FSI-Chinese-Docbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook/FSI-Chinese-MOD7-Textbook.xml.bak

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    version="5.0">
    <title>Module 7: Society</title>
    <section>
        <title>Preface</title>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</emphasis> originated in an
            inter-agency conference held at the Foreign Service Institute in August 1973 to address
            the need generally felt in the U.S. Government language training community for improving
            and updating Chinese materials to reflect current usage in Beijing and Taipei. </para>
        <para>The conference resolved to develop materials which were flexible enough in form and
            content to meet the requirements of a wide range of government agencies and academic
            institutions.</para>
        <para> A Project Board was established consisting of representatives of the Central
            Intelligence Agency Language Learning Center, the Defense Language Institute, the State
            Department1s Foreign Service Institute, the Cryptologic School of the National Security
            Agency, and the U.S. Office of Education, later joined by the Canadian Forces Foreign
            Language School. The representatives have included Arthur T. McNeill, John Hopkins, and
            John Boag (CIA); Colonel John F. Elder III，Joseph C. Hutchinson, Ivy Gibian, and Major
            Bernard Muller-Thym (DLI); James R. Frith and John B. Ratliff III（FSI); Kazuo Shitama
            (NSA); Richard T. Thompson and Julia Petrov (OE); and Lieutenant Colonel George Kozoriz
            (CFFLS).</para>
        <para>The Project Board set up the Chinese Core Curriculum Project in 1974 in space provided
            at the Foreign Service Institute. Each of the six U.S. and Canadian government agencies
            provided funds and other assistance. </para>
        <para>Gerard P. Kok was appointed project coordinator, and a planning council was formed
            consisting of Mr. Kok, Frances Li of the Defense Language Institute, Patricia 0'Connor
            of the University of Texas9 Earl M. Rickerson of the Language Learning Center, and James
            Wrenn of Brown University. In the fall of 1977， Lucille A. Barale was appointed deputy
            project coordinator. David W. Dellinger of the Language Learning Center and Charles R.
            Sheehan of the Foreign Service Institute also served on the planning council and
            contributed material to the project. The planning council drew up the original overall
            design for the materials and met regularly to review their development.</para>
        <para>Writers for the first half of the materials were John H.T. Harvey, Lucille A. Barale,
            and Roberta S. Barry, who worked in close cooperation with the planning council and with
            the Chinese staff of the Foreign Service Institute, Mr, Harvey developed the
            instructional formats of the comprehension and production self-study materials, and also
            designed the communication-based classroom activities and wrote the teacher's guides.
            Lucille A. Barale and Roberta S. Barry wrote the tape scripts and the student text. By
            1978 Thomas E. Madden and Susan C. Pola had joined the staff. Led by Ms, Barale, they
            have worked as a team to produce the materials subsequent to Module 6. </para>
        <para>All Chinese language material was prepared or selected by Chuan 0. Chao, Ying-chi
            Chen, Hsiao-Jung Chi, Eva Diao, Jan Hu, Tsung-mi Li, and Yunhui C. Yang, assisted for
            part of the time by Chieh-fang Ou Lee, Ying-ming Chen, and Joseph Yu Hsu Wang. Anna
            Affholder, Mei-li Chen, and Henry Khuo helped in the preparation of a preliminary corpus
            of dialogues.</para>
        <para>Administrative assistance was provided at various times by Vincent Basciano, Lisa A,
            Bowden, Jill W. Ellis, Donna Fong, Renee T.C. Liang, Thomas E. Madden, Susan C. Pola,
            and Kathleen Strype.</para>
        <para>The production of tape recordings was directed by Jose M. Ramirez of the Foreign
            Service Institute Recording Studio. The Chinese script was voiced “by Ms. Chao, Ms.
            Chen, Mr. Chen, Ms. Diao, Ms. Hu, Mr. Khuo, Mr. Li, and Ms. Yang. The English script was
            read “by Ms. Barale, Ms. Barry, Mr. Basciano, Ms. Ellis, Ms. Pola, and Ms. Strype. The
            graphics were produced by John McClelland of the Foreign Service Institute Audio-Visual
            Staff, under the general supervision of Joseph A. Sadote, Chief of Audio-Visual. </para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">Standard Chinese: A Modular Approach</emphasis> was field-tested
            with the cooperation of Brown University; the Defense Language Institute, Foreign
            Language Center; the Foreign Service Institute; the Language Learning Center; the United
            States Air Force Academy; the University of Illinois; and the University of Virginia. </para>
        <para>Colonel Samuel L. Stapleton and Colonel Thomas G, Foster, Commandants of the Defense
            Language Institute, Foreign Language Center, authorized the DLIFLC support necessary for
            preparation of this edition of the course materials.</para>
        <para><inlinemediaobject>
                <imageobject>
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                        fileref="../images/0021-FSI-StandardChinese-Module01ORN-StudentText-1.png"/>
                </imageobject>
            </inlinemediaobject></para>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <section>
            <title>Section 1 : To the student</title>
            <para>With the Society module, you are taking a step up to a new level of expression in
                Chinese. Up till now, you have been dealing with relatively short sentences about
                concrete situations. In this module, you will start to encounter longer sentences
                and more abstract statements. The transition will take some time, but you can make
                it easier on yourself by developing methodical ways of approaching the new material
                in each unit. The following suggestions may help.</para>
            <para> Keep in mind from here on in that the two skills you will continue to work on,
                production and comprehension, are no longer expected to stay at approximately the
                same level. It is natural for your ability to understand what others say to increase
                more rapidly than your ability to express your own thoughts. As you work through the
                Society module, bear in mind that, while you are asked to understand all the
                dialogues, you are required to be able to produce only a limited part of the
                language you will hear. This is specified in the module objectives, the unit
                vocabulary lists, and the introductions to the units.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>How to use the book</title>
            <para>Each unit of this “book presents quite a “bit of new information much more than
                anyone can master in a few days time. This is because information has also been
                included simply for comparison or for your future reference. This is what you should
                master in each unit:</para>
            <para>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The new grammar listed in the introduction for each unit.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The “basic meanings of each vocabulary item. (Related meanings may be
                            given in the reference notes for purposes of comparison, “but you are
                            not required to remember them.)</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para> The cultural “background information discussed in some reference
                            notes and contained in each unit1s review dialogue.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </para>
            <para> You may find it helpful to read through the reference notes three times. On the
                first time through, read only the notes on cultural “background. The second time, go
                through the notes that explain new grammatical structures.</para>
            <para>The third time, read only the notes on the meanings and usage of new words. For
                review, <emphasis role="bold">test yourself</emphasis> on the example sentences in
                the notes by covering the Chinese column and trying to translate the English column
                into Chinese. Check your answer immediately.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>How to use the tapes</title>
            <para> Starting with Module7, there will be only two thirty-minute tapes per
                unit,</para>
            <para> instead of five.</para>
            <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Tape 1</emphasis> introduces the material on the Reference
                List, giving you a chance to learn to understand these sentences and to practice
                saying them. Tape 1 replaces both the C-l and P-l tapes which you used in Modules 1
                through 6.</para>
            <para> You will find that the Tape 1 is denser in content and faster paced than either
                the C-l or P-l tapes. The number of new vocabulary items in each unit has been
                increased from 20-25 to 30-35- You will also notice that the sentences have
                increased in length. Since you must learn to understand as well as say these
                sentences from a single tape, you may find that you need to rewind the tape and
                review the presentation of each sentence several times. In addition, explanations
                which were formerly found on the C-l and P-l tapes are now found only in the
                Reference Notes.</para>
            <para>
                <emphasis role="bold">Tape 2</emphasis> replaces the C—2 and P-2 tapes. Each Tape 2
                will start off with a review of the sentences from the Reference List. This will be
                followed by-three exercise dialogues. You should listen to each dialogue until you
                under-stand it thoroughly. The workbook which accompanies Tape 2 describes the
                setting of the conversation and provides you with the new vocabulary you need to
                understand it. (You are not required to learn these additional vocabulary items.)
                The workbook also contains questions about each dialogue for which you will need to
                prepare answers in Chinese. Your teacher will ask you to answer these and other
                questions about the conversation in class.</para>
            <para> When you listen to the recorded dialogues, aim only for comprehension of the
                ideas. Whether or not you can repeat the sentences word for word is not critical.
                Since they are in colloquial style, the dialogues sometimes contain phrasing which
                you are not expected to be able to imitate at this stage, yet with a little effort
                (it is expected to take repeated listening), you will understand.</para>
        </section>


        <section>
            <title>Section 2 : To the teacher</title>
            <para>The format of the core modules from this point on differs considerably from those
                preceding, and teaching methods should be adapted to the requirements of this new
                format. Below are a few suggestions on how to use this and subsequent core
                modules.</para>
            <section>
                <title>How to Use the Reference Notes</title>
                <para> The reference notes in Society include grammatical explanations, discussions
                    of the usage of new words, and some cultural “background information.</para>
                <para>They are called “reference” notes for a reason: they are here for the student
                    1 s present and future reference. They are not intended as material for
                    classroom study or discussion, for in these later modules，as in the first six,
                    the “bulk of classroom time should “be spent in the actual use of Chinese. The
                    thoroughness of the notes is intended to relieve you of the need to give
                    lectures on grammar and usage and allow you to devote most of your time with
                    students to live practice of the language. You should familiarize yourself with
                    the content of the notes so that when students pose questions on word usage or a
                    new structure, you can simply refer them to the relevant note.</para>
                <para> The copiousness of example sentences in the notes has a double purpose.
                    First, along with the idiomatic English translations, they show the versatility
                    of the vocabulary items they introduce; at this level of study, a single English
                    translation can seldom fully do Justice to the range of nuances expressed by a
                    Chinese word. Second, students can use the example sentences at home for
                    translation practice, either Chinese-English or English-Chinese, using a strip
                    of paper to cover the target-language column and then checking their answer for
                    immediate reinforcement.</para>
                <section>
                    <title>How to Use the Exercise Dialogues</title>
                    <para>The three exercise dialogues in each unit (exercises 2, 3 and 4) present
                        completely different situations and characters from the unit review
                        dialogue, but include the same new vocabulary and structures. They provide
                        extra listening comprehension practice at normal conversational speed, an
                        area which should receive increased attention from both student and teacher
                        beginning with this module.</para>
                    <para> The language of many of the exercise dialogues is very colloquial and
                        thus a change from the style of the preceding modules. At this stage,
                        students must accustom themselves to hearing everyday Chinese and if given
                        ample practice, their comprehension will improve quickly. But bear in mind
                        that students are not expected to be able to produce sentences in this
                        colloquial style, only to understand them.</para>
                    <para> The taped exercises 2, 3, and 4，are to be listened to outside of class as
                        many times as is necessary for the student to answer the questions in the
                        workbook section. In class, the teacher should ask the questions, rephrased
                        in Chinese, and have students answer from their notes or, preferably, from
                        memory. If students bring up questions on colloquialisms contained in the
                        dialogues at this time, handle them quickly; avoid digressions on
                        expressions which are not required for production. The point of this
                        activity is for the students to talk-- to practice saying the new words and
                        structures of the unit.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Further Classroom Activities</title>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Use the subjects discussed in the dialogues as points of departure
                                for class discussions in which the teacher takes the part of the
                                Chinese who wants to understand American society and the American
                                students try to explain their ways of thinking and doing things.
                                Depending on class size, the level of the students, and individual
                                students competitiveness or reticence, these conversations will need
                                to be more or less structured. If necessary in order to maintain the
                                flow of ideas or to keep a small number of students from dominating
                                the discussion, everyone can be asked to outline possible answers
                                “before coming to class, or the teacher may prepare an outline for
                                the students.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Students can “be asked to tell the story of the review dialogue or
                                an exercise dialogue in their own words. This can be done by the
                                whole class together; if one student omits an important point in the
                                story, another student can remind him of it or supply it
                                himself.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Have students pick out from the reference list and the dialogues
                                certain sentences which serve a particular communicative function.
                                The Chinese material in this book is especially suited to this type
                                of exercise because of the colloquial tone of the dialogues and the
                                range of emotions and linguistic functions displayed within them.
                                For example, the students may be asked to find a sentence that
                                conveys enthusiasm toward an idea, one that conveys tentativeness
                                when asking a question about a delicate subject， or one that conveys
                                a desire to be helpful. Using the sentences thus found as take-off
                                points, the teacher can then ask the students to come up with other
                                sentences with the same linguistic function, or ask them to change
                                elements of the sentence to vary its function.</para>
                            <para>For example, Unit 1 of Society -presents some sentences (in the
                                reference list and dialogues) that can be used as responses to
                                    proposals:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"
                                            align="center"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  kǎolǜ kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >我虑的虑的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>I'll think it over. (non-committal)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Fēicháng hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >非常好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Great. (enthusiastic)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà
                                                  wǒmen shuō hǎo le...</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >那我们说好了。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Then we've agreed. (decisive)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù
                                                  zhèiyang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                  >就这样。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>It’s settled. (decisive)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>Students can be asked to add to this list sentences
                                expressing a wider range of responses to a proposal, e.g., flat
                                rejection (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                    xíng!</foreignphrase>)， scandalization (<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà zěnme kěyǐ
                                ā</foreignphrase>)，lukewarm acceptance (<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěyǐ . . .</foreignphrase> or
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yě
                                hǎo</foreignphrase>)，indecisiveness (M . . , or <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà，wǒ hái děi
                                    xiǎngyixiǎng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shuō ba</foreignphrase>)、etc. If
                                you make up supplementary exercises, you may find it effective to
                                base them on the communicative functions of sentences contained in
                                each unit. A list of these functions will be found in each unit’s
                                introduction.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para> If the teacher and students find that the new grammar needs to be
                                separately discussed in class, such sessions should be confined to a
                                review of the essential new structures, as listed in each unit’s
                                introduction.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Review</title>

                    <para> The two review tapes consist simply of exercises requiring the students
                        to translate the reference list sentences for Units 1 to 4 and 5 to 8,
                        respectively. The original order of the sentences in the text has been
                        scrambled. The first section of each tape is translation from Chinese to
                        English, the second from English to Chinese.</para>
                    <para> Because material introduced in this module is frequently repeated in
                        subsequent lessons, regular review will not be as important as in the
                        earlier modules, where the situational nature of the lessons means that some
                        vocabulary introduced in order to handle one kind of situation occurs in
                        that one module only. However, if desired, one of each unit1s exercise
                        dialogues can be reserved for review: have students listen to only two
                        instead of all three exercise dialogues while doing the unit, and then
                        return to the third dialogue several units later to brush up on the
                        vocabulary and structures.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>

        <section>
            <title> TAPES FOR MODULE 7 (SOC)</title>
            <para>
                <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 1: SOC 1.1, SOC 1.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 2: SOC 2.1, SOC 2.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 3: SOC 3.1, SOC 3.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit U: SOC 4.l, SOC 4.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 5: SOC 5.1, SOC 5.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 6: SOC 6.1, SOC 6.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 了: SOC 7.I, SOC 7.2</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>Unit 8: SOC 8.1, SOC 8.2</entry>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </para>
            <para><emphasis role="bold">Review Tapes</emphasis>: </para>
            <itemizedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>SOC Review 1-U, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para> SOC Review 1-U, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para> SOC Review 5-8, Tape 1 (Chinese to English)</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para> SOC Review 5-8, Tape 2 (English to Chinese)</para>
                </listitem>
            </itemizedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para>The Society Module (SOC) will provide you with the linguistic skills and cultural
            background information you need to visit a Chinese family, discuss some aspects of
            family life and society, to find out how someone’s family fits into the pattern of
            traditional Chinese society, and how it reflects the changes of modern society. Before
            starting this module, you must take and pass the MTG Criterion Test. In addition, it is
            assumed that by this point you will have already completed the optional modules Personal
            Welfare, Restaurant, and Hotel; vocabulary from these modules is now considered taught.
            The SOC Criterion Test will focus largely on this module, but material from the first
            six core modules and associated resource modules is also included. </para>
        <para><emphasis role="bold">OBJECTIVES </emphasis></para>
        <para>Upon successful completion of this module, you should be able to </para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give the English equivalent for any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference
                    Lists. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Say any Chinese sentence in the SOC Reference Lists when cued with its English
                    equivalent. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Ask someone about the size of his family, which family members live at home,
                    and where other family members live and why. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Use the rules of Chinese etiquette in social visits: the proper times for
                    visiting; the custom of offering refreshments to visitors and the type of
                    response expected from the visitor; and some polite ways to end a social visit.
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Discuss the status， duties, and responsibilities of sons in the traditional
                    Chinese family. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Discuss the different relationships within the Chinese family, especially
                    those between parents and children, and between mother-in-lav and
                    daughter-in-law. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Explain why the large (extended) family was the ideal pattern in traditional
                    Chinese society. SOC, Objectives </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Use the proper terms for referring to your own or someone else's children, and
                    understand the terms for addressing one’s children directly; use the terms for
                    paternal grandparents; use the terms for the parents of one’s friend. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Understand why early marriage was a common practice in traditional China.
                </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Discuss the effects of the development of industry and business on traditional
                    Chinese society. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Discuss the concept of filial obedience. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Compare the position of women in Chinese society before and after the founding
                    of the People1s Republic of China. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Discuss traditional marriage arrangements in China and the roles women were
                    placed in as a result. Understand the government1s policy toward marriage after
                    1949 and the actual changes that have occurred.</para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para> Explain and defend some of your personal views on topics such as equality of
                    the sexes, the status of women, living together, marriage, parent-child
                    relationships, care of the elderly, the effects of political and economic
                    conditions on society, crime, and drug abuse.</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1Travel plans</title>
        <subtitle>Travel Plans</subtitle>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>

            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics Covered in This Unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern (Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
                                shì...</foreignphrase></para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Phrases with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >guānyú</foreignphrase>, “concerning,” “about.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The directional ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >-lai</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The auxiliary verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >huì</foreignphrase>, “might,” “be likely to,“will.” </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The sentence marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >-de</foreignphrase>, ”that's the way the situation is.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Offering a visitor something to drink. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Responding to an offer of something to drink. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Concluding a social visit. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Telling someone you can’t take the time to explain something but will
                            talk about it later. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Presenting a suggestion or proposal to do something. </para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Responding to a suggestion or proposal to so something.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Unit 1 Reference List</title>

                <informaltable frame="none" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="15.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>1.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān wǒ jièdào
                                        yìběn hǎo xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >今天我借到一本好笑说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Today I borrowed a good novel (from someone).</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
                                        xiǎoshuō,ràng nǐ zénme gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">什么小说，让你
                                        怎么高兴？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>What novel is it that makes you so happy?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>2.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn xiǎoshuō
                                        xiěde shì dàlùde qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >这本小说写的是大陆的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>This novel is about the situation on the mainland.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú dàlùde? Jiè
                                        gěi wǒ kànkan xíng bu xíng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                    >关于大陆的？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>About the mainland? How about lending it to me to
                                    read?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>3.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàge xuéqí nǐ
                                        xiǎng yánjiū shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >下个学期你想研究生么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>What are you going to do research on next semester?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái shi lǎo wèntí:
                                        Zhōngguóde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还是老问题：
                                        中国的政治情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>It's still the same old topic: the political situation in
                                    China.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>4.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān Xiǎo Míng
                                        gěi tā nǚpéngyǒu xiě xìn, xiěde hǎo
                                    cháng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >昨天小明给他女朋有写信，写的好长。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Yesterday <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                                        Mín</foreignphrase>g wrote a letter to his girl friend, and
                                    it was really long!</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng rén zǒng
                                        shi niánqīng rén. Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou yě shi zhèiyang, nǐ
                                        wàng le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >年轻人总是年轻人。我年轻的时候也是这样，你忘了？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Young people are always young people. When I was young I was
                                    like that too, have you forgotten?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>5.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǔjiàde shíhou, nǐ
                                        xiǎng dào nǎr qù wánwanr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >暑假的时候，你想到哪儿去往往儿？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Where do you want to go to summer vacation?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng dào Yàzhōu
                                        jǐge guójiā qu kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >我想到亚洲几个国家去看看。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>I'd like to go visit a few countries in Asia.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>6.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme, nǐ xiǎng
                                        yánjiū Yàzhōude wénhuà chuántǒng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >怎么，你想研究亚洲的文化传统？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Oh? Do you want to do research on Asia's cultural
                                    tradition?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù néng shuō
                                        yánjiū. Wǒ zhǐ shi xiǎng qù kànkan nàlide shèhuì
                                        qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >不能说研究。我只是想去看看那里的社会情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>It can't be called research. I just want to go have a look at
                                    the social situation there.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>7.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng, wǒ
                                        jīntiān gǎnjué hěn bu shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">Lǎo Wáng,
                                        我今天感觉很不舒服。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
                                        Wáng</foreignphrase>, I feel awful today.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài zuòxia, wǒ qù
                                        gěi ni dào bēi chá lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >快做下，我去给你倒杯茶来。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Sit down and I'll pour you a cup of tea.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>8.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qùde nèige
                                        dìfang zhèngzhi, jīngji fāngmiànde qíngxing
                                        zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你去的那个地方政治，经济方面的情形怎么样？</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>What was the political and economic situation like where you
                                    went?</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐjù huà
                                        shuōbuqīngchu, yǒu shíjiān wǒ zài gēn ni mànmānr shuō
                                        ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >几句话说不清楚，有时间我在跟你慢慢儿说吧。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>I can't explain it clearly in just a few sentences; when I
                                    have time I'll tell you all about it.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>9.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánjiū Zhōngguo
                                        xiànzàide wèntí yídìng děi dǒngde Zhōngguó
                                        lìshǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >研究中国现在的问题一定得懂得中国历史。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>To study the problem of China now, you have to understand
                                    Chinese history.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
                                        zhèiyidiǎn hěn yàojǐn, wǒ kǎolǜ
                                    kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你说得这一点很要紧，我考虑考虑。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>This point of yours is very important; I'll think it
                                    over.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>10.</entry>
                                <entry>A:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài Zhōngguo zhù
                                        liǎngnian, yídìng huì xuéhǎo
                                    Zhōngwénde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >你在中国住两年，一定会学好中文的。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>If you live in China for two years, you're sure to learn
                                    Chinese very well.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>B:</entry>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a, yìfāngmiàn
                                        kěyǐ xuéhǎo Zhōngwén, yìfāngmiàn yě kěyǐ duō zhīdào yidiǎnr
                                        Zhōngguóde shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                        >是啊，一方面可以学好中文，一方面也可以多知道一点儿中国的事情。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>Yes, on the one hand I can learn Chinese well, and on the
                                    other hand I can find out more things about China.</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>11.</entry>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
                                        yìbiān(r)</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一边(儿）。。。
                                        一边（儿）</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>12.</entry>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yímiàn...yímiàn...</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面（儿）。。。
                                        一面（儿）。。。</foreignphrase></entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry>doing... while doing...</entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be long </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >chuántǒng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">传统</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> tradition, traditional </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大陆</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> mainland, continent </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">倒</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to pour (liquid) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-diǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">点</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> point </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngde</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">懂得</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to understand, to grasp, to know </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-fāngmiàn
                                        (-fāngmian)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">方面</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> aspect, side, area, respect </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">感觉</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> feeling, sensation, to feel, to perceive </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">关于</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> as to, with regard to, concerning, about </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">国家</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> country, state, nation; national </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">会</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> might, be likely, will </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to borrow; to lend </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">借到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to successfully borrow </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">句</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> sentence; counter for sentences or utterances, often
                                    followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >huà</foreignphrase>, "speech" </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考虑</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to consider, to think about </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mànmānr</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">慢慢儿</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> slowly; gradually, by and by; taking one's time; in all
                                    details </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >niánqīng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年轻</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be young </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情况</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >qíngxing</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">情形</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> situation, circumstances, condition, state of affairs
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">让</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to make (someone a certain way) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèhuì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">社会</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> society, social </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǔjià</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">暑假</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> summer vacation </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shuōbuqīngchu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说不清楚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> can't explain clearly </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénhuà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文化</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> culture </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小说</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> fiction, novel </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >(-)xuéqī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学期</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> semester, term (of school) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánjiū
                                        (yánjiu,yánjiù)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">研究</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to study (in detail), to do research on; research </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàzhōu
                                        (Yǎzhōu)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亚洲</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> Asia </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
                                        yìbiān(r)...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一边(儿）。。。
                                        一边（儿）</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yìfāngmiàn(r)...,yìfāngmiàn(r)...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一方面（儿）。。。
                                        一方面（儿）。。。</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> on one hand... , on the other hand... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yímiàn(r)...
                                        yímiàn(r)...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一面（儿）。。。
                                        一面（儿）。。。</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> doing... while doing... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhengzhi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政治</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> politics, political affairs; political </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">总</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> always; inevitably, without exception, after all, in any
                                    case </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòxia</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">坐下</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to sit down </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>: “to borrow”
                        [Also “to lend,” see Notes on No. 2.]<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dào
                                                túshūguǎn qù jiè shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我到图书馆去借束。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I’m going to the library to borrow [take out] some
                                                books.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For “from,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gen</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàng</foreignphrase> for people and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng</foreignphrase> for place names like the library.<note>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng</foreignphrase> is
                                used more in written style.</para>
                        </note><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi dài
                                                qián, xiǎng gēn (xiàng) Níngning qù
                                                jiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">我没带钱，想跟
                                                （相）宁宁去借。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn’t bring any money, I want to go borrow some
                                            from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Níngning</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng
                                                túshūguǎn jièle yì běn Zhīngguo lìshǐ
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我从图书馆借了一本中国历史书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I borrowed a Chinese history book from the
                                            library.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng</foreignphrase> can only be
                        followed by a person if the person is made into a place name, for example by
                        the addition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèr</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nàli</foreignphrase>):<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng tā
                                                nèr jièle wǔ kuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我从他那儿借了五块钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I borrowed five dollars from him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For people, you may also use the common pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèn... jiè...</foreignphrase>, literally
                        “ask... borrow.”:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wèn tā jièle yīběn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我问她接了一本书。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I borrowed a book from him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo
                                                yìsī wèn bièrén jiè qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我不好意思问别人借钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> I’m too embarrassed to borrow money from other
                                                people.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>: The ending
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> to
                        expresses that the borrowing results in the thing being obtained. You
                        learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> and
                        the similar <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zháo</foreignphrase> in the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiēdao</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiēzhao</foreignphrase>  “to receive,” in the Meeting module.</para>
                    <para> You need to know not only what the ending <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> means, but also when to
                        use it and when not to. This can't be summed up in one neat formula, but you
                        will see from the following examples that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dào</foreignphrase> to is used when there
                        was a question of not being able to get the thing. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè</foreignphrase> by itself does not
                        necessarily imply obtaining, so you can use it in situations when you tried
                        to borrow something but couldn't get it.<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gēn tā
                                                jièle yìběn zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我跟他接了一本字典。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I borrowed a dictionary from him.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
                                                jièguo, kěshi méi jièdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我去借过，可是没借到。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I went and tried to borrow it, but I didn't get
                                            it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="15*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóng
                                                túshūguǎn jièdào nèiběn Měiguó lìshí shū le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >你从图书馆借到那本美国书了吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Did you get that American history book out of the
                                            library?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyǒu, dōu
                                                jièchūqù le. Dàgài xià Xingīyī cái néng
                                                jièdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >没有，都借出去了。大概下星期一才能借到。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>No, they had all been taken out. I probably won't be
                                            able to (borrow and) get it until next Monday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè</foreignphrase> may have
                        certain other directional or resultative endings. Here are
                            examples.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèr
                                                kàn kěyǐ, bù néng jièchūqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >在这儿看可以，不能借出去。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You can read it here, but you can't take it
                                            out.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ wǒ de
                                                chē jièqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他把我的车街去了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He borrowed my car (and took it away)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
                                                nèiběn shū jièzǒu le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他把那本书街走了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He borrowed that book (and took it away)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng tā
                                                nèr jièlái wǔkuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我从他那儿借来五块钱。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I borrowed five dollars from him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to make”
                        someone a certain way, or “to cause” someone to become a certain way. When
                        used this way, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ràng</foreignphrase> is followed by a person and an adjectival verb.
                        You learned rang as “to let” in the Welfare module:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng wǒ kànkan nǐde
                            hùzhào</foreignphrase> “Let me see your passport.” [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng</foreignphrase>:  can also mean “to
                        have,” “To tell,”or “to make” someone do something.]<informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
                                                huà ràng wǒ hěn shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他说的话让我很生气。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What he said made me very angry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nàme bú
                                                kèqi ràng tā péngyǒu hěn bù hǎo
                                                yìsī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他那么不客气让他朋友很不好意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He embarrassed his friend by being so rude.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme xiǎoshuō? --ràng nǐ zhème
                            gāoxìng.</foreignphrase>: There is a pause after the question
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme
                            xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, and the rest of the sentence, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng nǐ zhème gāoxìng.</foreignphrase> is
                        like an afterthought. Compare these examples:<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shì
                                                shénme kāfēi? --zhème hǎo
                                            hē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >这是什么咖啡？--这么好喝。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What kind of coffee is this? It's so good.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù
                                                shì nǐ mǎide chē? --zhème
                                            nánkàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这就是你买的车？
                                                --这么难看。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>So this is the car you bought? It's so ugly!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xǐhuān
                                                shūxué a? --nàme méi yìsī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">你喜欢数学阿？
                                                --那么没意思。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You like math?--such a boring thing!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>: This verb
                        which you learned as “to write,” is also one of several ways that “about” is
                        expressed in Chinese. When used with this meaning, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> usually appears in the
                            <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
                            shi</emphasis></foreignphrase> construction discussed immediately below. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiěde shi</foreignphrase>: This
                        structure, <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
                            shi</emphasis></foreignphrase>, is a major structure of Chinese, so pay
                        extra attention! Use <emphasis role="bold">(Verb) </emphasis><foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">de
                            shi</emphasis></foreignphrase> when the verb is not new information and
                        you want to focus instead on the identity of the thing talked about. The
                        pattern itself makes an equational sentence, that is, an <emphasis
                            role="bold">A EQUALS B</emphasis> sentence: <informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A</entry>
                                        <entry>IS</entry>
                                        <entry>B</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>B</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                zuòde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >báicài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">What he's making is
                                            cabbage.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In sentence 2A, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiě</foreignphrase> is not new information because any novel must “be
                        written about” something. The object <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlùde qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> is new
                        information which is focused on. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ zài
                                                Jiāzhōu Dàxué niànde shì
                                            shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">A:
                                                你在加州大学念的大学是什么？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: What is it that you study at the University of
                                            California? </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ
                                                niànde shì jīngjixué.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">B:
                                                我念的经济学。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's economics.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                diànyǐng jiǎngde shì yīge Zhōngguó rén qù Měiguó
                                                wànde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >这个电影间的是一个中国人去美国望的是。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This film is about a Chinese going to America to
                                            visit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái nǐ
                                                jiàode shì shénme? Shì fàn háishì
                                                miàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >刚才你叫的是什么？是饭还是面？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did you order just now? Rice or noodles?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài
                                                shuōde shì wǒ háishì tā?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >你现在说的是我还是他？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is the person you're talking about now me or
                                            him?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
                                                xǐhuān kàn shū, kěshì tā kànde dōu shì yìxiē
                                                méiyìside xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >她很喜欢看书，可是他看的都是一些没意思的小说。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He likes to read, but all he reads are stupid
                                            novels.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase>:
                        “continent, mainland” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                            dàlù</foreignphrase> is “mainland China, ”which may also be called
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàlù</foreignphrase> for short
                        just as we say “the mainland.”</para>
                    <para>Other ways are by using the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiǎng</foreignphrase>, “to talk about,” as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū jiǎng shénme?</foreignphrase>,
                        “What is this book about?”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānyú</foreignphrase> (see the note in this section)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “situation, circumstances 5 state of affairs, condition” Used much more
                        frequently in Chinese than any single one of these translations is used in
                        English. Sometimes the Chinese language uses <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> when in English we
                        would just say “things” or “the way things are.”<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ de
                                                qíngkuàng gēn tā de
                                            chàbùduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >你的情况跟他的差不多。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You and he are in about the same situation. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dìdi de
                                                jīngji qīngkuàng bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我弟弟的经济情况不太好。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My younger brother’s financial situation isn’t too
                                            good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shì
                                                sìshi nián qián de shì, xiànzài qíngkuàng bù tòng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >那是四十年前的事，现在情况不同了。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That was forty years ago. Now things are different.
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng
                                                bù néng gěi wǒ jiǎngjiang nǐ zài dàlùde
                                                qíngkuàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">A:
                                                你能不能给我讲讲你在大陆的情况？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: Could you tell me about the way things were for
                                            you on the mainland?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ de
                                                yìsī shì wǒ zìjǐ de qíngkuàng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">B:
                                                你的意思是我自己的情况吗？</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: Do you mean my own situation?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> means the “picture” about a place (especially
                        an organization); in such cases it may not be necessary to translate it
                            literally.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*" align="center"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi
                                                wǒmen jiè shao le tāmen xuéxiào de
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >他给我们介绍了他们学校的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He gave us a presentation (briefing) on their school.
                                            (E.g., what grades, how many students and teachers, what
                                            subjects are taught, etc.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú tài
                                                shúxī Měidàsī de qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani"
                                                >我不太熟悉美大司的情况。</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I’m not too familiar with (the way things are at)
                                                the Department of American and Oceanic Affairs.
                                            </para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>: “with
                        regard to, concerning” The phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānyú dàlù de</foreignphrase> means literally “one concerning the
                        mainland.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase>
                        is rather formal. In everyday speech, the idea of “about” is more often
                        expressed in other ways <note>
                            <para>Other ways include using the verbs <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase> and
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase>
                                (see Notes on No. 2). For example, if I am watching a T.V. program
                                and you walk into the room and want to ask, “What’s this about?” the
                                most ’“everyday” way would be <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng shénme de?</foreignphrase>
                                (actually an abbreviated form of <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jiémù [program] shì jiǎng
                                    shénme de?</foreignphrase>). It would sound stilted to use
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
                                in such an informal situation. You see another example of how
                                “about” is expressed in Chinese on the next page under number (3) in
                                the little dialogue: “About what?” is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme diànyǐng?</foreignphrase>.
                            </para>
                        </note> , but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānyú</foreignphrase> is often used in formal contexts. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> is a
                        prepositional verb, which means it is followed by a noun (its object) and is
                        related to the main verb. It is not the best behaved of prepositional verbs,
                        however. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase>
                        does not occur where you would normally expect to find a prepositional verb
                        phrase (before the verb, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
                            Zhōngguó qù</foreignphrase>). Nor does <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase> occur in a sentence
                        the way “about,” does in English. “About” phrases in English are free to
                        occur after the verb, e.g. , “talk about Chinese history,” “think about your
                        problem.” A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
                        phrase (that is, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānyú</foreignphrase> and its object) can only occur in the following
                        places in the sentence: </para>
                    <para>(1) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> can
                        occur at the beginning of the sentence to introduce the topic about to be
                        commented on. <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                nèijiàn shì, wǒ shénme dōu bù
                                                zhìdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Concerning that matter, I don't know anything. (OR I
                                            don't know anything about that matter.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānyú nèrde
                                                qíngkuàng, nǐ gěi wǒ dǎting dǎting hǎo
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Would you please ask for me about the situation
                                            there?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                zhège, nǐmen hái yǒu méiyou shénme
                                                wèntí?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have any other questions about this? </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(2) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú</foreignphrase> can
                        also occur in a phrase with -de which modifies a noun. <informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xièxie nǐ
                                                gàosu wǒ zhème duō guānyú dàlùde
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Thank you for telling me so much about the situation
                                            on the mainland.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhīdào
                                                hěn duō guānyú zhèi fāngmiàn de
                                                shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He knows a lot (of things) about this field.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhèli
                                                méiyǒu duōshǎo guānyú Zhōngguo de
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We don't have very many books about China
                                            here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>It also occurs in a phrase with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase>, the whole phrase acting as a noun. <informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóng
                                                Xiǎo Zhào ner jièlai yī běn shū, shì guānyú Zhōngguó
                                                càide, nǐ kànkan. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I borrowed a book from <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                                            Zhào</foreignphrase>. It's (a book) about Chinese food.
                                            Have a look at it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(3) A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase>
                        phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānyú</foreignphrase> +
                        noun) is occasionally used alone as an abbreviated sentence.<informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuótiān
                                                kànle yige diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I saw a movie yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
                                                diànyǐng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>About what?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                Fǎguó ...</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>About France...</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                Fǎguóde shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>About what (aspect) of France?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
                                                Fǎguóde jīngji.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>About the French economy. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Compare the following English and Chinese sentences. Although the parts in
                        parentheses are optional in English, the Chinese sentences would be
                        considered wrong without the underlined -de phrases. (For the first example
                        you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiāoxi</foreignphrase>, “news.”)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tīngshuō
                                                guānyú Tiětuōde xiāoxi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you heard (the news) about Tito?(i.e., that he
                                            had died)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù yào wèn
                                                wǒ quānyú shùxuéde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't ask me (any questions) about math.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè gěi wǒ
                            kànkan</foreignphrase>: “lend (it) to me to read” In exchange 1,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiě</foreignphrase> was
                        translated “borrow.” Now you see it used for “to lend.” To say “lend
                        something to someone,” the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gěi</foreignphrase> phrase always follows the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase><note>
                            <para>A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
                                phrase before <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiè</foreignphrase> would mean “for,” not “to.” Example :
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi wǒ jièle jǐběn
                                    shū.</foreignphrase> “He borrowed a few books for me.”</para>
                        </note>. If the indirect object (person who receives) is a pronoun,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> may be
                        omitted: <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè wǒ
                                                yìzhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lend me a pen. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiè gěi wǒ
                                                yìzhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lend me a pen. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(In this extremely common sentence, the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is more frequently
                        omitted.) </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuéqī</foreignphrase> :
                        “semester, term.” Since <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xuéqī</foreignphrase> means literally just “school-period”, it could
                        conceivably apply to a scholastic term of any length, including quarters.
                        Chinese schools, however, run on semester system (fall-winter, and
                            winter-spring.)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                yǒude Měiguó dàxué yīge xuéqī zhǐ yǒu shíèr sānge
                                                lǐbài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Some American colleges have semesters which last only
                                            twelve or thirteen weeks.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànge
                                                xuéqī nǐ dōu niànle shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What (courses) did you take last semester?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéqī</foreignphrase> may also
                        be used without the counter <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-ge</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shàngxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàxuéqī</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìxuéqī</foreignphrase>, etc .</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánjiū</foreignphrase> : “to do
                        research on” a topic (usually at the graduate level or above). Sometimes may
                        be translated as “to study” (in depth, not just preparing for a
                            test).<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yánjiūde
                                                shi něifāngmiande wèntí?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What area does she study (OR do research
                                                on)?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kē Jiàoshòu
                                                zài jīngji fāngmiande yánjiū shi dàjiā hěn
                                                shóuxīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Everyone is familiar with Professor Kē1s research
                                                in the area of economics.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yánjiū
                                                gōngzuò hěn zhòngyào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His research work is very important.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> Another meaning is “to look into, to consider, to discuss”
                        (possibilities, opinions, questions) :<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí wǒmen děi yánjiū yanjiu.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>We should discuss (OR look into this)
                                                question.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase>:
                        “politics, political affairs; political”</para>
                    <para>Keep in mind that because of China's political system, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> has a
                        different set of meanings than we are used to. This is a large question
                        which we will not go into in depth here. But to give you an idea of this
                        concept, here is the definition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> from a Chinese dictionary.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> : The
                        concentrated expression of economics. It comes into being on a particular
                        economic base, serves the economic base, and has a tremendous influence on
                        economic development. In a class society, economic interests are the most
                        fundamental interests of the different classes. In order to safeguard their
                        own interests, the classes inevitably wage intense class struggle among each
                        other. Therefore, class struggle and handling relations between the classes
                        becomes the main content of politics. The relations which politics must
                        handle are the internal relations of a class, relations between the classes,
                        relations between nationalities, and international relations. Politics is
                        manifested in policies and activities in the areas of national life and
                        international relations of political parties, social groups, and social
                        forces which represent certain classes. The politics of the exploiting class
                        has as its aim to oppress the working people and to preserve its own narrow
                        interests. In the politics of the proletariat, bourgeois rule is overthrown
                        with revolutionary violence under the leadership of the proletarian
                        political party, and the dictatorship of the proletariat is established;
                        after power has been seized, socialist revolution is carried through to the
                        end, class struggle is properly waged, and contradictions between ourselves
                        and the enemy as well as contradictions among the people... are properly
                        handled; then the focus of struggle is progressively turned towards engaging
                        in the cause of socialist construction and devoting major efforts to
                        developing production, and creating the conditions needed to completely
                        abolish classes and bring about communism.</para>
                    <para> Note in particular how the politicization of everyday personal relations
                        in the PRC has resulted in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèngzhi</foreignphrase> being used in a host of phrases such as
                        “political influence,” “political relations,” “political background,”
                        “political qualifications,” etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        long” in physical length, or in some cases, time<note>
                            <para>There are other words for “long” in other contexts. When referring
                                to distance, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yuǎn</foreignphrase> : <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lù hěn yuǎn.</foreignphrase> “It's a
                                long way.” For time, you will also need <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase> : <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒule duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase>,
                                “How long has it been since he left?”</para>
                        </note>. The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cháng</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duǎn</foreignphrase>, “to “be short.”<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángchéng
                                                yǒu duō cháng? Yǒu liùqiānduō gōnglǐ
                                                (cháng).</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How long is the Great Wall? It’s over six thousand
                                            kilometers (long.) </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiède
                                                tài cháng le, duǎn yidiǎnr, hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You made this (piece of writing) too long. Could you
                                            shorten it?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                                cháng shíjiān méi kànjian ta
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> I haven’t seen him in a long time. ta le.
                                                  (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn
                                                  cháng shíjiān</foreignphrase> is the same as
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn
                                                  jiǔ</foreignphrase>)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
                                                zài nàr zhǎo fángzi yídìng xūyào yige hěn chángde
                                                shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m sure it will take you a long time to find a house
                                            there,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài zhèr
                                                gōngzuòde shījiān yǒu duō
                                            cháng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How long did he work here?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        young” While the idea of being young is often relative to a particular
                        situation, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng
                            rěn</foreignphrase> usually means people from the teens through the twenties.<note>
                            <para>Remember that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiǎo</foreignphrase> is another word for “young” :
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǐ wǒ xiǎo
                                    yísuì.</foreignphrase> “He's a year younger than I.”
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎode
                                    shihou</foreignphrase> usually means “When I was a child.” When
                                speaking to a child, you would say <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái xiǎo</foreignphrase> for
                                “You're still young.”</para>
                        </note><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                niánqīngde shíhou bǐ xiànzài gèng hǎo
                                                kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When she was young she was even more beautiful than
                                            now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niánqīng
                                                rén dōu xǐhuan wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>All young people like to have fun.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase>: “always,
                        invariably” Like other adverbs such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, really,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, “still,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase> is often
                        followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒngshi
                                                wèn wo wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>You always ask me questions.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                shìqing zǒngshi ràng rén hěn
                                                gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This type of thing always makes one very
                                            happy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng bù</foreignphrase>, “always
                        not... ” is one way of saying “never” :<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒng bù
                                                xǐhuān biérén wèn tā jiālide
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He never likes other people to ask about his
                                            family,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng</foreignphrase> has another
                        use, which is the one you see in exchange 4: Instead of meaning literally
                        “on every occasion” or “at all times,f” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒng</foreignphrase> is used to suggest that
                        a certain state of affairs should be obviously true, regardless of other
                        circumstances. Translations for this meaning depend upon the context; some
                        are “after all, surely, always, in any case, when all is said and done,
                        inevitably, eventually.” Other possible translations are suggested in the
                        following examples.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoháizi
                                                zǒng shi xiǎoháizi, dàle jiu hǎo le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Children will always be children; after they grow
                                                up it will be better.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú jiè
                                                wǒ, wǒ zài zhèr kànkan zǒng kěyi
                                            ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>If you won't lend it [this book] to me, at least I
                                                can read it here, can't I?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàn shū
                                                shi hǎo shì, zǒng bù néng bù chī fàn ba?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>It's great that you're studying, but after all,
                                                you can't go without eating,  can you?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                Měiguó rén, nǐ zǒng bù néng bù zhīdào Dézhōu zài nǎr
                                                ba?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> You're an American, you can't very well not know
                                                where Texas is, can you?!</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ názǒu
                                                wǒde shū, zǒng děi wèn wǒ
                                            yíxià!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You really should ask before you take one of my
                                            books.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng yǒu
                                                yìtiān, tā huì huílaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Someday he will surely come back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshige bú
                                                gòu, nà nǐ shuō sānshige zǒng gòu le
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>If twenty isn't enough, then thirty should surely
                                                be enough, wouldn't you say?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Gōnggòng
                                                qìchē méiyou dào nèige dìfangde, wǒmen děi qí
                                                zìxíngchē qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There aren't any buses that go there. We'll have to
                                            go by bicycle.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, qí chē
                                                duō lèi...</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, but it's so tiring to ride a bicycle.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒng bǐ
                                                zǒuzhe qù hǎoduō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Well, it's much better than walking!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái wǎn
                                                yidiǎnr zǒng bǐ bù lái hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's better to come a little late than not to come at
                                            all.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú nǐ
                                                zhèige wèntí, wǒ zhīdào bù duō, dàgài méiyou bànfǎ
                                                huídáhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't know much about this question of yours. I
                                            probably can't give you a good answer.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒng
                                                zhīdào bǐ wǒmen duō, jiù qǐng nǐ jiǎngjiang ba!
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In any case, you know more than we do, so please
                                            try.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǔjià</foreignphrase>: “summer
                        vacation” In China, summer vacation starts in August and ends in September
                        for high schools; college ends in June and starts in late August.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige shǔjià
                                            wǒ bú dào nǎr qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>
                                        <para>This summer vacation I'm not going anywhere.</para>
                                    </entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàzhōu</foreignphrase>: “Asia”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yà</foreignphrase> comes from
                        the transliterated word for Asia, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yàxìyà</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhōu</foreignphrase> means “continent.” Many people say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǎzhōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>: “country,
                        nation, state,” literally, “country-family.” The bound word -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guó</foreignphrase> is used only in certain
                        phrases or compound words. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guójiā</foreignphrase> is the word to use everywhere else. (Sometimes
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guó</foreignphrase> may be
                        used alone, such as in reference to kingdoms or dukedoms of ancient China.
                        But a modern nation is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guójiā</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme?</foreignphrase>: “oh?;
                        what?; really?” The intonation can change the implication.<informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme, nǐ
                                                yě dào zhèr lái le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Well, you've come here too!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme? Tā
                                                bú shi Zhōngguó rén? Nà tade zhōngwén zěnme zènme
                                                hǎo ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What? He's not Chinese? Then how is his Chinese so
                                                good?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiàwu
                                                yǒu shíjiān ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have any time this afternoon?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme? Yǒu
                                                shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why? Is something happening?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénhuà</foreignphrase>: “culture,
                        civilization” Also “education, cultural background” as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyǒu wénhuàde rén</foreignphrase>, “an
                        uncultured person” or an “uneducated person.”</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèhuì</foreignphrase> “society;
                        social” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīn shèhuì</foreignphrase>
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shèhuì</foreignphrase> are
                        jargon for the new and old societies (after and before the socialist
                        transformation). “In society” is more often <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài shèhuìshang</foreignphrase>, less
                        frequently <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎi
                            shèhuìli</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiānggǎngde
                                                shèhuì wèntí hěn duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems.
                                                (e.g., drugs,  killings)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnjué</foreignphrase>: “to feel;
                        feeling” In 7a, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gǎnjué</foreignphrase> is used as a verb. Here are other
                            examples:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gǎnjué
                                                zenmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How do you feel?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jīntiān
                                                gǎnjué hǎo yidiǎnr le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you feel better today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnjué
                                                tā jīntiān yǒu diǎnr bu
                                            gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I get the feeling he's a little unhappy (OR bothered)
                                            today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán wǒ
                                                bù fā shāo le, kěshi zǒng gǎnjué hěn
                                                lèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Although I don’t have a fever any more, I feel
                                                very tired all the time.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> Here is an example of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gǎnjué</foreignphrase> used as a noun:<informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                wǒde gǎnjué, nǐde kànfa
                                            zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's my feeling, what is your opinion?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòxia</foreignphrase> : “to sit
                        down” Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuòxialai</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng
                                                zuòxia(lai) tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have a seat and let's talk about it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào... lai</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase> is “to
                        pour”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai</foreignphrase> is
                        “to pour and bring here.” You have seen <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> used as a directional
                        ending before, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >náxialai</foreignphrase>, “bring down and here,” or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎolái</foreignphrase> “run here.” There are
                        two things to notice about the meaning of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> as a directional ending:
                        1) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase> can be used
                        after verbs which tell of movement from one place to another, like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǎo</foreignphrase>, “to run”
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nà</foreignphrase>, “to carry”;
                        OR after verbs which describe an action without movement from one place to
                        another, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dào</foreignphrase>, “to pour.” 2) The thing <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> refers to, which is what
                        ends up “here”, may be the subject OR the object of the sentence . For
                        example, in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎolai
                            le</foreignphrase>, “He ran here,” it is the subject <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> who performs the action of
                        running and comes here. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            xiělai yifēng xìn le</foreignphrase>, “He has written a letter which has
                        come here,” it is the object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xìn</foreignphrase> which is written and comes here. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">In Yīfu dōu yǐjīng xǐlai le</foreignphrase>,
                        “All the clothes have already been washed and brought here,” it is the topic
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīfu</foreignphrase> which
                        were washed and brought here.</para>
                    <para> You will often split <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lai</foreignphrase> from the verb by inserting an object like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbēi chá</foreignphrase>, as
                        in sentence In fact, in sentence 7B, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> must be split up;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> may not
                        precede the object. The rules allowing <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> to precede the object are
                        complex, and here we will just give some examples of usage.<informaltable
                            frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ nǎr
                                                jièlai zhème yíliàng pò chē?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Where did you borrow such a beat-up old car
                                            from?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì
                                                xǐhuān nǐ cóng Shànghǎi mǎilaide nèijiàn
                                                máoyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I like the sweater you bought in Shanghai
                                            best.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yídìng
                                                gěi nǐ zhǎolai nèiběn shū.</foreignphrase> OR
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yídìng
                                                gěi nǐ zhǎo nèiběn shū lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll be sure to find that book for you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
                                                shíhou yǒu shíjiān, dǎ ge diànhuà lai, wǒmen yìqǐ qù
                                                kàn diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>When you get the time, give me a call, and we'll
                                                go see a movie together. (<foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lai</foreignphrase>
                                                must follow the object.)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié wàngle
                                                míngtiān yě bǎ nǐde nǚpéngyou
                                                dàilai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t forget to bring your girlfriend tomorrow
                                            too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase>: “aspect;
                        area; respect; side” This noun is used without a counter. It is a useful,
                        sometimes overused word. You won’t have any trouble understanding how
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> is
                        used, but there will be sentences where you wouldn’t have thought to use it.
                        When translating, it is sometimes better just to leave <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> out of the English
                        than to strain to use the word “aspect,” “side,” etc.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmiàn</foreignphrase> has two
                        main uses:</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“aspect, respect, area, field”<informaltable frame="all"
                                        rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige wèntí yǒu
                                                  liǎngfāngmiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>There are two aspects to this
                                                  question.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmen zài zhèifānmiàn zuòde hái bú
                                                  gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We haven't done enough in this
                                                  area.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yīngguó zài jīngjixué fāngmiànde yánjiū zuòde bù
                                                  shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A lot of research in the area of economics
                                                  has been done in England.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ méi shìde shihou xǐhuan kànkan wénxué
                                                  fāngmiànde shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>When I don't have anything to do, I like to
                                                  read books on the subject of literature.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànle nǐ xiěde yǐhòu
                                                  juéde yǒu yìfāngmiàn kěyǐ xiěde gèng
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para> After reading what you wrote, I feel
                                                  there's one aspect in which can make it
                                                  better.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něifāngmiàn
                                                  ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>What aspect?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“party, side,” referring to a group of people<informaltable
                                        frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Niǔyuē fāngmiàn dàgài bú huì yǒu shénme wèntí,
                                                  kěshǐ wǒmen yīnggāi hé Běijīng fāngmiàn xiān
                                                  shāngliang yixia zài shuō.
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>New York won't have any problem with this,
                                                  but we should check with <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                                  before going ahead, (meaning groups of people,
                                                  e.g., offices of a company.)</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Guānyú zhèige wèntí, liǎng fāngmiànde kànfà yǒu
                                                  diǎn bù tóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>The two sides have somewhat different views
                                                  on this question.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíngxing</foreignphrase> :: In
                        most cases interchangeable with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>. In present-day <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, at least
                        among the younger generation, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase> is the more common of these two words.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōbuqīngchu</foreignphrase> :
                        “can't say/explain clearly” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shuōqīngchu</foreignphrase> is a compound verb of result. Here are
                        other examples:<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                shuōqīngchu wèishénme tā
                                            shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I can’t really explain why he got angry.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                                shuōqīngchu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>It won't do not to explain it clearly.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                shuōqīngchu tāde mùdi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He explained his goal clearly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng bu
                                                néng shuōqīngchu “niánqíng” hé “xiǎo” de bù
                                                tóng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Can you explain clearly the differences between
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >niánqīng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xiǎo</foreignphrase>?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase> : Also
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn</foreignphrase>. Many
                        adjectival verbs can be doubled to make an adverb, which is used between the
                        subject and the verb. In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, when you double certain adjectival
                        verbs of one-syllable, the second one becomes first tone (no matter what its
                        original tone) and is added. These adverbs can take the adverbial ending
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. Other
                        examples are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kuàikuāir</foreignphrase>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>), “quickly,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāorde</foreignphrase>, “veil,
                        properly.”</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mànmàn(de)</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr(de)</foreignphrase>
                        has these meanings:<orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“slowly” Don't forget, however, that “slowly” can sometimes be
                                    translated by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >màn</foreignphrase> alone.<informaltable frame="all"
                                        rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā mànmānrde zǒu huí jiā qu
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He slowly walked home.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para>BUT <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zǒu màn yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Walk more slowly.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Màn diǎnr zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Walk more slowly.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“gradually, bit by bit, by and by”<informaltable frame="all"
                                        rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ gāng lái, duì zhèrde qíngkuàng bù shúxī,
                                                  mànmānr nǐ jiu zhīdao le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You just arrived and are unfamiliar with
                                                  the situation here, but you'll come to know it by
                                                  and by.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Mànmānrde, tā jiu dǒng
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Gradually he began to understand.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Sentences which instruct someone to <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase> do this
                                    or that can often be translated as “take your time... ,” or
                                    “don’t rush.”</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Mànmānr zǒu, zánmen
                                                  láidejí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>Let’s take our time walking. We’ll make
                                                  it.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bù jí, mànmānr chī, wǒ děng
                                                  nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>There’s no hurry, so take your time eating.
                                                  I111 wait for you.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para> With verbs meaning “to tell” someone about something,
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >mànmānr</foreignphrase> has more of the meaning, “in all
                                        details.”<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zuòxia, wǒ mànmānr gēn nǐ
                                                  jiǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>Sit down and I'll give you the whole
                                                  story.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ hái xiǎng gēn nǐ duō tántan zhèige
                                                  shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I'd like to talk some more with you about
                                                  this.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Hǎode, yǐhòu wǒmen mànmàn
                                                  tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Okay, later we can talk about it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngde</foreignphrase>: “to
                        understand” Narrower in use than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dǒng</foreignphrase>. You <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dǒngde</foreignphrase> the meaning of a word, the implications or
                        significance of an event, or the way to do something; but not a foreign
                        language (that you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dǒng</foreignphrase>), nor what the teacher just said (that you
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdǒng</foreignphrase> le),
                        nor someone else's feelings (that you <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>, which will be
                        presented in the Traveling in China module).</para>
                    <para>You have seen the component -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> in the verbs <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènde</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìde</foreignphrase>. It is only used in a
                        handful of verbs, sometimes acting like a resultative ending. For example,
                        you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rènbude</foreignphrase>, “can’t recognize,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìbude</foreignphrase>,” can’t remember,“ but
                        you may not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dǒngde</foreignphrase> in the potential form; form, “can't understand,”
                        you just say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            dǒngde</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diǎn</foreignphrase> : “point”
                        (For the second example, you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli</foreignphrase>, “in one' s
                            heart.”)<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, hái yǒu
                                                yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Oh, there’s one more point [that should be
                                                made].</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi, shi
                                                ràng rén xīnli zuì bù shūfude
                                                yìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is the most upsetting point</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi yidiǎn
                                                wǒmen yǐjīng tánguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We've been over that point already</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juéde tā
                                                shuōde měiyidiǎn dōu duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> I think that every point of his was right.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase> : “to
                        consider, to think over; consideration”<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yidiǎn
                                                wǒmen yīnggāi kǎolǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We should consider this point.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
                                                hǎohāor kǎolǜ zhèige wèntí. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> I have to think this matter over went!.
                                                carefully.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                fāngmiànde qíngkuàng nǐ kǎolǜ
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Have you taken this aspect of the matter into
                                                consideration?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> : “might, be
                        likely to, will” You already know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> meaning “to know how to, can.” Here you see
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> used in a
                        new way, to express likelihood. As you can see from these three English
                        translations, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>
                        ranges in meaning from possible to probable to definite. The context may be
                        sufficient to indicate which, but often the degree of probability is not
                        important to the message, and there might be no single “correct” English
                        translation. Various adverbs can be added before <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> to clarify the degree of
                        certainty, for example,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yídìng</foreignphrase> “definitely,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàgài</foreignphrase>, “probably,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yěxǔ</foreignphrase>,
                        “perhaps, ” etc.</para>
                    <para> Here are some examples of how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huì</foreignphrase> can be used to indicate likelihood:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold"
                                >huì</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
                                                shíèrdiǎn bàn le, zhè shíhou shéi huì lái
                                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>It’s half past twelve. Who would come at this
                                                hour?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yídìng yào
                                                wǒ qù, tā cái huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll have to go or else he won't go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cài yàoshi
                                                fàngde tài duō le, báobǐng huì
                                            pò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>If you put too much food in, the pancake will
                                                break.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
                                                chènshān zāngle bù yàojǐn,wǒ huì gěi nǐ xǐ.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>It doesn’t matter that your shirt got dirty. I, ll
                                                wash it for you.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold">bú
                                huì</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú dà huì
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s not very likely.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàgài bú
                                                huì shì tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is probably not him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshizài
                                                Táiwān mǎi jiù bú huì zhème guì
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you buy it in Taiwan, it won’t be so
                                            expensive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú huì
                                                zhǎobudào ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>You won’t be unable to find it, will you?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú yào
                                                jí le, wǒ bú huì chū shìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't get anxious, I won’t have an accident.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><emphasis role="bold"
                                >huì...ma?</emphasis></foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all"
                            rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
                                                jīntiān wǎnshang huì liángkuai yidiǎn
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> Do you think it might be cooler tonight?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huì qù
                                                ma? Tā huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Will he go? He’ll go.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì bu
                            huì</foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān tā
                                                huì bu huì lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Will he come tomorrow?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmenxiěde
                                                nèifēng xìn, dào xiànzài tāmen hái méiyǒu shōudào,
                                                wǒmen huì bu huì xiěcuòle
                                            dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> They still haven’t gotten the letter. Could we
                                                have written the address wrong?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ mén
                                                kāi le, zhèiyang nǐ huì bu huì juéde tài
                                                lěng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para> I opened the door. Will you feel too cold like
                                                this?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
                                                jīntiān huì bu huì xià yǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Does it look to you as if it might rain
                                                today?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ huì zǒucuòde</foreignphrase>:
                        So far you have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase> used as a marker of possession or of modification,
                        and in the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi...de</foreignphrase> construction. Here it is used in an entirely
                        new way: at the end of a sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase> can mean “that's the way the situation is.”
                        Generally speaking, this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase> is used in emphatic assertions or denials,
                        especially those expressing probability, necessity, desire, etc.</para>
                    <para><emphasis role="bold">Usage note</emphasis>: Unless the sentence contains
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> or is
                        understood to have an omitted <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase>, the majority of native <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speakers seem to feel
                        that this -de is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánfāng
                            huà</foreignphrase>, southern Chinese (e.g. , <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>), or a carry-over
                        into Standard Chinese from southern dialects. Because of these regional
                        connotations, you needn’t try to use it a lot; it will be enough for you to
                        understand this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase>; in fact, you will see that in most of the
                        following examples, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-de</foreignphrase> is completely unnecessary.<orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shi</foreignphrase> in the sense of “it is that... it is a
                                    case of.. .”</para>
                                <para>This <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shi</foreignphrase> may often be omitted.<informaltable
                                        frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ shi bú qù de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>I'm not going. (More literally, “As for me,
                                                  it is that I'm not going.”)</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige, nǐ shi zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>This you know.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nèige rén (shi) yǒu
                                                  wèntíde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>There is something wrong with that
                                                  guy.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zěnme lái le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Why are you here?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >(Shi) Lǐ xiānsheng jiào wò
                                                  láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> told
                                                  me to come.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Cóngqián wǒ cóng Xiānggǎng mǎi shūde shíhou,
                                                  měicì dōu (shi) jì
                                                  zhīpiàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para> In the past whenever I have bought
                                                  (mail-order) books from Hong Kong, I have always
                                                  paid by check (lit. ”sent a check”).</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Sentences with an auxiliary verb (<foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>,
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >néng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>,
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yīnggāi</foreignphrase>, etc.)<informaltable frame="all"
                                        rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ gàosu ta, tā huì
                                                  shēngqìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>If you tell him he’ll get angry.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zài xiě yìliǎngge zhōngtóu, wǒ xiàng néng
                                                  xiěwánde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> If I write for another hour or two, I
                                                  think I can finish writing it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zěnme méi mǎi a, yìdiǎn dōu bú guì, nǐ yīnggāi
                                                  mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>How come you didn’t buy it? It's not at all
                                                  expensive. You should have bought it.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zhème shūfu, jīntiānde huì nǐ bù yīnggāi
                                                  qùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>Since you're feeling so ill, you shouldn’t
                                                  go to today's meeting.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmenzǒng yǒu yìtiān yào huí
                                                  dàlùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>There will come a day when we will go back
                                                  to the mainland.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Others: sentences with certain adverts like <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>, with
                                    potential resultative verbs, with the aspect marker
                                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >-guo</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
                                <para>
                                    <informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0" colsep="0">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèxiē shū yídìng
                                                  xūyàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>These books are definitely needed.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ hē kāfēi cónglái bú fàng
                                                  tángde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I never take sugar in my coffee.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Mápó Dòufu píngcháng dōu yǒu
                                                  ròude.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Mápó</foreignphrase> Bean curd usually has meat
                                                  in it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmende gōngzuō zhēnshi tài duō le,
                                                  zuòbuwánde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>We really have an awful lot of work. We'll
                                                  never be through with it.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige diànyǐng wǒ cóngqián
                                                  kànguode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I've seen this movie before.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bù yàojǐnde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It doesn't matter.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Hǎode, hǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>All right, all right.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfāngmiàn...
                            yìfāngmiàn...</foreignphrase>: This has two meanings: (I) “On one
                        hand..., on the other hand...” or “for one thing..., for another thing...”
                        and (2) “doing... while doing...”<informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                Xiānggǎng, yìfāngmiàn nǐ yǒu jīhui hé zhōngguó rén
                                                tán huà, yìfāngmiàn kéyi zhǐdao dàlùde
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In Hong Kong, on the one hand you'll have a chance to
                                            talk with Chinese and on the other hand you can learn
                                            about the situation on the mainland.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                yìfāngmiàn kàn diànshì, yìfāngmiàn chī
                                                dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He watches television while eating.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11-12</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para>Notes on Nos. 11 and 12</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbiān(r)...
                            yìbiān(r)...</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yímiàn (r)... yímiàn (r)</foreignphrase>:
                        Both of these patterns are similar to the second meaning of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìfāngmiàn...
                            yìfāngmiàn...</foreignphrase><informaltable frame="all" rowsep="0"
                            colsep="0">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="left">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbiān zuò
                                                yìbiān xué ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Learn by doing (learn as you do it)!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìbiānr
                                                tīng yìbiānr xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I write as I listen.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                yìbiān zǒu yìbiān tán, hǎo
                                            buhǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's talk as we walk, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Workbook</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Unit 1, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</title>
                    <para xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">As Tom (A) (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngmǔ</foreignphrase>), a graduate student
                        in Chinese Area Studies at Georgetown University, is studying in his
                        apartment, a knock comes at the door. It is his classmate <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B), an exchange
                        student from Hong Kong.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Unit 1, Tape 2 Workbook</title>
                    <section>
                        <title>Exercise 1</title>
                        <para>This exercise is a review of the Reference List sentences in this
                            unit. The speaker will say a sentence in English, followed by a pause
                            for you to translate it into Chinese, Then a second speaker will confirm
                            your answer.</para>
                        <para> All sentences from the Reference List will occur only once. You may
                            want to rewind the tape and practice this exercise several times.
                        </para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Exercise 2 </title>
                        <para>This exercise contains a conversation in which a Chinese mother and
                            son, who have lived in the United States for five years, discuss the
                            possibility of his taking a summer trip to China.</para>
                        <para> The conversation occurs only once. After listening to it completely,
                            you’ll probably want to rewind the tape and answer the questions below
                            as you listen a second time. </para>
                        <para>Here are the new words and phrases you will need to understand this
                                conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnshì
                                                </foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">something weighing
                                                on one's mind</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zhǎngdà</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to grow up</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dàxuéshēng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">college
                                                student</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gèguó</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">various
                                                countries</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gāozhōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">senior high
                                                school</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >hǎohāor</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">properly, carefully,
                                                thoroughly</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >jìzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to remember</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Questions for Exercise 2 </title>
                        <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you will be
                            able to give them orally in class. </para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>How does Xiao Ming's mother know that something is on his
                                    mind? How does she bring up the subject? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What are his classmates doing over the summer? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Why does he think Asian culture is interesting? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>How does Xiao Ming's mother react to his idea? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What advice does she give? </para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                        <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
                            a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
                            listen to the dialogue again to help you practice saying your answers. </para>
                        <note>
                            <para>The translations used in these dialogues are meant to indicate the
                                English functional equivalents for the Chinese sentences rather than
                                the literal meaning of the Chinese. </para>
                        </note>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Exercise 3 </title>
                        <para>In this conversation a Chinese student studying at a university in the
                            U.S. comes home on a Friday night and finds his American roommate
                            engrossed in his studies. </para>
                        <para>Listen to the conversation once straight through. Then, on the second
                            time through, look below and answer the questions. Here are the new
                            words and phrases you will need to understand this
                                conversation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                  tiān na!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">My God!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >xuéshēnghuì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">student
                                                association</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >guānxīn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be concerned
                                                about </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >jìndàishǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">modern history
                                            </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >xiàndài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">modern</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǐchá
                                                  bǐng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">pizza</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gǔshū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ancient
                                                books</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Questions for Exercise 3 </title>
                        <para>Prepare your answers to these questions in Chinese so that you vill be
                            able to give them orally in class. </para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Why does the Chinese student object to his roommate studying
                                    the classics? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Why doesn’t the American student like to talk about politics?
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What other subjects does the Chinese student feel his roommate
                                    should become familiar with for a well-rounded education?
                                </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Does the American student agree? Why or why not? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What will the roommates do after the American student finishes
                                    his homework? </para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                        <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
                            a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
                            listen to the conversation to help you practice saying the answers which
                            you have prepared. </para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Exercise 4</title>
                        <para>In this exercise, an American university student visits her Chinese
                            literature professor after class in his office. </para>
                        <para>Listen to the conversation straight through once. Then rewind the tape
                            and listen again. On the second time through, answer the questions. </para>
                        <para>You will need the following new words and phrases: <informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >jīdòng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to get worked up, to
                                                be agitated</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liùshi
                                                  niándài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">the decade of the
                                                sixties</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >yī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">as soon as</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gǎibiàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">change(s)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >liúxia</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to leave</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Questions for Exercise 4 </title>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Why was Professor Tang so upset in class? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Why did the student visit her professor? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What things does she bring him? Why? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What recent changes have there been in the state of Chinese
                                    literature? </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>What is Professor Tang1s attitude about the future? </para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                        <para>After you have answered these questions yourself, you may want to take
                            a look at the translation for this conversation. You may also want to
                            listen to the conversation again to help you pronounce your answers
                            correctly.</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 2</title>
                    <para>A mother and her son who immigrated to America from China five years ago
                        are talking after dinner:</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 3</title>
                    <para/>
                    <para> Two classmates, an American (B) and a Chinese (A), share an apartment
                        somewhere in America. The American is at home studying <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ Jì</foreignphrase>, <emphasis role="bold"
                            >Records of the Historian</emphasis>, a classical history. His Chinese
                        classmate comes in the door.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue and Translation for Exercise 4</title>
                    <para>At an American university, a student (A), who has studied in Taiwan, comes
                        to see her professor from China, Professor <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> (B).</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>



    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2 Equality of sexes</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The uses of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >biéde</foreignphrase>, “others(s)” and <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase>,
                                “other.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi...
                                    jiù...</foreignphrase> .</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè...
                                    yuè...</foreignphrase> , “the more... the more …”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái
                                    yuè...</foreignphrase> , “more and more … . ”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The verb ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >-xiaqu</foreignphrase>, “to continue, ” “to gon on.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >xiàng</foreignphrase>, “like.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >jiù</foreignphrase>, “as soon/early as that.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional language Contained in This Unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Asking a person's views on an issue.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Being tactfully hesitant when asking about a delicate
                                topic.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Correcting a false impression given by something you said.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Dismissing an idea or proposal.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮助</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> help; to help </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèizi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">辈子</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> all one’s life, lifetime </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">道理</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> principle, truth, hows and whys; reason, argument, sense
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìwei</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">低微</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> position, status </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúlì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">獨立</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be independent; independence </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">夫女</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> woman; women, womankind </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">管</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take care of; to mind, to bother about </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >guānniàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">观念</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> concept, idea, notion </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn
                                        (jiēhūn)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">结婚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to get married </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">靠</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to depend on, to rely on; to lean against; to be near, to be
                                    next to </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >liúxíng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">流行</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be common, to be popular, to be prevalent </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                        yìsi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">没意思</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be uninteresting, to be boring; to be pointless, to be
                                    meaningless; to be a drag; to be without value, not worthy of
                                    respect </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">男女</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> men and women, male-female </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">片</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> counter for sheets, articles or pieces of writing </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >píngděng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">平等</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> equality; to be equal (of people) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >pínmìng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">拼命</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> with all one’s might, for all one is worth, desperately,
                                    like mad; to risk one’s life, to defy death </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shēnghuó</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生活</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> life; to live; livelihood </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízài</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">實在</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> really; to be real </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn
                                        le</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">算了</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> forget it, let’s drop the matter,let it go at that; come off
                                    it, come on </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同居</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to cohabit; cohabitation </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wénzhāng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">文章</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> article, essay; prose (writing) style </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">像</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be like, to resemble; like; such as </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">相当</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> quite, pretty, considerably </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下去</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> resultative ending which indicates continuing an action
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìngqu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">兴趣</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> interest </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> news </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnwén
                                        Zhōukān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">新闻周刊</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> Newsweek </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué yī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">学医</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to study medicine </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> medical science, medicine (used in phrases like xué yī)
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīxué</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">医学</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> medical science, medicine </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一直</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> all along, continuously, all the time (up until a certain
                                    point) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        bāngzhu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有帮助</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be helpful </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        dàoli</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有道理</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to make sense </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        xìngqu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有兴趣</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be interested </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        yánjiū</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有研究</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to have done research on; to know a lot about </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yuè...yuè...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越。。。越。。。</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the more...the more... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái
                                        yuè...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">越来越</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> more and more..., increasingly... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīshi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">知识</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> knowledge </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhōukān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">周刊</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> weekly publication, weekly, magazine, a "weekly" </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìyóu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">宁死</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> freedom; to be free </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōukān</foreignphrase>: “weekly
                        publication, weekly magazine“ One of the meanings for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōu</foreignphrase> is ’“week.” (Other
                        meanings include ’“cycle, circuit.“) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kān</foreignphrase> is a word element meaning
                        “to print, to publish” or “a periodical, a publication.” Notice that this is
                        a different word from the falling-tone <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> “to read.” Some other
                        words using these syllables (which you will often hear, but need not learn
                        now) are:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhōumò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekend</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhōubào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekly publication,
                                            weekly</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhōukān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">weekly
                                            publication</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yuèkān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">monthly
                                            publication</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bàokān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">newspapers and magazines
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qīkān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">periodicals</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >kānwù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">publications</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngdāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “quite, pretty,” as in “quite a lot” or “pretty good.” This word is not
                        quite as positive as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhēn</foreignphrase> “really, truly,” but more so than <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>, “fairly, rather” (which
                        will be presented in Unit 4).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chǎode
                                                cài xiāngdāng hǎo chǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He cooks pretty
                                            well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zhǎnlǎnguǎn xiāngdāng bú
                                            cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This exhibition hall is
                                            quite good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yánjiū</foreignphrase>: “to
                        have done research on, to know a lot about, to be expert on, to be
                        knowledgeable about.” You have often seen you used with a noun, such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng</foreignphrase>, “name,”
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qián</foreignphrase>, “money,”
                        to form a phrase which acts like an adjectival verb. You <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míng</foreignphrase> is “to be famous,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián</foreignphrase> is
                        “to be rich.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
                            yánjiū</foreignphrase> is just such a phrase.</para>
                    <para>As shown in sentence 1B, to say “knowledgeable ABOUT” something, use the
                        prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duì</foreignphrase>, “towards, with regard to,” as in:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >duì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>...</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
                                                yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>with regard to</entry>
                                        <entry>a subject of study</entry>
                                        <entry>have research</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">to know a lot about
                                            (something)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>: The marker
                        le is used twice in the sentence above to show a new situation. This
                        person’s French seems to have improved because NOW he knows a lot about
                        French and can read magazines.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ</foreignphrase>: “male and
                        female,” used only for humans.<note>
                            <para>For animals, “male” is<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                    gōng(de)</foreignphrase> and “female” is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔ(de)</foreignphrase>, e.g.,
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >gōngniú</foreignphrase>, “bull,” <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔniú</foreignphrase>, “cow.”</para>
                            <para>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tāde gǒu shi gōngde háishi mǚde?
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Is his dog a
                                                  male or a female?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu
                                                  rén shuō kāidāo yǐhòu bù yīnggāi chī gōngjī,
                                                  yīnggāi chi mǔjī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1">Some people say that after an
                                                  operation one shouldn’t eat rooster; one should
                                                  eat hen.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </note><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚde
                                                shìqing zuì nán shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Matters between men and
                                            women are the hardest to judge.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                xuéxiào nánnǚ xuéshēng dōu
                                            yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">There are both men and
                                            women students at our school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nán</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚ</foreignphrase> may modify
                        nouns referring to people, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nüxuéshēng</foreignphrase>, “woman student, “ <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚtōngzhì</foreignphrase> , “woman
                            comrade.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
                                                Yīngmíng dào nǎr qu le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Where did Chen Yīngmíng
                                            go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hé yíge
                                                tóngxué chūqu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went out with a
                                            classmate.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi
                                                nántóngxué shi nǚtōngxué?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Was it a male classmate
                                            or a female classmate?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánde</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚde</foreignphrase> are
                        sometimes used for “man” and “woman,” but when used to refer to an
                        individual (e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige
                            nánde</foreignphrase>) they are rather impolite. When used for “men” and
                        “women” in general or to distinguish between the sexes, they are, however,
                            acceptable.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="0.2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎi
                                                zhèizhǒng xíng bu xíng? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Should I buy this kind?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù xíng,
                                                zhèi shi nánde yòngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>No, this is for men’s use.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái you
                                                yíge rén dǎ diànhuà lai zhǎo
                                            ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Just now someone telephoned for you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi nánde
                                                shi nǚde? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Was it a man or a woman?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ píngděng</foreignphrase>:
                        “equality of the sexes,” literally “man-woman equality.” The marriage law of
                        May 1, 1950, established a policy in the PRC which has remained basically
                        the same up to the present day. It forbade bigamy polygamy, and the
                        traditional practice of adopting a young girl for the purpose of later
                        marrying her to one’s son. It also fixed a minimum age for marriage, urged
                        the acceptance of remarriage of widows, allowed divorce by mutual consent,
                        and gave women the choice not to take their husband’s surname at marriage.
                        Today, although traditional attitudes toward women and marriage persist
                        especially in rural China, official policy has made some tangible inroads
                        toward the goal of equality. Most importantly, men and woman are regarded as
                        equal under the law. They receive the same schooling. They must receive
                        equal compensation for equal work. (it is expected, however, that women
                        doing heavy physical work are not as strong or productive as men, and so
                        their pay will be correspondingly lower.) In addition, the leadership of
                        communes, production teams, and unions must include special women personnel
                        who represent the interests of women in matters of politics, finance, work,
                        and personal relations.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngděng</foreignphrase>: This
                        word is both a noun and a verb: “to be equal; equality”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
                                                zài Zhōngguo nánnǚ bù píngděng, xiànzài bù tóng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Formerly men and women
                                            were unequal in China. Now it is different.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo rén
                                                gēn Zhōngguo rén duì nánnǚ píngděngde guānniàn bú
                                                tài yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Americans and Chinese
                                            don't have all that similar an idea of equality of the
                                            sexes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase>: “way
                        of thought, concept; sense (of), mentality (of)” This is a way of thinking
                        about the larger issues of life, the way “things” (values, responsibilities,
                        and so on) should be. One <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānniàn</foreignphrase> is only part of a whole system of attitudes,
                        thoughts and beliefs. In given contexts, you can sometimes translate it as
                        an “idea” held by a person or group (but it does not mean “idea” as in “I
                        have a good idea” [this would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhúyì</foreignphrase>]).</para>
                    <para>In a society, ways of thinking come and go; people have a mixture of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn guānniàn</foreignphrase>,
                        “new ways of thought, new ideas,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “old ways of
                        thought, old ideas.” Ways of thinking which are no longer current are called
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù guānniàn</foreignphrase>,
                        “outmoded ways of thinking.” For instance, equality of the sexes is a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xín guānniàn</foreignphrase>;
                        the idea that arranged marriages are superior to marriages of free choice is
                        a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎo guānniàn</foreignphrase>;
                        the idea of child brides as acceptable and practical is a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù guānniàn</foreignphrase>. Some
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānniàn</foreignphrase> are
                        considered “correct” and “good” by the majority, and some are considered
                        “incorrect” and “bad.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiātíng
                            guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “a sense of family,” is usually considered good.<note>
                            <para>Other “good” concepts containing words that haven't been presented
                                yet are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàode
                                    guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “sense of morality,” <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔzhī guānnián</foreignphrase>,
                                “sense of organization,”and <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèncè guānnián</foreignphrase>
                                “sense of officialpolicy.”</para>
                        </note> “Bad” concepts have names too [for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sīyǒu guānniàn</foreignphrase>, “sense of
                        personal ownership”]. People are sometimes criticized because their
                        such-and-such <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guānniàn</foreignphrase> is too weak or too strong, and they are told
                        accordingly either to strengthen it or get rid of it.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
                                                rénde guānniàn gēn Zhōngguo rénde guānniàn yǒude
                                                yíyàng, yǒude bù yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Sometimes the American
                                            way of thinking and the Chinese way is the same,
                                            sometimes not.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  ><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  ><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
                                                  ba, zài guò jǐnián nián-qīngrén yīnggāi wǎnliàn
                                                  wǎnhūn jiù huì biàncheng</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >wǎnliàn wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement
                                                  and late marriage” This refers to waiting until
                                                  young people are in their late twenties before
                                                  they become romantically involved or think of
                                                  marriage.</para>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >biàncheng</foreignphrase>: “to change
                                                  into”</para>
                                                  </footnote><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yizhǒng
                                                  guānniàn.</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry valign="middle" morerows="1">
                                            <para>You watch, in a few more years, it will have
                                                become an accepted idea that young people should get
                                                involved late and marry late.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        counter. First, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >piān</foreignphrase> is the counter for whole short pieces of writing,
                        such as articles or essays. Second, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase> can count single sheets
                        of paper with writing or printing on them (compare <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhāng zhǐ</foreignphrase> which is a sheet
                        of paper without regard to what is on it). Third, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān(r)</foreignphrase> by itself means a
                        leaf of a book; that is, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìpiān(r)</foreignphrase> equals both sides of one page.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzhāng</foreignphrase>: (1) “a
                        writing, literary composition, article, essay” (counter: -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">piān</foreignphrase>); (2) “prose style,“ as
                            in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                wénzhāng bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">His (prose) writing is
                                            very good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi zhèige
                            yìsi</foreignphrase>: “That wasn’t what I meant,” or more literally,
                        “Not that meaning (the one you just said).”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi...</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> here means
                        “merely, only, just.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángle yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>:
                        “a little bit too long.” The marker le following an adjectival verb, such as
                        “to be long“ can mean either: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>new situation, the article is now a bit long, or </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>excessive degree, the article is a bit too long. You’ve seen the
                                second meaning in sentences such as <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài hǎo le</foreignphrase>, “That’s
                                wonderful.” Sentence 3B tells you that the speaker feels the article
                                is overly long.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase>: “other,
                        others” Distinguish in Chinese between <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase>, “others in general,”
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase>,
                        “another” or “the other.” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >biéde</foreignphrase> when you are not specifying “which others.” Use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase> +
                        Number + Counter when you refer to a certain “other” or certain
                        “others.”Contrast this pair of sentences:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
                                                kàn biéde ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Would you like to look
                                            at some other ones? (UNSPECIFIED OTHERS)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái yào
                                                kàn lìngwài yíge ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Would you like to see
                                            the other one, too? (A CERTAIN ONE—“THE” OTHER)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Contrast also:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
                                                zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào lìngwài
                                                yìběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This dictionary is no
                                            good. I want the other one. (A CERTAIN OTHER ONE—e.g.,
                                            the other one which the sales clerk showed you)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
                                                zìdiǎn bù hǎo, wǒ yào biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This dictionary is no
                                            good. I want another. (UNSPECIFIED—e.g., you don’t know
                                            whether the store has any others, but you would like to
                                            see some)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                liǎngge rén, yíge shi wǒ gēge, lìngwài yíge shi wǒ
                                                péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Of those two, one is my
                                            older brother, and the other is my friend. (A CERTAIN
                                            OTHER—“THE“ OTHER)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zhèixiē rén lǐbiānr, chùle wǒ dào Xiānggǎng qù
                                                yǐwài, biéde rén dōu dào Táiwān
                                            qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Of those of us here,
                                            only I am going to Hong Kong; all the others are going
                                            to Taiwan. (UNSPECIFIED— ANY AND ALL OTHERS IN THE
                                            GROUP)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
                                                láide rén, wǒ zhǐ rènshi Táng Huìyīng, lìngwài sānge
                                                rén wǒ dōu bù rènshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Of the people who came
                                            yesterday, I only know Tang Huìyíng. I don't know any of
                                            the other three. (CERTAIN OTHERS—“THE“ OTHER
                                            ONES)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>If you do not specify the set of things you are talking about,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase> tends to
                        mean any others in the whole world:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhǐ
                                                yǒu zhèiyiběn, méiyou biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We only don't have this
                                            one volume. We have any others.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào
                                                biéde shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We need (an)other
                                            book(s).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>This last sentence you want to change supplement the one can mean
                        either</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>the content of the book(s) is bad and to another book entirely, or
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>you need other books to you are using.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái...biéde</foreignphrase>: Now
                        that you have seen how to say “other“” in Chinese, you should note that the
                        words <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìngwài</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde</foreignphrase> are
                        often used in combination with certain adverbs meaning “additionally” or
                        “again”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>. For now,
                        concentrate on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >hái</foreignphrase>. As used in sentence 3B, it means literally “in
                        addition to what has come before.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái yào
                                                biéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He wants more of
                                            them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái
                                                zuòle biéde cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He made other dishes as
                                            well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní hái
                                                zhīdao biéde hao fànguānr
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Do you know any other
                                            good restaurants?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>: “any“
                        The meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shénme</foreignphrase> is changed from “what” to “any” by the question
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase> at the end
                        of the sentence. (Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ma</foreignphrase>, the sentence would mean, “What other articles do
                        you have?”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yào
                                                shénme? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What do you
                                            want?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yào
                                                shénme ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Do you want
                                            anything?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní dōu
                                                zhīdao shénme hǎo fànguǎnr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What good restaurants do
                                            you know?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní zhīdao
                                                shénme hǎo fànguǎnr ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Do you know of any good
                                            restaurants?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        married” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb. It is often
                        seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase>, or negated with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Have they gotten married
                                            yet? (This is the equivalent of “Are they
                                            married?”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen méi
                                                jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> They have not gotten
                                            married. (Equivalent to “They are not married.“)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen bù
                                                jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">They are not going to
                                            get married.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī jiéhūn
                                                duo jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Have long have you been
                                            married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
                        verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jié</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be
                        separated by aspect markers, such as -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. or -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī shi
                                                shénme shihou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">When did you get married? </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">or</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī shi
                                                shénme shihou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">When did you get married? </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                                Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">Mr. <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase> has
                                            been married three times.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To say”get married TO SOMEONE“ use the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn... jiéhūn</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé...
                            Jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
                                                jiéhūn le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">To whom did he get
                                            married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>: “all
                        along, continuously, always” You have seen <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí</foreignphrase>, “straight,” used to
                        refer to direction, as in<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yìzhí
                            zǒu</foreignphrase>. Here <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìzhí</foreignphrase> is used to refer to time.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yìzhí
                                                zài zhèli gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> We’ve always worked
                                            here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìzhí
                                                zài Táidà niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He studied all along at
                                            Taiwan University.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìzhí</foreignphrase> can be
                        used with reference to a phrase telling of a period of time (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānnián</foreignphrase>, “three years,” or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn yǐqiān</foreignphrase>,
                        “before getting married”) to say “all during (that time).”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yù yìzhí
                                                xiàle sāntiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It rained for three days
                                            straight.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Often the time phrase and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yìzhí</foreignphrase> are followed by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wǔtiān
                                                yìzhí dōu méi xiūxi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He didn’t rest for five
                                            days on end.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wō méi jiēhūn jiu líkāi
                            jiā...</foreignphrase>: This might look like “l didn’t get married and
                        left home,“ but is actually “when I wasn’t yet married, I already left
                        home.” The order of events is made explicit by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi...</foreignphrase> (hadn’t yet...)and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù...</foreignphrase>
                            (already...).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi xué
                                                sìwǔge yuè Yīngwén Jiù shuōde bú cuò
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Before he had studied
                                            even three or four months of English, he could speak it
                                            pretty well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìng méi
                                                hǎo jiù lái shàng bān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She came back to work
                                            before she had recovered from her illness.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō gàosu nǐ
                                                méi jītiǎn, nī yòu wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I told you just a few
                                            days ago and you’ve forgotten again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi duō
                                                jiǔ, tā jiù shuìzháo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He fell asleep before
                                            long.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yù xiàle
                                                méi duō jiǔ jiù tíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It hadn’t rained long
                                            when it stopped.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        independent, to be on one’s own; independence,” literally “singly
                            stand.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo shi
                                                yīqīqīliùnián dúlìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">America became
                                            independent in 1776.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn
                                                jǐnián yǒu jǐge xīn dúlìde
                                            guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">There have been several
                                            newly independent countries in the last few
                                            years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
                                                hěn xǐhuan dúlì shēnghuó, tā zài zhōngxuéde shíhou
                                                yǐjīng kāishǐ gōngzuò le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">That child really likes
                                            to he independent. He started to work when he was in
                                            high school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhème
                                                dà, jīngJi hái méiyou dúlì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He's so old and still
                                            not economically independent.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>: “to
                        live; life; livelihood” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shēng</foreignphrase>- is stressed and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase> is unstressed or neutral
                        tone. A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> phrase
                        may come either before or after the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Xiongmāo chàbuduō dōu shēnghuó zài
                                                  gāoshānshang.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para>According to those pandas who answered our
                                                  surveys...</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Almost all panda bears
                                            live in the high mountains.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                shēnghuoshang duì wo hěn
                                            zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She takes good care of
                                            me in my daily life.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎo
                                                  shíhou shēnghuó qíngxing hěn bù
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When he was a child, he
                                            lived in very bad circumstances.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>: “to live
                        together, to cohabit” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jū</foreignphrase> is a literary word for “to live.” Although some
                        dictionaries define <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóngjū</foreignphrase> simply as “to live together,” giving examples
                        such as an uncle and nephew living together, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngjū</foreignphrase>almost always implies
                        sexual relations. It may even be used to describe romances of shorter
                        durations, whether or not a household was set up. You'll notice that in some
                        dialogues in this unit, the speakers prefer the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánnǚ tóngjū</foreignphrase> in order to be
                        explicit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>: “news”
                        This is the word for “news” as in “the evening news,” “the news in the paper
                        today,” “official news.” It is not the word for news between friends, unless
                        one is joking about the importance of what is about to be said. [The word
                        for news between people is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiāoxi</foreignphrase>, “tidings,” (MBD, Unit 5) which has a second
                        meaning of “official news.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
                                                diànshi xīnwén le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> Did you see the
                                            television news?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                bàoshangde xīnwén hěn yǒu yìsi, yīnggāi hǎohāor
                                                kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The news in the paper
                                            today is very interesting; you should read it
                                            carefully.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Jīntiān
                                                tā gàosu wǒ yíge xīnwén, shuō Xiǎo Wáng hé Xiǎo Lǐ
                                                “Shíyī” jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>Today she told me some real news. She said that
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                                                  Wang</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lǐ</foreignphrase>
                                                are getting married on October 1 (National
                                                Day).</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Zhēnde?
                                                Zhèi zhēn shi ge dà xīnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Really? Boy, that really
                                            is big news.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn le</foreignphrase>: “Forget
                        it.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn</foreignphrase> is the
                        verb “to calculate, to figure, to compute.” The idiom <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn le</foreignphrase> is translated as “let
                        it be,” “let it pass,” “drop the matter,” “let it go at that.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suàn le, bú
                                                yào zài wèn tā le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Forget it, don’t ask him
                                            about it any more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ràng tā
                                                zìjǐ bàn, jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Let him do it himself,
                                            and the heck with it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Zánmen
                                                chūqu chi fàn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">How about going out to
                                            eat?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ jiù
                                                xiǎng zài jiāli suíbiàn chī yìdiǎnr suàn
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I just want to eat a
                                            little bit at home and leave it at that.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu gěi ni,
                                                suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Go ahead and take them
                                            all.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào qù
                                                jiù qù, bú qù jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">If you want to go, then
                                            go. If you don’t want to go, then forget it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ jiějie yīxué fāngmiànde
                            shū</foreignphrase>: “your sister’s medical books” To say just “your
                        sister’s books” you put a -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiějie</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                            jiějiede shū</foreignphrase>. But -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used after
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiějie</foreignphrase> in 6A.
                        This is because of the modifying phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīxué fāngmiànde</foreignphrase>, which ends
                        in -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. To have
                        two -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> phrases in
                        a row before a noun is often considered stylistically bad; the way to get
                        around it is to keep only the last -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>. Other
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì
                                                hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >fànguǎnr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu
                                                Xiānsheng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tàitai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >de</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >péngyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè lái yuè duō
                        le</foreignphrase>: “more and more...” The pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè...yuè...</foreignphrase> is used to
                        express the idea “the more... the more...” Fill in the blanks with verbs
                        (state or action).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè duō
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yuè
                                                hǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“the more the
                                            better“</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè
                                                kàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè bù
                                                dǒng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“the more one reads, the
                                            more confused one gets”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Péngyou yuè
                                                duō yuè hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The more friends you
                                            have, the better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìtú yuè dà
                                                yuè qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The larger a map is, the
                                            clearer it is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                xǐhuan qǐng kè, juéde kèren yuè duō yuè
                                                máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She doesn't like to
                                            invite guests; she feels that the more guests there are,
                                            the more trouble it is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yuè
                                                xiǎng yuè pà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The more I thought about
                                            it, the more frightened I got.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yuè shuō
                                                yuè shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The more he talked, the
                                            madder he got.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèipiān
                                                wénzhāng xiěde hěn bu qīngchu, nǐ yuè kàn yuè bù
                                                dǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The article is very
                                            unclear. The more you read it, the less you
                                            understand.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>When the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase> is used in the first blank of this pattern, the
                        whole phrase expresses the idea of “increasingly...” or “...-er and
                            ...-er”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yuè
                                                lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuè
                                                gāo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“to become taller and
                                            taller”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huángg
                                                Tàitaide nǚer yuè lái yuè piàoliang
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">
                                            <para>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Huáng</foreignphrase>'s daughter is getting
                                                prettier all the time.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngxi
                                                  yuè lái yuè guì le. </foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">Things are getting more and more
                                            expensive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài</foreignphrase> is the
                        marker of ongoing action which you learned in the Meeting module, Unit
                            2:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā xiànzài zài kāi
                            huì</foreignphrase>, “She is attending a meeting now.” Note that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> is used in
                        sentence 6B even though the action of studying is not necessarily going on
                        at this very second, but only at intervals. She might not be studying right
                        when this sentence is said, but she still is going to medical school.
                        Likewise, if you are in the middle of a novel, you can say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài kàn yiběn xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>
                        even if you have put it aside for a day or two.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài...ne</foreignphrase>:
                        Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ongoing action, often end in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, the marker
                        of absence of change or lack of completion. (See Unit 2 of the
                        Transportation module and Unit 4 of this module.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnmìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “exerting the utmost strength, with all one’s might, for all one is worth,
                        desperately, like mad” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Pīnmìng</foreignphrase> means literally “to risk one’s life” or “to
                        defy death.” One translation which captures the spirit of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pīnmìng</foreignphrase> is “knocking oneself
                            out.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing tài
                                                duō, tā pīnmìngde zuò yě
                                            zuòbuwwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">There’s too much to do. She’s working
                                            like mad and still won’t be able to finish.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎoháir yí
                                                kànjian lǎoshǔ jiù pīnmìng pǎo huí jiā qu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">As soon as the child saw the rat, he ran
                                            like mad for home.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shízài</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“really, indeed, honestly; to be true to be real” This is an adjectival
                        verb which is most often used as an adverb meaning “really,
                            actually.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā shízài
                                                yònggōng, měitiān wǎnshang niàn hǎo jǐge zhōngtóu
                                                Yīngwén. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He is really
                                            industrious; every night he studies several hours of
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shízài
                                                bù zhīdào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I really (OR honestly)
                                            don’t know.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shízài
                                                gàosu nǐ ba, wǒ bù xiǎng qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>I’ll tell you the truth: I don’t want to
                                                go.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi nǐ
                                                shízài méi bànfa, nà jiù suàn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>If you really can’t do it, then Just forget
                                                it.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shízài</foreignphrase> can also
                        be used in speaking of people; when so used it carries the connotation of
                            dependability.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèige
                                                rén hěn shízài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>He is very sincere and dependable.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi yìsi</foreignphrase>: This
                        phrase, meaning literally ’“has no meaning,” has an abundance of uses: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>uninteresting, boring; </para>
                            <para>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèiběn shū zhēn méi
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This book is
                                                  really boring.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  kàn nǐ bú bì qù nèige dìfang, méi shenme
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I don’t think
                                                  you need to go there. It’s not particularly fun
                                                  (interesting)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>pointless, meaningless; </para>
                            <para>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīntiān kāi huì, shénme dōu méi zuò, zhēn méi
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We didn’t get
                                                  anything done at today’s meeting. How
                                                  pointless.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  bù dǒng, zài jiǎng yě méi
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He doesn’t
                                                  understand. It’s pointless to try to explain it
                                                  any more.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  bú zài, zánmen qù yě méi yìsi, shénme dōu bù néng
                                                  zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                                  <para>Since he’s not there, it would be pointless
                                                  for us to go. We wouldn’t be able to do
                                                  anything.</para>
                                                </entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>to be a drag; </para>
                            <para>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  zài Měiguo, tā àiren zài Déguo, zhēn méi
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He’s in America
                                                  and his love is in Germany. What a drag!</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>without value, not worthy of respect, cheap.</para>
                            <para>
                                <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                  tā bèihōu shuō zhèiyangrde huà, zhēn méi
                                                  yìsi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Talking like
                                                  that behind her back is really low.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngxiaqu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        go on listening” You’ve seen the action verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>, “to listen” and the
                        directional ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàqu</foreignphrase> “to go down” before. Here <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàqu</foreignphrase> is not used as a
                        directional ending, but rather a resultative ending “to continue, to go on.”
                        As a resultative verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tīngxiaqu</foreignphrase> may take <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase> as middle syllables to
                        make verbs which say “can” and “cannot.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
                                                tài méi yìsi, wǒ kànbuxiàqù
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This book is too boring.
                                            I can’t read on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
                                                duì, jiǎngxiaqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">That’s right. Go on
                                            (speaking).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Gàosu
                                                wo, hòulái zěnme le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Tell me, what happens
                                            later?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Gàosu ni
                                                méi yìsi. Nǐ kànxiaqu jiù huì zhīdao
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It would be no fun to
                                            tell you. Go on reading and you’ll find out.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōxiaqu
                                                a, women dōu ài tīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Go on talking. We all
                                            love to listen.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhèiyang
                                                děngxiaqu zěnme xíng ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">How can you go on
                                            waiting like this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xìngqu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        be interested” Use the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase> to say what you are
                        interested in.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
                                                nèijiàn shì yìdiǎnr xìngqu yě
                                                méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I have no interest at
                                            all in that matter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duì
                                                shénmeyàngrde shū zuì yǒu
                                            xìngqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What kind of books are
                                            you most interested in?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        similar to, to resemble” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiàng</foreignphrase> may be used as a full verb or as a prepositional
                        verb. Here it is a full verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiàng
                                                  fùqin, bú xiàng mǔqin. </foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He resembles his father,
                                            not his mother.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a prepositional verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàng</foreignphrase> is used in making comparisons. Notice the
                        similarity of the word order between comparison sentences with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> and
                        those with you and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gēn</foreignphrase>.<footnote>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu</foreignphrase>,as
                                used in the second example above, can be thought as meaning “comes
                                up to (a certain level).” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Gēn</foreignphrase>, which is usually used with <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíyàng</foreignphrase> as in the
                                example just cited, connotes exact comparison, so when your sentence
                                compares concrete, measurable qualities like height or weight, it is
                                usually better to use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >...gēn ... yīyàng...</foreignphrase> . For example,
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn tā yíyàng
                                    gāo</foreignphrase> states explicitly that you are the same
                                height as he, so it would be inappropriate to use <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> here.</para>
                        </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiang tā
                                                gēge nàme cōngming.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">She's as intelligent as her
                                            brother.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǒu tā
                                                nàme gāo. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">You're as tall as he is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn tā
                                                yíyàng gāo. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">You're the same height as he.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> Comparison sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàng</foreignphrase> must have either <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíyàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zènme</foreignphrase>), or name before the
                        main verb. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng</foreignphrase>
                        makes rather imprecise comparisons; its original meaning is, after all,
                        “resemble” or ““ike,” not exact equality.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiàng wǒ
                                                zhème ná kuàizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You hold chopsticks like
                                            I do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng huàr
                                                nàme hǎokàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (It’s) as beautiful as
                                            a painting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhèiliǎngtiānde tiānqi xiàng chūntian nàme
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The weather the past
                                            couple of days has been as nice as spring.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                yǎnjing xiàng hǎishuǐ yíyàng
                                            lán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Her eyes are as blue as
                                            sea water.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The negative <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>
                        comes before the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú xiàng
                                                tā mèimei nàme cōngming.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He's not as intelligent
                                            as his little sister.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shíhou
                                                shēnghuó bú xiàng xiànzài zhème hǎo.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Life was not as good
                                            then as it is now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Xiàng...zhèiyang</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> are sometimes used
                        after a noun or pronoun in phrases with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase>, for
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> xiàng tā
                                                zhèiyangde rén </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">people like him (lit.,
                                            “like him this kind of people“œ)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng Wang
                                                Jiàoshòu zhèiyangde </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>teachers like Professor Wang (lit., <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>
                                                “like Professor Wang this kind of teachers”)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In such sentences, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyang(r)</foreignphrase> are hard to
                        translate into smooth English. It is usually best to leave those words out
                        of the translation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān dōu
                                                xiàng jīntiān zhèiyang jiù shūfu le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">If every day were like
                                            today, we would have it easy. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng kǎo
                                                yā zhèiyangde cài,tiāntiān chī tài guì le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> It would be too
                                            expensive to eat dishes like <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                            roast duck every day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase>: The adverb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often
                        used after expressions of time, and stresses that the time when the event
                        happens is comparatively prompt, soon, or early. The English translations
                        may vary; this use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiù</foreignphrase> has the flavor of ’“as soon as that” or “as early
                        as that,” but it can also be conveyed in English simply by putting extra
                        stress on the time expression. For example, “He's coming
                            TODAY.”(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jīntiān jiu
                            láile.</foreignphrase>). When used this way, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is always unstressed or
                        neutral tone.</para>
                    <para>As in sentence 9A, new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >le</foreignphrase> is often (but not always) used at the end of a
                        sentence in connection with the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde yīfu
                                                yìhauǐr jiù xǐhǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Your clothes will be all
                                            washed in Just a while (that soon).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ
                                                jiù yǒu gōngfu, kéyi qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I'll have time to go
                                            tomorrow (that soon).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài děng
                                                yìhuǐr, yìdiǎnzhōng jiù yǒu dìxià huǒchē
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Wait a while longer,
                                            there will be a subway train at one o'clock (that
                                            soon).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                zǎoshang wǒ wùdiǎn zhōng jiù qǐlai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I got up at five this
                                            morning (that early).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kào</foreignphrase>: This verb
                        has several commonly used meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>to lean against, to lay back on, </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>to depend/rely on, and </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>to be near/next to.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kào
                                                chēmén. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Don't lean against the door of the car.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                Yīngwén bù hǎo, xiě wénzhāng wánquán kào
                                                zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>My English isn't good. When I write essays, I depend
                                            completely on a dictionary.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒngshi
                                                kào zài chuángshang kàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He’s always laying back in bed reading.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài’āmì shi
                                                yíge kào hǎide chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Miami is a city on the sea.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        tend/take care of/look after/manage/run/be in charge of”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                liǎngge chūqu wánr, shéi guǎn
                                            háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">If you two go out (for
                                            fun), who’ll look after the kids?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xuěméi
                                                guǎn jiā guǎnde hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Xuěméi</foreignphrase>
                                            runs the house very well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                                                Xiānsheng shi guǎn kǎoshìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Mr. <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú</foreignphrase> is in
                                            charge of testing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another meaning is “to care, to bother about, to concern oneself
                            with.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                xǐhuan guǎn biérénde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He doesn’t like to mind
                                            others’ business.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào zuò
                                                shénme, wǒ zìjǐ zhīdao, nǐ shǎo guǎn wǒde shì, hǎo
                                                bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I know what I want to
                                            do, would you please not interfere with my affairs so
                                            much! (IMPOLITE)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row valign="middle">
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù guǎn,
                                                suíbiàn nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">I don’t care. Whatever you like.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >zháo</foreignphrase>, “’succeed (in connecting with or touching),” can also
                        be used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎnbuzáo</foreignphrase>
                        means ’“can be no concern of..., to be none of one’s
                            business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                wǒmen zìjǐde shì, nǐmen
                                            guǎnbuzháo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This is our own affair;
                                            it’s none of your business.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The colloquial <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎn ta (ne)!
                        </foreignphrase> expresses brusque dismissal: ’“Who cares about him!” or
                        ’“Who cares about that!”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                jīntiān wǎnshang rúguǒ bú qù, tā huì hěn bu
                                                gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">If you don’t go tonight
                                            he’ll be very unhappy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Guǎn ta
                                                ne! Wǒ yào niàn shū, méi shíjiān qù.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Who gives a damn about
                                            him! I’ve got to study; I don’t have time to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ.. .zìjǐ</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“oneself” Use the pronoun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wǒ</foreignphrase> for “l, me, my, mine,” but use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ zìjǐ</foreignphrase> for ’“myself.”
                        Depending on the context, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zìjǐ</foreignphrase> can mean ’“myself, yourself, him/herself,
                        ourselves, themselves.” Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zìjǐ</foreignphrase> is used twice in the same clause, as in sentence
                        9B.</para>
                    <para>chuáng: “bed</para>
                    <para>kǎoshì: “test, exam; testing”</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                xǐhuan wǒ zìjǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I don’t like myself, (as
                                            said by a confused teenager)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
                                                  xiǎo le, yīnggāi zhīdao</foreignphrase>
                                                <footnote>
                                                  <para>*zhàogu: “to take care of, to care for“
                                                  </para>
                                                </footnote><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zìjī zhàogu zìjī.</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You’re not a child
                                            anymore; you should know how to take care of
                                            yourself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī bú yào
                                                zìjī gěi zìjī zhǎo máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Don’t go asking for
                                            trouble for yourself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  zhèiyangr zuò, zìjī piàn zìjī.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para>piàn: “to fool, to deceive“</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">By doing this, he’s only
                                            fooling himself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10 through 12</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíng</foreignphrase>: “ to be
                        popular, prevalent, current, widespread, common. This is an adjectival verb.
                        Make it negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                huà xiànzài hěn liúxíng, kěshi wǒ xiǎng zhè huà bú
                                                tài duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This kind of talk is
                                            very popular these days, but I don’t think it’s very
                                            true.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                chuān duǎn qúnzi bù liúxíng
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It’s not popular to wear
                                            long skirts anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You can also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liúxíng</foreignphrase> with a phrase following it to mean “to be
                        popular to (do something).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                liúxíng chuān cháng qúnzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It is popular to wear
                                            long skirts now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài hěn duō
                                                dìfang, yuè lái yuè liúxíng nánnǚ tóngjū
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">In a lot of places, it
                                            is getting more and more common for men and women to
                                            live together.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase> is also
                        used in compound nouns, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liúxíngbìng</foreignphrase>, “epidemic.”</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè yíge
                                                xīngqī yǒu liúxíngbìng, nǐmen jiāde háizi zuì hǎo
                                                bié chū men.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This past week there has
                                            been an epidemic; it would be best if your children
                                            didn’t go out.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìwei</foreignphrase>:
                        “position, place or status (in an organization or society)’”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde dìwei
                                                hěn gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He has a very high position.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cái
                                                gōngzuòle shíjinián jiù yǒule jīntiānde dìwei hěn bù
                                                róngyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Having worked only ten or so years, it wasn’t easy to
                                            get the position you have today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yào
                                                yǒu dúlìde jīngji hé shèhuì
                                            dìwei.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>They want independent economic and social
                                            status.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                zhīshi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">“to be knowledgeable,”
                                            literally “to have knowledge”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                  dàolǐ</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> “to make sense,”
                                            literally “to have reason”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>“to be helpful,” literally “to have help”</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Here you see three more examples of how you, “to exist, to have,” and a
                        noun can be used to make an adjectival verb. Sometimes the meaning of the
                        resulting phrase is more than Just the sum of its parts. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu xìngqu</foreignphrase> is “to be
                        interested (in something),” while <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu yìsi</foreignphrase> is “to be interesting.” Here are some of the
                        others you have already learned.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                guānxi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be related to</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu míng
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be famous</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to be expert</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                yòng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to be useful</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №13 through 16</title>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèizi</foreignphrase>: This
                        word is usually used with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yī</foreignphrase>-, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                gōngzuòle yíbèizi, xiànzài liùshisuì le, kéyi
                                                xiūxixiuxi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I’ve worked all my life
                                            and am now sixty years old. I can take a little rest
                                            now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn
                                                  shi yíbèizide shì, děi hǎohāor xiǎngxiang.
                                                </foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Marriage is a lifetime
                                            thing; you should think it over carefully.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: In Taiwan,
                        a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> is
                        generally a married woman, but in PRC usage the word has no connotations
                        about marital status. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Fùnǚ</foreignphrase> is also used in a collective sense, “women” or
                        “womankind.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Unit 2, Tape 1, Review Dialogue</title>
                    <para>At the entrance to Lauinger Library at Georgetown University,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Píng</foreignphrase> (B)
                        encounters Tom (A).</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3 Family Values</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >qilai</foreignphrase> showing the start of an action or
                            condition.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >méi</foreignphrase>)you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >shénme</foreignphrase> (Adjectival Verb).</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái
                                bù/méi</foreignphrase>, “never. “</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >cái</foreignphrase>, “only,” before amounts.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >zhe</foreignphrase> showing the manner of an action.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >dào</foreignphrase> for </para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>successful reaching/obtaining/finding, </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“of,” “about” (with certain verbs), </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>successful perceiving (e.g., <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>, “to
                                    see”).</para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >zài</foreignphrase>, “anymore.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Placement of phrases with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, “to,” “up to,”
                            “until.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>, “all.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language Contained in This Unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Narrating a brief story about a person.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing approval and disapproval of someone’s attitude or way of
                            thinking.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing puzzlement at a situation.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Stressing how understandable a situation is.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>

        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
                <informaltable frame="all">
                    <tgroup cols="5">
                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1.0*"/>
                        <thead>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                        </thead>
                        <tbody>
                            <row>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                                <entry/>
                            </row>
                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >báitiān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">白天</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> daytime </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to change, to become different </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >biànchéng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">变成</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to turn into, to become </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">才</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> only (before an amount) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-chéng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">成</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> into </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃不下去</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> cannot eat (cannot get down) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >cónglái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> ever (up till now), always (up till now) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
                                        bù/méi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从来不/没</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> never </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> resultative ending used for perception by one of the senses:
                                    Jiàndao, kàndao, tīngdao, etc. </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> resultative ending used to indicate reaching: xiǎngdao,
                                    shuōdao, tándao, etc. , often translated as «about» </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
                                        dào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to wait until; when, by the time </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēiyè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">黑夜</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> (darkness of) night, nighttime </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">讲</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to stress, to pay attention to, to be particular about
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiātíng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">家庭</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> family </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to see </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kū</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">哭</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to cry </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to chat </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo
                                        tiān(r)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">聊天（儿）</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to chat </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">嘛</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> marker of obviousness of reasoning </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nánshòu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难受</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be uncomfortable; to feel bad,to feel unhappy </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng
                                        (nèng)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to do; to fool with; to get </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nònglai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">弄来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to get and bring </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíguài</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奇怪</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be strange, to be odd, to be surprising </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-qilai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-起来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> resultative ending which indicates starting </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be enthusiastic and interested; to be warmhearted; to be
                                    earnest </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >rèxínqilai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">热心起来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to become enthusiastic and interested </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shuōdao</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说道</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to speak of; as for </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >suǒyǒude...dōu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">所有的。。。都</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> all </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">想到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to think of </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >xiàoshùn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孝顺</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to he filial; filial obedience </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xiaqu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下去</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> down (directional ending used for eating or drinking down)
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">心</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> heart; mind </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-yì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">亿</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> hundred million </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī tiān dào
                                        wǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">一天到晚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> all day long </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yònggōng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">用功</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be industrious, to be hardworking (in one’s studies)
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        yòng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有用</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be useful </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to grow </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhǎngdà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">长大</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to grow up </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng nán qīng
                                        nǚ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">重男轻女</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to regard males as superior to females </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuàn
                                        qián</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">赚钱</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to earn money, to make money </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">最近</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> recently; soon </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">作</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be, to act as </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        enthusiastic and interested; to he warmhearted, to he earnest”There are two
                        meanings for this adjectival verb. It can he used to describe a positive
                        feeling toward a cause or issue, or to describe warm feelings toward other
                        people.</para>
                    <para>Like many adjectival verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rèxīn</foreignphrase> may be used either as a main verb or as an adverb
                        (that is, modifying another verb).</para>
                    <para>As main verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì xué
                                                Zhongwén hěn rèxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He’s very enthusiastic
                                            about studying Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì rén
                                                hěn rèxīn, shénme shíhou dōu xǐhuan bāng rén
                                                máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He’s very warmhearted
                                            towards people. He always likes to help people
                                            out.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an adverb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
                                                rèxīn yánjiū dàlùde
                                            qíngkuāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She studies the mainland
                                            situation very enthusiastically.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo hāizi,
                                                nǐ zènme rèxīn bāngzhu biérén, hěn
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Good child. It’s good
                                            that you’re so eager to help others.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase>: As a
                        verb by itself, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qǐlái</foreignphrase> means “to rise up.” As part of a compound verb,
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> has
                        several different functions. First, it can be a directional or resultative
                        ending meaning “go up, rise up (physically)”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                zhànqilai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He stood up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  tiàoqilai le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >tiào</foreignphrase>, “to jump, to leap”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She jumped up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zhuōzi wǒmen táibuqilái, nǐ lái bāngbang máng hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We can’t lift this table
                                            up. Come and help us, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In addition to meaning literally “to go up,” -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> can be used to tell
                        something about the aspect of the verb: to show “the start of the action or
                        condition.” In the example in the Reference List above, -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> indicates that older
                        sister’s enthusiasm has newly started up. Other examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold">WITH
                                                AN ACTION VERB</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizi
                                                kūqilai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The child began (has
                                            begun) to cry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><emphasis role="bold">WITH
                                                AN ADJECTIVAL VERB</emphasis></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānqi
                                                rèqilai le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The weather has warmed
                                            up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As with many other compound verbs, the object of the verb may be inserted
                        between the two parts of the verb ending:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào
                                                wèishénme, tā xiànzài hēqi jiǔ lai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I don’t know why, but he
                                            has started to drink now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ liùge
                                                yuè méi xiǎngguo jiā, kěshi jīntiān xiǎngqi jiā lai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I haven’t thought of
                                            home for six months, but today I started to feel
                                            homesick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another function of the ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qilai</foreignphrase> is to make generalized statements which are
                        sometimes translated using “when ...ing,” or “when it comes to
                            ...ing”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                yǐzide yàngzi hěn hǎo kàn, kěshi zuòqilai bù
                                                shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This kind of chair is
                                            very attractive, but when you sit in it, it’s
                                            uncomfortable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōqi
                                                Zhōngwén lai zhēn nántīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It sounds terrible when
                                            he speaks Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòqi shì
                                                lai, tā bǐ shéi dōu kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When it comes to
                                            working, he is faster than anyone else.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōqilai
                                                róngyi, zuòqilai nán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It 's easy to talk
                                            about, but hard to do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> is
                        used this way with verbs of perception, the additional meaning of “it seems”
                        is communicated:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànqilai tā
                                                zhīdao zhèijiàn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It looks as if he knows
                                            about this matter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kànqilai
                                                hěn niánqīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He looks very
                                            young.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngqilai
                                                hěn yǒu dàolǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It sounds
                                            reasonable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qilai</foreignphrase> is also
                        used in several idiomatic expressions where its meaning is harder to
                        pinpoint, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎngqilai</foreignphrase>, “to think of, to remember,” where
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase> seems
                        to indicate the coming “up” into consciousness of an idea.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo3
                                                xiǎngqilai le, tā xing Mài. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Now I remember, his
                                            surname is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Mài</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíguài</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        strange, to be surprising, to be odd”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn
                                                qíguài, tā tiāntiān lái, jǐntiān zěnme méi lái
                                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">How strange. He comes
                                            every day. How is it he didn’t come today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                shíhou, shénme qíguàide sh4 dōu yǒu, bié shuō
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Back then, there were
                                            all kinds of strange things; don’t talk about it any
                                            more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
                                                guānxi wǒ juéde hěn qíguài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I find their
                                            relationship very strange.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In colloquial style, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qíguài</foreignphrase> is also used to mean “to find it strange
                        that..., can’t understand(why)..., can t imagine (how)...,”
                            e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn
                                                qíguài tā wèishenme yào zěnme
                                            zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I really can’t
                                            understand why he wanted (OR wants) to do that.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn
                                                qíguài zhèijiàn shì tā zěnme kéyi
                                                bàndedào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I really can’t imagine
                                            how he can (OR could) do it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi méiyou shénme
                            qíguài</foreignphrase>: “There’s nothing strange about that.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme</foreignphrase> is
                        used before an adjectival verb, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méiyou
                                                shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> bú
                                                duì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">A:<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā duì Zhōngguóde
                                                qíngkuàng zhīdaode bù shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">He knows so much
                                            about China!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">B: <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà yǒu shénme qíguài, tā
                                                zài Zhōngguo zhùguo shínián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="newCol2" nameend="newCol3">What’s strange
                                            about that, he lived in China for ten years!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nánshòu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        feel uncomfortable; to feel bad, to feel unhappy,” literally , “to find
                        something hard to bear” This adjectival verb can be used to describe
                        physical aches and pains, or emotional ones.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                fēijīshang zuòle èrshige xiǎoshí, tài nánshòu
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Twenty hours on an airplane. How
                                            uncomfortable!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn ràng
                                                rén nánshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It really makes one feel bad.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  ><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen
                                                  dōu shi zuò yīshēngde, kànjian bìngren </foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para>bìngren: “sick person, patient”</para>
                                                  </footnote><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi yào chī, zhēn
                                                  nánshòu.</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’re both in medicine; seeing sick people without
                                            medicine to take was really upsetting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To make it clear you are talking about sadness and not a physical pain,
                        you can use the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnli hěn
                            nánshòu</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xīn</foreignphrase>, No. 13 on this reference list, being the
                        equivalent of either the heart or mind in such instances).<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngdàole
                                                zhèiyàngrde huà, tā xīnli hěn nánshòu.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was very sad after hearing that kind of
                                            talk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“unable to eat (it all) up” Here you see an example of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàqù</foreignphrase> used for its meaning as
                        a directional ending. While in English we might say “eat it UP,” the
                        Chinese, more analytically, say “eat it down.” Using the verb hē, “to
                        drink,” you can also say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hēxiaqu</foreignphrase>, “to drink down.” The meaning of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēxiaqu</foreignphrase> might be better
                        conveyed as “to take in” or “to get down” food or drink; you use these verbs
                        when you want to stress getting food or drink down into the stomach, rather
                        than just the action of eating.</para>
                    <para>As a resultative verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hēxiaqu</foreignphrase> may take -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- or -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- as a middle syllable for
                        the additional meaning of “can” or “cannot.” In <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīdexiàqù/chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hēdexiàqù/hēbuxiàqù</foreignphrase>, the syllables -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> are still somewhat
                        stressed (you can still hear their falling tones), whereas they are
                        unstressed and often neutral tone in the words <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīxiaqu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēxiaqu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >chīdexiàqù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>able to eat it down</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >chībuxiàqù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>unable to eat it down</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                            chīxiaqu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>didn’t eat it down</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chīxiaqu
                                            le</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry>ate it down</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                    <entry> </entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīde
                                                tài bǎo le, chībuxiàqù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m too full, I can’t eat any more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yào
                                                chīxiaqu jiù huì hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’ll feel better after you take this
                                            medicine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>-A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                yào zhēn kǔ, wǒ hēbuxiàqù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This medicine is really bitter. I can’t get it
                                            down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>-B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
                                                guānxi, kuài diǎnr hēxiaqu jiu kéyi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sure you can. Just drink it down real fast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        very common verb with several especially useful meanings. First of all it
                        means “to do, to make” in a broad, vague sense:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen
                                                kāishǐ nòng fàn, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s start to make dinner, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                zhīdào zěnme nòngle hǎoduō
                                            qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Somehow he made himself a lot of money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
                                                bú bì guǎn zhèijiàn shì, nòngde bù hǎo dōu shi nǐde
                                                cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I don’t think you should try to take charge of
                                                this. If you handled it badly it would be all your
                                                fault.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing yuè
                                                nòng yuè dà, zhēn bù zhǐdǎo zěnme bàn cái
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This matter is getting blown up bigger and bigger. I
                                            really don’t know what to do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhème
                                                shuō nòngde wǒ zhēn bù hǎo
                                            yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His saying that really embarrassed me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> can mean
                        ’“to play with, to fool with, to monkey with”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng
                                                wǒde biǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Don’t fool with my
                                            watch.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng</foreignphrase> can be
                        followed by another verb which shows the result of some action, e.g.,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngzāng</foreignphrase>, ’“to
                        make (something) dirty”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nòngpò</foreignphrase>, “to break something” (lit., “to make something
                        break”); nòngsǐ, “to kill” (lie. “to make something die”).
                            Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi shéi bǎ
                                                wǒde yǔsǎn nònghuài le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who was it who broke my umbrella? (literally, “made
                                            it so that it broke”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù bǎ
                                                zǎofàn nònghǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll go get breakfast ready.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí hěn yǎojǐn, děi
                                            nòngqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This question is very important, we must get it
                                            clear.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
                                                nòngzāngle nǐde yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't get your clothes dirty.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ nòngcuò
                                                le ba, tā qùnián cái cóng dàlù
                                                chūlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re mistaken, I think. He didn’t leave the
                                            mainland until last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí, nǐ zuótiān gěi wǒ jiǎngguò le, jīntiān wǒ yòu
                                                nòngbudǒng le, nǐ kě bu kéyi zài gěi wǒ jiǎng
                                                yícì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday you explained this question to me, but
                                            today I can’t understand it again. Could you explain it
                                            to me once again?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònglai</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        and bring (here)” Compare the use of the directional ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònglai</foreignphrase> to its use in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi ni dǎo bēi chá
                            lai</foreignphrase>, which you learned in Unit 1.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ cóng
                                                  nǎr nònglaide?</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Where did you get this
                                            from?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo tiān(r)</foreignphrase>:
                        “to chat” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liáo</foreignphrase>
                        means “to chat,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tiān(r)</foreignphrase> acts as its object. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān(r)</foreignphrase> may also be
                            omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                liáole yíge zhōngtóu. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We chatted for an hour.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
                                                shíhou yǒu gōngfu, wǒmen zhǎo ge dìfang liáoliao ,
                                                tiānr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you have time, we’ll go find a place and chat a
                                            while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù le</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“don’t go” The English translation here can’t really be adequate without
                        getting cumbersome. The one syllable le tells you that not going is a change
                        from what was earlier expected. To show the meaning of the marker le for new
                        situation, the translation might be ’“Change your plans and don ’ t
                        go.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān dào wǎn</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“all day long” The syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yī</foreignphrase> (’“one”) is sometimes used to mean ’“the whole, the
                        entire.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìtiān dào
                            wǎn</foreignphrase> can be literally translated as ’“the whole day until
                        late,” but is also often used to mean ’“all the time, always.” You can use
                        the whole phrase as you would a time-when word (e.g., <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase>), or you can split it
                        up with a verb, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān máng
                            dào wǎn</foreignphrase> ’“busy the whole day until late,” or ’“busy all
                        day long.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
                                                dào wǎn dōu zài máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> He’s busy all day long.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
                                                dào wǎn shuō tāde qián bú gòu
                                            yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She’s always saying from morning to night that she
                                            doesn’t have enough money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yònggōng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        diligent, to be hardworking” in one’s studies<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ni3 bú
                                                yònggōng jiù bú ràng nǐ niàn dàxué
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> If you don’t work hard, I won’t let you go to
                                            college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                  zhèrde xuésheng dōu hěn
                                                yònggōng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>All our students here are very hardworking.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        accompany; to keep somebody company” In the Transportation module, you saw
                        the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase>
                        meaning “to accompany, to go along with” in the sentence <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qǐng wo péi tā yìqǐ qù
                            lúxíng</foreignphrase>, “She asked me to accompany her on her trip.”Here
                        you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">péi</foreignphrase> used
                        in another sense, “to keep someone company.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān wǒ
                                                yào péi wǒ mùqin qù kàn
                                            bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow I’m going along with my mother to see the
                                            doctor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi rén péi
                                                wǒ qù, wǒ jiu bú qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If no one goes along with me, I won’t go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen lái
                                                péipei nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll keep you company.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo rén
                                                chángcháng xǐhuan yǒu rén péizhe tā shuō
                                                huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Older people often like to have someone to keep them
                                            company and talk with them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái</foreignphrase>: ’“ever
                        (up till now), always (up till now)” Cónglái means that something remains
                        the same or unchanged from the past up to now. It is almost always followed
                        by an adverb—<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>, or the
                        negatives <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>. The two
                        most common combinations are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cónglái bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>, of course, have
                        different uses; roughly speaking, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cónglái bù</foreignphrase> means “(habitually) never (do X)“ and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
                        means ’“have never (done X in the past).” With <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>, the verb of the
                        sentence usually takes the aspect marker -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> (experience at any
                        previous time).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cónglái
                                                bù dào wǒ jiā lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She never comes to my house.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cónglái
                                                méi dào wǒ jiā láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She has never been to my house (before).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
                                                méiyou xiǎngdào xiànzài hái yoǒ zhèiyangde jiātíng,
                                                zhèiyangde fùmǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I never imagined that there were still families and
                                            parents like this these days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: In the
                        Transportation Module, you saw the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> used to mean “then and
                        only then” or “not until then.” It was used to talk about something that
                        happened later than expected, for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi zuótiān cái láide</foreignphrase>, “He
                        didn’t get here until yesterday.” In sentence 4B, you see <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> (still an adverb) used to
                        mean “only” a certain amount.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> means “only”
                        in the sense of “as little as,” “so little.” It stresses that the amount is
                        less than expected, less than normal, etc.</para>
                    <para>You already know two other adverbs which mean “only”: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is used with the meaning
                        “only” strictly before amounts, while <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> are also used for “only”
                        in the sense of “no other way” or “no others”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ/jiù
                                                néng zènme zuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(We) can only do it this way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen jǐge
                                                rén, zhǐ/jiù yǒu wǒ huì shuō Fǎguo huà.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I am the only one of us who can speak
                                            French.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> may not be
                        used in such sentences.)</para>
                    <para>That is, it could have been, should have been, or might later become
                            more.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cái
                                                xuéle sānnián, jiù shuōde nàme
                                            hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He’s only studied three years and speaks so well. (AS
                                            LITTLE AS THREE YEARS)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yígòng
                                                cái kànle sānpiān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He only read three articles altogether. (SO
                                            FEW)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>h adverbs normally come only before a verb, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> may stand directly before
                        an amount:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái wùge
                                                rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Only five people? (SO FEW?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A:
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                  fángzi yìnián cái sānbǎi
                                                kuài.</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His house costs only three hundred dollars a year.
                                            (SO LITTLE!)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái
                                                  zènme
                                            yidiǎnr?</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is that all? (SO LITTLE?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sentence 4B illustrates that when speaking about a person’s age,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> should be
                        used for “only” rather than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiù</foreignphrase>. It is also much better to use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> for “only” when speaking
                        about the time of day, the date, etc.:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái yìdiǎn
                                                zhōng, hái láidejí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s only one o’clock, we can still make it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jintiān cái
                                                shísānhào, hái zǎo ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Today is only the thirteenth (of the month). It’s
                                            still early!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is not used
                        in sentences meaning the speaker imposes a restriction on an amount. This
                        includes suggestions, instructions, commands, wishes, or sentences
                        expressing intention. In these sentences, use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase>, e.g.: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiù gěi ta yidiǎnr ba</foreignphrase>,
                        “Just give him a little”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ
                            yào chi yìwǎn fàn</foreignphrase>, “l only want to eat one bowl of
                        rice.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mángzhe niàn
                        shū</foreignphrase>: “to be busy studying” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máng</foreignphrase> here is not the state
                        verb “to be busy,” but an action verb, “to busily engage in (something).”
                        Here are other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài máng
                                                shénme ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are you busy with?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mángle
                                                yìtiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I have been busily working all day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
                                                dào ǎan máng zhèige máng
                                            nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is busy with all sorts of things all day
                                            long.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>: In
                        sentence 4B, you see the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhe</foreignphrase> used in a sentence with word order like that of one
                        in the Directions module: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒuzhe
                            qù kéyi ma?</foreignphrase> “Can you get there by walking?”
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhe</foreignphrase> is the
                        marker of DURATION. It may be attached to an action or process verb. The
                        combination action verb plus -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhe</foreignphrase> refers to the duration of the action, that is, the
                        action has started and is continuing, e.g., <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎozhe ne</foreignphrase>, “He is
                        running.” The combination process verb plus -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> refers to the duration of
                        the new state entered into through the process (remember that “process” here
                        means a change from one state to another), for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngzhe ne</foreignphrase>, “He is ill,”
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe ne</foreignphrase>,
                        “The door is open.”</para>
                    <para>Often you see the combination verb plus -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> followed by another verb,
                        as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mángzhe niàn
                            shū</foreignphrase>. In this case, the verb plus -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> describes the means or
                        manner of the following verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zǒuzhe qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s go on foot.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā pǎozhe
                                                xiā lóu qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went running downstairs.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāizhe
                                                chē lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He came driving a car.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā názhe
                                                dōngxi shàng chē le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Carrying the things, he boarded the bus.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèi
                                                jǐtiān mángzhe kāi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The last few days he has been busy with
                                            meetings.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jízhe
                                                zǒu, bǎ yàoshi wàng zai jiāli
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was in a hurry to leave, and left the keys at
                                            home.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zǒuzhe liáo tiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We talked while walking.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        think of” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
                        here is not the prepositional verb “to” but the ending for compound verbs of
                        result which you have so far seen in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>, “to successfully
                        borrow” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuōdao</foreignphrase>, “to talk about.” The verb ending
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> means “to
                        successfully reach/obtain/find.” In the compound verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>, the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>
                        expresses the action of thinking about it,and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> says that your thought
                        “reached to” the idea—came into your head.</para>
                    <para>Another verb like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎng</foreignphrase> in referring to mental activity is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>, “toconsider,” which
                        you learned in Unit 1, and just as with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, you can use
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎolǜ</foreignphrase>. Here
                        are examples of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kǎolǜdào</foreignphrase>. Notice the different translations possible
                        for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎngbudào</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
                                                xiǎngdào lìngwài yidiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve thought of another point.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
                                                dàgài jiù nǐ yíge rén lái, shéi xiǎngdào nǐmen dōu
                                                lái le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I thought you would probably be the only one coining.
                                            Who would have thought all of you would come!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèizhǒng
                                                qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn’t expect this kind of situation. (Lit., “I
                                            didn’t think there would be this kind of
                                            situation.“)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎngbudào
                                                tāmen huì zènme kuài jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I was surprised they got married so soon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ni méi
                                                kǎolǜdào zhèi yidiǎn ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You didn’t consider that point, did you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
                                                  kǎolǜdedào nàme duō
                                                shìqing!</foreignphrase></foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could I take so many things into
                                            consideration!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo nǚér</foreignphrase>: Not
                        “little daughter,” as you might have thought, but “youngest daughter.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase> are used,
                        respectively, for the “youngest and “oldest” of brothers and sisters. The
                        ones in between, if there are any, are numbered. For example, a mother would
                        refer to her four sons, starting with the eldest, as her <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà érzi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èr érzi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sān érzi</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo érzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎngdà</foreignphrase>: “to
                        grow up” This is a compound verb of result made of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎng</foreignphrase> “to grow” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase> “to be
                            big.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                zhǎngdàle xiǎng zuǒ shénme? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What do you want to do when you grow up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānge yuè
                                                bú jiàn, zhèige hǎizi zhǎngdàle bù
                                                shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s been just three months since I last saw this
                                            youngster and he has grown quite a bit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài kū le</foreignphrase>:
                        “doesn’t cry anymore” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zài</foreignphrase> is the adverb which you learned meaning “again.”
                        Here it means “anymore,” referring to the continuing of a
                            situation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tài lèi
                                                le, méiyou bànfǎ zài xiě le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m too tired. I can’t write any more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù néng
                                                zài chǐ le, zài chī jiù bù shūfu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can’t eat any more. If I eat more I won’t feel
                                            well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào zài
                                                xiǎng zhèixiē shìqing le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Stop thinking about these things.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào zài
                                                shuō le, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t talk about it anymore, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu wǒ bú
                                                zài nàme màn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the future, I won’t be so slow anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to be, to
                        act as” As you are well aware, there are times when you can’t use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> to
                        translate English “to be.” One of these is when “to be” means that a person
                        takes on a certain role, position, or occupation. An example is “to be
                        president” as in “I want to be president” or “He was president for eight
                        years.” In such cases you use the same verb “to do”, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎode
                                                shíhou chángcháng xiǎng jiānglái yào zuò yíge
                                                yǐsheng, kěshi xiànzài zhīdao zuò yǐsheng tài nán
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I was young I often thought I wanted to be a
                                            doctor when I grew up, but now I know that it’s too hard
                                            to be a doctor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóngqián
                                                zuòguo jīngji Bùzhǎng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was once the Minister of Einance. (You could also
                                            say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                cóngqián shi jǐngji
                                            Bùzhǎng.</foreignphrase>)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                  shi wǒ dìyīcì zuò zhǔrén qǐng kè, xīnli hěn
                                                  jǐnzhāng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zhǔrén</foreignphrase>, “host, master” </para>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >jǐnzhāng</foreignphrase>, “to be nervous, to be
                                                  tense”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is the first time I am to be host and have
                                            guests over. I’m nervous.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
                            fùmǔde</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò
                            háizide</foreignphrase> in the reference list sentence are used to talk
                        about categories of people as defined by a certain role, position,
                        occupation, etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                shìqing, zuò fùmǔde yīnggāi xiān xiǎngdào.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Those in the position of
                                            parents should foresee things like this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao
                                                xuéshengde Zhōngwén xuéde nàme hǎo, wǒmen zuò
                                                lǎoshīde zhēn gāoxìng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When we see that our
                                            students have learned their Chinese so well, it makes us
                                            teachers very happy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng nán qīng
                            nǚ</foreignphrase>: “to treat men as important and women as
                        unimportant,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhòng</foreignphrase> is the verb “to be heavy,” with the additional
                        meaning, in literary style, of “to stress, to put importance on.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> is the
                        verb “to be light (in weight),” with an extended meaning in literary Chinese
                        of “to regard lightly, to attach little importance to.”</para>
                    <para>In the traditional Chinese family, a son had a starring role. One reason
                        was that sons assured the family’s continuity, something which every man
                        felt was his duty to his ancestors. In addition, the son usually became the
                        family representative after the father’s death or retirement. A daughter, on
                        the other hand, was expected to leave the family and become part of her
                        husband’s household, so her importance was considerably less than that of a
                        son. <footnote>
                            <para>This is from an old saying called the Sān Cóng, “the Three
                                Follows,” i.e., the three paths to be followed. The saying is
                                usually quoted in its original classical style: <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài jiā cóng fù, chū jià cóng fū, fū
                                    sǐ cóng zǐ</foreignphrase>, “When at home obey your father, when
                                married, obey your husband., when your husband dies obey your
                                son.”</para>
                        </footnote>A woman was always subject to a man’s authority: a daughter had
                        to obey her father, a wife had to obey her husband, and a widow had to obey
                        her son. Of course, individual women, by their strength, intelligence, and
                        personality, were able to exert great influence on the family, but this was
                        often accomplished indirectly.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàoshun</foreignphrase>: This
                        can be used either as a verb with an object, “to be filial toward
                        (someone),” as in the Reference List sentence above, or as an adjectival
                        verb meaning “to be filial”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                háizi hěn xiàoshun.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This child is very
                                            filial.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> In traditional society, filial obedience was regarded as the primary
                        virtue in life and the source of all other virtues. It consisted of respect
                        for one’s parents and ancestors, obedience in all cases to one’s parents’
                        will, consideration and care for their daily welfare,continuation of the
                        family line, and avoidance of any actions which would shame the good name
                        and reputation of the family. But more than formal adherence to rules of
                        good conduct, filial obedience was also an attitude of warmth, founded in
                        the deep love of son and daughter for their parents. And although its origin
                        and center is the relationship of child to parents, this important concept
                        extended outside the family to govern all other relationships in the life of
                        a Chinese. It was said that if a son was not filial to his parents, he would
                        probably not fulfill the duties of a good husband, a faithful friend, or a
                        loyal citizen.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báitiān</foreignphrase>:
                        “daytime; during daylight,” literally “white-day” In the sense of
                        “daylight,” the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >báitiān</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hēiyè</foreignphrase>, “dark of night,” literally, “black-night.” In
                        the sense of “daytime, working hours,” the opposite of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">báitiān</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnshang</foreignphrase>, “evening,
                            night.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā báitiān
                                                zuò shi4, wǎnshang niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She works during the day
                                            and studies at night.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>: “wait
                        until” Here you see the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> “to, up to” used after
                        another verb. (Contrast this with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎngdào</foreignphrase> “to think of” where -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is used as a verb ending
                        showing result and is written as part of the verb.) You now know two
                        meanings for the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, one having to do with
                        location and the other with time: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>location: “to, up to”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>time: “until”</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>What is the difference between putting your <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase after the verb or
                        before it?</para>
                    <para>
                        <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
                                    phrase after verb</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>If the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >dào</foreignphrase> phrase tells where or at what time
                                        you end up as a result of the action, then it comes after
                                        the verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Wǒ zǒu dào shūfáng wàibian, tingJian tāmen
                                                  zài lǐbian shuō huà. </entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I walked up
                                                  to the door of the study and heard them inside
                                                  talking.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Wǒ yǐjīng kàn dao dìyìbǎilíngyīyè
                                                  le.</entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I’ve already
                                                  read up to page 101. </entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Wǒ zuótiān wǎnshang kàn shū kàn dao
                                                  sāndiǎnduō zhōng.</entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Last night I
                                                  read until past three o’clock (in the
                                                  morning).</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable></para>
                                    <para> In sentences which show that something changes location,
                                        lai “to this place“ or qù “to that place“ will usually come
                                        at the end of the whole clause:</para>
                                    <para>MAIN VERB <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >dào</foreignphrase> TIME OR PLACE <foreignphrase
                                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> OR
                                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qù</foreignphrase>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā zǒu dào wǒ qiánmian qu le.
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">He walked in
                                                  front of me.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Qīng bǎ nèijǐběn shū ná dào zhèli
                                                  lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Please bring
                                                  those books here.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable></para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào</foreignphrase>
                                    phrase before the verb</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>Put the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dào</foreignphrase> phrase before <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> or
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >qù</foreignphrase> when they are the main verb of
                                                the sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                                  colsep="1">
                                                  <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                  <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā dào Chóngqìng qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He has gone to
                                                  Chongqing.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yào dào wǒ zhèr lái. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He is coming
                                                  to my place.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  </tbody>
                                                  </tgroup>
                                                </informaltable>
                                            </para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>If another verb phrase follows the <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>
                                                phrase, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >qù</foreignphrase> may sometimes be omitted
                                                making the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dào</foreignphrase> phrase appear to modify the
                                                second verb phrase:<informaltable frame="none"
                                                  rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                                  <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                  <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >A: Wǒmen dào nǎr chī fàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Where shall we
                                                  go to eat?</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >B: Dào fàntīng chī fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We’ll go to
                                                  the dining room to eat.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  </tbody>
                                                  </tgroup>
                                                </informaltable></para>
                                            <para>Literally, these mean “To where shall we eat?” and
                                                “We’ll to the dining room to eat.”</para>
                                        </listitem>
                                        <listitem>
                                            <para>A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dào</foreignphrase> phrase may come before the
                                                verb if the phrase shows that a point is reached
                                                prior to the action or condition:<informaltable
                                                  frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                                  <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                  <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                  <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Dào xiàwu zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Let’s wait
                                                  until the afternoon and then talk. (Contrast tan
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
                                                  xiàwu</foreignphrase>, “talk until the
                                                  afternoon.”)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  </tbody>
                                                  </tgroup>
                                                </informaltable></para>
                                        </listitem>
                                    </orderedlist>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                    </para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái bù</foreignphrase>:
                        “never, never does...” Earlier in this unit (No. 4), you saw the phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
                        “have never, had never...” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Cónglái</foreignphrase> itself means “at any time in the past up until
                            now.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
                                                bù xiǎng zǎoshang niàn shū. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I never feel like
                                            studying in the morning.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Whether you choose <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
                            bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái
                            méi</foreignphrase> depends on what kind of verb you are using and how
                        it is normally negated. To summarize what you learned back in the Biographic
                        Information module, STATE verbs (which include adjectival verbs and
                        auxiliary verbs) are always negated with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. PROCESS verbs are always
                        negated with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>
                        when referring to an actual state of affairs. ACTION verbs can be negated
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> depending
                        on the meaning. While there are grammar rules for choosing <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> to negate your verb,
                        there are also semantic reasons for choosing one or the other: Are you
                        generalizing about something habitual or speaking of a specific
                        instance?</para>
                    <para>
                        <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>STATE VERBS (Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >bù</foreignphrase>. )</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒde qián cónglái dōu bu
                                                  gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1">I have never had enough
                                                  money.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā cónglái bù xiǎng zuò zhèiyangde
                                                  gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He never wants
                                                  / has never wanted to do this kind of
                                                  work.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ cónglái bù xíhuan qù Niù
                                                  Yuē.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I never like /
                                                  have never liked going to New York.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>

                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>PROCESS VERBS (Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >méi</foreignphrase>.)</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā cónglái méi jiēguo
                                                  hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She has never
                                                  gotten married.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā cónglái méi bìngguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He has never
                                                  gotten sick.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèige diànshì cónglái méi
                                                  huàiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This
                                                  television has never broken.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>ACTION VERBS (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Bù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> make a
                                    difference in meaning.)</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >(1) Wǒ cónglái méi kànguo zhèiyangrde
                                                  shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                                  <para>I have never read a book like this. (PAST
                                                  EXPERIENCE)</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >(2) Wǒ cónglái bú kàn zhèiyangrde
                                                  shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry valign="middle" morerows="1">
                                                  <para>I never read (present) this kind of book OR
                                                  I never used to read this kind of book.
                                                  (HABITUAL)</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái</foreignphrase> vs.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián</foreignphrase>, “the
                        past,” is a noun, a time word. It may, for example, be the object of the
                        prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase>, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zài congqián yǒu rén zènme zuò</foreignphrase>, “in the past, some
                        people did it that way.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Cónglái</foreignphrase> may also be used as a moveable adverb, in which
                        case it can be translated “in the past, before, formerly”: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián</foreignphrase> (OR
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
                            wǒ</foreignphrase>)<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou chē,
                            xiànzài yǒu le</foreignphrase>, “Before I didn't have a car, but now I
                        do.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cónglái</foreignphrase>, “always
                        (in the past), from the beginning,” is not a noun; it cannot, for example,
                        be the object of the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>. It is used adverbially,
                        always between the subject and the verb. Both <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóngqián méi</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase>
                        may sometimes be translated as “never,” but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cónglái méi</foreignphrase> makes a stronger
                            statement.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cóngqián
                                                méi chīguo Zhōngguo cài. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I haven't eaten Chinese
                                            food before, (There wasn't one time when I ate Chinese
                                            food.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ cónglái
                                                méi chīguo Zhōngguo cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I have never eaten
                                            Chinese food (from the very beginning).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        particular about, to stress, to pay attention to” [Also <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎngjiu</foreignphrase>.]<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
                                                hěn jiǎng chī, hěn jiǎng
                                            chuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This person is
                                            fastidious about what he eats and what he wears.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  jiā tài jiǎng guīju<footnote>
                                                  <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >guīju</foreignphrase>: “manners” (see Unit
                                                  U)</para>
                                                  </footnote>. Wǒmen Xiǎo Lán yīnggāi
                                                  xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></para></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Their family is overly
                                            particular about manners. Our <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán
                                            </foreignphrase>should be careful.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōdao</foreignphrase>: “to
                        speak of; as for” In this unit, you have seen <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> used as a resultative
                        ending “to successfully reach/obtain/find,” as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngdào</foreignphrase>, “to think of.” You
                        also saw it as a prepositional verb in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>, “wait until.” Here
                        you see another example of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dào</foreignphrase> as a resultative ending. When -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> is used with verbs of
                        speech, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuō</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tán</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiǎng</foreignphrase>, they are translated as “to speak of”or “to talk
                        about.” (In this meaning, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dào</foreignphrase> is not interchangeable with -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zháo</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                gāngcái hái shuōdao nǐ, nǐ jiù lái
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We were talking about
                                            you just now, and here you are!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐntiǎn nǐ
                                                gēn ta jiǎngdao wǒ méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Did you talk about me
                                            with him today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                chángcháng xiǎngdào wǒde
                                            háizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I often think of my
                                            child.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para>Notice that in sentence 8B, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuōdao</foreignphrase> is used at the beginning of the sentence to
                        introduce a topic, as we use “when it comes to” or “speaking of” in English.
                        Here are some other examples.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao
                                                jiéhūnde shì, wǒ hái děi xiǎngyixiǎng.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When it comes to the
                                            marriage, I have to think it over some more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tándao
                                                Zhōngguo wénhuà, tā bǐ wǒ zhīdaode duō.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When it comes to Chinese
                                            culture, he knows a lot more than I do.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuōdao Lǐ
                                                Xiansheng, wǒ jiu xiǎngqilai le, hǎo jiǔ méi qù kàn
                                                ta le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Speaking of Mr.
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Lǐ</foreignphrase>, it occurs to me that we haven’t
                                            been to see him in quite a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase>:
                        “recently, lately; recent last” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuìjìn</foreignphrase> may be used as a time word, coming either before
                        or after the subject, but always before the verb. <informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn,
                                                wǒmen gōngsí yǒu pàile yíge rén qù
                                                Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Recently, our company
                                            sent another person to Hong Kong.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuìjìn
                                                tài máng, méi shíjiān gēn ta
                                            shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I’ve been very busy
                                            lately, and haven’t had time to tell him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In sentence 8B (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nà shi zuìjìn
                            jǐshíniánde xīn guānniàn</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase> is used as an
                        adjective modifying a Number-Counter-Noun. Other examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn yíge
                                                yuè, tā dōu méiyou lái xìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She hasn’t written for
                                            the last month.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Tā shi zuìjǐn jǐtiān cái láide. </para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She just arrived within
                                            the last few days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Besides referring to the near past, zuìjǐn can also refer to the near
                        future— “soon“:</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuìjìn
                                                yào chū guó. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He will be going abroad
                                            soon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>To make it clear you are talking about the future rather than the past,
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuìjìn</foreignphrase> in
                        combination with auxiliary verbs like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsuan</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐhuà</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase>:
                        “large family; extended family” The phrases <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo jiātíng</foreignphrase>, literally
                        “large family” and “small family,” are often used in a specific sense. In
                        traditional Chinese society, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
                            jiātíng</foreignphrase> referred not merely to the number of people in
                        the family, but to the number of generations living together. Although
                        opinions on this vary greatly, you need at least three generations living
                        together to be considered a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
                            jiātíng</foreignphrase>—an “extended family”—and each generation must be
                        several people “deep.” Ideally, such a family contained a father and mother,
                        all their sons and their wives, their sons’ sons and their wives, and all
                        their children, extending to about the fourth generation. A classic example
                        of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà jiātíng</foreignphrase>,
                        like the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎ</foreignphrase>
                        family in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, might include over 130 people
                        all living in households within one complex of houses and courtyards.</para>
                    <para>Do not misuse <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiātíng</foreignphrase>, which refers to the family as an entity, for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā rén</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiālide rén</foreignphrase>,
                        which refer to the people in the family. This mistake is easy to make
                        because both ideas can be expressed in English by the word
                            “family”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dào Niǔ
                                                Yuē qù kàn wǒ jiā rén</foreignphrase> (OR
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ jiālide
                                                rén</foreignphrase>).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m going to New York to see my family.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme bù hǎo</foreignphrase>:
                        “How could they be bad?” or, more idiomatically, “What could be bad about
                        them?” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme</foreignphrase>
                        to make a rhetorical question disagreeing with someone else’s
                            position.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú duì,
                                                bú duì. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">That’s not right, that’s
                                            not right.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zěnme bú
                                                duì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What do you mean it’s
                                            wrong!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bù
                                                kéyi zhèiyangr zuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">We can’t do it this
                                            way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Zěnme bù
                                                kéyi?.’ Zhèi méiyou shenme bù
                                                kéyide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Why not?! There’s
                                            nothing wrong with it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>: This little
                        marker is sometimes used at the end of a sentence to imply that the
                        reasoning behind the statement is obvious. It can be translated as “you
                        know” or “after all,” or by a tone of voice conveying that one thinks one’s
                        statement is self-evident. (For the following example, you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào lājī</foreignphrase>, “to
                        take out [lit., ’dump’] the garbage.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wèishenme zǒng děi wǒ zuò fàn
                                            ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Why do I always have to
                                            do the cooking?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wife: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánnǚ
                                                píngděng ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Equality of the
                                            sexes.’</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà
                                                hǎo, yǐhǒu nǐ guǎn dào lājǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Okay, then from now on,
                                            you take care of taking out the garbage.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wife: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wèishenme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Why?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Husband: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Nánnǚ píngděng ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Equality of the
                                            sexes!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>: “all”
                        This is the word for “all” used to modify nouns. (The adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is used to modify verbs.)
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> is
                        mostly used with nouns at the front of the sentence (that is, subjects or
                        objects in topic position). In sentences with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> is almost always used,
                            too.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
                                                cài dōu hěn hǎo chī. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">All the food is
                                            delicious.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
                                                cài wǒ dōu chīwán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I finished all the
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> can be
                        used with the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ</foreignphrase>
                        construction, in which case <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase> goes before the main verb, not before the
                        prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bǎ</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                  suǒyǒude cài dōu chiwán le.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I finished all the
                                            food.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> can
                        also be used without a noun following it, as long as the context makes it
                        clear what things <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >suǒyǒude</foreignphrase> refers to:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xǐhuan
                                                gōngyuán, Huáshèngdùn suǒyǒude wǒ dōu qùguo le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I like parks. I’ve been
                                            to all the ones in Washington.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here are some more example sentences with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suǒyǒude</foreignphrase>. Notice that the -de
                        is sometimes omitted.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suǒyǒude
                                                kāfēitīng wǒ dōu qùguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I’ve been to all the
                                            coffeehouses.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguo wǒ
                                                yǒu qián wǒ jiù yào mǎi suǒyǒu zhèixiē Hàn-Yīng
                                                zìdiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>If I had money, I’d like to buy all of these
                                                Chinese-English dictionaries.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàoguo
                                                Měiguo suǒyǒu(de) yǒu yìside
                                            dìfang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>He has been to all the interesting places in the
                                                U.S.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yì</foreignphrase>: “hundred
                        million”After <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >qiān</foreignphrase>, “1000,” and wan, “10,000,” the next single syllable
                        to represent a higher number in Chinese is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yì</foreignphrase>,
                            “100,000,000.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yìqiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">10,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yíwàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">
                                            <para>100,000</para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíwàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbǎi
                                                wàn</foreignphrase> (“one million”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">10,000,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìqiān
                                                wàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">100,000,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yíyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">1,000,000,000</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyì
                                            </foreignphrase>(“one billion“)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndao</foreignphrase>: “to see,
                        to perceive by sight” This is another example of the ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dao</foreignphrase> used as part of a
                        compound verb of result. You have now seen -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dao</foreignphrase> meaning (1) “to
                        successfully reach/obtain/find” and (2) “about.” With verbs of perception,
                        the meaning of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dao</foreignphrase> can be thought of as “successfully reach” by means
                        of the senses, or “to successfully perceive.” Another instance of this is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngdao</foreignphrase> “to
                        hear, to perceive by listening.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speakers
                        prefer <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànjian</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngjian</foreignphrase> in
                        many contexts, but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kàndao</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tīngdao</foreignphrase> are used by all speakers of Standard
                        Chinese.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>: “to change,
                        to become different, to transform, to alter“<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
                                                zhēnde biàn le, yǐqiān tā bú shi
                                                zhèiyangrde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This fellow has really
                                            changed, he wasn’t this way before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèijiàn
                                                máoyī xǐle jǐcì, biàn yānsè
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">After this sweater was
                                            washed a few times, it changed color.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐniān bú
                                                jiàn, tā yǐjīng biàn lǎo le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I hadn’t seen him for a
                                            few years; he had aged a lot. (refers to his appearance)
                                            |</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You can also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >biàn</foreignphrase> in the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biàn</foreignphrase>—de—STATE VERB, as
                            in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng qùnián
                                                dào xiànzài, tā biànde jiànkāngduō
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He has become a lot
                                            healthier since last year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo
                                                shíjǐnián méi jiàndao ta, bù zhīdào tā biànde
                                                zěnmeyàng le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I haven’t seen him in
                                            over ten years, I wonder what he is like now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>:
                        “become,” “into” This is used with a number of verbs to form a compound:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎichéng</foreignphrase>, “to
                        change (one thing) into (another)”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyichéng</foreignphrase>, “to translate
                        into”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòchéng</foreignphrase>
                        “to make into”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǎngchéng</foreignphrase>, “to grow into.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ tāde
                                                chènshān gǎichéng yíjiàn xiǎoháizide yīfu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">I took his shirt and
                                            altered it into an article of clothing for a
                                            child.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ bǎ
                                                zhèipiān wénzhāng fānyichéng
                                            Rìwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Please translate this
                                            article into Japanese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                háizi yǐjīng zhǎngchéng dàren
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">This child has already
                                            grown into an adult.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11-12-13</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hēiyè</foreignphrase>: This is
                        mostly used in sentences where <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >báitiān</foreignphrase>, “(light of) day, daytime,” is contrasted with
                        its opposite (see the first exchange of the review dialogue for this unit).
                        The normal word for “nighttime” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wǎnshang</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn</foreignphrase>: The
                        abstract concept “heart,” or, in many contexts, “mind”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā(de) xīn
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He has a good heart
                                            (i.e., he is kind).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuòle
                                                zhèijiàn shì, xīnli hěn
                                            nánguò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He felt very bad after
                                            he did that.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  xiěwánle zhěipiān xiǎoshuō, xīnli hěn
                                                  gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He was very happy after
                                            he finished writing this short story.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xīnli
                                                  xiǎngde hé tā zuòde bù
                                                yíyàng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He acts differently than
                                            he thinks.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(For the organ “heart,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xīnzàng</foreignphrase>, literally, “heart-organ.”)</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4 A Family History</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>More on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>,
                            marker of absence of change/lack of completion.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >duō</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >duó</foreignphrase>), “how.…”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>More on indefinite pronouns (“any/no” expressions).</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Review of you (Noun) phrases.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language content Contained in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing worries or reservations about doing something.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Reassuring someone that they need not worry.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Asking for clarification of the meaning of what someone just
                            said.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Commenting on other’s good fortune.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爸爸</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> father, dad, papa </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
                                        máng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">帮忙</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to help; help </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                                        shǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不少</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be quite a lot, to be much, to be many </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >cáichǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">财产</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> property </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī kǔ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吃哭</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to suffer, to undergo hardship </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">但新</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be worried, to be uneasy </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó
                                        (duō)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> how...! </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífu(r)
                                        (érxífer)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿媳妇</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> daughter-in-law </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">福气</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> blessings, good fortune </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">规矩</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> rules of proper behavior, social etiquette, manners; rule
                                    (of a community or organization), established practice, custom
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the past </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">还</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> fairly, passably </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hùxiāng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">互相</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> mutually </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-家</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> counter for families </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看不起</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to look down on, to scorn, to despise </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐmào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">礼貌</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> manners, politeness </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">奶奶</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> grandmother (on father’s side) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánji</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">年纪</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> age </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">起来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to get up (in several senses) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> person; body; self </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">人家</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> people; they; he, she; I </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēntǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">身体</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> body; health </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shōushi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收拾</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to straighten up; to get one’s things ready </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sì Shū</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">四书</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the Four Books (Dàxué, Zhōngyōng, Lúnyǔ, Mèngzǐ) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙女</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> granddaughter (through one’s son) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnzi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">孙子</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> grandson (through one’s son) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǔdì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">土地</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> land </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
                                        péngyou</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">小朋友</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> little friend; kids </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爷爷</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> grandfather (on the father’s side) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">又</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> also </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        guīju</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有规矩</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to have manners, to he proper </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        lǐmào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有礼貌</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to he well mannered, to he polite </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        qián</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有钱</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to he rich </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ
                                        hǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">只好</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> can only, to have to, to he forced to </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhùxialai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">住下来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to move and stay (in a place), to settle down </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème zǎo jiu qǐlai
                            le</foreignphrase>: The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiù</foreignphrase> is used to stress the earliness (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème zǎo</foreignphrase>) of father’s
                        getting up. On this use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiù</foreignphrase>, review Unit 2, Notes on №9 Here are more
                            examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wǔdiǎn
                                                zhōng jiu qǐlai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> He got up at five (that
                                            early).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ mǎshàng
                                                jiu lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> I’ll be there in a
                                            minute.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù jiù, tā
                                                jiu líkāi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Shortly afterwards, he
                                            left.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        up,” from a bed or just from a sitting position. In an abstract sense it
                        means “to arise,” e.g., “to arise and revolt” [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐlai gémìng</foreignphrase>].<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tiāntiān
                                                shénme shíhou qǐlai?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">When do you get up every
                                            day?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji dà le</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “As for him, the age is now big.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Le</foreignphrase> is used here to indicate
                        change of state, as it often is in sentences telling a person’s age
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā sānshi suǐ
                            le</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para>You should learn the following typical examples of how to use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >niánji</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā (yǒu)
                                                duó dà niánji le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">How old is he? (USED
                                            ONLY OF ADULTS)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji
                                                dà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He’s advanced in
                                            years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā niánji
                                                bù xiǎo le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">She’s not young any
                                            more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nín duó dà niánji
                            le?</foreignphrase> to ask an adult’s age. To ask a child’s age, though,
                        say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duó dà le?</foreignphrase>
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǒu duó dà?</foreignphrase>
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐsuì
                        (le)?</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para>The Chinese are not secretive about their age the way many Westerners are.
                        It is not considered impolite to ask someone’s age, even women and old
                        people. As in the West, old people are often proud of their age and glad to
                        let you know it.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān shuìde
                            zǎo</foreignphrase>: Literally, “every day goes to bed early.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měitiān</foreignphrase> is
                        needed in Chinese to express the idea of “habitual” which in English is
                        conveyed simply by the present tense of “goes.” Without <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měitiān</foreignphrase>, the Chinese sentence
                        might refer to one particular instance only. For example, it might mean that
                        grandfather went to bed early the night before.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì</foreignphrase>, which you
                        may know from the Welfare module, means “to sleep,” but also “to go to bed,
                        to retire.” It is like many verbs in Chinese which can indicate either the
                        continuing performance of an action (sleeping)or the start of an action
                        (trying to sleep, i.e., going to bed). In the following examples, the pair
                        of translations show the ambiguity. In real conversation, of course, the
                        ambiguity rarely causes problems because the listener interprets one way or
                        the other according to the context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuìle
                                                meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has he gone to bed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Did he sleep (and then get up)?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yǔ le
                                                ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Has it started to rain?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Did it rain (and then stop)?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Diànlíng xiǎngle ma?</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >xiǎng</foreignphrase>: “to sound, to make a
                                                  sound”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                        <entry>Has the bell gone off?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I Did the bell ring (and then stop)?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To remove this ambiguity, you can use more specific phrasing. For example,
                        the aspect marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase> specifies absence of change, lack of completion, and
                        so rules out the second translation for each of the above three sentences:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì ne</foreignphrase>,
                        “He is sleeping,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià yǔ
                            ne</foreignphrase>, “It’s raining,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Diànlíng xiǎng ne</foreignphrase>,” The bell
                        is ringing.” To be even more specific you could use -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, the marker of duration
                        (usually used in combination with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase>): <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            shuìzhe ne, Xiàzhe yǔ ne, Diànlíng xiǎngzhe ne</foreignphrase>. Or you
                        could use the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> for ongoing action:<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuì</foreignphrase>, “He is(in the
                        midst of) sleeping,” etc. To be the most specific of all, you can use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>,
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> all in the
                        same sentence: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuìzhe
                            ne</foreignphrase>, etc.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì</foreignphrase> can also be
                        used to mean “to lie down,” regardless of whether the person sleeps or not.
                        (The meaning “lie down” for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuì</foreignphrase> is only accepted by some speakers; others always
                        use the verb tang, “to lie down,” which you learned in the Welfare
                            module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì zai
                                                dìshang kàn diànshì. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He lies on the floor and
                                            watches television.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn tā
                                                shuì dao zhuōzishang lai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Look at him lying on the
                                            table!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìde zǎo</foreignphrase> is
                        another example of a manner expression following a verb plus -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>, a structure which was
                        introduced back in the Transportation module (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kāide tài kuài le</foreignphrase>, “You
                        are driving too fast”). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuìde
                            wǎn</foreignphrase> means either “to go to bed late” or “to sleep
                        late.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>:
                        “grandfather,” only for the father’s father. Back in the Biographic
                        Information module you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zǔfù</foreignphrase> for “paternal grandfather.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yéye</foreignphrase> is the same person, but
                        is the word you would use when addressing him directly or when talking about
                        him informally. See the diagram under <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase> below (Notes on No.
                        3). [One's mother's father is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎoyé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàigōng</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo péngyou</foreignphrase>,
                        “little friends,” is a warm term for young children. It may be used either
                        to address children directly or to talk about them in the third person. The
                        host of a children's television show, for example, would address the young
                        viewers as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
                            péngyou</foreignphrase> (men). You may someday need to use this word to
                        address a young child whom you don't know, for example, one that you meet on
                        the street. And, of course, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
                            péngyou</foreignphrase> is also used in its literal sense to refer to
                        the “young friends” of a child.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                                                péngyou.' Tiān hēi le, kuài hui jiā qu
                                                ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> Little boy/girl, it's
                                            getting dark out. You'd better go back home.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèixiē xiǎo
                                                péngyou dōu zài wàitou wānr
                                            ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Those kids are playing
                                            outdoors.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáo tiānr ne</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ne</foreignphrase>, which you
                        first learned in the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
                            méi ne</foreignphrase>, is the marker which emphasizes ABSENCE OF CHANGE
                        or LACK OF COMPLETION. (it is, in a way, the opposite of le, which marks
                        CHANGED SITUATION or COMPLETION.) In what specific situations can or should
                        you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>? We can
                        note two kinds of meaning for sentences in which absence-of-change
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> often
                        appears:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Continued State, e.g., <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                    colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
                                                  yǒu ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">There is still
                                                  some more.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
                                                  méiyou ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Not yet.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Ongoing Action, e.g., <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                    colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  chī fàn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He's
                                                  eating.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǎinai zuò fàn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Grandma is
                                                  cooking.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>Remember also that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase> is often used in sentences which contain
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>, the
                        marker of DURATION (something like continued state), or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ONGOING
                            ACTION.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuì
                                                jiào ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">NO CHANGE</entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">He is sleeping.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuìzhe
                                                ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">DURATION + NO
                                            CHANGE</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài shuì
                                                ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ONGOING + NO
                                            CHANGE</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>There is a famous nursery rhyme which contains two ongoing-action
                        sentences that end in absence-of-change <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>. In one of its many
                        versions, the rhyme goes like this (just read and enjoy; ignore the words
                        you don’t know):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                                                hàozir</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">A little mouse</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàng
                                                dēngtáir</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Went up the lamp
                                            stand</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tōu yóu
                                                he</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> To steal oil to
                                            drink</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiàbulái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">But he couldn’t get
                                            down</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
                                                Yéye</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He called
                                            Grandpa</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yéye zá
                                                suàn ne</foreignphrase> ^</entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">But Grandpa was crushing
                                                garlic.(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ne</foreignphrase> ONGOING ACTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
                                                Nǎinai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He called
                                            Grandma</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai zhǔ
                                                fàn ne</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">But Grandma was
                                                cooking(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ne</foreignphrase> ONGOING ACTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào
                                                Niūer</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>He called Granddaughter</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bào māo
                                                lai</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Who brought the cat</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zēr! Zā!
                                                Děizhao le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Squeak! Scratch! Got him!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase>: Besides the
                        meaning of “man, person,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rén</foreignphrase> can also be used to refer more specifically to
                        someone’s (1) character, (2) mental state of “being, or (3) physical
                        self.</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>character <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  rén hěn rèxīn, chángchàng bāngzhu
                                                  biérén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>He is a very warmhearted person. He often
                                                  helps others.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
                                                  rén zuò shì hǎo yòu
                                                  xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>He does things well and carefully.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
                                                  rén zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>He is a very nice person.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>mental state <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  hēduō le, rén yǒu diǎnr bú tài
                                                  qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>He had too much to drink and is a little
                                                  foggy.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable>
                            </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>physical self <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  rén hǎo diǎnr le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Are you better today? (i.e., your
                                                  health)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Cáo Yǔshēng bú shi shuō wǔdiǎn zhōng kāi huì
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Didn’t <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cáo
                                                  Yǔshēng</foreignphrase> say there would be a
                                                  meeting at five o’clock?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Shi a! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>That’s right!</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā rén ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>So where is he?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  gāngcái hái zài zhèr, zěnme yìhuǐr rén bú jiàn
                                                  le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>He was Just here a minute ago, how could he
                                                  have disappeared so fast?</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén
                                                  lǎo xīn bu lǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>(saying) The person is old, but his heart is
                                                  not old. (“young at heart“)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén
                                                  yì zǒu, chá jiu liáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>(saying) As soon as the person has left, the
                                                  tea gets cold. (describes someone who forgets a
                                                  friendship no sooner than he has left—often used
                                                  to describe Americans)</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi liǎngnián</foreignphrase>:
                        “the last couple of years” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhèi</foreignphrase> before an amount of time often means “the last” or
                        “the past.” Liang does not necessarily mean exactly “two” but can mean “a
                        couple,” an indefinite small number.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò
                                                liǎngtiān wǒmen Jjù qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>We are going there in a couple of days.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>:
                        “paternal grandmother” For “grandma and grandpa,” the Chinese order is
                        almost always <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye
                            nǎinai</foreignphrase>. [A maternal grandmother is called <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎolao</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàipó</foreignphrase>.] Here is a tree
                        showing what to call grandparents in Chinese. The top two rows are
                        conversational terms used either to address grandparents directly or refer
                        to them. The third row shows the more formal words which you learned in BIO;
                        these are <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> used in addressing one’s
                        grandparents directly. (The labels “Northern” and “Southern,” are
                        generalizations; many more terms exist, but these are widely
                        encountered.)</para>
                    <para>(Northern) (Southern)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēntǐ</foreignphrase>: “body”
                        OR “health”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                  shēntǐ zhēn bàng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >bàng</foreignphrase>, “to be
                                                  great/fantastic/terrific”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is in great shape.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié zǒngshi
                                                pīnmìng niàn shū, děi duō zhùyì
                                                shēntǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t always he knocking yourself out studying; you
                                            should look after your health more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái hǎo</foreignphrase>: “fairly
                        good” You first learned the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái</foreignphrase> as meaning “still.” When used before a state verb,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> can also
                        mean that the quality expressed by that verb may still be said to apply,
                        although just barely. Often it may be translated as “fairly,
                            passably”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                diànyǐng hái bú cuè, suīrán cháng yidiǎn, kěshi duì
                                                wǒde Zhōngwén yǒu bāngzhu. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The movie was fairly good. Although it was a little
                                            long, it was good for my Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes, however, you will need to find other
                            translations:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                fànguǎnr hái kéyi, yǒu jǐge cài nǐ kéyi
                                                shìshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That restaurant isn’t too bad. They have a few dishes
                                            you might try.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ
                                                zuìjìn zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How have you been lately?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái
                                                mámahūhū, jiù shi máng
                                            yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Enh, all right, just a little busy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Zhōngguó
                                                yǒu yìqiānniánde lìshǐ...</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China has one thousand years of history...</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Á, nǐ
                                                shuō shenme? Yìqiān-nián?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What? How’s that? One thousand years?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, bú
                                                shi, sānqiānnián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, I mean three thousand years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Nà hái
                                                chàbuduō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s more like it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        straighten up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yīnggāi
                                                bǎ nǐde wūzi shōushi shōushi
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You ought to straighten up your room (Le indicates
                                            “It’s gotten to that point.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                xiānsheng zǒngshi shuō wǒ wūzi shōushide bù
                                                gānjing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My husband always says I don’t keep my room
                                            neat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì yì kāishǐ jiù zuòde bù hǎo, xiànzài méi bànfǎ
                                                shōushi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This thing was handled poorly right from the start.
                                            Now there’s no way it can be remedied.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shōushi xíngli</foreignphrase>
                        means “to pack one’s baggage.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng jiā</foreignphrase>: “the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase> family”
                        In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        pronunciation, the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiā</foreignphrase> is unstressed and often neutral tone, like a
                        suffix: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Zhāngjia</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífu</foreignphrase>:
                        “daughter-in-law” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word is often pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ěrxífur</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">érxífer</foreignphrase> (note the vowel
                        change).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīju</foreignphrase>: A
                        definite standard, regulation, or custom which forms part of the conduct of
                        a group of people (e.g., a community, a company, a gang, etc.)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                                Zhōngguode lǎo guīju, qǐng kède shihou kèren yīnggāi
                                                xiān kāishǐ chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is an old Chinese custom that when you have
                                            guests, the guests should start eating first.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài qù
                                                nèige guójiā yǐqián, zuì hǎo wǒ néng zhīdao yìxiē
                                                nèrde guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Before going to that country it would best if I could
                                            find out about some of their customs.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jūnrén yǒu
                                                hěn duō tèbiéde guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Military people have a lot of special
                                            regulations.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
                                                wǒmende guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s the way we do things here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème duō
                                                guīju!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>All this formality!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu guīju</foreignphrase>, as
                        you see in exchange U, means “to have manners, to be proper (in benavior).”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi guīju</foreignphrase> is
                        “to be badly behaved,” said, for example, of a child. (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guīju</foreignphrase> may be used to imply
                        unfaithfulness of a wife.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng
                                                Tàitai jiāo háizi jiāode hǎo, tāde háizi dōu hěn yǒu
                                                guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mrs. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhāng</foreignphrase> teaches her children well,
                                            they are all very well-behaved.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Sānr!
                                                Bié zhèiyangr. Kèren kànjian nǐ zènme méi guīju,
                                                zěnme hǎo yìsi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Cut it out, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xiǎo Sānr</foreignphrase>. What will the guests
                                            think when they see you misbehaving so?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>: This is a
                        traditional Chinese concept: the destiny to enjoy happiness in life. It is
                        different from the Western idea of luck [which is closer to Chinese
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>]. Luck
                        refers to chance occurrences like winning a lottery, while <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> refers to one’s whole
                        life situation. Some people have more <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> and some less. In
                        practice, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> is
                        measured by a person’s wealth, prestige, and especially his or her family
                        situation.</para>
                    <para>In traditional China, for a man to have a lot of sons was reason to say he
                        had <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase>. In
                        exchange 4, the grandmother is said to have <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fúqi</foreignphrase> because her
                        daughter-in-law is a very proper or well-behaved woman.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhēn yǒu
                                                fúqi, búdàn yǒu yíge hǎo jiātíng, yòu yǒu yíge hǎo
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is really blessed with good fortune. Not only does
                                            he have a nice family, but a good job, too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fūqi
                                                zhēn hǎo, da érzi jìqián, xiǎo nūér sòng
                                                huār!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You are really blessed with good fortune. Your oldest
                                            son sent you money and your little girl gave you
                                            flowers!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> Daughters-in-law: The relationship between the husband’s wife and his
                        mother is different in traditional China from in the West. A wife, after
                        all, is considered to become a member of her husband’s family, so she is
                        supposed to regard her mother-in-law as her new mother, and show her the
                        same filial obedience. The husband’s mother, for her part, tries to find for
                        her son a young woman who will obey and get along with her, who will work
                        hard for the family and around the house.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>: “the
                        past” Distinguish this noun from the verb “to pass,” which in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> has a neutral-tone
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>. Since
                        it is a time word, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guòqù</foreignphrase> may go either before the subject or between the
                        subject and verb. Most commonly it is placed at the very beginning of the
                        sentence, before the subject:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqu, tā
                                                zài Xiānggǎngde shíhou, tā jiāo shū.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past, when he was in Hong Kong, he taught
                                            school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù, tā
                                                bāngguo wǒ hěn duō máng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past he has been a great help to me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù</foreignphrase> may also
                        be used to modify a noun phrase:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dōu shi
                                                guòqùde shì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Those are all things of the past.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō nán</foreignphrase>: “how
                        difficult.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō</foreignphrase>,
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> often
                        pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duó</foreignphrase>, is
                        used before a state verb to express a high degree, like “how” in English:
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                tiānqi duō hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How nice the weather is today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
                                                zhīdào zài zhèr mǎi diànyīng piào yǒu duō
                                                nán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don’t know how hard it is to buy a movie ticket
                                            here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō
                                                piàoliangde háizi a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What a beautiful child!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme
                                                kéyi zhème shuō? Duó ràng rén
                                                shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How can he say such a thing? How infuriating!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn tā
                                                duō xǐhuan niàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Look at how he loves to study.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒu dào nǎr yě méi rén
                            kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nǎr</foreignphrase> here is used as an indefinite pronoun, “anywhere,
                        no matter where.” You learned about indefinite pronouns in the Meeting
                        module, where you had the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Míngtiān xiàwu shénme shíhou dōu kéyi</foreignphrase>. A question word,
                        such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase> followed
                        by the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>
                        before the verb expresses the idea of “any.” When the verb has
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> before it,
                        the pattern expresses the ideas of “nobody, nothing, neither, nowhere,”
                            etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu
                                                kéyi qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Anyone may go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu bù
                                                kéyi qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">No one may go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme dōu
                                                kéyi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You may use
                                            anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme dōu
                                                bù kéyi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You may not use
                                            anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige dōu
                                                yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">Any of them would be the
                                            same.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige dōu
                                                bù qīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">None of them is
                                            clear.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr dōu
                                                kéyi qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You can go
                                            anywhere.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr dōu méi
                                                zhèr hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">No place is as good as
                                            here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> is used
                        before the verb, the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase> can be used in place of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi yě bù
                                                kéyi qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">No one can go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme yě
                                                bù kéyi yòng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">You may not use
                                            anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige yě bù
                                                qīngchu. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">None of them is
                                            clear.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr yě méi
                                                zhèr hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">No place is as good as
                                            here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> The “any/no” expression may be the subject or object of the sentence, or
                        as in exchange 5, it may be the object of a prepositional
                            verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
                                                shéi dōu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It’s okay to sell it to
                                            anyone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
                                                shéi dōu bu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">It’s not okay to sell it
                                            to anyone.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mài gěi
                                                shéi yě bu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng zai
                                                nǎr dōu yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It’s the same wherever
                                            you put it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng zai
                                                nǎr dōu bù yíyàng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It’s different every
                                            place you put it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào něige
                                                yóujú qù jì dōu kéyi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It would be all right to
                                            go to any post office to mail it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēn shéi
                                                shuō dōu</foreignphrase> (OR <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>)
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                                guānxi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">It doesn’t matter who
                                            you tell it to.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànbuqǐ</foreignphrase>: A
                        resultative compound verb meaning “to look down on, to scorn, to despise.”
                        Unlike other resultative verb compounds, this one occurs only with
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- or
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>-.
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi kànqǐ</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànqǐ le</foreignphrase> are
                        very rare.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié kànbuqǐ
                                                zhèixiē xiǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Don’t look down on these little matters.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì
                                                kànbuqǐ zhèiyangde rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I despise this kind of person most.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù yīnggāi
                                                kànbuqǐ fùnǚ, nánrén néng zuǒde shì, nǚrén yě néng
                                                zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t look down on women. Anything a man can do a
                                            woman can do. </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The positive form <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kàndeqǐ</foreignphrase> means to treat someone or something seriously
                        because you believe them/it to be capable, important, worthy, etc. It may be
                        translated as “to think a lot of,” “to think highly of”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàndeqǐ
                                                ni cái ràng nǐ guǎn zhèijiàn
                                            shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s only because I think a lot of you that I’m
                                            letting you have charge of this matter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàoshi
                                                xiǎng ràng biérén kàndeqǐ ni, nǐ děi bǐ biérén zuòde
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you want to have others think highly of you, you
                                            have to do better than they.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase>: This
                        pronoun has a few different meanings. As used in exchange 6 it means
                        “everyone, people (in general), they”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia dōu
                                                shuō nèige dìfang hěn hǎo kàn.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>People say that place is very pretty.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>It can also mean “other people” or “someone else”:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběnr
                                                shū dàgài kéyi jiè gěi nǐ, búguò shi rénjiade, wǒ
                                                děixiān wènwen.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I can probably lend you this book, but it’s someone
                                            else’s. I have to ask them first.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Besides referring to unspecified people, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénjia</foreignphrase> can also refer to
                        specific people. Most often it refers to a specific third party, “he,”
                        “she,” or “they”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia
                                                  bú jiè, suàn le ba!</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If he doesn’t want to lend it, then just forget
                                            it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>- A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                nǚér yǒu háizi le meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Has your daughter had any children yet?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>- B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Méiyou—rénjia bú yào.’</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No—she doesn’t want any.’</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi
                                                rénjia, rénjia bú yào. Zěnme
                                            bàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I tried to give it to her, but she didn’t want it.
                                            What can you do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn
                                                rénjia Xiǎo Huá xuéde duó hǎo, nǐ
                                                ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Look at how well <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase>
                                            does in her studies, but you!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia</foreignphrase> may also
                        refer to the speaker, in other words, “l.” In such a case, the speaker is
                        being intentionally playful, witty, or cute:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào
                                                ze4nme duō?! Gěi rénjia yidiǎnr
                                            ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You want so much?! Come on, give me a little!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia bù
                                                xǐhuan zhèizhōng diànyīng! Wèishénme yídǐng yào qù
                                                kàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't like this kind of movie! Why do I have to go
                                            see it?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénjia děng
                                                nǐ yíge zhōngtōu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve been waiting for you for an hour.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐntiǎn shi
                                                Xǐngqītiān, ràng rénjia duō shuì yihuǐr
                                                ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Today's Sunday. Let me sleep a little later!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">1ǐmào</foreignphrase>: “manners,
                        etiquette,” the expression in speech and behavior of modesty and
                        respectfulness. This includes politeness of speech, saying the right things
                        at the right times, table manners, and so on. [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ</foreignphrase> is “ritual.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mào</foreignphrase> is
                            “appearance.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóngqián
                                                zài Zhōngguo lǐmào hěn
                                            yàojǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Etiquette used to be very important in China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu lǐmào</foreignphrase> means
                        “to be well-mannered,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou
                            lǐmào</foreignphrase> “to be ill-mannered.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yìjiā rén</foreignphrase>:
                        “this family” You already know that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can be used as a noun
                        meaning “family,” for example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wǒmen jiā</foreignphrase>, “our family.” But <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can also be used as a
                        counter. It may be used alone or with the noun <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rén</foreignphrase> following. The
                        translation is still “family.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi yijiā,
                                                rénrén dōu gōngzuò, yìtiān dào wǎn méi rén zài
                                                jiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everyone in that family works. There's no one home
                                            all day long.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèi
                                                sānjiā rénde qíngxing, nǐ kéyi zhīdao yìxiē guānyū
                                                Zhōngguo rénde shēnghuo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>From the situations of these three families, you can
                                            learn something about the life of the Chinese.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niànguo bù shǎo
                            shū</foreignphrase>: Literally, “studied a lot of books.” This is the
                        GENERAL OBJECT <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase>
                        which you first learned back in the Biographic Information module. It
                        doesn't really mean “books,” but anything at all which is studied.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Niàn shū</foreignphrase> Just
                        means “to study, to be in school,” so we translate <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niànguo bù shǎo shū</foreignphrase> as “to be
                        very well educated“ or “to have a good education.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūnzi</foreignphrase>,
                        “grandson,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>, “granddaughter” include only the children of
                        one’s son. [The children of one’s daughter are called <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàisūnzi</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wài-sūnnǚ</foreignphrase>.] <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūnnǚ</foreignphrase> may also have an -r
                        ending: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚr</foreignphrase>
                        (the real <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        pronunciation of -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǚr</foreignphrase> is kind of tricky; ask a native <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speaker to say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sūnnǚr</foreignphrase> for
                        you).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sì Shū</foreignphrase>: “the
                        Four Books,” which are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dàxué</foreignphrase>, “The Great Learning”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase>, “The Doctrine of
                        the Mean”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lúnyǔ</foreignphrase>,
                        “The Analects of Confucius”; and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Mèngzǐ</foreignphrase>, “Mencius.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàxué</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngyōng</foreignphrase> are chapters from
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Jì</foreignphrase>, “The
                        Book of Rites,” which were raised to the status of separate “books” by the
                        Southern Song Dynasty philosopher <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhū Xī</foreignphrase>. After the Song Dynasty, philosophers of the
                        Idealist school looked upon the Four Books as the classics of Confucianism.
                        Many older Chinese you meet today studied the Four Books when they were
                        children.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        rich,” literally, “to have money.” You have now seen quite a few phrases
                        built around the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                yìsi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to be interesting, to be fun</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to be helpful</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
                                                dàolī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to be reasonable, to be logical</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                xìngqu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to be interested</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                yánjiū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to be expert</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Like other state verbs (such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hǎo</foreignphrase>, “to be good,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>, “to love,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase>, “to be able to, to know
                        how to,”), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> can
                        be modified by adverbs such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hěn</foreignphrase>, “very”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fēicháng</foreignphrase>, “very, extremely”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, “really”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tài</foreignphrase>, “too”;
                            etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >hěn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">He is very rich.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiběn shū
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zhēn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                                yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">That book is really
                                            interesting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ Píng
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zuì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi
                                                xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Pìng</foreignphrase>
                                            is the least interested.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme shuō
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shízài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou
                                                dàolǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">To say that is really
                                            unreasonable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You, of course, differs from all other state verbs in that it is made
                        negative with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase>
                        instead of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>. BÙ
                        may nevertheless modify an adverb preceding <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bū tài
                                                yǒu qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">He isn’t too
                                            rich.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You cannot use méi in this sentence because the negation goes with tài,
                        not with yǒu. In fact, switching around the order of negative and adverb
                        results in a big difference in meaning:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bū tài yǒu
                                                yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Not too
                                            interesting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài méiyou
                                                yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">So boring!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu qián rén</foreignphrase>:
                        “wealthy people” This is a sort of compound noun, so -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> is not used.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùxialai</foreignphrase>: “to
                        stay; to settle down” in a place. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhù</foreignphrase> can either mean “to live, to reside” or just “to
                        stay” temporarily in a place, The ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xialai</foreignphrase> adds the meaning of
                        coming to rest, not going away.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāng láide
                                                shíhou bù zhīdao, zhùxialai yǐhǒu cái zhīdao
                                                wèishénme méi rén xǐhuan dào zhèige dìfang
                                                lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you first get here you don’t know, it’s only
                                            after you’ve lived here for a while that you realize why
                                            nobody likes to come here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                xiànzài qù zhǎo yige lǚguǎn
                                            qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m going to go look for a hotel now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Méi
                                                guānxi, nǐ jiù zài wǒ jiā zhùxialai
                                                ba</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s all right, why don’t you just stay at my
                                            house?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng máng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        help; help” You first saw this in the Welfare module, Unit 6. Then in Unit 2
                        of this module, you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>. Both are very common. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāngzhu</foreignphrase> is a little more
                        formal than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
                            máng</foreignphrase>, which is purely conversational.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāng máng</foreignphrase> is a
                        verb-object phrase (literally, “help-busy,”—“help me in my busyness”). For
                        example, you can say:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāng wo
                                                yìdiǎnr máng. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Help me a little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎi
                                                Měiguode shíhou, tā bāngle wǒ bù shǎo máng.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He helped me a lot when I was in America.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bāngzhu</foreignphrase>, however,
                        is just a verb. The word order is therefore simpler with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāngzhu</foreignphrase> than with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bāngmáng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bāngzhu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bāng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde
                                                máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>or </entry>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                </foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi
                                                wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
                                                máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He helps me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para>You can see that when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng
                            máng</foreignphrase> is used, the person helped is expressed either (1)
                        in a phrase modifying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >máng</foreignphrase> or (2) in a prepositional phrase with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ hǎo</foreignphrase>: “can
                        only, have no choice but to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎ zhème
                                                dàde yù, wǒmen zhǐ hǎo bú qù
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Since it’s raining so hard, we have no choice but not
                                            to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
                                                bú yuànyi péi wo qù, wǒ zhǐ hǎo yíge rén qù
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nobody wants to go with me. All I can do is go by
                                            myself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìyóu yuè
                                                lái yuè guǐ, hěn duō rén zhǐ hǎo zuò gōnggòng qìchē
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>With gasoline getting more and more expensive, many
                                            people have no choice hut to take the bus.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānxīn</foreignphrase>: “to he
                        worried (that)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
                                                shíyīdiǎn le, Xiǎo Píng hái méi huílai, tāde fùmǔ
                                                hěn dānxǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s eleven o’clock already and <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Píng</foreignphrase>
                                            hasn’t gotten back home yet. His parents are very
                                            worried.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī bú bì
                                                dānxīn, háizi dàle, tā zìjǐ huì
                                                dǒngde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don’t need to worry. When the child grows up
                                            he’ll understand.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
                                                tāde xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m worried about his studies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
                                                wǒ nǎinaide shēntǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m worried about my grandmother’s health.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dānxīn
                                                tā yǒu shénme wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m worried that he has some problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dānxīn
                                                tā zuòbuhǎo nèijiǎn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He’s worried he won’t be able to do it well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎi wàihianr</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “on the outside,” a common way of saying “away from home” or
                        “away from one’s hometown.” The Chinese have an expression (in literary
                        style), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎi jiā qiān rì hǎo, chū
                            wài yì shí nán</foreignphrase>, “At home one thousand days are good, but
                        when one is on the outside (away from one’s hometown) even one moment is
                        difficult.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī kǔ</foreignphrase>: “to have
                        a rough time, to suffer hardships” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kǔ</foreignphrase>, “bitter,” when referring to life or an experience,
                        means “hardship, suffering, pain.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā chīle bù
                                                shǎo kǔ cái cóng dàxué bìyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went through some rough times before he graduated
                                            from college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Méiyou chīguo zhànzhēngde kǔ, jiù bù zhīdao
                                                  jīntiānde shēnghuó láide bù
                                                  róngyi.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >“zhànzhēng, “</foreignphrase> war”</para>
                                                </footnote>
                                            </para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you haven’t experienced the suffering of war, you
                                            don’t know that our life today didn’t come
                                            easily.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Néng chī kǔ</foreignphrase>
                        means “to be able to take hardships,” “to have fortitude.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                hěn duō rénde kànfǎ shi niánqīng rén yīnggāi néng
                                                chī kǔ. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In China many people think that young people ought to
                                            be able to take hardship.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nèige
                                                rén hěn néng chī kǔ, bú yòng dānxīn.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He can take a lot of hardship. Don’t worry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hùxiāng</foreignphrase>:
                        “mutually, reciprocally, with each other” This is an adverb, so it must go
                        after the subject (if there is one) and before the verb.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen kéyi
                                                hùxiāng xuéxí. Nǐ jiāo wǒ Yǐngwén, wǒ jiāo nǐ
                                                Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>We can learn from each other. You teach me English
                                                and I’ll teach you Chinese.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5 Traditional Attitudes and Modern Changes</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě hǎo, ...yě
                                hǎo</foreignphrase>, “whether... or”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >cái</foreignphrase> marking necessary condition.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Placement of specifier after a modifying phrase.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile</foreignphrase>, “in
                            order to.“</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Comparison of two words for “afterwards,” <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Inquiring about customs in the culture.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing that you don’t understand something and asking another’s
                            interpretation of it.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing that you don’t see the value of something and asking
                            another's point of view on it.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing partial agreement, specifying one's reservations.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎochí</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保持</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to keep, to preserve, to maintain </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">才</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> only in that case, only under </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大多数</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the great majority </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">代</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> generation (counter); era, (historical) period </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">㝵</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to get </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">㝵到</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to get </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >duōshù(r)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">多数</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the majority of, most of </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">发达</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be (highly) developed, to be flourishing, to be
                                    prosperous </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">风俗</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> custom(s) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">改变</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to change </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工业</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> industry </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gōngshāngyè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工商业</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> industry and commerce </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好处</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> benefit, advantage </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">后来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> later, afterwards </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">活</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to live; to become alive; to survive; to be
                                    live/alive/living; to be movable/moving </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >láodòng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to labor </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >láodònglì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳动力</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> labor force, labor; ablebodied person </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láolì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劳力</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> labor force, labor </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >míngbai</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明白</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to understand, to be clear on, to comprehend; to be clear,
                                    to be obvious </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农业</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> agriculture </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shāngyè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">商业</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> commerce, business </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生产</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to produce; production </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōurù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">收入</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> income, earnings </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuōfǎ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">说法</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> way of saying a thing; statement, version, argument </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">死</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to die </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tímu
                                        (tímù)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">题目</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> topic, subject; title; (test) question, problem </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">听</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to heed, to obey (someone’s orders) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">同意</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to agree, to consent; agreement, consent </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">为了</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> in order to; for the purpose of; for the sake of </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">习惯</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> habit, custom, usual practice; to be accustomed to, to be
                                    used to </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...yě hǎo, ...yě
                                        hǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。也好，。。。也好</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> whether...or...; both...and... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">也就</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> accordingly, correspondingly, so </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        hǎochù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有好处</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be beneficial, to be good (for) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎohūn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">早婚</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> early marriage; child marriage; to marry as a child, to
                                    marry early </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhàngfu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">丈夫</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> husband </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàogu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">照顾</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take of; care </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> just, precisely, right </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèiliǎngnián</foreignphrase>:
                        See Unit 4, Notes on №3</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōurù</foreignphrase>: “income,
                        earnings” While in English you say “income” is “large” or “small,” in
                        Chinese you say “much” (duō) or “little” (shǎo).<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
                                                bù shǎo.</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Her income isn’t small.
                                            (lit., “little”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
                                                bú tài duō.</foreignphrase>
                                        </entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">His income isn’t very
                                            high.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        produce (agricultural or industrial products), to manufacture (industrial
                        products); production, operation (of a plant)”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen dōu
                                                shēngchǎn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What (all) do you produce?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu rén
                                                shuō xiāngxiade shēngchǎn hé shēnghuó qíngkuàng hǎo
                                                yìdiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Some people say that production and living conditions
                                            in the countryside have gotten somewhat better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō zhǎo
                                                Lǐ Guóqiáng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m looking for<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Lǐ
                                                Guóqiáng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Duìbuqī,
                                                xiànzài shi shēngchǎn shíjiān, bù néng zhǎo
                                                rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m sorry, it’s production time now You can’t visit
                                            people.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase>: “to he
                        clear on, to understand,” literally, “bright-white” This is an adjectival
                        verb which may or may not he followed by an object:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài wǒ
                                                míngbai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now I see.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ míngbai
                                                nīde yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I understand what you mean.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcǎi nǐ
                                                yòu gěi wǒ jiǎngle yícǐ,wǒ bǐjiǎo míngbai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now that you've just explained it to me again, I
                                            understand it better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngbai</foreignphrase> can also
                        be used to mean “to be clear, to be obvious,” as in:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shìqing hěn míngbai. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This matter is very clear/obvious.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase>: “to
                        hear and understand” This is a compound verb of result with an adjectival
                        verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase>
                        indicating the result. As just stated <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase> can mean either “to
                        understand” or “to be clear,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase> means only “to understand by listening,”
                        NOT “to hear clearly.” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tīngqǐngchu</foreignphrase> to mean “to hear clearly.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiānde
                                                kè wǒ yìdiǎnr dōu
                                            tīngbumíngbai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I couldn't understand a thing in yesterday's
                                            class.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcāi
                                                lǎoshí shuōde wǒ méi
                                            tīngqīngchu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn't hear (clearly) what the teacher just
                                            said.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another verb of perception which can take <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">míngbai</foreignphrase> to show the result is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase>, “to see,
                        to read.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn méi
                                                kànmíngbai zhèige tímu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you understand the (test) question (when you read
                                            it)?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a compound verb of result, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tīngmíngbai</foreignphrase> can take the syllables -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- to add the meaning of
                        “can” and “can't.“”(For the following example you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàiwén</foreignphrase>,
                        “foreign language,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            guǎn</foreignphrase>, “no matter.”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāng xué
                                                yìzhǒng wàiwénde shíhou, bù guǎn tīngdemíngbai
                                                tǐngbumíngbai, duō tīng duì nǐ yídìng yǒu
                                                hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>When you're just beginning to study a foreign
                                                language, it's good for you to listen a lot whether
                                                you understand or not.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tímu</foreignphrase>: This noun
                        has three commonly used meanings: (1) “topic, subject,” (2) “title,” and (3)
                        “question, problem” (e.g., on a test or in an exercise).<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                jīntiān huàn yíge tán huàde tímu, tányitǎn shēnghuó
                                                fāngmiànde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Today let's change the topic of conversation and chat
                                            about things from daily life.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
                                                shūde tímu shi Zhōngguó de
                                            Shèhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>The title of this book is Chinese Society.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
                                                kǎoshìde tímu nàme duō, wǒ zhēn bù zhīdao xiān zuò
                                                něige hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There were so many problems on yesterday's test, I
                                            didn't know which to do first.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèiyangde tímu wǒ zài gāozhōng de shihou dōu
                                                  zuòguo, xiànzài dōu wàngle.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gāozhōng</foreignphrase>, “senior high, short for
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎojí
                                                  zhōngxué</foreignphrase></para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I did this sort of problems when I was in senior high
                                            school, but now I have forgotten all about them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">. . . yě hǎo, . .. yě
                            hǎo</foreignphrase>: This pattern can mean either (1) “whether... or...
                        ”</para>
                    <para>or (2) “both. . . and....“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù yě
                                                hǎo, bú qù yě hǎo, wǒ yídìng
                                            qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether or not you are going, I'm going for
                                            sure.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tīng yě
                                                hǎo, bù ting yě hǎo, zǒng yǒu yìtiān tā huì
                                                míngbaide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether he listens or not, there'll be a day when he
                                            understands.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                                                  yě hǎo, bù lái yě hǎo, zánmen xiān chī fàn
                                                  ba.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether or not he comes, let's start eating.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù yě
                                                hǎo, huòshi wǒ qù yě hǎo, zǒng děi yǒu yíge rén
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether you go or I go, somebody has to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the review dialogue, you will see an and example of the second meaning,
                        “both... and... ”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Búguò wǒ
                                                xiǎng, dàlù yě hǎo, Táiwān yě hǎo, jǐshínián lái dōu
                                                yǒule hěn dàde gǎibiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>But I think that both the mainland and Taiwan have
                                            undergone big changes in the past few decades.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
                                                rén yě hǎo, Měiguo rén yě hǎo, dōu yīnggāi bǎochí
                                                tāmende wénhuà chuántōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Chinese people and American people should both
                                                preserve their cultural heritage.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: You've
                        already seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>
                        in talking about TIME (“not until”) as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān cái láide</foreignphrase>, “He
                        didn't come until yesterday.” Here you see another use of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>, “not unless.” It points
                        out a NECESSARY CONDITION.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì,</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā
                                                guǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
                                                xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for this matter,</entry>
                                        <entry>(if) he takes care of it,</entry>
                                        <entry>only in that case will it be okay.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">“it won't be okay unless he
                                            takes care of this matter.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here are other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shíge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
                                                gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2">“No fewer than ten is
                                            enough.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Zhèiyang</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “Only in this way is
                                            it good.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Piányi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái
                                                mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I won’t buy it unless
                                            it’s cheap.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                qù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái qù.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I won't go unless you
                                            do.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitào
                                                pánziwǎn yǒu kèren lāi </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ cái
                                                yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"> “I don’t use this set
                                            of dishes unless I have guests.”</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎochí</foreignphrase>: “to
                        keep, to preserve, to maintain”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yàoshi nǐ néng hǎochí měitiān jì sìge xīn zì,
                                                  yìniān kéyi jì yìqiān duō ge zì
                                                  le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jì</foreignphrase>, “to remember,” can also mean
                                                  “to commit to memory.”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>If you can keep on memorizing four new characters
                                                a day, you'll he able to memorize over a thousand a
                                                year.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguo
                                                shèhuì hěn duō dìfang dōu bǎochízhe lǎode fēngsú
                                                xíguǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are a lot of places in Chinese society which
                                            are still holding on to old customs and habits.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodònglì</foreignphrase>: “work
                        force,” literally “labor-power”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùnǚ zài
                                                nóngcūn shi xiāngdāng zhòngyàode
                                                láodònglì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>In rural areas, women are a very important source
                                                of labor.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láodònglì</foreignphrase> may
                        also he used to refer to able-bodied individuals who do manual
                            labor:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Tāmen
                                                jiā yǒu jǐge láodònglì? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many able-bodied persons are there in their
                                            family?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Yǒu sìge
                                                bàn láodònglì. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are four and a half. (The half may be a child
                                            or an older person who cannot do as much work.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nénglì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>ability</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rénlì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>manpower</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >diànlì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>electric power</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tīnglì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>hearing ability</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >huǒlì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>firepower; thermal</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shuǐlì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>water power, hydraulic</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >dònglì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c4">motivating power, force,
                                            power, impetus, driving force</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry namest="c2" nameend="c4"/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě jiù</foreignphrase>:
                        “accordingly,” literally “also then” Other translations for this are
                        “correspondingly,” “so.” The tone of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often
                            neutral.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì wǒ
                                                hěn bú kèqi, wǒ yě jiu bù gēn tā shuō huà
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was very rude to me, so I won’t talk with him
                                            anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiào ta
                                                bú yào bāng wǒ xǐ wǎn, tā yídìng yào xǐ, wǒ yě jiu
                                                ràng ta xǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I told him not to help me wash the dishes, but he
                                            insisted, so I let him wash them.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
                                                liǎngnián yǐqián xuéde Zhōngwén kěshi yìzhí méi
                                                jīhui shuō, yě jiu wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I studied Chinese two years ago, but I never had the
                                            chance to speak it, so I forgot it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
                                                qù, kěshi méi biérén yào qù, yě jiu suàn
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I wanted to go, but nobody else did, so I said the
                                            heck with it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāng xué
                                                Zhōngwénde shíhou, hěn zhùyì fāyīn, shíjiān chángle
                                                yě jiu bù guǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I first started studying Chinese I payed a lot
                                            of attention to pronunciation, but as time went on, I
                                            stopped paying attention to it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase>:
                        “benefit, advantage” You may also hear <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎochù</foreignphrase> (Neutral-tone
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chu</foreignphrase>). The
                        phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu hǎochù</foreignphrase>
                        means “to be advantageous, to be beneficial.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tiāntiān
                                                dōu hē jiǔ yǒu shénme
                                            hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What good does it do you to drink every day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Use the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì...yǒu
                            hǎochù</foreignphrase> for “to be good for..., to be of benefit
                            to...”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Yǒu rén
                                                shuō hē píjiǔ duì shěntǐ yǒu
                                            hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Some people say that it is good for the health (body)
                                            to drink beer.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Bù
                                                yídìng ba, wǒ yǒu xuěyā gāo, duì wǒ méi shenme
                                                hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Not necessarily! I have high blood pressure. It’s not
                                            good for me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                yíkuàir niàn shū duì liǎngge rén dōu yǒu
                                                hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It would be advantageous to both of us to study
                                            together.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài nàr xiě zìde nèige
                            rén</foreignphrase>: “the person writing over there” Notice once again
                        that the preferred word order is to put the specifier-number-counter between
                        the modifying phrase and the noun.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1.5*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Modifying phrase</entry>
                                        <entry>Specifier-Number-Counter</entry>
                                        <entry>Noun</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zìde
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nèige</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo
                                                kànde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi
                                                sānge</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nǚháir</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>It is also possible to put the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèige</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèige</foreignphrase> at the head of the phrase (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiě zìde rén</foreignphrase>) but
                        especially in longer phrases it sounds better to keep <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige</foreignphrase> close to the noun, as
                        in the Reference List sentence above.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase>: “just,
                        right, exactly, precisely.” Like other adverbs, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng</foreignphrase> is placed in front of a
                            verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèng
                                                yào zhǎo nǐ shāngliang zhèijiàn
                                                shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I was just looking for you to talk about this
                                            matter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān
                                                zhèige yánsè zhèng héshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This color is just right for you (to wear).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
                                                kànde zhèng shi zhèiběn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is just the book I want to read.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān lái
                                                kàn nǐde zhèng shi zhèige
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is precisely the person who came to see you
                                            yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng shi
                                                yīnwei zhèige, tā cái zǒu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s precisely why he left.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù shi</foreignphrase> is more
                        colloquial than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèng
                            shi.</foreignphrase> For 5B, you could also say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù shi tā</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshāngyè</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“industry and commerce“ This is a compound of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyè</foreignphrase> ’“industry” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāngyè</foreignphrase>,
                        “commerce. “ <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gōngyè</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nóngyè</foreignphrase> can also combine as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngyè</foreignphrase>, as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngnóngyè
                            shēngchǎn</foreignphrase>, “industrial and agricultural
                        production.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        developed, to be well-developed; to be prosperous, to be flourishing” This
                        is an adjectival verb, that is, it describes a state or condition. A literal
                        translation of the Reference List sentence above might be: “(For)
                        industry-commerce to be flourishing, there is what benefit?” In addition to
                        describing industry, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fādá</foreignphrase> can be used to describe a person’s muscular build
                        or a developed country.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                guójiā hěn fādá. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This country is very prosperous.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen nàrde
                                                wénhuà hěn fādá.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The culture there is very developed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Don’t confuse the state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fādá</foreignphrase> with the action verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn</foreignphrase>, which can take an
                        object, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn
                            nóngyè</foreignphrase>, “to develop agriculture.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli dōu...</foreignphrase>:
                        “everywhere” Here you see another example of a question word (here
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> “where”)
                        used to mean “every...” or “any...” In order to get such a meaning, you must
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náli</foreignphrase> (or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shenme</foreignphrase>, etc.)
                        before <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase>. Notice
                        that the question word can come in various places in the
                            sentence.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Q: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                xiàtiān xiǎng qù shénme
                                            dìfang?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Where is he going this summer?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                shénme dìfang dōu bú qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is not going anywhere.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Q: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi yào
                                                qù nèibiānr kāi huì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who is going to the meeting there?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Shéi dōu
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everybody is going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme zuò
                                                dōu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Any way you do it, it Just doesn’t work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>tóngyì: “to agree, to consent; agreement, consent” As a verb, the meaning
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tóngyì</foreignphrase> is the
                        same as in English. But there is a difference in how you say WHO it is you
                        agree with. In Chinese, you don’t agree with a person; you agree with an
                        idea, opinion, statement, etc. In sentence 6B, the object <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> is up front in
                        the sentence. Notice the placement of the object in the sentences
                            below.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                xiǎngfa nǐ tóngyì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you agree with his opinion?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tóngyì
                                                tāde kànfa.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I agree with him (his ideas).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>CAUTION: Often speakers of English want to say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn...tongyì</foreignphrase> because we say
                        “agree with...” in English, but there is no such form in Chinese. Instead,
                        use the last example above. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tóngyì</foreignphrase> may also be directly followed by a clause, as in
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
                                                tóngyì tāmen jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He doesn’t approve of (OR won’t agree to) their
                                            getting married.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóngyì</foreignphrase> means “agreement” or “consent.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xūyào
                                                tāmende tóngyì cái néng zuò zhèijiàn
                                                shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We need their consent before we can do this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para>This exchange illustrates that old ways of thinking persist in China
                        today. Although in urban areas an increasing number of women are
                        self-sufficient, great variations in social and economic conditions are
                        starkly obvious in a comparison of city and country life.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎohūn</foreignphrase>: “early
                        marriage” This can refer to two different things, sometimes causing
                        confusion.</para>
                    <para>First, it refers to the Chinese practice of marrying a young girl off long
                        before she was an adult in order to bring some money into her parents’ home
                        and to add to the number of able-bodied workers in her in-laws’ home. Her
                        “husband” was also very young—as young as twelve to fourteen years old, and
                        often younger than she.</para>
                    <para>Second, these days <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zǎohūn</foreignphrase> can simply mean marrying at a somewhat younger
                        age than is normally expected. This is the meaning in exchange
                            7.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Èrshisìsuì
                                                jiēhūn zěnme néng shuō shi zǎohūn?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How can you say getting married at twenty-four is
                                            early marriage?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                guòqù dàduōshù rén dōu
                                            zǎohūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past most people in China married at an early
                                            age.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>: “to die”
                        This is a process verb, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bìng</foreignphrase> “to become ill, to get sick,” and therefore
                        corresponds to the English “to become dead” rather than “to be dead.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> is a
                        process verb; it describes an instantaneous change of state. In English one
                        can say of a person with a terminal illness that he “is dying,” but this
                        cannot be translated directly into Chinese. Rather, one must say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài (yào) sǐ
                            le</foreignphrase>, “He is about to die,” or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuliǎo duō jiǔ le</foreignphrase>, “He
                        won’t live much longer,” or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                            huóbucháng le</foreignphrase>, “He hasn’t long to live.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīngshuō
                                                Lǎo Liūde fùqin sǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I heard that <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Liu</foreignphrase>’s
                                            father has died.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase> is
                        not usually negated with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>, but rather with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái méi</foreignphrase> (even when it
                        corresponds to English “to be dead”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shihou,
                                                tā fùqin méi sǐ, kéyi chángcháng zhàogu
                                                ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At that time, his father was alive, and was able to
                                            take care of him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> can “be used
                        directly” before a noun as an adjective meaning “dead.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi sǐde</foreignphrase> may be used to mean
                        ”is dead.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                yìtiáo sǐ yú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> This is a dead fish.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitiáo yú
                                                shi sǐde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This fish is a dead one OR This fish is dead.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǐ</foreignphrase> may he
                        considered blunt and uncouth or inauspicious when used for people. To he
                        respectful, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu
                            le</foreignphrase>, ’“passed away,” or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùshì le</foreignphrase>, ““eft the world.”
                        Sometimes you can avoid saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >sǐ</foreignphrase> by using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái zài</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hái huózhe</foreignphrase>, ’“still living,” e.g., <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shihou tā yeée hái zài/hái
                            huózhe</foreignphrase>, “At that time, his grandfather was still
                        living.” (See Notes on No. 15-)</para>
                    <para>In some parts of traditional China, the usage of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase> was affected by
                        superstition. This is especially true in Taiwan. Even today, during the
                        lunar New Year holidays, some traditionalists take pains to avoid uttering
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, “to die,”
                        lest they he plagued by had luck and death in the clan for the next twelve
                        months. </para>
                    <para>In Taiwan, the superstition extends to the similar-sounding word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sì</foreignphrase>, ’“four.”
                        Some hospitals have no fourth floor; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìlóu</foreignphrase>, ’“fourth floor,” could
                        too easily become <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >sǐlóu</foreignphrase>, ’“death floor,” in rapid speech. For a similar
                        reason, some motorists refuse to drive cars with license plates hearing the
                        number 4.</para>
                    <para> And if money is given as a wedding present, the figure must not contain
                        the number 4, or the donor would be guilty of wishing death on the
                        couple.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàogu</foreignphrase>: ’“to
                        look after, to take care of; care” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yǒu zhàogu</foreignphrase> can mean ’“to be well taken care of, to
                        receive good treatment.” (For the first example, you need to know that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuéryuán</foreignphrase>
                        means “kindergarten.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háizimen
                                                zài jiāli bǐ zài yòuéryuánli yǒu
                                                zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The children get better care at home than they would
                                            at kindergarten.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yíge rén
                                                zài jiā, méiyou zhàogu bù
                                            xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>With his being all alone at home, it won’t do for him
                                            to be without care.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bìngde
                                                hěn lìhai, xūyào tèbié-(de)
                                            zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is very ill and needs special care.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde háizi
                                                duì tā hěn hǎo, tāde shēnghuó yǒu
                                                zhàogu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His children are very good to him; his daily needs
                                            are well taken care of.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù(r)</foreignphrase>:
                        “majority, most,” literally, “the larger number” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàduōshù(r)</foreignphrase> is “the great
                        majority.” In many instances, there isn’t much difference in meaning between
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàduōshù</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duōshù</foreignphrase> can be
                        used to modify a noun, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duōshùdǎng</foreignphrase>, “the majority party,” or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù mínzú</foreignphrase>, “majority
                        nationalities.” [The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duōshù</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shǎoshù</foreignphrase>, “minority.” See Traveling in China module,
                        Unit 1.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi</foreignphrase>: “it is
                        not the case that” To translate the subject “not many people” into Chinese,
                        you need to use a verb (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>). You can’t put <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> directly before
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō rén</foreignphrase>.
                        Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                dìfang, bú shi nǐ xiǎng qù jiù kéyi qù(de), nǐ děi
                                                xiān dédao tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You can’t go there any time you want You need to get
                                            approval first.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi wǒ
                                                bú yuànyi gēn nǐ jiēhūn , shi wǒ fùmǔ bù
                                                tóngyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s not that I don’t want to marry you; it’s that my
                                            parents don’t approve.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase>: “to get, to
                        receive” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dé</foreignphrase> is
                        much more limited than English “to get.” Use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dé</foreignphrase> only for passively
                        receiving a prize, a degree, a grade, and the like. (For these examples, you
                        need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kǎoshì</foreignphrase>, “test”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yōu</foreignphrase>, “excellent” Fused in
                        mainland schools like the grade “A” in the U.S.!; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>, “points”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎng</foreignphrase>, “prize”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuóshì</foreignphrase>,
                        “Master’s degree.“)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiānde
                                                kǎoshì wǒ déle ge “you.”</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I got an “A” on yesterday’s test.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ déle
                                                yìbǎi fēn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He got 100 (points).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dé
                                                jiǎng le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who won the prize?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                něinián déde shuòshì? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What year did he receive his Master’s degree?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dè</foreignphrase> is also used
                        for “contracting” diseases. (in the second example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lánwěiyán</foreignphrase> is
                            “appendicitis.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dé bìng
                                                le, bù néng qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He came down with something and cannot go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā déle
                                                lánwěiyán, děi mǎshǎng kāi dāo.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He got appendicitis and had to be operated on
                                            immediately.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dédao</foreignphrase>: “to
                        receive, to get, to gain, to obtain” Add the ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> to the verb de to get the
                        meaning of successful obtaining (cf. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièdao</foreignphrase>, “to successfully
                        borrow,” in Unit 1).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dédao
                                                hùzhào yǐhòu mǎshàng jiù zǒu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He left immediately after getting his
                                            passport.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn ta
                                                jiēhūn, jiù shi xiǎng dédao tāde
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He only married her to get her money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō rén
                                                débudào zìyóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many people are unable to obtain freedom.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóng
                                                zhèli débudào shenme hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He won’t be able to gain anything from
                                                this.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>“To get” in English often means to actively seek to obtain a thing. In
                        those cases, do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dé(dào)</foreignphrase>. Use such verbs as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ná/nádào/nálai</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎo/zhǎodào/
                            zhǎolai</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nòngdao/nònglai</foreignphrase>, or a more specific verb such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (“to ask
                        for”), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiè</foreignphrase>; and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐng(lai)</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào(lai)</foreignphrase> for
                        “getting” people.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>: “in order
                        to, for the purpose of; for the sake of.” A phrase with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase> may come at the very
                        front of the sentence or after the subject.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā wèile
                                                yào dào Zhōngguó qù gōngzuò, suóyi xiànzài zài xué
                                                Zhōngwén ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Because he wants to go to China to work, he is
                                            studying Chinese now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile kàn
                                                diànyǐng, tā méi qù shàng
                                            kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He didn’t go to class so he could go see a
                                            movie.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile</foreignphrase> may also
                        come after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shi</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì dōu shi wèile tā. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This was done all for him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>This prepositional verb covers a range of meanings falling under the
                        categories of (1) benefit, (2) purpose, or (3) motive. It is sometimes hard
                        to pinpoint exactly which of these meanings is the one expressed by a
                        particular sentence.</para>
                    <para>
                        <itemizedlist>
                            <listitem>


                                <para>Benefit, sake<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ wèile tā cái láide. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I came only for his sake.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ wánquán shi wèile nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I am (doing this) entirely for your
                                                  sake.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Purpose, goal<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile qián, tā shénme dōu
                                                  zuǒdechūlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>For money, he is liable to do
                                                  anything</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile mǎi zhèiběn shū, tā qùle liùge
                                                  shūdiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He went to six bookstores in order to get
                                                  this book.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ pǎo zhème yuǎnde lù, jiù shi wèile ná
                                                  zhèizhāng piào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You came all this way just to get that
                                                  ticket?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile bǎochí niánqīng, tā yòng niūnǎi
                                                  xǐzǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>She washes with (cow's) milk to preserve
                                                  her youth.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
                                        yào</foreignphrase> is a common combination which often
                                    means the same as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >wèile</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile yào qù kàn péngyou, jīntiān wǒ děi zǎo
                                                  yìdiǎnr xià bān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>In order to go visit a friend, I have to
                                                  leave work a little early today.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile yào niàn shū, wǒ zhèige Xīngqītiān bù chūqu
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I'm not going out this Sunday so that I can
                                                  study.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile bú yào tài lèi, wǒ měitiān dōu zuǒ chē
                                                  shàng bān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>In order not to get too tired, I take the
                                                  bus to work every day.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile néng dúlì shēnghuō, tā hěn zǎo jiù líkāi
                                                  fùmǔ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>In order to live independently, she left
                                                  her parents very early.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>Motive or reason for some act, thought, or
                                        feeling<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile zhèijiàn shì, wǒ juéde hěn bù hǎo
                                                  yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I feel very embarrassed about (because of)
                                                  this matter.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wèile zhèijiàn shì, tā yíyè dōu shuìbuzháo
                                                  jiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He couldn't get to sleep all night on
                                                  account of this matter.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ jiù shi wèi(le) zhèijiàn shì
                                                  láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I have come precisely because of this
                                                  matter.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jiù wèi(le) zhème yidiǎnr shì, nǐ jiù shēngqì
                                                  la?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You got angry over such a small
                                                  thing?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>Even though you will find that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wèile</foreignphrase> is sometimes idiomatically translated as
                        “because,” as in these last examples, it is still not completely a synonym
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnwèi</foreignphrase>. When
                        you want to say “because,” you should use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīnwèi</foreignphrase>. When you want to say
                        “for the sake of” or “for the purpose of,” use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèile</foreignphrase>.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase>: “custom”
                        The definition of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fēngsú</foreignphrase> in a Chinese dictionary reads: ’“the sum total
                        of etiquette, usual practices, etc., adhered to over a long period of time
                        in the development of society.” Compare this with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>: “behavior, tendency
                        or social practice cultivated over a long period of time, and which is hard
                        to change abruptly.” Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xíguàn</foreignphrase> may refer to the practices or habits of either
                        an individual or a community, whereas <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngsú</foreignphrase> refers only to those
                        of a community.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqù
                                                Zhōngguo yǒu zǎohūnde
                                            fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the past China had the custom of early (child)
                                            marriage.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>:
                        “afterwards, later” Both <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hòulái</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǐhòu</foreignphrase> are time nouns which can be translated as
                        “afterwards” or “later.” But there are differences between them:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Differences in patterns: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> can either follow another element
                                (translated as “after...”) or it can be used by itself.
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  láile yǐhòu, wǒmen jiù zǒu
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>After he came, we left.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yǐhòu tā méiyou zài
                                                  láiguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Afterwards, he never came back again.
                                                </entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hòulái</foreignphrase>
                                can only be used by itself. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                    colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Hòulái tā jiù shuì jiào le.
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Afterwards he went to sleep.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Differences in meaning: Both <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> and
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
                                may be used to refer to the past. For example, either <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase> or
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòulái</foreignphrase>
                                may be used in the sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                    colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Kāishǐde shíhou tā bù zhīdào zěnme bàn, kěshi
                                                  hòulái/yǐhòu xiǎngchūle yíge hǎo
                                                  bànfa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>In the beginning, he didn’t know what to do,
                                                  but later he thought up a good way.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                            <para>But if you want to say “afterwards” or “later” referring to the
                                future, you can only use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >yǐhòu</foreignphrase>. When it refers to the future time,
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐhòu</foreignphrase>
                                can be translated in various ways, depending on the
                                    context:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yǐhòude shìqing, děng yǐhòu zài
                                                  shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Let’s wait until the future to see about
                                                  future matters.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yǐhòu nǐ yǒu kòng, qǐng chánglái
                                                  wán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry> In the future when you have time, please
                                                  come over more often.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  yǐhòu zài gàosu ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>I’ll tell you later on.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tāde hāizi shuōle, yǐhòu tā yào gēn yíge Rìběn
                                                  rén jiēhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>His child said that someday, he wants to
                                                  marry a Japanese.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>Usage Note: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> has the literal meaning of “after that.” It
                        implies that some past event functions as a dividing point in time, a sort
                        of time boundary. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yǐhòu</foreignphrase> refers to the period from the end of that time
                        boundary up to another point of reference (usually the time of speaking). It
                        is often translated as “since.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǐ
                                                xiěle yìběn shū, yǐhòu zài méi xiěguo.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He only wrote one book, and hasn’t written any
                                                since (if he is still alive) </para>
                                            <para>OR </para>
                                            <para>He wrote only one book, and after that never wrote
                                                another. (if he is dead)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        change; change”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                míngbai tā wèishénme háishi bù néng gǎibiàn tāde
                                                guānniàn. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I don’t understand why he still can't change his
                                            ideas (way of thinking).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biàn</foreignphrase>, which you
                        learned in Unit 3, can be used only as a verb, not as a noun. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biàn</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase> may be
                        interchangeable in a small number of contexts, but there is an essential
                        difference between them: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Biàn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, “to become different,“”and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎibiàn</foreignphrase> is an
                        action plus process, “to alter in such a way as to become different.” This
                        can cause English-speaking students confusion because the English verb
                        “change” covers both these meanings. Here are some examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                xiǎngfā biàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His way of thinking changed (became
                                            different).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                yīnggāi gǎibiàn zhèige
                                            qíngkuāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We should change this state of affairs (alter this
                                            state of affairs so that it becomes different).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes Additional Vocabulary</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">láodòng</foreignphrase>: The
                        verb “to do physical labor, to labor, to work” or the noun “physical labor,
                        manual labor.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngchǎn
                                                lāodòng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">productive labor</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāodòng
                                                shōurù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1">income from work</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>: “to live”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnghuó</foreignphrase>, and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù</foreignphrase> may all be
                        translated as “to live” but actually have different meanings. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> basically refers to the
                        body’s having life or breath, and is the opposite of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnghuó</foreignphrase> emphasizes
                        day-to-day living; it is used mostly when describing the needs or quality of
                        daily life. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhù</foreignphrase> is
                        used to talk about residence in a particular place, either as one’s home, or
                        temporarily (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù
                            lǚguān</foreignphrase>, “to stay at a hotel,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhù yuàn</foreignphrase>, “to stay in the
                            hospital”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yú zài
                                                shuǐli cái néng huó.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Fish can live only in water.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                dìfangde rén kéyi huó dao hěn lǎo.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The people there live to be very old.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóde
                                                hěn cháng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He had a long life.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàgài
                                                  huóbucháng le.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He probably won’t live much longer.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> often means
                        “to live” in the sense of to survive.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jìn
                                                yīyuànde shíhou, shéi dōu xiǎng tā bù néng huó le,
                                                kěshi tā yòu huóle yìnián cái
                                            sǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When he went into the hospital, no one thought he
                                            could live (survive), but he lived another year before
                                            he died.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> can modify a
                        noun directly, for example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó
                            yú</foreignphrase>, “live fish,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó rén</foreignphrase>, “living person.” But
                        to say, “is he alive?” you must use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huó</foreignphrase> with the ending
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huózhe
                        ma?</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huó</foreignphrase> can also
                        mean “movable, moving,” as in: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huózì</foreignphrase>, “movable type”; <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huóyè</foreignphrase>, “loose-leaf”
                            [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huóyèjiāzi</foreignphrase> is
                        “loose-leaf binder”!; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huóshuǐ</foreignphrase>, “flowing water.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíguàn</foreignphrase>: As a
                        noun, this means “habit” or, in a more general sense, “custom, usual
                            practice.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎng
                                                  zai chuángshang kàn shū shi yíge bù hǎode
                                                  xíguàn.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >chuáng</foreignphrase>, “bed”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s a bad habit to read in bed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu zǎo
                                                qǐde xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m an early riser. (Lit., “I have the habit of
                                            getting up early.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàitai bù
                                                xǐhuan tā xiānsheng bànyè yīhòu cái huí jiāde
                                                xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The wife doesn’t like her husband’s habit of not
                                            coming home until after midnight.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jùzi
                                                bù zhīdào wèishenme zènme shuō, zhèi jiù shi wǒmende
                                                xíguàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don’t know why this sentence is said this way. It’s
                                            just the way we say it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xíguàn</foreignphrase> means “to get/be used to, to become/be
                        accustomed to”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān shi
                                                wǒ dìyītiān dài yǎnjìng, wǒ hái méi xíguàn. Wǒ
                                                xīwàng hěn kuài jiu kéyi xíguàn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Today is my first day wearing glasses and I’m not
                                            used to them yet. I hope I can get used to them
                                            quickly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hěn
                                                  bù xíguàn chī zhèrde fàn.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m not at all used to the food here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  yījīng xíguàn zhème zuò le, hěn nán
                                                  gǎi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m already used to doing it this way It’s very hard
                                            to change.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tīng</foreignphrase>: This word,
                        which you already know as “to listen,” can also mean “to heed, to obey”
                        someone’s suggestions, directions, or orders.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  shuōde yǒu dàolǐ, nǐ yīnggāi tīng tāde
                                                  huà.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What he says makes sense. You should listen to him
                                            (do as he says).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gàosu
                                                  tā yīnggāi zhèiyang zuò, tā bù
                                                  tīng.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I told him he should, do this, but he wouldn't
                                            listen.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo ba,
                                                tīng nīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Okay, I’ll do as you say. (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐde</foreignphrase> is
                                            short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nīde
                                                huà</foreignphrase>.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6 Politics and Culture</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de huà</foreignphrase>,
                                “if,” “in case.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>-Choosing between -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >guo</foreignphrase> and -<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>More on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >zài</foreignphrase>, “in the midst of.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                    guǎn...</foreignphrase> , “no matter.”</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr</foreignphrase> used
                                in rhetorical questions to make a denial.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Reduplicating adjectival verbs for vividness.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> and
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
                                expressing purpose.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>(Amount of time) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >lái</foreignphrase>, “’in the past...,” “over the
                                past.…”</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language content in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Requesting to speak with someone.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Making a comment in order to verify a piece of information.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing that you are disturbed by a troublesome
                            circumstance.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing scandalized disapproval.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>
            <para/>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to love </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >àishang</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">爱上</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to fall in love with </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">保护</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to protect </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                                        guǎn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不管</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> no matter (what, whether, etc.) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng
                                        huà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不象话</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be ridiculous, to be outrageous, to be absurd (talk,
                                    acts, etc.) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">参加</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to participate in, to take part in, to Join, to attend
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >chéngshì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">城市</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> city; urban </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">党</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> (political) party </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">大字</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to type (on a typewriter) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-de
                                        huà</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">的话</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> if; in case; supposing that </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >duǎnpiān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">短篇</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> short (stories, articles) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">儿童</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> child (formal word) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to divide, to separate, to split </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnkāi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">分开</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to separate, to split up </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànbu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干部</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> cadre </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">共产党</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the Communist Party </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùshi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">故事</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> story </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hèn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">恨</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to hate, to loathe, to detest (a) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Hóngwèibīng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">红卫兵</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> Red Guard; the Red Guards </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiārù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">加入</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to join </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiěfàng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">解放</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to liberate, to emancipate;liberation </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièyì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">介意</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to mind, to take offense </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jíjímángmáng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急急忙忙</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> in a big hurry </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jímáng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">急忙</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be hasty, to be hurried </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...lái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">。。。来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> for the past...(amount of time) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">领导</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over);
                                    leadership; leader, leading cadre </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nóngcūn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">农村</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> country, rural area; rural;village </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to enter; to Join </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
                                        Tuán</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">入团</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to Join the Communist Youth League (Gòngqingtuán or
                                    Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuán) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shang</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> verb ending indicating starting and continuing </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng
                                        xué</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">上学</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to go to school; to attend school </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjiè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> world </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shìjièshang</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界上</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> in the world, in the whole world </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shíxíng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">实行</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to practice, to carry out, to put into effect, to implement
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tuán</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">团</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> group, society </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuán</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">团</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the (Communist Youth) League </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xià</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-下</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> under </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià qí</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">下棋</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to play chess </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yuányīn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原因</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> reason, cause </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèngcè</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政策</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> policy </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">政府</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> government </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùshi</foreignphrase>: “story,”
                        only in the sense of a short, fictional tale. Remember that another word you
                        have learned, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, can also be used for “story“ in the sense of
                        a literary work. Also take special note that a news “story” should be
                        translated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xīnwěn</foreignphrase> (NOT <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gùshi</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para>“To tell stories” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiǎng</foreignphrase> (OR <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuō</foreignphrase>) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gùshi</foreignphrase> (don’t use the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàosu</foreignphrase>).<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen zhèr
                                                yǒu shénme értóng gùshi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have any children’s stories here? (in a
                                            bookstore)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
                                                gùshi xiěde zhēn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This story is very well written.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùshi</foreignphrase> may take
                        as a counter either -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ge</foreignphrase>, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duàn</foreignphrase>, or -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >piān</foreignphrase> (for written</para>
                    <para>stories).</para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de huà</foreignphrase>: “if,”
                        “in case,” or “supposing that” Used at the end of a clause which tells a
                        hypothetical situation, often in combination with another word for “if”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoshi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rúguǒ</foreignphrase>, etc.)
                        earlier in the same clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yàoshi nǐ bú qùde huà, wǒ yě bú qù.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you don’t go, I won’t go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chī fàn
                                                chībǎo le, yàoshi zài chī de huà, dùzi jiu bù shūfu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you eat more after you’re already full, your
                                            stomach won’t feel well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qǐlai
                                                  tài zǎode huà, wǒ jiù huì juéde
                                                  lèi.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If I get up too early I feel tired.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào shi
                                                wǒde huà, wǒ bú nàme zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> If it had been me, I wouldn’t have done it that
                                            way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià qí</foreignphrase>: “play
                        chess” This is actually a general word for several different kinds of chess
                        or other board games. [Specific names do exist for each game: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngqí</foreignphrase>, “Chinese chess”;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiàoqí</foreignphrase>, “(the
                        Chinese form of) checkers”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wéiqí</foreignphrase>, “go” (a board game); <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójì xiàngqí</foreignphrase> (PRC) or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīyáng qí
                        </foreignphrase>(Taiwan), “international or Western chess”;
                            etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gēn shéi
                                                xià qí?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who did you play chess with?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xià qí
                                                xiàde hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He plays chess very well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěfàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        liberate, to emancipate; liberation“”This word is applied in Communist
                        ideology to the overthrow of what is considered “reactionary” rule. In China
                        today <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiěfàng</foreignphrase> may
                        be used to refer to the actual occupation of an individual area by Communist
                        forces at any time from 1945 up until 1950 (when the administrative
                        authority of the Communist government had finally extended throughout the
                        mainland and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Hǎinán</foreignphrase> Island). For example, if someone says
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                zhèige dìfang jiěfàngde wǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Our area was liberated late (in the
                                            revolution).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>this means that Communist forces reached their area at a late date
                        (perhaps in late 1949 or early 1950). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng</foreignphrase> may also be used to
                        refer to the end of “China’s War of Liberation,” marked by the official
                        proclamation of the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. For
                        example: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng
                                                yīhòude jǐnián, wǒ zhù zai Shànghǎi.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For the first few years after liberation I lived in
                                            Shànghǎi.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>:
                        “the Communist party,” literally “share-property party” In a mainland China
                        context, the Communist party is often referred to simply as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dǎng</foreignphrase>, “the Party.” The
                        official name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                            Gòngchǎndǎng</foreignphrase>, “Chinese Communist Party (CCP).”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngcè</foreignphrase>:
                        “policy” (especially of a government)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìnde zhèngcè gǎibiàn
                            le.</foreignphrase> The (government’s) policy has changed
                        recently.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>: “to enter”
                        Rù is most often used in literary Chinese. In the spoken language, it is
                        mainly used in a handful of set phrases like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù xué</foreignphrase>, “to enter school, to
                        start school,” or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
                            yuàn</foreignphrase>, “to be hospitalized.” Otherwise, “to enter” is
                        expressed by the verbs <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jìn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jìnlai</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jìnqu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>In the set phrases <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
                            Tuán</foreignphrase>, “to join the Communist Youth League,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù Dǎng</foreignphrase>, “to
                        Join the Communist Party,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >rù</foreignphrase> is actually short for the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiārù</foreignphrase> (No. 14 on the
                        Reference List), which means “to join” an organization.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuán</foreignphrase>: “the
                        League,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                            Gòngchǎnzhǔyì Qīngniántuān</foreignphrase>, “China Communist Youth
                        League,” also abbreviated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gòngqǐngtuaán</foreignphrase>. This is a nationwide organization for
                        working youth and students between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five. Its
                        aim is to cultivate members’ political awareness and their cultural and
                        scientific knowledge. </para>
                    <para>The League’s history goes back to 1922, but its name, goals, and influence
                        have changed over the years. During the Cultural Revolution, the functions
                        of the League were largely taken over by the Red Guards (see note on next
                        page), but in 1973 the League began to recover its former influence. </para>
                    <para>Today, the League organizes political study sessions as well as
                        educational and recreational activities at schools, universities, factories,
                        and other places of work. The League also provides leadership for the Young
                        Pioneers (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shàoxiānduì</foreignphrase>), an organization for children from seven
                        to fourteen.</para>
                    <para>The connection between the Communist Party and the League is a close one,
                        although the League is independently organized and has its own central
                        committee with a national congress that meets periodically.</para>
                    <para>Policy leadership for the League comes from the Youth Department of the
                        Communist Party Central Committee. By no means do all League members go on
                        to become Party members, but leadership experience in League activities
                        makes many likely candidates for later Party membership.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>: “to
                        Join; to participate in, to take part in; to attend” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānjiā</foreignphrase> refers to the action
                        of joining a group or joining in an activity. It also means “to participate”
                        or “to take part in.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Cānjiā</foreignphrase> is also the word to use for “to attend” a
                        meeting, convention, or other gathering (but not a play, film, or other
                        non-participatory event).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
                                                cānjiā Shìjiè Yínháng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China has Joined the World Bank.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                  jìhuà xià xīngqī kāi ge wǎnhuì,°nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng
                                                  cānjiā?</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >wǎnhuì</foreignphrase>, “ evening party”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’re planning to have an evening party next week.
                                            Would you like to join in?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
                                                yīnggāi cānjiā láodòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everyone should participate in (physical)
                                            labor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  cānjiāle yíge xùnliànbān.</foreignphrase>
                                                <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >xùnliànbān</foreignphrase>, “training
                                                  class”</para>
                                                </footnote>
                                            </para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is attending a training class OR He attended a
                                            training class, (depends on context)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào qù
                                                cānjiā míngtiān xiàwude huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m going to attend the meeting tomorrow
                                            afternoon.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rùguo Tuán, cānjiāguo
                            Hóngwèibīng</foreignphrase>: You were introduced to the marker
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> in the
                        Biographic Information module, with sentences like<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ cóngqiān láiguo ma?</foreignphrase>,
                        “Have you ever been here before?“”</para>
                    <para>You also saw that -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guo</foreignphrase> can provide by itself the meaning of “ever”:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ qùguo Zhōngguó
                            ma?</foreignphrase>, “Has he ever been to China?” In exchange 3, the
                        speakers use -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>
                        with the meaning of “ever” having done something.</para>
                    <para>Why use -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> and
                        not -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> in these
                        sentences? A helpful rule of thumb is to use -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> in Chinese when you would
                        say “ever” in English. But -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guo</foreignphrase> and “ever” do not always correspond; as you can see
                        in sentence 3B, the English does not contain the word “ever.“”</para>
                    <para>The reason speaker B decided to use -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> there rather than
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is that he
                        knows <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng</foreignphrase>’s
                        son is no longer in the Red Guards. Using -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> rather than
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> implies
                        that the Joining (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cānjiā</foreignphrase>) was later undone—that the son is not a Red
                        Guard now.</para>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase>
                        tells an action that results in a new state: the action of joining results
                        in the state of being part of something. Similar verbs include
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>, “to sit,”
                        (the action of sitting results in the state of being seated) and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> (the
                        action of putting on clothes results in the state of the clothes being
                        on).</para>
                    <para> Process verbs as well show the change from one state to a new state, like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> (to go
                        from wellness to sickness), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dào</foreignphrase> (to go from not being here to being here). When
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> is used
                        with these kinds of verbs it often implies that the resulting state is no
                        longer in effect.’<footnote>
                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guo</foreignphrase> may
                                also be used when the speaker does not know for sure whether the
                                state is still in effect. But do not use -<foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase> when you know for
                                sure that the state is still in effect. For example, if you know
                                that a person has come here and is still here, you can only say
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái
                                    le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        </footnote></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngwèibíng</foreignphrase>:
                        “the Red Guards,” lit., “Red Guard-Soldiers” It was in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> in 1966 that middle
                        school and college students first began to form groups calling themselves
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hóngwèibìng</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para>At that time CCP Chairman <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
                            Zédōng</foreignphrase> had been trying with little success to stir up a
                        mass movement against “revisionist” elements in the Chinese Communist Party,
                        and to infuse the country with a new revolutionary spirit. The newly formed
                        Red Guard groups first directed their efforts at reactionary leaders in the
                        schools. </para>
                    <para>After <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase>
                        publicly expressed his support for the Red Guards, their movement quickly
                        grew into a major force in the first stage of the Cultural Revolution. Their
                        opposition to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liú
                            Shàoqí</foreignphrase>, then Chairman (head of state) of the PRC, was
                        instrumental in his downfall. Before long, groups of Red Guards were
                        crisscrossing China by train, bus, any means of transportation—many on
                        foot—to spread the concepts of the Cultural Revolution. </para>
                    <para>The scale of these excursions is difficult to imagine; Red Guards, other
                        student groups, and tagalongs— altogether millions of young people—were to
                        be seen everywhere, bringing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>’s political movements to the rest of the
                        country.</para>
                    <para>After their inception, the thousands of Red Guard groups nationwide had
                        difficulty forming a cohesive organization, and after the first three years
                        of the Cultural Revolution (1966 to 1968) their power began to wane. They
                        remained a prestige group, however, until their official abolishment in
                        1978.</para>
                    <para>Outside observers, as well as many Chinese, had mixed opinions of the Red
                        Guards. That they were a major force in stirring the country to join in the
                        movements of the time is beyond question. But the zealous excesses and
                        cruelties of many Red Guards toward people of “undesirable” political or
                        family backgrounds are equally well known.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài</foreignphrase>: “to love”
                        (state verb)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
                                                  tā shi zhēnde ài nǐ.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I think she really loves you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòu ài
                                                xuéxí, òou ài láodòng, shì ge hǎo tóngzhì.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She loves study and loves physical labor. She is a
                                            good comrade.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Aì</foreignphrase> can also mean
                        “to like, to be fond of” a food, hobby, sport, activity, as in the following
                        examples: etc. It is usually used before a verb, as in the following
                        examples:</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì ài chī
                                            tángcù páigǔ le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>I just love sweet and sour spareribs!</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhēn ài
                                            jiǎng huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He really loves to talk.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ ài kàn
                                            diànyǐng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Do you like to go to the movies?</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú
                                            ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>No.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fùqin ài xià
                                            qí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>My father is fond of (playing) chess.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àishang</foreignphrase>: “to
                        fall in love (with someone)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèige
                                                xuéxiào shàng kè yíge yuè yǐhòu, tā jiu àishang tāde
                                                Zhōngwén lǎoshī le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After attending classes at this school for one month,
                                            he fell in love with his Chinese teacher.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng dìyīcì
                                                kànjian ta, wǒ jiu àishang ta
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I fell in love with her right from the first time I
                                            saw her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao
                                                nǐ bú ài wǒ le, xīhuanshang Wáng Cheng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I know you don’t love me anymore; you’ve taken a
                                            liking to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Chéng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Particularly in Beijing speech, the ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shang</foreignphrase> added to some verbs has
                        the meaning of starting and then continuing, “to set about (doing
                        something), to fall into the habit of (doing something), to take to (doing
                            something).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yòu
                                                xiàshang qí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They have started to play chess again OR They’re back
                                            playing chess again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  yòu chōushang yān le?!</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para>
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chōu
                                                  yān</foreignphrase>, “to smoke”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re smoking again?!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Rénjia shuì jiào le, nǐ zěnme chàngshang gē
                                                  le?</foreignphrase>
                                                <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >chàng gē</foreignphrase>, “to sing (songs)” (a
                                                  verb plus general object, like <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                                                  shū</foreignphrase>)</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are people trying to sleep. What are you doing
                                            singing?!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànshang</foreignphrase> means
                        “to take a fancy to, to settle on”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànshang
                                                nèizhǒng chē le, děng wǒ yǒule qián wǒ yídìng mǎi
                                                yíliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've taken a fancy to that kind of car. When I have
                                            money I'll certainly “buy one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">àishang Xiǎo Wáng
                            le</foreignphrase>: A new-situation <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is extremely common when
                        presenting an event as “hot news,” as the speaker does in this sentence. Hot
                        news should, after all, he presented to the listener as something he doesn't
                        already know—as a new situation. (For the second example you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngtǒng</foreignphrase>,
                        “president,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase>, “to visit.”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  zhǎodao yige xīnde gōngzuò
                                                le!</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've found a new job!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                bàozhǐshang shuō Měiguo zǒngtǒng yào dào Zhōngguó
                                                lái fǎngwèn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It says in today's paper that the president of the
                                            U.S. is going to come visit China!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Of course, this le is sometimes optional. It may he omitted in the above
                        two examples, but not in sentence UA.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hèn</foreignphrase>: “to hate,”
                        only in the literal meaning of “to loathe, to detest, to have intense ill
                        feelings toward”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hèn
                                                nèiyìjiā rén. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I hate that whole family.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hèn ta
                                                gěi wǒ dàilaile nàme duō
                                            máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I hate him for bringing me so much trouble.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zuì hèn
                                                zuò zhèizhǒng shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I detest doing this sort of thing most of
                                            all.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>“To hate” in the milder sense of “to dislike” or “to wish to avoid” is
                        expressed in Chinese by other words. (For the last example below you need to
                        know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎoyàn</foreignphrase>, “to
                        dislike, to be disgusted with.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǎoshang wǒ
                                                zhēn bú yào qǐlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>I hate to get up in the morning.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
                                                máfan nǐ, wǒ zhēn bù hǎo
                                            yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I hate to put you to all this trouble.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng tā
                                                zhèiyangde rén méiyou yíge hǎo gōngzuò, tài kěxī le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I hate to see someone like him without a good
                                            job.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tǎoyàn
                                                mǎi dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I hate shopping.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jièyì</foreignphrase>: “to take
                        offense, to mind” This is mostly used when preceded by a negative word
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bié</foreignphrase>).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi
                                                shuōzhe wánrde, xīwàng nǐ bú yào
                                                jièyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I was kidding (when I said that). I hope you don’t
                                            take offense.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú
                                                huì jièyì ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don’t mind, do you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Bú
                                                huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, that’s all right.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  jièyì bu jièyì wǒ míngtiān dài ge péngyou qù
                                                  cānjiā nǐde wǎnhuì?</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >wǎnhuì</foreignphrase>, “evening party”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you mind if I take a friend along to your party
                                            tomorrow night?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì</foreignphrase>: “to type”
                        on a typewriter, literally “to hit characters.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dǎ zì
                                                dǎde hěn kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> He types very fast.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zì</foreignphrase> here is a
                        general object like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huà</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō
                            huà</foreignphrase>. Speakers of English are often tempted to say
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zì zhèige</foreignphrase>
                        for “type this,” but that is incorrect. To specify the thing which is typed,
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase> without the
                        word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zì</foreignphrase>. Some verb
                        endings, especially -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chulai</foreignphrase>, are often used with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi wǒ dǎ
                                                yíxiàr (zhèige).</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Type this for me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni bǎ
                                                zhèifēng xìn dǎ yíxiàr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please type this letter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù
                                                dǎ yifēng xìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have to go type a letter.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dǎwán
                                                nèifēng xìn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you finished typing that letter?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèifēng xìn
                                                dǎchulai le meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Has that letter been typed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                zhèige dǎchulaile mǎshàng gěi ni
                                                sòngguoqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll bring this over to you as soon as I finish
                                            typing it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Used as a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ
                            zì</foreignphrase> means “typing” (like the school
                            subject):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xuéguo
                                                dǎ zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve studied typing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yíge
                                                zhōngxué jiāo Yǐngwen dǎ zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She teaches English typing at a middle
                                            school.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zì</foreignphrase>, by itself,
                        may be used as follows:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dǎcuòle
                                                yíge zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I typed a character (letter or word) wrong.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
                                                shū, zì tài xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The type is too small in this hook.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài dǎ zì</foreignphrase>: “He’s
                        (in the midst of) typing” You first learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>, the marker of ongoing
                        action, in Meeting, Unit 2: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                            kāi huì</foreignphrase>, “He is (in the midst of) attending a meeting.”
                        Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> to specify
                        that an action is in the midst of progressing or evolving.</para>
                    <para>Because <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>
                        denotes “continuing action,” it is used with action verbs, which indicate
                        the event has duration. On the other hand, process verbs, which indicate
                        simply a change of state, are not compatible with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, “to die,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>, “to arrive,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíng</foreignphrase>, “to
                        (come to a) stop,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qù</foreignphrase>, “to go.“”</para>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>, for
                        example, describes the instantaneous transition from a living state to a
                        dead state. It makes no sense to speak of being “in the midst of dying”; a
                        person is either alive or dead. <footnote>
                            <para>In English, “ He is dying” may look like an ongoing action, but it
                                actually means "He is very near to passing from a living state to a
                                dead state.” The passing itself is instantaneous. So to translate
                                “He is dying” in Chinese, you have to rephrase the thought, e.g.,
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kuài yào sǐ
                                    le</foreignphrase>, “He is going to die soon”, or <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā huóbuháng le</foreignphrase>, “He
                                won't live long.”</para>
                            <para/>
                        </footnote>Likewise, you have either arrived (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàole</foreignphrase>) or not; are either
                        stopped (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíngle</foreignphrase>)
                        or still moving; are either gone (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qùle</foreignphrase>) or still present.</para>
                    <para>You can make <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>
                        negative with either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase>. Questions are usually best formed with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bu shi
                        zài</foreignphrase>; some speakers use you <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou zài</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài bu zai</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>Sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> often end in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, the emphatic marker of
                        absence of change (see Unit U, Notes on No. 2).</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng huà</foreignphrase>:
                        “to be outrageous, to be ridiculous, to be absurd” Literally this means
                        “doesn’t resemble speech.” As used today, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú xiàng huà</foreignphrase> may be applied
                        not only to things which are said, but also to situations and
                            people.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
                                                zhēn bú xiàng huà, jiù yào qián bú zuò shì, zěnme
                                                xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is outrageous! To just want money but not work.
                                            How can that do!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú xiàng
                                                huà, bǎ wūzi nòngde zhème luàn, yě bù shōushi
                                                shoushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is too much! He made the room such a mess and
                                            doesn’t even straighten up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                háizi yìtiān dào wǎn wánr, bú niàn shū, zhēn bú
                                                xiàng huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This child plays all day long and doesn’t study. He’s
                                            really too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guǎn</foreignphrase>: ”no
                        matter...” The first half of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            guǎn</foreignphrase> sentence contains either</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para> an interrogative word, e.g.,<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry morerows="17" valign="middle">
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                                  guǎn</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  <para/>
                                                  </entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="17" valign="middle">No
                                                  matter</entry>
                                                  <entry>what</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shéi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>who</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shénme shíhou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>when</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >nǎr</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>where</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >wèishénme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>why</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zěnme</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>how</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >duōshǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>how much</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >duó lèi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>how tired</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>etc</entry>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>or (2) a clause expressing alternatives, e.g.,<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="3*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="3*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry morerows="8" valign="middle">
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                                  guǎn</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  <para/>
                                                  </entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  tā qù bu qù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="8" valign="middle">No
                                                  matter</entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether he
                                                  goes or not</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shì bu shi zhēnde</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether it’s
                                                  true or not</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >tā shi Zhōngguo rén háishi Měiguo
                                                  rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether he is
                                                  Chinese or American</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >jīntiān (háishi) míngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">whether it’s
                                                  today or tomorrow</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry>etc.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>The last half of a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            guǎn</foreignphrase> sentence usually (not always) has <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or sometimes
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yě</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn ní
                                                gěi duōshāo qián, wǒ dōu (yě) bú
                                                mài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No matter how much money you offer, I’m not selling
                                            it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn
                                                  ní xūyào shénme, tā nèr yídìng (dōu)
                                                  yǒu.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No matter what you need, he is sure to have it at his
                                            place. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Dōu</foreignphrase> is optional and <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is not
                                            used here.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù guǎn xià
                                                bu xià yǔ, wō dōu qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether it rains or not, I’m going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>: Literally
                        ’“where,” used in rhetorical questions to make a denial. Compare this with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli</foreignphrase>!, which
                        you learned in the Biographic Information module to deny
                            compliments.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Zhèixiē
                                                fángzi dōu shi nǐde ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do these houses all belong to you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr
                                                a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Heck no!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dào
                                                nǎr qù le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Where did he go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎr
                                                zhīdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How should I know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
                                                wèn ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll go ask him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nǎr
                                                zhīdao!</foreignphrase> (stress on “<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >tā</foreignphrase>”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He doesn’t know! (MAY BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sāndiǎn
                                                zhōng nǎr néng dào!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could we possibly arrive by three
                                            o’clock!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng</foreignphrase>: “child”
                        This is the word used in formal contexts. It usually refers to children
                        under approximately ten years of age.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng
                                                wénxué</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>children’s literature</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">értóng
                                                yīyuàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>children’s hospital</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duǎnpiān</foreignphrase>:
                        “short,” of written compositions. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō</foreignphrase>, “short story”?¹In China, the short
                        story began to develop as a genre as early as the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sòng</foreignphrase> dynasties. In modern
                        times, Chinese short story writers were greatly influenced by Western short
                        stories.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>: This
                        has three main uses: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“country, rural area”; </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“rural,” when used to modify a noun; and </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>“rural community, farm village” (counter: <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>). </para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>In mainland China, this third use is no longer common because of the
                        reorganization of rural areas into communes, with village-sized units
                        becoming production brigades (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shēngchǎn dàduì</foreignphrase>).****<footnote>
                            <para>The expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèige
                                    cūnr</foreignphrase>, “this village,” <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen cūnr</foreignphrase>, “our
                                village,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐmen
                                    cūnr</foreignphrase>, “your village,” etc., are nevertheless
                                still used in the PRC.</para>
                        </footnote></para>
                    <para>In the Welfare module, you learned another word for “country, rural area”:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase> are
                        comparable in meaning. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> is chiefly a conversational word, however,
                        rarely used in formal contexts. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiāngxià</foreignphrase> may even be used in a disparaging manner;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>, being
                        more neutral in connotation, cannot.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen Jiā
                                                zài nóngcūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Their home is in the country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngcūnde
                                                kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
                                            city.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā māma
                                                cóng nóngcūn lái, dàilai hǎo duō xīnxian
                                                jídàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His mother came from the country and brought lots of
                                            fresh eggs with her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài yíge
                                                nóngcūn(de) yíyuàn gōngzuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She works in a rural hospital.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                xuéxiàode xuésheng dōu dào nóngcūn cānjiā lāodòng qu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The students of this school have all gone to the
                                            country to participate in labor.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  nóngcūn yǒu duōshǎo rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is the population of this farm village? (not
                                            mainland, usage)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànbu</foreignphrase>: Usually
                        translated into English by the French word “cadre,” this word has two
                        meanings in China. <footnote>
                            <para>The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >gànbu</foreignphrase> is also used in Taiwan, although not as
                                frequently as on the mainland, to refer to people in positions of
                                leadership in many kinds of organizations, especially government,
                                the army, and large corporations.</para>
                        </footnote>First, it can refer to full-time functionaries of the (usually
                        central) Party or government. </para>
                    <para>Second—this is the sense of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gànbu</foreignphrase> in sentence 7B—it can have the broader meaning of
                        any person who has a leadership job. There are cadres in the army,
                        factories, schools, communes, anywhere leadership positions exist.</para>
                    <para> It is always clear who is a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gànbu</foreignphrase> and who is not; positions and people are well
                        defined as cadre or not. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gànbu</foreignphrase> is contrasted with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qúnzhòng</foreignphrase>, “the
                        masses.”</para>
                    <para>For example, certain meetings may be attended by “cadres” but not by “the
                        masses,” and certain documents are distributed to “cadres” of a certain
                        level but not to “the masses.”</para>
                    <para>Most cadres are “not engaged in production” [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōchǎn le</foreignphrase>], but some are
                        “half released from production” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bàn tuōchǎn</foreignphrase>]. Very few are “not released from
                        production [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            tuōchǎn</foreignphrase>]. In general, cadres’ salaries are higher than
                        ordinary workers, and they have more privileges.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo gànbu</foreignphrase> is
                        translated as “veteran cadre,” that is, a cadre from before
                        liberation.</para>
                    <para>In the PRC, the English word “cadre” is usually pronounced “cah-der,” with
                        the first syllable stressed.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíjímángmáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “in a great hurry” This comes from a repetition of each syllable of the
                        adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jímáng</foreignphrase>, which means “hasty, hurried.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jí</foreignphrase> means “anxious” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máng</foreignphrase>, which
                        you have learned as “busy,” here means “īn a rushed manner.”</para>
                    <para>Many adjectival verbs may be reduplicated to make them more vivid. For
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
                                                shi Chén Bīn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Which (of those people) is <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén Bīn</foreignphrase>?
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāogāode
                                                nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The tall one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něige
                                                gāogāode? Nǐ shi shuō hēihēi shòushòude
                                                nèige?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Which tall one? You mean the dark, thin one?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi.
                                                Báibái pàngpàngde nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No. The pale (light-complexioned), fat one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎobǎode</foreignphrase> means
                        “very full”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chide
                                                bǎobǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m very full.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Adjectival verbs of two syllables are reduplicated in an AABB pattern:
                        repeat the first syllable twice and then the second syllable
                            twice.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gāoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gāogāoxìngxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >píngcháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >píngpíngchángcháng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >kèqi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">becomes</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >kèkeqìqì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Adjectival verbs reduplicated this way can be used to modify nouns, as
                            in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiù shi
                                                yíge
                                            píngpíngchángchángderén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is Just an ordinary fellow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>or to modify verbs, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                kèkeqìqìde tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Let's talk it over politely.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                gāogāoxìngxìngde zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They left happily.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>These reduplicated adjectival verbs are not made negative or used in a
                        comparative sentence.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò shénme qu</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “you are going in order to do what?” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> may be used at the end of
                        a sentence to show purpose: “go in order to...” or “come in order to...”
                        Whether you choose <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lái</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qù</foreignphrase> depends, in many cases, on the direction of the
                        action; if the direction is towards “here,” use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> , and if it is “away,”
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèn tā qu
                                                ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Go ask him!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài
                                                máng qu ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Go about your business!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn ni
                                                lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ve come to see you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Putting <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> before or
                        after the verb phrase gives about the same meaning. In fact, in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        speech, they may be used both before and after the verb phrase. The
                        following three patterns are equivalent:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī qù wèn
                                                tā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">You go ask him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī wèn tā
                                                qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī qù wèn
                                                tā qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái ná
                                                piào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">He came (has come) to
                                            get the tickets.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā ná piào
                                                lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lái ná
                                                piào lai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>Here are more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuò
                                                shénme qu le? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">What did he go to
                                            do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì jiào
                                                qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to go to
                                            bed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí jiā qu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to go
                                            home.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Xǐ yīfu qu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to do some
                                            laundry.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nòng fàn qu
                                                le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to get dinner
                                            ready.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi dōngxi
                                                qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">He went to do some
                                            shopping.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes there can he ambiguity about whether <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> are being used to express
                        ’”purpose” or “direction.” For example, the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ná piào lai</foreignphrase> means “bring the
                        tickets here” if <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lai</foreignphrase> is a directional ending, but “come here in order to
                        get the tickets” if <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lai</foreignphrase> indicates purpose.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàng xué</foreignphrase>: This
                        phrase means either “to go to school” in the sense of “it’s eight o’clock,
                        the children have already gone to school,” or “to attend school,” as in “I
                        attended high school in Chicago.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xué</foreignphrase> is a general object like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>, “to study.” You can
                        replace it by a more specific object such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>, “elementary school,”
                        or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐngshān
                            Zhōngxué</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jǐngshān</foreignphrase> Middle School.”</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shàng xué qu
                                            le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>He has gone to school.</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suīrán tā
                                            niánji dà le, kěshi tā hái xiǎng shàng xué.
                                        </foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>Although he’s old, he still wants to go to
                                        school.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase>:
                        “government” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng</foreignphrase>
                        originally meant “political affairs,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔ</foreignphrase> was the word for
                        “government offices.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                Měiguo zhèngfǔlí gōngzuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He works in the U.S. government.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Distinguish <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase> from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guójiā</foreignphrase>, “the state.”<footnote>
                            <para> Here we are not talking about <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guójiā</foreignphrase>'s other
                                meaning, “country, nation. </para>
                        </footnote>In PRC terminology, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guójiā</foreignphrase> is the entire organization by means of which the
                        ruling class exercises its rule, including administrative bodies, the
                        military, police, courts, and prisons. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèngfǔ</foreignphrase> refers to the
                        administrative bodies of the state—for example, the State Council.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù</foreignphrase>: “to
                        protect” from harm or loss, or “to safeguard”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng
                                                bǎohù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>environmental protection</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ értóng
                                                bǎohù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>woman and child protection</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng xiǎo
                                                jiù děi bǎohù yǎnjīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>One should protect one’s eyes from the time one is a
                                            child.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní kàn
                                                rénjiade chē bǎohùde duó hǎo, nǐde
                                                ne?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Look at how well maintained his car is! But
                                            yours!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                yīnggāi bǎohù guójiā
                                            cáichǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We should protect state property.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Even before liberation, the Chinese Communists attempted to allay
                        widespread fears that a Communist government would signal an end to private
                        property by proclaiming <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎohù
                            rénmín cáichǎn</foreignphrase> as an official policy.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        carry out, to put into practice/effect, to implement” an idea, plan, policy,
                        system, or program.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                jìhuà néng bu néng shíxíng hái shi ge wèntí.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Whether or not this plan can be implemented is still
                                            a question.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàge yuè
                                                wǒmen yào kāishǐ shíxíng yìzhǒng xīnde kǎoshì
                                                bànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Next month we are going to put a new method for
                                            testing into practice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>: “to
                        lead, to direct, to exercise leadership (over); leadership; leader, leading
                            cadre”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                  lǐngdǎo nénglì hěn qiáng.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >nénglì</foreignphrase>, “ability”; <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiáng</foreignphrase>,
                                                  “strong”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has great leadership ability.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nàme
                                                niánqǐng jiu lǐngdǎo naáme duō
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is in charge of so many people at such a young
                                            age?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende
                                                gōngzuò zuòde bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You do your job well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dōu
                                                shi zhèngfǔ lǐngdǎode hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>It’s all thanks to the good leadership of the
                                                government. (Lit., “That is all because the
                                                government leads well.”)</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shìqing wǒmen děi wènwen
                                            lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We’ll have to ask our leading cadres about
                                            this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǐngdǎo
                                                zhèige gōngzuò, zhèijiàn shì yídìng
                                                zuòbuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If he directs this project, it surely won’t be done
                                            well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Gòngqi1ngtuán lǐngdǎo
                                            Shàoxiānduì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>The Communist Youth League exercises leadership
                                                over (provides guidance for) the Young
                                                Pioneers.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>: “under,”
                        used only after certain nouns. The ones you have learned so far in this
                        course are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >lǐngdǎo</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qíngkuàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bāngzhù</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhàogu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                zhèizhǒng qíngkuàngxià, zuì hǎo shénme dōu bú zuò.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In this kind of situation, it is best not to do
                                            anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìjiè</foreignphrase>:
                            “world.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dìfang duì tā lái shuō hǎoxiàng shi yíge xīn shìjiè.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> To him, this place seemed like a new world.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì
                                                dìsān shìjiè guójiāde zhèngzhi qíngkuàng yǒu
                                                xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is interested in the political situation in third
                                            world countries.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To say “in the world,“ use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shìjièshàng</foreignphrase>. This is often equivalent to English “in
                        the whole world.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjièshàng
                                                méiyou yíge rén xiàng tā zhèiyang.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There is no one like him in the world.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ruìshì hiǎo
                                                zài shìjièshàng hěn yǒu
                                            míng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Swiss watches are famous throughout the
                                            world.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè</foreignphrase> can also
                        he used to modify other nouns:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhōngguó shi Shìjiè Yínhángde
                                                  chéngyuánguō.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >chéngyuánguō</foreignphrase>, “member
                                                  country”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>China is a member country of the World Bank.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №11</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shínián lái</foreignphrase>:
                        “for the past ten years” or “over the past ten years”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián
                                                lái, wǒ xuéle hěn duō Yíngwén.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Over the past ten years, I’ve learned a lot of
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jǐnián lái
                                                wǒ dōu méiyou shōudao tāde xìn le.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I haven’t gotten any letters from her for the past
                                            few years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase> is usually
                        used with a relatively long period of time, especially months or years.
                        There are no definite rules for how long is “long,” but you would not, for
                        example, use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
                        to say “for the last half hour” (which would be <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi bànge zhōngtóu</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para>The expression of time may be preceded by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>, “these,” for example,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi jǐnián
                            lái</foreignphrase>, “for the past few years.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngshì</foreignphrase>: “city”
                        or “(comparatively large) town” Originally <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> meant a city wall and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase> a
                        “market.” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is
                        now also an administrative unit, as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shì</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        municipality.”)</para>
                    <para>You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase> for “city, town.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéng</foreignphrase>, which
                        originally meant “city walls,” is now mostly used in set phrases such
                            as<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> jìn chéng</foreignphrase>,
                        “to go into the city, to go into town, to go downtown” (to the part within
                        the original city walls); or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chénglǐ</foreignphrase>, “in the city,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngwài</foreignphrase> “outside the city”
                        (again using the walls to differentiate the two). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéng</foreignphrase> is also used to
                        translate “town” in foreign place names, e.g., <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiáozhìchéng</foreignphrase>, “Georgetown.”
                        The Chinese also use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo
                            chéng</foreignphrase> to translate “town” when referring to foreign
                        situations, as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhù zai
                                                lí Niǔ Yuē bù yuǎnde yíge xiǎo
                                                chéngli.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He lives in a little town near New York.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎo chéng</foreignphrase>
                        is not used to speak of a town in China; instead people say “county”
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàn</foreignphrase>) or
                        “commune” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >gōngshè</foreignphrase>) or just “place” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfang</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para>To translate “city,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chéngshì</foreignphrase> is the word you will use most
                            often.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lúndūn shi
                                                shiJiè yǒu míngde dà
                                            chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>London is a world-famous metropolis.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi
                                                shi shìjièshang zuì dàde chéngshì.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> is the largest city in the
                                            world.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēnbukāi</foreignphrase>:
                        “cannot he separated” A more English-sounding translation for sentence 11B
                        would he, “This is directly related to the government's leadership.”</para>
                    <para>The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
                        means “to separate, to divide,” as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo3men fēn
                                                yige píngguǒ, hǎo hu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's split (share) an apple, okay?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèige
                                                píngguǒ fēn liǎngkuài. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Divide the apple in two.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngguǒ fēn
                                                hǎo duō zhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are lots of different kinds of apples. (Lit.,
                                            “Apples are divided into many kinds.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kāi</foreignphrase>, which you have seen meaning “open” as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎkai</foreignphrase>, here is
                        something like English “apart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ háizimen
                                                fēnkāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Keep the children apart.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ hóngde
                                                gēn lánde fēnkāi. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Keep the red ones separate from the hlue
                                            ones.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngzhāng zhǐ shi
                                            fēndekāide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These two sheets of paper can he taken apart.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on Additional Required Vocabulary</title>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuányīn</foreignphrase>: “reason,
                            cause”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi
                                                shěnme yuányīn? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why is that?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi
                                                shénme yuányīn tā jīntiān méi
                                            laí?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why is it he didn't come today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Shéi
                                                zhīdào, wèn tā zìjǐ qu ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who knows? Go ask him! </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ niàn
                                                Zhongwěnde yuányīn shi yīnwei wǒ yào dào Zhonguó qu
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The reason I'm studying Chinese is that I am going to
                                            go work in China,</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  dìng zhème duō Zhōngguó bàozhǐ shi yǒu yuányīnde. </foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Dìng</foreignphrase> is the same word you learned
                                                  in the Meeting Module for “to reserve”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's a reason for my subscribing to so many
                                            Chinese newspapers.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ zuò
                                                zhèige jìhua yǒu méiyou shénme tèbiéde yuányīn?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is there some special reason why you are making this
                                            plan?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou
                                                shénme tèbiéde yuányīn yào zhèiyangr zuò.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's no particular reason for doing it this
                                            way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> </para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāru</foreignphrase>: This is the
                        formal word for “to join” (You will recognize <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>, “add,” from
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānjiā</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù</foreignphrase>, “enter,”
                        from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rù
                        Tuán</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 7 Social Problems</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>(Adjectival Verb)-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō
                                le</foreignphrase>, “much more... .”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>(Verb) (Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >kàn</foreignphrase>, “try and (Verb).”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>How to express “not anymore,” “never again.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >cóng</foreignphrase> X (Verb)-<foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to start
                                (Verb)-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ing</foreignphrase>
                            from X.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>How to express billions.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >lián...dōu...</foreignphrase>, “even.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ
                                yào...jiù...</foreignphrase>, “provided that.…”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái</foreignphrase>
                            indicating that someone will perform a specified action.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...jiù
                                shi</foreignphrase>..., “either.•.or.…”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ</foreignphrase>, “to
                            cause/make/enable.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Stating hypotheses about the causes of phenomena.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Stating hypotheses about the interrelationships of phenomena.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing value judgments about abstract phenomena.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Expressing different degrees of agreement and disagreement.</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āndìng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">安定</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be stable/settled/quiet </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">本来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in
                                    the first place </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng
                                        bu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">不能不</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to have to, must </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >cóng...(Verb)-qǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">从。。。起</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to start (Verb)ing from... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">法律</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> law </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to violate, to offend </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
                                        zuì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">犯罪</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to commit a crime </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >guǎnggào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">广告</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> advertisement </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáshèngdùn
                                        Yóubào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">华盛顿邮报</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> the Washington Post </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiǎndān</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">简单</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be simple </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">教育</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to educate; education </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnbù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">进步</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to progress; progress </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(V V)
                                        kàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">（V V）看</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> try and (V), (V) and see how it is </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> used before a verb to express that something will be done
                                </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >lián...dōu/yě...</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">连。。。 都/也。。。</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> even... </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be in disorder, to be chaotic, to be in a mess;
                                    indiscriminately, recklessly,arbitrarily, any old way </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">乱七八糟</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> in a mess, in confusion, indisorder; miscellaneous, jumbled,
                                    all thrown in together </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng
                                        Bào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">明报</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> Ming Pao (a Hong Kong newspaper) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">杀</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to kill (in general); to kill(specifically with a knife or
                                    knife like instrument); to try to kill </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">使</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to cause, to enable (followed by a verb) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shìjièxìng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">世界性</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> worldwide </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
                                        jiàoyu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">受教育</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to receive an education </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī dú</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吸毒</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take drugs </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-xìng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-性</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> nature, -ness, -ibility </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu bànfa,
                                        (duì...)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有办法，（对。。。）</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be able to deal with (something) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                                        xiào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">有效</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be effective; to be valid </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āndìng</foreignphrase>: “to he
                        political and social stable/settled/quiet,” used to describe lives,
                        countries situations. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Ān</foreignphrase> is “peaceful” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng</foreignphrase> is
                            “settled.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                yéye nǎinai shēnghuó āndìng, shénme dōu
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now grandpa and grandma have a settled life;
                                            everything is fine.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
                                                zhè hé zhèngzhi bù āndìng yǒu
                                                guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I think this has to do with political
                                            instability.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                guójiāde zhèngfǔ zhèi jǐnián hěn bù
                                                āndìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These past few years this country’s government has
                                            been very unstable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āndìngxiàlai</foreignphrase>
                        means “to settle down, to calm down,” used in speaking of a situation, a
                        place, or a person’s feelings.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                hāizi dōu yǒu gōngzuò le, shēnghuó cái āndìngxiàlai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now that the children all have Jobs, our life has
                                            finally settled down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèhuìshang
                                                fàn zuìde wèntí tài duō, dàjiāde shēnghuó jiu méi
                                                bànfa āndìngxiàlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When there’s too much of a crime problem in society,
                                            people’s life can’t settle down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>:
                            “law“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yǐjīng
                                                biànchengle fǎlǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This has already become the law.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                wèntí yǒu fǎlǜ zài, fēicháng
                                                qīngchǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Laws exist (lit., “there are laws there”) on this
                                            question. It’s very clear-cut.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu fǎlǜ
                                                guǎn zhèjiàn shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is there a law dealing with this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
                                                fǎluǜ bǎohù értóng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Our law protects children.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiànzài
                                                niàn fǎlǜ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is studying law now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīn fǎlǜ</foreignphrase>: In
                        March, 1978, after the first session of the Fifth National People’s
                        Congress, the Chinese government began to adopt many new laws. Beginning
                        July 1, 1979, the Fifth National People’s Congress passed into effect twelve
                        new legal codes, including a criminal code.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        violate, to offend, to transgress, to commit (wrongs, crimes,errors)” Here
                        are some other words commonly used with the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
                                                zuì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to commit
                                            crimes</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
                                                fǎ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to break the law</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
                                                guī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry valign="middle" morerows="1"> to violate
                                            regulations</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige háizi méi xīwàng
                                                le, fànle yòu fàn, zǒng shi bù gǎi.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">There is no more hope for
                                            this child. He violates the rules time and again, and
                                            never reforms.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuì</foreignphrase>: “crime,
                        guilt,” used in phrases like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn
                            zuì</foreignphrase>, “to commit a crime,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu zuì</foreignphrase>, “to be guilty (of a
                            crime).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fànle
                                                shénme zuì, wèishénme yào chī zhème duō
                                                kǔ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What crime have I committed? Why do I have to suffer
                                            so much?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi bu
                                                shi zhēnde yǒu zuì, lìshǐ huì huídá
                                                wǒmende.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>History will give us an answer as to whether he is
                                            really guilty or not.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...shǎoduō le</foreignphrase>:
                        “a lot less, far fewer” The adjectival verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase>, “to be many, to be
                        much,” can be used after other adjectival verbs which can be qualified by
                        degree, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoduō
                            le</foreignphrase>, “a lot better,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōduō le</foreignphrase>, “a lot more.” In
                        such phrases, the first adjectival verb is used as a process verb, showing a
                        change of state, and therefore the phrase always ends in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>_.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǐ
                                                  yǐqián shòuduō le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shòu</foreignphrase>, “to be thin”</para>
                                                </footnote>
                                            </para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re a lot thinner than before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qībānián
                                                yǐhòu, dào Zhōngguó qùde jīhui duōduō
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Since '78, there have been a lot more opportunities
                                            to go to China.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yóubào</foreignphrase>: “Post,”
                        in the name of a newspaper. The syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase> means “post” or “mail,”
                        as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóujú</foreignphrase>, “post
                        office.” [Names of other newspapers are translated using the same pattern,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">X-bào</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíbào</foreignphrase> is
                        “Times,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìbào</foreignphrase> is
                        “Daily,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàibào</foreignphrase>
                        is “Express.”]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">náqu...</foreignphrase>: “take
                        away” This is a compound verb of direction. Many of the compound verbs you
                        have seen have three syllables. But like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai</foreignphrase> in Unit 1 of this
                        module (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàolai yìbēi
                            chá</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >náqu</foreignphrase> has only two: the main action verb and the
                        relative motion (away). The direction of the action (up, down, in, out,
                        etc.) is not specified. (See the display on the next page.)</para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Main Verb</entry>
                                        <entry>Direction</entry>
                                        <entry>Relative Motion Towards or Away</entry>
                                    </row>

                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >ná</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >chū</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >lái</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >zǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >jìn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >pǎo</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >xià</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >kāi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shàng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="5" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >qù</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bān</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >guò</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >qǐ</foreignphrase></para><para><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>- is
                                                used only with -<foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>,
                                                never with -<foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qù</foreignphrase>.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎozhǎo kàn</foreignphrase>:
                        ’“try to find” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhǎo</foreignphrase> is the verb ”to look for, to search.” It is
                        reduplicated here, meaning that the action lasts an indefinite amount of
                        time: “look a little bit.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kàn</foreignphrase> following a reduplicated verb means ’“and see (if
                        it works, if it’s okay, if you can do it, etc.).”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní shìshi
                                                kàn ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Give it a try and see (if you can do it, if he will
                                            cooperate, etc.).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zuòzuo
                                                kàn, zhèige shāfā zhēn
                                            shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sit down and try it out. This sofa is really
                                            comfortable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  xiǎng tā kěn jiè wǒ tāde diànshì
                                                  ma?</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >kěn</foreignphrase>, ”to be willing to”</para>
                                                </footnote></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you think he’d be willing to lend me his
                                            television?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù
                                                zhīdào, nǐ qù wènwen kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don’t know. Go ask him and see.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
                                                nī zhèipiān wénzhāng yǒu bù tóngde
                                                kànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have a different point of view on (what you say in)
                                            your article.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                shuōshuo kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s hear what it is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        educate; education” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiào</foreignphrase> is the same character as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase>, “to teach,” but in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is
                        pronounced with a Falling tone. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yù</foreignphrase> means ”to cultivate, to raise.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu</foreignphrase> has some different
                        uses from English “to educate.” It is used not only for institutional
                        education but also for parents’ education of their children, and in the PRC
                        for ’“education” of the people by the Communist Party. (For the first
                        example, you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nǔlì</foreignphrase>, “to make efforts.”)<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùmǔ
                                                yīnggāi jiàoyu háizi nǔlì
                                            xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Parents should teach their children to study
                                            hard.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
                                                méiyou jiàoyuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That child was poorly trained (in manners, morals,
                                            general knowledge).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen vào
                                                gěi háizi àide jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We should give children a loving education. (Taiwan
                                            usage)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiātíng
                                                jiàoyu hé xuéxiào jiàoyu yíyàng
                                                zhòngyào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Education in the home is Just as important as school
                                            education. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Jiātíng jiàoyu</foreignphrase> consists of parents
                                            acting as examples in morals, character, family
                                            relations, hygiene, etc. )</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
                                                duì wǒ jiàoyu hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This hook has educated me a lot. (PRC usage)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànle
                                                zhèige diànyǐng gěile wǒmen hěn dàde
                                                jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Seeing this movie has taught us a great deal. (PRC
                                            usage)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Another sense of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is to try through reason to convince a person to
                        do things according to certain rules, instructions, or
                            demands:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ děi
                                                jiàoyu jiàoyu nǐde háizi, tā yuè lái yuè
                                                huài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You have to try to straighten out your child. He is
                                            becoming more and more of a scoundrel.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu</foreignphrase> is
                        commonly used in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
                            jiàoyu</foreignphrase>, “to receive an education,” which is discussed in
                        No. 5 below.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnbù</foreignphrase>: “to make
                        progress, to advance” or, as a noun, “progress.” Literally “to put forward
                            steps.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīxué
                                                jìnbùde nàme kuài. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Medicine is advancing so rapidly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                Yǐngwén yòu jìnbù le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has made some more progress with his
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                  Zhōngwen jìnbù tài màn. </foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His Chinese is progressing too slowly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìnbù</foreignphrase> is
                        commonly used with the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu</foreignphrase>, especially you <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn dàde jìnbù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuìjìn jīge
                                                yuè wǒmende xuéshěng yǒule hěn dàde jìnbù.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Our students have made great progress these last few
                                            months.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu jìnbù</foreignphrase> is
                        used as an adjectival verb, “to be improved.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                xuéxiào hěn yǒu jìnbù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> That school is greatly improved.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In the PRC, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jìnbù</foreignphrase> is used as an adjectival verb meaning “to be
                        (politically) progressive,” that is, suited to the needs of the times and
                        stimulating the development of society.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài yě
                            méiyou...le</foreignphrase>: “not anymore...” The adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> and a negative, such as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyou</foreignphrase>, can be
                        used to express the idea of not doing something anymore. There are two word
                            orders:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="6" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c6" colnum="6" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">OR</entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Hani">在</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >bú</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For examples of the first pattern, see Unit 3, Notes on No. 5,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú zài kū le</foreignphrase>,
                        “doesn't cry anymore.”</para>
                    <para>The second pattern is more emphatic. The word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> should be given special
                        stress in these sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ ZÀI bù
                                                huilai le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm never coming back here again!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>If <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is added
                        between <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> and
                        the negative, the meaning is about the same.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ ZÀI yě
                                                bù chī táng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm never going to eat candy again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèitiáo lù
                                                hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ ZÀI yě bié zǒu nèitiáo lù
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That road is very dangerous, don't ever take it
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luàn</foreignphrase>: “to be in
                        disorder, to be in a mess, to be chaotic”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèr tài
                                                luàn, dào wàimian qu tántan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's too chaotic (noisy) in here. Let's go outside to
                                            talk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐnián
                                                nèige guójiā yǒu diǎnr luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That country has been a little bit chaotic the last
                                            few years.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè hǎo
                                                duō dìfang hěn luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>So many places in the world are in disorder.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                zhuōzishang zǒng shi hěn
                                            luàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His table top is always a mess.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèr tài
                                                luàn, jiào xiǎoháir chūqu
                                            wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's too noisy in here. Tell the children to go out
                                            and play.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duǐbuqǐ, wǒ
                                                xiěde hěn luàn, ni kàndedǒng
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sorry I wrote this so messily. Can you read
                                            it?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >luàn</foreignphrase> means “arbitrarily” any old way, at random,
                            indiscriminately.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Luàn
                                                jiang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Baloney! (southern Chinese usage)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào luàn
                                                xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't write it Just any old way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para>Nǐde dōngxi bú yào dàochù luàn fàng. <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dàochù</foreignphrase>, “everywhere”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't leave your things all over the place.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                zuótiān luàn chī luàn he.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>They ate and drank like crazy yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rén
                                                luàn gǎo nánnǚ guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He/she is (sexually) loose.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào luàn
                                                pǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Quit running all over the place.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase>: “to
                        be in disorder, to be in a mess,” literally “chaotic-seven-eight-rotten”
                        Some people have-translated this as “at sixes and sevens.” It can refer to
                        physical or moral messes.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ,
                                                fángjiān luànqǐbāzāode, wǒ jīntiǎn hái méiyou
                                                shíjiān shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’m sorry, the room is a mess. I haven’t had the time
                                            to straighten up yet today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shìqing běnlái hěn hǎo, dànshi nèige rén bǎ ta gǎode
                                                luànqībāzāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everything was fine at first, but then he came along
                                            and messed it up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn yíge
                                                luànqǐbāzāode nánrén chūqu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She went out with a disreputable (unsavory)
                                            character.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Luànqībāzāo</foreignphrase> is
                        not made negative and is not used in comparative sentences.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō</foreignphrase>:
                        Followed by a question, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ
                            shuō</foreignphrase> is used to ask the listener’s opinion. The forms
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ shuō ne</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nī shuō shì bu
                            shi</foreignphrase> may be used at the end of a statement to ask for
                            confirmation.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō wǒ
                                                yīnggāi zěnme bàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What do you think I should do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng
                                                jiātíng jiàoyu hé shèhuì jiàoyu dōu bǐ xuéxiào
                                                jiàoyu zhòngyào, nǐ shuō ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I think that education in the home and in society are
                                            more important than school education. Do you
                                            agree?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                guǎnggào hěn yǒu yìsi, nǐ shuō shǐ bu
                                                shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That’s a great advertisement, don’t you
                                            think?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zéren</foreignphrase>:
                        “responsibility, duty” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zérèn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ
                                                zhèijiàn shìqing zuòde bù hǎo, wǒ yǒu
                                                zéren.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If this thing isn’t done well, it’s my
                                            responsibility.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎoshīde
                                                zéren jiù shi bāngzhu xuéshēng hǎohāor
                                                xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The teacher’s responsibility is to help the students
                                            apply themselves to their studies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàoyu
                                                háizi shi funǚde zéren ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Rearing (educating) children is the responsibility of
                                            women!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
                                                  Xiànzài fùnǚ jiěfàng le, nánrén yě yǒu zéren zuò
                                                  zhàixiē shìqing.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Women are liberated now. Men also have the
                                            responsibility to do these things.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìqing
                                                nòng dao xiànzài zhèiyangr, zéren bú zài
                                                wǒmen.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It is not our responsibility that the situation was
                                            made the way it is now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng lìshǐ
                        tánqǐ</foreignphrase>: “begin by talking about history” In Unit 3 of this
                        module, you learned that the directional ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qilai</foreignphrase>, besides indicating
                        upward motion, could also be used to indicate beginning an action
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiějie zěnme duì zhèngzhi
                            wèntí rèxǐnqilai le?</foreignphrase>). The ending -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase> in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánqǐ</foreignphrase> also means “to start,”
                        but is used only in the fixed pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng</foreignphrase> X (Verb)<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐ</foreignphrase>, “to start (Verb)-ing from
                        X.” While the English translation for sentence UB says “begin by talking
                        about history,” the Chinese says literally, “start talking from
                            history.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                shì cóng nǎr shuōqǐ?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> Where should I begin? (when about to tell a story,
                                            etc.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
                                                zhīdào cóng nǎr xiěqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> I don’t know where to begin writing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen děi
                                                cóng tóur zuòqǐ. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We have to start from the beginning again. (Cong tour
                                            means “from the beginning.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng líng
                                                zuòqǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> to start from scratch (lit., “start from
                                            zero”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyì</foreignphrase>: “one
                        billion,” literally “ten one-hundred-millions” Here are some more examples
                        of how to express billions in Chinese:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="2*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>1 billion (1,000,000,000)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>1.1 billion (1,100,000,000)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shíyīyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>2 billion (2,000,000,000)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >èrshiyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>10 billion (10,000,000,000)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yìbǎiyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>10.5 billion (10,500,000,000)</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >yìbǎilíngwǔyì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài...rénkǒuzhōng</foreignphrase>: “in the population, of the
                        population” The syllable -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhōng</foreignphrase> can be added, to nouns, like the locational
                        ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐmiàn</foreignphrase>, to
                        give the meaning “in” or “among.” It is often used with the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zheèige
                                                jìhuàzhōng wǒmen hái yǒu liǎngge xiǎo wèntí xūyào
                                                zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There are still a couple of little questions we have
                                            to discuss in this plan.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Xuéshēngzhōng yǒu bù shǎo shi cóng nóngcūn
                                                láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many of the students are from the country.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài dìsān
                                                shìjiè guójiāzhōng, bù shǎo shi Yǎzhōu hé Fēizhōude
                                                guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Many of the countries of the third world are
                                            countries of Asia and Africa.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèhuì
                                                  shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, yě bù néng bú zhùyì
                                                  a!</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We can't very well ignore the women problems of life
                                            in society.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        receive” The types of things which can be “received” using the verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu</foreignphrase> are
                        limited. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòu</foreignphrase> is
                        usually followed by a verb being used as a noun.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Receiver</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shòu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Action</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùnǘ
                                                értóng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shòu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎlǚde
                                                bǎohù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Women and children</entry>
                                        <entry>receive</entry>
                                        <entry>the protection of the law.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zhōukān zài Měiguo hěn shòu
                                                huānyíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This weekly is very well received (popular) in the
                                            United States.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu jiàoyu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        receive an education” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòuguo
                            jiàoyu</foreignphrase> means “educated” (because of -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>, which indicates having
                        experienced something).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
                                                (yíge) shòuguo jiàoyude rén, zěnme huì zuò zhèizhǒng
                                                shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She is an educated person. How could she do such a
                                            thing?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shòuguo
                                                dàxué jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has (received) a college education.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián...dōu</foreignphrase>:
                        “even...” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lia2n</foreignphrase> is
                        a prepositional verb which literally means “including,” but in the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián...dōu</foreignphrase>
                        pattern, “even.” A <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lián</foreignphrase> phrase always precedes the verb. Either the adverb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě</foreignphrase> is used in
                        a sentence with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lián</foreignphrase>. Notice how <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián</foreignphrase> can be used with
                        subjects, objects, and verbs:</para>
                    <para>
                        <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>With subject</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <thead>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>Subject</entry>
                                                  <entry>dōu/yě . . . .</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </thead>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >xiǎoháizi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu dǒng zhèijiàn shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">Even children
                                                  understand this.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shòuguo jiàoyude rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu tíngbudǒng tāde huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">Even educated
                                                  people can't understand what he says.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīntiān tiānqi bù hǎo, lián tā zhème ài wánrde
                                                  rén dōu bu chūqu le, nǐ wèishenme yào
                                                  qù?</foreignphrase></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>The weather is bad today. Even he, who
                                                  likes to play so much, isn't going out. Why are
                                                  you?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ hái shuō méiyou zhèijiàn shì, bú zhǐ shi
                                                  Xiānggǎng hàozhǐ, lián Běijīngde bàozhǐ dōu xiěle
                                                  zhèitiáo xǐnwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>How can you say it's not true. Not only the
                                                  Hong Kong papers reported this piece of news, it
                                                  was even in the <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                                  papers.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>With object</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <thead>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>Object</entry>
                                                  <entry>dōu/yě . . . </entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </thead>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zìjǐde míngzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu bú huì xiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4">He can't even
                                                  write his own name.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >guǎnggào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c4">He even reads the
                                                  ads.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                  Tā jīntiān bù shūfu, lián fàn yě bù xiǎng chī
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>He isn't feeling well today. He won't even
                                                  eat.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ lián yíge zì dōu bú jìde
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>I don't even remember one word.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīntiān lián yìdiǎn fēng yě
                                                  méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>There isn't the least bit of wind
                                                  today.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>With verb</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="5" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry><para><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lián</foreignphrase>
                                                  <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase> is often optional in this
                                                  pattern.</para>
                                                  </footnote></para></entry>
                                                  <entry>Verb</entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu/yě</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >méi/bù</foreignphrase> (Verb)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >kàn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >méi kàn wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">She didn't even
                                                  look at me.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >tīng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >bù tīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He wouldn't even
                                                  listen.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >lián</foreignphrase>)</entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >wèn</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >dōu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >bú wèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry namest="c1" nameend="c5">He didn’t even
                                                  ask.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                    </para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng Bào</foreignphrase>: A Hong
                        Kong newspaper known for reporting without an overly dominant political
                        point of view.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐjièxìng</foreignphrase>: The
                        syllable -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xìng</foreignphrase>,
                        “character, nature, quality,” can be used after a noun like the English
                        endings -<emphasis role="bold">ness</emphasis>, -<emphasis role="bold"
                            >ity</emphasis>, or -<emphasis role="bold">ce</emphasis>, as in
                        “onesidedness,” “creativity,” “importance.” The resulting abstract noun can
                        be used alone or is frequently used, followed by -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>, to modify another
                        noun.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >kěnéngxǐng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">possibility,
                                        likelihood</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >zhòngyàoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">importance</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >dúlìxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">independent
                                        character</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >xíguànxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">habitual</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">epidemic</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >lìshǐxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="bottom">historical</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >yàoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">property of a
                                        medicine</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                            >yóuxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">oiliness</entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>: You have
                        learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> as “he”
                        or “she,” but sentence 6A is the first time in this course that
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> has been
                        used as “it.” (The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tā</foreignphrase> may also be omitted from the sentence without
                        changing the meaning.) You know that Chinese most often does not use any
                        word for “it,” as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù
                                                ná.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I’ll go get it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                zhuōzishang. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's on the table.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> Furthermore, “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >it</foreignphrase>” is sometimes expressed in Chinese by repeating the
                        entire noun phrase, for example<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng
                                                bāng wǒ zhǎodào zhèiběn shū
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you help me find that book?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Wǒ yoǒ
                                                zhèiběn shū, kéyi sòng gěi
                                            nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have it, and I can give it to you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Least often, “it” is expressed by the pronoun <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>.<footnote>
                            <para>One stylistic feature of modern written Chinese is that
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> is
                                used for “it” much more than in true spoken Chinese. This was
                                originally an imitation of the structure of Western
                                languages.</para>
                        </footnote>There is no single rule which will tell you when you can use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>. It is
                        often used as the object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bǎ</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǎ ta ná
                                                dao nǎr qu le? Wǒ zěnme zhǎobudào?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Where did you take it to? How come I can’t find
                                            it?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
                                                yíge jiǎozi, nǐ bǎ ta chīle.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There’s one more dumpling left; you eat it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù néng bu</foreignphrase>:
                        “cannot not”—in other words, “cannot but; have no choice but to; must” The
                        second bu is unstressed and usually neutral tone.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
                                                jiātíngde guānxi, wǒ bù néng bu zhèiyang zuò.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For the sake of my family, I have no choice but to do
                                            this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gēn
                                                zhèizhǒng rén zài yìqǐde shíhou, bù néng bu xiǎoxīn
                                                yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When together with this sort of person, one must be
                                            rather careful.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào</foreignphrase>: “as
                        long as, provided that” This is used in the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ yào...jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào
                                                kǎolǜ tài duō, zhǐ yào nǐ xǐhuan jiù hǎo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t think it over so much. If you like it, that’s
                                            all that matters.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yào wǒ
                                                jīntiān wǎnshang yǒu kòng, jiù kéyi bǎ zhèiběn shū
                                                kànwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As long as I have time tonight, I can finish reading
                                            this hook.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhǐ yào
                                                bǎ shū niànhǎole, zhǎo gōngzuò jiu méiyou wèntí
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As long as you do well in your studies, you won’t
                                            have any trouble finding a Job.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>: In commands
                        and suggestions, this verb merely indicates that a person will perform some
                        action, and can usually go untranslated. When talking about one’s own
                        intention, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> can
                        be translated as “let me” or “let’s.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái wèn
                                                ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me ask you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo lái shuō
                                                liǎngjù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me say a few words.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen lái
                                                tántan zhèige wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s discuss this question.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                zì xiěde duì bu dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is this character written correctly?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
                                                kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me take a look.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                qǐng Wáng Ānmín Tóngzhì lái gěi wǒmen jiǎngjiang
                                                huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now let’s ask Comrade <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Ānmín</foreignphrase> to speak to us.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài qù
                                                máng ba! Wǒmen lái shōushi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You go take care of what you have to do. We’ll
                                            straighten up.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīle fàn
                                                wǒmen zài lái zuò kāfēi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After dinner let’s make some coffee, (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> means
                                            “then” here.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yìqǐ
                                                lái bān. Wǒ lái bān zhèr, nǐ dào nèibianr
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s move this together. I’ll take it from here, and
                                            you go over there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ Zhènhàn,
                                                qǐng nǐ lái niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                                Zhènhàn</foreignphrase>, would you read aloud
                                            please?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐnggāide</foreignphrase>: This
                        is short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bāngzhu ni shi
                            yīnggāide</foreignphrase>, “it is right that I help you.” Use the phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐnggāide</foreignphrase> to
                        respond when someone thanks you for doing a favor which you consider natural
                        under the circumstances.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi...jiù
                            shi...</foreignphrase>: “if it’s not... then it’s...” or “either...
                        or... ” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi tā,
                                                jiù shi nǐ, chúle nǐmen yǐwài hái yǒu shéi huì
                                                zhèiyang zuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It was either he or you. Who would do something like
                                            that besides one of you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng
                                                zuò cài, bú shi tài xián jiù shi tài
                                                là.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
                                                Wáng</foreignphrase>’s cooking is always either too
                                            salty or too hot.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú shi
                                                zài jiā, jiù shi zài bàngōngshì, biéde dìfang tā bú
                                                huì qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If he isn’t at home, then he’s at the office. He
                                            wouldn’t go anyplace else.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú
                                                  shi chī zhèige, jiù shi chī nèige, zuǐ méiyou
                                                  tíngde shihou.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >zuǐ</foreignphrase>, “mouth” </para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He’s always eating something or other. His mouth
                                            never stops going.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī dú</foreignphrase>: “to take
                        drugs” Literally “to inhale poison,” but used for any method of drug taking.
                        (For the last example you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěkǎyīn</foreignphrase>, “cocaine,” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎiluòyīn</foreignphrase>,
                            “heroin.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yìtiān
                                                máng dào wǎn, zěnme huì qù xī dú?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He’s busy all day long. He wouldn't go and take
                                            drugs!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige háizi
                                                xī dú xīle hǎo jǐnián le, shēntǐ yǐjīng huài
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> That kid has been taking drugs for years, and his
                                            health has gotten bad.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xī
                                                shénme dú? Kěkǎyīn háishi hǎiluòyīn?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What drugs does he take? Cocaine or heroin?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā rén</foreignphrase>: “to
                        kill, to murder” or “to try (unsuccessfully) to kill/ murder” The Chinese
                        verbs for “kill” often consist of two parts: a verb telling the action
                        (stab, shoot, beat, etc.) and a verb telling the resulting process of dying.
                        Here is a list of some common ones (this is only here to clarify a point of
                        grammar— you don't have to memorize all these words):<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàisǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by scheming)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāsǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by stabbing)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànsǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by electric
                                            shock)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúsǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by poisoning)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàosǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by hanging)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >biēsǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by suffocation or
                                            drowning)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> lēisǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by strangling with a
                                            cord)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qiāsī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by strangling with the
                                            hands)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                                                yǎsī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> (by crushing or running
                                            over)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuàngsǐ
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by a collision)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìsī
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by making someone
                                            angry!)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsī
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">(by a blow, beating, or
                                            gunshot)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para> and the most general term of all:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nòngsǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">by any means</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In classical Chinese, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shā</foreignphrase> originally meant “to kill with a knife” or “to
                        slaughter (an animal).” Today, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shā</foreignphrase> is still used for “to slaughter” or “kill” animals,
                        as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu
                                                hui shā jī? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you know how to kill a chicken?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In modern Chinese, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shā</foreignphrase> can have (1) a general meaning or (2) a specific
                        meaning.</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>The general meaning of <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase> is the same
                                    as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nòngsǐ</foreignphrase> or the English “to kill, to murder.”
                                    This is the way <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shā</foreignphrase> is used when the method of killing is
                                    not stated or not known.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le.
                                                  </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>He killed that person. (method not
                                                  considered)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>The specific meaning of <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shā</foreignphrase> is to kill
                                    with a knife or knife like instrument (e.g., a bayonet). In this
                                    meaning, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >shā</foreignphrase> contrasts with all the other ways of
                                    killing listed above. When in your sentence you want to express
                                    the method of killing, you must choose an appropriate verb. It
                                    would be wrong to say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén shāsǐ le.</foreignphrase>
                                    Instead, you should say:<footnote>
                                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >qiāng</foreignphrase>, “gun”</para>
                                    </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yòng qiāng bǎ nèige rén dǎsǐ
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry> He killed that man with a gun.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shā</foreignphrase> takes on its
                        specific meaning as soon as you start talking about methods, so in such
                        sentences, you must choose your verb according to the mode of
                            killing.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ tā
                                                tàitai shāsǐ le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He killed his wife.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
                                                nòngsǐde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How did he kill her?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dúsǐde.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He poisoned her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>One last point: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shā</foreignphrase> may express the action of only trying to kill,
                        without implying that the person or animal actually died.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shā jī
                                                shāle liǎngdāo kěshi méi bǎ ta
                                                shāsǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He cut the chicken twice, but didn’t kill it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>: “to cause,
                        to make”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <thead>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>Object</entry>
                                        <entry>Verb</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </thead>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >rén</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >nánshòu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">makes one sad</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn
                                                shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >gāoxìng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">really makes me
                                            happy</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde yǒu
                                                xīwàng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">makes me feel that there’s
                                            hope</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >shǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tā</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàngle
                                                nèijiàn shiì</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">made him forget that
                                            matter</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiǎngle
                                                bù shǎo bànfǎ, yě méi shǐ tā érzi duì shàng dàxué
                                                yǒu xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He tried lots of different things, but couldn't
                                            interest his son in (going to) college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàndao tā
                                                shǐ wǒ juéde hěn gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It made me very happy to see him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para>If there is an aspect marker, it goes with the verb following
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>, never
                        with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>
                            itself:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shi shénme
                                                yuányǐn shǐ tāmen fēnkāi le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What was it that caused them to split up?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǐ</foreignphrase> sometimes
                        means “to enable,” particularly if followed by <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase> or other words of that
                            meaning:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīle
                                                zhèizhōng xīnde yào, shǐ bìngren hǎode hěn kuài.
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>By taking this new medicine, the patient was able
                                            (enabled) to recover very quickly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase> may
                        sometimes be translated by “make,” “make” may not always be translated by
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǐ</foreignphrase>. When
                        “make” means “to compel” someone to do something, it can be translated by
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiào</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐ
                                                Xiānsheng jiào tā zài xiě
                                            yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Lǐ</foreignphrase> made him write it over
                                            again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase>:
                        “originally, in the beginning, at first; to begin with, in the first place”
                        This is a moveable adverb; that is, it may come before or after the subject,
                        but always before the verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái</foreignphrase> has two
                        main uses: (1) to indicate that the situation was originally one way but
                        then it changed, and (2) to express that something has been the case since
                        the beginning and is still the case.</para>
                    <para>On the next page are examples of both meanings.</para>
                    <para>
                        <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>SITUATION HAS CHANGED<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ běnlái bú qù, xiànzài qù
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Originally I wasn’t going to go, but now I
                                                  will.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ běnlái bù xǐhuan ta, kěshi xiànzài xǐhuan ta
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Originally I didn’t like her, but now I
                                                  do.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běnlái shuō shi yào dào Xīngqīwǔ cái néng zuòwán,
                                                  dànshi wǒ tīngshuō tāmen yào zǎo yidiǎnr
                                                  zuòwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Originally it was said that they wouldn’t
                                                  be finished until Friday, but now I hear they’re
                                                  going to finish sooner.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běnlái wǒ xiǎng jīntiān xiàwu qù kàn diànyǐng,
                                                  hòulái tīngshuō kāi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Originally I wanted to go see a movie this
                                                  afternoon. Later I heard there was a meeting. Oh
                                                  well.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Suàn le, wǒ yǐhòu zài qù
                                                  ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I’ll go another time.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běnlái wǒ jīntiān yào qù Guǎngzhōu, kěshi tiānqì
                                                  bù hǎo, dàgài děi míngtiān cái néng zǒu
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Originally I was going to Guǎngzhōu today,
                                                  but the weather is bad, so now I probably won’t be
                                                  able to go until tomorrow.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèijiàn shì běnlái shi kéyi bànde, kěshi shéi
                                                  xiǎngdào huì yǒu zhèige
                                                  qíngkuàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It could have been done, but who expected
                                                  this to happen?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>SITUATION WAS LIKE THIS TO START WITH AND STILL IS</para>
                                <para>Translations for this meaning include ”to begin with” and “in
                                    the first place.” In this use, <foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běnlái</foreignphrase> is often
                                    followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >jiù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ běnlái jiù bù xǐhuan ta, xiànzài hái bu xǐhuan
                                                  ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I never did like her, and I still don’t
                                                  like her.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié qù nèige
                                                  dìfang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Don’t go there!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù bú
                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I wasn’t going to go there in the first
                                                  place.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bié zài qù
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Don’t ever go there again.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù méi
                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I never did go there.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ háishi juéde nǐ
                                                  yīnggāi qù yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I still think you ought to go
                                                  there.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ běnlái jiù yào
                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I am going. (I was intending to go even
                                                  before you told me to.)</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Běnlái jiù gāi zhèiyang
                                                  bàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We should have done this in the first
                                                  place.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>A: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige kāfēi zěnme
                                                  zènme hēi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Why is this coffee so black?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāfēi ma, běnlái jiù
                                                  shi hēide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Coffee is supposed to be black!</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist>
                    </para>
                    <para>A clause with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >běnlái</foreignphrase> is often related to another with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāngrán</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dōngxi běnlái jiù shi nǐde, wǒ dāngrán yào huán gei
                                                ni! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This thing belongs to you; of course I would return
                                            it to you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái tā
                                                zài dàxué niànde shi shèhuixué, tā dāngrán duì
                                                shèhui wèntí yǒu xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She studied sociology in college,so of course she’s
                                            interested in social problems.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Additional Required Vocabulary</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu xiào</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        effective; to be valid”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yào
                                                hěn yǒu xiào. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This medicine is very effective.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhāng
                                                piào hái yǒu xiào ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is this ticket still valid?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Unit 7 Review Dialogue</title>
                    <para>Lǐ Ping (B), Tom (A), and Lǐ Wen (E) are talking in the Li’s living</para>
                    <para>room.</para>
                    <para>- A: Nǐ zài kàn shénme hàozhǐ?</para>
                    <para>- B: Ming Bào. Ming Bào hú cuò,</para>
                    <para>hěn you yìsi.</para>
                    <para>E: Zài Měiguo yě xiàng Xiānggǎng</para>
                    <para>zhèiyang, shénme luànqībāzāode xǐnwén dōu wang hàozhǐshang xiě ma?</para>
                    <para>- A: Píngchāng wǒ kàn Huashèngdùn</para>
                    <para>Youbào. Zhèige hàozhǐ hú cuò, guōnèi, guōwàide xǐnwén dōu you,
                        dāngrán</para>
                    <para>guǎnggào yě hù shǎo. Zhōngwén hàozhǐ, wǒ yě kàn, nèi shànghianr yě
                        you</para>
                    <para>nǐ shuōde nèizhong “luànqībāzāo“ de xǐnwén.</para>
                    <para>- B: Nimen zhèiyang shuō, wǒ hù</para>
                    <para>zěnme tōngyì. Shénme shi “luàn-qǐhāzāo“? Shèhuì shēnghuó běnlái jiù
                        shi</para>
                    <para>zhèiyang ma.’</para>
                    <para>E: Suàn le ba.’ Jīntiān shi shā</para>
                    <para>rén, míngtiān shi xī dú, wǒ bú yào kàn.</para>
                    <para>A: Kàn háishi xūyào kànde, yǐnwèi</para>
                    <para>shèhuì shēnghuózhōngde wèntí, wǒmen yě bù néng bú zhùyì a!</para>
                    <para>E: Xiānggǎngde shèhui wèntí zhēn</para>
                    <para>duō! Shénme dìfangrde rén dōu you, shénmeyàngrde wèntí yě dōu you.</para>
                    <para>- A: Shèhui wèntí shi shìjièxìngde,</para>
                    <para>bù zhǐ shi Xiānggǎng you.</para>
                    <para>E: Ng, nàme, rénmen duì zhèixie</para>
                    <para>wèntí jiu méiyou shénme bànfǎr ma?</para>
                    <para>- B: Bànfǎ hěn duō, dìfang bù tong,</para>
                    <para>bànfǎ yě bù yíyàng. Kěshi zhèixiē bànfǎ shi bu shi you xiào jiu bù</para>
                    <para>zhīdào le.</para>
                    <para>What newspaper are you reading?</para>
                    <para>Ming Pao. It’s pretty good, very interesting.</para>
                    <para>In America is it the same as in Hong Kong: they put all kinds of
                        crazy</para>
                    <para>news in the paper?</para>
                    <para>I usually read the Washington Post. It’s a pretty good paper. It
                        has</para>
                    <para>domestic as well as international news. Of course there are a lot
                        of</para>
                    <para>ads, too. I read Chinese newspapers too, and they have “all kinds
                        of</para>
                    <para>crazy news “ in them, as you put it.</para>
                    <para>I don’t really agree with what you are saying. What is “all kinds
                        of</para>
                    <para>crazy news“? That’s exactly the way life in society is!</para>
                    <para>Forget it! Today it’s killing, tomorrow it’s drugs. I don’t want to
                        read</para>
                    <para>that.</para>
                    <para>We still need to read it, because we can’t very well ignore the
                        problems</para>
                    <para>of life in society.</para>
                    <para>Hong Kong sure has a lot of social problems. There are people from</para>
                    <para>everywhere, and all kinds of problems.</para>
                    <para>Problems in society are worldwide. Hong Kong isn’t the only place
                        that</para>
                    <para>has them.</para>
                    <para>Mm, then is there nothing people can do about these problems?</para>
                    <para>There are a lot of ways to deal with them. Different places have</para>
                    <para>different ways of dealing with them. But whether these ways work or
                        not</para>
                    <para>is another question.</para>
                    <para>- A: You rén shuō zǒngjiào shi</para>
                    <para>yìzhōng banfǎ, bù guǎn shénme Jiào, dōu shi Jiào rén zuò hǎo
                        shìrde.</para>
                    <para>Kěshi wō xiǎng jiàoyu hěn zhōngyào, shòu jiàoyude rén yuè duō,
                        shèhuide</para>
                    <para>wèntí yuè shǎo.</para>
                    <para>- B: Erqiě jīngji fāda yě hěn yào-</para>
                    <para>jǐn. Jīngji bù fǎdáde dìfang, rénmen fàn zuìde jīhui Jiu gèng duō.</para>
                    <para>E: Jiù shi ma, rén yào chī fàn,</para>
                    <para>lián fàn dōu chībubǎo, tāmen zěnme néng bú fàn zuì ne?</para>
                    <para>- A: Wō xiǎng méi nàme jiǎndān.</para>
                    <para>Fàn zuì hé hěn duō shi yōu guānxi, tèbié shi hé jiātíng yōu guānxi.</para>
                    <para>E: Nī jiǎngjiang kàn.</para>
                    <para>A: Zài jīngji fādáde dìfang, xiǎo</para>
                    <para>jiātíng yuè lái yuè duō, érqiě fùmǔmen dōu yōu gōngzuò, dōu hěn
                        máng,</para>
                    <para>méiyou shíjiān duō guǎn háizi. You xiě niánqīngde fùmǔ yě hěn shǎo</para>
                    <para>xiǎngdào zìjīde zéren, méiyou shénme jiātíng guānniàn.</para>
                    <para>E: Nǐde huà yōu dàolī, kěshi dà</para>
                    <para>lùde qíngxing ne? Nīmen zěnme xiǎng?</para>
                    <para>- B: Shi a. Dàlù jīngji bù fādá,</para>
                    <para>érqiě dàjiā yě dōu yōu jiātíng guānniàn. Kěshi, kànkan bàozhī,
                        dàlùshang</para>
                    <para>fàn zuìde rén yě bù shǎo.</para>
                    <para>- A: Wō xiǎng zhè hé zhèngzhi bù</para>
                    <para>āndìng yōu guānxi, tèbié shi cóng Liù Liù nián dào Qī Liù nián.</para>
                    <para>Some people say that religion is one way. No matter what the
                        religion,</para>
                    <para>it always teaches people to do good. But I think education is
                        important.</para>
                    <para>The more educated people there are, the fewer social problems there
                        will</para>
                    <para>be.</para>
                    <para>And also, a developed economy is important. In places where the
                        economy</para>
                    <para>isn’t well-developed, there are more opportunities for people to
                        connnit</para>
                    <para>crimes.</para>
                    <para>Exactly. People have to eat. If they can’t even get enough to eat,
                        how</para>
                    <para>can you expect them not to commit crimes?</para>
                    <para>I don’t think it’s so simple. Crime is related to many different
                        things,</para>
                    <para>especially to the family.</para>
                    <para>Would you explain what you mean?</para>
                    <para>Where the economy is developed, there are more and more small
                        families;</para>
                    <para>also, both parents have jobs and are very busy, so they don’t have
                        time</para>
                    <para>to take good care of the children. Some young parents seldom think
                        of</para>
                    <para>their own responsibilities and don’t have much of a sense of family</para>
                    <para>attachment.</para>
                    <para>That makes sense. But what about the situation on the mainland? What
                        do</para>
                    <para>you two think?</para>
                    <para>Yeah, the mainland’s economy isn’t developed, and furthermore
                        everyone</para>
                    <para>has a sense of attachment to the family. But read the papers: there
                        are</para>
                    <para>quite a few people committing crimes on the mainland too.</para>
                    <para>I think this has to do with the political instability, especially
                        from</para>
                    <para>’66 to ’?6.</para>
                    <para>- B: Shi ma, nèige shihou, shénme</para>
                    <para>fǎlu dōu méiyou. Lián fàn zuì hú fàn zuì dōu nòngbuqīngchu, shèhui
                        wèntí</para>
                    <para>zěnme huì shǎo?</para>
                    <para>A: Nǐde kànfǎ, wǒ hěn tongyì. Wǒ</para>
                    <para>xiǎng, zhǐ yǒu shǐ zhèngzhi āndìng, JǐngJi, wénhuà fādá, cái néng
                        shǐ</para>
                    <para>shèhui jìnbù.</para>
                    <para>(Grandma Lǐ walks in.)</para>
                    <para>G: Nǐmen zài tán shénme, tánde</para>
                    <para>zhème gāoxìng?</para>
                    <para>A: Lǐ Nǎinai, women zài tán shèhui</para>
                    <para>wèntí.</para>
                    <para>G: Hǎo le, nǐmen tángòu le meiyou?</para>
                    <para>Chile fàn zài tán xíng hu xíng?</para>
                    <para>- A, B, E: Xíng, chile fàn zài tán.</para>
                    <para>Yes. During that time there wasn't any law at all. If you can’t
                        even</para>
                    <para>tell the difference between committing a crime and not committing
                        one,</para>
                    <para>how can social problems be reduced?</para>
                    <para>I agree very much with your view. I think that society can only be
                        made</para>
                    <para>to progress if the political situation is stabilized and the economy
                        and</para>
                    <para>culture are made to flourish.</para>
                    <para>What are you talking about so cheerfully?</para>
                    <para>We’re talking about social problems, Grandma Lǐ.</para>
                    <para>Well, have you talked enough? How about continuing the conversation</para>
                    <para>after dinner?</para>
                    <para>Okay! We’ll talk more after dinner.</para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 8 Directions for the Future</title>
        <section>
            <title>Introduction</title>
            <section>
                <title>Grammar Topics covered in this unit</title>
                <orderedlist>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>Action-Process compound verbs.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The directional ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >huí</foreignphrase>, “back.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The patterns “(Verb) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>” and“ <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb)
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>”
                            (Verb).</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The marker -de after phrases with a parallel structure.</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb you, “after all,” “anyway.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                    <listitem>
                        <para>The adverb phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě
                                bu</foreignphrase>, “don't even,” “won't even,” “wouldn't
                            even.”</para>
                    </listitem>
                </orderedlist>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Functional Language Contained in this unit</title>
                <para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Asking for an explanation of the causes/motives behind a
                                situation.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Politely asking someone to quiet down.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Expressing appreciation to someone for their hospitality.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Taking leave of a group of people in the middle of a
                                conversation.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <?custom-pagebreak?>
        <section>
            <title>References</title>



            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>

            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Vocabulary</title>
                <para/>

                <informaltable frame="none" tabstyle="striped" colsep="0" rowsep="0">
                    <tgroup cols="3">
                        <colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="2.0*"/>
                        <colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="4.0*"/>
                        <tbody>

                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bófù</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伯父</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> uncle (father’s elder brother); term for the father of one’s
                                    friend </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">伯母</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> aunt (wife of father’s elder brother); term for the mother
                                    of one’s friend </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be noisy; to disturb by making noise </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">吵醒</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to wake (someone) up by being noisy </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >dàishang</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">带上</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take along (Beijing) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānzi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">单子</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> list; form </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ
                                        zhàng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">打仗</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to fight a war, to go to war </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děi kàn (or yào
                                        kàn)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">得看（要看）</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to depend on </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> when; by the time; till </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
                                        yíxià</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">等以下</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> wait a while; in a little while </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">该</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> should, ought to; to be someone’s turn to </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànmá</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干吗</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gànshenme</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">干什么</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to do what; (colloquial) why on earth, what for </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >gōngyìpǐn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">工艺品</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> handicrafts </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">过去</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to pass </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hǎohāor</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好好儿</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> well; properly; thoroughly </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">好象</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to seem as if </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-huí</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">-回</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> counter for shi, matter </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to depend on </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">看着</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> (followed by a verb) as one sees fit, as one deems
                                    reasonable </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎo</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">考试</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to take/give an exam, test, or quiz, exam, test </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to do (something), to perform (something), to have (an
                                    event), to help oneself (to food, etc.), to join in (a game,
                                    etc.) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >nántīng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">难听</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be unpleasant to hear; to sound bad, to offend the ears;
                                    to be scandalous </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quàn</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">劝</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to advise, to urge, to try to persuade </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎ</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">唼</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be stupid, to be dumb, to be silly, to be naive </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyì
                                        (shēngyi)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">生意</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> business, trade </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >sòngxíng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">送行</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to see (someone) off, to wish (someone) a good trip; to give
                                    a going-away party </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">疼</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to be (very) fond of, to be attached to, to dote on </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">午觉</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> noontime nap </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào kàn (or děi
                                        kàn)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">要看（得看）</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to depend on </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">又</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> anyway; after all (used in questions and negative
                                    statements) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >yuánlái</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">原来</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> original, former; originally, formerly; (expresses finding
                                    out the true situation) </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuànyi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">愿以</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> to wish, would like, to want to; to be willing to </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">运气</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> luck </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme (yì)huí
                                        shì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">怎（）么回事</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> what's it all about </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème (yì)huí
                                        shì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这（）么回事</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> like this </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi
                                        yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这一下子</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> after this, as a result of this </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème huí
                                        shì</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">这么回事</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> like this </entry>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >zhènghǎo(r)</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry>
                                    <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Hani">正好</foreignphrase>
                                </entry>
                                <entry> it just so happens that, to happen to, as it happens; Just
                                    in time, Just right, Just enough </entry>
                            </row>

                        </tbody>
                    </tgroup>
                </informaltable>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎoshì</foreignphrase>: “to
                        take/give a test, or quiz; test, exam” This may be noun used as a verb
                        object compound or as a noun. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Kǎo</foreignphrase> as a verb may be used alone if the context makes it
                            clear.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎoshì
                                                yǐhou tā lèi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She was tired after taking the test.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèicì
                                                kǎoshì tā kǎode bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>He did pretty well on the test this time.</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ni3 jīntiān
                                                kǎode zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How did the test(s) go today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
                                                jīngjixué kǎode zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How did you do on your economics exam?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
                                                kǎokao nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me quiz you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kǎowán shì
                                                yǐhòu (OR Kǎowánle yǐhòu), wǒmen qù kàn diànyǐng,
                                                hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let’s go to the movies after we’re done taking the
                                            test.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng yíxià</foreignphrase> may
                        have its literal meaning, “wait a minute, wait a while,” or it may mean “in
                        a minute, in a while.”<itemizedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“WAIT A MINUTE, WAIT A WHILE”<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Děng yíxià, wǒ yào dǎ ge diànhuà, dǎwánle wǒmen
                                                  jiù zǒu, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Wait a second, I want to make a phone call.
                                                  We’ll go as soon as I’m finished, okay?</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ děng yíxià, wǒ lái bāngzhu
                                                  ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>Wait a second, let me help you with
                                                  that.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“IN A MTNUTE, TN A WHILE”<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ xiān chī, děng yíxià wǒ xǐwánle yīfu jiù
                                                  lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You go ahead and eat. I’ll come as soon as
                                                  I’ve finished washing the clothes.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐmen xiān zǒu ba, děng yíxià wǒ zài
                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You go ahead and leave. I'll go in a
                                                  while.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Děng yíxià yǒu yíwèi xing Wángde lái zhǎo wǒ,
                                                  qǐng ni ràng ta jìnlai .</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>In a while a Mr. <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase>
                                                  will be coming to see me. Please let him
                                                  in.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </itemizedlist></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>: “wife of
                        father's older brother,” but also a term for the mother of one’s friend.
                        Relationships between friends are often thought of and even spoken of in
                        terms similar to family relationships. Friends are like brothers and
                        sisters, and therefore a friend’s parents are addressed as aunt
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bómǔ</foreignphrase>) and
                        uncle (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >bófù</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        take a nap,” literally “to sleep the afternoon sleep.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔshuì shíjiǎn</foreignphrase> is “afternoon
                        nap time,” as in a school or organization.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                                méi shíjiǎn shuì wǔjiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn’t have time to take my afternoon nap
                                            today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān
                                                nǐmen yǒu meiyou wǔshuì
                                            shíjiǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have an afternoon nap today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méiyou.
                                                Zhōngfàn yǐhòu jiù kǎi huì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No. We have a meeting right after lunch.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Many Chinese take a rest after the midday meal. Work, school, and store
                        schedules often make time for this, especially in hot weather.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">X</foreignphrase>: “Sh.:” This
                        is the “word” you use to signal someone to keep quiet. It is said with
                        rounded lips—like whispering the syllable <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xū</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        wake up by making noise” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Chǎo</foreignphrase> can mean “to be noisy,” or as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase>, “to disturb by
                        being noisy.” [it can also mean “to quarrel, to squabble.”] <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐng</foreignphrase> (Welfare module, Unit
                        1+) is “to wake up,” a process verb. The compound <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎoxǐng</foreignphrase> is therefore made up
                        of an action verb plus a process verb, with the meaning by performing the
                        action, to cause the process (change of state) to occur. You can use this
                        pattern to make a lot of useful compound verbs:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zǒulèi
                                                le ba, zuòxia xiūxi yihuǐr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You must be tired (from walking). Sit down and rest a
                                            while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme
                                                bìng le? Shì bu shi zuótiān hēde tài
                                                duō?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How come he got sick? Was it that he had too much to
                                            drink yesterday?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi
                                                hēde tài duō, shi chīde tài duō chībìng
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, he didn’t have too much to drink. He got sick
                                            from eating too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìgòu
                                                le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you get enough sleep?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
                                                yǎnjing kūhóng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She cried her eyes red.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēngyì</foreignphrase>:
                        “business, trade” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shēngyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào kàn</foreignphrase>:
                        “depends on...” By itself, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kàn</foreignphrase> (which you know as “to look at” and “to think, to
                        have the opinion that”) has another meaning, “to depend on, to be up to, to
                        be determined by.” Often <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yào</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >děi</foreignphrase> is added before it.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ
                                                míngtiān shi qù háishi bú
                                            qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you going tomorrow or not?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ng, děi
                                                kàn tiānqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mm, that depends on the weather.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Wǒ
                                                jǐntiǎn kéyi zǎo diǎnr huí jiā
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can I go home early today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: (Yào)
                                                kàn nī zuòdewán zuòbuwán zhèixiē
                                                shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That depends on whether you can finish these
                                            tasks.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī néng
                                                gēn wǒmen qù Jiāzhōu ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you go to California with us?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Jiù kàn
                                                shíjiān le, yào shi xiàtiān jiu kéyi
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That only depends on the time. If it’s in the summer
                                            I can go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn nǐde
                                                le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s all up to you now!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùnqi</foreignphrase>: “luck; to
                        be lucky” This word can be used either as a noun or as an adjectival verb.
                        The following sentences show some of its uses as a noun:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yùnqi
                                                zhēn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He really has good luck.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yùnqi
                                                zhēn hǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re really lucky!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>[To say “to be unlucky,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dǎoméi</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù
                            zǒu yùn</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №4</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàihuí</foreignphrase>: “to
                        bring/take back” You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huí</foreignphrase> used as a main verb meaning “to return to,” in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huí jiā</foreignphrase>, “to
                        return home,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huí
                            guó</foreignphrase>, “to return to one's country,” and with the endings
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lai</foreignphrase> and
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> as in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huílai</foreignphrase>, “to
                        come back.” Here you see it used as a directional ending. </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàihuí</foreignphrase> can only
                        be used if it is followed by a place name, like Měiguó in sentence UA.
                        Otherwise you should use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàihuilai</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàihuiqu</foreignphrase>, depending on whether the direction is toward
                        or away from the point of reference.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē cài
                                                wǒmen chībuwán, kéyi dàihuiqu
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>We can’t finish these dishes (of food May we take
                                                them back with us?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme
                                                yuǎnde lù, zǒubuhuíqù le ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s such a long way. We can’t walk back, can
                                            we?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B:
                                                Zǒudehuíqù. Xiànzài cái wǔdiǎn zhōng, zǒuhuiqu zhǐ
                                                yào yíge bàn zhōngtóu jiu gòu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sure we can. It’s only five o’clock now. It will only
                                            take an hour and a half to walk back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bǎ
                                                péngyou sòngqu yǐhòu, děi bǎ chē kāihuilai, wǒ yào
                                                yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>After you’ve dropped your friend off, you have to
                                            drive the car back here I want to use it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhènghǎo(r)</foreignphrase>: </para>
                    <para><orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(1) “just right; just in time; just enough”<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zhèishuāng xié wǒ chuān zhènghǎo
                                                  (r).</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>These shoes of yours fit me just
                                                  right.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ láide zhènghǎo(r), wǎn jifēn zhōng wǒ jiu zǒu
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>You came just in time. If you’d come a few
                                                  minutes later, I would have already left.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Zhèixiē qián zhènghǎo(r) mǎi nèige
                                                  diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>This money is just enough to buy that
                                                  T.V.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(2) “to be opportune”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                        colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nǐ zài zhèr zhènghǎo(r), bāng wǒ yíge
                                                  máng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>It’s a good thing (lit., “opportune”)
                                                  you’re here. You can help me out.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(3) “as it happens, it just so happens”<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Jīntiān zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao Lǐ Xiānsheng, jiù bǎ
                                                  shìqing bàn le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >pèngdao</foreignphrase>, “to run into, to come
                                                  across”</para>
                                                  </footnote></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>I just happened to run into Mr.
                                                  <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Lǐ</foreignphrase> today, so I took care of that
                                                  matter.</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  běnlái xiǎng xiàge yuè mǎi shāfā, jīntiān
                                                  zhènghǎo(r) pèngdao héshìde, jiù mǎi
                                                  le.</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >shāfā</foreignphrase>, “sofa”</para>
                                                  </footnote></para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>I was originally going to buy a sofa next
                                                  month, but today I happened to come across the
                                                  right kind, so I bought it.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàishang</foreignphrase>: “to take along with one” In the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        dialect, the verb ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shang</foreignphrase> is sometimes used to mean “along with” a person.
                        (For the first example you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase>, “to carry from the hand
                        at the side of the body.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tíshang
                                                shūhāo jiu zǒu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She picked up her schoolbag and left.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige sǎn
                                                nǐ náshang ba. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Take this umbrella along with you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bàoshang
                                                háizi, wǒ názhe zhèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You carry the child, and I’ll hold this.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Speakers who are not from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase> would use different endings in these cases, for
                        example -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase> or
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase> (depending
                        on the meaning of the sentence).</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №5</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase>: “to pass,
                        to go over” Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guòqu</foreignphrase> (neutral-tone <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qu</foreignphrase>) with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guòqù</foreignphrase> (Falling-tone
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase>), “the
                        past” (see Unit U of this module).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòlai</foreignphrase> is “to
                        come over.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ guòqu
                                                kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Go over there and take a look.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Menkǒu
                                                guòqu yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Someone passed by the door.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàr guòlai
                                                yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Someone is coming over from there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìhuīr jiu
                                                guòqu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It will pass in Just a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài
                                                guòlai!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come on over here!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòlai zuò
                                                yihuǐr ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come over (to my house) for a while. (Lit., “Come
                                            over to sit awhile.“)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Guòlai!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>C’mere! OR Get over here. (CAN BE IMPOLITE)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guòqu</foreignphrase> is also a
                        polite or respectful word for “to die,” similar to English “to pass away.”
                        As mentioned in Unit 5» Chinese often avoid using the stark-sounding
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sǐ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāor</foreignphrase>: “well;
                        industriously; properly; thoroughly” In Unit 1 of this module, you learned
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase>
                        “slowly,” which is a reduplication of the adjectival verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màn</foreignphrase> “to be slow.” In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        conversation, the second <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >màn</foreignphrase> is said with the first tone, and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">r</foreignphrase> is added, making
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmānr</foreignphrase>. </para>
                    <para>In many other parts of China, it is said as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn</foreignphrase>. Likewise,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohāor</foreignphrase> is often
                        heard as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohǎo</foreignphrase>
                        elsewhere. Reduplication allows an adjectival verb to be used before a verb
                        as a modifier, with or without -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>, for example, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mànmàn(de) chī</foreignphrase>, “to eat
                        slowly,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎohǎo(de)
                            tīng</foreignphrase>, “to listen well.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎohǎorde
                            (hǎohǎode)</foreignphrase> has more specific meanings than just “well.”
                        It can mean “properly,” “thoroughly,” or “nicely,” or “in perfectly good
                        condition, with nothing the least bit wrong.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                hǎohǎorde niàn shū, yǐhòu hǎohǎorde
                                                gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Study properly now, and do your job properly later
                                            on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāngcái hai
                                                hǎohāorde, xiànzài bù zhī zěnme huí shì yòu kūqilai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Everything was fine just a minute ago. Now I don’t
                                            know what happened, but she’s crying again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèngzhide
                                                shìqing gēn xiǎohǎizi wánr yíyàng, liǎngtiān yǐqián
                                                hái hǎohāorde, liǎngtiān yǐhòu jiu dǎqilai
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Politics is like children playing. First everything’s
                                            fine, and then a couple of days later they’re
                                            fighting.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng dōng xiǎng
                            xǐ</foreignphrase>: “to think of this and that, to let one’s mind
                        wander” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōng</foreignphrase>,
                        “east,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase>,
                        “west,” are used in the patterns (Verb) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng</foreignphrase> (Verb) <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xī</foreignphrase> (Verb) to express that a
                        person’s action has no definite aim or that something is done haphazardly.
                        More examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dōng
                                                kàn xī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">looking here and
                                            there</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xué dōng
                                                xué xī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> studying this and that
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒu dōng
                                                zǒu xī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">walking all
                                            about</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> zhǎo dōng
                                                zhǎo xī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">searching here and
                                            there</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>You can also say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng xiǎng
                            xǐīxiǎng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng
                            kàn xī kàn</foreignphrase>, etc. Here are some examples in
                            sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò mǎlùde
                                                shíhou, bié zhème kàn dōng kàn xīde, duó wēixiǎn
                                                a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don’t let your eyes wander when you cross the street.
                                            It’s very dangerous !</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zǒng shi
                                                xué dōng xué xīde yǐjīng shínián le, hái méi cóng
                                                dàxué bìyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He’s been studying this and that for ten years, and
                                            still hasn’t graduated from college.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shénme
                                                dōngxi diū le, zhǎo dōng zhǎo
                                            xīde.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re hunting all over the place. What did you
                                            lose?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                liǎngnián wǒ yìzhí zǒu dōng zǒu xī, méi shíjiān gēn
                                                jiāli rén zài yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The past couple of years I’ve been traipsing all over
                                            the place, and haven’t had any time to be with my
                                            family.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-de</foreignphrase>: Here you
                        see a new use of the marker -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase>. After certain phrases, especially ones with a
                        parallel structure, -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> means “that way,” describing a way of looking,
                        acting, or just a state of affairs. (For the following examples, you need
                        these three items: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎo</foreignphrase>, “all the time, always”;</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù huāng bù
                        máng</foreignphrase>, “calm, not the least bit flustered”; and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhēn</foreignphrase>, “to
                        get an injection. ”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gànmá
                                                lǎo zǒuchū zǒujìnde?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How come you keep walking in and out?.’</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiǎn
                                                kuài dào le, nǐ zěnme hái bù huāng bù
                                                mángde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It’s almost time, how can you be so calm?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi bànge
                                                duō yuè, yòu dǎ zhēn yòu chī yàode, tāde tuǐ
                                                hǎoxiàng yǐjíng hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>During the past half month or so, with all the
                                            injections and medications , her leg seems to have
                                            already recovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                shénme xié! Yìzhī dà yìzhī
                                            xiǎode!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of shoes are these, with one bigger than
                                            the other!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №6</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        fond of, to be attached to, to dote on”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                háizi, bù guǎn nǐ zěnme téng ta, tā yě bu tīng
                                                huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This kid! No matter how fond of him you are, he never
                                            does what you say.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎinai zhēn
                                                téng wǒ dìdi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Grandma is really attached to (OR dotes on) my
                                            younger brother.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                  háizi zhēn kěài! Ràng rén bù néng bu
                                                  téng!</foreignphrase>
                                                <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >kěài</foreignphrase> “to be
                                                  loveable/adorable”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This child is adorable; you can’t help but be fond of
                                            him!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tèbié
                                                téng érzi, zǒng pà tā
                                            chībuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She is especially attached to her son, and is always
                                            afraid that he won’t eat well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme huí shì</foreignphrase>:
                        “what happened; what’s it all about; what’s the story” Also said as
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme yìhuí
                            shì</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zěnme</foreignphrase> here means <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnmeyàng</foreignphrase>, “what kind, of
                        what nature.“”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí</foreignphrase>
                        is a counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shì</foreignphrase>, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yǒu zhèihuí shi ma?</foreignphrase>, “is there such a thing?” or “Did
                        such a thing (really) happen?” In the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme yìhuí shì</foreignphrase>, the number
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> is often
                        dropped from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìhuí</foreignphrase>
                        just as it can be dropped in phrases like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī (yí)ge píngguǒ</foreignphrase>, “eat an
                            apple.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                zěnme huí shì? Wūli zěnme nàme
                                            zāng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is this, anyway? Why is this room so
                                            dirty?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                zěnme huí shì? Dōngxi yìtiān bǐ yìtiān
                                                guì!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's going on, anyway? Things are getting more and
                                            more expensive every day.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zènme huí shì</foreignphrase>:
                        Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhème huí
                        shì</foreignphrase>. This phrase has two main uses:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Used before telling the facts or details of an event, as in
                                sentence 6B.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Said after one learns the facts or outcome of an event,
                                    e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                    <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                        <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                        <tbody>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yuánlái shi zhème huí
                                                  shì!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>Oh, so that's the story.</entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào
                                                  zhīdao shi zhème huí shì wǒ jiu bù lái
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry/>
                                            </row>
                                            <row>
                                                <entry>
                                                  <para>If I had known that was what it was all
                                                  about, I wouldn't have come.</para>
                                                </entry>
                                            </row>
                                        </tbody>
                                    </tgroup>
                                </informaltable></para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №7</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǎo</foreignphrase>: Literally,
                        “to look for,” but when the object is a person it can mean, “to call on” a
                        person. This is the way <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhǎo</foreignphrase> is used in sentence 7A, hence the translation
                        “going to see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo
                            Lán</foreignphrase>,” rather than “going to look for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Lán.</foreignphrase>”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīngqītiān
                                                tǎ zǒngshi qù zhǎo péngyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>On Sundays, he always goes to see his
                                            friends.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                wèntí zhǎo tǎ méi cuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When you have that kind of problem, you won't go
                                            wrong if you go to him.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǎo wǒ méi
                                                yòng, wǒ bù guǎn zhè shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's useless to come to me about this matter, I'm not
                                            in charge of it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gàn shénme</foreignphrase>: “to
                        do what; what for, why” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gàn</foreignphrase> is the verb “to do.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn shénme</foreignphrase> and the similar
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gànmá</foreignphrase> can be
                        used </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>to ask what someone is doing; </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                    >wèishénme</foreignphrase>, except with a livelier, more
                                conversational tone; or </para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>rhetorically, to question the value or use of something.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para>
                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gànmá
                                                ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>What are you doing?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ míngtiǎn
                                                gàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are you doing tomorrow?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn
                                                  shénme lǎo gēnzhe wǒ!?</foreignphrase><footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gēn</foreignphrase>, “to follow”</para>
                                                </footnote></para></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What are you doing always following me?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànma mǎi
                                                zhèige? Nàme guì!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did you buy this for? It’s so expensive!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní gànma
                                                zǒng tīng tāde?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>How come you always do what he says?!</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Haá zài
                                                zhèr gàn shénme? Kuài hui jiā
                                            ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why are you still here? Hurry up and go home!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                xiǎo shìqing ma! Ní gànma zhème
                                                shēngqì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is such a small matter! Why should you get so
                                            angry?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                dōngxi shi gànmáde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What’s this thing for?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnshang
                                                ní yídìng dào tā jiā qù
                                            yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You have to go to her house tonight.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gàn
                                                shenme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What for?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ
                                                zhèige sòngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>To take this to her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lián ní dou
                                                bú qù, wǒ gàn shenme qù?!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If you aren’t even going, why should I go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòu</foreignphrase>: You have
                        seen the adverb you meaning (1) “again,” as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yòu lái le</foreignphrase>, “You’re here
                        again” and (2) “both.. .and... ,” as in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yòu hǎo yòu piányi</foreignphrase>, “Both
                        good and inexpensive.” In sentence 7A, you is used to stress that the
                        speaker thinks what he is saying is a strong reason why something should he
                        otherwise. This you is usually used in sentences with the verb made
                        negative, or in rhetorical questions (those to which no answer is
                        expected).</para>
                    <para>
                        <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>IN SENTENCES WITH THE VERB MADE NEGATIVE</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yòu bù shǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>He’s no dummy, after all.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ yòu bù zhīdào jīntiān xià
                                                  yǔ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>After all, I didn’t know it was going to
                                                  rain today.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Ní yòu méi kànjianguo ta, nǐ zěnme zhīdao tā bù
                                                  hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>You’ve never seen him, after all; how could
                                                  you know he’s no good?</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yòu bú shi wàijiāoguān, zěnme zài dàshiguǎn
                                                  gōngzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>He’s not a diplomat, after all; why is he
                                                  working in the embassy?</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>IN RHETORICAL QUESTIONS</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yòu zhīdao shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>What does he know, anyway? (Means, ”He
                                                  doesn’t know anything.”)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Shéi yòu néng kànde nàme yuǎn
                                                  ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Who could have seen that far ahead, after
                                                  all? (Means, ”No one could have seen that
                                                  far.”)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Bùzhǎng yòu zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>So what if he’s a (government) minister?
                                                  (Means, “The fact that he’s a government minister
                                                  is unimpressive.”)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Yàoshi tā bù néng zuò, shéi yòu néng zuò
                                                  ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry> If he can't do it, who can? (Means, “if he
                                                  can't, nobody can.“)</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                    </para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        advise” or “to try to persuade” a person. This describes the action of
                        talking to someone in order to bring them around to a certain way of
                        thinking. Sentence 7B might be translated simply as, “Don't get upset, I'll
                        talk to him.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ quàn ni
                                                háishi bú yào xué wénxué, bìyè yǐhòu zhǎo gōngzuò
                                                nán na.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My advice to you is not to study literature. It would
                                            be awfully hard to find a job after you
                                            graduate.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shì nǐ
                                                bú yào quàn, tā huì gěi ni zhǎo
                                                máfande.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You'd better not try to advise him about his affairs,
                                            otherwise he'll give you trouble.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №8</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāi</foreignphrase>: “should;
                        ought to; to be someone's turn to (do something)” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi</foreignphrase> is an auxiliary verb very
                        similar in meaning to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yīnggāi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài qīdiǎn
                                                bàn le, wǒ gāi shàngbān qu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> It's almost seven-thirty. I should be leaving for
                                            work.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāi shuō
                                                shénme ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What should I say?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi</foreignphrase> is
                        frequently used before the subject of a clause. In such cases it can also
                        mean “to be (someone's) turn to (do something).”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
                                                gāi tā qǐng kè le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tomorrow it's his turn to treat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shì
                                                běnlái gāi wǒ zuòde, bìngle zhèi jǐtiān, tǒngshìmen
                                                dōu bāng máng zuòwán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It should have been me who did these things in the
                                            first place, but with me being sick the past few days,
                                            my colleagues finished them all for me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèicì gāi
                                                wǒ qǐng ni kàn diànyǐng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This time it's my turn to treat you to a
                                            movie.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi nǐ
                                                zǒu</foreignphrase> le OR <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāi nǐ
                                            le</foreignphrase>.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Your move OR It's your turn, (in playing a
                                            game)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>: In front
                        of another verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kànzhe</foreignphrase> means “(do something) as one sees fit.” The
                        “locking” in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kànzhe</foreignphrase> refers to looking at the situation in order to
                        decide what one is able to do and what is best to do. The most common phrase
                        in which <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe</foreignphrase>
                        appears is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kànzhe
                            bàn</foreignphrase>, “to do as one thinks best.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nǐ shuō
                                                wǒ shi qù hǎo ne? Háishi bú qù hǎo?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para>Do you think it would be best for me to go or not
                                                to go?</para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
                                                shuō ne? Nǐ kànzhe bàn ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What should I say? Do what you think best!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī yào
                                                mǎi shénme yánsède chènshǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What color shirt do you want to buy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                kànzhe mǎi ba. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Buy what you think best.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ zhàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        fight a war, to go to war” This is a verb plus general object, like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn shū</foreignphrase>.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhàng</foreignphrase> is not
                        used by itself (except in a construction like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yízhàng dǎle hǎojǐge
                        yuè</foreignphrase>, “This battle/war was fought for many months,” in which
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàng</foreignphrase> simply
                        precedes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ</foreignphrase>
                        instead of following it).</para>
                    <para>If you want to say “war” by itself, you have to use another word,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhànzhēng</foreignphrase>,
                        which is taught in the next module.</para>
                </section>





                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №9</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòngxíng</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(1) “to see off, to wish (someone) a good trip”<informaltable
                                        frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn wǒ dào jīchǎng gěi Zhāng
                                                  Xiansheng, Zhāng Tàitai
                                                  sòngxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>At two this afternoon I’m going to the
                                                  airport to see Mr. and Mrs. <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>
                                                  off.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>(2) “to give a going-away party”<informaltable frame="none"
                                        rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                            <tbody>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >A: Nǐ jīntiǎn wǎnshang yǒu meiyou
                                                  shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>
                                                  <para>Are you busy tonight?</para>
                                                  </entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>B: <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen jīntiǎn wǎnshang
                                                  chūqu chī fàn, gěi péngyou
                                                  sòngxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                </row>
                                                <row>
                                                  <entry>We’re going out for dinner tonight to have
                                                  a going-away party for a friend.</entry>
                                                </row>
                                            </tbody>
                                        </tgroup>
                                    </informaltable></para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi yíxiàzi</foreignphrase>:
                        “as a result of this” This means that something has happened which brings a
                        new turn to the situation. It can often be translated into English simply by
                        using the word “now.” (in sentence 9B, it may be best just to omit it from
                        the translation.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qián lái
                                                le, zhèi yíxiàzi kéyi mǎi fángzi
                                            le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The money has come. Now we can buy the house!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
                                                yíxiàzi zāogāo le, wǒde qián bú gòu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> This is terrible! I don’t have enough money (e.g.,
                                            to pay for the things I just brought to the
                                            cashier).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng</foreignphrase>: “when, by
                        the time; till” This word, which you first learned as “to wait,” can have
                        these other meanings in a dependent clause. This use is similar to that of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng dào</foreignphrase>,
                        which you learned in Unit 3 may be used for “when” or “by the
                            time.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng wǒ
                                                dàole Běijīng wǒ cái zhīdao tā yě zài
                                                Běijīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It wasn’t till I got to <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
                                            that I found out he was there too.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on №10”</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎ</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        stupid, to be silly, to be naive“<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zhēn
                                                shǎ! Qián fàng zai yínhángli duó hǎo! Fàng zai jiāli
                                                gàn shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You’re really silly. It’s such a good idea to put
                                            your money in a bank, what are you keeping it at home
                                            for?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎ háizi,
                                                bié zǒng wèn nèixiē shǎ wèntí, hǎo bu
                                                hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You silly kid, would you quit asking such silly
                                            questions all the time?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>: Besides
                        “early,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase> can
                        also mean “before, sooner,” or “long ago.” Here are more
                            examples.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen jīge
                                                nútóngxué zǎo jiu pǎo dao hǎibiānr qu wánr
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Those women students took off for the beach a long
                                            time ago.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>
                                            <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài! Wǒ
                                                  zǎo lái yìtiān jiu hǎo le.</foreignphrase></para>
                                        </entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>(Sigh) If only I had come a day earlier.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase>
                        only conveys the speaker’s feeling of regret and irritation. “A long time
                        ago” might actually be no more than a moment ago. In such cases,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo</foreignphrase> can be
                        translated by intonation alone:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī zěnme bù
                                                zǎo shuō! Xiànzài hái láidejí
                                            ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Why didn’t you say so (before)’. How can we make it
                                            in time now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zǎo
                                                zhīdào tā shi zhèige yàngzi jiu bú huì zhème shǎ
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If I had known that he was this way I wouldn’t have
                                            been so naive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yě bu</foreignphrase>: “don’t
                        even, won’t even, wouldn’t even” do something that one should
                            do.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bādiǎn bàn
                                                le, nǐ yě bu zǎo diǎnr jiào wo, wǒ xiànzài láibují
                                                le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry> It’s half past eight! Why didn’t you get me up
                                            before? Now I won’t make it in time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní yě bu
                                                kuài diǎnr shōushi, wǒmen dōu děngjí
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Will you hurry up and get your things ready? We’re
                                            all getting itchy (from waiting).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yě bu
                                                kuài diǎnr lái, cài yījīng liáng
                                            le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is keeping him [“Won’t he even come a little
                                            faster“]? The food is cold already!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yuánlái</foreignphrase>: </para>
                    <para>
                        <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>(1) “originally” In this meaning, it is usually interchange
                                    able with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >běnlái</foreignphrase>, which you learned in Unit 7.</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tā yuánlái bù chī ròu, xiànzài bù zhídào zěnme
                                                  chīqilai le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>He didn’t used to eat meat. No he’s started
                                                  eating it for some reason.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><para><foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yuánlái méi jìhua qù
                                                  Ōuzhōu, hòulái tā yídìng yào qù, wǒ yě jiu gēnqu
                                                  wánrle yítàng.</foreignphrase>
                                                  <footnote>
                                                  <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >gēn</foreignphrase>, “to follow, to go along
                                                  with”</para>
                                                  </footnote>
                                                  </para></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry> I hadn’t originally planned to go to
                                                  Europe. Then she insisted on going, so I went
                                                  along for the fun of it.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>(2) Used when revealing a fact which was not previously known,
                                    especially when that fact provides an explanation or solution to
                                    a puzzling situation. This can sometimes be translated by “it
                                    turns out that...” or by “So...’.” (<foreignphrase
                                        xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běnlái</foreignphrase> cannot be
                                    used for this meaning.)</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ xiǎng shi tā xiěde, yuánlái jiù shi ní
                                                  xiěde!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Oh, so you wrote this! I thought he wrote
                                                  it.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >À! Yuánlái nǐ jiù shi Xú Xiansheng? Huānyíng, tài
                                                  huānyíng le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Oh! So you’re Mr. <foreignphrase
                                                  xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xú</foreignphrase>?
                                                  Welcome! Welcome indeed!</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >À, yuánlái shi zhème huí
                                                  shi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Oh! So that’s what happened!</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>(3) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                        >Yuánláide</foreignphrase> may be used to modify a noun,
                                    with the meaning “original”:</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒmen yuánláide jìhua shi xiàge Xīngqíwǔ
                                                  qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Our original plan was to go next
                                                  Friday.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Tāmen yuánláide fángzi zài chéngwàitou, xiànzài
                                                  bān dao chéngli qu zhù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry/>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry>Their original house was outside the city,
                                                  (but) now they’ve moved into the city.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                    </para>
                </section>
            </section>

        </section>
    </section>
    <?custom-pagebreak?>
    <section>
        <title>Vocabulary</title>
        <para/>
    </section>
</chapter>