FSI-Chinese-Docbook/OptionalModule-MBD/FSI-OptionalModule-MBD.xml

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    version="5.1">
    <title>Customs Surrounding</title>
    <subtitle>Marriage, Birth and Death</subtitle>
    <para/>
    <section>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>General</title>
            <para>The purpose of the Module on Customs Surrounding Marriage, Birth and Death is to
                furnish you with the linguistic skills and cultural Background information you need
                to take part in conversations about changing attitudes and practices with regard to
                courtship, marriage, birth, divorce, death and funerals in China, and to conduct
                yourself in a culturally appropriate manner when you come in contact with Chinese
                people at the time of one of these significant events in their lives.</para>
            <para>Before starting the MBD module, you should have at least completed the Arranging a
                Meeting Module. You may, of course, use this module at any later point in the
                course.</para>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Specific</title>
            <para>When you have finished this module, you should be able to:</para>
            <orderedlist>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the age when most people get married.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about how a wedding is celebrated and what differences there are in
                        marriage practices between the city and the country.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the current local customs regarding gifts for weddings, births,
                        and funerals.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about the frequency of divorce.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the functions and statuses of the people who play a role in
                        arranging a present-day traditional marriage.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask questions about the bride, the groom, and the ceremony in a modern-day
                        wedding.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask about population control efforts, changes in population control
                        policy, restrictions on young people having children, what factors are taken
                        into consideration in family planning, and how old most couples are when
                        they have children.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Congratulate a new mother. Ask about a new-born infant’s health, appetite,
                        and weight, and describe the baby in terms of traditional values.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Talk about the traditional beliefs and practices with regard to the
                        mother's health before and after giving birth.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Present condolences to someone whose relative has died, comfort and
                        express concern for that person.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask, after deciding if appropriate, about the circumstances of the death
                        and the funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Apologize for not being able to attend a funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
                <listitem>
                    <para>Ask what attire and behavior are appropriate when attending a
                        funeral.</para>
                </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 1: Weather and Terrain</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: Winter and Summer</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 1</title>
                    <para>tíchàng: “to advocate, to promote, to initiate, to recommend, to
                            encourage”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Zhè shi shéi tíchàngde?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Who advocates this?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>nianqīng: “to be young” (literally “years-light” or “years green”. There
                        are two different characters with the same sound used for the second
                            syllable.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tā zhènme niánqīng, zhènme piàoliang!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>She’s so young and so beautiful!</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wǒ niánqīngde shíhou, bù xǐhuan kàn shū.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When I was young, I didn’t like to read.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Zhèixiē niǎnqīng rén dōu ài kàn diànyǐng.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>These young people all love to go to the
                                            movies.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nèige niánqǐngde Zhōngguo rén, Yīngwén shuōde bú
                                            cuò.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>That young Chinese person speaks pretty good
                                            English.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>jiéhūn: “to get married”, also pronounced jiēhūn. Notice that in Chinese
                        you talk of “getting married”, while in English we talk of “being married”.
                        And it follows grammatically that jiéhūn is a process verb, not a state
                        verb. Jiéhūn will always be seen with an aspect marker such as le or will be
                        negated with méi.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tāmen jiéhūnle méiyou?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Have they gotten married yet? (This is the equivalent
                                            of ’Are they married?)</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nǐ jiéhūn duó jiǔ le?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>How long have you been married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>Jiéhūn is a verb-object compound, literally meaning “to knot marriage”.
                        Jié and hūn can be separated by aspect markers, such as de or
                            guo.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Nǐ shi shénme shíhou jiéde hūn? OR Nǐ shi shénme
                                            shíhou jiéhūnde?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>When did you get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Wang Xiānsheng jiéguo sāncì hūn.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Mr. Wang has been married three times.</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>
                    <para>To say “get married to someone” use the pattern gēn ...
                            jiéhūn.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                            <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                <tbody>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>Tā gēn shéi jiéhūn le?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry/>
                                    </row>
                                    <row>
                                        <entry>To whom did he get married?</entry>
                                    </row>
                                </tbody>
                            </tgroup>
                        </informaltable></para>

                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №2</title>
                        <para>wǎnliàn wǎnhūn: “late involvement and late marriage”. Wǎnliàn is an
                            abbreviation for wan liàn’ài, “mature love”, (liàn’ài means “romantic
                            love, courtship”), and wǎnhūn is an abbreviation for wǎn jiéhūn, “late
                            marriage”. This policy has been promoted since the 1960s, but only
                            actively enforced since the 1970s. It is difficult to generalize about
                            the required minimum marriage ages, as they differ from city to city and
                            might be nonexistant in certain rural and national minority areas, where
                            the government is trying to increase the population. The minimum age has
                            been progressively raised over the years, until 1978 when the rules were
                            eased a bit. In general, if the combined ages of the couple exceeds
                            fifty years (or the female’s age exceeds the male’s), then the marriage
                            is allowable.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №3</title>
                        <para>qīngnián: “youth, young person”. Do not confuse this noun with the
                            adjectival verb niánqīng, “to be young”. (See Notes on No. 1)</para>
                        <para>In this sentence, the noun qīngnián is used to modify the noun lǎoshī,
                                “teacher”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>A:</entry>
                                            <entry>Wǒ jìde sānshinián yīqián nǐ tèbié ài chī
                                                táng.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>I remember that thirty years ago you especially
                                                loved to eat candy.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>B:</entry>
                                            <entry>Shì a, nèi shíhou wǒmen dōu háishi qīngnián.
                                                Xiànzài lǎo le, yá bù xíng le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                            <entry>Yes. Back then we were all young people. Now I’m
                                                old, and my teeth aren’t good any more.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>nǔlì: “to be hardworking, to diligent”, or as an adverb,
                            “diligently,be hard”.</para>
                        <para>Tā suīrán hen nǔlì, kěshi tāde Yīngwen háishi bù xíng. Although he’s
                            very hardworking, his English is still not good enough.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ děi nǔlì xué Zhōngwén.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I have to study Chinese very hard.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №4</title>
                        <para>nongcūn: “rural areas, countryside, village”.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nóngcūnde kōngqì bǐ chéngli hǎoduō le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The air in the country is much better than in the
                                                city.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tāmen Jiā zài nongcūn zhù.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Their family lives in the country.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>shíxíng: “to practice, to carry out (a method, policy, plan,
                                reform)”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nǐ zhèige jìhua hěn hǎo, kěshi wǒ xiǎng bù néng
                                                shíxíng.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This plan of yours is very good, but I don’t
                                                think it can be carried out.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Zhèige bànfa yǐjīng shíxíngle sānge xīngqīle,
                                                kěshi jiéguǒ bù hǎo.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>This method has been in practice for three weeks,
                                                but the results aren’t good.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №5</title>
                        <para>chéng: “to constitute, to make, to become”.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tǎde xuéxí yìzhí hěn hǎo, bìyè yǐhòu ānpai
                                                gōngzuò bù chéng wèntí.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>His studies have been good all along, so after he
                                                graduates, setting up a job for him won’t constitute
                                                a problem.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒde nǚer xiànzài chéngle jiějie, tǎ zhēn xǐhuan
                                                tāde xiǎo mèimei.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>My daughter has become an older sister. She
                                                really likes her little sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>fēngqì: “established practice, custom; general mood”.<informaltable
                                frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Xiànzài yǒu bù shǎo qīngnián bú yào zài
                                                shāngdiànli mài dōngxi, zhèizhǒng fēngqì zhēn bù
                                                hǎo.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>There are a lot of young people now who don’t
                                                want to sell things in shops. This practice is
                                                really bad.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Xiànzài zài Zhōngguo, yòu yǒule niàn shūde
                                                fēngqì.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Now in China there is again a general atmosphere
                                                of study.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para/>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №6</title>
                        <para>hé: “with”. You have seen he used between two nouns or pronouns as a
                            conjunction meaning “and”. Here you see it used as a prepositional verb
                            meaning “with”. The word gēn, which you have seen, also has both
                            meanings, “and” and “with”.</para>
                        <para>Formerly, gēn was the most frequently used word for “with” or “and” in
                            the Mandarin spoken in North China, and he was more often written. But
                            he has come into wide conversational use in pùtōnghuà. In addition to
                            this variation, school children in Taiwan are sometimes taught to say
                            hàn instead of he, which is the same character with another
                            pronunciation.</para>
                        <para>Generally speaking, if you use hé or gēn you should not have any
                            problem being understood by any speaker of Standard Chinese.</para>
                        <para>liàn'ài: “to fall in love, to be in love; romantic love, courtship”.
                            This is the socially acceptable way to describe a romantic relationship
                            between two people. Notice that liàn'ài can be used both as noun and as
                            a verb. (Liàn’ài is written with an apostrophe to show where the
                            syllable division is: liàn ài, not lià nài.)<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tǎmen liàn’àile hǎojinián le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They’ve been in love for quite a few years
                                                now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tǎmen xiànzài kǎishǐ liàn’ài le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>They’ve just started to fall in love.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Womende liàn’ài zhī you sāntiǎn, jiù bù xíng
                                                le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Our love is only three days old and already it’s
                                                over.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>The noun liàn’ài is often used in the phrase tán liàn’ài, “to be
                            romantically involved” or more literally “to talk of
                                love”.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tāmen liāngge tán liàn’ài yǐjīng tánle hěn jiǔ
                                                le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them have been in love for quite a
                                                while now.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ méiyou hé tā tán liàn’ài.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I’m not in love with her.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In China young people tend to go out in groups. When two people are
                            seen going out alone, then it is assumed that they have serious
                            intentions for the future.</para>
                    </section>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №7</title>
                        <para>kě: “really, certainly”. This is an adverb which intensifies state
                            verbs. Kě can be used before a negative.<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tāmen liǎngge kě hǎo le!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>The two of them are very good friends.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Kě bú shi ma!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Isn’t that so! (Really! or No kidding!)</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nà kě bù xíng!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That really won’t do!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nà kě bú shì yíjiàn hǎo shi.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>That’s really not a good thing.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nǐ kě yào xiǎoxīn!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>You’ve got to be careful!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>Although some Chinese are fond of using the word kě, to other Chinese
                            it may sound too full of local color with which they do not
                            identify.</para>
                    </section>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Dialogue in Peking</title>
                    <para>An American exchange student talks with her language teacher. They are
                        both in their late twenties.</para>
                    <para/>
                </section>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on the Dialogue</title>
                    <para>...zài èrshiwǔliǔsuì yǐhòu cái jiéhūn: This is quite a change from
                        Imperial times, when females might be married off at age thirteen and males
                        at age six so as to insure the family fortunes or fend off economic
                        difficulties later. Nontheless, regulations are less strict in the
                        countryside today, where one can marry perhaps at age twenty.</para>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: Spring and Fall</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
                <section>
                    <title>Notes on Part 2</title>
                    <para>yíshì: ’ceremony, function’ This can be used to refer to a range of
                        different ceremonies, from the signing of a treaty or agreement to the
                        taking of marital vows.</para>
                    <para>In old China, marriages were celebrated extravagantly. It was not uncommon
                        to find families going into debt because of the joyous occasion, which
                        marked a new generation added to the family line. This elaborate ritual
                        served to strengthen familial bonds and the newlyweds’ feeling of obligation
                        owed to the family.</para>
                    <para>In PRC cities of today, lack of extra money and coupons to purchase food
                        for guests, celebration space, and free time for preparation limit the
                        celebration often to procedural formality alone—registration with the local
                        police bureau. Wedding dinners may still be enjoyed in the countryside,
                        where there are fewer restrictions on time and food.</para>
                    <section>
                        <title>Notes on №9</title>
                        <para>qǐnqi: ’relatives* Qǐnqi is slightly different from the English word
                            ’relatives’ in that it does not include one’s immediate family, that is
                            parents or children, but is used to refer to all other relatives. (One’s
                            immediate family are called Jiāli rén.)<informaltable frame="none"
                                rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Nǐmen Jiā qīnqi duō ma?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Do you have a lot of relatives in your
                                                family?</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒmen Jiā qinqi kě duō le!</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>We have lots of relatives in our family.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>sǒnggei: ’give (a gift) to ...’ The verb song has several meanings.
                            One is ’to send’, as in Wǒ bā nǐde xíngli sòngshangqu le, ’I sent your
                            luggage upstairs.’ Another is to give someone something as a
                            present.</para>
                        <para>Here you see song with the prepositional verb gěi ’for, to’ after it.
                            You have also seen Jiāogei, ’to hand over to ..., to submit to...’. When
                            gěi is used after the main verb as a prepositional verb, it must be
                            followed by the indirect object, that is, the person or thing to whom
                            something is given. Gěi can also be used this way with jì ’to send’, and
                            mǎi ’to sell’.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ bǎ zhèijiǎn yīfu Jìgei wǒ mèimei le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I sent this piece of clothing to my younger
                                                sister.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Tā bǎ fángzi màigei wǒ le.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>He sold his house to me.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                        <para>In these examples the direct object, clothing or house, is up front in
                            the sentence, making it necessary to use gěi to put the indirect object
                            after the main verb. This usually happens in sentences where the object
                            is specific and the bǎ construction is preferred. When song is followed
                            by an indirect object, however, the gěi is usually
                                optional.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
                                <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
                                    <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
                                    <tbody>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo song ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>Wǒ yǎo sǒnggei ta yíge xiǎo lǐwù.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry/>
                                        </row>
                                        <row>
                                            <entry>I am going to give him a small present.</entry>
                                        </row>
                                    </tbody>
                                </tgroup>
                            </informaltable></para>
                    </section>
                </section>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 3: Terrain</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 2: Clothing</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: Buying Clothes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: Buying Clothes</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Having Clothes made</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 3: Hair Care</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: At the Barber</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: At the Hairdresser</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 4: In the Home</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: Personal Belongings</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: Parts of the Home</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Taking Care of Children</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 5: Minor Physical Complains</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: Colds and Fevers</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: Stomach Ailments</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Taking Temperature and Blood Pressure</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Unit 6: Accidents and Difficulties</title>
        <para/>
        <section>
            <title>Part 1: Losing a Driver's license</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Part 2: A Motorcycle Accident</title>
            <section>
                <title>Reference List</title>
            </section>
            <section>
                <title>Reference Notes</title>
            </section>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Crossing into a Restricted Area</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Unit Vocabulary List</title>
        </section>
    </section>
    <section>
        <title>Appendix</title>
        <subtitle>Unit Vocabulary Characters</subtitle>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the Body</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Medical Conditions and Illness</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Furniture and Household Items</title>
        </section>
        <section>
            <title>Parts of the House</title>
        </section>
    </section>

</chapter>