind </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫妻 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> blessings, good fortune </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to change; change(s) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gài </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">盖</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to build, to construct </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> should, ought to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> will probably </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànbu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干部</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> cadre </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">感觉 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> feeling, sensation; to feel, to perceive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànmá </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干嘛 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on what for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn shenme
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干什么</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnxiè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">感谢</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be thankful, to be grateful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāogàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">高干</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> senior cadres </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāozhōng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">高中</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> senior high school </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèguó </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">各国</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> various countries </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gémìng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">革命</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> revolution </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跟 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to follow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngchǎndǎng
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">共产党</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Communist Party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngchǎng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工厂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> factory, mill, plant, works </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōnggong </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公公 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandfather, grandpa (paternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngkè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">功课 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> homework </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngqīngtuán
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">共青团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Communist Youth League </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshāngyè
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工商业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> industry and commerce </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> industry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyìpǐn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工艺品</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> handicrafts </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">公</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> male (for animals) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎnggào </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">广告 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> advertisement </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">观念</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> concept, idea, notion </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānxīn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">关心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be concerned/care about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">关于</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> as to, with regard to, concerning, about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">管</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take care of; to mind, to bother about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔhuī </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">骨灰</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> bone ashes, ashes (of a person) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">规矩</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> rules of proper behavior, social etiquette, manners; special
- customs, established practice, rule (of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">国家 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> country, state, nation; national </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the past </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to pass; to pass away, to die </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò rìzi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过日子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to live; to get along </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùshi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">故事 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> story </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔshū </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">古书 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> ancient book </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎiluòyīn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">海洛因 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> heroin </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> fairly, passably </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好处</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> benefit, advantage </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāor </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好好儿 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> properly, carefully, thoroughly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo shi hǎo,
- kěshi…</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好是好,可是</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> well, okay, but… </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好像 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to seem as if, to seem like </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēiyè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黑夜</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (darkness of) night, nighttime </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hèn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恨 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to hate, to loathe, to detest </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Hóngwèibīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红卫兵</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (a) Red Guard; the Red Guards </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后来 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> later, afterwards </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáshèngdùn
- Yóubào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华盛顿邮报</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Washington Post </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> might; to be likely to; will </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-huí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">回</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for shì matter </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">活 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to live; to become alive; to survive; to be live/alive/living;
- mobile, moving </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húshuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">胡说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to talk nonsense; nonsense, drivel </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hùxiāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">互相 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mutually </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎndān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">简单 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be simple </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be particular about; to be elegant, to be tasteful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奖 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> prize </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to stress, to pay attention to, to be particular about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàotáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教堂</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> church, cathedral </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to educate; education </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiārù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">加入</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to join </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiātíng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家庭 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> family </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for families </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīdòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">激动 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be agitated, to be worked up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to successfully borrow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěfàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">解放</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to liberate, to emancipate; liberation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn
- (jiēhūn)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get married </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">介意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to mind, to take offense </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to borrow; to lend </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >jíjímángmáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急急忙忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in a hurry, extremely rushed </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jímáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急忙</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be hasty, to be hurried </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnbù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">进步</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to progress; progress </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìndàishǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">近代史 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> modern history </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngshén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">精神 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> energy, spirits </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīnr</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">今儿</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> today (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐnzhāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">紧张</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be nervous, to be upset </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìzhu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">记住</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to remember </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">记 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to remember; to commit to memory </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jūnduì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">军队</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> army </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">júzi
- shuǐ(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">橘子水(儿) </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> orange juice (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Běijīng</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-句 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> sentence; (counter for sentences utterances, often followed by
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>,
- “speech”) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看不起 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to look down on, to scorn, to despise </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to see </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看着 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems reasonable
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考虑</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to consider, to think about; consideration </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考试</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz; exam, test </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">靠</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be
- next to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be loveable, to be adorable </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěkǎyīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可卡因 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> cocaine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěkǒukělě</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可口可乐</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Coca Cola </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kělián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">可怜</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be pitiful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">肯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be willing to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哭 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">*</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> for the past, (amount of time) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。来 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an event),
- to help oneself to (food, etc.), to Join in (a game, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> used before a verb to express that something will be done
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lājī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">垃圾 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> garbage </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lánwěiyán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">阑尾炎 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> appendicitis </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodònglì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> labor force, labor; able-bodied person </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to labor </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎolao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姥姥</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandmother, grandma (maternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láolì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> labor force; labor </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo shīfu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老师傅</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> old master </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshǔ
- (láoshu)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老鼠</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mouse or rat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >lǎoxiānsheng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老先生</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> old gentlemen </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoyé</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">姥爷 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandfather, grandpa (maternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎozǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老总</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (used with surname as an affectionate term for a high-ranking
- PLA commander) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">老 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all the time, always </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián...
- dōu/yě...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">连。。。 都/也</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> even... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo
- tiān(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊天(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to chat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to chat </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">俩 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
- colloquial word meaning <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >liǎngge</foreignphrase>, two </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐmào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">礼貌</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> manners, politeness </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">领导 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over); leadership;
- leader, leading cadre </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liùshi
- niándài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">六十年代 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the decade of the sixties </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxia </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">留下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to leave </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">流行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luànqībāzāo
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱七八糟 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in a mess, in confusion, in disorder; miscellaneous, motley, all
- thrown in together </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luàn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be in disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic; arbitrarily,
- recklessly, any old way </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr (mànmàn)
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">慢慢儿(慢慢)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one1s time (doing
- something); (tell) all about, in all details </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">么 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (marker for obviousness of reasoning) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi yìsi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">米意思</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be uninteresting/boring; to be pointless/meaningless; to be a
- drag; to be without value, not worthy of respect, cheap </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明白</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be clear, to be
- intelligible </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng Bào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明报 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">母 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> female (for animals) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà hái yòng shuō
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">那还用说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> that goes without saying </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奶奶</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandmother (paternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán Měi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">南美</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> South America </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> men and women, male-female </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánshòu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难受</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nántīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难听</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears; to
- be scandalous </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nénglì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">能力 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> ability </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">呢</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> used in questions asking the whereabouts of someone/something
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji
- (niánjì)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年纪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> age </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年轻</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be young </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农村 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> country, rural area; rural </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònglai </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get and bring </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农民</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> peasant </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nong (něng)
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to do; to fool with; to get </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农业 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> agriculture </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">努力</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to make efforts </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚsheng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">女生 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> coed, woman student </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎolai
- pǎoqù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跑来 跑去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to run around </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怕</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be afraid </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pèngdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">碰到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to run into, to come across </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-piān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-篇</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> counter for sheets, articles or pieces of writing </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">骗 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to fool, to deceive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngděng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">平等 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> equality; to be equal (of people) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnmìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">拼命</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> with all one's might, for all one is worth, desperately, like
- mad; to risk one's life, to defy death </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīzhǔn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">批准</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to give permission, to approve; approval, permission, sanction
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pópo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">婆婆 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandmother, grandma </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiáng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">强</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be strong </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">枪 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> gun </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiánxiē
- nián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">前些年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> a few years back, in recent years </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiāo mén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">敲门</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to knock at the door </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíguài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奇怪</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-qilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-起来 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (resultative ending which indicates starting) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to get up (in several senses) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">青海 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> a province in western China </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情况</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngxing</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情形 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánjiā
- rén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">全家人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the whole family </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劝 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to advise, to urge, to try to persuade </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">让 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to make (someone a certain way) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人家</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> people; other people; someone else; they; he, she; I </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> person; self; body </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīnqilai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心起来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to become enthusiastic and interested </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be enthusiastic and interested, to be warmhearted, to be
- earnest </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rìzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">日子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> day; date; time </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù Tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to join the Communist Youth League (<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngqīngtuán</foreignphrase> or
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Gòngchǎnzhǔyì</foreignphrase>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Qīngniántuán</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to enter; to join (an organization) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāfā </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">沙发 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> sofa </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng xué </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上学</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to go to school; to attend school </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngyè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">商业</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> commerce, business </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shang </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-上 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> verb ending indicating starting and continuing </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàoxiānduì
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">少先队 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Young Pioneers </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">傻 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杀 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to kill (means unspecified); to kill (specifically, with a knife
- or knife-like instrument); to try to kill </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèhuì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">社会 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> society; social </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngchǎn </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生产 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to produce; production </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生活</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to live; life; daily life; livelihood </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyì (shēngyi)
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生意 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> business, trade </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnqǐng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">申请</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to apply (for) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēntǐ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">身体</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> body; health </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìchǎng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">市场</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> market </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjièshang
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界上 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in the world, in the whole world </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shijièxìng
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界性</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> worldwide, cosmopolite </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjiè </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> world </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实行</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to practice, to carry out, to put into effect, to implement (a
- method, policy, plan, reform, etc.) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízaì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实在</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> really; to be real </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">使</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cause (followed by a verb), to make, to enable </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒuchāode
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">手抄的</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> handwritten </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu jiàoyu
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">受 教育</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to receive an education </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōurù </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收入</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> income, earnings </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收拾</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to straighten up; to get ones things ready </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">受 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to receive </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">瘦 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be thin </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǔjià </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">暑假</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> summer vacation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōbuqīngchu
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说不清楚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can't explain clearly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōdao </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to speak of; as for </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōfǎ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说法 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> way of saying a thing; statement, version, argument </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuòshì </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">硕士 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Master's degree </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sì Shū </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四书</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the Four Books (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Dàxué</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lúnyǔ</foreignphrase>,
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Mèngzǐ</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sīxiǎng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">思想 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> thought, way of thinking </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">死</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to die </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònghuiqu </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送回去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take/escort back </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòngxíng </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送行 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to see (someone off), to wish (someone) a good trip; to give a
- going-away party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn le</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">算了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> forget it, let's drop the matter, let it go at that; come off
- it, come on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> granddaughter (through one's son) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandson (through one's son) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude...
- dōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">所有的。。。 都</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán
- liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">谈恋爱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be in love, to be going together (courtship) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎoyàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讨厌</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to dislike, to be disgusted with </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">疼 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be very fond of, to be attached to, to dote on 7 </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">跳 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to jump, to leap </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tímu (-mù)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">题目 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> topic, subject; title; examination question, test problem
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to heed (advice), to obey (orders) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">提</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to carry (from the hand at the side of the body) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同居 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to cohabit; cohabitation </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同意</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to consent, to agree </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóur</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">头儿 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> head, chief, boss </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">团</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (Communist Youth) League </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-团 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> group, society </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔdì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">土地 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> land </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(V V) kan</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">(V V) 看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> try and (v), (v) and see how it </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàigōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外公</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandfather, grandpa (maternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàipó</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外婆 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandmother, grandma (maternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàiwén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">外文</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> foreign language </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnhuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晚会 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> evening party </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
- wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">晚恋晚婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> late involvement and late marriage </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">为了 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in order to; for the purpose of; for the sake of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénhuà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文化 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> culture; schooling, education, literacy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénxuéjiā</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文学家 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> writer, literary man </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzhāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文章</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> article, essay; prose (writing) style </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde tiān
- na!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我的天阿!</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> my God! </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">午觉</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> noontime nap </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàndài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">现代</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be modern; contemporary; modern times </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngbuchū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想不出</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can't think up, can't come up with </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相当</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> quite, pretty, considerably </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdao</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to think of </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相信 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to believe (in); to trust, to be convinced (that) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">像 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be like, to resemble; like; such as </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">响 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to sound, to make a sound </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo diǎnr
- shēng(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小点儿声(儿)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> a little more quietly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
- péngyou</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小朋友</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> little friend; kids </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàoshun</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孝顺 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be filial; filial obedience </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xiǎoshuō(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> fiction, novel </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> young </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià qí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下棋 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to play chess </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-下去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> down (directional ending used for eating or drinking down)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-下去</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> resultative ending which indicates continuing an action </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xià</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> under </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī dú</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吸毒 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take drugs; drug taking </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to, to be used
- to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìngkuī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">幸亏</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> fortunately, luckily </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìngqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兴趣</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> interest </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xìng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-性</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> nature, -ness, -ity </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心里</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in one's heart, in one's mind </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnshì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心事 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> something weighing on one's mind, worry </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
- Zhōukān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻周刊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Newsweek </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> news </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> heart </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué hǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to learn from good examples, to learn to be a good person
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéhuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to learn, to master </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéqī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学期</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> semester, term (of school) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >xuéshēnghuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学生会</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> student association </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué yī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学医</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to study medicine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xùnliànbān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">训练班</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> training class </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánjiū (-jiu, -jiù)
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">研究</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to study (in detail), to do research on; research </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào kàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">要看</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to depend on </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàzhōu
- (Yǎ-)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亚洲</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> Asia </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yèdà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">业大 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> evening university </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě gāi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也该</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> really should </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yě hǎo, ...yě hǎo
- </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。也好, 。。。也好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> whether... or...; both... and... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也就</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> accordingly, correspondingly, so </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爷爷</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> grandfather (paternal) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
- yìbiān(r)...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">以便(儿)。。。 以便(儿)。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfāngmiàn...,
- yìfāngmiàn... </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一方面。。。,一方面 。。。 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> on the one hand... on the other hand; for one thing..., for
- another thing... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìjiāzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一家子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> one family; the whole family; the same family </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yímiàn(r)...
- yímiàn(r)...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面(儿)。。。一面(儿)。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān dào
- wǎn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一天到晚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all day long </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīxué</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医学</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> medical science, medicine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīyuàn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医院</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> hospital </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一直</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> all along, continuously, all the time (up until a certain point)
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> as soon as </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亿 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> hundred million </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> medical science, medicine (used in phrases like x<foreignphrase
- xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">uě yī</foreignphrase>) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yònggōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">用功</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be hardworking, to be industrious (in one's studies) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu bànfǎ, (duì...
- )</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有办法,(对。。。)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be able to deal with (something) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
- bāngzhu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有帮助</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be helpful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu dàolǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有道理</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to make sense </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuéryuán</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">幼儿园 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> kindergarten </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu guīju</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有规矩 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have manners, to be proper </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu hǎochù</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有好处</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be beneficial, to be good (for) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu lǐmào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有礼貌</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be well mannered, to be polite </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有钱</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be rich </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">*</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to come up to (a certain level) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有效 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be effective; to be valid </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xìngqu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有兴趣</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be interested </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yánjiū</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有研究 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to have done research on; to know a lot about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yòng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有用</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be useful </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yōu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">优 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> excellent </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">又</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> also </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> anyway; after all </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuánlái</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> original, former; originally, formerly; it turns out that...,
- so...! (expresses finding out the true situation) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuányīn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原因 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> reason, cause </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuànyi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"> 愿意 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái
- yuè...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越来越。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> more and more..., increasingly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè...
- yuè...</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越。。。越。。。</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> the more... the more... </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">运气 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> luck </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shuō</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再说</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> furthermore, besides, moreover </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài yě
- bù/méi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">再也不/没</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> never again </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎohūn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早婚</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child; to marry
- early </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> a long time ago </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme (yì)huí
- shì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怎么一回事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> what's it all about </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zéren
- (-rèn)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">责任</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> responsibility </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎngdà</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长大 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to grow up </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàngfu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丈夫</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> husband </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to grow </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhànzhēng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">战争</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> war </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāobudào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">找不到</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can't find, to be unable to find </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàogu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">照顾 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to take care of; care </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi
- yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这一下子</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> after this, as a result of this </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème (yì)huí
- shì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这么一回事</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> like this </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngcè</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政策</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> policy </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政府 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> government </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >zhènghǎo(r)</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正好(儿) </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> it Just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; just in
- time. Just right, just enough </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政治</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> politics; political </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">整 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> just, precisely, right </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ hǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只好</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> can only, to have to, to be forced to </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīshi</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">知识 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> knowledge </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只要</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> provided that, as long as </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
- Qīngnián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中国青年</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> China Youth (a periodical) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng nán qīng
- nǚ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">重男轻女</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to regard males as superior to females </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
- >Zhōngxuéshēng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">中学生</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> High School Student (a periodical) </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhōng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-中</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> in </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōukān</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周刊</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> weekly publication, weekly magazine </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuàn qián</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赚钱 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to earn money, to make money </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔrén</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">主人</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> host, master </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùxialai</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住下来</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to move and stay (in a place), to settle down </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">主要</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mainly </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìyóu
- shìchǎng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">自由市场</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> free market </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìyóu</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">自由</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> freedom; to be free </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zōngjiào</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宗教</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> (organized) religion </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngtǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总统</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> president </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> always; inevitably, without exception; after all, in any case
- </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">最近</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> lately, recently; the near future, soon </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuǐ</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">嘴</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> mouth </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">罪 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> crime, guilt </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòbuliǎo</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做不了</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be unable to do </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò lǐbài</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做礼拜 </foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to worship, to go to church </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòxia</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">坐下</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to sit down </entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry>
- <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">做</foreignphrase>
- </entry>
- <entry> to be, to act as </entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </informaltable></para>
- </section>
- </chapter>
|