FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml

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    version="5.1">
    <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
    <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
                furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
                to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
                courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
                yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
                people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
            <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
                Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
                course.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
                        marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
                        and funerals.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
                        arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
                        wedding.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
                        policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
                        into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
                        they have children.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant's health, appetite,
                        and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
                        mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
                        express concern for that person.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
                        and the funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
                        funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1</title>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tíchàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to encourage”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi
                                                shéi tíchàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>nia2nqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There
                        are two different characters with the same sound used for the second
                            syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhènme
                                                niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She's so young and so beautiful!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn
                                                shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I was young, I didn't like to read.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                niánqīng rén dōu ài kàn
                                            diànyǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These young people all love to go to the
                                            movies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
                                                niánqīngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
                                                cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        married”, also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiēhūn</foreignphrase>. Notice that in Chinese you talk of “getting
                        married”, while in English we talk of “being married”. And it follows
                        grammatically that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a process verb, not a state verb.
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> will
                        always be seen with an aspect marker such as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> or will be negated with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >méi</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                jiéhūnle méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
                                            of 'Are they married?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiéhūn
                                                duó jiǔ le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiéhūn</foreignphrase> is a
                        verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jié</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hūn</foreignphrase> can be separated by
                        aspect markers, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >de</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guo</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shénme shíhou jiéde hūn?</foreignphrase> OR
                                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi
                                                shénme shíhou jiéhūnde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng
                                                Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wáng</foreignphrase> has been married three
                                            times.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn ... jiéhūn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēn shéi
                                                jiéhūn le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №2</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎnliàn
                                wǎnhūn</foreignphrase>: “late involvement and late marriage”.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnliàn</foreignphrase> is
                            an abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn
                                liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “mature love”, (<foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase> means “romantic
                            love, courtship”), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >wǎnhūn</foreignphrase> is an abbreviation for <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǎn jiéhūn</foreignphrase>, “late
                            marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
                            actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
                            the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
                            might be non-existent in certain rural and national minority areas,
                            where the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum
                            age has been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the
                            rules were eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple
                            exceeds fifty years (or the female's age exceeds the male's), then the
                            marriage is allowable.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №3</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngnián</foreignphrase>:
                            “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the adjectival verb
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niánqīng</foreignphrase>,
                            “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
                        <para>In this sentence, the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >qīngnián</foreignphrase> is used to modify the noun <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǎoshī</foreignphrase>,
                                “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>A:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde
                                                  sānshinián yǐqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
                                                  táng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
                                                loved to eat candy.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>B:</entry>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì a,
                                                  nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián. Xiànzài lǎo
                                                  le, yá bù xíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I'm
                                                old, and my teeth aren't good any more.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì</foreignphrase>: “to be
                            hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb, “diligently,be hard”.</para>
                        <para>
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                  suīrán hěn nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù
                                                  xíng.</foreignphrase>
                                            </entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Although he's very hardworking, his English is
                                                still not good enough.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
                                                  nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable>
                        </para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №4</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngcūn</foreignphrase>:
                            “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
                                                city.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  jiā zài nóngcūn zhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan, reform)”.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                  zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
                                                  shíxíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don't
                                                think it can be carried out.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
                                                  bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle, kěshi
                                                  jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
                                                but the results aren't good.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №5</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎde
                                                  xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai gōngzuò bù
                                                  chéng wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
                                                graduates, setting up a job for him won't constitute
                                                a problem.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                  nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan tāde
                                                  xiǎo mèimei.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
                                                really likes her little sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngqì</foreignphrase>:
                            “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                  yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài shāngdiànli mài
                                                  dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
                                                  hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don't
                                                want to sell things in shops. This practice is
                                                really bad.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
                                                  zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
                                                  fēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
                                                of study.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №6</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “with”.
                            You have seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >hé</foreignphrase> used between two nouns or pronouns as a
                            conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
                            meaning “with”. The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >gēn</foreignphrase>, which you have seen, also has both meanings,
                            “and” and “with”.</para>
                        <para>Formerly, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >gēn</foreignphrase> was the most frequently used word for “with” or
                            “and” in the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often
                            written. But he has come into wide conversational use in <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. In addition to
                            this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàn</foreignphrase>
                            instead of he, which is the same character with another
                            pronunciation.</para>
                        <para>Generally speaking, if you use <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gēn</foreignphrase> you should not have
                            any problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàn'ài</foreignphrase>: “to
                            fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”. This is the
                            socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship between two
                            people. Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> can be used both as noun and as a verb.
                                (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liàn'ài</foreignphrase>
                            is written with an apostrophe to show where the syllable division
                                is:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> liàn
                                ài</foreignphrase>, not <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >lià nài</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liàn'àile hǎojinián le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They've been in love for quite a few years
                                                now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  xiànzài kāishǐ liàn'ài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They've just started to fall in love.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmende
                                                  liàn'ài zhǐ yǒu sāntiān, jiù bù xíng
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it's
                                                over.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >liàn'ài</foreignphrase> is often used in the phrase <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán liàn'ài</foreignphrase>, “to be
                            romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
                                love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liǎngge tán liàn'ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
                                                while now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  méiyou hé tā tán liàn'ài.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I'm not in love with her.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
                            seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
                            intentions for the future.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №7</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: “really,
                            certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state verbs.
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě</foreignphrase> can be
                            used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
                                                  liǎngge kě hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bú
                                                  shi ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Isn't that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
                                                  bù xíng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That really won't do!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà kě
                                                  bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That's really not a good thing.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kě
                                                  yào xiǎoxīn!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>You've got to be careful!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, to other Chinese it
                            may sound too full of local color with which they do not
                            identify.</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
                        both in their late twenties.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...zài èrshiwǔliùsuì yǐhòu cái
                            jiéhūn</foreignphrase>: This is quite a change from Imperial times, when
                        females might be married off at age thirteen and males at age six so as to
                        insure the family fortunes or fend off economic difficulties later.
                        Nonetheless, regulations are less strict in the countryside today, where one
                        can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíshì</foreignphrase>:
                        “ceremony, function” This can be used to refer to a range of different
                        ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the taking of
                        marital vows.</para>
                    <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
                        to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
                        marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
                        served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds' feeling of obligation
                        owed to the family.</para>
                    <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
                        for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
                        celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
                        police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
                        where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №9</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīnqi</foreignphrase>:
                            “relatives” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Qīnqi</foreignphrase> is slightly different from the English word
                            “relatives” in that it does not include one's immediate family, that is
                            parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One's
                            immediate family are called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jiāli rén</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                                colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
                                                  jiā qīnqi duō ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
                                                family?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                  jiā qīnqi kě duō le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sònggei</foreignphrase>:
                            “give (a gift) to …” The verb song has several meanings. One is “to
                            send”, as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ nǐde xíngli
                                sòngshangqu le</foreignphrase>, “I sent your luggage upstairs.”
                            Another is to give someone something as a present.</para>
                        <para>Here you see <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >sòng</foreignphrase> with the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to” after it.
                            You have also seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jiāogei</foreignphrase>, “to hand over to ..., to submit to...”.
                            When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is
                            used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be followed by
                            the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom something is
                            given. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> can
                            also be used this way with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >jì</foreignphrase> “to send”, and <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài</foreignphrase> “to
                                sell”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                  zhèijiàn yīfu jìgei wǒ mèimei
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
                                                sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bǎ
                                                  fángzi màigei wǒ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
                            the sentence, making it necessary to use <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> to put the indirect
                            object after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the
                            object is specific and the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >bǎ</foreignphrase> construction is preferred. When song is followed
                            by an indirect object, however, the <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> is usually
                                optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
                                                  sòng ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào
                                                  sònggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Appendix</title>
        <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>

</chapter>