FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-WLF/FSI-OptionalModule-WLF.xml

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.1">
    <title>Personal Welfare</title>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives for the Personal Welfare Module</title>
        <para>When you have finished this module, you will be able to:</para>
        <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe the weather in all four seasons for your present locale, a Chinese
                    city, and your hometown. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe the location, geographical setting, population, and air quality of
                    the three areas in No. 1. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give the names of five or more items of clothing. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Get your hair cut or styled. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe several items you ordinarily carry with you when traveling. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give the names of and describe the different rooms in a house. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Give simple directions to a babysitter. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Ask and answer questions about the common cold and its symptoms. Offer advice
                    on what to do for a simple ailment. Understand the use of kāishuǐ, “boiled
                    water.” </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe what takes place during a visit to the doctor. Know how to give
                    normal body temperature in Celsius and in Fahrenheit. Tell '“where it hurts”
                    (using a list of the parts of the body, if necessary. ) </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Describe accidents where injuries occur, and tell someone to call an
                    ambulance. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Report the loss of a passport to the appropriate officials. Find out where to
                    go to report the loss and be able to determine whether adequate translation
                    facilities will be available. </para>
            </listitem>
            <listitem>
                <para>Use the words for “danger” and “caution” in grammatical, situationally
                    appropriate sentences. Describe how someone entered a restricted area and how
                    and for what reasons he was escorted out.</para>
            </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>

        <section>
            <title>References Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān tiānqi hěn
                            hǎo</foreignphrase>: Notice that the time word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīntiān</foreignphrase> “today” is placed
                        before the subject, not directly before the verb here. Most time words of
                        more than one syllable may come either before or after the subject, but in
                        either case before the verb. Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ
                                                hái bú huì xiě zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Last year I still couldn't write characters.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
                                                hui xiě yìdiǎn le. </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Now I can write a little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qìhòu</foreignphrase>: “climate”
                        Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qìhòu</foreignphrase> (with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hou</foreignphrase> in the neutral tone).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngtiān hěn
                            lěng.</foreignphrase>: “it's cold in winter” The adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> is not translated here.
                        Often <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> adds
                        little or nothing to the intensity of the adjectival verb, and doesn't need
                        to be translated by “very.” Later, you may notice that sometimes we
                        translate the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase>
                        literally and sometimes we choose to omit it from the translation. It is not
                        a matter of right and wrong; it is more a matter of feeling, and may be, we
                        admit, a somewhat arbitrary decision.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>:
                        “often, frequently, usually” An alternate form of this word is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cháng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                chángcháng qù Xiānggǎng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She often goes to Hong Kong.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cháng
                                                kàn bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He often reads the newspaper.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The phrase “very often” is NOT formed by using <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn</foreignphrase> with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase>; instead, Just use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháng</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>. If
                        you must stress that something happens very often, use a phrase like “every
                        few days.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>: “to
                        snow” or more literally ”(there) falls snow.” The subject <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuě</foreignphrase> “snow” normally follows
                        the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase> “to
                        descend.” This reversal of subject and verb is the rule, not the exception,
                        in weather expressions. **English is no more logical when it comes to
                        weather expressions: it uses the meaningless subject “it,” as in “it snows.”**<footnote>
                            <para>English is no more logical when it comes to weather expressions:
                                it uses the meaningless “it,”as in “it snows.”</para>
                        </footnote><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, xià xuě
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, it's snowing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě ma?
                                                Bu xià.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu méiyou
                                                xià xue? Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià xuě le
                                                méiyou? Méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it snowing? No.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīntiān xià
                                                xuě bu xià xuě?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is it going to snow today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài bù
                                                xià xuě le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's not snowing anymore.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiān</foreignphrase>: “heaven,
                        sky, day.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āiya, wǒde
                                                tiān na!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh my heavens!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān
                                                zhǐdao!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Heaven only knows!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qíng</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        clear, to clear up” In the sentence<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            > Tiān qíng</foreignphrase> le, the marker le tells us that a change has
                        taken place. The meaning is not simply that the sky is clear, but that the
                        sky is clear NOW, or rather, the sky has cleared up.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Juéde</foreignphrase> “to feel”
                        Here <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> is used
                        to mean “to feel, to think, to have an opinion about something.” It can also
                        mean “to feel” in a physical way, as in “to feel sick.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ Juéde ... zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase> can
                        be well translated as “How do you like ... ?</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn shǎo</foreignphrase>: “It
                        seldom snows in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase> in the winter.” The adjectival verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> “to be
                        few” is used here as an adverb “seldom,” and as such comes before the verb.
                        Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn
                            shǎo</foreignphrase>, “seldom,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chángcháng</foreignphrase>, “often,” are used
                        as opposites.</para>
                    <para>J<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">īntiān zhèrde tiānqi hěn
                            liángkuai</foreignphrase>: “Today the weather here is very cool.” Again,
                        it is not necessary to translate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hěn</foreignphrase> as “very” in this sentence; the meaning depends on
                        the speaker's intonation and emphasis.</para>
                    <section>
                        <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                        <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase>: “to
                            feel” This may mean “to feel (physically)” or “to feel (emotionally), to
                            think.” It is often used, as in the Reference List sentence, to preface
                            a statement of opinion. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                juéde ...</foreignphrase> may sometimes be translated as “l think
                            that ...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  juéde tā kéyi zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I think he can do it.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>And here are some examples using <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juéde</foreignphrase> to mean “feel
                            (physically )”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  juéde hěn rè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I feel hot.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                  juéde bù shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I don't feel well. (Literally, “I feel not
                                                well.”)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ juéde Běijīng
                                zěnmeyang?</foreignphrase>: “How do you like <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” or “What do you
                            think of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                >Běijīng</foreignphrase>?” More literally, “You feel <foreignphrase
                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> is how?”</para>
                        <para>t<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ài lěng le</foreignphrase>:
                            “it's been too cold” The marker le is the marker for new situations. It
                            is often used to reinforce the idea of “excessive.” Another example is
                                <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tài guì
                                le!</foreignphrase> “it's too expensive!”</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                        <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei.</para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List Part 2</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase>:
                        “(there) blows wind” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Guā</foreignphrase> literally means “to scrape,” but when used in
                        connection with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fēng</foreignphrase>, “wind,” it means “to blow.” Like other weather
                        expressions, such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià
                            xuě</foreignphrase> “to snow,” the subject <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēng</foreignphrase> usually follows the verb
                        guā. To say “very windy,” you say that the wind is big, either
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēng hěn dà</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guā dà
                        fēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè</foreignphrase>: “by
                        March” A time word before the verb may mean “by” a certain time as well as
                        “at” a certain time.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānyuè jiù kāishǐ nuǎnhuo
                            le</foreignphrase>: “By March it is already starting to get warm.” When
                        the time word before it is given extra stress, the adverb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> indicates that the event
                        in question happens earlier than might be expected. The marker le after the
                        state verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >nuǎnhuo</foreignphrase>, “to be warm,” tells us that it is being used here
                        as a process verb “to get warm.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒude shiéhou</foreignphrase>:
                        “sometimes” This is also said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǒu shíyou</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>: “to
                        rain” Literally, “(there) falls rain.” Now you have seen three weather
                        expressions where the subject normally follows the verb: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià xuě</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā fēng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià yǔ</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn xiǎng
                            Jiāzhōu</foreignphrase>: “I really miss California” The verb
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>,
                        translated here as “to miss,” is the same verb as “to think” (“I really
                        think of California [with nostalgia]”).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàtiān bú shi hěn
                            cháoshí</foreignphrase>: “it's not very humid in the summer.” The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shi</foreignphrase> is not
                        obligatory in the sentence. It would also be correct to say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù hěn cháoshí</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">táifěng</foreignphrase>:
                        “typhoon” The Chinese word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >táifēng</foreignphrase> was borrowed into the English language as
                        “typhoon.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Hong Kong:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ líkāi zhème
                            jiǔ</foreignphrase>: “it's been so long since you left” You have seen
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǔ</foreignphrase>, which
                        means “to be long in time,” in the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō jiǔ</foreignphrase>, “how long (a
                        time)”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>

            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase>: “in the
                        city,” literally “inside the city wall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxià</foreignphrase>:
                        “country” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiāngxià</foreignphrase> (with neutral tone <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xià</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùjìn</foreignphrase>:
                        “vicinity” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fǔjìn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huánjìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “environment, surroundings,” In №24 the phrase <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā fùjìnde huānjìng</foreignphrase> is
                        literally “the environment of the vicinity of your original home.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ lǎojiā nèige
                            dìfang</foreignphrase>: “your hometown” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎojiā</foreignphrase> by itself only means
                        “original home.”To get the meaning “hometown,” you must refer to the place
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige dìfang</foreignphrase>)
                        where your “original home” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >lǎojiā</foreignphrase>) is. Notice the different phrasing in the
                        following sentences:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
                                                nèige dìfang yǒu duōshǎo
                                            rénkǒu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the population of your hometown?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
                                                nàr yǒu méiyou shān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are there mountains where your original home
                                            is?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ lǎojiā
                                                zài xiāngxià ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is your original home in the country?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shān</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hū</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hé</foreignphrase>: “mountain,
                        lake, river” These three words are used with the four points of the compass
                        to make several province names.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shāndōng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>east of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Shānxǐ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>west of the (Tàiháng) mountains</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Héběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>north of the (Yellow) river</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Hénán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>south of the (Yellow) river</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Húběi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>north of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Húnán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>south of the (Dòngtíng) lake</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèige xiǎo
                        chéng</foreignphrase>: “that little town” You've learned that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéngli</foreignphrase> means “in the city.”
                        One word for “city” by itself is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chéng</foreignphrase> [another is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chěngshì</foreignphrase>]. <informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
                                                shi něige Huáshèngdùn? Shi zhōu háishi chéng?
                                            </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Which Washington are you talking about? The state or
                                            the city?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman is talking with a Chinese man in Taipei:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ líkāi nàli yǐjīng yǒu wǔnián
                            le</foreignphrase>: “(Since) I left there it has been five years.” The
                        marker le at the end of the sentence is new-situation le, and is necessary
                        here. It shows that the duration stated (five years) is as of the present
                        moment (“so far”). Another point to bear in mind is that Le is used at the
                        end of most sentences containing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǐjīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhānghuà</foreignphrase>,
                        “Changsha,” is the name of a city and a county on the west coast of central
                        Taiwan. T'ienchung (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tiánzhōng</foreignphrase>) is a village in southeastern Changsha
                        county.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>References Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>: “to put
                        on, to don” (clothes, shoes) Notice that Chinese uses an action verb, “to
                        put on,” where English uses a state verb, “to wear.” You have to adjust your
                        thinking a bit in order to use this verb correctly. When you want to say
                        “She's NOT WEARING her coat,” you actually say “She DIDN'T PUT ON her coat,”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měi chuān
                            dàyī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>Here are some example sentences using <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> “to put
                            on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle
                                                yìshuāng hóng xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm wearing a pair of red shoes. (I've put on a pair
                                            of red shoes.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                chuān xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm not wearing shoes. (I didn't put on shoes.
                                            )</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ní chuān
                                                bái xié ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you wear white shoes? (HABIT) OR Will you wear
                                            white shoes? (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù chuān
                                                bái xié.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't wear white shoes (HABIT) OR I won't wear
                                            white shoes. (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuān</foreignphrase> is not the
                        only verb meaning to put on in Chinese. There is another verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> which is used for wearing
                        or putting on hats, wristwatches, ornaments, jewelry, and gloves.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dài</foreignphrase> is taught in
                        Part II of this unit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xūyào</foreignphrase>: “to need”
                        This word may be used as a main verb or as an auxiliary verb. In either
                        usage, it is always a state verb. It is, therefore, negated with
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >bù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
                                                qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
                                                shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need time.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
                                                ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need her.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xūyào
                                                huàn qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>I need to change money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xūyào
                                                zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>He needs to know.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiàn</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the counter for articles of clothing, as well as for things (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǒngxi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>), and
                        suitcases.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàyī</foreignphrase>: “overcoat”
                        literally “big clothes”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>: “to be old,
                        to be worn” This is the word to use when describing things, whether concrete
                        or abstract, but never people. [For people, use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lāo</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lǎo le</foreignphrase>. “She's gotten
                            old.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒde
                                                jiù dìzhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's my old address.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā háishi
                                                chuān jiù yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She's still wearing old clothes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi (yí)jiān
                            xīnde</foreignphrase>: The number yí- before a counter may be omitted
                        when it directly follows a verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase>: “to need”
                        In sentence №4, you see a new usage of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde </foreignphrase>“you
                        need to buy a heavier one”). In addition to meaning “to want”,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yào</foreignphrase> has many
                        uses as an auxiliary verb. The meaning “to need” is one of the more common
                        ones.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        thick” In sentence No. 4 (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...nǐ
                            yào mǎi hòu yidiǎnrde...</foreignphrase>), <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase> is translated as
                        “heavier.” The basic meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hòu</foreignphrase> is “to be thick.”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
                                                hěn hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This book is very thick.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèli xiàde
                                                xuě hěn hòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The snow that fell last night is very deep.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Báo</foreignphrase> “to be thin,
                        to be flimsy (of cloth, paper, etc.),” is often the opposite of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hòu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōxié</foreignphrase>:
                        “slipper,” literally “drag-shoes.” In most households in Taiwan shoes are
                        not worn into the house, so plenty of pairs of slippers are kept at the
                        front door. This custom, established by Japanese influence, has the
                        practical value of keeping the floors dry, which would otherwise be
                        difficult given Taiwan's rainy climate. (in mainland China, shoes are worn
                        into the house.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huài</foreignphrase>: This verb
                        has a different meaning depending on whether it is a state verb or a process
                        verb. As a state verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huài</foreignphrase> means “to be bad,” as a process verb, “to go bad,
                        to break.”</para>
                    <para>As a state verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
                                                tiānqi zhēn huài, jīntiān hǎo
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Yesterday the weather was really bad, but today it's
                                            gotten better.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē! Tāde
                                                Zhōngguo huà zhēn bú huài,
                                            a?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Well! His Chinese is really not bad, huh?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a process verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèizhǐ
                                                bǐ huài le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This pen of mine is broken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
                                                júzi huài le, bú yào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These tangerines have gone bad; we don't want them
                                            (throw them out).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>The couple in this dialogue have recently moved to Taipei from Kaohsiung
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gāoxióng</foreignphrase>) in
                        southern Taiwan. Here they are taking a walk in downtown Taipei.
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase> is
                        their daughter.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>An American of Chinese descent (M) has gone back to visit relatives in
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Here
                        he talks with his cousin (F).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèiyī</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikù</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi</foreignphrase> means
                        “inner.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèikù</foreignphrase>
                        means “underpants” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kù</foreignphrase> as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kùzi</foreignphrase>). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nèiyī</foreignphrase> means “underclothes” in general, but when
                        contrasted with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèikù</foreignphrase> takes on the specific meaning “undershirt.” The
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī</foreignphrase> means
                        “clothing, garment,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yīfu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>: “jacket,”
                        a word borrowed from English. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Jiākè</foreignphrase> refers only to Jackets cut above the waist; a
                        suit Jacket would be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wàitào</foreignphrase> (see note below). Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiákè</foreignphrase>. In <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, this word has an -r
                        ending.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nílóng</foreignphrase>: “nylon,”
                        another borrowing from English.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to put on,
                        to don” a hat, wristwatch, gloves, glasses, jewelry or other things which
                        are not necessary to one's apparel. As with the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase> which you learned in
                        Part I, when you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dài</foreignphrase> you have to adjust your thinking from the idea of
                        “to wear” to the idea of “put on.” For “Do you wear glasses?” you would say
                        “Do you put on glasses?”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nī dài
                            bu dài yǎnjìng?</foreignphrase> For “She's not wearing glasses” you
                        would say “She didn't put on glasses”: <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài yǎnjìng.</foreignphrase>
                            Contrast:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="2"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dài
                                                màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="2"/>
                                        <entry>She doesn't wear hats.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She won't wear a hat. (HABIT) (INTENTION)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry morerows="4"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méi dài
                                                màozi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry morerows="4"/>
                                        <entry>She didn't put on a hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She didn't wear a hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She doesn't have a hat on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>(The translations given only cover some of the possible ones. Other aspect
                        markers which you have not learned yet, such as the marker for action in
                        progress [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase>],
                        the marker for duration [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-zhe</foreignphrase>], the marker for lack of change [<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>], etc., can be used to
                        make more precise the meaning of a sentence.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dǐng</foreignphrase>: The
                        counter for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màozi</foreignphrase>,
                        “hat.” Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-dǐng</foreignphrase> means “top.”</para>
                    <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “glasses” (counter: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-fù</foreignphrase>)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        broken/damaged/torn/worn out” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >pò màozi</foreignphrase>, “old/ worn/ tattered hat,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> stands before a noun to
                        modify it. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pò</foreignphrase> is
                        also frequently used as a process verb, “to break, to become
                        damaged/torn/worn out.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan, nǐde jiākè shì bu shi
                            pò le?</foreignphrase> Let me have a look, has your jacket been
                        torn/worn through?</para>
                    <para>In Part I you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >huài</foreignphrase>, “to go bad, to break.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huài</foreignphrase> means that something
                        becomes unusable or stops working, while <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> means that something
                        develops a tear, cut, split, hole, break, etc. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù</foreignphrase> in Part I had for one
                        possible translation “to be worn,” but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pō</foreignphrase> are quite different:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> le means
                        to have changed color or shape after a long period of time or use, whereas
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pò</foreignphrase> le means
                        that the thing is no longer intact, whether the damage is caused by time,
                        use, or accident.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        enough” This adjectival verb is only used as the main verb of a sentence,
                        never (like English “enough”) before a noun. You must therefore recast
                        English sentences with “enough” into the Chinese pattern when you translate,
                            e.g.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kànkan,
                                                nǐde jiākè shì bu shi pò le?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me have a look, has your jacket been torn/worn
                                            through?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gòu</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        enough” This adjectival verb is only used as the main verb of a sentence,
                        never (like English “enough”) before a noun. You must therefore recast
                        English sentences with “enough” into the Chinese pattern when you translate,
                            e.g.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Do you have enough socks?</entry>
                                        <entry>Are your socks enough?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde wàzi gòu bu
                                                gòu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't have enough shirts</entry>
                                        <entry>My shirts aren't enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde chènshān bú
                                                gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There aren't enough rice bowls.</entry>
                                        <entry>The rice bowls aren't enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"><foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fànwǎn bú
                                                gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol2"/>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàitào</foreignphrase>: This
                        word has two meanings: </para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>coat, overcoat,” and</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>a “jacket” which extends below the waist, like a suit jacket. (A
                                jacket cut above the waist is <foreignphrase
                                    xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākè</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìjǐ</foreignphrase>: “oneself;
                        myself, yourself, himself, etc.” This is a special pronoun. It can be used
                        by itself, or it can follow another pronoun like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǐ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒ</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase>, etc. Here are some
                        examples. (For the first, you need to know <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind,” and for the
                        last, you need to know <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuò</foreignphrase>, “to make.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎi yīfu,
                                                zuì hǎo mǎi zìjī xǐhuande
                                            nèizhǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When buying clothes, it is best to buy the kind one
                                            likes oneself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi wǒ
                                                zìjīde shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's my own business.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi tā
                                                zìjī zuòde, bú shi mǎide.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She made this herself, it isn't
                                            (store-)bought.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píxié</foreignphrase>:
                        Western-style “leather shoes,” a word commonly used where we would just say
                        “shoes,” since traditional Chinese shoes (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùxié</foreignphrase>) are made of
                        cloth.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuìyī</foreignphrase>:
                        “pajamas,” literally, “sleep-garment” This word can use two different
                        counters, depending on the type of pajamas referred to. </para>
                    <para>1) For two-piece pajamas, that is, a shirt and pants, the counter is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-tào</foreignphrase>, “set.”
                        (Although we say “a pair of pajamas” in English, you cannot use the counter
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-shuāng</foreignphrase> in
                        Chinese. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Shuāng</foreignphrase>
                        is only for things that match, like shoes.) </para>
                    <para>2) Old-style one-piece pajamas take the counter<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> -jiàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase>: “tote
                        bag, carryall,” literally, “book-sack.” Although still used with the
                        original meaning of a student's “book-bag,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> has now come to have a
                        more general meaning, since book-bags are often used to carry things other
                        than books. There are other words for “tote bag,” but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūbāo</foreignphrase> is so useful that you
                        should learn it first. 3</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        forget; to forget to; to forget that”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wàng le
                                                ba?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You've forgotten, haven't you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, I haven't forgotten.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo wàng(le)
                                                qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot to go.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàng(le)
                                                dài màozi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot to put on my hat.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
                                                tā jǐdiǎn zhōng lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot what time he is coming.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
                                                tā jiào shénme míngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot what his name is.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ wàngle
                                                wǒ jīntiān méi kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I forgot that I don't have any classes today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máoyí</foreignphrase>:
                        “sweater,” literally, “woolen-garment.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà</foreignphrase>, “in that
                        case, then,” is always used at the very beginning of a sentence, for
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà, wǒmen
                                                shénme shíhou qù?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Then, when shall we go?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà nǐ děi qù mǎi xīnde
                            le</foreignphrase>: The le here is optional. It stresses that having to
                        go buy a new sweater is a new situation.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase>. In the
                        home of two senior cadres, a husband (M) and wife (F) discuss shopping
                        plans. (They live together with the wife's older sister.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒde shūbāo ne?</foreignphrase>:
                        Questions with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>
                        frequently ask for the whereabouts of something or someone; thus the
                        sentence may be translated, “Where is my tote bag?”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>Taipei. Conversation between a husband and wife. (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Míng</foreignphrase> is their
                        son.)</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò</foreignphrase>: “to make,”
                        but in the Reference List sentence it is used for “to have made.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuò yīfu</foreignphrase> has
                        two possible meanings: “to make clothes” or “to have clothes made.” The
                        context will usually make clear which is meant.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān
                                                zuò yīfu bù piányi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Having clothes made isn't cheap in Taiwan any
                                            more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénmeyàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “what kind, like what”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde dìtǎn
                                                shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is your carpet like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Láide rén
                                                shénmeyàngr?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did the person who came look like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàode
                                                dìtān shi shénmeyàngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of carpet is it that you want?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
                                                péngyou shi shénmeyàngde
                                            rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind of person is your friend?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase>: A
                        close-fitting woman's dress with high Chinese collar and slit side, now
                        called in English a “cheongsam,” from the Guangdong dialect name. Qí refers
                        to the Manchurian nationality; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >páo</foreignphrase> means a Chinese-style long gown. Thus the name
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> comes
                        from the fact that the ancestor of the modern cheongsam was originally worn
                        by Manchurian women.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàozi</foreignphrase>: “cloth,
                        fabric, material”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuō...</foreignphrase> :
                        Literally, “You say...,” but often used as in this question to mean, “In
                        your opinion” or “Do you think...”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhǒng</foreignphrase>: “kind,
                            sort”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde lǚxíng
                                                zhípiào shi nǎ yizhǒngde?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What kind are your traveler's checks?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
                                                nèizhǒng dìfang zuò shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What did you go to that kind of place to do?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
                                                júzi hěn guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This kind of tangerine is very expensive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàngzi</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“appearance,” </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“shape, form,” </para>
                            </listitem>
                            <listitem>
                                <para>“style, design.”</para>
                            </listitem>
                        </orderedlist><informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi
                                                hěn hāo kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Her appearance is very attractive.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā nèi
                                                yàngzi!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Look at his appearance! (i.e., “Get a load of
                                            him.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
                                                nèige dōngxi shi shénme
                                            yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What does the thing you are talking about look
                                            like?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
                                                qípāode yàngzi hěn bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The style of her cheongsam is quite nice.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn
                                                yīfu shi shénme yàngzide?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the style of your new dress?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnshang</foreignphrase>: “on
                        one's body, on one's person”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
                                                shēnshang yǒu yíjiàn lán
                                            dàyī.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has a blue overcoat on.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                shēnshang méiyou qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't have any money on me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde qián
                                                xiànzài dōu zài tā
                                            shēnshang.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has all my money with him right now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě bu kéyi</foreignphrase>:
                        another way to say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bu
                            kéyi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào</foreignphrase>: “according
                            to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào
                                                zhèige niàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Just read it the way it is here (according to
                                            this).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiù zhào
                                                zhèige páijià huàn ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Just exchange it according to this exchange
                                            rate.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jiù zhào
                                                nǐde yìsi xiě, hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll just write it the way you want it written, all
                                            right?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            measure”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi wǒ
                                                liángliang zhèikuài liàozi gòu bu
                                                gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Measure this piece of cloth for me to see if there's
                                            enough.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcùn</foreignphrase>:
                        “measurements,” literally, “feet-inches.” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǐcun</foreignphrase> (with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cun</foreignphrase> in the neutral
                        tone).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mián'ǎo</foreignphrase>:
                        “Chinese-style cotton-padded Jacket”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">héshì</foreignphrase>: “to fit;
                        to be suitable, to be appropriate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
                                                yīfu hěn héshì, bú dà yě bù
                                            xiǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This garment fits well, it's neither too large nor
                                            too small.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chuān
                                                zhèige yánsè bú tài héshì, huàn (yi)jiàn biéde
                                                ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That color doesn't look right on you, try a different
                                            one.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijǐng</foreignphrase>. A man
                        (A) goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made. (B) is the
                        tailor.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>Taipei. A woman goes to a tailor shop to have some clothes made.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shì</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        occupied, to have something to do,” literally, “to have
                            business.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiànzài
                                                yǒu shì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you busy now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi
                                                shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No, I'm not busy.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to cut
                        (with a scissors), to clip, to trim” Chinese has several different words for
                        English “to cut” depending on the method of cutting. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎn</foreignphrase> only refers to cutting
                        with a scissors or clipper.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào</foreignphrase>: “don't”
                        In Transportation Module, Un t 3, you learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bié</foreignphrase> for “don't” in negative
                        commands. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào</foreignphrase>
                        means the same thing.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎngbiān</foreignphrase>: “two
                        sides, both sides” In English it is enough to say just “the sides” and to
                        add “two” or “both” seems superfluous, but <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎng</foreignphrase> is necessary in
                        Chinese. Perhaps this is because Chinese has no way of indicating plural, as
                        does the s in English, “the sides.”</para>
                    <para>Gòu duǎn le: “it's short enough now” There are two things to notice in
                        this short sentence: (1) In English we say “short enough,” but in Chinese
                        you say literally “enough short”; in other words, gòu is used as an adverb
                        to modify the adjectival verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duǎn</foreignphrase>. (2) le here indicates a new state of affairs:
                        before, the hair wasn't short enough, but now it is. Thus le can be rendered
                        into English by the word “now.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>: “to wash
                        the hair” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tóu</foreignphrase> is
                        literally “head,” but in many cases actually refers to the hair. In most
                        Chinese barbershops a shampoo after the haircut is standard procedure, and
                        you would not have to specify that you want one. (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> is translated as “to
                        shampoo.” Liquid shampoo is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xǐfàjīng</foreignphrase>, “wash-hair-essence.”)</para>
                    <para>Notice that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ
                            tóu</foreignphrase> has been translated idiomatically as “I want a
                        shampoo,” although literally <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
                            tóu</foreignphrase> is a verb-object “to wash the head.” Many Chinese
                        phrases made up of a verb plus object are ambiguous as to who performs the
                        action. You might have been tempted to translate <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> as “I want to
                        wash the hair,” but in this context the sentence actually means “I want to
                        have (my) hair washed,” that is, by someone else (the barber). The context
                        should tell you which meaning is intended. Another example:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ
                                                yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I am going to wash clothes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>OR</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù xǐ
                                                yīfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I am going to have clothes washed.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Usually you won't have any trouble deciding which the speaker means; the
                        situation or other things the speaker says will make it clear.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóu</foreignphrase>: Literally,
                        “oil,” this word may be used in a looser sense to refer to all sorts of
                        liquid preparations applied to the hair by hand (e.g., Vitalis). The
                        specific word for “hair oil” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fàyóu</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóuyóu</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái yǒu
                        tóufa...</foreignphrase>: This is the sentence to say when the barber leaves
                        bits of hair on your neck. The average person would gesture to his neck and
                        say this sentence.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfu</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        comfortable; to feel good”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yǐzi
                                                zhēn shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This chair is really comfortable.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo
                                                fēng hǎo shūfu a!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This breeze (“little wind”) feels so good.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù shūfu</foreignphrase> can
                        either mean “to be uncomfortable” or “not to be well, that is, to feel
                            ill.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wáng
                                                Xiáojie wèishénme jīntiān méi
                                            lái?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Why didn't Miss <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wáng</foreignphrase> come
                                            today?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jintiān
                                                bù shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>She doesn't feel well today.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase>: An
                        extremely versatile verb because it has such a general meaning: “to
                        do/manage/handle/make.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nòng</foreignphrase> often substitutes for a more specific verb. Also
                        pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lòng</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >nèng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
                                                fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go get the meal ready.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù nòng
                                                nèige.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go take care of that.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zìjǐ
                                                nòng ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let me do it myself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié nòng
                                                nèixie shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't mess around with that sort of thing.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā nòngle
                                                hěn duō qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He came up with a lot of money.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But in the Reference List sentence, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòng</foreignphrase> is used in an even more
                        common way, meaning “to make (someone/something a certain way)” or “to get
                        (someone/ something into a certain condition).” Other examples:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònggānjing</foreignphrase>: “to
                        make/get something clean”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nònghuài</foreignphrase>: “to
                        break, to put out of order, to ruin”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nòngpò</foreignphrase>: “to
                        tear, to break”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        shave”, literally, “to scrape the beard.” The verb object phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>, like
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> in
                        Reference List Sentence No. 5, may be translated in either of two ways
                        depending on the context: either “to shave (someone)” or “to have someone
                        shave oneself.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi wǒ guā húzi</foreignphrase>:
                        “shave me” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gěi</foreignphrase> is
                        the prepositional verb meaning “for.” When you have a verb-object phrase
                        like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase> you
                        indicate the person upon whom the action is performed by using a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>
                            phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi
                                                wǒ xǐ tóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please wash my hair for me (i.e., give me a
                                            shampoo).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        pound (someone's) back” as in massage. Barbers in China often provide this
                        service after the haircut. Here once again, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase> is a verb-object
                        phrase with the same ambiguity as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xǐ tóu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >guā húzi</foreignphrase>: it may mean “to pound someone's back” or “to
                        have one's back pounded.” Again, the context determines the interpretation.
                        When the barber asks you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yào
                            chuí bèi ma?</foreignphrase>, you can safely assume that he is offering
                        to pound your back rather than asking you to pound his.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ànmó</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the noun “massage.” In recent years, an increasing number of barbershops in
                        Taiwan, Hong Kong, and a few in the TRC have added massage to their list of
                        services. Chinese medical clinics and hospitals also give therapeutic
                        massage.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā píxíe</foreignphrase>: “to
                        shine shoes/to have one's shoes shined” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā</foreignphrase> is literally, “to wipe, to
                        rub.”) Once again, there is potential ambiguity as to who is the performer
                        of the action. Also note that Chinese must use the verb-object; there is no
                        noun corresponding to English “a shoeshine.” The translation of the
                        Reference List sentence using “a shoeshine” is idiomatic. Literally the
                        sentence means, “is there someone who shines shoes here?” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cā píxiéde</foreignphrase> is a noun phrase
                        meaning “someone who shines shoes, a shoe shiner.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú húzi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        grow a beard,” literally <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >liú</foreignphrase>, “to leave, to let be,” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">húzi</foreignphrase> “beard,
                        mustache.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue on Part 1</title>
                    <para>Taipei. A Chinese man (A) walks into a barbershop and sits down in a
                        barber's chair. The barber is B and the shoeshine boy is C.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liǎngbiān me...:</foreignphrase>
                        me indicates hesitation, indecision or consideration. It is translated here
                        by the words “as for.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A barbershop in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijīng</foreignphrase>. An American goes into a medium-sized
                        barbershop. After sitting for a while in the waiting area, his number is
                        called, he pays his fee to the cashier, and then sits down in a barber's
                        chair. Since the American has been here three times before, the barber and
                        he are already acquainted.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi shíjiān na</foreignphrase>:
                        Na is a contraction of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >ne</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >a</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú cuò</foreignphrase>: “not
                        bad, pretty good” (MTG 2)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào nèibianr
                        zuò</foreignphrase>: The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qù</foreignphrase> is omitted from this phrase.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <para/>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to
                        do hair” or “to have one's hair done” (See the Reference Notes for part I on
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ tóu</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā húzi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuí bèi</foreignphrase>,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
                        píxié</foreignphrase>.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùyuē</foreignphrase>: “to make
                        an appointment” literally “beforehand make-an-appointment.” This is
                        relatively new PRC usage; this word used to have only the meanings “a
                        preliminary agreement” or “to pre-order a book which has not be published.”
                        In Taiwan (or the PRC for that matter), you may use instead the phrase
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiān yuē yige
                            shíjiān</foreignphrase>, “to arrange a time forehand.” Appointments are
                        not generally required or accepted in barbershops and beauty parlors in the
                        PRC or Taiwan.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèntí</foreignphrase>: “problem
                        or “question.”<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> méi (yǒu)
                            wèntí</foreignphrase> is just like the English “no problem.” In addition
                        to its literal meaning of “There is no problem,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi wèntí</foreignphrase> can also “be used
                        to assure someone that you are extending a favor gladly.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kě bu kéyi
                                                qǐng ni gěi wo wèn zhèijiàn
                                            shì?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Could you please ask about this matter for
                                            me?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>No problem.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
                        unit of length equal to 1/3 of a centimeter, or slightly more than 1/8 of an
                        inch. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēn</foreignphrase>
                        originally meant “one tenth.” You have also seen it meaning “one cent” (1/10
                        of a dime, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máo</foreignphrase>).
                        As a unit of length, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fēn</foreignphrase> is one tenth of a Chinese inch (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>). We have drawn a ruler
                        marking off <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cùn</foreignphrase>
                        (“inches”) and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>
                        so that you can contrast it with our American (British) inch.<inlinemediaobject>
                            <imageobject>
                                <imagedata fileref="../images/mesures.png" width="14cm"/>
                            </imageobject>
                        </inlinemediaobject></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎn</foreignphrase>: Used
                        before a state verb, you (yì)diǎn means “a little, slightly,” as
                            in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn
                                                rè</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>a little hot</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìdiǎn
                                                nán</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>a little difficult</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu
                            yìdiǎn</foreignphrase> deserves your special attention, since English
                        speakers learning Chinese tend to make the mistake of saying <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎn nán</foreignphrase> (which is
                        incorrect) for “a little difficult” instead of the correct
                            form<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> yǒu yìdiǎn
                            nán</foreignphrase>. Remember to put in that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>!</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìyishi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        try, to give it a try” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shì</foreignphrase> is “to try” in the sense of “to experiment.” It
                        does not mean “try” in the sense of “to make an effort” to do
                        something.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “certainly, surely, for sure, definitive(ly)” Literally, sentence 18 means
                        “I think it will surely be good-looking,” which can be translated more
                        smoothly as “I'm sure it will look good.” The phrase “I'm sure ...” will
                        often translate into Chinese as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                            xiǎng ... yídìng ...</foreignphrase> , for example:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng nǐ
                                                yídìng xǐhuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sure you'll like it.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiǎng tā
                                                yídìng lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sure he'll come.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng tóufa</foreignphrase>: “to
                        get a permanent” The use of the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> for “to get a permanent”
                        has an interesting background and shows how Chinese adapts words already in
                        the language rather than borrow from other languages. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàng</foreignphrase> originally meant (and
                        still does) “to scald” or “to apply heat to” something. For example,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng yīfu
                        </foreignphrase>means “to iron clothes.” The earliest methods for giving a
                        permanent wave used heated curlers; in fact, today in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> (as in other parts of
                        the world) electrically heated curlers are still used in one type of
                        permanent called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diàn
                            tàng</foreignphrase>, “electric permanent.” After the introduction of
                        chemical permanents, the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tàng</foreignphrase> continued to be used, even though no heat is
                        applied in the new process. Chemical permanents are called <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lěng tàng</foreignphrase>, “cold
                        permanent.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn</foreignphrase>: “to curl,
                        to roll up” You will find this verb used in many contexts, not Just in the
                        area of hair styling. It is the all-purpose word for rolling or curling
                        ribbons, paper, pastry, and building materials. [Curly hair is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎnfà</foreignphrase>,
                        straight hair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhífà</foreignphrase>.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuǐgān</foreignphrase>: “to
                        blow-dry” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuǐ</foreignphrase> is
                        “to blow, to puff” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gān</foreignphrase> is the adjectival verb “to be dry.” These two verbs
                        used together to form a compound which indicates both the action and the
                        result: “to blow until dry” or “to blow with the result that (something)
                        becomes dry.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chuīgān</foreignphrase> and the
                        English word “blow-dry,” look as if they are exactly parallel, but they are
                        not. In English you can leave off the word “blow” and just say “to dry
                        someone's hair,” whereas in Chinese you cannot use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gān</foreignphrase> to mean the action of
                        drying something, only the state of being dry. You always need to use
                        another verb with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gān</foreignphrase> in order to tell the action which caused the
                        drying. For example, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >cāgān</foreignphrase> means “to wipe (something) dry.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                <para>A Canadian woman (C) walks into the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >Běijīng</foreignphrase> Hotel hairdresser's. First she talks with the
                    cashier in front (A). Later the hairdresser (B) calls her.</para>
                <para/>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                <para>Tipping is not permitted in the PRC. This is why the barber insists on giving
                    the woman her change.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                <para>Taipei. A woman student about to have her hair done is talking with the
                    hairdresser.</para>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn hǎo kànde</foreignphrase>: The
                    -de here means “hat's how it is.” This usage is typical of southern
                    dialects.</para>
                <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìdiǎndiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a very
                    little bit”, less than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >yìdiǎn</foreignphrase>.</para>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “eyeglasses” Don't mix this up with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjìng</foreignphrase>, “eye.” In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech
                        these words are pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >yǎnjìngr</foreignphrase> (“eyeglasses”) and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǎnjing</foreignphrase> (“eye”), keeping them
                        even more distinct from each other.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīpiàoběn</foreignphrase>:
                        “checkbook” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Zhípiào</foreignphrase> is a “check,” literally “pay-ticket.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běn(r)</foreignphrase> is a
                        booklet.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “to bring”
                        This word sounds exactly like another you learned in Unit 2, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>, “to wear, to put on
                        (glasses, gloves, a hat, a wristwatch, jewelry, etc.).” They are different
                        words, however, written With different characters ( 带 for “to bring” and 戴
                        for “to wear”). The translation of the first Reference List sentence is
                        idiomatic; we would say “I have ... with me” or “I have ... on me” when
                        Chinese says literally, “I have brought... .”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase>:
                        “notebook,” literally “small book.” In Reference List sentence No. 2,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoběnzi</foreignphrase> is
                        translated specifically as “address book.” Actually the word is more neutral
                        in meaning (“notebook, booklet”), but picks up the specific translation from
                        the context.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngzi</foreignphrase>: “box,
                        trunk, case” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiāngzi</foreignphrase> corresponds to the English “suitcase,” while
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xíngli</foreignphrase> is the
                        equivalent of “luggage.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēnbàodān</foreignphrase>:
                        “declaration form” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shēnbào</foreignphrase> is the verb “to report to a higher body, to
                        declare something at customs.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dān</foreignphrase> is the noun meaning “bill, list, note.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě zai
                            shēnbàodānshang</foreignphrase>: “write it on the declaration form.”
                        Notice that the place phrase (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            ... shang</foreignphrase>) is placed alter the verb here, rather than in
                        its usual place before the verb. When the location tells where the result of
                        the activity is supposed to end up, that location phrase may appear after
                        the verb (a position where other “results” also show up). Compare these two
                        sentences: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
                                                zhuōzishang xiě zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Write (with paper) on the desk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào xiě
                                                zai zhuōzishang!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't write on the desk! (Said to a child making
                                            marks on the table.)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase>: “women,
                        womankind” This the term for “women” in the general sense. The term
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǚrén</foreignphrase> is less
                        polite and more biological: “female.” (in Taiwan, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùnǚ</foreignphrase> refers only to married
                        women. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚde</foreignphrase> may be
                        used for “women, woman. ”)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhīdao hěn duō Zhōngguo fùnǚ
                            bú dài shǒushi, suóyi wǒ yě méi dài shǒushi lái</foreignphrase>: The
                        first verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>
                        means “to wear,” and the second verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is “to bring with
                        one.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi dǎkai gěi wo
                            kànkan</foreignphrase>: “open the suitcase for me to take a look” or
                        “open the suitcase and let me take a look.” You have learned <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> as a main verb “to give”
                        and as a prepositional verb meaning “for” (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni gěi wo huànhuan</foreignphrase>,
                        “Please change it for me”). In Reference List sentence No. 9 you see
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> used in a
                        longer type of sentence. Compare the following examples:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ xiāngzi
                                                dǎkai gěi wǒ kànkan</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>open the suitcase for me to take a look</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn gěi
                                                wǒmen tīngting</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>read it aloud for us to listen</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng
                                                màozi gěi tā dài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎi nèidǐng
                                                màozi gěi tā dài</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>buy that hat to give it to me</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò nèige
                                                diǎnxīn gěi háizi chī</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>make that pastry for the child to eat</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>When <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> comes
                        after the verb, it can mean either “to give” or “for, let.” For example,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ nèiběn shǔ náchulai gěi wo
                            kànkan</foreignphrase> could mean either “Take out the book and
                        (actually) give it to me to look at,” OR “Take out the book for me to see
                        (show it to me, not necessarily hand it to me).” The context will help you
                        decide which is meant; often, only one will make sense.</para>
                    <para>CAUTION: Although <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gěi</foreignphrase> is sometimes idiomatically translated as “to let,”
                        you should not take this to mean that English “to let” may always be
                        translated into Chinese with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gěi</foreignphrase>. There is a very limited correspondence between
                        “let” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase>.
                        Usually you will translate “to let” as <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>, which is introduced in
                        Unit 6, Part III, of this module.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi shì le</foreignphrase>:
                        “Everything is all right now” OR “There's no further business.” Here, this
                        means “Now that I've looked over your suitcase I find that there isn't
                        anything further we need to take up.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùbeihǎo le</foreignphrase>:
                        “prepared” You have already learned the word <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔnbèi</foreignphrase>, “to prepare, to get
                        ready” or “to plan to.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Yùbei</foreignphrase> is a close synonym. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yùbeihǎo</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùnbèihǎo</foreignphrase> both mean “to get
                        all ready.” The ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-hǎo</foreignphrase> on certain verbs indicates bringing something to a
                        satisfactory conclusion.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>An American woman is going through customs in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for part 1</title>
                    <para>A Chinese couple in Taipei are talking just before the husband is to leave
                        on a trip.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        take photographs” (WLF 6)</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>:
                        “apartment building,” literally “public residence” In the PRC, the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase> is
                        seldom used (only in the names of some buildings, and in technical
                        contexts), but in Taiwan it is widely used. “Apartment building” may be
                        translated as either <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gōngyù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gōngyùlōu</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Gōngyù</foreignphrase> is sometimes used for an
                            “apartment.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmende
                                                gōngyù yǒu jǐjiān fángjiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How many rooms does your apartment have?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But you would use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dānyuán</foreignphrase>, “unit,” not <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>, for “apartment”
                        in:</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngyùlóu yǒu duōshao
                            dānyuán?</foreignphrase> How many apartments are there in this apartment
                        building?</para>
                    <para>Although an apartment-dweller will usually refer in English to his
                        “apartment,” in everyday conversation, Chinese usually just speak of their
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. In
                        other words, any type of residence—house or apartment—can be called a
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángzi</foreignphrase>. Use
                        the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyù</foreignphrase>
                        when you need to distinguish clearly between “apartment” and “house.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-jiǎn</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the counter for rooms. Don't confuse it with the falling tone
                            -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàn</foreignphrase>, the
                        counter for articles of clothing, which you learned in WLF 2.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: This is the
                        verb you learned meaning “to bring (along), to take (along).” Here it is
                        used with the extended meaning of “to take” or “lead” someone to a
                            place.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dài ni
                                                qù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll take you there.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàwu qǐng
                                                ni dài háizi dào gōngyuán qu
                                            wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>In the afternoon, please take the children to the
                                            park to play.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zūchuqu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        rent out” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zū</foreignphrase> by itself means “to rent” in the opposite direction,
                        that is, to rent something from the owner. Contrast:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
                                                fángzi zūchuqu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I rented out the house.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zūle
                                                yige fángzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I rented a house (to live in).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kètīng</foreignphrase>: “living
                        room,” literally, “guest-hall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào kètīng zuò
                            yíxià</foreignphrase>: “go to the living room and sit a while” This is
                        roughly the equivalent of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào
                            kètīng qù zuò yíxià</foreignphrase>. The verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase> is sometimes omitted after
                        a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase> phrase when
                        the meaning of “go” does not need to be emphasized.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hē chá</foreignphrase>: “to
                        drink tea” This is not an involved ritual as the Japanese have, but it is
                        not simply the taking of a beverage, either. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hē chá</foreignphrase>, in a social setting
                        means talking and relaxing while sipping tea. Books have been written on tea
                        in China, its social significance, and the art of serving it. We cannot do
                        justice to the topic in this small note. Let us just leave you with two
                        tips:</para>
                    <orderedlist>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Except with close friends, don't turn down a cup of tea when
                                offered. It is as much a gesture of friendship and a means of
                                communication as it is a beverage.</para>
                        </listitem>
                        <listitem>
                            <para>Don't ask for sugar, lemon or milk. Unless you are in a restaurant
                                ordering it, lemon and milk will most likely be unavailable. It is a
                                double embarrassment to your host, who may not keep lemon and milk
                                on hand, and who hates to see someone defile the good taste of pure
                                tea.</para>
                        </listitem>
                    </orderedlist>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        seem, it seems as if” Use this word as an adverb, placing it before the verb
                            phrase.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng
                                                bù dong.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He seemed not to understand. OR He didn't seem to
                                            understand.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
                                                bú tài xǐhuan zhèige fāngzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You don't seem to like this house too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
                                                zài xiǎng shénme shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You seem to be thinking about something.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gēge
                                                hǎoxiàng chángcháng shēng
                                            bìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His older brother seems to get sick very
                                            often.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is
                        sometimes used merely to express that the speaker thinks a situation is so,
                        but cannot confirm his suspicion. In such sentences, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase> is best translated
                        as “it seems to me that ...”or “I think ...” or “I seem to remember ... .”
                        Notice that the word order in Chinese stays the same.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng
                                                zài nǎr kànjianguo zhèige
                                            zì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me I've seen this character somewhere
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hǎoxiàng
                                                gàosuguo wo zhèijiàn
                                            shìqing.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I seem to remember your telling me about this
                                            before.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige
                                                shíhou, tā hǎoxiàng hái zhù zài
                                                Jiāzhōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>At that time, he was still living in California, I
                                            think.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
                                                hǎoxiàng méiyou zhèige duì bu
                                            dui?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It seems to me you don't have this in America, do
                                            you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>:
                        “to. clean,” literally “to do sanitation” This is an expression used in the
                        PRC. The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>,
                        “to do,” originally a word found in southern dialects of Mandarin Chinese,
                        is now widely used in Standard Chinese, even in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>. In Taiwan,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> does not
                        have as wide a usage as in the PRC, where many new expressions have been
                        created since 1949 using this verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        troublesome, to be a nuisance, to be inconvenient” In the Money module, you
                        learned the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >máfan</foreignphrase> for “to bother, to inconvenience (someone),” as
                        in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máfan nǐ le</foreignphrase>,
                        “Sorry to trouble you.” Here you learn <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">máfan</foreignphrase> as an adjectival
                            verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà tài
                                                máfan le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That's too much trouble.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhēn
                                                máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What a bother.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase>:
                        “usually, generally, ordinarily” Like other two-syllable time words,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngcháng</foreignphrase> may
                        come before or after the subject, but always before the verb.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng wǒmen dōu zài kètīng
                            kàn diànshì.</foreignphrase> We usually watch television in the living
                            room.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
                                                píngcháng dōu zài kètíng kàn
                                                diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>We usually watch television in the living
                                            room.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                                                píngcháng jiǔdiǎn zhōng cái xià
                                            ban.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't usually get off work until nine
                                            o'clock.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōushi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        straighten up, to tidy up (a place)” or “to put away, to put in order, to
                        clear away (things).” Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shōushi</foreignphrase> when you're talking about neatening up a place,
                        use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo wèishēng</foreignphrase>
                        when you're talking about soap and water cleaning in the PRC [and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo qingjié
                        </foreignphrase>“to (soap and water) clean” in Taiwan].<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hǎoxiàng
                                                yǒu bànnián méi shōushi wūzi
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It looks as if he hasn't picked up his place in half
                                            a year.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kuài
                                                yìdiǎnr shōushi xíngli, wǒmen yào zǒu
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Pack your things quickly, we want to leave.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase>: Both
                        of these words means “room, chamber.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wūzi</foreignphrase> is seldom used in
                        Taiwan, however. For rooms in public places, like hotels, use <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fángjiān</foreignphrase> rather than
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wūzi</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàntīng</foreignphrase>: “dining
                        room,” literally “meal-hall.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        eat,” literally “eat food.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Fàn</foreignphrase> is literally, “cooked rice,” but in the expression
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī fàn</foreignphrase> it
                        refers to food in general or a meal. This is another example of a verb plus
                        general object, like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niàn
                            shū</foreignphrase>, “to study” or <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuō huà</foreignphrase> “to speak.” (See
                        BIO, Unit 7.) This verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >chī</foreignphrase> may, of course, be followed by a specific object
                        such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngguǒ</foreignphrase>,
                        “apples,” as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chīle
                                                yíge píngguǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I ate an apple.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>But if you mean “eat” in the sense of “to eat food” or “to have a meal,”
                        then you should use the general object <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chī fàn
                                                le méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have you eaten? (Have you eaten a meal?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuì ài
                                                chī fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He loves to eat most of all.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuò fàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        cook,” literally “to make food.” This is another verb general object
                        combination. As with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī
                            fàn</foreignphrase>, the verb alone may be used with more specific
                        objects.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chúfáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “kitchen,” literally “kitchen-room.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐzǎofáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “bathroom” This is a room for taking a bath, and not necessarily a room with
                        a toilet. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǐzǎo</foreignphrase>,
                        which is introduced in Part III of this unit, means “to take a bath.”
                        Remember, if you want to ask where there is a toilet, ask for the
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase>,
                        “toilet;” or use the polite Westernized term, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐshǒujiān</foreignphrase>, “washroom.” In
                        rural areas, you would ask where the <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cèsuǒ</foreignphrase> is.</para>
                    <para>In Taiwan, modern houses and apartments usually have the toilet in the
                        same room as the bathtub. In the PRC, apartment buildings built during the
                        1950's may have a room with a bathtub in the apartment. Apartment buildings
                        built since then usually only include a toilet and sink in each apartment,
                        and no bathtub.</para>
                    <para>You should usually lower your voice to ask where the bathroom is. Many
                        people even consider it polite to put one's hand in front of the mouth when
                        asking <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cèsuǒ zài
                            náli?</foreignphrase> Another polite way to ask is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ keyi yòng yixià nǐmende cèsuǒ ma?
                        </foreignphrase>“May I use your toilet?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūfáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “study,” literally “book-room.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòfáng</foreignphrase>:
                        “bedroom,” literally “sleeping-room.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wòfáng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wòshì</foreignphrase> are both used for
                        “bedroom.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A Chinese woman (Fl) has been invited to dinner at the home of an American
                        couple in Taipei.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note after the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiānshēng yǒu shì dào
                            Táizhōng qu le:</foreignphrase> “My husband has gone to T'aichung on
                        business.” More literally, “My husband had some business and went to
                        T'aichung.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>An American man (M) is talking with a Chinese women (F) in Běijīng.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái kéyi</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally “still okay,” this phrase actually means “isn't too bad.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐng</foreignphrase>: “to wake
                        up” This is a process verb. It describes the change from sleep or
                        unconsciousness to waking or consciousness: “to become awake, to become
                        conscious, to become sober.” In completed affirmative sentences, you will
                        see the marker le; in negative sentences you will see <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi</foreignphrase> (not <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> — this is not a state
                        verb. Some of the quirks you faced with a verb like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bìng</foreignphrase> “to get sick,” not “to
                        be sick”), you also face here. When you are thinking in English of “He IS
                        NOT awake,” you should think “He HAS NOT awakened” in Chinese.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐngle
                                                méiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did he wake up? OR Is he awake yet?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái méi
                                                xǐng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He is not awake yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiào</foreignphrase>: “to ask,
                        to order, to tell (someone to do something)” This is a prepositional verb,
                        which means that it and its object precede the verb.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùqin jiào
                                                hàizimen huílai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The father told the children to come back.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiào ta
                                                guòlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Ask him to come over.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì jiào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        sleep, to go to bed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bādiǎn
                                                zhōng jiù shuì jiào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He went to bed at eight o'clock (already).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jǐdiǎn
                                                zhōng shuì jiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What time do you go to bed?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měitiān
                                                shuì bāge zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He sleeps eight hours a night.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuìde
                                                hǎo bu hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you sleep well?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
                                                shuìhǎole ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you sleep well? OR Have you finished
                                            sleeping?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yá</foreignphrase>: “to
                        brush teeth” Besides brushing teeth, you can <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā yǐfu</foreignphrase>, “brush clothes,”
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuā xié</foreignphrase>,
                        “brush (off) shoes.” Do not use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shuā</foreignphrase> for use for brushing hair, however [see
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shū tóu</foreignphrase> “to
                        comb or brush one's hair”, WLF, Unit 3)]. [The noun for a “brush” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >shuāzi</foreignphrase>.J</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niúnǎi</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “cow-milk,” and used only to refer to cow's milk. The word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎi</foreignphrase> by itself
                        does not specify the kind of milk.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        embrace, to hug” people, or “to hold in one's arms” a child, package,
                            etc.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, baba
                                                gěi ni bàobao.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come, papa will hold you. (said to child as he is
                                            handed from mother to father)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Āyí</foreignphrase>: “auntie”
                        This is a term of address used by children for friends of the family, not
                        blood relatives.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuì wǔjiào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        take an afternoon nap,” literally, “sleep noon-nap.” The <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǔjiào</foreignphrase>, a nap after lunch, is
                        very popular in China. Many institutions, factories, and schools give time
                        off every day for this purpose.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase>: “to heat,
                        to cook” (Another meaning is “to burn.”) Since the verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎo</foreignphrase> by itself means to put
                        heat to something, a resultative ending is needed when you want to indicate
                        “boiling” or “heated up.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù shāo
                                                diǎnr shuǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'll go put some water on (the stove).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rè shuǐ shāohǎo
                            le</foreignphrase>. The hot water has been heated up.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuǐ yǐjīng
                                                shāokāi le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The water is already boiling.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎlù</foreignphrase>: “paved
                        road.” This is the word usually used for paved city streets. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎlù</foreignphrase> is literally
                        “horse-road,” that is, a road on which horses and people can go. A theory
                        has also been advanced that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >mǎ</foreignphrase> is a transliteration of the first syllable of
                        “macadam” (a road made with layers of rolled broken stones, with a tar or
                        asphalt base).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxīn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        careful,” literally “small-heart.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">É, xiǎoxīn
                                                diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Hey, be a little more careful!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shūshu</foreignphrase>: “uncle”
                        This is a term of affection used by children for older male friends of the
                        family.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>A Canadian woman (A) is talking to her new maid (C) in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>In Taipei on a Sunday afternoon, a young mother (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huìmǐn</foreignphrase>) and father
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>) are
                        at home:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíng</foreignphrase>” is the
                        wife's affectionate abbreviation of her husband's name, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tíngsōng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">è</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        hungry”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complaints</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt,
                        to ache” When talking about body aches and pains, you use a topic-comment
                        pattern. For example “I have a headache,” in Chinese is literally ”As for
                        me, the head hurts”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >Wǒ</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >tǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                >téng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for me,</entry>
                                        <entry>head</entry>
                                        <entry>hurts.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “to
                        catch a cold; a cold” This may be used either as a verb or as a noun. [To
                        say “to have a bad cold,” use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >gǎnmào hěn lìhai</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìhai</foreignphrase> meaning
                            “severe.”]<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gǎnmào
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've caught a cold.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde gǎnmào
                                                hǎo yidiǎn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Is your cold a little better now?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshāo</foreignphrase>: “to have
                        a fever,” literally, “develop-fever” This may be used as a state or a
                        process: <variablelist>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>STATE</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I have a fever.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ bù fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I don't have a fever.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ yǒu diǎn fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I'm a little feverish.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                            <varlistentry>
                                <term>PROCESS</term>
                                <listitem>
                                    <para>
                                        <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                                <tbody>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ fāshāo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I have a fever (more literally, “I have
                                                  developed a fever”).</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ méi fāshāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>I don't have a fever (more literally “I
                                                  haven't developed a fever”).</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                  <row>
                                                  <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                                                  >Wǒ fāshāo yǐhòu jiu bù xiǎng chī dōngxi
                                                  le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                                  <entry>After the fever came on, I didn't feel like
                                                  eating anything.</entry>
                                                  </row>
                                                </tbody>
                                            </tgroup>
                                        </informaltable>
                                    </para>
                                </listitem>
                            </varlistentry>
                        </variablelist>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī diǎn zhèige
                            yào</foreignphrase>: “take some of this medicine,” literally, “eat
                        medicine,” is the way to say, “to take medicine.” Of course, for liquid
                        medicines you could also say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >hē</foreignphrase>, “to drink,” but one still usually says
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chī</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn dàifu</foreignphrase>: “to
                        see a doctor” Also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn
                            yīshēng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                        <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                            <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                            <tbody>
                                <row>
                                    <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi qù kàn
                                            dàifu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry/>
                                </row>
                                <row>
                                    <entry>I have to go see a doctor.</entry>
                                </row>
                            </tbody>
                        </tgroup>
                    </informaltable>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ kàn shénme?</foreignphrase>:
                        In another context, this could mean “What are you looking at?” Here,
                        however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàn</foreignphrase> is
                        used in the sense of “to have (a medical complaint) treated” or “diagnosed”
                        by a doctor.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù kàn
                                                gǎnmào le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Did you go have that cold of yours treated?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                hóulong bú tài shūfu, děi qù
                                            kànkan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My throat doesn't feel too well; I'll have to go get
                                            it treated.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige bìng
                                                děi dào dà yīyuàn qù kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>For this illness you have to go to a large hospital
                                            to get it treated.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">késou</foreignphrase>: “to
                        cough”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē</foreignphrase>: (1)
                        “department of internal medicine” (of a hospital), or (2) “internal
                        medicine” (as a field). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Nèi</foreignphrase> means “internal” and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kē</foreignphrase> means either (1)
                        “department, section” or (2) “branch (of a study).”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase>:
                        “doctor,” literally, “heal-er.” In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Bēijǐng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàifu</foreignphrase> is the more conversational word and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yīshēng</foreignphrase> the
                        more formal. In Taiwan, however, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dàifu</foreignphrase> is not used much.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèikē yishēng</foreignphrase>:
                        “physician”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē</foreignphrase>: (1)
                        “department of surgery” (of a hospital), or (2) “surgery,” (the branch of
                        medicine).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàikē yīshēng</foreignphrase>:
                        “surgeon”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tòng</foreignphrase>: “to hurt,
                        to ache,” another pronunciation for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téng</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">āsipilín</foreignphrase>:
                        “aspirin” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >āsipilín</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >àsipilíng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >àsipǐlíng</foreignphrase>.</para>

                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialog for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A man from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Shànghài</foreignphrase> (A) is visiting his classmate (B) in
                        Beijing.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialog for Part 1</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a
                        parent drops in on a neighbor to talk about his daughter's illness:</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes after the Dialog</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let,
                        to allow, to have (someone do something)” This is a prepositional verb which
                        you will see more of in Unit 6.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...duō xiūxi
                            xiuxi</foreignphrase>: “rest a lot” The adjectival verb “to be many, to
                        be much, to be a lot” is used here as an adverb modifying the verb “to
                        rest”, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūxi</foreignphrase>. As
                        an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> may
                        mean “a lot,” “more,” or “too much,” depending on the context. In
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō xiūxi
                            xiuxi</foreignphrase> it obviously means “a lot” or
                            “more.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐhòu, wǒ
                                                yào duō xiàng nín xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>From now on, I shall learn from you more.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō shuō yě
                                                bù hǎo, shǎo shuō yě bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It isn't good to say too much, nor is it good to say
                                            too little.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐfà yǐhòu xiǎng chuí yixià bèi
                            shì bu shi yào duō gěi qián?</foreignphrase> If you want to have your
                        back pounded after a haircut, do you have to pay extra?</para>
                    <para>Some students get into the bad habit of always translating <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> as “more.” Remember that
                        the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō</foreignphrase> can
                        also mean either “a lot” or “too much.” Thus, if someone invites you to
                        dinner, even before you have started to eat, the host may say to you
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō chī yidiǎnr!
                        </foreignphrase>Since you haven't yet touched the food this sentence cannot
                        mean, “Have some more”; it simply means “Eat amply.” We might say in
                        English, “Have as much as you like,” or “Help yourself.” Here are some more
                        examples showing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >duō</foreignphrase> does not always mean “more.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng píngguǒ zènme piányi
                            a? Nà wǒmen jiu duō mǎi diǎnr ba!</foreignphrase> These apples are this
                        inexpensive? In that case, let's get a whole bunch of them!<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile
                                                yíge rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>One person too many came.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duō
                                                gěile shíkuài qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He gave ten dollars too much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō mǎi
                                                jǐběnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Buy a few extra volumes.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duō láile yíge
                            rén</foreignphrase>, “One person too many came,” with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu láile yíge rén</foreignphrase>, “One more
                        person came.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi</foreignphrase>: “belly,
                        lower abdomen” This has often been translated as “stomach,” but actually
                        when someone says <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi
                            téng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
                            dùzi bu shūfu</foreignphrase>, they are most often referring to lower
                        abdominal or intestinal pains. Nevertheless, you may sometimes want to
                        translate it as “stomach,” in the looser sense of “belly,” for
                            example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige rénde
                                                dùzi hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That man has a big stomach/belly.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dùzi è
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm hungry. (Literally, “My stomach is
                                            hungry.”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>A colloquial expression for “to be pregnant” is <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dùzi dà le</foreignphrase>, literally, “the
                        abdomen has become big,” or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà
                            dùzi le</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase>: “to have
                        diarrhea” There are several expressions for “diarrhea” in Chinese;
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè dù</foreignphrase> is a
                        good choice to use when talking to your doctor, since it is neither too
                        informal not too technical. (See also <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>, below.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yūn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        dizzy” Often used after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóu</foreignphrase>, “head”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >tóu yūn</foreignphrase>. Pronounced with the Falling tone,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>, this word
                        is used in the expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn
                            chē</foreignphrase>, “to be carsick/train sick,” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase> chuan, “to be seasick,”
                        and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn fēijǐ</foreignphrase>, “to
                        be airsick.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kàn shū
                                                kànde tóu dōu yūn le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've been reading so much that I'm dizzy!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In this sentence, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase> doesn't mean “all,” but “even, to such an extent
                        that.” This type of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >dōu</foreignphrase> is always used with le at the end of the
                        sentence.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tù</foreignphrase>: “to vomit”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎng tù</foreignphrase>,
                        literally “to feel like vomiting,” means “to feel nauseous.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase>: “body
                        temperature” Only used for the temperature of a body. [The general word for
                        “temperature” is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >wēndù</foreignphrase>, which is presented in Part 3 of this unit.]
                            [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǐwēnbiāo</foreignphrase> is
                        a medical thermometer.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-dù</foreignphrase>: “degree”
                        This noun does not take a counter.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèibìng</foreignphrase>:
                        “stomach trouble; gastric disease,” literally, “stomach illness.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbiàn bù tōng</foreignphrase>:
                        “to be constipated” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Dàbiàn</foreignphrase> (literally “major-convenience)” means “to have a
                        bowel movement” or “feces.” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xiǎobiàn</foreignphrase>, “minor-convenience,” means “to urinate” or
                        “urine.”) <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù tōng</foreignphrase>
                        means “doesn't go through, is blocked up.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: “to lie,
                        to recline” Notice that the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zài</foreignphrase> phrase goes after the verb tang in the sentence
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni tǎng zài
                            zhèr</foreignphrase>. This is because the zài phrase shows the result of
                        the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>: you
                        end up being here (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
                            zhèr</foreignphrase>) as a result of the action of lying (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase>). <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāngxià</foreignphrase> or<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> tǎng xiàlái</foreignphrase> means “to lie
                        down.” In some of the following sentences, notice that <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎng</foreignphrase> corresponds to “be in
                            bed.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gānmào
                                                le, tǎngle yìtiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He got a cold and stayed in bed for a day (OR and has
                                            been in bed all day today).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xǐhuan
                                                tǎngzhe kàn shū.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He likes to read lying down.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐjīng
                                                bādiǎn zhōngle, nǐ hái tǎngzhe
                                            ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's eight o'clock already, and you're still in
                                            bed!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎngxialai
                                                xiūxi yihuǐr ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lie down and rest for a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shàngyǐ</foreignphrase>: “upper
                        garments” [Also sometimes means “coat.”]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuō</foreignphrase>: “to take
                        off” (clothes, shoes) This is the opposite of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuān</foreignphrase>, “to put
                            on.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài bǎ
                                                dàyī tuōxialai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Come on and take off your coat.*</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhèng
                                                tuōzhe yīfu, jìnlai yige
                                            rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Right when he was taking off his clothes, someone
                                            came in.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng ni
                                                tuōle xié zài jìnqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please remove your shoes before going in.**</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>*This is said by the host to a guest when he arrives. You might have
                        thought that the use of the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kuài</foreignphrase>, usually translated as “hurry up and ...” sounds
                        impatient and impolite. Actually, it is the exact opposite. Here,
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài</foreignphrase> indicates
                        the host's concern that the guest, although wanting to take his coat off,
                        would be too polite to do so immediately.</para>
                    <para>**In Taiwan, most households have kept the Japanese custom of removing
                        shoes before entering the living areas. (Guests, though, are not in every
                        case expected to take off their shoes, especially for short visits during
                        dry weather.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase>: You have
                        seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi</foreignphrase> meaning
                        “to open.” Here it means “to write out” a prescription, list, receipt,
                        check, etc.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shēng bìng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        get sick” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng</foreignphrase>
                        means literally, “to develop, to happen.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng bìng</foreignphrase> le means
                        virtually the same thing as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tā</foreignphrase> bìng le.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián
                                                chūntiān shēng bìngde rén hěn
                                            duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Lots of people are getting sick this spring.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēng
                                                bìng shēngle liǎngge xīngqī le, hái méi
                                                hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has been sick for two weeks now and hasn't
                                            recovered yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
                                                shēngzhe bìng ne, zěnme kéyi
                                            chūqu?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're still sick; how can you go out ?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shēngde
                                                shi shénme bìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What illness is it that he has?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lā dùzi</foreignphrase>: “to
                        have diarrhea,” a more colloquial, but not at all improper, word for
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiè
                            dù</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā lā dùzi
                                                lāde hěn lìhai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He has a bad case of diarrhea.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A man in Taipei calls a doctor's office to ask what he should do for his
                        wife's illness.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, a
                        young man (A) visits a clinic.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liáng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        measure” You first saw this verb in the context of taking measurements for
                        clothing. Here you see it used for taking temperatures. It can also be used
                        for measuring a piece of land or the dimensions of a room.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǐwēn</foreignphrase> and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù</foreignphrase>: Both of
                        these are translated as “temperature” in the sentences above, but they
                        should be distinguished. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Tǐwēn</foreignphrase> is literally “body temperature” and thus is used
                        when talking about taking human temperatures. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wēndù</foreignphrase> is literally
                        “temperature degree” and is generally used in measuring heat or
                            cold.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ wūzilide
                                                wēndù shi duōshǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What's the temperature in your room?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>[There is another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >qìwén</foreignphrase>, literally “air temperature,” used, for example,
                        in weather reports.]</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēndù bù gāo</foreignphrase>:
                        “the temperature is not high” Normal body temperature (98.6' F) is 37°
                        Celsius. Each additional degree Celsius is 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase>: “boiled
                        water” This is water that has been boiled, but is not necessarily hot. Often
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāishuǐ</foreignphrase> is
                        served as a hot beverage, however. The Chinese commonly believe that ice
                        cold beverages are not good.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā</foreignphrase>: “blood
                        pressure,” literally “blood pressure.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuěyā gāo</foreignphrase> is “high blood
                        pressure,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuěyā
                            dǐ</foreignphrase> is “low blood pressure.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiū</foreignphrase>:
                        “acupuncture and moxibustion” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēnjiǔ</foreignphrase>. Acupuncture is a
                        practice of traditional (but not necessarily orthodox) Chinese medicine
                        where parts of the body are pierced with needles to treat disease or relieve
                        pain. This is based on the idea that the body's energy (qì) forms an
                        integral system which must be maintained for good health. This is done by
                        applying pressure or releasing pressure to restore the balance of qì.
                        Moxibustion (traditionally more important than acupuncture) involves the
                        smoldering of herbs on certain body points. In some cases the herbs are
                        placed directly on the skin and lit with a stick of incense; at other times,
                        a slice of ginger is first placed on the skin and the herbs burned on
                        top.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng bu xiǎng zhǎo zhēnjiū
                            dàifu gěi ni kànkan?</foreignphrase>: This has been translated on the
                        Reference List as “Do you want to sean acupuncturist?” which is the
                        conversational English equivalent. A translation more revealing of the
                        structure of the question might be: “Do you want to look for an acupuncture
                        doctor to give you treatment?”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liúxíngxìng
                            gǎnmào</foreignphrase>: “influenza, flu,” literally “epidemic cold.”
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liúxíng</foreignphrase>: the
                        verb “to be prevalent, to be popular, to be common.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Xìng</foreignphrase> means “quality,
                        characteristic,” and when used as a suffix corresponds to “<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-esque</foreignphrase>” in “picturesque,” or
                        “-like” in “childlike.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Liúxíngxìng</foreignphrase> is then “having the characteristic of being
                        prevalent,” specifically “epidemic.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi dāo</foreignphrase>: “to
                        operate; to be operated on,” literally “to open or operate the
                        knife.”</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> a
                        worker pays a return visit to a health clinic.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>*<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kesou yishēng</foreignphrase>:
                        Literally, “cough one sound.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Sheng</foreignphrase> is the counter for utterances.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
        <section>
            <title>Reference Notes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Part 1</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 1</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zāogāo</foreignphrase>: “too
                        bad, oh darn, how terrible, what a mess,” literally, “rotten-cake.” This is
                        used as an exclamation of dismay. It is often equivalent to “Oh
                            no!”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zāogāo! Wǒ
                                                wàngle dài fēijīpiào le!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Oh, no! I forgot to bring the plane tickets!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As an adjectival verb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zāogāo</foreignphrase> means “to be in a mess, to be in a bad state,”
                        as in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàrde
                                                qíngxing hěn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>The situation there is a mess.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
                                                xiěde zhēn zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This book is terribly written.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
                                                zāogāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's in a very bad way.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yàoshi
                                                zhèige bìngrén láide zài wǎn yìdiǎnr jiù zāogāo
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>If this patient had come any later than he did, he
                                            would have been in a real mess (in big trouble).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>: “to lose”
                        You can analyze the sentence <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wode
                            hùzhào diū le</foreignphrase> this way:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
                                                hùzhào</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū
                                                le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>As for my passport,</entry>
                                        <entry>it has been) lost.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>In some areas of China (including Taiwan) you would hear the word
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diào</foreignphrase> instead
                        of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diū</foreignphrase>:
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde hùzhào diào
                            le.</foreignphrase></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyì</foreignphrase>: “to
                        translate, to interpret; translator, interpreter” Also pronounced
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fānyi</foreignphrase> (with a
                        neutral-tone <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >yi</foreignphrase>).</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìqing</foreignphrase>:
                        “matter, affair, business, thing.” Shìqing refers to abstract things, while
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōngxi</foreignphrase> refers
                        to concrete things.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàshǐ zhízhào</foreignphrase>:
                        “driver's license” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >jiàshǐ</foreignphrase> is “to drive (a vehicle).” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhízhào</foreignphrase> is a “license,
                        permit.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
                        discover, to find, to find out”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr
                                                fāxiànle yige wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I've discovered a problem here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                gāng fāxiànde yìzhǒng xǐnde
                                            yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a new kind of medicine which has just been
                                            discovered.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The object of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fāxiàn</foreignphrase> may also be a clause:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huílaile
                                                yǐhòu jiu fāxiàn tā yǐjīng zǒu
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I came back I discovered tha the had already
                                            left.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The expression <foreignphrase/> can often be translated as “I notice that
                        ...”or “I find that ...”. It often prefaces a personal observation, as
                            in:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
                                                hěn duō Měiguo rén juéde yǒu háizi hěn
                                                máfan.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I find that many Americans feel that it's a lot of
                                            trouble to have children.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
                                                nǐ hěn xǐhuan xīnde dōngxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I notice (or, “I get the impression”) that you like
                                            new things very much.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>As a noun, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >fāxiàn</foreignphrase> means “discovery”:<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
                                                yíge hěn zhòngyàode fāxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>This is a very important discovery.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>: “then and
                        only then, not until” This adverb should be used when an event happens
                        relatively late: “not until this morning.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cái</foreignphrase> is the opposite of
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>, the word
                        for “then” when something happens sooner or earlier. When a sentence using
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> describes
                        a completed action, the verb will hardly ever take the ending -le; notice
                        that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase> in
                        sentence 6 cannot have -le. Here is another example:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuótiān
                                                cái gàosu wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He didn't tell me until yesterday.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>: “a
                        little more quickly,” or as in No. 7, “soon.” <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài yidiǎnr</foreignphrase> gives the
                        impression of being even sooner than <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǎo yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>. Both mean
                        “soon.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        receive, to get, to pick up, to collect” something that is issued or given
                        (a prize, salary, materials, passport, etc.)</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>:
                        “otherwise,” literally “if-not-thus.” Like <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kěshi</foreignphrase> “but” and
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dànshi</foreignphrase> “but,
                        however,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàoburán</foreignphrase>
                        always comes at the front of the clause in which it occurs.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi
                                                mǎshàng zǒu, yàoburán wǒ jiù wǎn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have to go right away, otherwise I'll be
                                            late.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ děi zuò
                                                fēijī qù, yàoburán jiù tài màn
                                            le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I have to take a plane, otherwise it'll be too
                                            slow.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
                        take a picture,” literally, “illuminate-image.” You already learned
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàoxiàngjī</foreignphrase>,
                        “camera,” in WLF Unit 4, Part I. The counter for <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàng</foreignphrase> “-pictures” is
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhāng</foreignphrase> (the
                        same one as for tables, sheets of paper and other flat things).
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào jǐzhāng
                            xiàng</foreignphrase> thus means “to take a few pictures.” (When NOT
                        using the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàng</foreignphrase> as the object of zhào, however, you should use
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase> or
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàngpiàn</foreignphrase> for
                        “photograph.”)</para>
                    <para>Like many verb-object expressions, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào xiàng</foreignphrase> has the potential
                        ambiguity of meaning either “to (verb) an (object )” or “to have an (object)
                        (verb)-ed”: “to take a picture” or “to have one's picture taken.” You saw
                        this with several verb-object expressions in Unit 3:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c3" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c4" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎn
                                                tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to cut hair</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's hair cut</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǐ
                                                tóu</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to give a shampoo </entry>
                                        <entry>to get a shampoo</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guā
                                                húzi</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to shave</entry>
                                        <entry>to have a shave</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cā
                                                píxié</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to shine shoes</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's shoes shined</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng
                                                tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to give a permanent</entry>
                                        <entry>to get a permanent</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juǎn
                                                tóufa</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to curl hair</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's hair curled</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
                                                xiàng</foreignphrase></entry>
                                        <entry>to take a picture</entry>
                                        <entry>to have one's picture taken</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>For example, in the case of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhào
                            xiàng</foreignphrase>, a photographer might say <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ qù zhào xiàng</foreignphrase>, “I am going
                        to take pictures”; but a person going to a photographer's studio might say
                        the same sentence,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Wǒ qù zhào
                            xiàng</foreignphrase>, meaning “I am going to have my picture
                        taken.”</para>
                    <para>The fact that such sentences may mean either of two things rarely causes
                        any misunderstandings in practice. The context almost always makes it
                        perfectly clear which meaning is intended.</para>
                    <para>With these verb-object expressions, if you want to specify the person on
                        whom the action is performed, you have to use a <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> phrase (you can't make
                        the person the direct object because the verb already has a direct object).
                        For example, to say “I'm going to take a picture of you,” say:<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěi nǐ
                                                zhào xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm going to take a picture of you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Likewise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā tàitai
                                                gěi ta jiǎn tóufa.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>His wife cuts his hair.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>*Although misunderstandings are rare, they are not impossible. Here is a
                        short exchange illustrating how <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhào xiàng</foreignphrase> might be misunderstood and how the
                        misunderstanding might be cleared up. (For this example you need to know
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàopiàn</foreignphrase>,
                        “photograph,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zhàoxiàngguǎn</foreignphrase>, “photography studio.”)<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
                                                zhào xiàng qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>Today I went to take pictures / to have my picture
                                            taken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>B:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhào
                                                shénme? Zhào fēngjǐng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>What did you take pictures of? Did you take pictures
                                            of scenery?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>A:</entry>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shì a.
                                                Yīnwèi wǒ yào lǐng hùzhào, děi yǒu zhàopiàn, suóyi
                                                wǒ qù zhàoxiàngguǎn qǐng tamen gěi wo zhào
                                                xiàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                        <entry>No. I'm going to get a passport and need photographs,
                                            so I went to a photo studio and had them take my
                                            picture.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Here “A” meant by his first sentence “Today I went to have my picture
                        taken.” but “B” understood him to mean “Today I went to take
                        pictures.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wàishì jǐngchá</foreignphrase>:
                        “foreign affairs policemen,” those who Heal with foreign nationals.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 1</title>
                    <para>A foreign official in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Běijǐng</foreignphrase> talks with a Chinese colleague.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nǎr diūd'a?</foreignphrase>:
                        “Where did you lose it?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >d'a</foreignphrase> is a contraction of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. The whole sentence would
                        be <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shi zài nǎr diūde
                            a?</foreignphrase></para>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 2</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes for Part 2</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>: “someone”
                        The question word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >shéi</foreignphrase> “who” can also be used to mean “someone.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is the
                        prepositional verb which indicates the doer of the action, similar to the
                        English “by” in passive sentences. In sentences with <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, it is the subject
                            (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tā</foreignphrase> in
                        sentence 12) which received the action and the object of <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐchē</foreignphrase> in sentence 12) which
                        did the action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn
                                                bèi xuésheng názǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My dictionary was taken by a student.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bèi rén
                                                dǎsǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He was beaten to death by someone. (<foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎsǐ</foreignphrase> is
                                            literally “hit to death”)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para/>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bèi</foreignphrase> has a
                        special characteristic other prepositional verbs do not share: it can occur
                        WITHOUT AN OBJECT. Its passive meaning is still evident in the rest of the
                            sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn
                                                qìchē bèi zhuàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde yǔsān
                                                bèi názǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>My umbrella was taken.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qí</foreignphrase>: “to
                        ride/drive by straddling” While <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >zuò</foreignphrase> is the verb “to ride” down, qí is the verb “to
                        ride” used generally - and specifically when sitting with horses,
                        motorcycles and bicycles.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">téngsǐ le</foreignphrase>: “to
                        hurt a lot,” literally “to hurt to death (figuratively speaking)”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liú xuě</foreignphrase>: “to
                        bleed,” literally “to flow blood”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >Xuě</foreignphrase> is also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuè</foreignphrase>.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: “to lift or
                        carry (by two or more persons)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ
                                                zhèige zhuōzi táijìnlái.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please carry this table in (with me or someone
                                            else).</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ
                                                zhèi liǎngjiàn dà xíngli táishang chē
                                                qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please carry (with me or someone else these two large
                                            suitcases onto the train.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì
                                                táixià 1óu lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Bring the television downstairs with me.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòng</foreignphrase>: “to move
                        (either oneself or something else)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
                                                dòng!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Don't move.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiān bú yào
                                                dòng ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Let's not move him just yet.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dòng</foreignphrase> can also
                        mean “to touch” something, so <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
                            dòng</foreignphrase> can also mean “Don't touch it.”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dòngbuliǎo</foreignphrase>:
                        “unable to move” The endings<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
                            -deliǎo</foreignphrase> “able” and -<foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">buliǎo</foreignphrase> “unable” are used with
                        action verbs to show the result of the action.<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zènme duō
                                                xíngli, wǒ yíge rén
                                            nábuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I can't carry all this luggage by myself.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi dāo
                                                bù jiǔ, hái zǒubuliāo lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It hasn't been long since the operation. She's not
                                            yet able to walk.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià zhème
                                                dà yǔ. Xiànzài zěubuliǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's raining so hard. We can't leave now.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎshàng</foreignphrase>:
                        “immediately, right away,” literally “on a horse”</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dǎ diànhuà</foreignphrase>: “to
                        make a phone call,” literally “to hit electric-speech.” To indicate who you
                        are calling, use the prepositional verb <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gěi</foreignphrase> “for, to.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ gěi shéi
                                                dǎ diànhuà?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who are you calling?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wáng
                                                yòu gěi ni dǎ diàn huà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
                                                Wáng</foreignphrase> called you again.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>The noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">diànhuà</foreignphrase>
                        by itself can mean either “telephone” or “telephone call.”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái
                                                méiyou diànhuà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Are you still without a phone?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu nǐde
                                                diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>There's a call for you.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Sometimes you can use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >diànhuà</foreignphrase> where English would have “telephone number”:
                            <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde
                                                diànhuà shi duōshao?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is your telephone number?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhāojí</foreignphrase>: “to get
                        upset, to get excited with worry, to feel anxious”<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ tài
                                                zhāojí. Wǒmen zhèr méiyou shénme
                                                wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>You're too anxious/worried. We don't have any
                                            problems here.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kān</foreignphrase>: “to look
                        after (something)” The verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >kàn</foreignphrase> “to look, to see” changes tones when it means “to
                        look after something.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
                                                Xiānggǎngde shíhou, shéi gěi ni kān
                                                fángzi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who'll be looking after your house when you go to
                                            Hong Kong?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi gěi ni
                                                kān háizi?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who looks after the children (OR babysits) for
                                            you?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-zhe</foreignphrase>: This is
                        the marker of DURATION. It may be added to an action or process verb to
                        indicate that the action lasts for some amount of time. In the sentence
                            <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr kānzhe
                            ta</foreignphrase> “I'll stay here and look after him,” the speaker is
                        saying that he will do this and CONTINUE it for some time. <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">-Zhe</foreignphrase> can be used whether the
                        time is past, present or future.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
                                                nèibiān zuòzhe, Xiǎo Lán pǎojinlai gàosu ta bàba
                                                huílai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She was sitting there when <foreignphrase
                                                xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāo Lán</foreignphrase>
                                            ran in and told her papa had returned.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>
                        <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hāi bìngzhe ne.</foreignphrase>
                        He's still sick. (The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >-zhe</foreignphrase> tells you that the illness is lasting for some
                        time. Without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                        >-zhe</foreignphrase>, bin, means “get sick,” not “be sick. Ne tells you
                        this is not a new situation [absence of change!]<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòzhe
                                                ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Sit for a while.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue for Part 2</title>
                    <para>A passerby (B) on a street in Beijing is called by the driver of a motor
                        cycle (A) who has Just had an accident with a pedestrian (C).</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Part 3</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference List</title>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Reference Notes on Part 3</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">páizi</foreignphrase>: “sign,
                        poster, plate,” also a “brand name, trademark”<informaltable frame="none"
                            rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mǎide
                                                shi shénme páizide
                                            zhàoxiàngjī?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What brand of camera did you buy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige hóng
                                                páizishang xiěde shi shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>What is written on that red sign ?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhùyì</foreignphrase>: “to pay
                        attention to, to take notice of”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
                                                zhùyì tā shi gēn shéi zǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I didn't notice who he left with.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhùyì
                                                diǎnr!</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Please pay a little more attention!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi bù kéyi</foreignphrase>:
                        “cannot” Of the three auxiliary verbs <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kéyi</foreignphrase> is the one to use when
                        the “can” or “cannot” is due to someone granting or withholding
                        permission.</para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yóuyǒng</foreignphrase>: “to
                            swim”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ huì bu
                                                huì yóuyǒng? </foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Can you swim?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yóuyǒng
                                                yóude bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I don't swim too well.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wéixiǎn</foreignphrase>: “to be
                        dangerous, to be perilous” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wēixiǎn</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
                            frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiběi
                                                qí mōtuōchē tài wéixiǎn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>It's too dangerous to ride a motorcycle in
                                            Taipei.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú pà
                                                wéixiǎn, tā shénme dōu yào
                                            zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>He's not afraid of danger. He'll do anything.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gùyì</foreignphrase>:
                        “intentionally, willfully, on purpose”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gùyì bǎ
                                                nèixie shū diū le.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She lost those books on purpose.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ, wǒ
                                                bú shi gùyì (zuò)de.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>I'm sorry, I didn't do it on purpose.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase>: “to let,
                        to allow, to cause (someone to do something).” This is a prepositional verb,
                        i.e. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ràng</foreignphrase> and its
                        object both precede the main verb.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
                            colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú ràng
                                                wǒ zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She won't let me leave.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme
                                                kéyi ràng tā zènme bù
                                            gāoxìng?</foreignphrase></entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How could you make her so unhappy?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>First Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>A Canadian man (M) has Just entered an area in <foreignphrase
                            xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> prohibited to
                        foreigners, having failed to notice a sign in English to that effect. A
                        policewoman (F) calls out to him.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐdao le</foreignphrase>: “now
                        I know,” or “I understand” This is the marker le for new situations.</para>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Second Dialogue for Part 3</title>
                    <para>An American woman and her two children are swimming along the beach in
                        Taiwan. A soldier calls to them.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Note on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàcì bú yào zài lai
                            le</foreignphrase>: “in the future don't come here again (any more).” In
                        addition to meaning “next time,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
                            >xiàcì</foreignphrase> can mean generally “in the future.”</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Vocabulary</title>
            <para/>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Appendixes</title>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the body</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Medical Conditions and Illnesses</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the House</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Module Vocabulary List</title>
    </section>
</chapter>