FSI-Chinese-MOD8-Textbook.xml 894 KB

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  5. version="5.0">
  6. <title>Module 8: Travelling in China</title>
  7. <para>Student Textbook</para>
  8. <section>
  9. <title>Preface</title>
  10. <para>FSI - Standard Chinese - Module 08 TVL - Student Text and Workbook</para>
  11. <para>Foreign Service Institute</para>
  12. <para>CM 0310 S</para>
  13. <para>STANDARD CHINESE A Modular Approach</para>
  14. <para>MODULE 8: TRAVELING IN CHINA STUDENT TEXT AND WORKBOOK</para>
  15. <para>SPONSORED BY AGENCIES OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN GOVERNMENTS</para>
  16. <para>This publication is to be used primarily in support of training military personnel as
  17. part of the Defense Language Program (resident and nonresident). Inquiries concerning
  18. the use of materials, including requests for copies, should be addressed to:</para>
  19. <para>Defense Language Institute</para>
  20. <para>Foreign Language Center</para>
  21. <para>Nonresident Instruction Division Presidio of Monterey, CA 93940</para>
  22. <para>Topics in the areas of politics, international relations, mores, etc., which may be
  23. considered as controversial from some points of view are sometimes included in language
  24. training for DLIFLC students, since military personnel may find themselves in positions
  25. where clear understanding of conversations or written material of this nature will be
  26. essential to their mission. The presence of controversial statements—whether real or
  27. apparent—in DLIFLC materials should not be construed as representing the opinions of the
  28. writers, of the Defense Language Institute, or of the Department of Defense.</para>
  29. <para>In DLIFLC publications, the words ”he,” “him,” and “his” denote both masculine and
  30. feminine genders. This statement does not apply to translations of foreign language
  31. texts.</para>
  32. <para>DRAFT EDITION</para>
  33. <para>JULY 1982</para>
  34. <section>
  35. <title>Maps of Chinese languages</title>
  36. <para><inlinemediaobject>
  37. <imageobject>
  38. <imagedata
  39. fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-1.png"
  40. />
  41. </imageobject>
  42. </inlinemediaobject><inlinemediaobject>
  43. <imageobject>
  44. <imagedata
  45. fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-2.png"
  46. />
  47. </imageobject>
  48. </inlinemediaobject></para>
  49. </section>
  50. </section>
  51. <section>
  52. <title>Unit 1</title>
  53. <para/>
  54. <section>
  55. <title>References</title>
  56. <section>
  57. <title>Reference List</title>
  58. <para/>
  59. </section>
  60. <section>
  61. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  62. <para/>
  63. </section>
  64. <section>
  65. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  66. <section>
  67. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  68. <para>Asking how to address someone: If you are not sure how to address someone,
  69. it is usually acceptable to ask the person himself. Most Chinese recognize
  70. that they have a complicated system of terms of address, and are happy to
  71. answer such questions. </para>
  72. <para>chenghu: “to address” or “form of address”<informaltable frame="none"
  73. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  74. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  75. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  76. <tbody>
  77. <row>
  78. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuài gàosu
  79. wo, wǒ gāi zěnme chēnghu nǐde fùmǔ
  80. ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  81. </row>
  82. <row>
  83. <entry/>
  84. </row>
  85. <row>
  86. <entry>Quick tell me: how should I address your
  87. parents?</entry>
  88. </row>
  89. <row>
  90. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàng “Xiǎo
  91. Wáng,” “Lǎo Zāng” zhèizǒng chēnghu xiànzài hěn
  92. liúxíng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  93. </row>
  94. <row>
  95. <entry/>
  96. </row>
  97. <row>
  98. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Forms of
  99. address like “Xiǎo Wáng” and “Lǎo Zhāng” are now
  100. very common.</foreignphrase></entry>
  101. </row>
  102. </tbody>
  103. </tgroup>
  104. </informaltable>
  105. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">… hǎo ne?</foreignphrase>: “Would
  106. it be best to . . . ?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zěnme
  107. chēnghu nín</foreignphrase> acts as the subject of the verb
  108. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo</foreignphrase>. Here is a
  109. diagram:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  110. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  111. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  112. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  113. <tbody>
  114. <row>
  115. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zěnme
  116. chēnghu nín</foreignphrase></entry>
  117. <entry>hǎo ne?</entry>
  118. </row>
  119. <row>
  120. <entry/>
  121. <entry/>
  122. </row>
  123. <row>
  124. <entry>[For] us to address you how</entry>
  125. <entry> [would] be good?</entry>
  126. </row>
  127. <row>
  128. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">“How would it be best for us
  129. to address you?”</entry>
  130. </row>
  131. </tbody>
  132. </tgroup>
  133. </informaltable></para>
  134. <para>For sentences with a similar structure, compare 2A and 8A below. Here sure
  135. three further examples: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  136. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  137. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  138. <tbody>
  139. <row>
  140. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme zuò
  141. hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
  142. </row>
  143. <row>
  144. <entry/>
  145. </row>
  146. <row>
  147. <entry>What should I do?</entry>
  148. </row>
  149. <row>
  150. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme chī
  151. hǎo ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  152. </row>
  153. <row>
  154. <entry/>
  155. </row>
  156. <row>
  157. <entry>How should it be cooked (lit., “eaten”)? </entry>
  158. </row>
  159. <row>
  160. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn bù
  161. zhīdào gàosu ta hǎo ne, háishi bú. gàosu ta
  162. hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
  163. </row>
  164. <row>
  165. <entry/>
  166. </row>
  167. <row>
  168. <entry> I really don't know whether I should tell him or
  169. not. </entry>
  170. </row>
  171. </tbody>
  172. </tgroup>
  173. </informaltable>
  174. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānguān</foreignphrase>,
  175. literally, “enter-look,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  176. >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase>. literally, “visit-interview,” are both
  177. sometimes translated as “to visit,” but there an important difference in
  178. their meaning: you <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  179. >cānguān</foreignphrase> a place (like a museum), but you <foreignphrase
  180. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> people. Thus,
  181. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cānguān</foreignphrase> is
  182. translated as “visit and observe,” and <foreignphrase
  183. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> as ”visit and talk
  184. with.” By extension, you can also <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  185. >fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> a place, but this implies a formal visit to a
  186. country or visits to factories or offices where the visitors have a chance
  187. to talk with the responsible people and workers. In addition, <foreignphrase
  188. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǎngwèn</foreignphrase> also sometimes
  189. translates the English verb “to interview.” Examples:<informaltable
  190. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  191. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  192. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  193. <tbody>
  194. <row>
  195. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
  196. xǐhuan cānguān zhèiyangde dìfang, wǒ xiāng cānguān
  197. gòngchāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  198. </row>
  199. <row>
  200. <entry/>
  201. </row>
  202. <row>
  203. <entry> I don’t like to visit this kind of place. I want to
  204. visit a factory. </entry>
  205. </row>
  206. <row>
  207. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Duìbuqǐ
  208. xiānsheng, zhèli shi jūnshì dìqǔ, bù kéyi
  209. cānguān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  210. </row>
  211. <row>
  212. <entry/>
  213. </row>
  214. <row>
  215. <entry>I'm sorry, sir. This is a military zone; sightseeing
  216. is not permitted.</entry>
  217. </row>
  218. <row>
  219. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián wǒ
  220. zài Zhōngguó fǎngwènle liǎngge gànbu
  221. jiātíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  222. </row>
  223. <row>
  224. <entry/>
  225. </row>
  226. <row>
  227. <entry>Last year in China I visited tvo cadres’
  228. families.</entry>
  229. </row>
  230. <row>
  231. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zài
  232. liǎngge xīngqīlǐ, tāmen fǎngvènle liùge
  233. chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  234. </row>
  235. <row>
  236. <entry/>
  237. </row>
  238. <row>
  239. <entry> They visited six cities in two weeks. (Implies that
  240. they talked with city officials.) </entry>
  241. </row>
  242. <row>
  243. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè zhēn
  244. shi yícì yǒu yìside fǎngwèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  245. </row>
  246. <row>
  247. <entry/>
  248. </row>
  249. <row>
  250. <entry>This was really an interesting visit. </entry>
  251. </row>
  252. <row>
  253. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
  254. tāmen qù fǎngwènle yíwèi yǒu míngde Zhōngguó
  255. xuézhě.</foreignphrase></entry>
  256. </row>
  257. <row>
  258. <entry/>
  259. </row>
  260. <row>
  261. <entry>Yesterday they vent to interview a famous Chinese
  262. scholar.</entry>
  263. </row>
  264. </tbody>
  265. </tgroup>
  266. </informaltable></para>
  267. </section>
  268. <section>
  269. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  270. <para>The structure of sentence 2A, which is similar to that of 1A, can
  271. be</para>
  272. <para>diagrammed this way:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  273. <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
  274. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  275. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="0.2*"/>
  276. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  277. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
  278. <tbody>
  279. <row>
  280. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
  281. shì</foreignphrase></entry>
  282. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">,</entry>
  283. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme
  284. ānpái</foreignphrase></entry>
  285. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo
  286. hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
  287. </row>
  288. <row>
  289. <entry/>
  290. <entry/>
  291. <entry/>
  292. </row>
  293. <row>
  294. <entry>[As for] this matter</entry>
  295. <entry>how arrange</entry>
  296. <entry> [would be] comparatively better?</entry>
  297. </row>
  298. </tbody>
  299. </tgroup>
  300. </informaltable></para>
  301. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ānpái</foreignphrase>: “to
  302. arrange,” “to set up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  303. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  304. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  305. <tbody>
  306. <row>
  307. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zongshi
  308. bǎ shíjiān ānpáide hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  309. </row>
  310. <row>
  311. <entry/>
  312. </row>
  313. <row>
  314. <entry>He always arranges his time well.</entry>
  315. </row>
  316. <row>
  317. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiān bǎ
  318. zhuōzi ānpaihǎo, kèren kuài lái
  319. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  320. </row>
  321. <row>
  322. <entry/>
  323. </row>
  324. <row>
  325. <entry>First arrange the tables; the guests will be here
  326. soon.</entry>
  327. </row>
  328. <row>
  329. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā Sānyuè
  330. yǐqián jiu bú zài zhèr, bèi ānpái dào biéde dìfang
  331. qu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  332. </row>
  333. <row>
  334. <entry/>
  335. </row>
  336. <row>
  337. <entry>He had left here even before March, having been
  338. assigned to another location.</entry>
  339. </row>
  340. </tbody>
  341. </tgroup>
  342. </informaltable></para>
  343. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> or
  344. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiào</foreignphrase>: </para>
  345. <para>
  346. <orderedlist>
  347. <listitem>
  348. <para>“Comparatively,” “relatively,” “more” is the meaning in
  349. sentence 2A. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  350. >bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> also has the following
  351. meanings:</para>
  352. </listitem>
  353. <listitem>
  354. <para> “to compare”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  355. colsep="1">
  356. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  357. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  358. <tbody>
  359. <row>
  360. <entry>Yàoshi bījiào zhè li&amp;ngge chéng-shì, w8
  361. háishi xīhuan Hāngzhōu.</entry>
  362. </row>
  363. <row>
  364. <entry/>
  365. </row>
  366. <row>
  367. <entry>If you compare these two cities, I prefer
  368. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  369. >Hángzhòu</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  370. </row>
  371. <row>
  372. <entry>
  373. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  374. >Wǒmen kéyi bǐjiǎo yixià shéi zuòde
  375. hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
  376. </entry>
  377. </row>
  378. <row>
  379. <entry/>
  380. </row>
  381. <row>
  382. <entry>We can compare who did it better. </entry>
  383. </row>
  384. </tbody>
  385. </tgroup>
  386. </informaltable></para>
  387. </listitem>
  388. <listitem>
  389. <para> “fairly,” “rather” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  390. colsep="1">
  391. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  392. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  393. <tbody>
  394. <row>
  395. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  396. >Jīntiān bǐjiào lěng, duō chuān diǎnr
  397. yīfú.</foreignphrase></entry>
  398. </row>
  399. <row>
  400. <entry/>
  401. </row>
  402. <row>
  403. <entry> It’s rather cold today, put on some
  404. clothing.</entry>
  405. </row>
  406. </tbody>
  407. </tgroup>
  408. </informaltable></para>
  409. </listitem>
  410. </orderedlist>
  411. </para>
  412. <para>Context will often tell you whether <foreignphrase
  413. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐjiǎo</foreignphrase> as an adverb implies a
  414. comparison (in which case it should be translated as “comparatively,”
  415. “relatively,” or (in which case it should be translated “more”) or does not
  416. imply a comparison as “rather” or “fairly”).<informaltable frame="none"
  417. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  418. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  419. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  420. <tbody>
  421. <row>
  422. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  423. bǐjiǎo ài jiǎng huàde rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  424. </row>
  425. <row>
  426. <entry/>
  427. </row>
  428. <row>
  429. <entry>He is a rather talkative person.</entry>
  430. </row>
  431. <row>
  432. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
  433. liǎngge bànfa, něige bǐjiǎo yǒu
  434. xiào?</foreignphrase></entry>
  435. </row>
  436. <row>
  437. <entry/>
  438. </row>
  439. <row>
  440. <entry>Of these two methods, which is more
  441. effective?</entry>
  442. </row>
  443. <row>
  444. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìèrge
  445. bànfa bǐjiǎo yǒu xiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  446. </row>
  447. <row>
  448. <entry/>
  449. </row>
  450. <row>
  451. <entry>The second is more effective.</entry>
  452. </row>
  453. <row>
  454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèr
  455. dào chéngli qù, zuò dìtiě bǐjiǎo kùài
  456. yidiǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
  457. </row>
  458. <row>
  459. <entry/>
  460. </row>
  461. <row>
  462. <entry>To go into the city from here, it’s somewhat faster
  463. by subway.</entry>
  464. </row>
  465. </tbody>
  466. </tgroup>
  467. </informaltable></para>
  468. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi
  469. fāngmian</foreignphrase>: Literally, “the <foreignphrase
  470. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghái</foreignphrase> side,” meaning the
  471. concerned party in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  472. >Shànghái</foreignphrase>. In this sentence, the best English
  473. translation is simply “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  474. >Shànghái</foreignphrase>.” For more examples of this use of
  475. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngmian</foreignphrase>, see
  476. the Society module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 8.</para>
  477. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì</foreignphrase>: “to
  478. contact,” “to get in touch with,” or as a noun, “connection,” “ties.”
  479. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì</foreignphrase> can be
  480. between individual people, groups, or phenomena:<informaltable frame="none"
  481. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  482. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  483. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  484. <tbody>
  485. <row>
  486. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  487. yǐjīng yǒu liǎngsānniān meíyǒu liānxì le, bù zhīdào
  488. tā zuìjìn zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  489. </row>
  490. <row>
  491. <entry/>
  492. </row>
  493. <row>
  494. <entry>We haven’t been in touch for two or three years. I
  495. wonder how he has been lately.</entry>
  496. </row>
  497. <row>
  498. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
  499. liǎngge wèntí méiyou shenme
  500. liánxì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  501. </row>
  502. <row>
  503. <entry/>
  504. </row>
  505. <row>
  506. <entry>There's no connection between these two
  507. questions.</entry>
  508. </row>
  509. <row>
  510. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  511. nián lái, Zhōng-Měi liǎngguóde liánxì yuè lái yuè
  512. guǎng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  513. </row>
  514. <row>
  515. <entry/>
  516. </row>
  517. <row>
  518. <entry>In the past few years, ties between China and the
  519. U.S. have been getting broader and broader.</entry>
  520. </row>
  521. </tbody>
  522. </tgroup>
  523. </informaltable></para>
  524. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì yíxià</foreignphrase>:
  525. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíxià</foreignphrase> here is
  526. used the same way as in a sentence you learned in the Meeting module, Unit
  527. 8: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tì nǐ zhuǎngào
  528. yíxià</foreignphrase>, “I will pass on the message for you.”
  529. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíxià</foreignphrase> means
  530. “one time,” and simply adds a casual feeling, similar to the effect of
  531. reduplicating a verb. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  532. >Yíxià</foreignphrase> here is not translated as “a while” or “a little
  533. bit.”) Reduplicating the verb has about the same meaning: <foreignphrase
  534. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liánxì lianxi</foreignphrase>.</para>
  535. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng , . zài
  536. shuō</foreignphrase> literally means “Wait until ... and then talk about
  537. it?” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shuō</foreignphrase> is
  538. often better translated as “see about it” or “deal with it.” <foreignphrase
  539. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng</foreignphrase> can sometimes be
  540. translated simply as “when.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  541. colsep="1">
  542. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  543. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  544. <tbody>
  545. <row>
  546. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngtiān
  547. zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  548. </row>
  549. <row>
  550. <entry/>
  551. </row>
  552. <row>
  553. <entry>We’ll see about that tomorrow.</entry>
  554. </row>
  555. <row>
  556. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děng tā
  557. láile zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  558. </row>
  559. <row>
  560. <entry/>
  561. </row>
  562. <row>
  563. <entry>We’ll see about that when he gets here.</entry>
  564. </row>
  565. <row>
  566. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen xiān
  567. shìshi kàn zài shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  568. </row>
  569. <row>
  570. <entry/>
  571. </row>
  572. <row>
  573. <entry>Let’s try it out first and then see about it.</entry>
  574. </row>
  575. </tbody>
  576. </tgroup>
  577. </informaltable></para>
  578. </section>
  579. <section>
  580. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  581. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase>: “zone,”
  582. “area,” “belt” The original meaning of <foreignphrase
  583. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dài</foreignphrase> is a belt or band, as in
  584. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pídài</foreignphrase>,
  585. “leather belt,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  586. >lùyīndài</foreignphrase>, “recording tape,” and <foreignphrase
  587. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiédài</foreignphrase>. “shoelaces.” It is
  588. easy to see why it has also come to mean “belt” in a geographical sense, and
  589. by extension, “zone” or “area.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  590. >Dài</foreignphrase> is used in such words as <foreignphrase
  591. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rèdài</foreignphrase> (literally “hot-zone”)
  592. “the tropics,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  593. >dìdài</foreignphrase>. “zone,” “region.” It is also used in the common
  594. phrases <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi
  595. yídài</foreignphrase>, “this area,” and <foreignphrase
  596. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi yídài</foreignphrase>, “coastal
  597. region” (you will learn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  598. >yánhǎi</foreignphrase> in Unit 5 of this module).<informaltable
  599. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  600. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  601. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  602. <tbody>
  603. <row>
  604. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yídài
  605. wǎnshang hěn wēixiǎn. Nǐ yíge rén chūqu děi xiǎoxīn
  606. diǎnr.</foreignphrase></entry>
  607. </row>
  608. <row>
  609. <entry/>
  610. </row>
  611. <row>
  612. <entry>This area is dangerous at night. You’d better be
  613. careful if you go out alone.</entry>
  614. </row>
  615. </tbody>
  616. </tgroup>
  617. </informaltable></para>
  618. <para>You can use names of regions in the pattern ... <foreignphrase
  619. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídài</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  620. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  621. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  622. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  623. <tbody>
  624. <row>
  625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tīng nǐ
  626. shuō huà, nǐ dàgài shi Shǎnběi yídài
  627. rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  628. </row>
  629. <row>
  630. <entry/>
  631. </row>
  632. <row>
  633. <entry>From the way you speak, I'd guess you’re from the
  634. area of northern <foreignphrase
  635. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  636. >Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  637. </row>
  638. </tbody>
  639. </tgroup>
  640. </informaltable></para>
  641. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase>:
  642. “dialect” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāng</foreignphrase>-,
  643. as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfāng</foreignphrase>.
  644. “place,” here means “local.” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  645. >Yán</foreignphrase> forms part of the word <foreignphrase
  646. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán</foreignphrase>, “language,” which is
  647. presented in sentence 9B.) In linguistics, the word <foreignphrase
  648. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase> is used as we use the
  649. word “dialect.” In common Chinese usage, <foreignphrase
  650. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāngyán</foreignphrase> also refers to the
  651. various Chinese languages (such as Cantonese) which are not intelligible to
  652. a speaker of Standard Chinese. See also the note on <foreignphrase
  653. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> under Number
  654. 5.</para>
  655. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liǎojiě</foreignphrase>: As a
  656. state verb, “to understand,” “to grasp,” “to comprehend,” and as an action
  657. verb, “to find out,” “to acquaint oneself with.” As a state verb, it can be
  658. used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì . . .
  659. liǎojiě</foreignphrase> (see the fourth and fifth examples
  660. below).</para>
  661. <para>
  662. <itemizedlist>
  663. <listitem>
  664. <para>As a state verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  665. colsep="1">
  666. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  667. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  668. <tbody>
  669. <row>
  670. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  671. >Nǐ bù liǎojiě qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  672. </row>
  673. <row>
  674. <entry/>
  675. </row>
  676. <row>
  677. <entry>You don’t understand the situation.</entry>
  678. </row>
  679. <row>
  680. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  681. >Tā hěn liǎojiě nàlide
  682. qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  683. </row>
  684. <row>
  685. <entry/>
  686. </row>
  687. <row>
  688. <entry>He understands the situation there quite
  689. well.</entry>
  690. </row>
  691. <row>
  692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  693. >Tāde guòqù, wǒ liǎojiěde fēicháng
  694. qìngchú.</foreignphrase></entry>
  695. </row>
  696. <row>
  697. <entry/>
  698. </row>
  699. <row>
  700. <entry>I am very familiar with his past
  701. history.</entry>
  702. </row>
  703. <row>
  704. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  705. >Nǐ duì tā hái bù liǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
  706. </row>
  707. <row>
  708. <entry/>
  709. </row>
  710. <row>
  711. <entry>You still don’t understand him.</entry>
  712. </row>
  713. <row>
  714. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  715. >Duì Zhōngguó lìshì wǒ liǎojiě bú
  716. gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  717. </row>
  718. <row>
  719. <entry/>
  720. </row>
  721. <row>
  722. <entry>I don't know enough about Chinese
  723. history.</entry>
  724. </row>
  725. </tbody>
  726. </tgroup>
  727. </informaltable></para>
  728. </listitem>
  729. <listitem>
  730. <para>As an action verb<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  731. colsep="1">
  732. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  733. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  734. <tbody>
  735. <row>
  736. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  737. >Ni dào nàr qù yǐqián zuì hǎo liǎojiě yíxià nàrde
  738. fēngsú.</foreignphrase></entry>
  739. </row>
  740. <row>
  741. <entry/>
  742. </row>
  743. <row>
  744. <entry>Before you go there, you would do well to
  745. acquaint yourself with the (local)
  746. customs.</entry>
  747. </row>
  748. <row>
  749. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  750. >Wǒ xiāng liǎojiě liǎojiě rénmín shēnghuōde
  751. qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  752. </row>
  753. <row>
  754. <entry/>
  755. </row>
  756. <row>
  757. <entry>I would like to find out about the (daily)
  758. life of the people.</entry>
  759. </row>
  760. </tbody>
  761. </tgroup>
  762. </informaltable></para>
  763. <para>When the word ”know’’ means to understand a person, it must be
  764. translated into Chinese as liǎojiě:<informaltable frame="none"
  765. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  766. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  767. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  768. <tbody>
  769. <row>
  770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  771. >Tā àiren zuì liǎojiě ta.</foreignphrase></entry>
  772. </row>
  773. <row>
  774. <entry/>
  775. </row>
  776. <row>
  777. <entry>His wife knows him best, (or “Her husband
  778. …”</entry>
  779. </row>
  780. </tbody>
  781. </tgroup>
  782. </informaltable></para>
  783. </listitem>
  784. </itemizedlist>
  785. </para>
  786. <para>(<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rènshi tā</foreignphrase>
  787. simply means “to be acquainted with him,” and <foreignphrase
  788. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìdao tā</foreignphrase> means “to know of
  789. him.”)</para>
  790. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánbudào</foreignphrase>:
  791. “cannot speak of ...” A polite response to flattering comments. After
  792. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tánbudào</foreignphrase>, you
  793. usually repeat the words of the first speaker, e.g.,<informaltable
  794. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  795. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  796. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  797. <tbody>
  798. <row>
  799. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ duì
  800. Měiguō wénhuà hěn liǎojiě.</foreignphrase></entry>
  801. </row>
  802. <row>
  803. <entry/>
  804. </row>
  805. <row>
  806. <entry>You understand American culture very well.</entry>
  807. </row>
  808. <row>
  809. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tánbudào
  810. liǎojiě, wǒ zhǐ shi duì zhèifāngmiàn hěn yǒu
  811. xìngqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  812. </row>
  813. <row>
  814. <entry/>
  815. </row>
  816. <row>
  817. <entry>It’s kind of you to say so (“One cannot speak of
  818. understanding it”), but I’m just very interested in
  819. it.</entry>
  820. </row>
  821. </tbody>
  822. </tgroup>
  823. </informaltable></para>
  824. </section>
  825. <section>
  826. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  827. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu</foreignphrase>:
  828. “petroleum,” “oil” (literally, “rock-oil,” which, incidentally, is also the
  829. meaning of the English word “petroleum ) Examples: <foreignphrase
  830. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu gōngyè</foreignphrase>. “the oil
  831. industry”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu
  832. huàxué</foreignphrase>, “petrochemistry.”</para>
  833. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbùfen</foreignphrase>: “the
  834. most part,” “for the most part,” “mostly.” The stress in this word is on the
  835. syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>-, and
  836. in conversation, the middle syllable, -<foreignphrase
  837. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>-, is often neutral tone
  838. (you may even hear what sounds like <foreignphrase
  839. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbfen</foreignphrase>, with the
  840. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">u</foreignphrase> sound
  841. missing).</para>
  842. <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàbùfen</foreignphrase> to
  843. modify a verb or a noun:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  844. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  845. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  846. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  847. <tbody>
  848. <row>
  849. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguō rén
  850. dàbùfen dōu yǒu , zìjǐde
  851. chē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  852. <entry morerows="3" valign="middle">Most Americans have
  853. their own car.</entry>
  854. </row>
  855. <row>
  856. <entry/>
  857. </row>
  858. <row>
  859. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàbùfen
  860. Měiguō rén dōu yǒu zìjǐde
  861. chē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  862. </row>
  863. <row>
  864. <entry/>
  865. </row>
  866. </tbody>
  867. </tgroup>
  868. </informaltable></para>
  869. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ba?</foreignphrase>: “isn’t
  870. that correct?” “isn't that so?” You have already learned to ask for the
  871. listener’s confirmation by using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  872. >shì bu shì?</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
  873. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì ma?</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
  874. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì bu duì?</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase
  875. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ma?</foreignphrase> at the end of a
  876. sentence. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì ba?</foreignphrase>
  877. and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì ba?</foreignphrase> are
  878. also used in the same sentence position to ask for confirmation, but because
  879. of the marker <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase>,
  880. they imply that the speaker is fairly sure that his information is
  881. correct.</para>
  882. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánbù</foreignphrase>:
  883. “entire,” “whole,” ”all”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  884. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  885. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  886. <tbody>
  887. <row>
  888. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shū
  889. wǒ quánbù dōu kànguo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  890. </row>
  891. <row>
  892. <entry/>
  893. </row>
  894. <row>
  895. <entry>I’ve read all of these books.</entry>
  896. </row>
  897. <row>
  898. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde qián
  899. quánbù yōòg zài 1ǚxíngshang
  900. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  901. </row>
  902. <row>
  903. <entry/>
  904. </row>
  905. <row>
  906. <entry>His money was all used up by the trip, (“used on the
  907. trip”)</entry>
  908. </row>
  909. <row>
  910. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gěi wǒde
  911. gōngzuò, wǒ hái méi quánbù zuòwán
  912. ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  913. </row>
  914. <row>
  915. <entry/>
  916. </row>
  917. <row>
  918. <entry>I haven't finished all of the work he gave me
  919. yet.</entry>
  920. </row>
  921. <row>
  922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
  923. huà quánbù méi yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  924. </row>
  925. <row>
  926. <entry/>
  927. </row>
  928. <row>
  929. <entry>Everything he said is nonsense (worthless,
  930. useless).</entry>
  931. </row>
  932. <row>
  933. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bù
  934. zhīdào tāde quánbù qíngkuàng zěnme néng hé ta
  935. jiēhǔn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  936. </row>
  937. <row>
  938. <entry/>
  939. </row>
  940. <row>
  941. <entry>How can you marry him without knowing his whole
  942. situation?</entry>
  943. </row>
  944. </tbody>
  945. </tgroup>
  946. </informaltable></para>
  947. </section>
  948. <section>
  949. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  950. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bēifāng</foreignphrase>, “the
  951. north” of a country, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  952. >nánfāng</foreignphrase>. “the south” of a country: When used with
  953. reference to China, these terms usually mean the area north of the
  954. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáng Hé</foreignphrase>
  955. (Yellow River) and the area south of the <foreignphrase
  956. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángjiāng</foreignphrase> (Yangtze River),
  957. respectively. The area between the rivers is usually considered central
  958. China.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  959. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  960. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  961. <tbody>
  962. <row>
  963. <entry>Béifāng rén xǐhuan chī miànshí, nánfāng rén xǐhuan
  964. chī mǐfàn.</entry>
  965. </row>
  966. <row>
  967. <entry/>
  968. </row>
  969. <row>
  970. <entry>Northerners like to eat foods made from wheat, and
  971. southerners like to eat rice.</entry>
  972. </row>
  973. <row>
  974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
  975. Zhōngguó huà yǒu nánfāng
  976. kǒuyīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  977. </row>
  978. <row>
  979. <entry/>
  980. </row>
  981. <row>
  982. <entry>His Chinese has a southern accent, </entry>
  983. </row>
  984. </tbody>
  985. </tgroup>
  986. </informaltable></para>
  987. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>: ”the
  988. common speech,” the usual designation in the PRC for what we have called in
  989. this course ”Standard Chinese.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  990. >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> is officially defined as consisting of the
  991. sound system of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  992. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech, the vocabulary and idiom of northern
  993. speech, and the grammar of exemplary modem vernacular writings. </para>
  994. <para>It would be inaccurate to equate <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  995. >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> with either <foreignphrase
  996. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng huà</foreignphrase> (“northern
  997. speech”) or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
  998. huà</foreignphrase> (“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  999. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> speech”), because <foreignphrase
  1000. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> has absorbed many
  1001. elements from other dialects, contributing to its richness. Conversely, such
  1002. things as purely regional expressions (including those of <foreignphrase
  1003. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> itself) and
  1004. non-standard pronunciations are not considered <foreignphrase
  1005. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase>. </para>
  1006. <para>Before the PRC, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1007. >pǔtōnghuà</foreignphrase> already existed, but referred to the
  1008. approximations of Mandarin spoken by the common people of northern China.
  1009. (In Taiwan, the term <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1010. >guóyǔ</foreignphrase>. “the national language,” is used for the
  1011. officially promoted standard language.)</para>
  1012. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù zhǐ shi běifāng
  1013. rén</foreignphrase>: “not Just northerners” <foreignphrase
  1014. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhǐ shi</foreignphrase>, “not only,” can
  1015. be followed by a noun, verb, or clause. Sometimes you may hear
  1016. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú jiù shi</foreignphrase>,
  1017. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú dàn shi</foreignphrase>,
  1018. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù guāng shi</foreignphrase>,
  1019. or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù jǐn shi
  1020. </foreignphrase>(which you will learn in the Life in China module), with the
  1021. same meaning. The <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1022. >shi</foreignphrase> is necessary before a noun but may be omitted
  1023. before a verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1024. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1025. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1026. <tbody>
  1027. <row>
  1028. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  1029. bàngōngshì bù zhǐ (shi) yǒu Méiguo rén, hái yǒu jǐge
  1030. Zhōngguó rén bāng wǒmen gōngzuò.
  1031. </foreignphrase></entry>
  1032. </row>
  1033. <row>
  1034. <entry/>
  1035. </row>
  1036. <row>
  1037. <entry> In our office, there are not only Americans, but
  1038. also some Chinese who help us.</entry>
  1039. </row>
  1040. </tbody>
  1041. </tgroup>
  1042. </informaltable></para>
  1043. </section>
  1044. <section>
  1045. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  1046. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnzhèn</foreignphrase>,
  1047. formerly known by its Cantonese pronunciation, <foreignphrase
  1048. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shumchun</foreignphrase>, is the border stop
  1049. on the railroad from Hong Kong to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1050. >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> (Canton).</para>
  1051. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí jìng</foreignphrase>: “leave
  1052. a country,” literally, “leave-boundary” You can also say <foreignphrase
  1053. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū jìng</foreignphrase>.</para>
  1054. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐwéi</foreignphrase>: “to
  1055. mistakenly think” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1056. >Xiǎng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1057. >rènwéi</foreignphrase>, which you will learn in the next unit, both
  1058. mean “to think that ...” Yīwéi adds the meaning that the subject's
  1059. impression was wrong.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1060. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1061. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1062. <tbody>
  1063. <row>
  1064. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yǐwéi wǒ
  1065. bù zhīdào?! Wǒ zǎo Jiu tīngshuō
  1066. le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  1067. </row>
  1068. <row>
  1069. <entry/>
  1070. </row>
  1071. <row>
  1072. <entry>You thought I didn't know?! I heard about it a long
  1073. time ago!</entry>
  1074. </row>
  1075. <row>
  1076. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǐwéi wǒ
  1077. yíge rén kéyi nádedòng, shéi zhīdào nàme
  1078. zhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1079. </row>
  1080. <row>
  1081. <entry/>
  1082. </row>
  1083. <row>
  1084. <entry>I thought I could carry it by myself; who would have
  1085. thought It was so heavy?</entry>
  1086. </row>
  1087. </tbody>
  1088. </tgroup>
  1089. </informaltable></para>
  1090. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái yǐwéi</foreignphrase>: “I
  1091. thought (mistakenly)” You have learned <foreignphrase
  1092. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> as “still” and as “also,
  1093. additionally.” This <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1094. >hái</foreignphrase> has a different meaning and is not translated. It
  1095. emphasizes that the subject was under a wrong impression.</para>
  1096. <para>This meaning of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1097. >hái</foreignphrase> is most clearly seen with the verb <foreignphrase
  1098. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase
  1099. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái xiǎng</foreignphrase> means “I
  1100. mistakenly thought,” whereas <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
  1101. xiǎng</foreignphrase> does not specify whether the judgment was right or
  1102. wrong.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1103. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1104. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1105. <tbody>
  1106. <row>
  1107. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, shì nǐ
  1108. ya! Wǒ hái xiǎng (OR yǐwéi) shi biérén
  1109. ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  1110. </row>
  1111. <row>
  1112. <entry/>
  1113. </row>
  1114. <row>
  1115. <entry>Oh, it's you! I thought It was someone else.</entry>
  1116. </row>
  1117. <row>
  1118. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  1119. tīngshuōle ma? Tā shēngle ge
  1120. érzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1121. </row>
  1122. <row>
  1123. <entry/>
  1124. </row>
  1125. <row>
  1126. <entry>Have you heard? She had a baby boy.</entry>
  1127. </row>
  1128. <row>
  1129. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Òu, wǒ
  1130. hái bù zhīdào ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  1131. </row>
  1132. <row>
  1133. <entry/>
  1134. </row>
  1135. <row>
  1136. <entry>Oh, I didn't know! (Here, it is not a mistaken
  1137. impression but the previous lack of any information on
  1138. the subject which <foreignphrase
  1139. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>
  1140. emphasizes)</entry>
  1141. </row>
  1142. </tbody>
  1143. </tgroup>
  1144. </informaltable></para>
  1145. </section>
  1146. <section>
  1147. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  1148. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngběi</foreignphrase>,
  1149. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběl</foreignphrase>:
  1150. Although you learned this is in the Directions module, it bears repeating
  1151. that combined direction names (“northwest,” “southeast,” etc.) are said in
  1152. the reverse order from English:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  1153. colsep="1">
  1154. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  1155. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1156. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  1157. <tbody>
  1158. <row>
  1159. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1160. >xíběi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1161. <entry morerows="1">(west-north) northwest</entry>
  1162. </row>
  1163. <row>
  1164. <entry/>
  1165. </row>
  1166. <row>
  1167. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1168. >xīnán</foreignphrase></entry>
  1169. <entry morerows="1">(west-south) southwest</entry>
  1170. </row>
  1171. <row>
  1172. <entry/>
  1173. </row>
  1174. <row>
  1175. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1176. >dōngběi</foreignphrase></entry>
  1177. <entry morerows="1">(east-north) northeast</entry>
  1178. </row>
  1179. <row>
  1180. <entry/>
  1181. </row>
  1182. <row>
  1183. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1184. >dōngnán</foreignphrase></entry>
  1185. <entry morerows="1">(east-south) southeast</entry>
  1186. </row>
  1187. <row>
  1188. <entry/>
  1189. </row>
  1190. </tbody>
  1191. </tgroup>
  1192. </informaltable></para>
  1193. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngběi</foreignphrase>: “the
  1194. Northeast,” “Manchuria” The northeastern region of China, consisting of the
  1195. three provinces of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1196. >Liáoníng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1197. >Jílín</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1198. >Hēilóngjiāng</foreignphrase>, is sometimes called Manchuria because the
  1199. largest indigenous minority is the Manchu, or <foreignphrase
  1200. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>, nationality. Of China's
  1201. 2.6 million <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>,
  1202. most live scattered throughout these three provinces and <foreignphrase
  1203. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase>; there are also smaller
  1204. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>
  1205. populations in the cities of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1206. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1207. >Chéngdū</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1208. >Xi'ān</foreignphrase>, and Hohhot. The <foreignphrase
  1209. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase>, and before them their
  1210. ancestors the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1211. >Nǚzhēn</foreignphrase> (Nuchen or Juchen, an ancient nationality of the
  1212. same region), were a major force in Chinese history from the <foreignphrase
  1213. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīn</foreignphrase> Dynasty, in which the
  1214. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚzhēn</foreignphrase> ruled
  1215. northern China for over a century (1115-1234), to the Manchu-run
  1216. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> Dynasty
  1217. (1644-1911). After the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1218. >Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasty established its capital in <foreignphrase
  1219. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, great numbers of
  1220. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> filtered
  1221. south through <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1222. >Shānhǎi</foreignphrase> Pass in <foreignphrase
  1223. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Héběi</foreignphrase> and intermixed with the
  1224. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese.
  1225. To this century, large-scale <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1226. >Hàn</foreignphrase> migration to the Northeast (hundreds of thousands
  1227. every year) has caused the region’s population to swell to 99.4 million
  1228. (1976 estimate), of which only 2.4 million are of the <foreignphrase
  1229. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> nationality. Although
  1230. their ethnic origins are distinct from the <foreignphrase
  1231. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese, the
  1232. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mǎn</foreignphrase> today are
  1233. virtually assimilated with the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1234. >Hàn</foreignphrase> racially, culturally, and linguistically. Most, for
  1235. example, speak only Chinese; the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1236. >Mǎn</foreignphrase> language, which in the last dynasty was still used
  1237. alongside Chinese in official court documents, is well on its way to
  1238. extinction (some <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1239. >Mǎn</foreignphrase> speakers remain in <foreignphrase
  1240. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Àihuī</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
  1241. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fùyù</foreignphrase> counties in
  1242. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1243. >Hēilóngjiāng</foreignphrase>).</para>
  1244. <mediaobject>
  1245. <imageobject>
  1246. <imagedata
  1247. fileref="Images/FSI-StandardChinese-Module08TVL-StudentTextAndWorkbook-3.png"
  1248. />
  1249. </imageobject>
  1250. <caption><para>The three provinces of the Northeast</para></caption>
  1251. </mediaobject>
  1252. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběi</foreignphrase>: “the
  1253. Northwest,” a region which includes <foreignphrase
  1254. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Níngxià</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  1255. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  1256. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīnghǎi</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  1257. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎnxī</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
  1258. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gānsù</foreignphrase>.</para>
  1259. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qùguo le</foreignphrase>: “have
  1260. gone to” Notice that new-situation <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1261. >le</foreignphrase> may follow a verb phrase with the ending
  1262. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guo</foreignphrase>. Here are
  1263. some other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1264. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1265. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1266. <tbody>
  1267. <row>
  1268. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  1269. chīguo fàn le ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1270. </row>
  1271. <row>
  1272. <entry/>
  1273. </row>
  1274. <row>
  1275. <entry>Have you eaten yet?</entry>
  1276. </row>
  1277. <row>
  1278. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chīguò
  1279. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1280. </row>
  1281. <row>
  1282. <entry/>
  1283. </row>
  1284. <row>
  1285. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  1286. </row>
  1287. <row>
  1288. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ta zuì
  1289. xīnde diànyǐng nǐ kànguo le
  1290. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1291. </row>
  1292. <row>
  1293. <entry/>
  1294. </row>
  1295. <row>
  1296. <entry>Have you seen his latest movie yet?</entry>
  1297. </row>
  1298. <row>
  1299. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kànguo
  1300. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1301. </row>
  1302. <row>
  1303. <entry/>
  1304. </row>
  1305. <row>
  1306. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  1307. </row>
  1308. </tbody>
  1309. </tgroup>
  1310. </informaltable></para>
  1311. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>: An
  1312. oil-producing center (recently given the statue of a city) in the
  1313. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sǒng-Nèn</foreignphrase> Plain
  1314. of southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1315. >Héilóngjiāng</foreignphrase> province. <foreignphrase
  1316. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase> is the nation’s
  1317. leading producer of crude oil, accounting for more than one third of the
  1318. crude oil volume. China’s oil industry has only developed since 1949, and it
  1319. was the monumental exploration and drilling at <foreignphrase
  1320. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>, under extremely
  1321. adverse conditions, that in large part enabled China to meet her own oil
  1322. needs by 1963. In 1961:, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
  1323. Zédōng</foreignphrase> called on the whole nation to learn from
  1324. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase> in
  1325. industry (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngyè xué
  1326. Dàqìng</foreignphrase>), a slogan which continued to be heard through
  1327. the Cultural Revolution.</para>
  1328. </section>
  1329. <section>
  1330. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  1331. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...hǎo le</foreignphrase>: The
  1332. ending <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎo le</foreignphrase>,
  1333. literally “and then it will be okay,” has a special meaning; the translation
  1334. varies with the context. It is used when the speaker (1) agrees to
  1335. something, permits someone to do something, or suggests that someone do
  1336. something, or (2) gives in to something, doesn’t care if something
  1337. happens.</para>
  1338. <para><orderedlist>
  1339. <listitem>
  1340. <para>
  1341. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1342. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1343. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1344. <tbody>
  1345. <row>
  1346. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1347. >Wǒ qù hǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1348. </row>
  1349. <row>
  1350. <entry/>
  1351. </row>
  1352. <row>
  1353. <entry>I’ll go. (AGREEING TO DO SOMETHING)</entry>
  1354. </row>
  1355. <row>
  1356. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1357. >Zhào nǐ shuōde bàn hǎo
  1358. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1359. </row>
  1360. <row>
  1361. <entry/>
  1362. </row>
  1363. <row>
  1364. <entry>We’ll do it your way, then. (AGREEING TO DO
  1365. SOMETHING)</entry>
  1366. </row>
  1367. <row>
  1368. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1369. >Nǐ shuō Zhōngwén hǎo le, wǒ
  1370. tīngdedōng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1371. </row>
  1372. <row>
  1373. <entry/>
  1374. </row>
  1375. <row>
  1376. <entry>Go ahead and speak Chinese. I understand.
  1377. (SUGGESTING)</entry>
  1378. </row>
  1379. <row>
  1380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1381. >Nǐ náqu hǎo le, wǒ yòngwán
  1382. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1383. </row>
  1384. <row>
  1385. <entry/>
  1386. </row>
  1387. <row>
  1388. <entry>Go ahead and take it. I'm finished with it.
  1389. (PERMITTING)</entry>
  1390. </row>
  1391. </tbody>
  1392. </tgroup>
  1393. </informaltable>
  1394. </para>
  1395. </listitem>
  1396. <listitem>
  1397. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1398. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1399. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1400. <tbody>
  1401. <row>
  1402. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  1403. bú qù hǎo le, wǒ bù
  1404. gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1405. </row>
  1406. <row>
  1407. <entry/>
  1408. </row>
  1409. <row>
  1410. <entry>So don't go, then. But I'm not happy about
  1411. it.</entry>
  1412. </row>
  1413. <row>
  1414. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1415. >Ràng tā shuō hǎo le, wǒ bù
  1416. guǎn!</foreignphrase></entry>
  1417. </row>
  1418. <row>
  1419. <entry/>
  1420. </row>
  1421. <row>
  1422. <entry>Let him say what he wants to; I don't
  1423. care!</entry>
  1424. </row>
  1425. </tbody>
  1426. </tgroup>
  1427. </informaltable>
  1428. </listitem>
  1429. </orderedlist>“<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu(r)
  1430. jiàn</foreignphrase>: “See you later This is a <foreignphrase
  1431. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> expression.
  1432. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu</foreignphrase>,
  1433. literally, “turn one’s head,” is used colloquially to mean “later,” as
  1434. in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1435. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1436. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1437. <tbody>
  1438. <row>
  1439. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu
  1440. wǒmen zài tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1441. </row>
  1442. <row>
  1443. <entry/>
  1444. </row>
  1445. <row>
  1446. <entry>We'll talk it over later.</entry>
  1447. </row>
  1448. <row>
  1449. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ huí tóu
  1450. jiù lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1451. </row>
  1452. <row>
  1453. <entry/>
  1454. </row>
  1455. <row>
  1456. <entry>I'll be there in a minute.</entry>
  1457. </row>
  1458. </tbody>
  1459. </tgroup>
  1460. </informaltable></para>
  1461. <para>Use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huí tóu(r)
  1462. jiàn</foreignphrase> when you expect to see the other person
  1463. shortly.</para>
  1464. </section>
  1465. <section>
  1466. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  1467. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuézhé</foreignphrase>:
  1468. “scholar” You will find the ending -<foreignphrase
  1469. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhě</foreignphrase> in a number of words
  1470. where it means -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de
  1471. rén</foreignphrase>, “a person who....” In Unit 4, you will learn
  1472. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuòzhé</foreignphrase>.
  1473. “worker (in a certain field).” Other examples:</para>
  1474. <itemizedlist>
  1475. <listitem>
  1476. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dúzhě</foreignphrase>
  1477. reader (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1478. >dú</foreignphrase>, “read,” will be presented in the next
  1479. module)</para>
  1480. </listitem>
  1481. <listitem>
  1482. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìzhě</foreignphrase>
  1483. reporter, Journalist (lit., “one who records things”)</para>
  1484. </listitem>
  1485. <listitem>
  1486. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huòdézhé</foreignphrase>
  1487. recipient of a prize, etc. (<foreignphrase
  1488. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huòdé</foreignphrase> means “to
  1489. obtain”) </para>
  1490. </listitem>
  1491. </itemizedlist>
  1492. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào</foreignphrase>: As an
  1493. adjective, “major/main/essential,” and as an adverb, “mainly,
  1494. “essentially”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1495. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1496. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1497. <tbody>
  1498. <row>
  1499. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qù Xīběi,
  1500. zhǔyàode mùdi shi xiǎng liǎojiě yidiǎnr guǎnyú nàrde
  1501. nóngyè shěngchǎn qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1502. </row>
  1503. <row>
  1504. <entry/>
  1505. </row>
  1506. <row>
  1507. <entry>The main reason for going to the Northwest is to find
  1508. out about agricultural production there.</entry>
  1509. </row>
  1510. <row>
  1511. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zhèr
  1512. zhǔyàode wèntí shi méi qián.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1513. </row>
  1514. <row>
  1515. <entry/>
  1516. </row>
  1517. <row>
  1518. <entry>Our main problem here is that we have no
  1519. money.</entry>
  1520. </row>
  1521. <row>
  1522. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàr zhǔyào
  1523. zhǎnlǎn xiē shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1524. </row>
  1525. <row>
  1526. <entry/>
  1527. </row>
  1528. <row>
  1529. <entry>What are the main things they exhibit there? (”What
  1530. mainly do they exhibit there?”)</entry>
  1531. </row>
  1532. <row>
  1533. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Néng bu
  1534. néng qù, zhǔyào kàn shíjiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1535. </row>
  1536. <row>
  1537. <entry/>
  1538. </row>
  1539. <row>
  1540. <entry>Whether or not we can go depends mainly on
  1541. time.</entry>
  1542. </row>
  1543. <row>
  1544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zhǔyào
  1545. jjiǎngde shi Zhōngguóde shíyóu shēngchǎn
  1546. qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1547. </row>
  1548. <row>
  1549. <entry/>
  1550. </row>
  1551. <row>
  1552. <entry>He spoke mainly about China's oil production.</entry>
  1553. </row>
  1554. </tbody>
  1555. </tgroup>
  1556. </informaltable></para>
  1557. <para>There are times when <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1558. >zhǔyào</foreignphrase> must be translated as “essentially” rather than
  1559. as “mainly,” for example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1560. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1561. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1562. <tbody>
  1563. <row>
  1564. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  1565. lái, zhǔyào shi yīnwei wǒde péngyou dōu lái
  1566. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1567. </row>
  1568. <row>
  1569. <entry/>
  1570. </row>
  1571. <row>
  1572. <entry>I came today essentially because all my friends
  1573. came.</entry>
  1574. </row>
  1575. </tbody>
  1576. </tgroup>
  1577. </informaltable></para>
  1578. <para>This sentence does not imply that there are any other reasons of lesser
  1579. importance.</para>
  1580. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán</foreignphrase> “language”
  1581. The counter for a language is usually -<foreignphrase
  1582. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒng</foreignphrase>. “kind”:<informaltable
  1583. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1584. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1585. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1586. <tbody>
  1587. <row>
  1588. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué yìzhǒng
  1589. yǔyán bú shi yìtiān liǎngtiānde
  1590. shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1591. </row>
  1592. <row>
  1593. <entry/>
  1594. </row>
  1595. <row>
  1596. <entry> Learning a language isn't something you can do
  1597. overnight (”in a day or two”).</entry>
  1598. </row>
  1599. <row>
  1600. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
  1601. shi yìzhǒng bǐjiǎo nán xuéde
  1602. yùyán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1603. </row>
  1604. <row>
  1605. <entry/>
  1606. </row>
  1607. <row>
  1608. <entry>Chinese is a rather difficult language to
  1609. learn.</entry>
  1610. </row>
  1611. <row>
  1612. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  1613. chángcháng jiāo tamen yìxiē bù yīnggāi jiāode
  1614. yùyán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1615. </row>
  1616. <row>
  1617. <entry/>
  1618. </row>
  1619. <row>
  1620. <entry>He often teaches them language (words and phrases)
  1621. that shouldn't be taught.</entry>
  1622. </row>
  1623. </tbody>
  1624. </tgroup>
  1625. </informaltable></para>
  1626. <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǔ</foreignphrase> can be used
  1627. as the ending for the names of languages:<informaltable frame="none"
  1628. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1629. <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
  1630. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1631. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  1632. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  1633. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
  1634. <tbody>
  1635. <row>
  1636. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1637. >Yīngyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1638. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">English</entry>
  1639. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1640. >Xībānyáyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1641. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Spanish</entry>
  1642. </row>
  1643. <row>
  1644. <entry/>
  1645. <entry/>
  1646. </row>
  1647. <row>
  1648. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1649. >Hànyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1650. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Chinese</entry>
  1651. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1652. >Déyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1653. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">German</entry>
  1654. </row>
  1655. <row>
  1656. <entry/>
  1657. <entry/>
  1658. </row>
  1659. <row>
  1660. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1661. >Rìyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1662. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Japanese</entry>
  1663. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1664. >Fǎyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1665. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">French</entry>
  1666. </row>
  1667. <row>
  1668. <entry/>
  1669. <entry/>
  1670. </row>
  1671. <row>
  1672. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1673. >Ālābōyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1674. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Arabic</entry>
  1675. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1676. >Éyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1677. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Russian</entry>
  1678. </row>
  1679. <row>
  1680. <entry/>
  1681. <entry/>
  1682. </row>
  1683. <row>
  1684. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1685. >Mǎnyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1686. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Manchurian</entry>
  1687. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1688. >Yìndìyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1689. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Hindi</entry>
  1690. </row>
  1691. <row>
  1692. <entry/>
  1693. <entry/>
  1694. </row>
  1695. <row>
  1696. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1697. >wàiyǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  1698. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">foreign language</entry>
  1699. <entry/>
  1700. <entry/>
  1701. </row>
  1702. <row>
  1703. <entry/>
  1704. <entry/>
  1705. <entry/>
  1706. </row>
  1707. </tbody>
  1708. </tgroup>
  1709. </informaltable></para>
  1710. <para>The ending </para>
  1711. <para>
  1712. <itemizedlist>
  1713. <listitem>
  1714. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>
  1715. (as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  1716. huà</foreignphrase>) refers to just the spoken
  1717. language.</para>
  1718. </listitem>
  1719. <listitem>
  1720. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wén</foreignphrase>
  1721. can refer to </para>
  1722. <orderedlist>
  1723. <listitem>
  1724. <para>the written, or </para>
  1725. </listitem>
  1726. <listitem>
  1727. <para>the written plus the spoken.</para>
  1728. </listitem>
  1729. </orderedlist>
  1730. </listitem>
  1731. <listitem>
  1732. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǔ</foreignphrase>
  1733. does not differentiate spoken and written.</para>
  1734. </listitem>
  1735. </itemizedlist>
  1736. </para>
  1737. </section>
  1738. <section>
  1739. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  1740. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>:
  1741. Formerly spelled Sinkiang in English. <foreignphrase
  1742. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, an autonomous
  1743. region (not a province) in northwest China, has the largest area of all
  1744. China's provinces and autonomous regions. Population: 12 million (1981
  1745. est.), of which about 6 million are of the Uygur nationality. For a
  1746. description of the region and its people, see Unit 6 Reference Notes.</para>
  1747. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiměng</foreignphrase>: Also
  1748. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi Měnggǔ</foreignphrase>.
  1749. Inner Mongolia (also called Nei Monggol) is an autonomous region in north
  1750. central China, population 9 million. About twenty percent of the population
  1751. are Mongols. The capital is Hohhot (in Chinese, <foreignphrase
  1752. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hūhéháotè</foreignphrase>).</para>
  1753. <note>
  1754. <para>The facts as represented in exchange 10 need to be qualified. It is
  1755. true that the minority nationality languages are still the most widely
  1756. used in the vast rural areas of <foreignphrase
  1757. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, Inner Mongolia,
  1758. and other minority nationality regions. The larger cities in these
  1759. regions, however, now have substantial <foreignphrase
  1760. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese populations,
  1761. and in some cities the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1762. >Hàn</foreignphrase> are even in the majority.</para>
  1763. </note>
  1764. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǎoshù</foreignphrase>:
  1765. “minority” or “a minority of,” “a small number of” This is the opposite of
  1766. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duōshù</foreignphrase>.
  1767. “majority,” which you learned in the Society module.</para>
  1768. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1769. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1770. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1771. <tbody>
  1772. <row>
  1773. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen shi
  1774. shǎoshù. </foreignphrase></entry>
  1775. </row>
  1776. <row>
  1777. <entry/>
  1778. </row>
  1779. <row>
  1780. <entry>They are in the minority.</entry>
  1781. </row>
  1782. <row>
  1783. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ yǒu shǎoshù
  1784. Mǎn rén hái néng shuō Mǎnyú.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1785. </row>
  1786. <row>
  1787. <entry/>
  1788. </row>
  1789. <row>
  1790. <entry>There are only a ^mall number of Manchurians who can
  1791. still speak the Manchu language.</entry>
  1792. </row>
  1793. </tbody>
  1794. </tgroup>
  1795. </informaltable>
  1796. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzú</foreignphrase>:
  1797. “nationality,” “a people,” or “nation” in the non-governmental sense: a
  1798. people who share common origins, history, customs, and language. Examples:
  1799. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōnghuá
  1800. mínzú</foreignphrase>, “the Chinese nation”; <foreignphrase
  1801. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ālābó mínzú</foreignphrase>, “the Arab
  1802. nation”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzú
  1803. dúlì</foreignphrase>, “national independence.”<informaltable
  1804. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1805. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1806. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1807. <tbody>
  1808. <row>
  1809. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mèiguó shi
  1810. yíge duō mínzúde guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1811. </row>
  1812. <row>
  1813. <entry/>
  1814. </row>
  1815. <row>
  1816. <entry>America is a nation of many ethnic groups.</entry>
  1817. </row>
  1818. </tbody>
  1819. </tgroup>
  1820. </informaltable></para>
  1821. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù mínzú</foreignphrase> is
  1822. “minority nationality,” often translated as “national minority.” In the
  1823. U.S., we more often speak of “ethnic minorities,” but the Chinese prefer the
  1824. translation “minority nationalities.”</para>
  1825. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàn</foreignphrase>: (1) “to
  1826. occupy” a space, area, or position, (2) “to make up,” ”to constitute,” a
  1827. proportion of an amount, or (3) “to take up” an amount of time<informaltable
  1828. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1829. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1830. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1831. <tbody>
  1832. <row>
  1833. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme hái
  1834. yǒu rén zhànzhe zhèige fángjiān? Gāi wǒmen yòng
  1835. le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  1836. </row>
  1837. <row>
  1838. <entry/>
  1839. </row>
  1840. <row>
  1841. <entry>Why are there still people occupying this room? It's
  1842. our turn to use it!</entry>
  1843. </row>
  1844. <row>
  1845. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhāng
  1846. zhuōzi tài zhàn dìfang le, bǎ ta
  1847. bānchuqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1848. </row>
  1849. <row>
  1850. <entry/>
  1851. </row>
  1852. <row>
  1853. <entry>This table takes up too much space. Let’s move it
  1854. out.</entry>
  1855. </row>
  1856. <row>
  1857. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  1858. fángzi zhànde dìfang yǒu duō
  1859. dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1860. </row>
  1861. <row>
  1862. <entry/>
  1863. </row>
  1864. <row>
  1865. <entry>How much space does this building take up?</entry>
  1866. </row>
  1867. <row>
  1868. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài wǒmen
  1869. xuéxiàode xuéshēngzhōng, shǎoshù mínzú xuéshěng zhàn
  1870. yíbàn zuǒyòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1871. </row>
  1872. <row>
  1873. <entry/>
  1874. </row>
  1875. <row>
  1876. <entry>Minority nationality students make up about half of
  1877. the students in our school.</entry>
  1878. </row>
  1879. <row>
  1880. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xianzài
  1881. fùnǚ zài shèhuìshang zhàn yuè lái yuè zhòngyàode
  1882. dìwei le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1883. </row>
  1884. <row>
  1885. <entry/>
  1886. </row>
  1887. <row>
  1888. <entry>Now women are occupying a more and more important
  1889. position in society.</entry>
  1890. </row>
  1891. <row>
  1892. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhen
  1893. duìbuqlǐ zhànle nǐ bù shǎo
  1894. shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1895. </row>
  1896. <row>
  1897. <entry/>
  1898. </row>
  1899. <row>
  1900. <entry>Please excuse me for taking up so much of your
  1901. time.</entry>
  1902. </row>
  1903. </tbody>
  1904. </tgroup>
  1905. </informaltable></para>
  1906. </section>
  1907. <section>
  1908. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  1909. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>: “region,”
  1910. œdistrict,” “area”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1911. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  1912. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1913. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  1914. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  1915. <tbody>
  1916. <row>
  1917. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
  1918. dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  1919. <entry/>
  1920. <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1921. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> area</entry>
  1922. </row>
  1923. <row>
  1924. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huáběi
  1925. dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  1926. <entry/>
  1927. <entry>the north China region</entry>
  1928. </row>
  1929. <row>
  1930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duō shān
  1931. dìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  1932. <entry/>
  1933. <entry>a mountainous district</entry>
  1934. </row>
  1935. </tbody>
  1936. </tgroup>
  1937. </informaltable></para>
  1938. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quán</foreignphrase>: (1) “to be
  1939. complete,” (2) “whole,” œentire,” (3) “entirely,“completely”<informaltable
  1940. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  1941. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  1942. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  1943. <tbody>
  1944. <row>
  1945. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèitào shū
  1946. bù quán, dìsìběn méiyǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1947. </row>
  1948. <row>
  1949. <entry/>
  1950. </row>
  1951. <row>
  1952. <entry>This set of books is incomplete; the fourth volume is
  1953. missing.</entry>
  1954. </row>
  1955. <row>
  1956. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quán shìjiè
  1957. yígòng yǒu duōshǎo zhǒng
  1958. yùyán?</foreignphrase></entry>
  1959. </row>
  1960. <row>
  1961. <entry/>
  1962. </row>
  1963. <row>
  1964. <entry>How many languages are there in the whole
  1965. world?</entry>
  1966. </row>
  1967. <row>
  1968. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  1969. >Liǎngsānnián méi shuō Zhǒngwén le, chàbuduō quán
  1970. wàng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  1971. </row>
  1972. <row>
  1973. <entry/>
  1974. </row>
  1975. <row>
  1976. <entry>
  1977. <para>After not speaking Chinese for two or three years,
  1978. (I) have almost completely forgotten it.</para>
  1979. </entry>
  1980. </row>
  1981. <row>
  1982. <entry>
  1983. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
  1984. nèi jǐjiàn yīfu quán gěi tā
  1985. le.</foreignphrase></para>
  1986. </entry>
  1987. </row>
  1988. <row>
  1989. <entry/>
  1990. </row>
  1991. <row>
  1992. <entry>I gave all those articles of clothing to him.</entry>
  1993. </row>
  1994. </tbody>
  1995. </tgroup>
  1996. </informaltable></para>
  1997. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǚxínghè</foreignphrase>: Short
  1998. for<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhōngguó
  1999. Lǚxínghè</foreignphrase> China Travel Service (CTS), or <foreignphrase
  2000. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó Guójì Lǚxíngshè</foreignphrase>,
  2001. China International Travel Service (CITS). These are the two government
  2002. agencies through witch all travel arrangements in China are handled.
  2003. Representatives from CITS accompany tour groups in China.</para>
  2004. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase>: “to do,”
  2005. “to carry on,” “to engage in,” “to work in” a certain field or
  2006. endeavor.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2007. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2008. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2009. <tbody>
  2010. <row>
  2011. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎo shénme
  2012. ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2013. </row>
  2014. <row>
  2015. <entry/>
  2016. </row>
  2017. <row>
  2018. <entry>What are you doing? OR What are you up to?</entry>
  2019. </row>
  2020. <row>
  2021. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijiàn
  2022. shì wǒ gǎolai gǎoqù
  2023. gǎobuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2024. </row>
  2025. <row>
  2026. <entry/>
  2027. </row>
  2028. <row>
  2029. <entry>I've tried doing this all different ways and I just
  2030. can't get it right.</entry>
  2031. </row>
  2032. </tbody>
  2033. </tgroup>
  2034. </informaltable></para>
  2035. <para>
  2036. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2037. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  2038. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2039. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  2040. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  2041. <tbody>
  2042. <row>
  2043. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
  2044. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
  2045. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2046. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
  2047. wèishēng</foreignphrase></entry>
  2048. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to do cleanup</entry>
  2049. </row>
  2050. <row>
  2051. <entry/>
  2052. </row>
  2053. <row>
  2054. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
  2055. shēngchǎn</foreignphrase></entry>
  2056. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to engage in
  2057. production</entry>
  2058. </row>
  2059. <row>
  2060. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"/>
  2061. <entry/>
  2062. </row>
  2063. <row>
  2064. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
  2065. shèhuìzhǔyì</foreignphrase></entry>
  2066. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to practice
  2067. socialism</entry>
  2068. </row>
  2069. <row>
  2070. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">a task or
  2071. endeavor</entry>
  2072. <entry/>
  2073. </row>
  2074. <row>
  2075. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo Sìge
  2076. Xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  2077. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"> to carry on the Four
  2078. Modernizations</entry>
  2079. </row>
  2080. <row>
  2081. <entry/>
  2082. </row>
  2083. </tbody>
  2084. </tgroup>
  2085. </informaltable>
  2086. </para>
  2087. <para>
  2088. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2089. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  2090. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2091. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  2092. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  2093. <tbody>
  2094. <row>
  2095. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle"><foreignphrase
  2096. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo
  2097. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
  2099. fānyìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2100. <entry>He's a translator. (”He works in
  2101. translation.”)</entry>
  2102. </row>
  2103. <row>
  2104. <entry/>
  2105. <entry/>
  2106. </row>
  2107. <row>
  2108. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
  2109. wénxuěde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2110. <entry>He works in literature.</entry>
  2111. </row>
  2112. <row>
  2113. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle"/>
  2114. <entry/>
  2115. <entry/>
  2116. </row>
  2117. <row>
  2118. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
  2119. xīnwénde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2120. <entry>
  2121. <para>He's a Journalist/reporter/etc.</para>
  2122. </entry>
  2123. </row>
  2124. <row>
  2125. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">a line of work</entry>
  2126. <entry/>
  2127. <entry/>
  2128. </row>
  2129. <row>
  2130. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shigǎo
  2131. nonyède.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2132. <entry>He works in agriculture.</entry>
  2133. </row>
  2134. <row>
  2135. <entry/>
  2136. <entry/>
  2137. </row>
  2138. </tbody>
  2139. </tgroup>
  2140. </informaltable>
  2141. </para>
  2142. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎohǎo</foreignphrase>, which is
  2143. especially common in political talk, means “to make a good job of
  2144. (something), “or ”to handle (something) well”:<informaltable frame="none"
  2145. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2146. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2147. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2148. <tbody>
  2149. <row>
  2150. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎohǎo
  2151. shēngchǎn shi vǒmen zuì zhòngyàode
  2152. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2153. </row>
  2154. <row>
  2155. <entry/>
  2156. </row>
  2157. <row>
  2158. <entry>Handling production well is our most Important
  2159. job.</entry>
  2160. </row>
  2161. </tbody>
  2162. </tgroup>
  2163. </informaltable></para>
  2164. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǎo</foreignphrase> is used with
  2165. many resultative verb endings (in the following two examples</para>
  2166. <para>
  2167. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎo</foreignphrase> is
  2168. interchangeable with no <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2169. >nòng</foreignphrase>, “to do”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2170. colsep="1">
  2171. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2172. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2173. <tbody>
  2174. <row>
  2175. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi bǎ
  2176. wǒde chē gǎohuài le? </foreignphrase></entry>
  2177. </row>
  2178. <row>
  2179. <entry/>
  2180. </row>
  2181. <row>
  2182. <entry>Who broke my bicycle/car?</entry>
  2183. </row>
  2184. <row>
  2185. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hài, nǐ yòu
  2186. gǎocuò le, zhèige zì bú shi “niǎo,” shi
  2187. “wū.”</foreignphrase></entry>
  2188. </row>
  2189. <row>
  2190. <entry/>
  2191. </row>
  2192. <row>
  2193. <entry>No, you’ve got it wrong again. This character isn’t
  2194. “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2195. >niǎo</foreignphrase>,” it’s “<foreignphrase
  2196. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2197. >wū</foreignphrase>.”</entry>
  2198. </row>
  2199. </tbody>
  2200. </tgroup>
  2201. </informaltable></para>
  2202. <para>
  2203. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme gǎode</foreignphrase> is an
  2204. idiom, used as follows:</para>
  2205. <para>
  2206. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2207. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  2208. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2209. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  2210. <tbody>
  2211. <row>
  2212. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
  2213. gǎode?!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2214. <entry>
  2215. <para>What went wrong?! </para>
  2216. <para>OR What’s wrong?! </para>
  2217. <para>OR Jíhat the ... ?!</para>
  2218. </entry>
  2219. </row>
  2220. <row>
  2221. <entry/>
  2222. <entry/>
  2223. </row>
  2224. <row>
  2225. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuō
  2226. tā bù lái le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2227. <entry>Nov he says he isn't coming. </entry>
  2228. </row>
  2229. <row>
  2230. <entry/>
  2231. <entry/>
  2232. </row>
  2233. <row>
  2234. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme
  2235. gǎode?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2236. <entry>How come?</entry>
  2237. </row>
  2238. <row>
  2239. <entry/>
  2240. <entry/>
  2241. </row>
  2242. <row>
  2243. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bù
  2244. shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2245. <entry>He isn't feeling well.</entry>
  2246. </row>
  2247. <row>
  2248. <entry/>
  2249. <entry/>
  2250. </row>
  2251. <row>
  2252. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zěnme
  2253. gǎode?!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2254. <entry>
  2255. <para>What’s with you? </para>
  2256. <para>OR What's the matter with you? </para>
  2257. <para>OR What the heck are you doing?</para>
  2258. </entry>
  2259. </row>
  2260. </tbody>
  2261. </tgroup>
  2262. </informaltable>
  2263. </para>
  2264. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǎnyǐ</foreignphrase>: “to be
  2265. pleased, “to be satisfied” This is often used with the prepositional verb
  2266. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">duì</foreignphrase>, “toward,”
  2267. equivalent to English “pleased with”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2268. colsep="1">
  2269. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2270. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2271. <tbody>
  2272. <row>
  2273. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō rén
  2274. duì Dǎngde yìxiē zhèngcè bù
  2275. mǎnyì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2276. </row>
  2277. <row>
  2278. <entry/>
  2279. </row>
  2280. <row>
  2281. <entry>Many people are dissatisfied with some of the Party's
  2282. policies.</entry>
  2283. </row>
  2284. <row>
  2285. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde huídá,
  2286. nǐ mǎnyì ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2287. </row>
  2288. <row>
  2289. <entry/>
  2290. </row>
  2291. <row>
  2292. <entry>Are you satisfied with my answer?</entry>
  2293. </row>
  2294. <row>
  2295. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā duì nǐ
  2296. zhème hǎo, nǐ wèishénme hái bù
  2297. mǎnyì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2298. </row>
  2299. <row>
  2300. <entry/>
  2301. </row>
  2302. <row>
  2303. <entry>He's so good to you; why are you still
  2304. dissatisfied?</entry>
  2305. </row>
  2306. </tbody>
  2307. </tgroup>
  2308. </informaltable></para>
  2309. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge mǎnyìde
  2310. huídá</foreignphrase> is an idiom for “a satisfactory
  2311. answer.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2312. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2313. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2314. <tbody>
  2315. <row>
  2316. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xīwàng
  2317. néng géi nǐ yíge mǎnyìde
  2318. huídá.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2319. </row>
  2320. <row>
  2321. <entry/>
  2322. </row>
  2323. <row>
  2324. <entry>I hope I can give you a satisfactory answer.</entry>
  2325. </row>
  2326. </tbody>
  2327. </tgroup>
  2328. </informaltable></para>
  2329. <para/>
  2330. </section>
  2331. </section>
  2332. </section>
  2333. </section>
  2334. <section>
  2335. <title>Unit 2</title>
  2336. <section>
  2337. <title>References</title>
  2338. <para/>
  2339. <section>
  2340. <title>Reference List</title>
  2341. <para/>
  2342. </section>
  2343. <section>
  2344. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  2345. <para/>
  2346. </section>
  2347. <section>
  2348. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  2349. <section>
  2350. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  2351. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rènwéi</foreignphrase>: “to
  2352. think (that),” “to consider (that),” “to believe (that)” This is typically
  2353. used for considered opinions and judgments, as opposed to <foreignphrase
  2354. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase>, “to think,” which can
  2355. be used for mere impressions and guesses. Also contrast <foreignphrase
  2356. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐwéi</foreignphrase>. “to think
  2357. mistakenly.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2358. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2359. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2360. <tbody>
  2361. <row>
  2362. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ rènwéi
  2363. tā shuōde shi duìde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2364. </row>
  2365. <row>
  2366. <entry/>
  2367. </row>
  2368. <row>
  2369. <entry>I consider what he said correct <emphasis role="bold"
  2370. >OR</emphasis> I believe that what he said is
  2371. right</entry>
  2372. </row>
  2373. <row>
  2374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā rènwéi
  2375. zhèijiàn shì bù yīnggāi ràng wǒmen
  2376. zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2377. </row>
  2378. <row>
  2379. <entry/>
  2380. </row>
  2381. <row>
  2382. <entry>He does not think we should be allowed to do
  2383. this.</entry>
  2384. </row>
  2385. </tbody>
  2386. </tgroup>
  2387. </informaltable></para>
  2388. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùqián</foreignphrase>: “the
  2389. present” or “at present.” Although both <foreignphrase
  2390. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùqián</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
  2391. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase>, “now,” refer to the
  2392. present, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzài</foreignphrase>
  2393. may mean “right now,” whereas <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2394. >mùqián</foreignphrase> must refer to a broader period of
  2395. time.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2396. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2397. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2398. <tbody>
  2399. <row>
  2400. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùqián
  2401. wo3men chǎngde shēngchǎn shuǐpíng hái bú gòu
  2402. gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2403. </row>
  2404. <row>
  2405. <entry/>
  2406. </row>
  2407. <row>
  2408. <entry>At present our factory's production level isn't high
  2409. enough.</entry>
  2410. </row>
  2411. <row>
  2412. <entry>
  2413. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mùqián
  2414. tāde jīngjì qíngkuàng bú tài
  2415. hǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
  2416. </entry>
  2417. </row>
  2418. <row>
  2419. <entry/>
  2420. </row>
  2421. <row>
  2422. <entry>At present his financial situation isn't too
  2423. great.</entry>
  2424. </row>
  2425. </tbody>
  2426. </tgroup>
  2427. </informaltable></para>
  2428. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>-,
  2429. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōng</foreignphrase>-,
  2430. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>: Short
  2431. for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàxué</foreignphrase>,
  2432. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōngxué</foreignphrase>,
  2433. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2434. >xiǎoxué</foreignphrase>.</para>
  2435. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gémìng</foreignphrase>:
  2436. “evolution,” “revolutionary,” “to revolt.” In ancient China, <foreignphrase
  2437. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gémìng</foreignphrase>, literally, “to change
  2438. the mandate of heaven,” referred to the changing of dynasties, since the
  2439. monarch was held to be ordained by heaven. The pattern <foreignphrase
  2440. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gé X-de mìng</foreignphrase>, literally, “to
  2441. change X's mandate of heaven,” means “to revolt against X.”</para>
  2442. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Gémìng</foreignphrase> or
  2443. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Dà
  2444. Gémìng</foreignphrase>; The common terms for the <foreignphrase
  2445. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà
  2446. Géming</foreignphrase>. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” (1966-1977).
  2447. An even shorter abbreviation is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2448. >Wéngé</foreignphrase>.</para>
  2449. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shuǐpíng</foreignphrase>;
  2450. “level,” “standard”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2451. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2452. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2453. <tbody>
  2454. <row>
  2455. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběnde
  2456. gōngyè shēngchǎn shuǐpíng zhēn
  2457. gǎo!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2458. </row>
  2459. <row>
  2460. <entry/>
  2461. </row>
  2462. <row>
  2463. <entry>Japan's industrial production level is really
  2464. high!</entry>
  2465. </row>
  2466. <row>
  2467. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguo
  2468. rénde shēnghuó shuǐpíng hěn
  2469. gāo!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2470. </row>
  2471. <row>
  2472. <entry/>
  2473. </row>
  2474. <row>
  2475. <entry>Americans have a very high standard of
  2476. living!</entry>
  2477. </row>
  2478. <row>
  2479. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde Déyú
  2480. shuǐpíng bú gòu gāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2481. </row>
  2482. <row>
  2483. <entry/>
  2484. </row>
  2485. <row>
  2486. <entry>Hi» level in German isn't high enough.</entry>
  2487. </row>
  2488. </tbody>
  2489. </tgroup>
  2490. </informaltable></para>
  2491. </section>
  2492. <section>
  2493. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  2494. <para>
  2495. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tígào</foreignphrase>: “to raise,”
  2496. “to improve”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2497. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2498. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2499. <tbody>
  2500. <row>
  2501. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
  2502. Zhōngguó qù, kéyi tígào duì Zhōngguéde
  2503. rènshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2504. </row>
  2505. <row>
  2506. <entry/>
  2507. </row>
  2508. <row>
  2509. <entry>By going to China, you can increase your
  2510. understanding of China.</entry>
  2511. </row>
  2512. <row>
  2513. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàng
  2514. yǐhòu, fùnǚde dìwei tígào
  2515. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2516. </row>
  2517. <row>
  2518. <entry/>
  2519. </row>
  2520. <row>
  2521. <entry>Since liberation, the status of women has
  2522. improved.</entry>
  2523. </row>
  2524. <row>
  2525. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǎoshù
  2526. mínzú shuō pùtōnghuàde shuǐpíng tígàole bù
  2527. shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2528. </row>
  2529. <row>
  2530. <entry/>
  2531. </row>
  2532. <row>
  2533. <entry>The level of the minority nationalities in Standard
  2534. Chinese has improved quite a bit.</entry>
  2535. </row>
  2536. </tbody>
  2537. </tgroup>
  2538. </informaltable></para>
  2539. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bùfen</foreignphrase>: “part,”
  2540. “section”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2541. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2542. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2543. <tbody>
  2544. <row>
  2545. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng bǎ zhè
  2546. yíbùfen fānchéng Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2547. </row>
  2548. <row>
  2549. <entry/>
  2550. </row>
  2551. <row>
  2552. <entry>Please translate this part into Chinese.</entry>
  2553. </row>
  2554. <row>
  2555. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā xiěde
  2556. nèibén shū, yǒude bùfen hǎo, yǒude bùfen bù
  2557. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2558. </row>
  2559. <row>
  2560. <entry/>
  2561. </row>
  2562. <row>
  2563. <entry>Some sections of the book he wrote are good, and some
  2564. aren't.</entry>
  2565. </row>
  2566. </tbody>
  2567. </tgroup>
  2568. </informaltable></para>
  2569. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbùfen</foreignphrase>: “a
  2570. part,” “a portion,” “some”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2571. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2572. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2573. <tbody>
  2574. <row>
  2575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōde
  2576. huà, yíbùfen shi duìde, yíbùfen shi
  2577. cuòde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2578. </row>
  2579. <row>
  2580. <entry/>
  2581. </row>
  2582. <row>
  2583. <entry>Part of what he said is right, and part is
  2584. wrong.</entry>
  2585. </row>
  2586. <row>
  2587. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùde rén,
  2588. yǒu yíbùfen hái xiǎng zài qù, yǒu yíbùfen bù xiǎng
  2589. qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2590. </row>
  2591. <row>
  2592. <entry/>
  2593. </row>
  2594. <row>
  2595. <entry>Of the people who went, some would like to go back
  2596. again, and some do not want to.</entry>
  2597. </row>
  2598. </tbody>
  2599. </tgroup>
  2600. </informaltable></para>
  2601. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēn</foreignphrase>: “to divide”
  2602. As you learned <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2603. >fēnkāi</foreignphrase>. “to split up,” in the Society module, this word
  2604. is not entirely new to you, but here you see it with the ending
  2605. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chéng</foreignphrase>,
  2606. “into.” Here's another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2607. colsep="1">
  2608. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2609. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2610. <tbody>
  2611. <row>
  2612. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bǎ
  2613. píngguó fēnchéng sìkuài, wǒmen yìrén
  2614. yíkuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2615. </row>
  2616. <row>
  2617. <entry/>
  2618. </row>
  2619. <row>
  2620. <entry>
  2621. <para>I'll divide the apple into four pieces, one piece
  2622. for each of us.</para>
  2623. </entry>
  2624. </row>
  2625. </tbody>
  2626. </tgroup>
  2627. </informaltable></para>
  2628. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lèi</foreignphrase>:
  2629. “category”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2630. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2631. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2632. <tbody>
  2633. <row>
  2634. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài lái
  2635. Měiguóde Zhōngguo rén dàgài kéyi fēn
  2636. liǎnglèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2637. </row>
  2638. <row>
  2639. <entry/>
  2640. </row>
  2641. <row>
  2642. <entry>The Chinese who are coming to the U.S. now can be
  2643. roughly divided into tvo categories.</entry>
  2644. </row>
  2645. <row>
  2646. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèilèi
  2647. wèntí zuì hǎo hé Lǚxíngshèdm rén
  2648. tán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2649. </row>
  2650. <row>
  2651. <entry/>
  2652. </row>
  2653. <row>
  2654. <entry>You had best talk with the Travel Service people
  2655. about this sort of question.</entry>
  2656. </row>
  2657. <row>
  2658. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">“Hēi
  2659. Wǚlèi,” “Hóng Wúlèi,” shi Wénhuà Dà Gémìng shíhoude
  2660. shuōfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2661. </row>
  2662. <row>
  2663. <entry/>
  2664. </row>
  2665. <row>
  2666. <entry>
  2667. <para>The “Five Black Categories and the “Five Red
  2668. Categories” were terns used during the time of the
  2669. Cultural Revolution.<footnote>
  2670. <para>‘These terms, which arose la the first years
  2671. of the Cultural Revolution (and are now obsolete),
  2672. referred to the two ideologically “irreconcilable
  2673. camps.” In effect, they were used to classify
  2674. people by their family backgrounds. The Five Black
  2675. Categories, or “bad” backgrounds, were landlords,
  2676. rich peasants, counterrevolutionaries, bad
  2677. elements, sad bourgeois rightists. The Five Red
  2678. (“good”) Categories were workers, poor peasants,
  2679. lover-middle peasants, revolutionary army-men, and
  2680. revolutionary cadres.</para>
  2681. </footnote></para>
  2682. </entry>
  2683. </row>
  2684. </tbody>
  2685. </tgroup>
  2686. </informaltable></para>
  2687. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù shi... -de
  2688. yuányín</foreignphrase>: “This is the reason that...” Here is another
  2689. example of this useful pattern:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2690. colsep="1">
  2691. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2692. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2693. <tbody>
  2694. <row>
  2695. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù
  2696. shi tā méi qùde yuānyīn. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2697. </row>
  2698. <row>
  2699. <entry/>
  2700. </row>
  2701. <row>
  2702. <entry>This is the reason he didn’t go.</entry>
  2703. </row>
  2704. </tbody>
  2705. </tgroup>
  2706. </informaltable></para>
  2707. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jiù shi... -de yuányīn
  2708. le</foreignphrase>: This sentence exemplifies a use of new-situation le
  2709. to emphasize the speaker's newly-reached understanding. You can think of
  2710. this le as meaning “How I get it.*”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2711. colsep="1">
  2712. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2713. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2714. <tbody>
  2715. <row>
  2716. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, nǐ
  2717. yǐqián shuōguode Hóu Xiānsheng jiù shi tā
  2718. le.!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2719. </row>
  2720. <row>
  2721. <entry/>
  2722. </row>
  2723. <row>
  2724. <entry>Oh, the Mr. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2725. >Hóu</foreignphrase> you spoke of before is
  2726. him!</entry>
  2727. </row>
  2728. <row>
  2729. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">À! Suǒiyi
  2730. nǐ nàne xiǎng qù le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  2731. </row>
  2732. <row>
  2733. <entry/>
  2734. </row>
  2735. <row>
  2736. <entry> Oh! That's why you want so much to go!</entry>
  2737. </row>
  2738. </tbody>
  2739. </tgroup>
  2740. </informaltable></para>
  2741. <para>Related uses of new-situation le include drawing a new inference,
  2742. e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2743. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2744. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2745. <tbody>
  2746. <row>
  2747. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nàme, nǐ
  2748. yídìng rènshi Chén Kēzhǎng
  2749. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2750. </row>
  2751. <row>
  2752. <entry/>
  2753. </row>
  2754. <row>
  2755. <entry>Then, you must know Section Chief <foreignphrase
  2756. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén</foreignphrase>, I
  2757. suppose?</entry>
  2758. </row>
  2759. </tbody>
  2760. </tgroup>
  2761. </informaltable></para>
  2762. <para>and settling on a course of action or reaching a decision:<informaltable
  2763. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2764. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2765. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2766. <tbody>
  2767. <row>
  2768. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  2769. zhīdao wǒde diànhuà ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  2770. </row>
  2771. <row>
  2772. <entry/>
  2773. </row>
  2774. <row>
  2775. <entry>Does he know my telephone number?</entry>
  2776. </row>
  2777. <row>
  2778. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2779. >Zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2780. </row>
  2781. <row>
  2782. <entry/>
  2783. </row>
  2784. <row>
  2785. <entry>Yes.</entry>
  2786. </row>
  2787. <row>
  2788. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">A: Nà wǒ
  2789. jiù děng tāde diànhuà le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2790. </row>
  2791. <row>
  2792. <entry/>
  2793. </row>
  2794. <row>
  2795. <entry>Then I'll wait for his call.</entry>
  2796. </row>
  2797. </tbody>
  2798. </tgroup>
  2799. </informaltable></para>
  2800. </section>
  2801. <section>
  2802. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  2803. <para>jiàoshī: “teacher,” “schoolteacher” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2804. colsep="1">
  2805. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2806. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2807. <tbody>
  2808. <row>
  2809. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ shi yíge
  2810. xiǎoxué jiàoshī. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2811. </row>
  2812. <row>
  2813. <entry/>
  2814. </row>
  2815. <row>
  2816. <entry>I'm an elementary school teacher.</entry>
  2817. </row>
  2818. <row>
  2819. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
  2820. xuéxiào yígòng yǒu duōshǎo Yīngwén jiàoshī?
  2821. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2822. </row>
  2823. <row>
  2824. <entry/>
  2825. </row>
  2826. <row>
  2827. <entry>How many English teachers are there in your
  2828. school?</entry>
  2829. </row>
  2830. </tbody>
  2831. </tgroup>
  2832. </informaltable></para>
  2833. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shùliang</foreignphrase>:
  2834. “quantity,” “number,” “amount”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2835. colsep="1">
  2836. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2837. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2838. <tbody>
  2839. <row>
  2840. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ néng bu
  2841. néng shuōchū tāmende shùliang yǒu duōshǎo?
  2842. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2843. </row>
  2844. <row>
  2845. <entry/>
  2846. </row>
  2847. <row>
  2848. <entry>Can you give an exact idea of their numbers?</entry>
  2849. </row>
  2850. <row>
  2851. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng
  2852. shùliangshang kàn, zhèige xuéxiàode nánshéng zhàn
  2853. zhǔyàode dìwei.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2854. </row>
  2855. <row>
  2856. <entry/>
  2857. </row>
  2858. <row>
  2859. <entry> From the point of view of numbers, the male students
  2860. occupy the main position in the school.</entry>
  2861. </row>
  2862. </tbody>
  2863. </tgroup>
  2864. </informaltable></para>
  2865. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔbiàn</foreignphrase>: “to be
  2866. universal/widespread/common”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  2867. colsep="1">
  2868. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2869. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2870. <tbody>
  2871. <row>
  2872. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó,
  2873. yíge jiātíng yǒu sānliàng qìchē shi hěn pǔbiànde
  2874. shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2875. </row>
  2876. <row>
  2877. <entry/>
  2878. </row>
  2879. <row>
  2880. <entry> In America it is very common for one family to have
  2881. three cars.</entry>
  2882. </row>
  2883. <row>
  2884. <entry>
  2885. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  2886. Zhōngguó, zuìjìn sānshinián, rénmende wénhuà
  2887. jiàoyu shuǐping pǔbiàn
  2888. tígāole.</foreignphrase></para>
  2889. </entry>
  2890. </row>
  2891. <row>
  2892. <entry/>
  2893. </row>
  2894. <row>
  2895. <entry>
  2896. <para>During the last thirty years, people's educational
  2897. level in China has seen widespread
  2898. improvement.</para>
  2899. </entry>
  2900. </row>
  2901. </tbody>
  2902. </tgroup>
  2903. </informaltable></para>
  2904. </section>
  2905. <section>
  2906. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  2907. <para>tiáojiàn: “conditions),” “circumstances”<informaltable frame="none"
  2908. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2909. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2910. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2911. <tbody>
  2912. <row>
  2913. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
  2914. gōngzuó tiáojiàn bú cuò. </foreignphrase></entry>
  2915. </row>
  2916. <row>
  2917. <entry/>
  2918. </row>
  2919. <row>
  2920. <entry>Working conditions here are pretty good.</entry>
  2921. </row>
  2922. <row>
  2923. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběide
  2924. shēnghuó tiáojiàn bù zěnmeǎ
  2925. ho.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2926. </row>
  2927. <row>
  2928. <entry/>
  2929. </row>
  2930. <row>
  2931. <entry>Living conditions are not so good in the
  2932. Northwest.</entry>
  2933. </row>
  2934. <row>
  2935. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  2936. mùqiánde tiáojiànxià, wǒmen méiyou bànfǎ zài
  2937. kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2938. </row>
  2939. <row>
  2940. <entry/>
  2941. </row>
  2942. <row>
  2943. <entry>Under the present circumstances, we are unable to go
  2944. any faster.</entry>
  2945. </row>
  2946. <row>
  2947. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hé tāmen
  2948. zuò shēngyì zhēn bù róngyi, tāmen zǒngshi yào jiǎng
  2949. hěn duō tiáojiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2950. </row>
  2951. <row>
  2952. <entry/>
  2953. </row>
  2954. <row>
  2955. <entry>It's really hard to do business with them. They are
  2956. always insisting on a lot of conditions.</entry>
  2957. </row>
  2958. <row>
  2959. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
  2960. rènwéi tā méiyǒu tiáojiàn zuò zhèige
  2961. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2962. </row>
  2963. <row>
  2964. <entry/>
  2965. </row>
  2966. <row>
  2967. <entry>They don't think he's competent to do this
  2968. job.</entry>
  2969. </row>
  2970. </tbody>
  2971. </tgroup>
  2972. </informaltable></para>
  2973. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīběn</foreignphrase>: “basic,”
  2974. “fundamental,” “elementary” (For the first example, you need to know
  2975. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔfǎ</foreignphrase>,
  2976. “grammar,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  2977. >cíhuì</foreignphrase>. “vocabulary.”)<informaltable frame="none"
  2978. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  2979. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  2980. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  2981. <tbody>
  2982. <row>
  2983. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xué
  2984. liǎngnián Zhōngwén, jīběnde yǔfǎ hé cíhuì dōu zhīdao
  2985. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2986. </row>
  2987. <row>
  2988. <entry/>
  2989. </row>
  2990. <row>
  2991. <entry>After studying two years of Chinese, (one) knows the
  2992. basic grammar and vocabulary.</entry>
  2993. </row>
  2994. <row>
  2995. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige dìqū
  2996. gǎo nóngyède jīběn tiáojiàn bú
  2997. gòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  2998. </row>
  2999. <row>
  3000. <entry/>
  3001. </row>
  3002. <row>
  3003. <entry>The basic conditions for farming are not good enough
  3004. in this area.</entry>
  3005. </row>
  3006. </tbody>
  3007. </tgroup>
  3008. </informaltable></para>
  3009. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang</foreignphrase>.,
  3010. “basically,” is often used in the PRC to mean “in the main,” “on the whole?”
  3011. “by and large.” (This usage is not common in Taiwan, however.)<informaltable
  3012. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3013. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3014. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3015. <tbody>
  3016. <row>
  3017. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang
  3018. tā shi yíge hǎo tóngzhí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3019. </row>
  3020. <row>
  3021. <entry/>
  3022. </row>
  3023. <row>
  3024. <entry>On the whole, he is a good comrade,</entry>
  3025. </row>
  3026. <row>
  3027. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jībenshang
  3028. méiyou wèntí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3029. </row>
  3030. <row>
  3031. <entry/>
  3032. </row>
  3033. <row>
  3034. <entry>By and large, there are no more problems.</entry>
  3035. </row>
  3036. <row>
  3037. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōde
  3038. Yīngwén jībenshang wǒ dōu
  3039. tīngdedǒng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3040. </row>
  3041. <row>
  3042. <entry/>
  3043. </row>
  3044. <row>
  3045. <entry>For the most part, I can understand all your
  3046. English.</entry>
  3047. </row>
  3048. </tbody>
  3049. </tgroup>
  3050. </informaltable></para>
  3051. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měi... yǒu...</foreignphrase>:
  3052. “There is... for every...” Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3053. colsep="1">
  3054. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3055. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3056. <tbody>
  3057. <row>
  3058. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měi sānge
  3059. rén yǒu yíge shi Měiguo rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3060. </row>
  3061. <row>
  3062. <entry/>
  3063. </row>
  3064. <row>
  3065. <entry>There is an American for every three persons. (One of
  3066. every three people is an American.)</entry>
  3067. </row>
  3068. <row>
  3069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měi sāntiān
  3070. yǒu yíge rén lái. </foreignphrase></entry>
  3071. </row>
  3072. <row>
  3073. <entry/>
  3074. </row>
  3075. <row>
  3076. <entry>(There is) one person (who) comes every three
  3077. days.</entry>
  3078. </row>
  3079. </tbody>
  3080. </tgroup>
  3081. </informaltable></para>
  3082. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pǔtōng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  3083. ordinary/common/regular”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3084. colsep="1">
  3085. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3086. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3087. <tbody>
  3088. <row>
  3089. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
  3090. liǎngge zhǐ shi pǔtōng péngyou, méi shenme tèbiéde
  3091. guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3092. </row>
  3093. <row>
  3094. <entry/>
  3095. </row>
  3096. <row>
  3097. <entry>
  3098. <para>The two of them are just ordinary friends; they
  3099. don't have any special relationship.</para>
  3100. </entry>
  3101. </row>
  3102. <row>
  3103. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā jiù shi
  3104. yíge pǔtōng rén, hé nǐ hé wǒ
  3105. yíyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3106. </row>
  3107. <row>
  3108. <entry/>
  3109. </row>
  3110. <row>
  3111. <entry>He is just an ordinary person, like you or
  3112. me.</entry>
  3113. </row>
  3114. <row>
  3115. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Pǔtǒngde
  3116. hùzhào hé zhèige yǒu shénme
  3117. qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3118. </row>
  3119. <row>
  3120. <entry/>
  3121. </row>
  3122. <row>
  3123. <entry>What's the difference between an ordinary passport
  3124. and this?</entry>
  3125. </row>
  3126. </tbody>
  3127. </tgroup>
  3128. </informaltable></para>
  3129. </section>
  3130. <section>
  3131. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  3132. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòngdiǎn</foreignphrase>:
  3133. “heavy-point”—“emphasis,” “focal point” or in some phrases, “key.” Also used
  3134. adverbially.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3135. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3136. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3137. <tbody>
  3138. <row>
  3139. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yánjiūde
  3140. zhòngdiǎn dōu yǒu něixiē
  3141. fāngmiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3142. </row>
  3143. <row>
  3144. <entry/>
  3145. </row>
  3146. <row>
  3147. <entry>What are the focal points of your research?</entry>
  3148. </row>
  3149. <row>
  3150. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yào
  3151. cānguānde zhòngdiǎn shi
  3152. něifāngmiàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3153. </row>
  3154. <row>
  3155. <entry/>
  3156. </row>
  3157. <row>
  3158. <entry>What is to be the focus of your visit?</entry>
  3159. </row>
  3160. <row>
  3161. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen yào
  3162. zhòngdiǎn fāzhǎnde dìqū yǒu
  3163. jǐge?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3164. </row>
  3165. <row>
  3166. <entry/>
  3167. </row>
  3168. <row>
  3169. <entry>How many regions do you intend to focus on
  3170. developing?</entry>
  3171. </row>
  3172. <row>
  3173. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒnen
  3174. yīnggāi bǎ zhòngdiǎn fàng zai
  3175. jiàoyushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3176. </row>
  3177. <row>
  3178. <entry/>
  3179. </row>
  3180. <row>
  3181. <entry>We should put the emphasis on education.</entry>
  3182. </row>
  3183. <row>
  3184. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
  3185. gōngzuò zhòngdiǎn shi gǎo wénhuà
  3186. jiàoyu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3187. </row>
  3188. <row>
  3189. <entry/>
  3190. </row>
  3191. <row>
  3192. <entry>The focus of their work is on culture and
  3193. education.</entry>
  3194. </row>
  3195. </tbody>
  3196. </tgroup>
  3197. </informaltable></para>
  3198. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chābié</foreignphrase>:
  3199. “difference,” “discrepancy,” “disparity” Contrast the word <foreignphrase
  3200. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qūbié</foreignphrase> (additional required
  3201. vocabulary), ”difference,” ”distinction.” <foreignphrase
  3202. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chābié</foreignphrase> stresses the idea of a
  3203. distance, gap, or inequality between the things compared. <foreignphrase
  3204. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qūbié</foreignphrase> refers to differences,
  3205. determined by inspection, between otherwise similar things.<informaltable
  3206. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3207. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3208. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3209. <tbody>
  3210. <row>
  3211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiyang
  3212. zuò hé nèiyang zuò yǒu shénme
  3213. chābié?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3214. </row>
  3215. <row>
  3216. <entry/>
  3217. </row>
  3218. <row>
  3219. <entry>What is the difference between doing it this way and
  3220. doing it that way?</entry>
  3221. </row>
  3222. <row>
  3223. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chéngshì hé
  3224. néngcūn chābié hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3225. </row>
  3226. <row>
  3227. <entry/>
  3228. </row>
  3229. <row>
  3230. <entry>There's a big difference between the city and the
  3231. country.</entry>
  3232. </row>
  3233. <row>
  3234. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shuōshuo
  3235. zhèi liǎngge shōuyīnjīde qūbié zài
  3236. nǎr?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3237. </row>
  3238. <row>
  3239. <entry/>
  3240. </row>
  3241. <row>
  3242. <entry>Tell me what the differences are between these two
  3243. radios.</entry>
  3244. </row>
  3245. <row>
  3246. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
  3247. liǎngběn zìdiǎn yǒu shénme
  3248. qūbié?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3249. </row>
  3250. <row>
  3251. <entry/>
  3252. </row>
  3253. <row>
  3254. <entry>What's the difference between these two
  3255. dictionaries?</entry>
  3256. </row>
  3257. </tbody>
  3258. </tgroup>
  3259. </informaltable></para>
  3260. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒuxiān</foreignphrase>:
  3261. “first,” meaning before doing something else. This is a movable adverb (can
  3262. come either before or after the subject of the sentence, but always before
  3263. the verb).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3264. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3265. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3266. <tbody>
  3267. <row>
  3268. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ nǐ
  3269. yào dào Zhōngguó qù,shǒuxiān yào xué yidiǎn
  3270. Zhòngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3271. </row>
  3272. <row>
  3273. <entry/>
  3274. </row>
  3275. <row>
  3276. <entry> If you want to go to China, you should learn a
  3277. little Chinese first.</entry>
  3278. </row>
  3279. <row>
  3280. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shòuxiān bǎ
  3281. yào mǎide dōngxi kāi yìzhāng dānsi, rénhòu zài qǐng
  3282. tā qù mǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3283. </row>
  3284. <row>
  3285. <entry/>
  3286. </row>
  3287. <row>
  3288. <entry>First make a list of the things you want bought, and
  3289. then ask him to go buy then.</entry>
  3290. </row>
  3291. </tbody>
  3292. </tgroup>
  3293. </informaltable></para>
  3294. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǒuxiān</foreignphrase> can
  3295. also mean “first of all,” “in the first place”:<informaltable frame="none"
  3296. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3297. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3298. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3299. <tbody>
  3300. <row>
  3301. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shǒuxiān
  3302. vǒmen yào tántan nǐde cānguān fǎngwèn
  3303. jìhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3304. </row>
  3305. <row>
  3306. <entry/>
  3307. </row>
  3308. <row>
  3309. <entry>First of all we should discuss your sightseeing
  3310. plans.</entry>
  3311. </row>
  3312. </tbody>
  3313. </tgroup>
  3314. </informaltable></para>
  3315. <para>In sentence 5B, s<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǒuxiān
  3316. zhàogu</foreignphrase>, “first of all give consideration to,” can be
  3317. idiomatically translated as “give first consideration to.”</para>
  3318. </section>
  3319. <section>
  3320. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  3321. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìrán</foreignphrase>:
  3322. “natural,” “naturally” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3323. >Dàzìrén</foreignphrase> means “nature” in the sense of the physical
  3324. world.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3325. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3326. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3327. <tbody>
  3328. <row>
  3329. <entry>
  3330. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
  3331. xǐhuan dàzìrén.</foreignphrase></para>
  3332. </entry>
  3333. </row>
  3334. <row>
  3335. <entry/>
  3336. </row>
  3337. <row>
  3338. <entry>He is very fond of nature.</entry>
  3339. </row>
  3340. <row>
  3341. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ruìshìde
  3342. zìrán huánjìng hěn tebié.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3343. </row>
  3344. <row>
  3345. <entry/>
  3346. </row>
  3347. <row>
  3348. <entry>Switzerland’s natural environment is very
  3349. different.</entry>
  3350. </row>
  3351. <row>
  3352. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  3353. shǎoshù mínzú dìqūde zìrán tiáojiàn bù
  3354. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3355. </row>
  3356. <row>
  3357. <entry/>
  3358. </row>
  3359. <row>
  3360. <entry>The natural conditions in this minority nationality
  3361. region are poor.</entry>
  3362. </row>
  3363. <row>
  3364. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde yàngzi
  3365. hěn zìrán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3366. </row>
  3367. <row>
  3368. <entry/>
  3369. </row>
  3370. <row>
  3371. <entry>Her appearance is very natural.</entry>
  3372. </row>
  3373. <row>
  3374. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǚér líkāi
  3375. jiā, fùmǔ nánguò shi
  3376. zìránde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3377. </row>
  3378. <row>
  3379. <entry/>
  3380. </row>
  3381. <row>
  3382. <entry>When a daughter leaves heme, it is natural for her
  3383. parents to be sad.</entry>
  3384. </row>
  3385. <row>
  3386. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuéle bú
  3387. yòng, zìrán huì wàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3388. </row>
  3389. <row>
  3390. <entry/>
  3391. </row>
  3392. <row>
  3393. <entry>If you don’t use something after you learn it, you’re
  3394. bound to forget it.</entry>
  3395. </row>
  3396. <row>
  3397. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yòng
  3398. guǎn, zìrán huì guòqude.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3399. </row>
  3400. <row>
  3401. <entry/>
  3402. </row>
  3403. <row>
  3404. <entry>Don’t worry about it; it will pass by itself.</entry>
  3405. </row>
  3406. </tbody>
  3407. </tgroup>
  3408. </informaltable></para>
  3409. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kēxué</foreignphrase>:
  3410. “science.” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3411. >Kēxuéjiā</foreignphrase> is a “scientist.”<informaltable frame="none"
  3412. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3413. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3414. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3415. <tbody>
  3416. <row>
  3417. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó shi
  3418. ge kēxué jìnbùde guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3419. </row>
  3420. <row>
  3421. <entry/>
  3422. </row>
  3423. <row>
  3424. <entry>The U.S. is a scientifically advanced
  3425. country.</entry>
  3426. </row>
  3427. <row>
  3428. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngcǔn rén
  3429. cóngqián méiyǒu shénme kēxué
  3430. zhīshi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3431. </row>
  3432. <row>
  3433. <entry/>
  3434. </row>
  3435. <row>
  3436. <entry>In the past, people in rural areas did not have any
  3437. knowledge of science.</entry>
  3438. </row>
  3439. </tbody>
  3440. </tgroup>
  3441. </informaltable></para>
  3442. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kēxué</foreignphrase> is also
  3443. used for “to be scientific”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3444. colsep="1">
  3445. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3446. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3447. <tbody>
  3448. <row>
  3449. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
  3450. zuòfǎ hěn kēxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3451. </row>
  3452. <row>
  3453. <entry/>
  3454. </row>
  3455. <row>
  3456. <entry>This method is very scientific.</entry>
  3457. </row>
  3458. <row>
  3459. <entry>Nǐ nèizhǒng xiǎngfǎ bù kēxué! </entry>
  3460. </row>
  3461. <row>
  3462. <entry/>
  3463. </row>
  3464. <row>
  3465. <entry>That’s a very unscientific idea.</entry>
  3466. </row>
  3467. </tbody>
  3468. </tgroup>
  3469. </informaltable></para>
  3470. <para>
  3471. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìshu</foreignphrase>:
  3472. “technique,” “skill,” “technology”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3473. colsep="1">
  3474. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3475. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3476. <tbody>
  3477. <row>
  3478. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kāi
  3479. chēde jìshu hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3480. </row>
  3481. <row>
  3482. <entry/>
  3483. </row>
  3484. <row>
  3485. <entry>He's a good driver.</entry>
  3486. </row>
  3487. <row>
  3488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè shi wǒ
  3489. zuòde Mápó Dòufu, nǐ kàn wǒde jìshu
  3490. zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3491. </row>
  3492. <row>
  3493. <entry/>
  3494. </row>
  3495. <row>
  3496. <entry>I made this <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3497. >Mápó</foreignphrase> Beancurd. How do rate my
  3498. technique?</entry>
  3499. </row>
  3500. <row>
  3501. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguéde
  3502. cháyè shēngchǎn jìshu fāshǎn dàole bǐjiǎo gāode
  3503. shuǐpíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3504. </row>
  3505. <row>
  3506. <entry/>
  3507. </row>
  3508. <row>
  3509. <entry>China*a tea production technology is rather highly
  3510. developed.</entry>
  3511. </row>
  3512. <row>
  3513. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎ shi ge
  3514. jìshu gōngren.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3515. </row>
  3516. <row>
  3517. <entry/>
  3518. </row>
  3519. <row>
  3520. <entry>He is a skilled worker.</entry>
  3521. </row>
  3522. </tbody>
  3523. </tgroup>
  3524. </informaltable></para>
  3525. </section>
  3526. <section>
  3527. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  3528. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū guó</foreignphrase>: “to go
  3529. abroad” <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3530. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3531. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3532. <tbody>
  3533. <row>
  3534. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  3535. nǎinián chū guóde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3536. </row>
  3537. <row>
  3538. <entry/>
  3539. </row>
  3540. <row>
  3541. <entry>In what year did he go abroad?</entry>
  3542. </row>
  3543. <row>
  3544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chū guó
  3545. liúxuéde yánjiūshēng nǚde duō bu
  3546. duō?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3547. </row>
  3548. <row>
  3549. <entry/>
  3550. </row>
  3551. <row>
  3552. <entry>Are there many women among the graduate students who
  3553. go abroad to study?</entry>
  3554. </row>
  3555. </tbody>
  3556. </tgroup>
  3557. </informaltable></para>
  3558. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dānrèn</foreignphrase>: “to
  3559. assume,” “to take up” a job or post<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3560. colsep="1">
  3561. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3562. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3563. <tbody>
  3564. <row>
  3565. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zài zhèr
  3566. dānrèn shénme gonzuò?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3567. </row>
  3568. <row>
  3569. <entry/>
  3570. </row>
  3571. <row>
  3572. <entry>What is your job title here?</entry>
  3573. </row>
  3574. <row>
  3575. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zuìjìn
  3576. yào qù Ōuzhōu dānrèn lǐngshì
  3577. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3578. </row>
  3579. <row>
  3580. <entry/>
  3581. </row>
  3582. <row>
  3583. <entry>He will soon be going to Europe to do consular
  3584. work.</entry>
  3585. </row>
  3586. <row>
  3587. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  3588. dānrènguo Měidàsí sīzhǎng. </foreignphrase></entry>
  3589. </row>
  3590. <row>
  3591. <entry/>
  3592. </row>
  3593. <row>
  3594. <entry>He has been the chief of the Department of American
  3595. and Oceanic Affairs.</entry>
  3596. </row>
  3597. </tbody>
  3598. </tgroup>
  3599. </informaltable></para>
  3600. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānrèn līngdǎo
  3601. gōngzuò</foreignphrase>. as in sentence 7B, is an often used phrase for
  3602. “to take on leadership work,” “to take up a leading post” (that is, to be in
  3603. a job in which one is in charge of others).</para>
  3604. </section>
  3605. <section>
  3606. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  3607. <para>
  3608. <orderedlist>
  3609. <listitem>
  3610. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3611. >jīngguò</foreignphrase> “to pass,” to go
  3612. through”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3613. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3614. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3615. <tbody>
  3616. <row>
  3617. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3618. >Zhèilù chī jīngguò Dōngdān
  3619. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3620. </row>
  3621. <row>
  3622. <entry/>
  3623. </row>
  3624. <row>
  3625. <entry>Does this bus go through <foreignphrase
  3626. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3627. >Dōngd1n</foreignphrase>?</entry>
  3628. </row>
  3629. <row>
  3630. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3631. >Nèige dìfang wǒ méi qùguo, dànshì
  3632. jīngguòguo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3633. </row>
  3634. <row>
  3635. <entry/>
  3636. </row>
  3637. <row>
  3638. <entry>I’ve never been there, but I’ve passed
  3639. through (OR passed by).</entry>
  3640. </row>
  3641. <row>
  3642. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3643. >Zhèi shi wǒ dìyīcì jīngguò zhèiyangde
  3644. kǎoshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3645. </row>
  3646. <row>
  3647. <entry/>
  3648. </row>
  3649. <row>
  3650. <entry>This is the first time I’ve ever taken a
  3651. test like this.</entry>
  3652. </row>
  3653. </tbody>
  3654. </tgroup>
  3655. </informaltable></para>
  3656. </listitem>
  3657. <listitem>
  3658. <para>“as a result of,” “after,” “through.” This is the way
  3659. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3660. >jīngguò</foreignphrase> is used in sentence 8A. (For the
  3661. second example you need to know <foreignphrase
  3662. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhànzhēng</foreignphrase>,
  3663. “war.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3664. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3665. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3666. <tbody>
  3667. <row>
  3668. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  3669. Jīngguò tǎolùn, wǒmen juéding xià Xīngqīsì qù
  3670. yěcān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3671. </row>
  3672. <row>
  3673. <entry/>
  3674. </row>
  3675. <row>
  3676. <entry>After discussion, we have decided to hold
  3677. the picnic next Thursday</entry>
  3678. </row>
  3679. <row>
  3680. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3681. >Tā yě bù jīngguó kǎolǜ jiù hé tǎ jiéhūn
  3682. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3683. </row>
  3684. <row>
  3685. <entry/>
  3686. </row>
  3687. <row>
  3688. <entry>He married her without even giving it any
  3689. consideration.</entry>
  3690. </row>
  3691. <row>
  3692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3693. >Jīngguò hěn cháng shiJiande zhànzhēng, zhèige
  3694. dìqū yǐjíng biànde bú rènshi
  3695. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3696. </row>
  3697. <row>
  3698. <entry/>
  3699. </row>
  3700. <row>
  3701. <entry>As a result of the lengthy war, this area
  3702. has become unrecognizable,</entry>
  3703. </row>
  3704. </tbody>
  3705. </tgroup>
  3706. </informaltable></para>
  3707. </listitem>
  3708. <listitem>
  3709. <para>“course (of events); what has happened”<informaltable
  3710. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3711. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3712. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3713. <tbody>
  3714. <row>
  3715. <entry>
  3716. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  3717. huílal bǎ quánbù jīngguò gǎosule
  3718. wǒ.</foreignphrase></para>
  3719. </entry>
  3720. </row>
  3721. <row>
  3722. <entry/>
  3723. </row>
  3724. <row>
  3725. <entry> When he returned, he told me the whole
  3726. story of what happened.</entry>
  3727. </row>
  3728. <row>
  3729. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3730. >Shìqingde jīngguò shi zěnmeyàngde, nǐ zhīdao
  3731. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  3732. </row>
  3733. <row>
  3734. <entry/>
  3735. </row>
  3736. <row>
  3737. <entry> Do you know how the whole thing
  3738. went?</entry>
  3739. </row>
  3740. </tbody>
  3741. </tgroup>
  3742. </informaltable></para>
  3743. </listitem>
  3744. </orderedlist>
  3745. </para>
  3746. <para> null: “to make great efforts,” “to try hard,” “to exert
  3747. oneself”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3748. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3749. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3750. <tbody>
  3751. <row>
  3752. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā gōngzuò
  3753. hěn nǔlì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3754. </row>
  3755. <row>
  3756. <entry/>
  3757. </row>
  3758. <row>
  3759. <entry>He works very hard.</entry>
  3760. </row>
  3761. <row>
  3762. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú dàn
  3763. nǔlì gōngzuò, rén yě hěn
  3764. rèxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3765. </row>
  3766. <row>
  3767. <entry/>
  3768. </row>
  3769. <row>
  3770. <entry>Not only does he work very hard, but he is also a
  3771. warmhearted person.</entry>
  3772. </row>
  3773. </tbody>
  3774. </tgroup>
  3775. </informaltable></para>
  3776. <para>Contrast <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǔlì
  3777. gōngzuò</foreignphrase>, “work hard,” with <foreignphrase
  3778. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yònggōng</foreignphrase>, “study hard.</para>
  3779. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cáiliào</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
  3780. <listitem>
  3781. <para>“material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3782. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3783. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3784. <tbody>
  3785. <row>
  3786. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3787. >Zhèige fángzide cáiliào kànqǐlái hǎoxiǎng bú
  3788. cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3789. </row>
  3790. <row>
  3791. <entry/>
  3792. </row>
  3793. <row>
  3794. <entry>This house looks like it's made of pretty
  3795. good material.</entry>
  3796. </row>
  3797. </tbody>
  3798. </tgroup>
  3799. </informaltable></para>
  3800. </listitem>
  3801. <listitem>
  3802. <para>“data,” “material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3803. colsep="1">
  3804. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3805. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3806. <tbody>
  3807. <row>
  3808. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3809. >Tā gěile wǒ hěn duō cáiliào, wǒ sāntiān yě
  3810. kànbuwán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3811. </row>
  3812. <row>
  3813. <entry/>
  3814. </row>
  3815. <row>
  3816. <entry>He gave me a lot of data (material). Even
  3817. three days wouldn't be enough time for me to
  3818. finish reading it.</entry>
  3819. </row>
  3820. <row>
  3821. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3822. >Nǐ nádào xīnde xuéxí cáiliào le ma? Míngtiān yào
  3823. shàng xīn kè le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3824. </row>
  3825. <row>
  3826. <entry/>
  3827. </row>
  3828. <row>
  3829. <entry>Have you picked up the new study materials
  3830. yet? We start the new lesson tomorrow.</entry>
  3831. </row>
  3832. </tbody>
  3833. </tgroup>
  3834. </informaltable></para>
  3835. </listitem>
  3836. <listitem>
  3837. <para>“makings,” “material”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3838. colsep="1">
  3839. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3840. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3841. <tbody>
  3842. <row>
  3843. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3844. >Tà bú shi zuò jiàoshòude
  3845. cáiliào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3846. </row>
  3847. <row>
  3848. <entry/>
  3849. </row>
  3850. <row>
  3851. <entry>He doesn't have the makings of a
  3852. professor.</entry>
  3853. </row>
  3854. </tbody>
  3855. </tgroup>
  3856. </informaltable></para>
  3857. </listitem>
  3858. </orderedlist></para>
  3859. </section>
  3860. <section>
  3861. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  3862. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
  3863. realize/achieve/bring about/accomplish/come true” Besides being used to talk
  3864. about the Four Modernizations, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3865. >shíxiàn</foreignphrase> is also used for realizing a wish, an ideal, a
  3866. goal, self-sufficiency, a reform, industrialization, etc. Note that
  3867. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíxiàn</foreignphrase> can be
  3868. used in a causal sense (i.e., “cause to come about”): ”They realized their
  3869. wish” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen shíxiànle tāmende
  3870. yuànvàng</foreignphrase>]; or in a non-causal sense (i.e., “come
  3871. about”): ”Their wish came about” [<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3872. >Tǎmende yuànwàng shíxiànle</foreignphrase>].<informaltable frame="none"
  3873. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3874. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3875. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3876. <tbody>
  3877. <row>
  3878. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Xīfāng,
  3879. shíxiàn gōngyèhuà yǐjīng shi yìbǎinián qiánde shì
  3880. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3881. </row>
  3882. <row>
  3883. <entry/>
  3884. </row>
  3885. <row>
  3886. <entry>In. the West, achieving industrialization is
  3887. something which was done a century ago.</entry>
  3888. </row>
  3889. <row>
  3890. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng
  3891. jībenshang shíxiànle lǜhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3892. </row>
  3893. <row>
  3894. <entry/>
  3895. </row>
  3896. <row>
  3897. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3898. >Nánjīng</foreignphrase> has basically accomplished
  3899. “greenification” (making the city green by planting
  3900. trees, flowers, etc.).</entry>
  3901. </row>
  3902. </tbody>
  3903. </tgroup>
  3904. </informaltable></para>
  3905. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàndài</foreignphrase>: “modern
  3906. times” or “modern,” “contemporary”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3907. colsep="1">
  3908. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3909. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3910. <tbody>
  3911. <row>
  3912. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiàndài
  3913. rénde xiǎngfǎ dōu shi hěn
  3914. kēxuéde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  3915. </row>
  3916. <row>
  3917. <entry/>
  3918. </row>
  3919. <row>
  3920. <entry>Modern man's ideas are all scientific.</entry>
  3921. </row>
  3922. </tbody>
  3923. </tgroup>
  3924. </informaltable></para>
  3925. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huà</foreignphrase>: “-ize,”
  3926. “-ify” </para>
  3927. <para>Examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  3928. <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
  3929. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3930. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  3931. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  3932. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
  3933. <tbody>
  3934. <row>
  3935. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3936. >gōngyèhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3937. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to industrialize</entry>
  3938. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3939. >lǜhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3940. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to make green (by
  3941. planting trees, etc.)</entry>
  3942. </row>
  3943. <row>
  3944. <entry/>
  3945. <entry/>
  3946. </row>
  3947. <row>
  3948. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3949. >Jia3nhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3950. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to simplify (JiZn is
  3951. mZihuà short for jiZndàn)</entry>
  3952. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3953. >méihuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3954. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to beautify</entry>
  3955. </row>
  3956. <row>
  3957. <entry/>
  3958. <entry/>
  3959. </row>
  3960. <row>
  3961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3962. >Méiguóhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3963. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to Americanize</entry>
  3964. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3965. >èhuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3966. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to worsen (_è is a
  3967. literary word for ”bad”)</entry>
  3968. </row>
  3969. <row>
  3970. <entry/>
  3971. <entry/>
  3972. </row>
  3973. <row>
  3974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  3975. >Xīfānghuà</foreignphrase></entry>
  3976. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">to Westernize</entry>
  3977. <entry/>
  3978. <entry/>
  3979. </row>
  3980. <row>
  3981. <entry/>
  3982. <entry/>
  3983. <entry/>
  3984. </row>
  3985. </tbody>
  3986. </tgroup>
  3987. </informaltable></para>
  3988. <para>
  3989. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>: “to
  3990. become modernized”; “modernized/sophisticated/modern” Caution: This is an
  3991. <emphasis role="bold">intransitive</emphasis> verb (cannot take an
  3992. object). Therefore, to say “modernize our country” you must phrase it as
  3993. “make our country become modernized”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  3994. colsep="1">
  3995. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  3996. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  3997. <tbody>
  3998. <row>
  3999. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
  4000. shǐ wǒmende guójiā
  4001. xiàndàihuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4002. </row>
  4003. <row>
  4004. <entry/>
  4005. </row>
  4006. <row>
  4007. <entry>We must modernize our country.</entry>
  4008. </row>
  4009. <row>
  4010. <entry>
  4011. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  4012. xiàndàihuà yǔyán bú shi měige rén dōu
  4013. zhīdaode.</foreignphrase></para>
  4014. </entry>
  4015. </row>
  4016. <row>
  4017. <entry/>
  4018. </row>
  4019. <row>
  4020. <entry>Not everyone knows these modern terms.</entry>
  4021. </row>
  4022. </tbody>
  4023. </tgroup>
  4024. </informaltable></para>
  4025. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìge Xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>:
  4026. “the Four Modernizations” These are the modernization of agriculture,
  4027. industry, national defense, and science and technology. Comprehensive
  4028. development in these areas by the end of the century was called for at the
  4029. Eleventh National Party Congress in 1977, and again by Communist Party
  4030. Chairman <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà
  4031. Guófēng</foreignphrase> at the Fifth National People's Congress in 1978.
  4032. (This theme had been enunciated twice before, in 1965 and 1975, by
  4033. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōu Ēnlái</foreignphrase>.)
  4034. Since 1979, the drive for the “socialist Four Modernizations” has been at
  4035. the root of the Chinese government's domestic policy and have also had a
  4036. broad influence on its foreign policy.</para>
  4037. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhěnggè(r)</foreignphrase>: As
  4038. an adjective (before a noun), “whole,” “entire,” referring to a single
  4039. item.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4040. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4041. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4042. <tbody>
  4043. <row>
  4044. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhěnggè
  4045. shàngwǔ nǐ dōu zuò shénme
  4046. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4047. </row>
  4048. <row>
  4049. <entry/>
  4050. </row>
  4051. <row>
  4052. <entry>What did you do the whole morning?</entry>
  4053. </row>
  4054. <row>
  4055. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào mǎi
  4056. zhènggède huǒtuǐ, bú yào
  4057. bàngede.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4058. </row>
  4059. <row>
  4060. <entry/>
  4061. </row>
  4062. <row>
  4063. <entry>I want to buy a whole ham, not a half one.</entry>
  4064. </row>
  4065. <row>
  4066. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhěnggè
  4067. jìhuà dōu shi tā yíge rén
  4068. xiǎngchūláide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4069. </row>
  4070. <row>
  4071. <entry/>
  4072. </row>
  4073. <row>
  4074. <entry>The entire plan was his idea.</entry>
  4075. </row>
  4076. </tbody>
  4077. </tgroup>
  4078. </informaltable></para>
  4079. <para>As an adverb, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4080. >zhěnggè(r)</foreignphrase> means “completely,” “in its
  4081. entirety”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4082. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4083. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4084. <tbody>
  4085. <row>
  4086. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijù
  4087. huàde yìsi nǐ zhěnggè nòngcuò
  4088. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4089. </row>
  4090. <row>
  4091. <entry/>
  4092. </row>
  4093. <row>
  4094. <entry>You completely misunderstood the meaning of that
  4095. sentence.</entry>
  4096. </row>
  4097. <row>
  4098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde
  4099. mótuōchē zhěnggè bèi zhuànghuài
  4100. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4101. </row>
  4102. <row>
  4103. <entry/>
  4104. </row>
  4105. <row>
  4106. <entry>His motorcycle was completely ruined in the
  4107. collision.</entry>
  4108. </row>
  4109. <row>
  4110. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  4111. fángzi zhěnggè dōu shi mùtou
  4112. zuòde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4113. </row>
  4114. <row>
  4115. <entry/>
  4116. </row>
  4117. <row>
  4118. <entry>This house is made completely of wood.</entry>
  4119. </row>
  4120. </tbody>
  4121. </tgroup>
  4122. </informaltable></para>
  4123. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎoshàngqù</foreignphrase>:
  4124. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàngqu</foreignphrase>, “to
  4125. go up,” may be used figuratively to say that production “goes up” or work
  4126. ”moves forward.” The resultative compound <foreignphrase
  4127. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎoshàngqù</foreignphrase>. therefore, means
  4128. “to cause to go up,” “to cause to move forward.” We have translated it here
  4129. as “to push ahead” the economy.</para>
  4130. </section>
  4131. <section>
  4132. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  4133. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase>: One meaning
  4134. of the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tí</foreignphrase> is
  4135. “to lift,” “to raise.” In a more abstract sense, it can mean <orderedlist>
  4136. <listitem>
  4137. <para>“mention,” “refer to,” “bring up” (a subject). <foreignphrase
  4138. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tí wèntí</foreignphrase> is “to
  4139. ask questions.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4140. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4141. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4142. <tbody>
  4143. <row>
  4144. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4145. >Wǒ tí ge wèntí kéyi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4146. </row>
  4147. <row>
  4148. <entry/>
  4149. </row>
  4150. <row>
  4151. <entry>May I ask a question?</entry>
  4152. </row>
  4153. <row>
  4154. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4155. >Qǐng dàjiā tí yíjian. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4156. </row>
  4157. <row>
  4158. <entry/>
  4159. </row>
  4160. <row>
  4161. <entry>Please give us your comments,
  4162. everyone.</entry>
  4163. </row>
  4164. <row>
  4165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4166. >Bié zài tí nèijiàn shì le, hǎo
  4167. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4168. </row>
  4169. <row>
  4170. <entry/>
  4171. </row>
  4172. <row>
  4173. <entry>Don't mention that again, okay?</entry>
  4174. </row>
  4175. <row>
  4176. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4177. >Tí měicì tídao zhèijiàn shì, wǒ jiu
  4178. shēngqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4179. </row>
  4180. <row>
  4181. <entry/>
  4182. </row>
  4183. <row>
  4184. <entry>Every time he mentions that, I get
  4185. angry.</entry>
  4186. </row>
  4187. </tbody>
  4188. </tgroup>
  4189. </informaltable></para>
  4190. </listitem>
  4191. <listitem>
  4192. <para>”to raise,” “to bring up,” “to put forward” (questions,
  4193. comments, demands,etc.):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  4194. colsep="1">
  4195. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4196. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4197. <tbody>
  4198. <row>
  4199. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4200. >Tā tiíe nèi liǎngge tiáojiàn, wǒ méi bànfǎ
  4201. shíxiàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4202. </row>
  4203. <row>
  4204. <entry/>
  4205. </row>
  4206. <row>
  4207. <entry>There's no way I can satisfy (fulfill) the
  4208. conditions he put forward.</entry>
  4209. </row>
  4210. <row>
  4211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4212. >Nǐ juéde wǒde bànfǎ bù xíng, kéyiū tích nǐde
  4213. bànfǎ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4214. </row>
  4215. <row>
  4216. <entry/>
  4217. </row>
  4218. <row>
  4219. <entry>If you don't think my way (of handling it)
  4220. will do, you can propose a way of your
  4221. own.</entry>
  4222. </row>
  4223. <row>
  4224. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4225. >Tā tíchū ràng Zhāng Tóngzhì zuò
  4226. lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4227. </row>
  4228. <row>
  4229. <entry/>
  4230. </row>
  4231. <row>
  4232. <entry>He proposed having Comrade <foreignphrase
  4233. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhāng</foreignphrase>
  4234. be the leader.</entry>
  4235. </row>
  4236. <row>
  4237. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4238. >Tā tíchǔ yào dào Nánjīng qù yítàng yǐhòu cái néng
  4239. xiě zhèipiān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4240. </row>
  4241. <row>
  4242. <entry/>
  4243. </row>
  4244. <row>
  4245. <entry>He said that he had to go to <foreignphrase
  4246. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>
  4247. before he could write this article.</entry>
  4248. </row>
  4249. </tbody>
  4250. </tgroup>
  4251. </informaltable></para>
  4252. </listitem>
  4253. </orderedlist></para>
  4254. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"><foreignphrase
  4255. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài</foreignphrase></foreignphrase>:
  4256. “to quicken,” “to speed up” (one's step, a process, the pace of doing
  4257. something)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4258. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4259. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4260. <tbody>
  4261. <row>
  4262. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ
  4263. jiākuài zuò, sāntiān jiu xíng
  4264. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4265. </row>
  4266. <row>
  4267. <entry/>
  4268. </row>
  4269. <row>
  4270. <entry> If we speed up, we can finish in three days.</entry>
  4271. </row>
  4272. </tbody>
  4273. </tgroup>
  4274. </informaltable></para>
  4275. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùdù</foreignphrase>: (literally
  4276. “fast-degree”) “speed,” “pace,” “tempo”<informaltable frame="none"
  4277. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4278. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4279. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4280. <tbody>
  4281. <row>
  4282. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sānshinián
  4283. lái, Rìběn jīngjì fāzhǎnde sùdù hěn
  4284. kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4285. </row>
  4286. <row>
  4287. <entry/>
  4288. </row>
  4289. <row>
  4290. <entry>For the past thirty years, Japan's rate of economic
  4291. development has been very fast.</entry>
  4292. </row>
  4293. </tbody>
  4294. </tgroup>
  4295. </informaltable></para>
  4296. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài... sùdù</foreignphrase>,
  4297. “to quicken the pace of...,” “to speed up”:<informaltable frame="none"
  4298. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4299. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4300. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4301. <tbody>
  4302. <row>
  4303. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
  4304. jiākuài gōngzuòde sùdù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4305. </row>
  4306. <row>
  4307. <entry/>
  4308. </row>
  4309. <row>
  4310. <entry>We must speed up our work.</entry>
  4311. </row>
  4312. <row>
  4313. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  4314. yào jiākuài shíxiàn Sìge Xiàndàihuàde
  4315. sùdù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4316. </row>
  4317. <row>
  4318. <entry/>
  4319. </row>
  4320. <row>
  4321. <entry>China wants to speed up the Four
  4322. Modernizations.</entry>
  4323. </row>
  4324. </tbody>
  4325. </tgroup>
  4326. </informaltable></para>
  4327. <para>[The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiākuài...
  4328. sùdù</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4329. >fàngmàn sùdù</foreignphrase>.]</para>
  4330. </section>
  4331. <section>
  4332. <title>Notes Additional Vocabulary</title>
  4333. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhīliàng</foreignphrase>:
  4334. “quality” Also pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4335. >zhíliàng</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4336. >zhǐliàng</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  4337. colsep="1">
  4338. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4339. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4340. <tbody>
  4341. <row>
  4342. <entry>
  4343. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shùliàng
  4344. duō, zhìliàng yě bú cuò.</foreignphrase></para>
  4345. </entry>
  4346. </row>
  4347. <row>
  4348. <entry/>
  4349. </row>
  4350. <row>
  4351. <entry>They are plentiful and of good quality.</entry>
  4352. </row>
  4353. </tbody>
  4354. </tgroup>
  4355. </informaltable></para>
  4356. <para>In some contexts, you can use the syllable <foreignphrase
  4357. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhì</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
  4358. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhí</foreignphrase>/<foreignphrase
  4359. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǐ</foreignphrase> to stand for
  4360. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìliàng</foreignphrase> and
  4361. the syllable <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàng</foreignphrase>
  4362. to stand for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4363. >shùliàng</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  4364. colsep="1">
  4365. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4366. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4367. <tbody>
  4368. <row>
  4369. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǐ, liàng,
  4370. dōu bú cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4371. </row>
  4372. <row>
  4373. <entry/>
  4374. </row>
  4375. <row>
  4376. <entry>The quality and quantity are both good.</entry>
  4377. </row>
  4378. </tbody>
  4379. </tgroup>
  4380. </informaltable></para>
  4381. </section>
  4382. </section>
  4383. </section>
  4384. </section>
  4385. <section>
  4386. <title>Unit 3</title>
  4387. <section>
  4388. <title>References</title>
  4389. <section>
  4390. <title>Reference List</title>
  4391. <para/>
  4392. </section>
  4393. <section>
  4394. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  4395. <para/>
  4396. </section>
  4397. <section>
  4398. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  4399. <para/>
  4400. <section>
  4401. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  4402. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎn...jiào...</foreignphrase>:
  4403. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎn A jiaò B</foreignphrase>
  4404. means “to call A B.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4405. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4406. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4407. <tbody>
  4408. <row>
  4409. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngdōng
  4410. rén guǎn qípáo jiào “chángshān.”
  4411. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4412. </row>
  4413. <row>
  4414. <entry/>
  4415. </row>
  4416. <row>
  4417. <entry>Cantonese call <foreignphrase
  4418. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qípáo</foreignphrase> (a
  4419. kind of dress) “<foreignphrase
  4420. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4421. >chángshān</foreignphrase>.”</entry>
  4422. </row>
  4423. </tbody>
  4424. </tgroup>
  4425. </informaltable></para>
  4426. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngshè</foreignphrase>:
  4427. “commune” This is short for remain <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4428. >gōngshè</foreignphrase>, “people's commune” (the word remain is taught
  4429. in exchange 6). <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4430. >Gōng</foreignphrase> means “public.” and <foreignphrase
  4431. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shè</foreignphrase> is an “organized
  4432. body.”</para>
  4433. <para>People's communes, of which there are now over 52,000 in China, are the
  4434. administrative units of the countryside. There are three levels of commune
  4435. organization: the production team, with from eleven to over one hundred
  4436. households; the production brigade, with from twenty to over one thousand
  4437. households; and the commune itself, with from six to seventeen brigades or
  4438. from fifty-six to 275 teams. A typical commune might have a population of
  4439. 22,500 people, broken down into fifteen production brigades of three hundred
  4440. families each, and each brigade would in turn be composed of ten production
  4441. teams of thirty families. (Of course, no actual commune would be divided up
  4442. so evenly.) A typical county might be made up of thirteen communes of this
  4443. size.</para>
  4444. <para>The people's communes were formed after a long series of changes in the
  4445. organization of the countryside, beginning with the Land Reform Movement of
  4446. 1950. This movement distributed the land to the peasants; the next step was
  4447. to begin the coordination of their efforts in production. They did this in
  4448. 1951 by forming mutual aid teams, also called work exchange teams. The
  4449. peasants still owned their own land, plows, and livestock, but they pooled
  4450. their manpower, tools, and other resources to get the work done.</para>
  4451. <para>In 1953* elementary agricultural cooperatives were organized by merging
  4452. several mutual aid teams. The land, tools, and livestock became the property
  4453. of the cooperative, but the profits from the land were distributed, not
  4454. retained by the commune for investment. In 1956, when advanced agricultural
  4455. cooperatives were established, the distribution of profits was
  4456. abolished.</para>
  4457. <para>In 1958, the last step to communize China was taken. The people's communes
  4458. were formed by the merging of several advanced agricultural cooperatives.
  4459. What was formerly an advanced agricultural cooperative became, a production
  4460. brigade. The original plan for communization had called for completion in
  4461. 1967. Since no major problems were encountered, the plan was completed nine
  4462. years ahead of tine.</para>
  4463. <para>Today, commune members still live in individual houses. All the land,
  4464. buildings, shops, clinics, large machinery, electrical power stations,
  4465. factories, and so on, belong to the commune. However, the planning of the
  4466. production and the payment of the members, which depends on the amount of
  4467. production, is done on the production team level. All the teams have their
  4468. own livestock, but they take turns borrowing large machines such as planters
  4469. or tractors from the commune. Production teams often specialize in one type
  4470. of activity, such as crop raising, machinery repair, or animal husbandry.
  4471. Production brigades handle tasks which are beyond the capacity of a team,
  4472. such as irrigation or the purchasing of a tractor. Truly large projects like
  4473. road construction or the establishment of a large, well-equipped hospital,
  4474. must be taken on by the commune.</para>
  4475. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu méiyou
  4476. xiězhe</foreignphrase>: -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4477. >Zhe</foreignphrase> is the marker of duration. Together with a verb, it
  4478. describes a STATE, for example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  4479. colsep="1">
  4480. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4481. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4482. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  4483. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4484. <tbody>
  4485. <row>
  4486. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4487. >Mén</foreignphrase></entry>
  4488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  4489. kāizhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4490. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The door is
  4491. open.</entry>
  4492. </row>
  4493. <row>
  4494. <entry/>
  4495. <entry/>
  4496. </row>
  4497. <row>
  4498. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">The door is in the state of
  4499. having been opened.</entry>
  4500. </row>
  4501. </tbody>
  4502. </tgroup>
  4503. </informaltable></para>
  4504. <para>
  4505. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4506. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4507. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4508. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  4509. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4510. <tbody>
  4511. <row>
  4512. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4513. >Mén</foreignphrase></entry>
  4514. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4515. >guānzhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4516. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">The door is
  4517. closed.</entry>
  4518. </row>
  4519. <row>
  4520. <entry/>
  4521. <entry/>
  4522. </row>
  4523. <row>
  4524. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">The door is in the state of
  4525. having been closed.</entry>
  4526. </row>
  4527. </tbody>
  4528. </tgroup>
  4529. </informaltable>
  4530. </para>
  4531. <para>Thus, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiězhe</foreignphrase>, in
  4532. exchange 1, means literally “in the state of having been written.”</para>
  4533. <para>To make a verb plus -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4534. >zhe</foreignphrase> negative, use <foreignphrase
  4535. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méi(you)</foreignphrase> (not <foreignphrase
  4536. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>):<informaltable
  4537. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4538. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4539. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4540. <tbody>
  4541. <row>
  4542. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén méi
  4543. kāizhe.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4544. </row>
  4545. <row>
  4546. <entry/>
  4547. </row>
  4548. <row>
  4549. <entry> The door is not open.</entry>
  4550. </row>
  4551. <row>
  4552. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén méi
  4553. guānzhe. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4554. </row>
  4555. <row>
  4556. <entry/>
  4557. </row>
  4558. <row>
  4559. <entry>The door is not closed.</entry>
  4560. </row>
  4561. <row>
  4562. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dānzishang
  4563. méi xiězhe. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4564. </row>
  4565. <row>
  4566. <entry/>
  4567. </row>
  4568. <row>
  4569. <entry>It isn't written on the list.</entry>
  4570. </row>
  4571. </tbody>
  4572. </tgroup>
  4573. </informaltable></para>
  4574. <para>To make a question, use one of the following patterns:<informaltable
  4575. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4576. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  4577. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4578. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  4579. <tbody>
  4580. <row>
  4581. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
  4582. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4583. <entry morerows="5" valign="middle">Is the door
  4584. open?</entry>
  4585. </row>
  4586. <row>
  4587. <entry/>
  4588. </row>
  4589. <row>
  4590. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén yǒu
  4591. méiyou kāizhe?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4592. </row>
  4593. <row>
  4594. <entry/>
  4595. </row>
  4596. <row>
  4597. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
  4598. meiyou?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4599. </row>
  4600. <row>
  4601. <entry/>
  4602. </row>
  4603. </tbody>
  4604. </tgroup>
  4605. </informaltable></para>
  4606. <para>He is often added onto the end of a sentence with -<foreignphrase
  4607. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  4608. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4609. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4610. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4611. <tbody>
  4612. <row>
  4613. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén kāizhe
  4614. ne ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4615. </row>
  4616. <row>
  4617. <entry/>
  4618. </row>
  4619. <row>
  4620. <entry> Is the door open?</entry>
  4621. </row>
  4622. <row>
  4623. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāizhe ne.
  4624. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4625. </row>
  4626. <row>
  4627. <entry/>
  4628. </row>
  4629. <row>
  4630. <entry>Yes, it's open.</entry>
  4631. </row>
  4632. </tbody>
  4633. </tgroup>
  4634. </informaltable></para>
  4635. <para>Many speakers of standard Chinese do not use this -<foreignphrase
  4636. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhe</foreignphrase>; they would replace it hy
  4637. phrasing such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Mén
  4638. kāile</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4639. >Dānzishang yǒu méiyou xiě</foreignphrase> (or <foreignphrase
  4640. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiě le méiyou</foreignphrase>). These
  4641. sentences are also perfectly good Chinese.</para>
  4642. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìjìqīng</foreignphrase>: A
  4643. commune in rural <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4644. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>. Literally, the name means
  4645. “four-seasons-green,” in other words, “green all year round.”</para>
  4646. <para>Half the population of the municipality of <foreignphrase
  4647. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> lives in rural areas,
  4648. in 272 people’s communes. The principal crops are wheat, rice, and
  4649. vegetables, including cabbage, eggplants, cucumbers, and tomatoes. There are
  4650. also orchards producing apples, pears, peaches, and persimmons. About half
  4651. the vegetables grown in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4652. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s communes supply the city's needs completely
  4653. and half are shipped elsewhere.</para>
  4654. </section>
  4655. <section>
  4656. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  4657. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàduì</foreignphrase>:
  4658. “(production) brigade,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4659. >shēngchǎn dàduì</foreignphrase>.</para>
  4660. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎnliàng</foreignphrase>:
  4661. “output, yield,” literally, “production-amount.”</para>
  4662. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shāndì</foreignphrase>:
  4663. “mountainous region; hilly area; hilly country,” literally,
  4664. “mountain-land.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4665. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4666. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4667. <tbody>
  4668. <row>
  4669. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Aěrbā'níyà
  4670. shi shāndì guójiā. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4671. </row>
  4672. <row>
  4673. <entry/>
  4674. </row>
  4675. <row>
  4676. <entry>Albania is a mountainous country.</entry>
  4677. </row>
  4678. <row>
  4679. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài shān
  4680. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4681. </row>
  4682. <row>
  4683. <entry/>
  4684. </row>
  4685. <row>
  4686. <entry>Output is somewhat lower in mountainous
  4687. regions.</entry>
  4688. </row>
  4689. <row>
  4690. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
  4691. dìfang shi shān , kāi chè bú tài
  4692. fāngbian.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4693. </row>
  4694. <row>
  4695. <entry/>
  4696. </row>
  4697. <row>
  4698. <entry> That's hilly country; it isn’t easy to drive
  4699. there.</entry>
  4700. </row>
  4701. </tbody>
  4702. </tgroup>
  4703. </informaltable></para>
  4704. </section>
  4705. <section>
  4706. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  4707. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>:
  4708. “suburbs, outskirts” The bound form <foreignphrase
  4709. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase> means “suburbs,” as in
  4710. in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng xījiāo</foreignphrase>.
  4711. “the western suburbs of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4712. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4713. >yuǎnjiào</foreignphrase>. “the outer suburbs.” and <foreignphrase
  4714. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnjiāo</foreignphrase>, “the close suburbs.”
  4715. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qū</foreignphrase>, “area,
  4716. district,” will be introduced separately in Unit 5 of this
  4717. module.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4718. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4719. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4720. <tbody>
  4721. <row>
  4722. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
  4723. jiāoqū yígòng yǒu èrbáiqīshièrge
  4724. gōngshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4725. </row>
  4726. <row>
  4727. <entry/>
  4728. </row>
  4729. <row>
  4730. <entry>Altogether, there are 272 communes in the suburbs of
  4731. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4732. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  4733. </row>
  4734. <row>
  4735. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sìjìqīng
  4736. gōngshè zài Běijīngde jìn
  4737. jiāoqū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4738. </row>
  4739. <row>
  4740. <entry/>
  4741. </row>
  4742. <row>
  4743. <entry>The commune <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4744. >Sìjìqīng</foreignphrase> is in the close suburbs of
  4745. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4746. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  4747. </row>
  4748. </tbody>
  4749. </tgroup>
  4750. </informaltable></para>
  4751. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàozi</foreignphrase>: “rice” in
  4752. the paddy or after harvesting but before hulling. (After hulling, it is
  4753. called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǐ</foreignphrase>, and
  4754. when cooked it is called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4755. >fàn</foreignphrase>.)</para>
  4756. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīngxīdào</foreignphrase>:
  4757. “Capital-West Rice,” a variety famous for its good taste.</para>
  4758. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīngde jīng</foreignphrase>:
  4759. “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīng</foreignphrase> as in
  4760. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>” In
  4761. conversation, you identify a word or character by giving a common phrase in
  4762. which it is used. The pattern for doing this is <informaltable frame="none"
  4763. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4764. <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
  4765. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4766. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  4767. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4768. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
  4769. <thead>
  4770. <row>
  4771. <entry>Phrase</entry>
  4772. <entry>-de</entry>
  4773. <entry>Word</entry>
  4774. <entry/>
  4775. </row>
  4776. </thead>
  4777. <tbody>
  4778. <row>
  4779. <entry> e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yí
  4780. èr sān sì</foreignphrase></entry>
  4781. <entry> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4782. >de</foreignphrase></entry>
  4783. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4784. >sì</foreignphrase></entry>
  4785. <entry> “’four’ as in ’one two three four’”</entry>
  4786. </row>
  4787. <row>
  4788. <entry/>
  4789. <entry/>
  4790. <entry/>
  4791. <entry/>
  4792. </row>
  4793. </tbody>
  4794. </tgroup>
  4795. </informaltable></para>
  4796. <para>This pattern can be especially useful when you tell someone your Chinese
  4797. name. If you were called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chén
  4798. Dìngwén</foreignphrase>. ( ), for example, you could identify the
  4799. characters of your first name by saying <foreignphrase
  4800. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yídìngde dìng, wénxuéde wén</foreignphrase>,
  4801. “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dìng</foreignphrase> as in
  4802. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yídìng</foreignphrase>
  4803. (’certainly’), and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4804. >wén</foreignphrase> as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4805. >wénxué</foreignphrase> ('literature').”</para>
  4806. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng-xí-nán-běi:</foreignphrase>
  4807. While in English we usually name the directions of the compass in the order
  4808. “north, south, east, west,” in Chinese they are usually named in the
  4809. order<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4810. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4811. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4812. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  4813. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4814. <tbody>
  4815. <row>
  4816. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng xí nán
  4817. běi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4818. <entry/>
  4819. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōng nán xī
  4820. běi</foreignphrase></entry>
  4821. </row>
  4822. <row>
  4823. <entry/>
  4824. <entry>or</entry>
  4825. <entry/>
  4826. </row>
  4827. <row>
  4828. <entry>east west south north</entry>
  4829. <entry/>
  4830. <entry>east south west north </entry>
  4831. </row>
  4832. </tbody>
  4833. </tgroup>
  4834. </informaltable></para>
  4835. </section>
  4836. <section>
  4837. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  4838. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">quánguó</foreignphrase>: “the
  4839. whole country”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4840. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4841. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4842. <tbody>
  4843. <row>
  4844. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wú Zuòrénde
  4845. huà zài quánguó hěn yǒu
  4846. míng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4847. </row>
  4848. <row>
  4849. <entry/>
  4850. </row>
  4851. <row>
  4852. <entry>The paintings of <foreignphrase
  4853. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wú Zuòrén</foreignphrase>
  4854. are famous throughout the country.</entry>
  4855. </row>
  4856. <row>
  4857. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quánguó
  4858. chǎnliàng zuì gāode dìqū shi
  4859. Sìchuān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4860. </row>
  4861. <row>
  4862. <entry/>
  4863. </row>
  4864. <row>
  4865. <entry>The area of the country with the highest output is
  4866. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4867. >Sìchuān.</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  4868. </row>
  4869. <row>
  4870. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng
  4871. Yāo-líng-yào Zhōngxuéde jiàoyu zhìliàng quánguó
  4872. dìyī. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4873. </row>
  4874. <row>
  4875. <entry/>
  4876. </row>
  4877. <row>
  4878. <entry>The educational quality of <foreignphrase
  4879. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s
  4880. No. 101 Middle School is first in the country.</entry>
  4881. </row>
  4882. </tbody>
  4883. </tgroup>
  4884. </informaltable></para>
  4885. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànji</foreignphrase>;
  4886. “(surface) area” (For the second example, you need to know <foreignphrase
  4887. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngfāng gōnglǐ</foreignphrase>, ”square
  4888. kilometer.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4889. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  4890. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  4891. <tbody>
  4892. <row>
  4893. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  4894. gōngshède miànji duó dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
  4895. </row>
  4896. <row>
  4897. <entry/>
  4898. </row>
  4899. <row>
  4900. <entry>What is the area of this commune?</entry>
  4901. </row>
  4902. <row>
  4903. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguode
  4904. miànji shi jiǔbǎi liùshiwàn píngfāng
  4905. gōnglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4906. </row>
  4907. <row>
  4908. <entry/>
  4909. </row>
  4910. <row>
  4911. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">China's
  4912. area is 9.6 million square
  4913. kilometers.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4914. </row>
  4915. </tbody>
  4916. </tgroup>
  4917. </informaltable></para>
  4918. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">miànji bǐjiǎo dàde yǒu
  4919. sìge</foreignphrase>: This is a useful structure with <foreignphrase
  4920. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  4921. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4922. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4923. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
  4924. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
  4925. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4926. <tbody>
  4927. <row>
  4928. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Miànji
  4929. bǐjiǎo dàde (píngyuán)</foreignphrase></entry>
  4930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4931. >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  4932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4933. >sìge.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4934. </row>
  4935. <row>
  4936. <entry/>
  4937. <entry/>
  4938. <entry/>
  4939. </row>
  4940. <row>
  4941. <entry>As for the ones [flatlands] with a relatively large
  4942. area,</entry>
  4943. <entry>there are </entry>
  4944. <entry>four.</entry>
  4945. </row>
  4946. <row>
  4947. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">There are four with a
  4948. relatively large area.</entry>
  4949. </row>
  4950. </tbody>
  4951. </tgroup>
  4952. </informaltable></para>
  4953. <para>
  4954. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4955. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4956. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
  4957. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
  4958. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4959. <tbody>
  4960. <row>
  4961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā bú
  4962. yuànyi qù Zhōngguóde yuányīn
  4963. </foreignphrase></entry>
  4964. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào
  4965. yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  4966. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4967. >liǎngge.</foreignphrase></entry>
  4968. </row>
  4969. <row>
  4970. <entry/>
  4971. <entry/>
  4972. <entry/>
  4973. </row>
  4974. <row>
  4975. <entry>As for the reasons why he doesn't want to go to
  4976. China,</entry>
  4977. <entry>there are mainly</entry>
  4978. <entry>two.</entry>
  4979. </row>
  4980. <row>
  4981. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">There are mainly two reasons
  4982. why he doesn't want to go to China.</entry>
  4983. </row>
  4984. </tbody>
  4985. </tgroup>
  4986. </informaltable>
  4987. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  4988. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  4989. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
  4990. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
  4991. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  4992. <tbody>
  4993. <row>
  4994. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótia1n
  4995. mei2 la2ide (rén)</foreignphrase></entry>
  4996. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4997. >yǒu</foreignphrase></entry>
  4998. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  4999. >duōsha3o?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5000. </row>
  5001. <row>
  5002. <entry/>
  5003. <entry/>
  5004. <entry/>
  5005. </row>
  5006. <row>
  5007. <entry>As for those [people] who didn't come
  5008. yesterday,</entry>
  5009. <entry>there were</entry>
  5010. <entry>how many?</entry>
  5011. </row>
  5012. <row>
  5013. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">How many people were there
  5014. who didn't come yesterday?</entry>
  5015. </row>
  5016. </tbody>
  5017. </tgroup>
  5018. </informaltable>
  5019. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5020. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  5021. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="5*"/>
  5022. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
  5023. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  5024. <tbody>
  5025. <row>
  5026. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
  5027. shuōde nàme hǎode Méiguo rén
  5028. </foreignphrase></entry>
  5029. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5030. >méiyou</foreignphrase></entry>
  5031. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5032. >jǐge.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5033. </row>
  5034. <row>
  5035. <entry/>
  5036. <entry/>
  5037. <entry/>
  5038. </row>
  5039. <row>
  5040. <entry>As for Americans who speak Chinese that well, </entry>
  5041. <entry>there aren't</entry>
  5042. <entry>a few.</entry>
  5043. </row>
  5044. <row>
  5045. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3"> There aren't but a few
  5046. Americans who speak Chinese that well.</entry>
  5047. </row>
  5048. </tbody>
  5049. </tgroup>
  5050. </informaltable>
  5051. </para>
  5052. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liángshi</foreignphrase>;
  5053. “grain, cereals,” but in Chinese terminology this can also include other
  5054. staples like beans and sweet potatoes.</para>
  5055. </section>
  5056. <section>
  5057. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  5058. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hù(r)</foreignphrase>:
  5059. “household, family” The original meaning of this word, was “door.” Now it
  5060. has become the counter for households. Besides its use in exchange 5,
  5061. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hù</foreignphrase> can also
  5062. be followed by the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5063. >rénjiā</foreignphrase>, “people-home,” that is, “family”:<informaltable
  5064. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5065. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5066. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5067. <tbody>
  5068. <row>
  5069. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  5070. dàduì yǒu duōshao hù rénjiā?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5071. </row>
  5072. <row>
  5073. <entry/>
  5074. </row>
  5075. <row>
  5076. <entry>How many households are there in this
  5077. brigade?</entry>
  5078. </row>
  5079. <row>
  5080. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Měiguó,
  5081. chàbuduō měihù dōu yǒu
  5082. diànshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5083. </row>
  5084. <row>
  5085. <entry/>
  5086. </row>
  5087. <row>
  5088. <entry>In American, almost every family has a
  5089. television.</entry>
  5090. </row>
  5091. </tbody>
  5092. </tgroup>
  5093. </informaltable></para>
  5094. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǒu</foreignphrase>: Literally,
  5095. “mouth,” this is the counter for people considered as making up a family as
  5096. in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5097. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5098. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5099. <tbody>
  5100. <row>
  5101. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiā yǒu
  5102. jǐkǒu rén?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5103. </row>
  5104. <row>
  5105. <entry/>
  5106. </row>
  5107. <row>
  5108. <entry>How many people are there in your family?</entry>
  5109. </row>
  5110. </tbody>
  5111. </tgroup>
  5112. </informaltable></para>
  5113. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mài gěi guójiā</foreignphrase>:
  5114. “sell to the state.” Every year, a production team must give a certain
  5115. percentage (usually from five to seven percent) of its produce and cash
  5116. income in taxes to the state. In addition, they must sell a quota of grain
  5117. to the state, the quantity being established according to the population of
  5118. the team, and the area and productivity of the land. If the team is left
  5119. with additional grain after fulfilling their quota, they decide for
  5120. themselves how much of it they will sell for cash to the state at a higher
  5121. price and how much will be put into the team's grain reserves. The state
  5122. sets quotas for grains; fruit and vegetable supply and demand are
  5123. coordinated by local government authorities.</para>
  5124. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...bù shǎode cài
  5125. na!</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5126. >Ha</foreignphrase> is not a new word for you; it is just a contraction
  5127. of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase> and
  5128. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. You have
  5129. learned that ne is the marker of absence of change. Here it has a special
  5130. function: to show that the speaker is trying to convince the listener of the
  5131. greatness of an amount, the great extent of a condition, or a fact which
  5132. surpasses ordinary expectations. Examples:<informaltable frame="none"
  5133. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5134. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5135. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5136. <tbody>
  5137. <row>
  5138. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shōurù
  5139. bù shǎo ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5140. </row>
  5141. <row>
  5142. <entry/>
  5143. </row>
  5144. <row>
  5145. <entry>His income is not small (i.e., more than you would
  5146. suspect)!</entry>
  5147. </row>
  5148. <row>
  5149. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōle
  5150. yào zuò dao hěn wǎn ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5151. </row>
  5152. <row>
  5153. <entry/>
  5154. </row>
  5155. <row>
  5156. <entry>She said she was going to work until very
  5157. late.</entry>
  5158. </row>
  5159. <row>
  5160. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎo
  5161. rè'naode dìfang na!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5162. </row>
  5163. <row>
  5164. <entry/>
  5165. </row>
  5166. <row>
  5167. <entry>What a lively place!</entry>
  5168. </row>
  5169. <row>
  5170. <entry>
  5171. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kàn tā
  5172. nàme niánqīng, hái néng qù zuò jiàoshòu
  5173. ne!</foreignphrase></para>
  5174. </entry>
  5175. </row>
  5176. <row>
  5177. <entry/>
  5178. </row>
  5179. <row>
  5180. <entry>Isn't it something that someone as young as he can be
  5181. a professor!</entry>
  5182. </row>
  5183. <row>
  5184. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yào cānguān
  5185. nàme duō dìfang, yíge xīngqī nǎr gòu? Liǎngge xīngqī
  5186. hái bú gòu ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5187. </row>
  5188. <row>
  5189. <entry/>
  5190. </row>
  5191. <row>
  5192. <entry>How could one week be long enough to visit so many
  5193. places? Two weeks wouldn't even be enough!</entry>
  5194. </row>
  5195. <row>
  5196. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème dàde
  5197. rén hái kū na!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5198. </row>
  5199. <row>
  5200. <entry/>
  5201. </row>
  5202. <row>
  5203. <entry>Imagine, such a grown-up person crying!</entry>
  5204. </row>
  5205. </tbody>
  5206. </tgroup>
  5207. </informaltable></para>
  5208. </section>
  5209. <section>
  5210. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  5211. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiànshè</foreignphrase>: “to
  5212. construct, to build up; construction” This is mostly used in a special
  5213. sense: to construct or build up a country. The Jargon “socialist
  5214. construction,” “the construction of China,” or “China reconstructs” conveys
  5215. an attitude toward the “mission” facing the country: to build China from the
  5216. ruins left by a semi-feudal, semi-colonial society into a socialist power
  5217. and to create the conditions for the transition to Communism. “Socialist
  5218. construction” includes the reform of the superstructure as well as the
  5219. development of the national economy.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  5220. colsep="1">
  5221. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5222. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5223. <tbody>
  5224. <row>
  5225. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen yào
  5226. bǎ Zhōngguó jiànshèchéng yíge xiàndàihuàde
  5227. shèhuizhǔyì guójiā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5228. </row>
  5229. <row>
  5230. <entry/>
  5231. </row>
  5232. <row>
  5233. <entry>
  5234. <para>We want to build China into a a modem socialist
  5235. nation.</para>
  5236. </entry>
  5237. </row>
  5238. </tbody>
  5239. </tgroup>
  5240. </informaltable></para>
  5241. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénmín</foreignphrase> ? “the
  5242. people” You have seen this word already in <foreignphrase
  5243. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmínbì</foreignphrase>. “People’s
  5244. currency.” Distinguish between remain and <foreignphrase
  5245. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rénmín</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
  5246. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen</foreignphrase> (with the plural
  5247. ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">men</foreignphrase>)
  5248. refers to any and all people, without class implications. It has
  5249. approximately the same scope as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5250. >dàjiā</foreignphrase>, “everyone.” <foreignphrase
  5251. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rémnín</foreignphrase>, on the other hand,
  5252. refers to the broad masses and lower-level cadres, and excludes state and
  5253. class enemies.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5254. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5255. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5256. <tbody>
  5257. <row>
  5258. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  5259. rémnín xīwàng néng shēnghuóde
  5260. āndìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5261. </row>
  5262. <row>
  5263. <entry/>
  5264. </row>
  5265. <row>
  5266. <entry>The Chinese people hope to be able live peaceful and
  5267. settled lives.</entry>
  5268. </row>
  5269. <row>
  5270. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Quánguó
  5271. yígòng yǒu wǔwàn èrqiānduō rénmín
  5272. gōngshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5273. </row>
  5274. <row>
  5275. <entry/>
  5276. </row>
  5277. <row>
  5278. <entry>There are over 52,000 people’s communes in the whole
  5279. country.</entry>
  5280. </row>
  5281. </tbody>
  5282. </tgroup>
  5283. </informaltable></para>
  5284. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāzhǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
  5285. develop, to grow.” In the Society module, you learned the adjectival verb
  5286. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fādá</foreignphrase>. “to be
  5287. developed.” Now you see the action verb for “to develop.”<informaltable
  5288. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5289. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5290. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5291. <tbody>
  5292. <row>
  5293. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
  5294. èrshinián lái, Rìběnde qìchē gōngyè fāzhǎnde bǐjiǎo
  5295. kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5296. </row>
  5297. <row>
  5298. <entry/>
  5299. </row>
  5300. <row>
  5301. <entry>Over the past twenty years, Japan’s automobile
  5302. industry has developed rather quickly.</entry>
  5303. </row>
  5304. <row>
  5305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  5306. zhèngfǔ zài nǔlì fāzhǎn
  5307. gōngyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5308. </row>
  5309. <row>
  5310. <entry/>
  5311. </row>
  5312. <row>
  5313. <entry>The Chinese government is working hard to develop
  5314. industry.</entry>
  5315. </row>
  5316. <row>
  5317. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yánjiū
  5318. fāzhǎnzhōng guó'iāde jīngji
  5319. qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5320. </row>
  5321. <row>
  5322. <entry/>
  5323. </row>
  5324. <row>
  5325. <entry>He studies the economic situation of developing
  5326. countries.</entry>
  5327. </row>
  5328. </tbody>
  5329. </tgroup>
  5330. </informaltable></para>
  5331. </section>
  5332. <section>
  5333. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  5334. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">càidì</foreignphrase>:
  5335. “vegetable plots” or “vegetable fields” (large or small). </para>
  5336. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shǒu</foreignphrase>; “to
  5337. harvest”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5338. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5339. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5340. <tbody>
  5341. <row>
  5342. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo Wángde
  5343. càidì měinián shǒude fānqié dōu hěn
  5344. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5345. </row>
  5346. <row>
  5347. <entry/>
  5348. </row>
  5349. <row>
  5350. <entry>
  5351. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǎo
  5352. Wáng</foreignphrase> harvests a lot of tomatoes from
  5353. his vegetable plots every year.</entry>
  5354. </row>
  5355. <row>
  5356. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shōubudào
  5357. liángshi, zěnme chī fàn ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5358. </row>
  5359. <row>
  5360. <entry/>
  5361. </row>
  5362. <row>
  5363. <entry>If we can't harvest any grain, how will we eat?
  5364. (rhetorical question said by farmers when working in the
  5365. fields)</entry>
  5366. </row>
  5367. </tbody>
  5368. </tgroup>
  5369. </informaltable></para>
  5370. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mǔ</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
  5371. unit of area equal to 1/15 hectare. In English this is simply written “mu”
  5372. (or sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5373. >mou</foreignphrase>).</para>
  5374. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dì</foreignphrase>: “land,”
  5375. “ground,” or “fields<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5376. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5377. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5378. <tbody>
  5379. <row>
  5380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèikuài dì
  5381. yǐqián shi wǒ fùqinde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5382. </row>
  5383. <row>
  5384. <entry/>
  5385. </row>
  5386. <row>
  5387. <entry>This piece of land used to belong to my
  5388. father.</entry>
  5389. </row>
  5390. <row>
  5391. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā cóng
  5392. dìshang zhǎodàole nèizhī bǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5393. </row>
  5394. <row>
  5395. <entry/>
  5396. </row>
  5397. <row>
  5398. <entry>He found that pen on the ground.</entry>
  5399. </row>
  5400. <row>
  5401. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuì
  5402. dìshang ba! Lián jiàoshòu dōu shuì nàr
  5403. ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5404. </row>
  5405. <row>
  5406. <entry/>
  5407. </row>
  5408. <row>
  5409. <entry>Sleep on the ground! Even professors sleep
  5410. there!</entry>
  5411. </row>
  5412. <row>
  5413. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème zlǎ
  5414. nǐmen jiù dào dìli qù gōngzuó
  5415. la!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5416. </row>
  5417. <row>
  5418. <entry/>
  5419. </row>
  5420. <row>
  5421. <entry>You're going to work in the fields so early!</entry>
  5422. </row>
  5423. </tbody>
  5424. </tgroup>
  5425. </informaltable></para>
  5426. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shōude bù shǎo</foreignphrase>:
  5427. “harvested quite a lot” Here are some more examples of the pattern “Verb
  5428. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>
  5429. Quantity:”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5430. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5431. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5432. <tbody>
  5433. <row>
  5434. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ chīde
  5435. tài shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5436. </row>
  5437. <row>
  5438. <entry/>
  5439. </row>
  5440. <row>
  5441. <entry>You're eating too little.</entry>
  5442. </row>
  5443. <row>
  5444. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guānyú
  5445. zhèige, wǒ zhīdaode bù duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5446. </row>
  5447. <row>
  5448. <entry/>
  5449. </row>
  5450. <row>
  5451. <entry>I don't know much about this.</entry>
  5452. </row>
  5453. <row>
  5454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kàn
  5455. xiǎoshuō kànde bǐ wǒ duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5456. </row>
  5457. <row>
  5458. <entry/>
  5459. </row>
  5460. <row>
  5461. <entry>He reads more fiction than I.</entry>
  5462. </row>
  5463. <row>
  5464. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi
  5465. jiào nǐ shǎo mǎi yidiǎnr ma? Nǐ mǎide tài duō
  5466. le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  5467. </row>
  5468. <row>
  5469. <entry/>
  5470. </row>
  5471. <row>
  5472. <entry>Didn't I tell you not to buy very much? You bought
  5473. too much!</entry>
  5474. </row>
  5475. </tbody>
  5476. </tgroup>
  5477. </informaltable></para>
  5478. </section>
  5479. <section>
  5480. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  5481. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxièhuà</foreignphrase>: “to
  5482. mechanize; mechanization” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5483. >Jīxiè</foreignphrase> means “machinery,” “mechanics,” or “mechanical.”
  5484. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà</foreignphrase> is the
  5485. syllable which corresponds to “-ize” (make into), which you learned in the
  5486. previous unit in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5487. >xiàndàihuà</foreignphrase>. “to modernize.”<informaltable frame="none"
  5488. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5489. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5490. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5491. <tbody>
  5492. <row>
  5493. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nóngyè
  5494. jīxièhuà xiànzài shi nóngcūnde zhòngdiàn
  5495. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5496. </row>
  5497. <row>
  5498. <entry/>
  5499. </row>
  5500. <row>
  5501. <entry>Agricultural mechanization is now the key task in
  5502. rural' areas.</entry>
  5503. </row>
  5504. <row>
  5505. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
  5506. dàduìde jīxièhuà shuǐpíng xiāngdāng gāo
  5507. a.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5508. </row>
  5509. <row>
  5510. <entry/>
  5511. </row>
  5512. <row>
  5513. <entry>The level of mechanization in your ' brigade is quite
  5514. high!</entry>
  5515. </row>
  5516. </tbody>
  5517. </tgroup>
  5518. </informaltable></para>
  5519. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn duō
  5520. yidiǎn</foreignphrase>: “a little more than half” [The opposite, “ a little
  5521. less than half,” could be said as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5522. >chàyidiǎnr yíbàn, yíbàn shǎo yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase
  5523. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn bú dào yidiǎnr</foreignphrase>.]</para>
  5524. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎifēnzhī
  5525. wǔshiyī</foreignphrase>: “fifty-one percent”- Chinese does not have a
  5526. separate word for “percent,” expressing percentages with the same pattern
  5527. used for all fractions. First, therefore, you should learn how to express
  5528. fractions. In Chinese, the two parts of a fraction are stated in the reverse
  5529. order from English, with the word -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5530. >zhī</foreignphrase> in between. (-<foreignphrase
  5531. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhī</foreignphrase> is a literary word with
  5532. the same use as -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5533. >de</foreignphrase>: possessive or modification marker.)<informaltable
  5534. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5535. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  5536. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5537. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  5538. <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  5539. <tbody>
  5540. <row>
  5541. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānfēn
  5542. </foreignphrase></entry>
  5543. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5544. >zhī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5545. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5546. >èr</foreignphrase></entry>
  5547. </row>
  5548. <row>
  5549. <entry/>
  5550. <entry/>
  5551. <entry/>
  5552. </row>
  5553. <row>
  5554. <entry>3 parts</entry>
  5555. <entry>'s</entry>
  5556. <entry>2</entry>
  5557. </row>
  5558. <row>
  5559. <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3">“two parts out of
  5560. three,” i.e., “two thirds”</entry>
  5561. </row>
  5562. </tbody>
  5563. </tgroup>
  5564. </informaltable></para>
  5565. <para>Here are a few more examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  5566. colsep="1">
  5567. <tgroup cols="8" align="center">
  5568. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5569. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="2*"/>
  5570. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  5571. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="2*"/>
  5572. <colspec colname="newCol5" colnum="5" colwidth="1*"/>
  5573. <colspec colname="newCol6" colnum="6" colwidth="2*"/>
  5574. <colspec colname="newCol7" colnum="7" colwidth="1*"/>
  5575. <colspec colname="newCol8" colnum="8" colwidth="2*"/>
  5576. <tbody>
  5577. <row>
  5578. <entry morerows="1">1/2</entry>
  5579. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5580. >èrfēnzhī yī</foreignphrase><footnote>
  5581. <para>Normally, of course, you would say
  5582. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5583. >yíbàn</foreignphrase>.</para>
  5584. </footnote></para></entry>
  5585. <entry morerows="1">1/3</entry>
  5586. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sānfēnzhī
  5587. yī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5588. <entry morerows="1">1/4</entry>
  5589. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìfēnzhī
  5590. yī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5591. <entry morerows="1">1/20</entry>
  5592. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshifēnzhī
  5593. yī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5594. </row>
  5595. <row>
  5596. <entry/>
  5597. <entry/>
  5598. <entry/>
  5599. <entry/>
  5600. </row>
  5601. <row>
  5602. <entry morerows="1">5/4</entry>
  5603. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sìfēnzhī
  5604. wù</foreignphrase></entry>
  5605. <entry morerows="1">5/8</entry>
  5606. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāfēnzhī
  5607. wǔ</foreignphrase></entry>
  5608. <entry morerows="1">17/19</entry>
  5609. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5610. >shíjiúfēnzhī shíqī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5611. <entry namest="newCol7" nameend="newCol8" morerows="1"/>
  5612. </row>
  5613. <row>
  5614. <entry/>
  5615. <entry/>
  5616. <entry/>
  5617. </row>
  5618. </tbody>
  5619. </tgroup>
  5620. </informaltable></para>
  5621. <para>Percentages (hundredths) are expressed like this:<informaltable
  5622. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5623. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  5624. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5625. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  5626. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  5627. <tbody>
  5628. <row>
  5629. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5630. >bǎifēn</foreignphrase></entry>
  5631. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5632. >zhī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5633. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5634. >wǔshiyī</foreignphrase></entry>
  5635. </row>
  5636. <row>
  5637. <entry/>
  5638. <entry/>
  5639. <entry/>
  5640. </row>
  5641. <row>
  5642. <entry>100 parts</entry>
  5643. <entry>’s</entry>
  5644. <entry>51</entry>
  5645. </row>
  5646. <row>
  5647. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c3">“fifty-one parts out of one
  5648. hundred,” i.e., “fifty-one one hundredths” or “fifty-one
  5649. percent”</entry>
  5650. </row>
  5651. </tbody>
  5652. </tgroup>
  5653. </informaltable></para>
  5654. <para>“One hundred percent,” therefore, is <foreignphrase
  5655. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāifēnzhī bǎi</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  5656. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5657. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5658. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5659. <tbody>
  5660. <row>
  5661. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi
  5662. bǎifénzhì bǎide Méiguo rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5663. </row>
  5664. <row>
  5665. <entry/>
  5666. </row>
  5667. <row>
  5668. <entry>He is one hundred percent American.</entry>
  5669. </row>
  5670. </tbody>
  5671. </tgroup>
  5672. </informaltable></para>
  5673. </section>
  5674. <section>
  5675. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  5676. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biéde jǐge...</foreignphrase>:
  5677. “the other few” Compare:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5678. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5679. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5680. <tbody>
  5681. <row>
  5682. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ jiù
  5683. cānguān gōngshè ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
  5684. </row>
  5685. <row>
  5686. <entry/>
  5687. </row>
  5688. <row>
  5689. <entry>You're only visiting communes?</entry>
  5690. </row>
  5691. <row>
  5692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù cānguān
  5693. biéde shenme dìfang? </foreignphrase></entry>
  5694. </row>
  5695. <row>
  5696. <entry/>
  5697. </row>
  5698. <row>
  5699. <entry>You're not going to visit any other kinds of
  5700. places?</entry>
  5701. </row>
  5702. </tbody>
  5703. </tgroup>
  5704. </informaltable></para>
  5705. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānjìn</foreignphrase>:
  5706. “advanced” This is used to describe people, work units, or methods of a high
  5707. level, worthy of emulation. Individuals may be designated as advanced
  5708. workers (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiānjìn
  5709. gōngzuòzhé</foreignphrase>) by their unit leaders or elected by their
  5710. fellow workers, and units such as factories and communes may be designated
  5711. as advanced by government authorities. To qualify as advanced, a unit must
  5712. have carried out all political movements successfully, successfully put into
  5713. effect each policy directive, and completely met the quota for its product
  5714. under the national plan.</para>
  5715. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò jitiān</foreignphrase>: “in
  5716. a few days” (literally, “pass a few days”)<informaltable frame="none"
  5717. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5718. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5719. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5720. <tbody>
  5721. <row>
  5722. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ guò
  5723. yihuǐr zài dǎlai.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5724. </row>
  5725. <row>
  5726. <entry/>
  5727. </row>
  5728. <row>
  5729. <entry>Please call back in a while. (In this case,
  5730. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guò
  5731. yihuǐr</foreignphrase> means <foreignphrase
  5732. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
  5733. yihuìr</foreignphrase>.)</entry>
  5734. </row>
  5735. <row>
  5736. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài guò
  5737. jìge xīngqī, tǎmen jiù yào shōu dàozi
  5738. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5739. </row>
  5740. <row>
  5741. <entry/>
  5742. </row>
  5743. <row>
  5744. <entry>In another few weeks, they are going to harvest the
  5745. rice.</entry>
  5746. </row>
  5747. <row>
  5748. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bàba māma
  5749. xiān dào le. Yòu guòle yihuǐr, dìdi mèimei yě lái
  5750. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5751. </row>
  5752. <row>
  5753. <entry/>
  5754. </row>
  5755. <row>
  5756. <entry>Mother and father arrived first. Then after a while,
  5757. younger brother and sister came too.</entry>
  5758. </row>
  5759. </tbody>
  5760. </tgroup>
  5761. </informaltable></para>
  5762. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānjiā</foreignphrase>:
  5763. “specialist, expert” The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5764. >jiā</foreignphrase> enters into many words describing people. It has a
  5765. slightly different meaning from -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5766. >zhě</foreignphrase>, which you learned in unit. 1. -<foreignphrase
  5767. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhě</foreignphrase> is only added to verbs;
  5768. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> can be
  5769. added to nouns as well as verbs. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5770. >Zhě</foreignphrase> means simply “a person who...,” but -<foreignphrase
  5771. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase> is used for professionals
  5772. or specialists in some activity. Thus, <foreignphrase
  5773. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zuòjiā</foreignphrase> is “professional
  5774. writer, author,” but <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5775. >zuòzhě</foreignphrase> is just “writer” (not specifying whether writing
  5776. is the person's career).</para>
  5777. <para>The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>
  5778. is added to subjects of study, as in <foreignphrase
  5779. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèngzhixuéjiā</foreignphrase>, “political
  5780. scientist,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5781. >jīngjixuéjiā</foreignphrase>, “economist.” In the PRC, some words with
  5782. the ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiā</foreignphrase>
  5783. carry elitist overtones and are sometimes replaced by other terms.</para>
  5784. </section>
  5785. <section>
  5786. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  5787. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu shénme tèdiǎn
  5788. ma?</foreignphrase>: “does... have any distinctive points?” is here
  5789. translated more idiomatically as “is there anything distinctive
  5790. about...?”</para>
  5791. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shìzhe
  5792. zǔzhile...</foreignphrase>: “trying-ly organized...” i.e., “organized on
  5793. a trial basis”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5794. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5795. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5796. <tbody>
  5797. <row>
  5798. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ shìzhe
  5799. nèiyang zuò xíng bu xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5800. </row>
  5801. <row>
  5802. <entry/>
  5803. </row>
  5804. <row>
  5805. <entry>Try doing it that way and see íf it works.</entry>
  5806. </row>
  5807. <row>
  5808. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèishuāng
  5809. xié wǒ shìzhe chuān,
  5810. chuānbushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5811. </row>
  5812. <row>
  5813. <entry/>
  5814. </row>
  5815. <row>
  5816. <entry>I tried to put these shoes on, but couldn't get them
  5817. on.</entry>
  5818. </row>
  5819. </tbody>
  5820. </tgroup>
  5821. </informaltable></para>
  5822. <para>Do not overuse <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5823. >shìzhe</foreignphrase>; there are other more common ways to express
  5824. English “try.” Sometimes the idea of trying is implicit in the verb itself,
  5825. as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5826. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5827. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5828. <tbody>
  5829. <row>
  5830. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
  5831. wénzhāng wǒ kànle, kànbuxiàqù.
  5832. </foreignphrase></entry>
  5833. </row>
  5834. <row>
  5835. <entry/>
  5836. </row>
  5837. <row>
  5838. <entry> I tried to read this article, but I
  5839. couldn't.</entry>
  5840. </row>
  5841. <row>
  5842. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gěile,
  5843. tā bú yào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5844. </row>
  5845. <row>
  5846. <entry/>
  5847. </row>
  5848. <row>
  5849. <entry> I tried to give it to him, but he didn't want it
  5850. (wouldn't take it).</entry>
  5851. </row>
  5852. </tbody>
  5853. </tgroup>
  5854. </informaltable></para>
  5855. <para>Sometimes, “try” can be expressed by reduplicating the verb:<informaltable
  5856. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5857. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5858. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5859. <tbody>
  5860. <row>
  5861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  5862. chuānchuan.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5863. </row>
  5864. <row>
  5865. <entry/>
  5866. </row>
  5867. <row>
  5868. <entry>Try it on.</entry>
  5869. </row>
  5870. <row>
  5871. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ chuānle
  5872. chuān, chuānbushàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5873. </row>
  5874. <row>
  5875. <entry/>
  5876. </row>
  5877. <row>
  5878. <entry>I tried to put it on, but couldn't get it on.</entry>
  5879. </row>
  5880. <row>
  5881. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ kāile
  5882. kāi, kāibukāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5883. </row>
  5884. <row>
  5885. <entry/>
  5886. </row>
  5887. <row>
  5888. <entry>I tried to open it, but couldn't get it open.</entry>
  5889. </row>
  5890. </tbody>
  5891. </tgroup>
  5892. </informaltable></para>
  5893. <para>or by a reduplicated verb plus <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  5894. >kàn</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5895. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5896. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5897. <tbody>
  5898. <row>
  5899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ méi
  5900. zuòguo jiǎozi, zuòzuo kàn
  5901. ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5902. </row>
  5903. <row>
  5904. <entry/>
  5905. </row>
  5906. <row>
  5907. <entry>I've never made <foreignphrase
  5908. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>
  5909. (dumplings), but I can try.</entry>
  5910. </row>
  5911. </tbody>
  5912. </tgroup>
  5913. </informaltable></para>
  5914. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǔzhi</foreignphrase>: “to
  5915. organize; organization”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5916. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5917. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5918. <tbody>
  5919. <row>
  5920. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
  5921. wénzhāng zǔzhide hěn hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5922. </row>
  5923. <row>
  5924. <entry/>
  5925. </row>
  5926. <row>
  5927. <entry>This article is well organized.</entry>
  5928. </row>
  5929. <row>
  5930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  5931. zǔzhile yíge lǚxíngtuán, xiǎng dào Ōuzhōu qù
  5932. wánrwanr.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5933. </row>
  5934. <row>
  5935. <entry/>
  5936. </row>
  5937. <row>
  5938. <entry>We organized a tour group; we want to go on a trip to
  5939. Europe.</entry>
  5940. </row>
  5941. <row>
  5942. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  5943. zǔzhi yǐjīng yǒu wǔshiwàn rén
  5944. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5945. </row>
  5946. <row>
  5947. <entry/>
  5948. </row>
  5949. <row>
  5950. <entry>This organization already has 500,000 people.</entry>
  5951. </row>
  5952. </tbody>
  5953. </tgroup>
  5954. </informaltable></para>
  5955. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyè</foreignphrase>:
  5956. “special line/field/discipline; specialization” This is used in the PRC for
  5957. one's “major” subject in college, or for one's professional
  5958. specialization.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  5959. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  5960. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  5961. <tbody>
  5962. <row>
  5963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài
  5964. dàxué xuéde zhuānyè shi
  5965. zhèngzhixué.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5966. </row>
  5967. <row>
  5968. <entry/>
  5969. </row>
  5970. <row>
  5971. <entry>My major in college was political science.</entry>
  5972. </row>
  5973. <row>
  5974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shùxué
  5975. zhuānyè zhēn méi yìsi, nǐ wèishénme hái yào xué
  5976. ta?</foreignphrase></entry>
  5977. </row>
  5978. <row>
  5979. <entry/>
  5980. </row>
  5981. <row>
  5982. <entry>Majoring in math is really boring; why do (did) you
  5983. want to take it?</entry>
  5984. </row>
  5985. <row>
  5986. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  5987. zhuānyè zài Zhōngguó hèn shǎo yǒu rén
  5988. xué.</foreignphrase></entry>
  5989. </row>
  5990. <row>
  5991. <entry/>
  5992. </row>
  5993. <row>
  5994. <entry>Very few people study this specialization in
  5995. China.</entry>
  5996. </row>
  5997. </tbody>
  5998. </tgroup>
  5999. </informaltable></para>
  6000. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyèhuà</foreignphrase>;
  6001. “specialized; specialization”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  6002. colsep="1">
  6003. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6004. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6005. <tbody>
  6006. <row>
  6007. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngchǎngde
  6008. zhuānyèhuà yuè lái yuè pǔbiàn
  6009. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6010. </row>
  6011. <row>
  6012. <entry/>
  6013. </row>
  6014. <row>
  6015. <entry>The specialization of factories is becoming more and
  6016. more connon.</entry>
  6017. </row>
  6018. <row>
  6019. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6020. >Zhuānyèhuà(de) rémnín gōngshè yǒu tāde
  6021. hǎochù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6022. </row>
  6023. <row>
  6024. <entry/>
  6025. </row>
  6026. <row>
  6027. <entry>Specialized communes have their advantages.</entry>
  6028. </row>
  6029. </tbody>
  6030. </tgroup>
  6031. </informaltable></para>
  6032. </section>
  6033. <section>
  6034. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  6035. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuōlājī</foreignphrase>:
  6036. “tractor” This word may be a sound borrowing from the English word
  6037. ”tractor,” but it also makes good sense in Chinese, since the parts mean
  6038. literally, “drag-pull-machine.”</para>
  6039. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">píngjūn</foreignphrase>;
  6040. “average” This can be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a
  6041. verb:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6042. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6043. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6044. <tbody>
  6045. <row>
  6046. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  6047. gōngrénde píngjūn shōurù bù
  6048. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6049. </row>
  6050. <row>
  6051. <entry/>
  6052. </row>
  6053. <row>
  6054. <entry>The average salary of Chinese workers is not
  6055. much.</entry>
  6056. </row>
  6057. <row>
  6058. <entry/>
  6059. </row>
  6060. <row>
  6061. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngjūn
  6062. yíge rén shíge jiǎozi zěnme
  6063. gòu.'</foreignphrase></entry>
  6064. </row>
  6065. <row>
  6066. <entry>How could an average of ten <foreignphrase
  6067. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiǎozi</foreignphrase>
  6068. (dumplings) per person be enough!</entry>
  6069. </row>
  6070. <row>
  6071. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6072. >Píngjūnqilai wǒmen mèige rén yǒu shíkuāi qián.
  6073. </foreignphrase></entry>
  6074. </row>
  6075. <row>
  6076. <entry/>
  6077. </row>
  6078. <row>
  6079. <entry>When you average it out, each of us has ten
  6080. dollars.</entry>
  6081. </row>
  6082. </tbody>
  6083. </tgroup>
  6084. </informaltable></para>
  6085. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tái</foreignphrase>: Literally,
  6086. ’“platform” (as you learned in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6087. >zhàntái</foreignphrase>, “station platform”), this 1s the counter for
  6088. machines. (The word for “machine,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6089. >jīqì</foreignphrase>. is number 14 on this reference list.)</para>
  6090. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měige dàduì
  6091. èrshitái</foreignphrase>: “twenty for each brigade” No verb is necessary
  6092. here.</para>
  6093. <para> Compare:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6094. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6095. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6096. <tbody>
  6097. <row>
  6098. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge rén
  6099. yíkuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6100. </row>
  6101. <row>
  6102. <entry/>
  6103. </row>
  6104. <row>
  6105. <entry>One piece (e.g., of cake) per person.</entry>
  6106. </row>
  6107. <row>
  6108. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mèige
  6109. xīngqī yícì </foreignphrase></entry>
  6110. </row>
  6111. <row>
  6112. <entry/>
  6113. </row>
  6114. <row>
  6115. <entry>once every week</entry>
  6116. </row>
  6117. <row>
  6118. <entry>
  6119. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  6120. xuéxiào píngjūn wùge xuésheng yíge
  6121. lǎoshī.</foreignphrase></para>
  6122. </entry>
  6123. </row>
  6124. <row>
  6125. <entry/>
  6126. </row>
  6127. <row>
  6128. <entry>In our school, there is one teacher for every five
  6129. students on the average.</entry>
  6130. </row>
  6131. </tbody>
  6132. </tgroup>
  6133. </informaltable></para>
  6134. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái xiǎng duō mǎi
  6135. jǐtái</foreignphrase>: “still want to buy a few more” English “more”
  6136. sometimes contains' the meaning of “still, additionally” (<foreignphrase
  6137. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase>), so the word “still” is
  6138. not absolutely necessary in the English translation for US. Look at other
  6139. examples of the common pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6140. >hái... duō...</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  6141. colsep="1">
  6142. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6143. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6144. <tbody>
  6145. <row>
  6146. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige xiǎo
  6147. nánháizi hái xǎáng duō chī yíge píngguǒ, kèshi tā
  6148. mama bù gěi!</foreignphrase></entry>
  6149. </row>
  6150. <row>
  6151. <entry/>
  6152. </row>
  6153. <row>
  6154. <entry>This little boy (still) wanted to have another apple,
  6155. but his mother wouldn't give it to him!</entry>
  6156. </row>
  6157. <row>
  6158. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái
  6159. xīwàng duō xué jǐge yuè
  6160. Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6161. </row>
  6162. <row>
  6163. <entry/>
  6164. </row>
  6165. <row>
  6166. <entry>I would like to study Chinese for another few
  6167. months.</entry>
  6168. </row>
  6169. <row>
  6170. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái děi
  6171. duō děng jǐtiān cái néng
  6172. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6173. </row>
  6174. <row>
  6175. <entry/>
  6176. </row>
  6177. <row>
  6178. <entry>He still has to wait another few days before he can
  6179. leave.</entry>
  6180. </row>
  6181. </tbody>
  6182. </tgroup>
  6183. </informaltable></para>
  6184. </section>
  6185. <section>
  6186. <title>Notes on №12</title>
  6187. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">túpiàn</foreignphrase>:
  6188. “picture, photograph” This is usually used for photographs, as in
  6189. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">túpiàn
  6190. zhǎnlǎn</foreignphrase>, “photo exhibition” (but some people use it for any
  6191. kind of illustration).</para>
  6192. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnkù</foreignphrase>: “to be
  6193. arduous, tiring, hard” (literally, “pungent-bitter”)<informaltable
  6194. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6195. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6196. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6197. <tbody>
  6198. <row>
  6199. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā báitiān
  6200. zuò shì, wǎnshang niàn shù, tài xīnkǔ
  6201. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6202. </row>
  6203. <row>
  6204. <entry/>
  6205. </row>
  6206. <row>
  6207. <entry>It's too tiring for her, working during the daytime
  6208. and studying at night.</entry>
  6209. </row>
  6210. <row>
  6211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhème
  6212. xīnkù yào lèibìngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
  6213. </row>
  6214. <row>
  6215. <entry/>
  6216. </row>
  6217. <row>
  6218. <entry>You're going to get sick from fatigue by working so
  6219. hard.</entry>
  6220. </row>
  6221. </tbody>
  6222. </tgroup>
  6223. </informaltable></para>
  6224. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>: “to
  6225. plant” or “to grow” things:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6226. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6227. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6228. <tbody>
  6229. <row>
  6230. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèikuài dì
  6231. zhòng shénme yě bu shōu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6232. </row>
  6233. <row>
  6234. <entry/>
  6235. </row>
  6236. <row>
  6237. <entry>You don't harvest anything you plant on this
  6238. land!</entry>
  6239. </row>
  6240. <row>
  6241. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèng
  6242. liángshi shi nóngmínde shi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6243. </row>
  6244. <row>
  6245. <entry/>
  6246. </row>
  6247. <row>
  6248. <entry>Growing-grain is the business of the
  6249. peasants.</entry>
  6250. </row>
  6251. <row>
  6252. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  6253. shǎoshù mínzú zèi shānshang zhòngle bù shǎo qíguàide
  6254. dōngxi lái chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6255. </row>
  6256. <row>
  6257. <entry/>
  6258. </row>
  6259. <row>
  6260. <entry>This minority nationality grows a lot of strange
  6261. things on the mountain to eat.</entry>
  6262. </row>
  6263. </tbody>
  6264. </tgroup>
  6265. </informaltable></para>
  6266. </section>
  6267. <section>
  6268. <title>Notes on №13-14</title>
  6269. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhuānyè</foreignphrase> special
  6270. line/field/discipline (See Notes on No. 10)</para>
  6271. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jíqì</foreignphrase>
  6272. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqi</foreignphrase>)
  6273. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtái</foreignphrase>)
  6274. machine</para>
  6275. </section>
  6276. </section>
  6277. </section>
  6278. </section>
  6279. <section>
  6280. <title>Unit 4</title>
  6281. <section>
  6282. <title>References</title>
  6283. <section>
  6284. <title>Reference List</title>
  6285. <para/>
  6286. </section>
  6287. <section>
  6288. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  6289. <para/>
  6290. </section>
  6291. <section>
  6292. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  6293. <section>
  6294. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  6295. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase>: A Chinese
  6296. unit of length, equal to one-half kilometer. <foreignphrase
  6297. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> is often used to measure
  6298. the noun <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lù</foreignphrase>
  6299. (“road,” but here meaning simply “walking or riding
  6300. distance”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6301. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6302. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6303. <tbody>
  6304. <row>
  6305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng nǐ jiā
  6306. dào xuéxiào yǒu jǐlǐ lù?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6307. </row>
  6308. <row>
  6309. <entry/>
  6310. </row>
  6311. <row>
  6312. <entry>How many 11 is it from your house to the
  6313. school?</entry>
  6314. </row>
  6315. </tbody>
  6316. </tgroup>
  6317. </informaltable></para>
  6318. <para>The unit of distance <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6319. >lǐ</foreignphrase> is often used in rural areas, but rarely in the
  6320. city.</para>
  6321. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wànlǐ
  6322. Chángchéng</foreignphrase>: You learned <foreignphrase
  6323. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángchéng</foreignphrase>, “the Great Wall,”
  6324. in the Meeting module. The descriptive term <foreignphrase
  6325. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wànlǐ Chángchéng</foreignphrase> comes from
  6326. the fact that the wall is over twelve thousand <foreignphrase
  6327. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> in total length
  6328. (approximately 6,700 kilometers).</para>
  6329. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yívàn lǐ
  6330. cháng</foreignphrase>: “is ten thousand <foreignphrase
  6331. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> long” Use the verb
  6332. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> (not
  6333. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>) in
  6334. sentences telling or asking length, height, area, time, age, etc. In such
  6335. sentences, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu</foreignphrase> has
  6336. the special meaning “to attain, to come up to (a certain
  6337. level).”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6338. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  6339. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6340. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  6341. <tbody>
  6342. <row>
  6343. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Cóng zhèr
  6344. dào huǒchēzhàn !</foreignphrase></entry>
  6345. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
  6346. yuǎn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6347. </row>
  6348. <row>
  6349. <entry/>
  6350. <entry/>
  6351. </row>
  6352. <row>
  6353. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How far is it from here to
  6354. the train station?</entry>
  6355. </row>
  6356. <row>
  6357. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6358. >Chàbuduō</foreignphrase></entry>
  6359. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìlī
  6360. lù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6361. </row>
  6362. <row>
  6363. <entry/>
  6364. <entry/>
  6365. </row>
  6366. <row>
  6367. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2"> It’s about one
  6368. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6369. >lǐ</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  6370. </row>
  6371. </tbody>
  6372. </tgroup>
  6373. </informaltable></para>
  6374. <para>
  6375. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6376. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  6377. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6378. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  6379. <tbody>
  6380. <row>
  6381. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ǐde
  6382. háizi</foreignphrase></entry>
  6383. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
  6384. dà?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6385. </row>
  6386. <row>
  6387. <entry/>
  6388. <entry/>
  6389. </row>
  6390. <row>
  6391. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How old is your
  6392. child?</entry>
  6393. </row>
  6394. <row>
  6395. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6396. >Tā</foreignphrase></entry>
  6397. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu sānsui
  6398. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6399. </row>
  6400. <row>
  6401. <entry/>
  6402. <entry/>
  6403. </row>
  6404. <row>
  6405. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">He is over three years
  6406. old.</entry>
  6407. </row>
  6408. </tbody>
  6409. </tgroup>
  6410. </informaltable>
  6411. </para>
  6412. <para>
  6413. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6414. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  6415. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6416. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  6417. <tbody>
  6418. <row>
  6419. <entry>Nǐ</entry>
  6420. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu duō
  6421. gāo? </foreignphrase></entry>
  6422. </row>
  6423. <row>
  6424. <entry/>
  6425. <entry/>
  6426. </row>
  6427. <row>
  6428. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">How tall are you?</entry>
  6429. </row>
  6430. <row>
  6431. <entry>Wǒ</entry>
  6432. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu yìmǐ
  6433. bā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6434. </row>
  6435. <row>
  6436. <entry/>
  6437. <entry/>
  6438. </row>
  6439. <row>
  6440. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">I’m one meter eighty
  6441. (cm).</entry>
  6442. </row>
  6443. </tbody>
  6444. </tgroup>
  6445. </informaltable>
  6446. </para>
  6447. <para>
  6448. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6449. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  6450. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6451. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  6452. <tbody>
  6453. <row>
  6454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎide
  6455. dōngtiān</foreignphrase></entry>
  6456. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> zhǐ yǒu
  6457. liǎngge yuè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6458. </row>
  6459. <row>
  6460. <entry/>
  6461. <entry/>
  6462. </row>
  6463. <row>
  6464. <entry namest="c1" nameend="c2">Winter in <foreignphrase
  6465. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>
  6466. is only two months (long).</entry>
  6467. </row>
  6468. </tbody>
  6469. </tgroup>
  6470. </informaltable>
  6471. </para>
  6472. <para>The negative of such sentences uses <foreignphrase
  6473. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méiyǒu</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  6474. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6475. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6476. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6477. <tbody>
  6478. <row>
  6479. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
  6480. huǒchēzhàn zhēn yǒu wǔlǐ lù
  6481. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6482. </row>
  6483. <row>
  6484. <entry/>
  6485. </row>
  6486. <row>
  6487. <entry>Is it really five <foreignphrase
  6488. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lǐ</foreignphrase> to the
  6489. train station?</entry>
  6490. </row>
  6491. <row>
  6492. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Méiyǒu
  6493. wǔlǐ, hěn jìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6494. </row>
  6495. <row>
  6496. <entry/>
  6497. </row>
  6498. <row>
  6499. <entry>No, it isn’t. It’s very close.</entry>
  6500. </row>
  6501. <row>
  6502. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā méiyǒu
  6503. wǔsilsuì, tā cái sìshijǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6504. </row>
  6505. <row>
  6506. <entry/>
  6507. </row>
  6508. <row>
  6509. <entry>He isn’t (as old as) fifty years old; he’s only
  6510. forty-something.</entry>
  6511. </row>
  6512. </tbody>
  6513. </tgroup>
  6514. </informaltable></para>
  6515. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngguòle hǎojǐge
  6516. shěng</foreignphrase>: “goes through many provinces.” This sentence
  6517. illustrates well that completion -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6518. >le</foreignphrase> is completely different from English past tense.
  6519. Eves with completion -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6520. >le</foreignphrase>, the verb still means “goes through,” not “went
  6521. through.” The completion of an event in the past can result in a present
  6522. state (for example, the Great Wall was built in the past and is still
  6523. standing), and so -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6524. >le</foreignphrase> must sometimes be translated into English with the
  6525. present tense. Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  6526. colsep="1">
  6527. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6528. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6529. <tbody>
  6530. <row>
  6531. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
  6532. dǒngle tā wèishénme méi gēn tā
  6533. jiéhūn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6534. </row>
  6535. <row>
  6536. <entry/>
  6537. </row>
  6538. <row>
  6539. <entry>Now I understand why he didn’t marry her.</entry>
  6540. </row>
  6541. <row>
  6542. <entry>
  6543. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàile
  6544. yǎnjìng, nī dōu bú rènshi wǒ le, shì
  6545. ma?</foreignphrase></para>
  6546. </entry>
  6547. </row>
  6548. <row>
  6549. <entry/>
  6550. </row>
  6551. <row>
  6552. <entry>You don’t recognize me with glasses on, eh? (I am
  6553. wearing glasses.)</entry>
  6554. </row>
  6555. <row>
  6556. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn shū
  6557. jièshàole Mèiguóde zhèngzhi
  6558. qíngkuàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6559. </row>
  6560. <row>
  6561. <entry/>
  6562. </row>
  6563. <row>
  6564. <entry>This book introduces the American political
  6565. situation.</entry>
  6566. </row>
  6567. </tbody>
  6568. </tgroup>
  6569. </informaltable></para>
  6570. <para>shěng: “province” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6571. >Shěng</foreignphrase> takes the counter -<foreignphrase
  6572. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ge</foreignphrase>. or is sometimes used
  6573. without a counter.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6574. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6575. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6576. <tbody>
  6577. <row>
  6578. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  6579. yígòng yǒu èrshièrge shěng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6580. </row>
  6581. <row>
  6582. <entry/>
  6583. </row>
  6584. <row>
  6585. <entry>China has twenty-two provinces altogether.</entry>
  6586. </row>
  6587. </tbody>
  6588. </tgroup>
  6589. </informaltable></para>
  6590. </section>
  6591. <section>
  6592. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  6593. <para>xiū: “to repair” roads, structures, cars, radios, shoes, etc. Also, “to
  6594. trim” hair, fingernails, or ”to prune” trees, shrubbery, etc. Also, “to
  6595. build, to construct” reservoirs, railroads, roads, irrigation ditches,
  6596. etc.</para>
  6597. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiūguo hǎo jǐcì
  6598. le</foreignphrase>: “has been repaired a great many times” The
  6599. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> at the end
  6600. of the sentence adds on the meaning “so far.” Here are other examples of the
  6601. pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...-guo
  6602. ...-le</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6603. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6604. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6605. <tbody>
  6606. <row>
  6607. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  6608. diànyǐng tā kànguo liǎngcì le, hái bù zhīdào zěnme
  6609. huí shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6610. </row>
  6611. <row>
  6612. <entry/>
  6613. </row>
  6614. <row>
  6615. <entry>He has seen this movie twice, and he still doesn’t
  6616. know what it’s all about.</entry>
  6617. </row>
  6618. <row>
  6619. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā kǎoguo
  6620. liǎngcì le, dōu bù xíng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6621. </row>
  6622. <row>
  6623. <entry/>
  6624. </row>
  6625. <row>
  6626. <entry>He has taken the exam twice, but didn’t make it
  6627. either time.</entry>
  6628. </row>
  6629. </tbody>
  6630. </tgroup>
  6631. </informaltable></para>
  6632. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qíncháo</foreignphrase>: “the
  6633. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín</foreignphrase> Dynasty”
  6634. (221-207 B.C.)</para>
  6635. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìzhí zài xiū</foreignphrase>:
  6636. Literally, “all-along in-process-of repair,” i.e., “it has been being
  6637. repaired all along.”</para>
  6638. </section>
  6639. <section>
  6640. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  6641. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bādálǐng</foreignphrase>: A
  6642. mountain seventy-five kilometers northwest of <foreignphrase
  6643. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>, over which passes a
  6644. section of the Great Wall dating from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). This is
  6645. the usual spot to which tourists are taken to see the Great Wall. (Some
  6646. people pronounce this with different tones: <foreignphrase
  6647. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bádàlǐng</foreignphrase>.)</para>
  6648. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎoxiàng</foreignphrase>: “to
  6649. seem,” but here meaning “it seems to me,” as in<informaltable frame="none"
  6650. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6651. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6652. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6653. <tbody>
  6654. <row>
  6655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hǎoxiàng
  6656. zài nǎr jiànguo zhèige rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6657. </row>
  6658. <row>
  6659. <entry/>
  6660. </row>
  6661. <row>
  6662. <entry>It seems to me I’ve seen this man somewhere
  6663. before.</entry>
  6664. </row>
  6665. <row>
  6666. <entry>
  6667. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  6668. hǎoxiàng gàosuguo wǒ zhèijiàn
  6669. shi.</foreignphrase></para>
  6670. </entry>
  6671. </row>
  6672. <row>
  6673. <entry/>
  6674. </row>
  6675. <row>
  6676. <entry>It seems to me you’ve told me this before.</entry>
  6677. </row>
  6678. </tbody>
  6679. </tgroup>
  6680. </informaltable></para>
  6681. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiànzhù</foreignphrase>: As a
  6682. verb, “to build, to construct”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  6683. colsep="1">
  6684. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6685. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6686. <tbody>
  6687. <row>
  6688. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  6689. dàlóu shi něinián jiànzhùde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6690. </row>
  6691. <row>
  6692. <entry/>
  6693. </row>
  6694. <row>
  6695. <entry>When was this building constructed?</entry>
  6696. </row>
  6697. </tbody>
  6698. </tgroup>
  6699. </informaltable></para>
  6700. <para>As a noun, “a structure” or “architecture”:<informaltable frame="none"
  6701. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6702. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6703. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6704. <tbody>
  6705. <row>
  6706. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
  6707. Qíncháode jiànzhù.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6708. </row>
  6709. <row>
  6710. <entry/>
  6711. </row>
  6712. <row>
  6713. <entry>This is a structure from the Qin Dynasty.</entry>
  6714. </row>
  6715. <row>
  6716. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi xué
  6717. jiànzhùde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6718. </row>
  6719. <row>
  6720. <entry/>
  6721. </row>
  6722. <row>
  6723. <entry>He studied architecture.</entry>
  6724. </row>
  6725. </tbody>
  6726. </tgroup>
  6727. </informaltable></para>
  6728. <para> chóngxīn: “again, afresh, anew” </para>
  6729. <para>
  6730. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6731. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6732. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6733. <tbody>
  6734. <row>
  6735. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  6736. pánziwǎn xǐde bù gānjing, qǐng nǐ chóngxīn xǐ
  6737. yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6738. </row>
  6739. <row>
  6740. <entry/>
  6741. </row>
  6742. <row>
  6743. <entry>These dishes were not washed clean; please wash them
  6744. again.</entry>
  6745. </row>
  6746. </tbody>
  6747. </tgroup>
  6748. </informaltable>
  6749. </para>
  6750. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chóngxīn</foreignphrase> is
  6751. often followed by <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6752. >zài</foreignphrase>, “again”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  6753. colsep="1">
  6754. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6755. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6756. <tbody>
  6757. <row>
  6758. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuòde bù
  6759. hǎode huà, chóngxīn zài zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6760. </row>
  6761. <row>
  6762. <entry/>
  6763. </row>
  6764. <row>
  6765. <entry>If (we) don’t do it well, we’ll do it all over
  6766. again.</entry>
  6767. </row>
  6768. </tbody>
  6769. </tgroup>
  6770. </informaltable></para>
  6771. </section>
  6772. <section>
  6773. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  6774. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài lìshǐshang</foreignphrase>:
  6775. “in history, down through history” Chinese often uses -<foreignphrase
  6776. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shang</foreignphrase>, “on,” where English
  6777. would use “in,” especially for the meaning “in such-and-such a field or
  6778. area”: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  6779. jíngjishang</foreignphrase>, “in economy, eco“omically”; <foreignphrase
  6780. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài xuéxíshang</foreignphrase>, “in (one’s)
  6781. studies”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài
  6782. shēngchǎnshang</foreignphrase>, ”in production”; and, of course,
  6783. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàozhǐshang</foreignphrase>,
  6784. “in the newspaper,” etc.</para>
  6785. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòng... zuò...</foreignphrase>:
  6786. ”“o use... as...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6787. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6788. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6789. <tbody>
  6790. <row>
  6791. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yòng
  6792. tāmen jiāde kètíng zuò bàngōngshì.
  6793. </foreignphrase></entry>
  6794. </row>
  6795. <row>
  6796. <entry/>
  6797. </row>
  6798. <row>
  6799. <entry>He uses their living room as an office.</entry>
  6800. </row>
  6801. </tbody>
  6802. </tgroup>
  6803. </informaltable></para>
  6804. </section>
  6805. <section>
  6806. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  6807. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qínlüè</foreignphrase>: As a
  6808. verb, “to invade”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6809. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6810. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6811. <tbody>
  6812. <row>
  6813. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sūlián
  6814. wèishénme qīnluè Āfùhàn? </foreignphrase></entry>
  6815. </row>
  6816. <row>
  6817. <entry/>
  6818. </row>
  6819. <row>
  6820. <entry>Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?</entry>
  6821. </row>
  6822. </tbody>
  6823. </tgroup>
  6824. </informaltable></para>
  6825. <para>As a noun, “invasion” or “aggression”:<informaltable frame="none"
  6826. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6827. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6828. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6829. <tbody>
  6830. <row>
  6831. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bìxū
  6832. fángbèi Sūliánde qinlüè. </foreignphrase></entry>
  6833. </row>
  6834. <row>
  6835. <entry/>
  6836. </row>
  6837. <row>
  6838. <entry>We must guard against Soviet aggression.</entry>
  6839. </row>
  6840. </tbody>
  6841. </tgroup>
  6842. </informaltable></para>
  6843. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">běifāng láide</foreignphrase>:
  6844. “coming from the north” The word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6845. >cóng</foreignphrase>, “’from,” is often omitted from phrases such as
  6846. the following:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6847. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6848. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6849. <tbody>
  6850. <row>
  6851. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
  6852. xuéxiàode Zhōngguo xuésheng dōu shi Táiwān láide
  6853. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  6854. </row>
  6855. <row>
  6856. <entry/>
  6857. </row>
  6858. <row>
  6859. <entry>Are the Chinese students in that school all from
  6860. Taiwan?</entry>
  6861. </row>
  6862. <row>
  6863. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi,
  6864. yě yǒu dàlù láide.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6865. </row>
  6866. <row>
  6867. <entry/>
  6868. </row>
  6869. <row>
  6870. <entry>No, there are also some from the mainland.</entry>
  6871. </row>
  6872. <row>
  6873. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng
  6874. Shànghǎi qù Xīběi zhùde rén hěn duō, Běijīng qùde yě
  6875. yǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6876. </row>
  6877. <row>
  6878. <entry/>
  6879. </row>
  6880. <row>
  6881. <entry>There are many people who have gone to live in the
  6882. Northwest from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6883. >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, and there are also some
  6884. who have gone there from <foreignphrase
  6885. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6886. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  6887. </row>
  6888. <row>
  6889. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rén shi
  6890. hóuzi biànde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6891. </row>
  6892. <row>
  6893. <entry/>
  6894. </row>
  6895. <row>
  6896. <entry>Man came (“changed”) from the monkey.</entry>
  6897. </row>
  6898. </tbody>
  6899. </tgroup>
  6900. </informaltable></para>
  6901. </section>
  6902. <section>
  6903. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  6904. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒulǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
  6905. sightsee,” “to tour”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6906. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6907. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6908. <tbody>
  6909. <row>
  6910. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
  6911. Běijīngde wàiguo rén dōu xiǎng qù Shísānlíng
  6912. yóulǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6913. </row>
  6914. <row>
  6915. <entry/>
  6916. </row>
  6917. <row>
  6918. <entry>Foreigners who go to Beijing all want to go to the
  6919. Thirteen Tombs to sightsee.</entry>
  6920. </row>
  6921. <row>
  6922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dào
  6923. Chángchéng qùde yóulǎnchē měitiān
  6924. sìbān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6925. </row>
  6926. <row>
  6927. <entry/>
  6928. </row>
  6929. <row>
  6930. <entry>There are four tour buses to the Great Wall every
  6931. day.</entry>
  6932. </row>
  6933. </tbody>
  6934. </tgroup>
  6935. </informaltable></para>
  6936. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shísānlíng</foreignphrase>; “the
  6937. Thirteen Tombs,” also called “the Ming Tombs,” because they date from the
  6938. Ming Dynasty. These are located outside of <foreignphrase
  6939. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>.</para>
  6940. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>:
  6941. “worker” in a particular field, e.g., <foreignphrase
  6942. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàoyu gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>,
  6943. “educational worker,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén
  6944. gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>, “journalist,” <foreignphrase
  6945. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔyán gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>, “language
  6946. worker.” Such terms are PRC usage, sometimes created to replace titles with
  6947. elitist connotations.</para>
  6948. <para>Do not confuse this with the general term for “worker,” <foreignphrase
  6949. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>, which will be
  6950. introduced in Unit 6.</para>
  6951. </section>
  6952. <section>
  6953. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  6954. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǔdài</foreignphrase>:
  6955. “ancient,” the opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6956. >xiàndài</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6957. >Gǔ</foreignphrase>-, “ancient,” is used mainly in compound
  6958. words:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  6959. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  6960. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  6961. <tbody>
  6962. <row>
  6963. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shi
  6964. yíge gǔchéng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6965. </row>
  6966. <row>
  6967. <entry/>
  6968. </row>
  6969. <row>
  6970. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  6971. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> is an ancient city.</entry>
  6972. </row>
  6973. <row>
  6974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǔrén yǒu
  6975. yíjù huà, “Jiāozhě bì bài.”</foreignphrase></entry>
  6976. </row>
  6977. <row>
  6978. <entry/>
  6979. </row>
  6980. <row>
  6981. <entry>
  6982. <para>The ancients had a saying, “Pride goeth before the
  6983. fall.”</para>
  6984. </entry>
  6985. </row>
  6986. <row>
  6987. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  6988. gǔshíhòu zhèige guōjiāde wénhuà yǐjīng hěn fādá
  6989. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  6990. </row>
  6991. <row>
  6992. <entry/>
  6993. </row>
  6994. <row>
  6995. <entry>This country’s culture was already well developed in
  6996. ancient times.</entry>
  6997. </row>
  6998. </tbody>
  6999. </tgroup>
  7000. </informaltable></para>
  7001. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǔdài</foreignphrase> is also
  7002. used as a noun meaning “ancient times, antiquity.”</para>
  7003. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìshu</foreignphrase>: “art,”
  7004. meaning either “the arts” or “skill.” <foreignphrase
  7005. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìshujiā</foreignphrase> is an
  7006. “artist.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7007. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7008. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7009. <tbody>
  7010. <row>
  7011. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ tīngshuō
  7012. nǐ zài zhèr xué yìshu, nǐ shi xué xiàndài yìshu
  7013. háishi gǔdài yìshu?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7014. </row>
  7015. <row>
  7016. <entry/>
  7017. </row>
  7018. <row>
  7019. <entry>I understand you study art here; do you study modern
  7020. art or ancient art?</entry>
  7021. </row>
  7022. <row>
  7023. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāo shū
  7024. shi yìzhōng yìshu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7025. </row>
  7026. <row>
  7027. <entry/>
  7028. </row>
  7029. <row>
  7030. <entry>Teaching is an art.</entry>
  7031. </row>
  7032. </tbody>
  7033. </tgroup>
  7034. </informaltable></para>
  7035. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiàotáng</foreignphrase>:
  7036. “church,” literally, ”religion-hall”</para>
  7037. </section>
  7038. <section>
  7039. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  7040. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>: Notice that
  7041. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kě</foreignphrase>, “indeed,
  7042. certainly, really,” is often accompanied by <foreignphrase
  7043. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> at the end of the
  7044. sentence:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7045. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7046. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7047. <tbody>
  7048. <row>
  7049. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
  7050. zài kàn tā zuì xīnde shū, kě yǒu yìsi
  7051. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7052. </row>
  7053. <row>
  7054. <entry/>
  7055. </row>
  7056. <row>
  7057. <entry>I'm reading his latest book now. It's really
  7058. interesting.</entry>
  7059. </row>
  7060. </tbody>
  7061. </tgroup>
  7062. </informaltable></para>
  7063. </section>
  7064. <section>
  7065. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  7066. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gài</foreignphrase>: “to build,”
  7067. only used for buildings. (Another common use of this word is as the verb “to
  7068. cover,” which was the original meaning.)<informaltable frame="none"
  7069. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7070. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7071. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7072. <tbody>
  7073. <row>
  7074. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  7075. fángzi gàile duōshǎo nián
  7076. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7077. </row>
  7078. <row>
  7079. <entry/>
  7080. </row>
  7081. <row>
  7082. <entry>How old is this house/building? (lit., “How many
  7083. years has it been since this house was built?”)</entry>
  7084. </row>
  7085. </tbody>
  7086. </tgroup>
  7087. </informaltable></para>
  7088. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shí Dà Jiànzhù</foreignphrase>;
  7089. The “Ten Great Structures” in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7090. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> were designed and built in the 1950s by the
  7091. Chinese themselves. The authorities wanted to modernize the layout of the
  7092. capital and at the same time to commemorate the revolutionary victory and
  7093. its heroes. The architectural styles include Western as well as traditional
  7094. Chinese. The buildings are as follows: <foreignphrase
  7095. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> Railroad Station,
  7096. Museum of Art, Museum of History, Great Hall of the People, Revolutionary
  7097. Military Museum, Telegraph Building, Nationalities Cultural Palace,
  7098. Agricultural Exhibition Hall, Workers Stadium, and the Monument to the
  7099. People's Heroes.</para>
  7100. </section>
  7101. <section>
  7102. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  7103. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">juédìng</foreignphrase>: “to
  7104. decide” a course of action, or a “decision”<informaltable frame="none"
  7105. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7106. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7107. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7108. <tbody>
  7109. <row>
  7110. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
  7111. juédìng yào bàn dào Niǔ Yuē qù zhù
  7112. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7113. </row>
  7114. <row>
  7115. <entry/>
  7116. </row>
  7117. <row>
  7118. <entry>They decided to move to New York.</entry>
  7119. </row>
  7120. <row>
  7121. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng
  7122. míngtiān zài zuò zhèijiàn
  7123. shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7124. </row>
  7125. <row>
  7126. <entry/>
  7127. </row>
  7128. <row>
  7129. <entry>I’ve decided not to do this until tomorrow.</entry>
  7130. </row>
  7131. <row>
  7132. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ juédìng
  7133. qù le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7134. </row>
  7135. <row>
  7136. <entry/>
  7137. </row>
  7138. <row>
  7139. <entry>I’ve decided to go. (Note that <foreignphrase
  7140. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> is not
  7141. attached to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7142. >juédìng</foreignphrase> here even though “decided”
  7143. is a completed action. The verb which follows
  7144. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7145. >juédìng</foreignphrase> prevents this.)</entry>
  7146. </row>
  7147. <row>
  7148. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yào hé
  7149. Huáshèngdùn fāngmian shāngliang yíxià cái néng zuò
  7150. juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7151. </row>
  7152. <row>
  7153. <entry/>
  7154. </row>
  7155. <row>
  7156. <entry>
  7157. <para>I have to discuss this with Washington before I
  7158. can make a decision.</para>
  7159. </entry>
  7160. </row>
  7161. </tbody>
  7162. </tgroup>
  7163. </informaltable></para>
  7164. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chuānguò</foreignphrase>: “to
  7165. cross through”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7166. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7167. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7168. <tbody>
  7169. <row>
  7170. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèr
  7171. chuānguoqu jiù dào le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7172. </row>
  7173. <row>
  7174. <entry/>
  7175. </row>
  7176. <row>
  7177. <entry>We Just cross through here and then we’re
  7178. there.</entry>
  7179. </row>
  7180. </tbody>
  7181. </tgroup>
  7182. </informaltable></para>
  7183. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guǎngchǎng</foreignphrase>:
  7184. “square” in a city (the literal meaning is “wide-field”)</para>
  7185. </section>
  7186. <section>
  7187. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  7188. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng</foreignphrase>: The full
  7189. name is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng
  7190. Bōwùyuàn</foreignphrase>, “the Former Imperial Palace Museum.” This was
  7191. the palace of the ruling families of the <foreignphrase
  7192. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
  7193. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasties. It is located
  7194. in the center of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7195. >Běijìng</foreignphrase>. In conversation it is usually referred to
  7196. simply as the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7197. >Gùgōng</foreignphrase> (literally, “Former-palace”).</para>
  7198. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndewán
  7199. kànbuwán?</foreignphrase>: “can (one) finish seeing (it)?” This is the
  7200. compound verb of result <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7201. >kànwán</foreignphrase>, “finish seeing,” with the syllables
  7202. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase>- and
  7203. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bu</foreignphrase>- inserted
  7204. between the action and the result. Notice that in the question form, the
  7205. affirmative choice is given first and the negative choice second, just as in
  7206. simple questions like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù bu
  7207. qù</foreignphrase> (which means <foreignphrase
  7208. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù háishi bú qù</foreignphrase>). In some
  7209. varieties of Standard Chinese, the question form of verbs like
  7210. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kàndewán</foreignphrase>
  7211. follows the pattern Action <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7212. >bu</foreignphrase> Action-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7213. >de</foreignphrase>-Result: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7214. >Kàn bu kàndeván?</foreignphrase> This pattern is increasingly
  7215. common.</para>
  7216. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gùgōng yìtiānkàndewán
  7217. kànbuwán?</foreignphrase>: Note the placement of the time expression
  7218. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìtiān</foreignphrase>, “one
  7219. day,” BEFORE the verb<footnote>
  7220. <para>Remember: Time expressions referring to POINTS in time, including
  7221. ones like “in (by the end of) two days,” go BEFORE; those describing
  7222. the CONTINUATION of time go AFTER. (Review the note on placement of
  7223. time phrases in the Meeting module, Unit 1, Notes on No. 6.)</para>
  7224. </footnote>. Expressions telling that something is done WITHIN a certain
  7225. period of time (usually translated as “in” a certain period) come BEFORE the
  7226. verb. Other examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7227. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7228. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7229. <tbody>
  7230. <row>
  7231. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yìtiān
  7232. néng huílai ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
  7233. </row>
  7234. <row>
  7235. <entry/>
  7236. </row>
  7237. <row>
  7238. <entry>Can you get back in one day?</entry>
  7239. </row>
  7240. <row>
  7241. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Méi wèntí,
  7242. bàntiān jiù huílai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7243. </row>
  7244. <row>
  7245. <entry/>
  7246. </row>
  7247. <row>
  7248. <entry>No problem. I’ll be back in half a day.</entry>
  7249. </row>
  7250. <row>
  7251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yìhuǐr
  7252. yào chūqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7253. </row>
  7254. <row>
  7255. <entry/>
  7256. </row>
  7257. <row>
  7258. <entry> I’ll be going out in a while.</entry>
  7259. </row>
  7260. <row>
  7261. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yíge
  7262. zhōngtóu jiù xuéhuì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7263. </row>
  7264. <row>
  7265. <entry/>
  7266. </row>
  7267. <row>
  7268. <entry>He learned it in just an hour.</entry>
  7269. </row>
  7270. <row>
  7271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ liǎngge
  7272. yuè qù yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7273. </row>
  7274. <row>
  7275. <entry/>
  7276. </row>
  7277. <row>
  7278. <entry> I go once in two months.</entry>
  7279. </row>
  7280. </tbody>
  7281. </tgroup>
  7282. </informaltable></para>
  7283. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎr</foreignphrase>: The word
  7284. for “where” is used here to make a rhetorical question (one to which no
  7285. answer is expected) implying the negative of what it says. Other
  7286. examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7287. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7288. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7289. <tbody>
  7290. <row>
  7291. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr yòu
  7292. nàme róngyì! </foreignphrase></entry>
  7293. </row>
  7294. <row>
  7295. <entry/>
  7296. </row>
  7297. <row>
  7298. <entry>Since when is it that easy. (It isn’t at all so
  7299. easy.)</entry>
  7300. </row>
  7301. <row>
  7302. <entry>
  7303. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ nǎr
  7304. zhīdào tā yǐjīng jiéhūn lei</foreignphrase></para>
  7305. </entry>
  7306. </row>
  7307. <row>
  7308. <entry/>
  7309. </row>
  7310. <row>
  7311. <entry>How was I to know that she was already married!
  7312. (i.e., I had no way of knowing)</entry>
  7313. </row>
  7314. </tbody>
  7315. </tgroup>
  7316. </informaltable></para>
  7317. </section>
  7318. <section>
  7319. <title>Notes on №12</title>
  7320. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi... shéi
  7321. jiù...</foreignphrase>: “whoever...” You can use an interrogative
  7322. pronoun— <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi</foreignphrase>,
  7323. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shénme</foreignphrase>,
  7324. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">něige</foreignphrase>,
  7325. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnme</foreignphrase>,
  7326. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7327. >náli</foreignphrase>,<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> shénme
  7328. shíhou</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7329. >duōshào</foreignphrase>, etc. in a dependent clause and then repeat it
  7330. in the main clause to get meanings like “whoever,” “whatever,” “however,”
  7331. “wherever,” “whenever,” “however much,” etc. The adverb <foreignphrase
  7332. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">s</foreignphrase>, “then,” is often used in
  7333. the main clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7334. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7335. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7336. <tbody>
  7337. <row>
  7338. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xūyào
  7339. shénme, wǒ jiù gěi nǐ
  7340. shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7341. </row>
  7342. <row>
  7343. <entry/>
  7344. </row>
  7345. <row>
  7346. <entry>I’ll give you whatever you need.</entry>
  7347. </row>
  7348. <row>
  7349. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Náli duì
  7350. nlǐzuì fàngbian wǒmen jiù zài náli Jiàn miàn.
  7351. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7352. </row>
  7353. <row>
  7354. <entry/>
  7355. </row>
  7356. <row>
  7357. <entry>We’ll meet wherever is most convenient for
  7358. you.</entry>
  7359. </row>
  7360. <row>
  7361. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi xiǎng
  7362. qù, shéi jiù qù. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7363. </row>
  7364. <row>
  7365. <entry/>
  7366. </row>
  7367. <row>
  7368. <entry>Whoever wants to go, goes.</entry>
  7369. </row>
  7370. </tbody>
  7371. </tgroup>
  7372. </informaltable></para>
  7373. <para>Here are some examples in which <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7374. >jiù</foreignphrase> is not used:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  7375. colsep="1">
  7376. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7377. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7378. <tbody>
  7379. <row>
  7380. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ ài
  7381. zěnmeyàng zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7382. </row>
  7383. <row>
  7384. <entry/>
  7385. </row>
  7386. <row>
  7387. <entry>Do whatever you like.</entry>
  7388. </row>
  7389. <row>
  7390. <entry>
  7391. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  7392. shénme shíhou fāngbian, shénme shíhou
  7393. lái.</foreignphrase></para>
  7394. </entry>
  7395. </row>
  7396. <row>
  7397. <entry/>
  7398. </row>
  7399. <row>
  7400. <entry>Come whenever it’s convenient for you</entry>
  7401. </row>
  7402. <row>
  7403. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài Táiwān,
  7404. xiāngjiāo zǒngshi yǒu; yào duōshǎo, yǒu
  7405. duōshào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7406. </row>
  7407. <row>
  7408. <entry/>
  7409. </row>
  7410. <row>
  7411. <entry>They always have bananas in Taiwan; there are as many
  7412. as one could want (i.e., there are plenty).</entry>
  7413. </row>
  7414. </tbody>
  7415. </tgroup>
  7416. </informaltable></para>
  7417. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎngzhe</foreignphrase>: “be
  7418. thinking of, have on one’s mind” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7419. >Zhe</foreignphrase> on the end of an action verb like <foreignphrase
  7420. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiǎng</foreignphrase> shows the prolonging of
  7421. the action over a period of time. Compare these examples:<informaltable
  7422. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7423. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7424. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7425. <tbody>
  7426. <row>
  7427. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié
  7428. zhànzhe, zuòxia ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
  7429. </row>
  7430. <row>
  7431. <entry/>
  7432. </row>
  7433. <row>
  7434. <entry>Don’t stay standing; sit down’.</entry>
  7435. </row>
  7436. <row>
  7437. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  7438. tīngzhe!</foreignphrase></entry>
  7439. </row>
  7440. <row>
  7441. <entry/>
  7442. </row>
  7443. <row>
  7444. <entry>Listen!</entry>
  7445. </row>
  7446. <row>
  7447. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ mànmàn
  7448. chī, wǒ děngzhe nǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7449. </row>
  7450. <row>
  7451. <entry/>
  7452. </row>
  7453. <row>
  7454. <entry>Take your time eating; I’ll wait for you.</entry>
  7455. </row>
  7456. <row>
  7457. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zài zhèr
  7458. kānzhe ta, nǐ qù jiào liàng
  7459. jiùhùchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7460. </row>
  7461. <row>
  7462. <entry/>
  7463. </row>
  7464. <row>
  7465. <entry>I’ll stay here and watch him; you go call an
  7466. ambulance.</entry>
  7467. </row>
  7468. </tbody>
  7469. </tgroup>
  7470. </informaltable></para>
  7471. </section>
  7472. <section>
  7473. <title>Notes on №13: Additional Vocabulary</title>
  7474. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháodài</foreignphrase>: The
  7475. bound form -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cháo</foreignphrase>
  7476. must be preceded by a name (as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7477. >Qíncháo</foreignphrase>, ’“the Qin Dynasty”). <foreignphrase
  7478. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cháodài</foreignphrase> can be used alone, as
  7479. in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige gōngdiàn shi zài neige
  7480. cháodài jiànzhude?</foreignphrase>, ’“In which dynasty was this palace
  7481. constructed?”</para>
  7482. </section>
  7483. </section>
  7484. </section>
  7485. </section>
  7486. <section>
  7487. <title>Unit 5</title>
  7488. <section>
  7489. <title>References</title>
  7490. <section>
  7491. <title>Reference List</title>
  7492. <para/>
  7493. </section>
  7494. <section>
  7495. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  7496. <para/>
  7497. </section>
  7498. <section>
  7499. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  7500. <section>
  7501. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  7502. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">méitàn</foreignphrase>: ’“coal’’
  7503. In daily life (for coal is still used as a fuel in many homes in China),
  7504. this is usually called simply <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7505. >méi</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7506. >Tàn</foreignphrase> by itself means ’“charcoal” (charcoal is also
  7507. called <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mùtàn</foreignphrase>,
  7508. literally, “wood-charcoal”).</para>
  7509. <para>Another word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7510. >tàn</foreignphrase>, written with a different character but pronounced
  7511. exactly the same, means the element “carbon.”<informaltable frame="none"
  7512. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7513. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7514. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7515. <tbody>
  7516. <row>
  7517. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  7518. dìfangde méitàn shēngchǎn qíngkuàng bú cuò.
  7519. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7520. </row>
  7521. <row>
  7522. <entry/>
  7523. </row>
  7524. <row>
  7525. <entry> Coal production is doing very well in this
  7526. place.</entry>
  7527. </row>
  7528. </tbody>
  7529. </tgroup>
  7530. </informaltable></para>
  7531. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zīyuán</foreignphrase>:
  7532. “resources” This is used in such phrases as <foreignphrase
  7533. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìrán zīyuán</foreignphrase>. “natural
  7534. resources,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìxià
  7535. zīyuán</foreignphrase>, “underground resources.**<informaltable
  7536. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7537. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7538. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7539. <tbody>
  7540. <row>
  7541. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběn yōu
  7542. zīyuánde wèntí. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7543. </row>
  7544. <row>
  7545. <entry/>
  7546. </row>
  7547. <row>
  7548. <entry>Japan has a problem of resources, (refers to lack of
  7549. resources)</entry>
  7550. </row>
  7551. </tbody>
  7552. </tgroup>
  7553. </informaltable></para>
  7554. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù shǎo</foreignphrase>: “not
  7555. few,” i.e., “many,” “large” Remember that Chinese often uses <foreignphrase
  7556. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase> to express the opposite of
  7557. adjectives:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7558. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7559. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7560. <tbody>
  7561. <row>
  7562. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíjiān bù
  7563. zǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7564. </row>
  7565. <row>
  7566. <entry/>
  7567. </row>
  7568. <row>
  7569. <entry>It’s getting late.</entry>
  7570. </row>
  7571. <row>
  7572. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhēn bù
  7573. cōngmíng. </foreignphrase></entry>
  7574. </row>
  7575. <row>
  7576. <entry/>
  7577. </row>
  7578. <row>
  7579. <entry>You’re really dumb.</entry>
  7580. </row>
  7581. <row>
  7582. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
  7583. guōjiāde jīngJi fāzhǎnde
  7584. búmàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7585. </row>
  7586. <row>
  7587. <entry/>
  7588. </row>
  7589. <row>
  7590. <entry>That country’s economy is developing quite
  7591. fast.</entry>
  7592. </row>
  7593. </tbody>
  7594. </tgroup>
  7595. </informaltable></para>
  7596. <para> </para>
  7597. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìsānwèi</foreignphrase>: “third
  7598. place” -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèi</foreignphrase> is the
  7599. same word you learned in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Něiwèi
  7600. shi Gāo Tongzhì?</foreignphrase>, but here it means “place” or
  7601. “position” in a statistical ranking, -<foreignphrase
  7602. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèi</foreignphrase> also means “place” in
  7603. mathematics: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7604. >gèwèi</foreignphrase>, “the units place”; <foreignphrase
  7605. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíwèi</foreignphrase>, “the tens place”;
  7606. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎiwèi</foreignphrase>, “the
  7607. hundreds place”; etc.</para>
  7608. <para>Use the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhàn
  7609. dì-...-wèi</foreignphrase> for “to rank in ... position”:<informaltable
  7610. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7611. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7612. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7613. <tbody>
  7614. <row>
  7615. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  7616. rénkǒu zhàn shìjiè dìyǐwèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7617. </row>
  7618. <row>
  7619. <entry/>
  7620. </row>
  7621. <row>
  7622. <entry>China’s population ranks first in the world.</entry>
  7623. </row>
  7624. <row>
  7625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìndù dàozi
  7626. chǎnliàng zài shìjièshang zhàn
  7627. dìjǐwèi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7628. </row>
  7629. <row>
  7630. <entry/>
  7631. </row>
  7632. <row>
  7633. <entry>How does India’s rice production rank in the
  7634. world?</entry>
  7635. </row>
  7636. </tbody>
  7637. </tgroup>
  7638. </informaltable></para>
  7639. </section>
  7640. <section>
  7641. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  7642. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjìng</foreignphrase>:
  7643. ’“(national) border”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7644. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7645. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7646. <tbody>
  7647. <row>
  7648. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  7649. biānjìng dìqū shēnghuó, gōngzuòde rén, yídìng yào
  7650. tebié xiǎoxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7651. </row>
  7652. <row>
  7653. <entry/>
  7654. </row>
  7655. <row>
  7656. <entry>People who live and work in the border areas must be
  7657. especially careful.</entry>
  7658. </row>
  7659. <row>
  7660. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  7661. chéngshì lí biānjìng hěn
  7662. jìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7663. </row>
  7664. <row>
  7665. <entry/>
  7666. </row>
  7667. <row>
  7668. <entry>This city is very near the border.</entry>
  7669. </row>
  7670. </tbody>
  7671. </tgroup>
  7672. </informaltable></para>
  7673. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài lí biānjìng bù yuǎnde
  7674. dìfang</foreignphrase>: “was in places near the border” The main verb of
  7675. the sentence is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7676. >zài</foreignphrase>, “was in.” The phrase <foreignphrase
  7677. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí biānjìng bù yuǎn</foreignphrase> goes with
  7678. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">de</foreignphrase> and
  7679. describes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìfang</foreignphrase>.
  7680. Heóre is a diagram of the structure:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  7681. colsep="1">
  7682. <tgroup cols="4" align="center">
  7683. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7684. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  7685. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  7686. <colspec colname="c4" colnum="4" colwidth="1*"/>
  7687. <tbody>
  7688. <row>
  7689. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōnggude
  7690. shíyóu </foreignphrase></entry>
  7691. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7692. >zài</foreignphrase></entry>
  7693. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lí biānjìng
  7694. bù yuǎn -de </foreignphrase></entry>
  7695. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7696. >dìfang.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7697. </row>
  7698. <row>
  7699. <entry/>
  7700. <entry/>
  7701. <entry/>
  7702. <entry/>
  7703. </row>
  7704. <row>
  7705. <entry>China’s oil</entry>
  7706. <entry>was in</entry>
  7707. <entry>not far from the border</entry>
  7708. <entry> places.</entry>
  7709. </row>
  7710. </tbody>
  7711. </tgroup>
  7712. </informaltable>
  7713. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi</foreignphrase>: “along the
  7714. coast,” “coastal” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7715. >Yán</foreignphrase>, which you will learn in Unit 7, means
  7716. “along.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7717. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7718. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7719. <tbody>
  7720. <row>
  7721. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèizhǒng
  7722. dōngxi shi yánhǎi dìqū cái
  7723. yǒude.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7724. </row>
  7725. <row>
  7726. <entry/>
  7727. </row>
  7728. <row>
  7729. <entry>This kind of thing is found only in the coastal
  7730. regions.</entry>
  7731. </row>
  7732. <row>
  7733. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèijǐge
  7734. yánhǎi chéngshì jiànshède hěn
  7735. kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7736. </row>
  7737. <row>
  7738. <entry/>
  7739. </row>
  7740. <row>
  7741. <entry>Those few coastal cities have been built up very
  7742. quickly.</entry>
  7743. </row>
  7744. </tbody>
  7745. </tgroup>
  7746. </informaltable></para>
  7747. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánhǎi yídài</foreignphrase> is
  7748. a very common way of saying “coastal region.” You should also memorize the
  7749. expressions <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi
  7750. gèshěng</foreignphrase><footnote>
  7751. <para>0n the word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7752. >gè</foreignphrase> “various,” see the Notes on No. 6.</para>
  7753. </footnote> , “the (various) coastal provinces,” and <foreignphrase
  7754. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi zīyuán</foreignphrase>, “coastal
  7755. resources.”</para>
  7756. </section>
  7757. <section>
  7758. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  7759. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kuàngqū</foreignphrase>: “mining
  7760. area/region” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuàng</foreignphrase>
  7761. is the word for “mine,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7762. >méikuàng</foreignphrase>, “coal mine.” -<foreignphrase
  7763. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qū</foreignphrase> means “area,” “region,” as
  7764. in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>, “region,”
  7765. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāoqū</foreignphrase>,
  7766. “suburbs,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7767. >shìqū</foreignphrase>, “urban area.”<informaltable frame="none"
  7768. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7769. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7770. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7771. <tbody>
  7772. <row>
  7773. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  7774. jìhua shi guǎnyú kuàngqū
  7775. jiànshède.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7776. </row>
  7777. <row>
  7778. <entry/>
  7779. </row>
  7780. <row>
  7781. <entry>This plan has to do with the development of mining
  7782. regions.</entry>
  7783. </row>
  7784. </tbody>
  7785. </tgroup>
  7786. </informaltable></para>
  7787. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnshú</foreignphrase>: “metal,”
  7788. literally, “metal-category”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7789. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7790. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7791. <tbody>
  7792. <row>
  7793. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi shi
  7794. jīnshúde ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
  7795. </row>
  7796. <row>
  7797. <entry/>
  7798. </row>
  7799. <row>
  7800. <entry>Is this (made of) metal?</entry>
  7801. </row>
  7802. <row>
  7803. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
  7804. wǒmen zuò zhèizhǒng dōngxi bú yòng jinshú, dōu yòng
  7805. zhǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7806. </row>
  7807. <row>
  7808. <entry/>
  7809. </row>
  7810. <row>
  7811. <entry>Now we no longer make this kind of thing out of
  7812. metal, we make it out of paper.</entry>
  7813. </row>
  7814. </tbody>
  7815. </tgroup>
  7816. </informaltable></para>
  7817. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">niándài</foreignphrase>: This
  7818. has two meanings: </para>
  7819. <orderedlist>
  7820. <listitem>
  7821. <para>(as used in 3B) “a decade of a century,” e.g., <foreignphrase
  7822. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshi niándài</foreignphrase>, “the
  7823. twenties”; </para>
  7824. </listitem>
  7825. <listitem>
  7826. <para>“period,” “era”</para>
  7827. </listitem>
  7828. </orderedlist>
  7829. <para>
  7830. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7831. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7832. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7833. <tbody>
  7834. <row>
  7835. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  7836. gùshi xiěde shi shénme niándàide
  7837. shi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7838. </row>
  7839. <row>
  7840. <entry/>
  7841. </row>
  7842. <row>
  7843. <entry>What period is this story about?</entry>
  7844. </row>
  7845. <row>
  7846. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipíng
  7847. jiu3 shi shénme niándàide?</foreignphrase></entry>
  7848. </row>
  7849. <row>
  7850. <entry/>
  7851. </row>
  7852. <row>
  7853. <entry>What vintage is this wine/liquor?</entry>
  7854. </row>
  7855. </tbody>
  7856. </tgroup>
  7857. </informaltable>
  7858. </para>
  7859. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase>:
  7860. “machine,” œmachinery,” “mechanical”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  7861. colsep="1">
  7862. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7863. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7864. <tbody>
  7865. <row>
  7866. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  7867. zhèlide shēngchǎn zhǔyào kào
  7868. jīxiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7869. </row>
  7870. <row>
  7871. <entry/>
  7872. </row>
  7873. <row>
  7874. <entry>Most of our production here is by machine.</entry>
  7875. </row>
  7876. </tbody>
  7877. </tgroup>
  7878. </informaltable></para>
  7879. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase> is also
  7880. pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7881. >jījiè</foreignphrase>.</para>
  7882. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqì</foreignphrase>, “machine,”
  7883. which you learned in Unit 3, is different from <foreignphrase
  7884. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīqì</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
  7885. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīqì</foreignphrase> refers to individual
  7886. machines; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè</foreignphrase> is
  7887. machines in general—machinery. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7888. >Jīqì</foreignphrase> virtually- always translates as“”machine(s).”
  7889. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīxiè</foreignphrase> is
  7890. basically “machinery,” but may translate as “machine” in certain phrases,
  7891. like <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè
  7892. gōngrén</foreignphrase>, “machine worker,” <foreignphrase
  7893. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīxiè gōngyè</foreignphrase>, “machine
  7894. industry,” etc.</para>
  7895. </section>
  7896. <section>
  7897. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  7898. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài guò shínián</foreignphrase>:
  7899. “in another ten years,” “after another ten years have passed” Here are some
  7900. more examples of the use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">(zài)
  7901. guò</foreignphrase> (Amount of Time):<informaltable frame="none"
  7902. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7903. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7904. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7905. <tbody>
  7906. <row>
  7907. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài guò
  7908. jǐnián wǒ jiù xíguàn zhèrde shēnghuó
  7909. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7910. </row>
  7911. <row>
  7912. <entry/>
  7913. </row>
  7914. <row>
  7915. <entry>I’ll get used to life here in another few
  7916. years.</entry>
  7917. </row>
  7918. <row>
  7919. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guò jǐtiān
  7920. tā jiù yào qù Yìdàlì zuò lǐngshì
  7921. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7922. </row>
  7923. <row>
  7924. <entry/>
  7925. </row>
  7926. <row>
  7927. <entry> In a few days, he will be going to Italy to be
  7928. consul.</entry>
  7929. </row>
  7930. </tbody>
  7931. </tgroup>
  7932. </informaltable></para>
  7933. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū</foreignphrase>: “at the
  7934. beginning of” a time period<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7935. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7936. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7937. <tbody>
  7938. <row>
  7939. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Míngniánchū
  7940. wǒ qù Shànghǎi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7941. </row>
  7942. <row>
  7943. <entry/>
  7944. </row>
  7945. <row>
  7946. <entry>At the beginning of next year I’m going to
  7947. Shanghai.</entry>
  7948. </row>
  7949. <row>
  7950. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuèchū zài
  7951. shuō ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
  7952. </row>
  7953. <row>
  7954. <entry/>
  7955. </row>
  7956. <row>
  7957. <entry>We’ll see about it at the beginning of (next)
  7958. month!</entry>
  7959. </row>
  7960. <row>
  7961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige yuè
  7962. chū tiānqi kāishǐ nuǎnhuo
  7963. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7964. </row>
  7965. <row>
  7966. <entry/>
  7967. </row>
  7968. <row>
  7969. <entry>The weather started to get warmer at the beginning of
  7970. this month.</entry>
  7971. </row>
  7972. <row>
  7973. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wénhuà Dà
  7974. Gémìng chū wǒmen shéi dōu hái bù zhīdào shi zěnme
  7975. huí shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7976. </row>
  7977. <row>
  7978. <entry/>
  7979. </row>
  7980. <row>
  7981. <entry>At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, none of
  7982. us knew what it was all about yet.</entry>
  7983. </row>
  7984. </tbody>
  7985. </tgroup>
  7986. </informaltable></para>
  7987. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiángguó</foreignphrase>:
  7988. “strong-country,” i.e., “a (world) power”</para>
  7989. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎ</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
  7990. <listitem>
  7991. <para>“at least”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  7992. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  7993. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  7994. <tbody>
  7995. <row>
  7996. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  7997. >Tā xué Zhōngwén qǐmǎ yǒu wǔnián le, dànshi hái
  7998. shuōde bù hāo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  7999. </row>
  8000. <row>
  8001. <entry/>
  8002. </row>
  8003. <row>
  8004. <entry>He has been studying Chinese for at least
  8005. five years, but he still doesn't speak
  8006. well.</entry>
  8007. </row>
  8008. <row>
  8009. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8010. >Měitiān wǎnshang wǒ qǐmǎ yào kàn liǎngge zhōngtóu
  8011. shū cái néng shuì jiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8012. </row>
  8013. <row>
  8014. <entry/>
  8015. </row>
  8016. <row>
  8017. <entry>Every evening I have to read at least two
  8018. hours before I can go to sleep.</entry>
  8019. </row>
  8020. <row>
  8021. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8022. >Zhèige rén zhēn néng pǎo, měitiān qǐmǎ pǎo shíèr
  8023. yīnglǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8024. </row>
  8025. <row>
  8026. <entry/>
  8027. </row>
  8028. <row>
  8029. <entry>This guy can really run. Every day he runs
  8030. at least twelve miles. acceptable), most basic,
  8031. rudimentary”</entry>
  8032. </row>
  8033. </tbody>
  8034. </tgroup>
  8035. </informaltable></para>
  8036. </listitem>
  8037. <listitem>
  8038. <para>“minimum, lowest (required to be acceptable,) most basic,
  8039. rudimentary”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  8040. colsep="1">
  8041. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8042. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8043. <tbody>
  8044. <row>
  8045. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8046. >Zhèige rén! Lián qǐmǎde lǐmào dōu bù
  8047. dǒng!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8048. </row>
  8049. <row>
  8050. <entry/>
  8051. </row>
  8052. <row>
  8053. <entry>This guy! He doesn’t even understand the
  8054. most basic manners!</entry>
  8055. </row>
  8056. <row>
  8057. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8058. >Nǐ lián zhè qǐmǎde dàolǐ dōu bù
  8059. dǒng?!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8060. </row>
  8061. <row>
  8062. <entry/>
  8063. </row>
  8064. <row>
  8065. <entry>You don’t even understand this basic
  8066. principle (of conduct, life, etc.)?!</entry>
  8067. </row>
  8068. </tbody>
  8069. </tgroup>
  8070. </informaltable></para>
  8071. </listitem>
  8072. </orderedlist></para>
  8073. <para>Similar expressions include <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8074. >qǐmǎde tiáojiàn</foreignphrase>, “the most basic conditions”;
  8075. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎde
  8076. huánjìng</foreignphrase>, “the most basic environment(al conditions)”;
  8077. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qǐmǎde zhīshi</foreignphrase>,
  8078. “the most rudimentary knowledge”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8079. >qǐmǎde shuǐpíng</foreignphrase>, “the minimum level.”</para>
  8080. </section>
  8081. <section>
  8082. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  8083. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zěnmeyàng la?</foreignphrase>:
  8084. “what happened (to him)” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8085. >La</foreignphrase> is just a contraction of <foreignphrase
  8086. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase
  8087. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">a</foreignphrase>. Here are more examples of
  8088. the extremely useful word <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8089. >zěnmeyàng</foreignphrase>, “how is...,” “what happened (to)...,” or “do
  8090. what”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8091. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8092. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8093. <tbody>
  8094. <row>
  8095. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ránhòu ne?
  8096. Ránhòu zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8097. </row>
  8098. <row>
  8099. <entry/>
  8100. </row>
  8101. <row>
  8102. <entry>And then? Then what happened?</entry>
  8103. </row>
  8104. <row>
  8105. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Éi, hǎo
  8106. jǐnián méi kànjian Xiǎo Wú le, tā zěnmeyàng
  8107. le?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8108. </row>
  8109. <row>
  8110. <entry/>
  8111. </row>
  8112. <row>
  8113. <entry>Say, I haven’t seen <foreignphrase
  8114. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Wú</foreignphrase>
  8115. for many years. What ever became of her?</entry>
  8116. </row>
  8117. <row>
  8118. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge rén bù
  8119. néng xiǎng zěnmeyàng jiu
  8120. zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8121. </row>
  8122. <row>
  8123. <entry/>
  8124. </row>
  8125. <row>
  8126. <entry>A person cannot just do anything they feel like
  8127. doing.</entry>
  8128. </row>
  8129. <row>
  8130. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yàoshi
  8131. bú gàosu ta, tā huì duì nǐ zěnmeyàng
  8132. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8133. </row>
  8134. <row>
  8135. <entry/>
  8136. </row>
  8137. <row>
  8138. <entry>If you don’t tell him, will he try to do anything to
  8139. you?</entry>
  8140. </row>
  8141. <row>
  8142. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú huì
  8143. zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8144. </row>
  8145. <row>
  8146. <entry/>
  8147. </row>
  8148. <row>
  8149. <entry>He won’t do anything.</entry>
  8150. </row>
  8151. <row>
  8152. <entry>A:<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ
  8153. dǎsuan zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8154. </row>
  8155. <row>
  8156. <entry/>
  8157. </row>
  8158. <row>
  8159. <entry>What are you going to do?</entry>
  8160. </row>
  8161. <row>
  8162. <entry> B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  8163. xiǎng wǒ yīnggāi zěnmeyàng?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8164. </row>
  8165. <row>
  8166. <entry/>
  8167. </row>
  8168. <row>
  8169. <entry>What do you think I should do?</entry>
  8170. </row>
  8171. <row>
  8172. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
  8173. zhīdào, nǐ yào zěnmeyàng jiu
  8174. zěnmeyàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8175. </row>
  8176. <row>
  8177. <entry/>
  8178. </row>
  8179. <row>
  8180. <entry>I don’t know. Do whatever you want to do.</entry>
  8181. </row>
  8182. </tbody>
  8183. </tgroup>
  8184. </informaltable></para>
  8185. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhòng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8186. heavy,” in several senses:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8187. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8188. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8189. <tbody>
  8190. <row>
  8191. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige jīqì
  8192. yǒu duó zhòng?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8193. </row>
  8194. <row>
  8195. <entry/>
  8196. </row>
  8197. <row>
  8198. <entry>How heavy is this machine?</entry>
  8199. </row>
  8200. <row>
  8201. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngkè tài
  8202. zhòng, zhēn lèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8203. </row>
  8204. <row>
  8205. <entry/>
  8206. </row>
  8207. <row>
  8208. <entry>I have too much homework; I’m really tired.</entry>
  8209. </row>
  8210. <row>
  8211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào bǎ
  8212. huà shuōde tài zhòng le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8213. </row>
  8214. <row>
  8215. <entry/>
  8216. </row>
  8217. <row>
  8218. <entry>Don’t put it too strongly.</entry>
  8219. </row>
  8220. <row>
  8221. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shòule
  8222. zhòng shāng, xiànzài zài
  8223. yīyuànli.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8224. </row>
  8225. <row>
  8226. <entry/>
  8227. </row>
  8228. <row>
  8229. <entry>He was badly injured and is now in the
  8230. hospital.</entry>
  8231. </row>
  8232. </tbody>
  8233. </tgroup>
  8234. </informaltable></para>
  8235. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhòngliàng</foreignphrase> means
  8236. “weight” (compare <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8237. >chǎnliàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8238. >zhìliàng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8239. >shùliàng</foreignphrase>).</para>
  8240. <para>The opposite of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8241. >zhòng</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8242. >qīng</foreignphrase>, “to be light,” which is introduced in No. 7,
  8243. below.</para>
  8244. </section>
  8245. <section>
  8246. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  8247. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gèguó</foreignphrase>: “various
  8248. countries” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gè</foreignphrase>-,
  8249. “each and every, various,” is a specifier like <foreignphrase
  8250. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhèi</foreignphrase>-, “this,” or
  8251. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi</foreignphrase>-, “that.”
  8252. You can prefix it to counters and to some nouns. Here are some
  8253. examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8254. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8255. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8256. <tbody>
  8257. <row>
  8258. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen zài
  8259. quánguǒ gèdì cānguān youlǎnle yíge
  8260. yuè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8261. </row>
  8262. <row>
  8263. <entry/>
  8264. </row>
  8265. <row>
  8266. <entry>We visited and toured all over the country for one
  8267. month. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8268. >Gèdì</foreignphrase> is “each place,” “various
  8269. places.”)</entry>
  8270. </row>
  8271. <row>
  8272. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
  8273. gèrén zuò gèrénde, sìdiǎn zài kāi
  8274. huí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8275. </row>
  8276. <row>
  8277. <entry/>
  8278. </row>
  8279. <row>
  8280. <entry>For now, everyone can do what they want. We will have
  8281. the meeting at four. (<foreignphrase
  8282. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèrén</foreignphrase> is
  8283. “everybody.”)</entry>
  8284. </row>
  8285. <row>
  8286. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèwèi rúguǒ
  8287. yǒu shénme wèntí, qǐng xiànzài
  8288. tíchulai.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8289. </row>
  8290. <row>
  8291. <entry/>
  8292. </row>
  8293. <row>
  8294. <entry>
  8295. <para>If you all have any questions, please bring them
  8296. up now. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8297. >Gèwèi</foreignphrase> is a polite form of address
  8298. for a group of people, e.g., an audience.
  8299. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8300. >Wèi</foreignphrase> is the polite counter' for
  8301. people.)</para>
  8302. </entry>
  8303. </row>
  8304. <row>
  8305. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen yòng
  8306. gèzhǒng xiàndàihuàde jīqì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8307. </row>
  8308. <row>
  8309. <entry/>
  8310. </row>
  8311. <row>
  8312. <entry>They use all kinds of modem machines. (<foreignphrase
  8313. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gèzhǒng</foreignphrase>
  8314. is “various kinds.”)</entry>
  8315. </row>
  8316. </tbody>
  8317. </tgroup>
  8318. </informaltable></para>
  8319. <para>When a <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gè</foreignphrase>-
  8320. phrase is followed in the sentence by <foreignphrase
  8321. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>, “all,” it takes on the
  8322. meaning “every,” “all.” Thus <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8323. >gèguó</foreignphrase> in sentence 6A is translated as “all
  8324. countries.”</para>
  8325. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guānxīn</foreignphrase>; “to be
  8326. concerned about,” “to care about,” “to be interested in” the welfare of
  8327. something.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8328. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8329. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8330. <tbody>
  8331. <row>
  8332. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
  8333. lǎoshī hěn guānxīn xuésheng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8334. </row>
  8335. <row>
  8336. <entry/>
  8337. </row>
  8338. <row>
  8339. <entry>The teachers here are very concerned about (care
  8340. about) the students.</entry>
  8341. </row>
  8342. <row>
  8343. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hěn
  8344. guānxīn kuàngqūde jiànshè, sānge yuèli lái kànguo
  8345. hǎo jǐcì. </foreignphrase></entry>
  8346. </row>
  8347. <row>
  8348. <entry/>
  8349. </row>
  8350. <row>
  8351. <entry> He cares a great deal about the building up of the
  8352. mining region; he came to see it many times in three
  8353. months.</entry>
  8354. </row>
  8355. </tbody>
  8356. </tgroup>
  8357. </informaltable></para>
  8358. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xǔduō</foreignphrase>: “many,”
  8359. “a great deal (of),” “lots (of)” This is a synonym of <foreignphrase
  8360. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hěn duō</foreignphrase>, and used in the same
  8361. ways.</para>
  8362. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chénglì</foreignphrase>: “to
  8363. establish,” œto found,” “to set up”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  8364. colsep="1">
  8365. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8366. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8367. <tbody>
  8368. <row>
  8369. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měiguó
  8370. Diànhuà Diànbào Gōngsī shi nǎinián
  8371. chénglìde?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8372. </row>
  8373. <row>
  8374. <entry/>
  8375. </row>
  8376. <row>
  8377. <entry>In what year was AT&amp;T established?</entry>
  8378. </row>
  8379. </tbody>
  8380. </tgroup>
  8381. </informaltable></para>
  8382. </section>
  8383. <section>
  8384. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  8385. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qū</foreignphrase>: ’“area,”
  8386. œregion,” œdistrict” This word, which you have already seen in
  8387. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìqū</foreignphrase>, œarea,”
  8388. “region,” and in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8389. >kuàngqū</foreignphrase>, “mining region,” can combine with many other
  8390. words, for example <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8391. >gōngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “industrial region,” <foreignphrase
  8392. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “agricultural
  8393. region” or “fanning region,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8394. >shāngyèqū</foreignphrase>, “usiness district (of a city),”
  8395. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fēngjǐngqū</foreignphrase>,
  8396. “scenic spot,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8397. >shānqū</foreignphrase>, “mountainous district.”</para>
  8398. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lìliàng</foreignphrase>:
  8399. “power,” “force,” “strength” In 7A, this is translated idiomatically as
  8400. “capability.” Another example would be <foreignphrase
  8401. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jingji lìliàng</foreignphrase>. “economic
  8402. capability.” Here are more examples (for the third one, you need to know
  8403. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tuánjié</foreignphrase>,
  8404. “unity”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8405. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8406. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8407. <tbody>
  8408. <row>
  8409. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wo3mende
  8410. lìliàng bú gòu, méiyou bànfǎ bāngzhu
  8411. ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8412. </row>
  8413. <row>
  8414. <entry/>
  8415. </row>
  8416. <row>
  8417. <entry>Our power is insufficient;, there is no way we can
  8418. help you.</entry>
  8419. </row>
  8420. <row>
  8421. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dà zìde
  8422. shíhou, bù néng yòng tài dà
  8423. lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8424. </row>
  8425. <row>
  8426. <entry/>
  8427. </row>
  8428. <row>
  8429. <entry>When typing, one should not hit too hard.</entry>
  8430. </row>
  8431. <row>
  8432. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tuánjié jiù
  8433. shi lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8434. </row>
  8435. <row>
  8436. <entry/>
  8437. </row>
  8438. <row>
  8439. <entry>Unity is strength.</entry>
  8440. </row>
  8441. <row>
  8442. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shénme
  8443. lìliàng yě bù néng bǎ wǒmen
  8444. fēnkāi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8445. </row>
  8446. <row>
  8447. <entry/>
  8448. </row>
  8449. <row>
  8450. <entry>No force can separate us.</entry>
  8451. </row>
  8452. </tbody>
  8453. </tgroup>
  8454. </informaltable></para>
  8455. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìn...lái</foreignphrase>:
  8456. “during the last...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8457. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8458. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8459. <tbody>
  8460. <row>
  8461. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìn sāntiān
  8462. lái, Xiǎo Huá hǎoxiàng xīnli hěn bù
  8463. gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8464. </row>
  8465. <row>
  8466. <entry/>
  8467. </row>
  8468. <row>
  8469. <entry>For the last three days, <foreignphrase
  8470. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiǎo Huá</foreignphrase>
  8471. has seemed very unhappy.</entry>
  8472. </row>
  8473. <row>
  8474. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jìn jǐnián
  8475. lái, tā biànhuà hěn dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8476. </row>
  8477. <row>
  8478. <entry/>
  8479. </row>
  8480. <row>
  8481. <entry>In recent years, she has changed a great
  8482. deal.</entry>
  8483. </row>
  8484. <row>
  8485. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jin bǎinián
  8486. láide Zhōngguō lìshǐ hěn yǒu
  8487. yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8488. </row>
  8489. <row>
  8490. <entry/>
  8491. </row>
  8492. <row>
  8493. <entry>Chinese history of the past hundred years is very
  8494. interesting.</entry>
  8495. </row>
  8496. </tbody>
  8497. </tgroup>
  8498. </informaltable></para>
  8499. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8500. light” in weight<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8501. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8502. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8503. <tbody>
  8504. <row>
  8505. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāngzi bú
  8506. zhòng, hěn qīng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8507. </row>
  8508. <row>
  8509. <entry/>
  8510. </row>
  8511. <row>
  8512. <entry>The suitcase isn’t heavy; it’s light</entry>
  8513. </row>
  8514. <row>
  8515. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng gōngyè
  8516. gōngren méiyou zhòng gōngyè gōngrende shōurù
  8517. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8518. </row>
  8519. <row>
  8520. <entry/>
  8521. </row>
  8522. <row>
  8523. <entry>Light industrial workers do not have as high wages as
  8524. heavy industrial workers.</entry>
  8525. </row>
  8526. </tbody>
  8527. </tgroup>
  8528. </informaltable></para>
  8529. </section>
  8530. <section>
  8531. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  8532. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">èrshinián qián</foreignphrase>:
  8533. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qián</foreignphrase> is a
  8534. short form of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8535. >yǐqián</foreignphrase>. You can often substitute <foreignphrase
  8536. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qiàn</foreignphrase> for <foreignphrase
  8537. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐqián</foreignphrase> when it comes at the
  8538. end of a time phrase. Both words are commonly used in conversation and
  8539. writing. More examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8540. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8541. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8542. <tbody>
  8543. <row>
  8544. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ lái
  8545. Měiguó qián, shénme yě méi
  8546. zhǔnbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8547. </row>
  8548. <row>
  8549. <entry/>
  8550. </row>
  8551. <row>
  8552. <entry>Before I came to America, I didn’t prepare
  8553. anything.</entry>
  8554. </row>
  8555. <row>
  8556. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yíge yuè
  8557. qián, zhèige dàlóu hái méi gàiwán, xiànzài yǐjìng
  8558. zhù rén le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8559. </row>
  8560. <row>
  8561. <entry/>
  8562. </row>
  8563. <row>
  8564. <entry>A month ago, this building wasn't even finished yet,
  8565. and now there are already people living in it.</entry>
  8566. </row>
  8567. </tbody>
  8568. </tgroup>
  8569. </informaltable></para>
  8570. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qióng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8571. poor”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8572. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8573. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8574. <tbody>
  8575. <row>
  8576. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qióng bú
  8577. shi wèntí, lǎn cái shi
  8578. wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8579. </row>
  8580. <row>
  8581. <entry/>
  8582. </row>
  8583. <row>
  8584. <entry>Being poor isn't a problem; it’s being lazy that’s a
  8585. problem.</entry>
  8586. </row>
  8587. </tbody>
  8588. </tgroup>
  8589. </informaltable></para>
  8590. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàngxìn</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8591. unworried,” “to be at ease,” “to put one’s mind at ease” (literally, “put
  8592. down the heart”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8593. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8594. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8595. <tbody>
  8596. <row>
  8597. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bàn shì,
  8598. wǒ fàngxìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8599. </row>
  8600. <row>
  8601. <entry/>
  8602. </row>
  8603. <row>
  8604. <entry>With you in charge (literally, “[if] you handle
  8605. affairs”), I am at ease, (reportedly said by
  8606. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo
  8607. Zédōng</foreignphrase> to <foreignphrase
  8608. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Huà
  8609. Guófēng</foreignphrase> before <foreignphrase
  8610. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Máo</foreignphrase> died
  8611. in 1976)</entry>
  8612. </row>
  8613. <row>
  8614. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ fàngxìn
  8615. hǎo le, wǒ huì xiǎng
  8616. bànfade.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8617. </row>
  8618. <row>
  8619. <entry/>
  8620. </row>
  8621. <row>
  8622. <entry> Don’t you worry. I’ll think of a way.</entry>
  8623. </row>
  8624. <row>
  8625. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ yíge rén
  8626. qù, wǒ bú fàngxìn. </foreignphrase></entry>
  8627. </row>
  8628. <row>
  8629. <entry/>
  8630. </row>
  8631. <row>
  8632. <entry>I’ll worry if you go alone.</entry>
  8633. </row>
  8634. </tbody>
  8635. </tgroup>
  8636. </informaltable></para>
  8637. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suàn</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8638. counted as,” “to be considered as,” “can be regarded as” This verb is used
  8639. much more often than these English translations would seem to indicate. To
  8640. really get the feel of what <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8641. >suàn</foreignphrase> means, you have to look at it in context. Here are
  8642. some examples (the translations attempt to be idiomatic):<informaltable
  8643. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8644. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8645. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8646. <tbody>
  8647. <row>
  8648. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hángzhōu
  8649. suàn bu suan gōngyè
  8650. chéngshì?</foreignphrase></entry>
  8651. </row>
  8652. <row>
  8653. <entry/>
  8654. </row>
  8655. <row>
  8656. <entry>Would you say that Hangzhou is an industrial
  8657. city?</entry>
  8658. </row>
  8659. <row>
  8660. <entry>B: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú suàn,
  8661. suàn yóulàn chéngshì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8662. </row>
  8663. <row>
  8664. <entry/>
  8665. </row>
  8666. <row>
  8667. <entry> No, it's a tourist city.</entry>
  8668. </row>
  8669. <row>
  8670. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zěnme duō
  8671. cài, sānshikuài qián bú suàn
  8672. guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8673. </row>
  8674. <row>
  8675. <entry/>
  8676. </row>
  8677. <row>
  8678. <entry>Thirty dollars isn't expensive for so much
  8679. food.</entry>
  8680. </row>
  8681. <row>
  8682. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ děi zìjī
  8683. huì shuō nǐ xiǎngde dōngxi cái suàn huì shuō
  8684. Zhōngwén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8685. </row>
  8686. <row>
  8687. <entry>You have to be able to say what you want to say
  8688. before you can be considered to speak Chinese.</entry>
  8689. </row>
  8690. <row>
  8691. <entry/>
  8692. </row>
  8693. <row>
  8694. <entry>A: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ti
  8695. xiàèxie le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8696. </row>
  8697. <row>
  8698. <entry/>
  8699. </row>
  8700. <row>
  8701. <entry>Thank you so much!</entry>
  8702. </row>
  8703. <row>
  8704. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">B: Nà suàn
  8705. shénme! Péngyōu ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8706. </row>
  8707. <row>
  8708. <entry/>
  8709. </row>
  8710. <row>
  8711. <entry>It’s nothing (literally, “What can that be
  8712. considered’’)! We’re friends, after all!</entry>
  8713. </row>
  8714. <row>
  8715. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fāzhǎn
  8716. bǐjiǎo kuàide yào suàn méitàn gōngyè hé jīxiè
  8717. gōngyè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8718. </row>
  8719. <row>
  8720. <entry/>
  8721. </row>
  8722. <row>
  8723. <entry>One would have to say the coal industry and the
  8724. machine industry are the most rapidly developing
  8725. industries.</entry>
  8726. </row>
  8727. <row>
  8728. <entry>
  8729. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn
  8730. suīrán bú suàn zuì yǒu míngde chéngshì, dànshi
  8731. měinián yě yǒu bù shǎo rén qù
  8732. cānguān.</foreignphrase></para>
  8733. </entry>
  8734. </row>
  8735. <row>
  8736. <entry/>
  8737. </row>
  8738. <row>
  8739. <entry>Although one would not call <foreignphrase
  8740. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānjīn</foreignphrase> a
  8741. very famous city, quite a few people go there to visit
  8742. every year.</entry>
  8743. </row>
  8744. <row>
  8745. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō
  8746. zhèizhōng huà hái suàn shi
  8747. wàijiāoguān!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8748. </row>
  8749. <row>
  8750. <entry/>
  8751. </row>
  8752. <row>
  8753. <entry>What kind of diplomat talks like that! (literally,
  8754. (In view of the fact that he) says such things, can he
  8755. still be considered a diplomat?!)</entry>
  8756. </row>
  8757. <row>
  8758. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yě
  8759. suàn Běijīng kǎoyā ma? bú duì
  8760. ma!</foreignphrase></entry>
  8761. </row>
  8762. <row>
  8763. <entry/>
  8764. </row>
  8765. <row>
  8766. <entry>They call this Peking duck? The flavor is all
  8767. wrong!</entry>
  8768. </row>
  8769. <row>
  8770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèi
  8771. jīge xuéshenglǐ, tā hái suàn shi hǎode ne, kěshi dōu
  8772. bú tài hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8773. </row>
  8774. <row>
  8775. <entry/>
  8776. </row>
  8777. <row>
  8778. <entry>Of these students, I suppose he’s the best, but none
  8779. of them is very good.</entry>
  8780. </row>
  8781. </tbody>
  8782. </tgroup>
  8783. </informaltable></para>
  8784. </section>
  8785. <section>
  8786. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  8787. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zǒngde lái shuō</foreignphrase>:
  8788. “generally speaking,’’ “on the whole’’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  8789. colsep="1">
  8790. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8791. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8792. <tbody>
  8793. <row>
  8794. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒngde lái
  8795. shuō, wǒmen xuéxiào xuéshēngde shuǐpíng dōu shi hěn
  8796. gāode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8797. </row>
  8798. <row>
  8799. <entry/>
  8800. </row>
  8801. <row>
  8802. <entry>Generally speaking, our school’s students are of a
  8803. very high caliber.</entry>
  8804. </row>
  8805. <row>
  8806. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zǒngde lái
  8807. shuō, nǐmende gōngzuò gǎode bú
  8808. cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8809. </row>
  8810. <row>
  8811. <entry/>
  8812. </row>
  8813. <row>
  8814. <entry>On the whole, you did a good job.</entry>
  8815. </row>
  8816. </tbody>
  8817. </tgroup>
  8818. </informaltable></para>
  8819. <para>A similar phrase using the pattern <foreignphrase
  8820. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">...lái shuō</foreignphrase> is <foreignphrase
  8821. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìbān lái shuō</foreignphrase>, which means
  8822. “generally speaking,” “ordinarily”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  8823. colsep="1">
  8824. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8825. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8826. <tbody>
  8827. <row>
  8828. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
  8829. shuō, wǒ měige yuè qù kàn ta
  8830. yícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8831. </row>
  8832. <row>
  8833. <entry/>
  8834. </row>
  8835. <row>
  8836. <entry>Generally speaking I go see him once a month.</entry>
  8837. </row>
  8838. <row>
  8839. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
  8840. shuō, Huáshèngdùnde chūntiān hěn
  8841. shūfu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8842. </row>
  8843. <row>
  8844. <entry/>
  8845. </row>
  8846. <row>
  8847. <entry>Generally speaking, spring in Washington is very
  8848. comfortable.</entry>
  8849. </row>
  8850. <row>
  8851. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yìbān lái
  8852. shuō, Zhōngguō rén zǒngshi hěn
  8853. kèqi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8854. </row>
  8855. <row>
  8856. <entry/>
  8857. </row>
  8858. <row>
  8859. <entry>Generally speaking, Chinese people are always
  8860. polite.</entry>
  8861. </row>
  8862. </tbody>
  8863. </tgroup>
  8864. </informaltable></para>
  8865. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase>: This is a
  8866. new use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ba</foreignphrase> for
  8867. you. It is used in colloquial speech to mark a pause in the sentence,
  8868. setting off the topic which precedes it (in this case, zǒngde lái
  8869. shuō).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8870. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8871. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8872. <tbody>
  8873. <row>
  8874. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige rén
  8875. ba, bú shi zuò wàijiāoguānde
  8876. cáiliào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8877. </row>
  8878. <row>
  8879. <entry/>
  8880. </row>
  8881. <row>
  8882. <entry>This guy— he isn’t foreign service officer
  8883. material.</entry>
  8884. </row>
  8885. </tbody>
  8886. </tgroup>
  8887. </informaltable></para>
  8888. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biànhuà</foreignphrase>:
  8889. “change(s)” This is only used as a noun.<informaltable frame="none"
  8890. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8891. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8892. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8893. <tbody>
  8894. <row>
  8895. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián bú
  8896. jiàn, tā biànhuà hǎo dà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8897. </row>
  8898. <row>
  8899. <entry/>
  8900. </row>
  8901. <row>
  8902. <entry>He hadn’t seen her in ten years, and she had changed
  8903. a great deal.</entry>
  8904. </row>
  8905. </tbody>
  8906. </tgroup>
  8907. </informaltable></para>
  8908. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì</foreignphrase>: “city,”
  8909. “municipality” Used mostly in reference to the official city level of
  8910. government, e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng
  8911. shì</foreignphrase>, “the city of <foreignphrase
  8912. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>,” <foreignphrase
  8913. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shì</foreignphrase>, “<foreignphrase
  8914. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase> municipality,”
  8915. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shì bànde</foreignphrase>,
  8916. “city-run,” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánhǎi gèshěng,
  8917. shì</foreignphrase>, “the coastal provinces and cities.” <foreignphrase
  8918. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shì</foreignphrase> is also used in a few set
  8919. phrases like shi zhōngxīn, “center of the city,” ”downtown.”</para>
  8920. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhōngxīn</foreignphrase>:
  8921. “center,” “heart,” “core,” “hub”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  8922. colsep="1">
  8923. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8924. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8925. <tbody>
  8926. <row>
  8927. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng shi
  8928. Zhōngguōde zhèngzhi, wénhuà
  8929. zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8930. </row>
  8931. <row>
  8932. <entry/>
  8933. </row>
  8934. <row>
  8935. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8936. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> is the political and
  8937. cultural center of China.</entry>
  8938. </row>
  8939. <row>
  8940. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu
  8941. shi yíge shāngyè zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8942. </row>
  8943. <row>
  8944. <entry/>
  8945. </row>
  8946. <row>
  8947. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  8948. >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> is a commercial
  8949. center</entry>
  8950. </row>
  8951. <row>
  8952. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen hái
  8953. méiyou tándao wèntíde
  8954. zhōngxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  8955. </row>
  8956. <row>
  8957. <entry/>
  8958. </row>
  8959. <row>
  8960. <entry>We haven’t yet touched on the core of the
  8961. question.</entry>
  8962. </row>
  8963. </tbody>
  8964. </tgroup>
  8965. </informaltable></para>
  8966. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngxīn</foreignphrase> can
  8967. also be used before a noun to modify it. It then translates as
  8968. ”central”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8969. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8970. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8971. <tbody>
  8972. <row>
  8973. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  8974. niánde zhōngxīn gōngzuò shi gǎo jīngji jiànshè.
  8975. </foreignphrase></entry>
  8976. </row>
  8977. <row>
  8978. <entry/>
  8979. </row>
  8980. <row>
  8981. <entry>The central task now and in the coming years is to
  8982. engage in economic construction.</entry>
  8983. </row>
  8984. </tbody>
  8985. </tgroup>
  8986. </informaltable></para>
  8987. </section>
  8988. <section>
  8989. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  8990. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ruò</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8991. weak” (people or countries)</para>
  8992. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnxiè</foreignphrase>: “to be
  8993. grateful (for)”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  8994. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  8995. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  8996. <tbody>
  8997. <row>
  8998. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  8999. zhèngfǔ hěn gǎnxiè wàiguó zhuānjiā duì Zhōngguóde
  9000. bāngzhu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9001. </row>
  9002. <row>
  9003. <entry/>
  9004. </row>
  9005. <row>
  9006. <entry>The Chinese government is very grateful for the help
  9007. foreign experts give to China.</entry>
  9008. </row>
  9009. <row>
  9010. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā feicháng
  9011. gǎnxiè péngyoumen duì tāde
  9012. guānxīn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9013. </row>
  9014. <row>
  9015. <entry/>
  9016. </row>
  9017. <row>
  9018. <entry>He is very grateful for his friends’ concern.</entry>
  9019. </row>
  9020. <row>
  9021. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fēicháng
  9022. gǎnxiè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9023. </row>
  9024. <row>
  9025. <entry/>
  9026. </row>
  9027. <row>
  9028. <entry>Thank you so much, (formal)</entry>
  9029. </row>
  9030. </tbody>
  9031. </tgroup>
  9032. </informaltable></para>
  9033. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
  9034. <listitem>
  9035. <para>“to help, to assist” This is a less formal synonym of
  9036. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9037. >bāngzhu</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none"
  9038. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9039. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9040. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9041. <tbody>
  9042. <row>
  9043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9044. >Bié jí, wǒ lái bāng ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9045. </row>
  9046. <row>
  9047. <entry/>
  9048. </row>
  9049. <row>
  9050. <entry>Take it easy, I'll help you.</entry>
  9051. </row>
  9052. </tbody>
  9053. </tgroup>
  9054. </informaltable></para>
  9055. </listitem>
  9056. <listitem>
  9057. <para>“for (someone),” “as a help to (someone)”<informaltable
  9058. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9059. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9060. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9061. <tbody>
  9062. <row>
  9063. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9064. >Nǐ qù bāng wǒ ná xìn, hǎo ma?
  9065. </foreignphrase></entry>
  9066. </row>
  9067. <row>
  9068. <entry/>
  9069. </row>
  9070. <row>
  9071. <entry>
  9072. <para>Would you go get the mail for me,
  9073. please?</para>
  9074. </entry>
  9075. </row>
  9076. <row>
  9077. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9078. >Bāng wǒ ná yíxià hǎo ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
  9079. </row>
  9080. <row>
  9081. <entry/>
  9082. </row>
  9083. <row>
  9084. <entry>Would you please hold this for me a
  9085. second?</entry>
  9086. </row>
  9087. </tbody>
  9088. </tgroup>
  9089. </informaltable></para>
  9090. </listitem>
  9091. </orderedlist></para>
  9092. <para>In most cases, the context will clarify whether <foreignphrase
  9093. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bāng</foreignphrase> is meant as “to help
  9094. someone do something” or as “to do something for someone,” but ambiguity may
  9095. arise:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9096. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  9097. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9098. <colspec colname="newCol2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  9099. <colspec colname="newCol3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  9100. <tbody>
  9101. <row>
  9102. <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3"><foreignphrase
  9103. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bāng wǒ zuò
  9104. fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9105. </row>
  9106. <row>
  9107. <entry namest="c1" nameend="newCol3"/>
  9108. </row>
  9109. <row>
  9110. <entry>She helps me cook. </entry>
  9111. <entry>OR</entry>
  9112. <entry>She cooks for me.</entry>
  9113. </row>
  9114. </tbody>
  9115. </tgroup>
  9116. </informaltable></para>
  9117. <para>Using <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yìqǐ</foreignphrase>,
  9118. “together,” can remove the ambiguity: <foreignphrase
  9119. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bāng wǒ yìqī zuò fàn </foreignphrase>can
  9120. only mean “She helps me cook,” meaning that the two people make dinner
  9121. together; it could <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> possibly mean “She
  9122. cooks for me.”</para>
  9123. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qítā</foreignphrase>: “other,”
  9124. “else,” “the rest”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9125. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9126. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9127. <tbody>
  9128. <row>
  9129. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē shū
  9130. wǒ jiù kànle liǎngběn, qítā hái méi
  9131. kàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9132. </row>
  9133. <row>
  9134. <entry/>
  9135. </row>
  9136. <row>
  9137. <entry>I’ve only read two of these books, I haven’t read the
  9138. others yet.</entry>
  9139. </row>
  9140. <row>
  9141. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ qù
  9142. Shànghǎi, qítā rén ne? </foreignphrase></entry>
  9143. </row>
  9144. <row>
  9145. <entry/>
  9146. </row>
  9147. <row>
  9148. <entry>You’re going to <foreignphrase
  9149. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>;
  9150. what about the others?</entry>
  9151. </row>
  9152. <row>
  9153. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Nǐ hái
  9154. xiǎng qù shénme qítāde dìfang, wǒmen zài zuò
  9155. ānpái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9156. </row>
  9157. <row>
  9158. <entry/>
  9159. </row>
  9160. <row>
  9161. <entry>If you want to go to any other places, we'll make
  9162. more arrangements.</entry>
  9163. </row>
  9164. <row>
  9165. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chúle
  9166. zhèige shi zhǔyào wèntí, qítā dōu méi
  9167. guānxi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9168. </row>
  9169. <row>
  9170. <entry/>
  9171. </row>
  9172. <row>
  9173. <entry>Besides this, which is the main issue, the rest
  9174. doesn’t matter.</entry>
  9175. </row>
  9176. <row>
  9177. <entry>
  9178. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhǐ
  9179. juéde bù hao yìsi, qítà méiyou
  9180. shénme.</foreignphrase></para>
  9181. </entry>
  9182. </row>
  9183. <row>
  9184. <entry/>
  9185. </row>
  9186. <row>
  9187. <entry>I just feel embarrassed, nothing else,.</entry>
  9188. </row>
  9189. </tbody>
  9190. </tgroup>
  9191. </informaltable></para>
  9192. </section>
  9193. </section>
  9194. </section>
  9195. </section>
  9196. <section>
  9197. <title>Unit 6</title>
  9198. <section>
  9199. <title>References</title>
  9200. <section>
  9201. <title>Reference List</title>
  9202. <para/>
  9203. </section>
  9204. <section>
  9205. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  9206. <para/>
  9207. </section>
  9208. <section>
  9209. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  9210. <section>
  9211. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  9212. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànyǔ</foreignphrase>: ’“Chinese
  9213. language” This is more formal than <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9214. >Zhōngwén</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9215. colsep="1">
  9216. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9217. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9218. <tbody>
  9219. <row>
  9220. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shuō
  9221. Zhōngguó huà bú tài nán, kěshi yào xuéhǎo Hànyú jiu
  9222. bǐjiào nán le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9223. </row>
  9224. <row>
  9225. <entry/>
  9226. </row>
  9227. <row>
  9228. <entry>It isn't too hard to speak Chinese, but if you want
  9229. to master the Chinese language, it is more
  9230. difficult.</entry>
  9231. </row>
  9232. <row>
  9233. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ
  9234. liǎngdiǎn zhōng yǒu Hànyǔ
  9235. kè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9236. </row>
  9237. <row>
  9238. <entry/>
  9239. </row>
  9240. <row>
  9241. <entry>I have Chinese class at two.</entry>
  9242. </row>
  9243. </tbody>
  9244. </tgroup>
  9245. </informaltable></para>
  9246. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fǔzá</foreignphrase>: “to be
  9247. complicated, to be complex” Also pronounced <foreignphrase
  9248. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fùzá</foreignphrase>.<informaltable
  9249. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9250. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9251. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9252. <tbody>
  9253. <row>
  9254. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà shi yíge
  9255. fǔzáde wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9256. </row>
  9257. <row>
  9258. <entry/>
  9259. </row>
  9260. <row>
  9261. <entry>That's a complicated question.</entry>
  9262. </row>
  9263. </tbody>
  9264. </tgroup>
  9265. </informaltable></para>
  9266. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāngxìn</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
  9267. <listitem>
  9268. <para>“to believe in, to have faith in”<informaltable frame="none"
  9269. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9270. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9271. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9272. <tbody>
  9273. <row>
  9274. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9275. >Tā xiāngxìn yíge hǎn qíguàide
  9276. zōngjiào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9277. </row>
  9278. <row>
  9279. <entry/>
  9280. </row>
  9281. <row>
  9282. <entry>He believes in a very strange
  9283. religion.</entry>
  9284. </row>
  9285. <row>
  9286. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9287. >Wǒ bù xiāngxìn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9288. </row>
  9289. <row>
  9290. <entry/>
  9291. </row>
  9292. <row>
  9293. <entry>I don’t believe it!</entry>
  9294. </row>
  9295. <row>
  9296. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9297. >Yǐqián rénmen bù xiāngxìn zhèizhǒng shuōfǎ,
  9298. xiànzài xiāngxìn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9299. </row>
  9300. <row>
  9301. <entry/>
  9302. </row>
  9303. <row>
  9304. <entry>People didn't used to believe in this
  9305. explanation, but now they do.</entry>
  9306. </row>
  9307. </tbody>
  9308. </tgroup>
  9309. </informaltable></para>
  9310. </listitem>
  9311. <listitem>
  9312. <para>(as used in 1B) “to be convinced, to be certain, to trust
  9313. that...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9314. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9315. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9316. <tbody>
  9317. <row>
  9318. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9319. >Wǒ xiāngxìn tā yídìng zuòde
  9320. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9321. </row>
  9322. <row>
  9323. <entry/>
  9324. </row>
  9325. <row>
  9326. <entry>I’m certain that he will do a good
  9327. Job.</entry>
  9328. </row>
  9329. </tbody>
  9330. </tgroup>
  9331. </informaltable></para>
  9332. </listitem>
  9333. </orderedlist></para>
  9334. </section>
  9335. <section>
  9336. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  9337. <para>Zhōngdōng: “the Middle East”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9338. colsep="1">
  9339. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9340. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9341. <tbody>
  9342. <row>
  9343. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngdōng
  9344. dìqū yǒu hěn duō guōjiā dōu dúlì
  9345. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9346. </row>
  9347. <row>
  9348. <entry/>
  9349. </row>
  9350. <row>
  9351. <entry>The Middle East region has many countries which have
  9352. become independent.</entry>
  9353. </row>
  9354. </tbody>
  9355. </tgroup>
  9356. </informaltable></para>
  9357. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīsīlánjiào</foreignphrase>:
  9358. “Islam” -Jiao, “religion,” goes on the end of words for different religions.
  9359. The following examples are for comparison, not for
  9360. memorisation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9361. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  9362. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9363. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  9364. <tbody>
  9365. <row>
  9366. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9367. >Tiānzhǔjiào</foreignphrase>
  9368. (“heaven-lord-religion”)</entry>
  9369. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Catholicism</entry>
  9370. </row>
  9371. <row>
  9372. <entry/>
  9373. </row>
  9374. <row>
  9375. <entry>
  9376. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9377. >Xīnjiào</foreignphrase> (“New-religion”)</entry>
  9378. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Protestantism</entry>
  9379. </row>
  9380. <row>
  9381. <entry/>
  9382. </row>
  9383. <row>
  9384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9385. >Yóutàijiào</foreignphrase></entry>
  9386. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Judaism</entry>
  9387. </row>
  9388. <row>
  9389. <entry/>
  9390. </row>
  9391. <row>
  9392. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9393. >Fójiào</foreignphrase></entry>
  9394. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Buddhism</entry>
  9395. </row>
  9396. <row>
  9397. <entry/>
  9398. </row>
  9399. <row>
  9400. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9401. >Dàojiào</foreignphrase></entry>
  9402. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">Taoism (the popular
  9403. religion, not the philosophy)</entry>
  9404. </row>
  9405. <row>
  9406. <entry/>
  9407. </row>
  9408. </tbody>
  9409. </tgroup>
  9410. </informaltable></para>
  9411. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>: The
  9412. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> Uygur
  9413. Autonomous Region, formerly known as Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan, is
  9414. China's westernmost area. The largest of the country's autonomous regions
  9415. and provinces, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9416. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> makes up one sixth of China's total area. In
  9417. this vast land of great natural beauty and sharp geographical contrasts,
  9418. plentiful resources make conditions ideal for the development of industry,
  9419. agriculture, and livestock farming.</para>
  9420. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has
  9421. held an important place in China's politics and economy since ancient times.
  9422. In the days before the large-scale navigation of the seas, <foreignphrase
  9423. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> was crossed by the
  9424. famous “Silk Road,” by which economic and cultural ties were maintained
  9425. between China and other Asian and European countries. During the Western
  9426. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> period
  9427. over two thousand years ago, incursions by the <foreignphrase
  9428. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiōngnú</foreignphrase> (Hsiungnu) led the
  9429. Chinese central government to a policy of occupying the oasis cities of
  9430. southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>
  9431. as garrison posts. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9432. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has been intimately connected with China ever
  9433. since that time, although their relations have often been turbulent. The
  9434. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qīng</foreignphrase> dynasty
  9435. made a province of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9436. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> (the name means “the New Dominion”) in 1884.
  9437. From the Chinese revolution in 1911 until 1949, <foreignphrase
  9438. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> remained under
  9439. authoritarian Chinese control at the same time that local nationalist forces
  9440. were also at work. Communist Chinese forces “liberated” <foreignphrase
  9441. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> from late 1949 until
  9442. the spring of 1950. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9443. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> became an autonomous region on October 1,
  9444. 1955.</para>
  9445. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is
  9446. surrounded by mountains: the Altay in the north; the Kunlun in the south and
  9447. vest; and the Tianshan Range, over 200 kilometers wide, which cuts across
  9448. the center from east to west. Between these mountain ranges cure basins of
  9449. varying sizes. Southern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9450. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has the Tarim Basin and northern
  9451. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> the
  9452. Dzungarian Basin. In addition there are smaller basins such as the Hami and
  9453. Turfan Basins. All cure well-suited to agriculture and livestock farming.
  9454. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>
  9455. fine-wool sheep and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9456. >Yīlí</foreignphrase> horses are famous throughout China. Despite a
  9457. harsh seven-month winter, the north has its herdsmen who put their horses
  9458. and sheep to graze on the wide grasslands for the brief summer. In the arid
  9459. south, too, livestock herding is a major occupation. In agricultural areas,
  9460. the dry climate makes irrigation indispensable; a full ninety percent of
  9461. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>'s
  9462. farmland is irrigated. The areas around Turpan and Hami are famous for their
  9463. “karez” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kǎnrjǐng</foreignphrase>)
  9464. irrigation, a system for conveying water from sources under mountain slopes
  9465. to farmland by means of man-made underground channels. Crops include winter
  9466. and spring wheat, cotton, com, rice and silkworms. But <foreignphrase
  9467. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is most celebrated
  9468. for its fruits— cantaloupe, melons (<foreignphrase
  9469. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hāmìguǎ</foreignphrase>) from <foreignphrase
  9470. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànshàn</foreignphrase> and seedless grapes
  9471. from Turpan are available in season in <foreignphrase
  9472. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>'s markets. The
  9473. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiānshān</foreignphrase> and
  9474. Altay Mountains, covered with evergreen forests, are rich in wildlife and in
  9475. precious herbs which go into the making of Chinese medicines. <foreignphrase
  9476. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> has important
  9477. deposits of petroleum (especially at Karamay [<foreignphrase
  9478. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kèlāmǎyī</foreignphrase>], coal, iron, gold,
  9479. jade, and uranium (in the Altay Mountains). The main industries are
  9480. petroleum, metallurgy, coal, electric power, chemicals, construction
  9481. materials, textiles, and sugar refining.</para>
  9482. <para>About half the population of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9483. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> is of the Uygur (Uighur) nationality (see the
  9484. note on <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wéiwúěr</foreignphrase>.
  9485. “Uygur,” under number 7), and over forty percent are <foreignphrase
  9486. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> Chinese. The rest of the
  9487. population belongs to one of these ethnic groups: Kazak (Kazakh), Hui
  9488. (Chinese Moslem), Mongol, Kergez (Kirghiz), Xibo (Sibo), Tajik (Tadzhik),
  9489. Uzbek, Manchu, Daur (Tahur), and Tartar (Tatar). There are also several
  9490. hundred Russians. In the north of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9491. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> there is a <foreignphrase
  9492. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàn</foreignphrase> majority, and in the
  9493. south, a Uygur majority. The capital <foreignphrase
  9494. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ürümqi</foreignphrase> (<foreignphrase
  9495. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wúlǔmùqí</foreignphrase>), with a population
  9496. of 800,000 (1980, est.), is the region's center for industry, commerce, and
  9497. transportation. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9498. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> University in (Ürümqi has departments of
  9499. Chinese, government, history, foreign languages, math, physics, chemistry,
  9500. biology, and geography. Kashgar (Chinese <foreignphrase
  9501. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kāshi</foreignphrase>). ancient gateway of
  9502. the silk trade, is still a commercial and craft center. Kuldja (Chinese
  9503. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīníng</foreignphrase>) is a
  9504. commercial center which produces leather and tobacco, and also has
  9505. metallurgical and textile industry. Other cities of note are Kuytun (Chinese
  9506. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kuítún</foreignphrase>). Hotan
  9507. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hétìán</foreignphrase>),
  9508. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíhézi</foreignphrase>, and
  9509. Yarkand (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9510. >Shāchē</foreignphrase>).</para>
  9511. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǎolùn</foreignphrase>: A verb,
  9512. “to discuss,” or a noun, ’“discussion.”<informaltable frame="none"
  9513. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9514. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9515. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9516. <tbody>
  9517. <row>
  9518. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rénmen
  9519. chángcháng tǎolùn shìjièshang yìxiē yǒu yìside
  9520. wèntí, kěshi shéi yě bù zhīdào zhèizhǒng tǎolùn yǒu
  9521. shénme yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9522. </row>
  9523. <row>
  9524. <entry/>
  9525. </row>
  9526. <row>
  9527. <entry>People often discuss some very interesting questions
  9528. about the world, but no one knows of what use this kind
  9529. of discussion is.</entry>
  9530. </row>
  9531. <row>
  9532. <entry>Nèige rén bú ài shuō huà, cónglái bù cānjiā
  9533. tǎolùn.</entry>
  9534. </row>
  9535. <row>
  9536. <entry/>
  9537. </row>
  9538. <row>
  9539. <entry>That person doesn't like to talk. He never takes part
  9540. in discussion.</entry>
  9541. </row>
  9542. </tbody>
  9543. </tgroup>
  9544. </informaltable></para>
  9545. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tǎolùnhuì</foreignphrase>
  9546. (“discussion-meeting”) is a “symposium.”</para>
  9547. </section>
  9548. <section>
  9549. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  9550. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase>: “the
  9551. interior” of a country; modifying a noun, <foreignphrase
  9552. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> can be translated as
  9553. “inland.” e.g., <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì
  9554. chéngshì</foreignphrase>, “inland city.”</para>
  9555. <para>From the point of view of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9556. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase>, a border region, <foreignphrase
  9557. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> refers to China proper;
  9558. but from the point of view of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9559. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9560. >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9561. >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>,</para>
  9562. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèidì</foreignphrase> refers to
  9563. inland regions such as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9564. >Sìchuān</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9565. colsep="1">
  9566. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9567. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9568. <tbody>
  9569. <row>
  9570. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  9571. dàbùfen nèidì chéngshìde gōngyè méiyou yánhǎi
  9572. chéngshìde nàme fādá.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9573. </row>
  9574. <row>
  9575. <entry/>
  9576. </row>
  9577. <row>
  9578. <entry>In most inland cities of China, industry is not as
  9579. developed as in the coastal cities.</entry>
  9580. </row>
  9581. </tbody>
  9582. </tgroup>
  9583. </informaltable></para>
  9584. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tǒngyī</foreignphrase>: As a
  9585. process verb, ’“to become united’’:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9586. colsep="1">
  9587. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9588. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9589. <tbody>
  9590. <row>
  9591. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yuènán
  9592. xiànzài tǒngyī le. </foreignphrase></entry>
  9593. </row>
  9594. <row>
  9595. <entry/>
  9596. </row>
  9597. <row>
  9598. <entry>Vietnam has now been united.</entry>
  9599. </row>
  9600. </tbody>
  9601. </tgroup>
  9602. </informaltable></para>
  9603. <para>As an action verb, “to unite, to unify, to integrate”:<informaltable
  9604. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9605. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9606. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9607. <tbody>
  9608. <row>
  9609. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín
  9610. Shǐhuáng tǒngyīle Zhōngguó.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9611. </row>
  9612. <row>
  9613. <entry/>
  9614. </row>
  9615. <row>
  9616. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qín
  9617. Shīhuáng</foreignphrase> united China.<footnote>
  9618. <para>in 221 B.C.</para>
  9619. </footnote></para></entry>
  9620. </row>
  9621. </tbody>
  9622. </tgroup>
  9623. </informaltable></para>
  9624. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán</foreignphrase> and
  9625. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán qián</foreignphrase>:
  9626. “A.D.” and “B.C.” Literally, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9627. >gōngyuán</foreignphrase> is ’’common era” and <foreignphrase
  9628. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán qián</foreignphrase> “before the
  9629. common era.’’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9630. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9631. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9632. <tbody>
  9633. <row>
  9634. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
  9635. qián èrbǎièrshiènián</foreignphrase></entry>
  9636. </row>
  9637. <row>
  9638. <entry/>
  9639. </row>
  9640. <row>
  9641. <entry>222 B.C.</entry>
  9642. </row>
  9643. <row>
  9644. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
  9645. sìbǎisānshiliùnián</foreignphrase></entry>
  9646. </row>
  9647. <row>
  9648. <entry/>
  9649. </row>
  9650. <row>
  9651. <entry>A.D. U36</entry>
  9652. </row>
  9653. <row>
  9654. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngyuán
  9655. chū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9656. </row>
  9657. <row>
  9658. <entry/>
  9659. </row>
  9660. <row>
  9661. <entry>the beginning of the Christian era</entry>
  9662. </row>
  9663. </tbody>
  9664. </tgroup>
  9665. </informaltable></para>
  9666. </section>
  9667. <section>
  9668. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  9669. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiěfàngjūn</foreignphrase>: “the
  9670. Liberation Army,” short for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9671. >Zhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn</foreignphrase>, the Chinese People's
  9672. Liberation Army, which in English is usually called the FLA.</para>
  9673. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hépíng</foreignphrase>: “peace”
  9674. (For the first example, you need to know <foreignphrase
  9675. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǔ</foreignphrase>, a formal word for
  9676. “and.”)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9677. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9678. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9679. <tbody>
  9680. <row>
  9681. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhànzhēng
  9682. yǔ Hépíng shi yìběn hěn hǎode
  9683. xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9684. </row>
  9685. <row>
  9686. <entry/>
  9687. </row>
  9688. <row>
  9689. <entry>War and Peace is a very good novel.</entry>
  9690. </row>
  9691. <row>
  9692. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjiè
  9693. hépíngde wèntí shi gèguó rénmín guānxīnde
  9694. wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9695. </row>
  9696. <row>
  9697. <entry/>
  9698. </row>
  9699. <row>
  9700. <entry>World peace is a question of concern to the people of
  9701. all nations.</entry>
  9702. </row>
  9703. </tbody>
  9704. </tgroup>
  9705. </informaltable></para>
  9706. <para>In some idioms, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9707. >hépíng</foreignphrase> can be used to modify a noun or a verb.
  9708. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hépíng jiéfàng</foreignphrase>
  9709. “peacefully liberate,” is an example.</para>
  9710. </section>
  9711. <section>
  9712. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  9713. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zìzhìqū</foreignphrase>:
  9714. “autonomous region”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9715. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9716. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9717. <tbody>
  9718. <row>
  9719. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  9720. dàlù yǒu wǔge zìzhìqū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9721. </row>
  9722. <row>
  9723. <entry/>
  9724. </row>
  9725. <row>
  9726. <entry>The Chinese mainland has five autonomous
  9727. regions.²</entry>
  9728. </row>
  9729. <row>
  9730. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zìzhìqūde
  9731. rénmín dàbùfen shi shǎoshù
  9732. mínzú.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9733. </row>
  9734. <row>
  9735. <entry/>
  9736. </row>
  9737. <row>
  9738. <entry>The people of the autonomous regions are mostly
  9739. minority nationalities.</entry>
  9740. </row>
  9741. </tbody>
  9742. </tgroup>
  9743. </informaltable></para>
  9744. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chà</foreignphrase>: <orderedlist>
  9745. <listitem>
  9746. <para>(as used in 5A) “to differ,” as in<informaltable frame="none"
  9747. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9748. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9749. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9750. <tbody>
  9751. <row>
  9752. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9753. >Běijīng shíjiān gēn Niǔ Yuē shíjiān chà shísānge
  9754. zhōngtóu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9755. </row>
  9756. <row>
  9757. <entry/>
  9758. </row>
  9759. <row>
  9760. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9761. >Běijīng</foreignphrase> time and New York time
  9762. differ by thirteen hours.</entry>
  9763. </row>
  9764. </tbody>
  9765. </tgroup>
  9766. </informaltable></para>
  9767. </listitem>
  9768. <listitem>
  9769. <para>(as used in 5B) “to be inferior, to be poor, to be not up to
  9770. standard”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9771. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9772. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9773. <tbody>
  9774. <row>
  9775. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9776. >Wǒde Hànyǔ fāyīn bǐ tāde fāyīn chà
  9777. yidiǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9778. </row>
  9779. <row>
  9780. <entry/>
  9781. </row>
  9782. <row>
  9783. <entry>My Chinese pronunciation is a little worse
  9784. than his.</entry>
  9785. </row>
  9786. <row>
  9787. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9788. >Zhìliàng chà yidiǎn, bú shi wǒmende
  9789. zérèn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9790. </row>
  9791. <row>
  9792. <entry/>
  9793. </row>
  9794. <row>
  9795. <entry>It’s not our responsibility that the
  9796. quality is inferior.</entry>
  9797. </row>
  9798. <row>
  9799. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9800. >Nèige dìfangde qíngkuàng bǐ zhèr chàde
  9801. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9802. </row>
  9803. <row>
  9804. <entry/>
  9805. </row>
  9806. <row>
  9807. <entry>Conditions in that place are much worse
  9808. than here.</entry>
  9809. </row>
  9810. <row>
  9811. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9812. >Wǒmende gōngzuò hái chàde yuǎn
  9813. ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9814. </row>
  9815. <row>
  9816. <entry/>
  9817. </row>
  9818. <row>
  9819. <entry>Our work is a long way from what it should
  9820. be.</entry>
  9821. </row>
  9822. </tbody>
  9823. </tgroup>
  9824. </informaltable></para>
  9825. </listitem>
  9826. <listitem>
  9827. <para>“to lack”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9828. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9829. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9830. <tbody>
  9831. <row>
  9832. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9833. >Bú gòu, hái chà sānge.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9834. </row>
  9835. <row>
  9836. <entry/>
  9837. </row>
  9838. <row>
  9839. <entry>There aren’t enough. There are still three
  9840. too few.</entry>
  9841. </row>
  9842. </tbody>
  9843. </tgroup>
  9844. </informaltable></para>
  9845. </listitem>
  9846. </orderedlist></para>
  9847. <para>The five autonomous regions are:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9848. colsep="1">
  9849. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  9850. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9851. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  9852. <tbody>
  9853. <row>
  9854. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèiměnggǔ
  9855. Zìshìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9856. <entry>the Inner Mongolia (or Nei Monggol) AR</entry>
  9857. </row>
  9858. <row>
  9859. <entry/>
  9860. <entry/>
  9861. </row>
  9862. <row>
  9863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Níngxià
  9864. Huízú Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9865. <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9866. >Níngxià</foreignphrase> Hui AR</entry>
  9867. </row>
  9868. <row>
  9869. <entry/>
  9870. <entry/>
  9871. </row>
  9872. <row>
  9873. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīnjiāng
  9874. Wéiwǘěr Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9875. <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  9876. >Xīnjiāng</foreignphrase> Uygur AR</entry>
  9877. </row>
  9878. <row>
  9879. <entry/>
  9880. <entry/>
  9881. </row>
  9882. <row>
  9883. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngxī
  9884. Zhuàng Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9885. <entry>the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngxī
  9886. Zhuàng</foreignphrase> AR </entry>
  9887. </row>
  9888. <row>
  9889. <entry/>
  9890. <entry/>
  9891. </row>
  9892. <row>
  9893. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīzàng
  9894. Zìzhìqū</foreignphrase></entry>
  9895. <entry>the Tibet AR</entry>
  9896. </row>
  9897. <row>
  9898. <entry/>
  9899. <entry/>
  9900. </row>
  9901. </tbody>
  9902. </tgroup>
  9903. </informaltable></para>
  9904. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāotōng</foreignphrase>:
  9905. “traffic,” “transportation”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9906. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9907. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9908. <tbody>
  9909. <row>
  9910. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèlide
  9911. jiāotōng bù ānquán, qìchē tài duō, kāide tài
  9912. kuài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9913. </row>
  9914. <row>
  9915. <entry/>
  9916. </row>
  9917. <row>
  9918. <entry>The traffic here isn’t safe. There are too many cars,
  9919. and they go too fast.</entry>
  9920. </row>
  9921. <row>
  9922. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ
  9923. zhǎo yíge jiāotōng jǐngchá
  9924. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9925. </row>
  9926. <row>
  9927. <entry/>
  9928. </row>
  9929. <row>
  9930. <entry>Please go get a traffic officer.</entry>
  9931. </row>
  9932. </tbody>
  9933. </tgroup>
  9934. </informaltable></para>
  9935. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyào shi...</foreignphrase>:
  9936. “it’s mainly that...,” or “it’s mainly because...”<informaltable
  9937. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  9938. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9939. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9940. <tbody>
  9941. <row>
  9942. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhǔyào shi
  9943. Zhōngguóde lǐngdǎo rén bù dǒng jīngji, gōngyè fāzhǎn
  9944. cái nàme màn. </foreignphrase></entry>
  9945. </row>
  9946. <row>
  9947. <entry/>
  9948. </row>
  9949. <row>
  9950. <entry>It’s mainly because China's leaders do not understand
  9951. economics that industrial development has been so
  9952. slow.</entry>
  9953. </row>
  9954. </tbody>
  9955. </tgroup>
  9956. </informaltable></para>
  9957. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">me</foreignphrase> (also
  9958. pronounced <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ma</foreignphrase>):
  9959. “as for,” ”...well, … .” This colloquial word marks a pause and sets off the
  9960. topic of a sentence. It is often used when the speaker is hesitating about
  9961. exactly what to comment on the topic.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  9962. colsep="1">
  9963. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  9964. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  9965. <tbody>
  9966. <row>
  9967. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
  9968. wénxué fǎngmiàn me... kéyi shuō hén bú cuò, kěshi
  9969. shùxué fāngmiàn kě zhēn chà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9970. </row>
  9971. <row>
  9972. <entry/>
  9973. </row>
  9974. <row>
  9975. <entry>In the area of literature... he can be said to be
  9976. quite good, but he's really poor in mathematics.</entry>
  9977. </row>
  9978. <row>
  9979. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguóde
  9980. zhòng gōngyè jiànshè me... zhèi jǐnián hái suàn kéyi
  9981. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9982. </row>
  9983. <row>
  9984. <entry/>
  9985. </row>
  9986. <row>
  9987. <entry>As for China's heavy industrial construction... it
  9988. has not been too bad the past few years.</entry>
  9989. </row>
  9990. <row>
  9991. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rúguǒ tā bú
  9992. yuànyì me, nà jiù suàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  9993. </row>
  9994. <row>
  9995. <entry/>
  9996. </row>
  9997. <row>
  9998. <entry>If he’s unwilling, well, then let the matter
  9999. drop.</entry>
  10000. </row>
  10001. </tbody>
  10002. </tgroup>
  10003. </informaltable></para>
  10004. </section>
  10005. <section>
  10006. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  10007. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chū chāi</foreignphrase>: “to
  10008. go/be away on official business” (For this example, you need to know
  10009. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Sū-Háng</foreignphrase>. an
  10010. abbreviation for <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10011. >Sūzhōu</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10012. >Hángzhōu</foreignphrase>.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  10013. colsep="1">
  10014. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10015. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10016. <tbody>
  10017. <row>
  10018. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàjiā dōu
  10019. xīhuan chū chāi qù Sū-Háng yídài, kéyi duō yixie
  10020. jīhui yǒulǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10021. </row>
  10022. <row>
  10023. <entry/>
  10024. </row>
  10025. <row>
  10026. <entry>Everyone likes to go on business to the
  10027. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10028. >Sūzhōu-Hángzhōu </foreignphrase>region, (because)
  10029. one can have more opportunities to do
  10030. sightseeing.</entry>
  10031. </row>
  10032. </tbody>
  10033. </tgroup>
  10034. </informaltable></para>
  10035. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fàng jià</foreignphrase>: “to
  10036. let out for vacation” or “to have vacation, to be on vacation” Here are
  10037. examples of the first meaning:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  10038. colsep="1">
  10039. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10040. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10041. <tbody>
  10042. <row>
  10043. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐmen
  10044. xuéxiào něitiān fàng jià? </foreignphrase></entry>
  10045. </row>
  10046. <row>
  10047. <entry/>
  10048. </row>
  10049. <row>
  10050. <entry>What day does your school let out for
  10051. vacation?</entry>
  10052. </row>
  10053. <row>
  10054. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng jià
  10055. le, nǐ zěnme hái qù shàng
  10056. bān?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10057. </row>
  10058. <row>
  10059. <entry/>
  10060. </row>
  10061. <row>
  10062. <entry>Vacation has started; why are you still going to
  10063. work?</entry>
  10064. </row>
  10065. </tbody>
  10066. </tgroup>
  10067. </informaltable></para>
  10068. <para>Here are examples referring to the state of being on
  10069. vacation:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10070. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10071. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10072. <tbody>
  10073. <row>
  10074. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  10075. ǐlbài wǒmen zài fàng jià ne.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10076. </row>
  10077. <row>
  10078. <entry/>
  10079. </row>
  10080. <row>
  10081. <entry>This week we are on vacation</entry>
  10082. </row>
  10083. <row>
  10084. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fàng jiàde
  10085. shíhou wǒmen cái néng zài
  10086. yìqǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10087. </row>
  10088. <row>
  10089. <entry/>
  10090. </row>
  10091. <row>
  10092. <entry>We can only he together when we are on
  10093. vacation.</entry>
  10094. </row>
  10095. </tbody>
  10096. </tgroup>
  10097. </informaltable></para>
  10098. <para>The length of time the vacation lasts is expressed by a time phrase
  10099. modifying the object <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10100. >jià</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10101. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10102. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10103. <tbody>
  10104. <row>
  10105. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qùnián
  10106. wǒmen fàngle sānge lǐbàide jià, jīnnián zhǐ fàng
  10107. liǎngge lǐbài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10108. </row>
  10109. <row>
  10110. <entry/>
  10111. </row>
  10112. <row>
  10113. <entry>Last year we had three weeks of vacation, but this
  10114. year we only have two weeks.</entry>
  10115. </row>
  10116. <row>
  10117. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shíyuè
  10118. yīhào, xuéxiào fàng yìtiǎn
  10119. jià.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10120. </row>
  10121. <row>
  10122. <entry/>
  10123. </row>
  10124. <row>
  10125. <entry>Schools have one day of vacation on October
  10126. 1.</entry>
  10127. </row>
  10128. </tbody>
  10129. </tgroup>
  10130. </informaltable></para>
  10131. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi... ma?</foreignphrase>:
  10132. This has both a literal and a rhetorical use. In 6B you see the rhetorical
  10133. use.</para>
  10134. <para>
  10135. <orderedlist>
  10136. <listitem>
  10137. <para>Literal use: “isn’t...?, don’t...?,” etc.</para>
  10138. </listitem>
  10139. <listitem>
  10140. <para>Rhetorical use: “you know, you will recall, remember” Use this
  10141. to remind the listener of a fact you know he is aware of
  10142. (although he may have forgotten it).</para>
  10143. </listitem>
  10144. </orderedlist>
  10145. </para>
  10146. <para>Contrast the literal and rhetorical use of this pattern:<informaltable
  10147. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10148. <tgroup cols="3" align="center">
  10149. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10150. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  10151. <colspec colname="c3" colnum="3" colwidth="1*"/>
  10152. <tbody>
  10153. <row>
  10154. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">LITERAL</entry>
  10155. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
  10156. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ bú shi yǒu yíge mèimei
  10157. zài Shànghǎi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10158. </row>
  10159. <row>
  10160. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"/>
  10161. </row>
  10162. <row>
  10163. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3">Don’t you have a younger
  10164. sister in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10165. >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>? (CHECKING
  10166. INFORMATION)</entry>
  10167. </row>
  10168. <row>
  10169. <entry morerows="2" valign="middle">RHETORICAL</entry>
  10170. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"><foreignphrase
  10171. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú shi yǒu yíge mèimei
  10172. zài Shànghǎi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10173. </row>
  10174. <row>
  10175. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3"/>
  10176. </row>
  10177. <row>
  10178. <entry namest="c2" nameend="c3">You’ll recall that I have a
  10179. younger sister in <foreignphrase
  10180. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.
  10181. (REMINDING)</entry>
  10182. </row>
  10183. </tbody>
  10184. </tgroup>
  10185. </informaltable></para>
  10186. <para>Further examples:</para>
  10187. <para>
  10188. <itemizedlist>
  10189. <listitem>
  10190. <para>LITERAL<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10191. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10192. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10193. <tbody>
  10194. <row>
  10195. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10196. >Nǐ bú shi shuō yào qù ma? Zěnme yǒu bú qù le
  10197. ne?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10198. </row>
  10199. <row>
  10200. <entry/>
  10201. </row>
  10202. <row>
  10203. <entry>Didn’t you say you were going to go? How
  10204. come you aren’t going now?</entry>
  10205. </row>
  10206. </tbody>
  10207. </tgroup>
  10208. </informaltable></para>
  10209. </listitem>
  10210. <listitem>
  10211. <para>RHETORICAL<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10212. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10213. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10214. <tbody>
  10215. <row>
  10216. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10217. >Wǒ bú shi yǐjīng xiěwánle ma? Wèishénme hái ràng
  10218. wo xiě?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10219. </row>
  10220. <row>
  10221. <entry/>
  10222. </row>
  10223. <row>
  10224. <entry>I’ve finished writing it, you know. Why do
  10225. you still want me to write?</entry>
  10226. </row>
  10227. <row>
  10228. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10229. >Wǒ bú shi gēn nǐ shuōguo ma? Wǒ xiàwú yào kāi
  10230. huì, méi shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10231. </row>
  10232. <row>
  10233. <entry/>
  10234. </row>
  10235. <row>
  10236. <entry>Haven’t I told you? I have a meeting this
  10237. afternoon and don’t have time.</entry>
  10238. </row>
  10239. <row>
  10240. <entry>Xiàle diàntī, wàng yòu zǒu, bú shi yǒu ge
  10241. cāntīng ma? Wǒmen jiù zài nàr jiàn miàn, hǎo bu
  10242. hǎo?</entry>
  10243. </row>
  10244. <row>
  10245. <entry/>
  10246. </row>
  10247. <row>
  10248. <entry>When you get off the elevator and go to the
  10249. right, there’s a restaurant, you know? We’ll meet
  10250. there, okay?</entry>
  10251. </row>
  10252. </tbody>
  10253. </tgroup>
  10254. </informaltable></para>
  10255. </listitem>
  10256. </itemizedlist>
  10257. </para>
  10258. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú shi ma?</foreignphrase> may
  10259. also be put onto the end of a sentence:<informaltable frame="none"
  10260. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10261. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10262. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10263. <tbody>
  10264. <row>
  10265. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen fàng
  10266. jià le, bú shi ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  10267. </row>
  10268. <row>
  10269. <entry/>
  10270. </row>
  10271. <row>
  10272. <entry>We’re on vacation, remember?</entry>
  10273. </row>
  10274. </tbody>
  10275. </tgroup>
  10276. </informaltable></para>
  10277. </section>
  10278. <section>
  10279. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  10280. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tz!</foreignphrase>: This sound
  10281. is just like the clicking of the tongue sometimes written in English as
  10282. “<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tsk</foreignphrase>.” As in
  10283. English, it can be used to express disappointment or chiding, but in Chinese
  10284. it can also be used to express admiration, as when describing a beautiful
  10285. house, a dish of food, or a smartly dressed person.</para>
  10286. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">měi</foreignphrase>: ”to be
  10287. beautiful”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10288. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10289. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10290. <tbody>
  10291. <row>
  10292. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xià dà xué
  10293. le, nǐ kàn wàibian duō měi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10294. </row>
  10295. <row>
  10296. <entry/>
  10297. </row>
  10298. <row>
  10299. <entry> It has snowed a lot. Look at how beautiful it is
  10300. outside.</entry>
  10301. </row>
  10302. <row>
  10303. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10304. >Zhàopiànshang tā zhēn měi. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10305. </row>
  10306. <row>
  10307. <entry/>
  10308. </row>
  10309. <row>
  10310. <entry>She looks beautiful in the photograph.</entry>
  10311. </row>
  10312. </tbody>
  10313. </tgroup>
  10314. </informaltable></para>
  10315. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wěiwúěr</foreignphrase>: The
  10316. Uygur, or Uighur, a Turkic people who, with a population of six million,
  10317. constitute one of China's largest national minorities. Their early history,
  10318. like that of other peoples of central Asia, is unrecorded. Some scholars
  10319. have hypothesized that their origins were Indo-European rather than Turkic.
  10320. At any rate, they emerge into the light of history in the <foreignphrase
  10321. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> dynasty. At that time,
  10322. they were a nomadic people well known to the Chinese; in fact, they helped
  10323. the <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Táng</foreignphrase> overthrow
  10324. a hostile Turkic empire in Mongolia in 7UU. The Uygur, in turn, established
  10325. an empire in the area, but this lasted only until 840, when the wild Kirghiz
  10326. sacked their capital and killed their khan. A portion of their population
  10327. then migrated westward to the oases of the Tarim Basin. There, they mixed
  10328. with the local Turkic population, and although the Uygur racial strain
  10329. dominated, they adopted the Turkic language and no longer called themselves
  10330. Uygur. Gradually, their occupation shifted from nomadic herding to farming.
  10331. The resulting stability allowed a great development in their literature and
  10332. arts, especially song and dance. In the tenth century, closer contact with
  10333. merchants, travelers, and settlers from the Middle East stimulated their
  10334. conversion to Islam, a process which took several centuries to complete. </para>
  10335. <para>Modern times have witnessed the emergence of Uygur nationalism, reflected
  10336. in their official re-adoption of the historical name “Uygur” earlier in this
  10337. century. Uygur leaders have often resisted control by outside powers, and
  10338. even attempted to establish an independent republic in the region. Under
  10339. Chinese authority today, the Uygur, who remain for the most part a farming
  10340. people living and marrying within the village unit, have a limited degree of
  10341. regional autonomy and are guaranteed cultural freedom and linguistic rights
  10342. by the PRC Constitution.</para>
  10343. </section>
  10344. <section>
  10345. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  10346. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">liàng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  10347. bright, to be light” or “to be shiny”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  10348. colsep="1">
  10349. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10350. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10351. <tbody>
  10352. <row>
  10353. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige dēng
  10354. bú liàng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10355. </row>
  10356. <row>
  10357. <entry/>
  10358. </row>
  10359. <row>
  10360. <entry>This light won't go on.</entry>
  10361. </row>
  10362. <row>
  10363. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐde xīn
  10364. chēzi zhēn liàng a! </foreignphrase></entry>
  10365. </row>
  10366. <row>
  10367. <entry/>
  10368. </row>
  10369. <row>
  10370. <entry>Your new car is really shiny!</entry>
  10371. </row>
  10372. </tbody>
  10373. </tgroup>
  10374. </informaltable></para>
  10375. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng</foreignphrase> means
  10376. “to get light out” or “daybreak, dawn”:<informaltable frame="none"
  10377. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10378. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10379. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10380. <tbody>
  10381. <row>
  10382. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng
  10383. yihòu, jiēshang jiu rè'naoqilai le.
  10384. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10385. </row>
  10386. <row>
  10387. <entry/>
  10388. </row>
  10389. <row>
  10390. <entry>After it got light out, the streets started to liven
  10391. up.</entry>
  10392. </row>
  10393. <row>
  10394. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān liàng
  10395. yǐqián néng dào ma? </foreignphrase></entry>
  10396. </row>
  10397. <row>
  10398. <entry/>
  10399. </row>
  10400. <row>
  10401. <entry>Can we get there before dawn?</entry>
  10402. </row>
  10403. </tbody>
  10404. </tgroup>
  10405. </informaltable></para>
  10406. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāng... jiù...</foreignphrase>:
  10407. “just (hardly)... and already...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  10408. colsep="1">
  10409. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10410. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10411. <tbody>
  10412. <row>
  10413. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā gāng
  10414. dàxué bìyè jiù dào Xīběi qù
  10415. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10416. </row>
  10417. <row>
  10418. <entry/>
  10419. </row>
  10420. <row>
  10421. <entry>He went to the Northwest when he had just graduated
  10422. from college.</entry>
  10423. </row>
  10424. <row>
  10425. <entry>
  10426. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  10427. háizi gāng lái Méiguō sānge yuè, jiù huì shuō bù
  10428. shǎo Yíngwén le.</foreignphrase></para>
  10429. </entry>
  10430. </row>
  10431. <row>
  10432. <entry>It has been barely three months since this child name
  10433. to the U.S., and already she can speak a lot of
  10434. English.</entry>
  10435. </row>
  10436. <row>
  10437. <entry/>
  10438. </row>
  10439. <row>
  10440. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  10441. xuéqī gāng kāishī, wǒmen jiù juéde hǎoxiàng guòle
  10442. hén cháng shíjiān le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10443. </row>
  10444. <row>
  10445. <entry/>
  10446. </row>
  10447. <row>
  10448. <entry>The semester had barely started when we felt as if a
  10449. long time had already passed.</entry>
  10450. </row>
  10451. </tbody>
  10452. </tgroup>
  10453. </informaltable></para>
  10454. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngmín</foreignphrase>:
  10455. “peasant,” as contrasted with non-ideological terms like <foreignphrase
  10456. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngfū</foreignphrase>, “farmer,” or
  10457. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè
  10458. gōngren</foreignphrase>, “agricultural worker.”<informaltable frame="none"
  10459. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10460. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10461. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10462. <tbody>
  10463. <row>
  10464. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguóde
  10465. nóngmín zhàn quánguó rénkǒude bǎifēnzhī
  10466. bāshí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10467. </row>
  10468. <row>
  10469. <entry/>
  10470. </row>
  10471. <row>
  10472. <entry>China's peasants make up 80 percent of the population
  10473. of the whole country.</entry>
  10474. </row>
  10475. </tbody>
  10476. </tgroup>
  10477. </informaltable></para>
  10478. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zú</foreignphrase>:
  10479. “nationality,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10480. >Wěiwúěrzú</foreignphrase>, “the Uygur nationality,” <foreignphrase
  10481. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hànzú</foreignphrase>, “the Han nationality,”
  10482. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Měnggǔzú</foreignphrase>, “the
  10483. Monggol (Mongolian) nationality.”</para>
  10484. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǔyì</foreignphrase>:
  10485. “doctrine” or “-ism,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10486. >Gòngchànzhǔyì</foreignphrase>, “Communism”; <foreignphrase
  10487. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hépíngzhǔyì</foreignphrase>. “pacifism”;
  10488. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">mínzúzhǔyì</foreignphrase>,
  10489. “nationalism”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10490. >Dáěrwénzhǔyì</foreignphrase>, “Darwinism.”</para>
  10491. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà gǎo
  10492. shèhuizhǔyì</foreignphrase>: “go all out with socialism; engage in
  10493. socialism in a big way” The adjectival verb <foreignphrase
  10494. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dà</foreignphrase>, “to be large,” is used
  10495. here as an adverb. [Adverbs modify verbs or other adverbs.] When so used, it
  10496. means “in a big way” or “go all out with (doing something)”:<informaltable
  10497. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10498. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10499. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10500. <tbody>
  10501. <row>
  10502. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiēhūnde
  10503. shíhou yě bú yào dà chī dà
  10504. hē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10505. </row>
  10506. <row>
  10507. <entry/>
  10508. </row>
  10509. <row>
  10510. <entry>Even when one gets married, one shouldn’t put on a
  10511. great feast</entry>
  10512. </row>
  10513. <row>
  10514. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">”Dà Bàn
  10515. Nóngyè.”</foreignphrase></entry>
  10516. </row>
  10517. <row>
  10518. <entry/>
  10519. </row>
  10520. <row>
  10521. <entry>”Make Great Efforts to Develop Agriculture.”
  10522. (slogan)</entry>
  10523. </row>
  10524. </tbody>
  10525. </tgroup>
  10526. </informaltable></para>
  10527. </section>
  10528. <section>
  10529. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  10530. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngren</foreignphrase>: This is
  10531. the general term for “worker” in the sense of a wage-earning laborer.
  10532. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>,
  10533. which you learned in Unit 4, does not imply manual labor; it simply means
  10534. someone who works in a particular field, such as education or archeology.)
  10535. Examples: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shíyóu
  10536. gōngren</foreignphrase>, “oil worker”; <foreignphrase
  10537. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nóngyè gōngren</foreignphrase>, “agricultural
  10538. worker,” for example, a wage-earning worker on a state farm; <foreignphrase
  10539. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiělǔ gōngren</foreignphrase>, “railroad
  10540. worker.”</para>
  10541. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāo</foreignphrase>: “to hand
  10542. over, to give” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāo
  10543. qián</foreignphrase> is “to pay” (a fee or bill, especially one which is
  10544. due regularly).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10545. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10546. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10547. <tbody>
  10548. <row>
  10549. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ hái méi
  10550. jiào zhèige yuède fángzū.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10551. </row>
  10552. <row>
  10553. <entry/>
  10554. </row>
  10555. <row>
  10556. <entry> I haven’t paid this month’s rent yet.</entry>
  10557. </row>
  10558. <row>
  10559. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiào gài
  10560. wǒmen ba! Nǐ fàngxīn hǎo le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  10561. </row>
  10562. <row>
  10563. <entry/>
  10564. </row>
  10565. <row>
  10566. <entry> Leave it to us! Don’t worry about it! (Here
  10567. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10568. >jiào</foreignphrase> refers to turning over a task
  10569. to someone.)</entry>
  10570. </row>
  10571. </tbody>
  10572. </tgroup>
  10573. </informaltable></para>
  10574. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhǒngzú</foreignphrase>: “race”
  10575. or “racial” Examples’ are <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10576. >Huángzhǒngrén</foreignphrase>, “people of the yellow (Oriental) race,”
  10577. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hēizhǒngrén</foreignphrase>,
  10578. “people of the black race,” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10579. >Báizhǒng-rén</foreignphrase>, “people of the white race?’</para>
  10580. </section>
  10581. <section>
  10582. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  10583. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Suóyi...</foreignphrase> :
  10584. Notice that when stressed at the beginning of a sentence, <foreignphrase
  10585. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">suóyi</foreignphrase> is translated as
  10586. ’“That’s why... .”</para>
  10587. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> and
  10588. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngchǎng</foreignphrase>:
  10589. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gǒngchǎng</foreignphrase>
  10590. (introduced in No. 7 above) is the generic term for a factory or plant. If
  10591. you were talking about the installations in an area and wanted to say that
  10592. there were schools, factories, and hospitals, you would use <foreignphrase
  10593. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǒngchǎng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase
  10594. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chǎng</foreignphrase>. on the other hand, is
  10595. only used in specific contexts. If you are talking about a specific factory,
  10596. you can say <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10597. >chǎnglǐ</foreignphrase> for “in the factory.” A worker can say
  10598. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wǒmen chǎng</foreignphrase>
  10599. for “our factory.” You can also use <foreignphrase
  10600. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chǎng</foreignphrase> in certain compound
  10601. nouns which specify what the factory makes, as in <foreignphrase
  10602. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìtǎnchǎng</foreignphrase>.</para>
  10603. </section>
  10604. <section>
  10605. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  10606. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzì</foreignphrase>:
  10607. “writing,” “written language,” “script,” “system of writing” For example, a
  10608. member of China’s Committee for Reform of the Written Language would be a
  10609. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wénzì
  10610. gōngzuòzhě</foreignphrase>. “written language worker.” </para>
  10611. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoliú</foreignphrase>: “to
  10612. exchange” or “an exchange,” “interchange” This is only used to refer to a
  10613. back-and-forth flow of culture, technology, experience, thought, and so
  10614. forth. “To exchange” one thing for another is <foreignphrase
  10615. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huàn</foreignphrase> [or <foreignphrase
  10616. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāohuàn</foreignphrase> in formal contexts
  10617. such as the exchange of views or of prisoners].</para>
  10618. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shéi shuōde</foreignphrase>:
  10619. “Says who!” This is strictly informal and could be taken as impolite if used
  10620. in an inappropriate context.</para>
  10621. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài gǎi</foreignphrase>: “in the
  10622. process of changing”</para>
  10623. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú shi... ma?</foreignphrase>:
  10624. This is another example of the rhetorical use of this pattern (see the Notes
  10625. on No. 6): “We’re changing our writing, aren’t we?!”</para>
  10626. </section>
  10627. <section>
  10628. <title>Additional Vocabulary</title>
  10629. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjiing</foreignphrase> border
  10630. area; borderland; frontier; frontier region</para>
  10631. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">biānjiāng</foreignphrase>:
  10632. “frontier region, border region” This refers to the area inside the border.
  10633. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Biānjiè</foreignphrase> refers
  10634. more specifically to the border or boundary itself.</para>
  10635. </section>
  10636. </section>
  10637. </section>
  10638. </section>
  10639. <section>
  10640. <title>Unit 7</title>
  10641. <section>
  10642. <title>References</title>
  10643. <section>
  10644. <title>Reference List</title>
  10645. <para/>
  10646. </section>
  10647. <section>
  10648. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  10649. <para/>
  10650. </section>
  10651. <section>
  10652. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  10653. <section>
  10654. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  10655. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái zhēn yuǎn</foreignphrase>:
  10656. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái</foreignphrase>, ’“still,”
  10657. in this sentence may go untranslated; it expresses surprise at how far it is
  10658. into town. In this meaning, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10659. >hái</foreignphrase> is often used before <foreignphrase
  10660. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhēn</foreignphrase>, “really.”<informaltable
  10661. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10662. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10663. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10664. <tbody>
  10665. <row>
  10666. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái zhēn
  10667. bú pà lěng, zhème lěngde tiān chuān zhème shǎo!
  10668. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10669. </row>
  10670. <row>
  10671. <entry/>
  10672. </row>
  10673. <row>
  10674. <entry>You really don’t mind (“aren’t afraid of’’) the cold;
  10675. you wear so little in such cold weather!</entry>
  10676. </row>
  10677. </tbody>
  10678. </tgroup>
  10679. </informaltable></para>
  10680. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shèyuán</foreignphrase>,
  10681. “commune member,” includes working members and their non-working family
  10682. members. The ending -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10683. >yuán</foreignphrase> is used in various compound words to mean
  10684. ’“member”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10685. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  10686. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10687. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  10688. <tbody>
  10689. <row>
  10690. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10691. >Dǎngyuán</foreignphrase></entry>
  10692. <entry morerows="1">Party member</entry>
  10693. </row>
  10694. <row>
  10695. <entry/>
  10696. </row>
  10697. <row>
  10698. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10699. >Tuányuán</foreignphrase></entry>
  10700. <entry morerows="1">(Communist Youth) League member</entry>
  10701. </row>
  10702. <row>
  10703. <entry/>
  10704. </row>
  10705. <row>
  10706. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10707. >huìyuán</foreignphrase> OR <foreignphrase
  10708. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10709. >chéngyuán</foreignphrase></entry>
  10710. <entry morerows="1">member</entry>
  10711. </row>
  10712. <row>
  10713. <entry/>
  10714. </row>
  10715. </tbody>
  10716. </tgroup>
  10717. </informaltable></para>
  10718. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu diǎnr bú tài
  10719. fāngbian</foreignphrase>: “a little inconvenient, kind of inconvenient”
  10720. You are familiar with the phrasing <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10721. >yǒu diǎnr bù fāngbian</foreignphrase>. Here you see that use
  10722. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú tài</foreignphrase> instead
  10723. of just <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>.</para>
  10724. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánzhe</foreignphrase>, “along,
  10725. alongside,” is used for longer distances than <foreignphrase
  10726. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">pángbiān</foreignphrase>,
  10727. “side?’<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10728. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10729. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10730. <tbody>
  10731. <row>
  10732. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qìchē
  10733. yánzhe zhèitiáo lù kāile hěn jiǔ cái kànjian yíge
  10734. rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10735. </row>
  10736. <row>
  10737. <entry/>
  10738. </row>
  10739. <row>
  10740. <entry>The car drove along this road a long time before they
  10741. saw a person.</entry>
  10742. </row>
  10743. <row>
  10744. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yánzhe
  10745. fángzi sìbiānr zhòngle hǎoduō
  10746. huā.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10747. </row>
  10748. <row>
  10749. <entry/>
  10750. </row>
  10751. <row>
  10752. <entry>A lot of flowers were planted along the four sides of
  10753. the house (i.e., all around the house).</entry>
  10754. </row>
  10755. </tbody>
  10756. </tgroup>
  10757. </informaltable></para>
  10758. <para>BUT:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10759. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10760. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10761. <tbody>
  10762. <row>
  10763. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fángzi
  10764. pángbiān zhòngle hǎoduō huà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10765. </row>
  10766. <row>
  10767. <entry/>
  10768. </row>
  10769. <row>
  10770. <entry>A lot of flowers were planted alongside the house (on
  10771. the side or sides).</entry>
  10772. </row>
  10773. </tbody>
  10774. </tgroup>
  10775. </informaltable></para>
  10776. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōnglù</foreignphrase>:
  10777. “public-road,” i.e., “highway” “Expressway” is <foreignphrase
  10778. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāosù gōnglù</foreignphrase>, “high-speed
  10779. public-road.” (As of this writing, mainland China has no expressways; Taiwan
  10780. has one, which goes from the north to the south of the island.) .</para>
  10781. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái suàn</foreignphrase>: “can
  10782. still be considered to be...” This is an idiom for “fairly.” Compare the use
  10783. of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> for
  10784. “fairly” which you learned in the Society module, for example,
  10785. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hái hǎo</foreignphrase>,
  10786. “Fairly good.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10787. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10788. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10789. <tbody>
  10790. <row>
  10791. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā hái suàn
  10792. wèntí shǎode xuéshēng, biéde rén wèntí gèng duō.
  10793. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10794. </row>
  10795. <row>
  10796. <entry/>
  10797. </row>
  10798. <row>
  10799. <entry>He can be considered a student with relatively few
  10800. problems; the others have even more problems.</entry>
  10801. </row>
  10802. <row>
  10803. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà hái suàn
  10804. xiǎo shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10805. </row>
  10806. <row>
  10807. <entry/>
  10808. </row>
  10809. <row>
  10810. <entry>That's not a big thing (“a small matter”)</entry>
  10811. </row>
  10812. </tbody>
  10813. </tgroup>
  10814. </informaltable></para>
  10815. </section>
  10816. <section>
  10817. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  10818. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiělù</foreignphrase>:
  10819. “railroad,” literally, “iron-road”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  10820. colsep="1">
  10821. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10822. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10823. <tbody>
  10824. <row>
  10825. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xīběide
  10826. tiělù bù duō, érqiě yǒu bù shǎo shi gāng
  10827. xiūde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10828. </row>
  10829. <row>
  10830. <entry/>
  10831. </row>
  10832. <row>
  10833. <entry>There aren’t many railroads in the Northwest, and
  10834. many of them were just built.</entry>
  10835. </row>
  10836. <row>
  10837. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu yíge
  10838. gēge zài tiělùshang gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10839. </row>
  10840. <row>
  10841. <entry/>
  10842. </row>
  10843. <row>
  10844. <entry>I have an older brother who works on the
  10845. railroad.</entry>
  10846. </row>
  10847. </tbody>
  10848. </tgroup>
  10849. </informaltable></para>
  10850. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshēng</foreignphrase>: “to
  10851. happen,” “to occur” The event which happens often follows <foreignphrase
  10852. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāshēng</foreignphrase> in the sentence (just
  10853. as in sentences with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10854. >yǒu</foreignphrase>, “there is,” the thing that exists often follows
  10855. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10856. >yǒu</foreignphrase>):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10857. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10858. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10859. <tbody>
  10860. <row>
  10861. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bù zhīdào
  10862. fāshēngle shénme shìqing, láile zhème duō
  10863. rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10864. </row>
  10865. <row>
  10866. <entry/>
  10867. </row>
  10868. <row>
  10869. <entry>I wonder what has happened that so many people have
  10870. come here.</entry>
  10871. </row>
  10872. <row>
  10873. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐtiān
  10874. fāshēngle hǎojǐjiàn qíguàide
  10875. shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10876. </row>
  10877. <row>
  10878. <entry/>
  10879. </row>
  10880. <row>
  10881. <entry>The last few days, a lot of strange things have been
  10882. happening.</entry>
  10883. </row>
  10884. <row>
  10885. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi shíhou
  10886. fāshāngde shì, wǒ dōu bù zěnme qīngchǔ
  10887. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10888. </row>
  10889. <row>
  10890. <entry/>
  10891. </row>
  10892. <row>
  10893. <entry>The things that happened then aren’t very clear in my
  10894. mind anymore.</entry>
  10895. </row>
  10896. <row>
  10897. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shéi dōu bú
  10898. jìde zhèijiàn shì shi shénme shíhou fāshēngde
  10899. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10900. </row>
  10901. <row>
  10902. <entry/>
  10903. </row>
  10904. <row>
  10905. <entry>No one remembers when that event took place
  10906. anymore.</entry>
  10907. </row>
  10908. </tbody>
  10909. </tgroup>
  10910. </informaltable></para>
  10911. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ mànchē hái
  10912. màn</foreignphrase>: “even slower tan a slow train” Here, <foreignphrase
  10913. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hái</foreignphrase> is used as
  10914. even.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10915. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10916. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10917. <tbody>
  10918. <row>
  10919. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zuótiān
  10920. lěng, jīntiān, bǐ zuótiǎn hái
  10921. lěng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10922. </row>
  10923. <row>
  10924. <entry/>
  10925. </row>
  10926. <row>
  10927. <entry> It was cold yesterday, (but) today is even colder
  10928. than yesterday.</entry>
  10929. </row>
  10930. </tbody>
  10931. </tgroup>
  10932. </informaltable></para>
  10933. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐnzhāng</foreignphrase>: “to be
  10934. nervous,” “to be tense”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10935. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10936. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10937. <tbody>
  10938. <row>
  10939. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài zhèli
  10940. kāi chē zhēn jǐnzhāng, bù zhídào shénme shíhou huì
  10941. zhuàngdao rén.</foreignphrase></entry>
  10942. </row>
  10943. <row>
  10944. <entry/>
  10945. </row>
  10946. <row>
  10947. <entry>It’s really nerve-racking to drive here. You don’t
  10948. know when you might run into someone.</entry>
  10949. </row>
  10950. </tbody>
  10951. </tgroup>
  10952. </informaltable></para>
  10953. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wènwenqīngchǔ</foreignphrase>:
  10954. “to inquire until clear,” i.e., “to try to find out the true situation.”
  10955. Notice that you can reduplicate a verb (here, <foreignphrase
  10956. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">wèn</foreignphrase>) even when the verb is
  10957. followed by a resultative ending (here, <foreignphrase
  10958. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qīngchǔ</foreignphrase>). Other examples:
  10959. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qǐng nǐ bǎ shìqing
  10960. shuōshuoqīngchǔ</foreignphrase>, “Please explain this more clearly”;
  10961. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ zhuōzi
  10962. cācagānjing</foreignphrase>, “Wipe the table clean.”</para>
  10963. </section>
  10964. <section>
  10965. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  10966. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài máng...
  10967. yě...</foreignphrase> : “no matter how busy...” The <foreignphrase
  10968. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài</foreignphrase> in this pattern (meaning
  10969. literally, “more, additionally”) must be given extra-heavy stress:
  10970. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ZÀI máng wǒ ye děi
  10971. huíqu</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  10972. >Yě</foreignphrase> here means “still, even so.”<informaltable
  10973. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  10974. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  10975. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  10976. <tbody>
  10977. <row>
  10978. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngwén
  10979. ZÀI nán wǒ yě yào xué. </foreignphrase></entry>
  10980. </row>
  10981. <row>
  10982. <entry/>
  10983. </row>
  10984. <row>
  10985. <entry>No matter how hard Chinese is, I’m still going to
  10986. study it.</entry>
  10987. </row>
  10988. </tbody>
  10989. </tgroup>
  10990. </informaltable></para>
  10991. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase>: This
  10992. counter for trips need not be translated here. Used with verbs like
  10993. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase>,
  10994. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qù</foreignphrase>,
  10995. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huílai</foreignphrase>,
  10996. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huíqu</foreignphrase>, etc.,
  10997. -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàng</foreignphrase> simply
  10998. counts the number of times someone goes someplace. Other
  10999. examples:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11000. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11001. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11002. <tbody>
  11003. <row>
  11004. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shàngge
  11005. xīngqī dào Shànghǎi qùle
  11006. yítàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11007. </row>
  11008. <row>
  11009. <entry/>
  11010. </row>
  11011. <row>
  11012. <entry>Last week he made a trip to <foreignphrase
  11013. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11014. >Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  11015. </row>
  11016. <row>
  11017. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jīntiān
  11018. yǐjìng wǎng tā nàr pǎole liǎngtàng
  11019. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11020. </row>
  11021. <row>
  11022. <entry/>
  11023. </row>
  11024. <row>
  11025. <entry>I’ve already made two trips to his place
  11026. today.</entry>
  11027. </row>
  11028. </tbody>
  11029. </tgroup>
  11030. </informaltable></para>
  11031. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yàng</foreignphrase>: “kind,
  11032. sort” You have learned the word -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11033. >zhǒng</foreignphrase>, “kind, sort, type.” These words are slightly
  11034. different in usage; sometimes -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11035. >yàng</foreignphrase> should not be translated literally as “kind,” but
  11036. Just left out of the translation (see the third, fourth, and fifth
  11037. examples).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11038. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11039. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11040. <tbody>
  11041. <row>
  11042. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi jǐyàng
  11043. dōngxi wǒ dōu méi kànjianguo, hěn
  11044. qíguài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11045. </row>
  11046. <row>
  11047. <entry/>
  11048. </row>
  11049. <row>
  11050. <entry>I’ve never seen these kinds of things. They’re very
  11051. strange.</entry>
  11052. </row>
  11053. <row>
  11054. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ
  11055. kàndechūlái zhèi liǎnryàng dōngxi yǒu shénme bù
  11056. yíyàng ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  11057. </row>
  11058. <row>
  11059. <entry/>
  11060. </row>
  11061. <row>
  11062. <entry>Can you tell what’s different about these two kinds
  11063. of things?</entry>
  11064. </row>
  11065. <row>
  11066. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  11067. jīntiān wǎnshàng yǒu jǐyàng
  11068. cài?</foreignphrase></entry>
  11069. </row>
  11070. <row>
  11071. <entry/>
  11072. </row>
  11073. <row>
  11074. <entry>Hew many dishes are we having tonight [for
  11075. dinner]?</entry>
  11076. </row>
  11077. <row>
  11078. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dào
  11079. shāngdiàn qùle jǐcì yě méi mǎihui yíyàng dōngxi
  11080. lai.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11081. </row>
  11082. <row>
  11083. <entry/>
  11084. </row>
  11085. <row>
  11086. <entry>He went to the store several times, but didn’t come
  11087. back with a single thing.</entry>
  11088. </row>
  11089. <row>
  11090. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhèr hái
  11091. yǒu liǎngyàng shuǐguǒ... yíge píngguǒ yíge
  11092. júzi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11093. </row>
  11094. <row>
  11095. <entry/>
  11096. </row>
  11097. <row>
  11098. <entry>I still have two fruits here... one apple and one
  11099. tangerine/orange.</entry>
  11100. </row>
  11101. </tbody>
  11102. </tgroup>
  11103. </informaltable></para>
  11104. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">háishi</foreignphrase>; “it
  11105. would be better to... .“ This is another meaning for the word which you
  11106. first learned as meaning “still.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11107. colsep="1">
  11108. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11109. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11110. <tbody>
  11111. <row>
  11112. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù
  11113. shūfu, háishi shǎo chī diǎnr
  11114. ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11115. </row>
  11116. <row>
  11117. <entry/>
  11118. </row>
  11119. <row>
  11120. <entry>I'm not feeling well. I'd better not eat too
  11121. much.</entry>
  11122. </row>
  11123. <row>
  11124. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háishi
  11125. Ōuyáng Lǎoshī yíge rén qù, nǐmen dōu liú zài zhèr
  11126. ba.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11127. </row>
  11128. <row>
  11129. <entry/>
  11130. </row>
  11131. <row>
  11132. <entry>It would be better if Teacher Ouyang went alone; the
  11133. rest of you just stay here.</entry>
  11134. </row>
  11135. </tbody>
  11136. </tgroup>
  11137. </informaltable></para>
  11138. <para>Also used in the pattern <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11139. >háishi... hǎo</foreignphrase>:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11140. colsep="1">
  11141. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11142. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11143. <tbody>
  11144. <row>
  11145. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Háishi nǐ
  11146. qù háo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11147. </row>
  11148. <row>
  11149. <entry/>
  11150. </row>
  11151. <row>
  11152. <entry>It would be better if you went.</entry>
  11153. </row>
  11154. </tbody>
  11155. </tgroup>
  11156. </informaltable></para>
  11157. </section>
  11158. <section>
  11159. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  11160. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jǐn</foreignphrase>: “to be
  11161. tight,” in both literal and figurative senses.<informaltable frame="none"
  11162. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11163. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11164. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11165. <tbody>
  11166. <row>
  11167. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèishuāng
  11168. xié tài jǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11169. </row>
  11170. <row>
  11171. <entry/>
  11172. </row>
  11173. <row>
  11174. <entry> These shoes are too tight.</entry>
  11175. </row>
  11176. <row>
  11177. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ mén
  11178. guānjǐn. </foreignphrase></entry>
  11179. </row>
  11180. <row>
  11181. <entry/>
  11182. </row>
  11183. <row>
  11184. <entry>Shut the door tight.</entry>
  11185. </row>
  11186. <row>
  11187. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde
  11188. shíjiān ānpaide hěn jǐn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11189. </row>
  11190. <row>
  11191. <entry/>
  11192. </row>
  11193. <row>
  11194. <entry> I have a very tight schedule.</entry>
  11195. </row>
  11196. </tbody>
  11197. </tgroup>
  11198. </informaltable></para>
  11199. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐfang shuō...
  11200. ba</foreignphrase>: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11201. >Ba</foreignphrase> can be used at the end of a <foreignphrase
  11202. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐfang shuō</foreignphrase> phrase. Compare
  11203. the use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bā</foreignphrase>
  11204. shown in unit 5.</para>
  11205. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuéryuán</foreignphrase>:
  11206. “kindergarten,” literally, “young-child-garden” In Taiwan, the word
  11207. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yòuzhìyuán</foreignphrase> is
  11208. used instead.</para>
  11209. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xuǎn</foreignphrase>: “to
  11210. choose,” “to select”; “to elect”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11211. colsep="1">
  11212. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11213. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11214. <tbody>
  11215. <row>
  11216. <entry><para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmen
  11217. xuǎn wǒ zuò dàibiǎode shíhou, wǒ hěn bù hào
  11218. yìsī.</foreignphrase><footnote>
  11219. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11220. >dàibiào</foreignphrase>. ”representative,
  11221. delegate” (TVL, Unit 8)</para>
  11222. </footnote></para></entry>
  11223. </row>
  11224. <row>
  11225. <entry/>
  11226. </row>
  11227. <row>
  11228. <entry>
  11229. <para>When they elected me as representative, I was very
  11230. embarrassed.</para>
  11231. </entry>
  11232. </row>
  11233. <row>
  11234. <entry>
  11235. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zài
  11236. shāngdiànli zǒule bàntián yě méi xuǎndào tā
  11237. xǐhuande dōngxi.</foreignphrase></para>
  11238. </entry>
  11239. </row>
  11240. <row>
  11241. <entry/>
  11242. </row>
  11243. <row>
  11244. <entry>She walked around the store for a long time but
  11245. didn’t find anything she liked.. (<foreignphrase
  11246. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xuǎn</foreignphrase> is
  11247. often used for “selecting”—buying—items at a
  11248. store.)</entry>
  11249. </row>
  11250. </tbody>
  11251. </tgroup>
  11252. </informaltable></para>
  11253. </section>
  11254. <section>
  11255. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  11256. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng chǎnliàngshang
  11257. kàn</foreignphrase>: “from the point of view of yield” Other examples of
  11258. this pattern: <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng shùliangshang
  11259. kàn</foreignphrase>, “from the point of view of numbers/quantity”;
  11260. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cóng fàzhàn jīngjishang
  11261. kàn</foreignphrase>, “from the point of view of developing the
  11262. economy?”</para>
  11263. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chángjiāng</foreignphrase>:
  11264. “Long-River,” the Yangtze, now called the Changjiang in PRC publications.
  11265. China’s longest river (6,300 kilometers), the Changjiang is an important
  11266. artery of water transportation, passing through the cities of <foreignphrase
  11267. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chōngqìng</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  11268. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǔhàn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  11269. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nánjīng</foreignphrase>, and <foreignphrase
  11270. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shànghǎi</foreignphrase>.</para>
  11271. <itemizedlist>
  11272. <listitem>
  11273. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11274. >...yǐnán</foreignphrase>: to the south of...</para>
  11275. </listitem>
  11276. <listitem>
  11277. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǐběi</foreignphrase> is
  11278. to the north of.</para>
  11279. </listitem>
  11280. </itemizedlist>
  11281. <para>
  11282. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11283. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11284. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11285. <tbody>
  11286. <row>
  11287. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Júzi zhòng
  11288. zai Chángjiāng yǐnán shi tiāánde, dàole Chángjing
  11289. yǐběi jiù chéngle kǚde le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11290. </row>
  11291. <row>
  11292. <entry/>
  11293. </row>
  11294. <row>
  11295. <entry>
  11296. <para>Tangerines grown south of the Changjiang are
  11297. sweet, but north of the Changjiang, they become
  11298. bitter.</para>
  11299. </entry>
  11300. </row>
  11301. </tbody>
  11302. </tgroup>
  11303. </informaltable>
  11304. </para>
  11305. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi...yě...</foreignphrase>
  11306. : <orderedlist>
  11307. <listitem>
  11308. <para>“even...”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11309. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11310. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11311. <tbody>
  11312. <row>
  11313. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11314. >Jiù shi wǒ yě zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11315. </row>
  11316. <row>
  11317. <entry/>
  11318. </row>
  11319. <row>
  11320. <entry>Even <emphasis role="bold">I</emphasis>
  11321. know that.</entry>
  11322. </row>
  11323. <row>
  11324. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11325. >Jiù shi xuézhě yě bù dǒng zhèige
  11326. wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11327. </row>
  11328. <row>
  11329. <entry/>
  11330. </row>
  11331. <row>
  11332. <entry>Even scholars do not understand this
  11333. problem.</entry>
  11334. </row>
  11335. <row>
  11336. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11337. >Zhèige dà píngguǒ shi wǒ tèbié xuǎnchulai gěi
  11338. nǐde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11339. </row>
  11340. <row>
  11341. <entry/>
  11342. </row>
  11343. <row>
  11344. <entry>I picked this big apple out especially for
  11345. you.</entry>
  11346. </row>
  11347. </tbody>
  11348. </tgroup>
  11349. </informaltable></para>
  11350. </listitem>
  11351. <listitem>
  11352. <para>“even if ... ”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11353. colsep="1">
  11354. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11355. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11356. <tbody>
  11357. <row>
  11358. <entry>
  11359. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  11360. shuō jiùshi nǐ qù zuò yě
  11361. zuòbuhǎo.</foreignphrase></para>
  11362. </entry>
  11363. </row>
  11364. <row>
  11365. <entry/>
  11366. </row>
  11367. <row>
  11368. <entry>He said that even if you did it, you
  11369. wouldn’t do it right.</entry>
  11370. </row>
  11371. <row>
  11372. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11373. >Nǐ jiùshi mǎile wǒ yě bù
  11374. chī.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11375. </row>
  11376. <row>
  11377. <entry/>
  11378. </row>
  11379. <row>
  11380. <entry> Even if you bought it I wouldn’t eat
  11381. it.</entry>
  11382. </row>
  11383. </tbody>
  11384. </tgroup>
  11385. </informaltable></para>
  11386. </listitem>
  11387. </orderedlist></para>
  11388. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng shuō X, jiù shi Y
  11389. yě...</foreignphrase>: This three-part pattern means “For X, that goes
  11390. without saying, but even Y is....” Sometimes in English we mention the parts
  11391. X and Y in the reverse order: “Even Y is . . . , not to mention
  11392. X.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11393. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11394. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11395. <tbody>
  11396. <row>
  11397. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèige
  11398. dìfang zhēn hǎowánr, bú yòng shuō xiǎoháir, jiù shi
  11399. dàren yě zài nàr wánrde hěn
  11400. gāoxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11401. </row>
  11402. <row>
  11403. <entry/>
  11404. </row>
  11405. <row>
  11406. <entry>That place is really fun. Even grown-ups have a great
  11407. time there, not to mention children,</entry>
  11408. </row>
  11409. </tbody>
  11410. </tgroup>
  11411. </informaltable></para>
  11412. <para>For <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng
  11413. shuō</foreignphrase>, you can often substitute <foreignphrase
  11414. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yào shuō</foreignphrase>. For
  11415. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù shi</foreignphrase>, you
  11416. can substitute <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11417. >1ián</foreignphrase>. For <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11418. >yě</foreignphrase>, you can substitute <foreignphrase
  11419. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>.</para>
  11420. <para>When the clause after <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11421. >yě</foreignphrase> has <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11422. >bù</foreignphrase> or <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11423. >méi</foreignphrase>, you can translate <foreignphrase
  11424. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bú yòng shuō</foreignphrase> as “much
  11425. less”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11426. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11427. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11428. <tbody>
  11429. <row>
  11430. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yòng
  11431. shuō zhōngxuéshēng, jiù shi yánjiùshēng yě kànbudǒng
  11432. zhèiplān wénzhāng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11433. </row>
  11434. <row>
  11435. <entry/>
  11436. </row>
  11437. <row>
  11438. <entry>Even graduate students cannot understand this
  11439. article, much less high school students.</entry>
  11440. </row>
  11441. <row>
  11442. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bú yòng
  11443. shuō xiě, lián tīng yě
  11444. láibují.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11445. </row>
  11446. <row>
  11447. <entry/>
  11448. </row>
  11449. <row>
  11450. <entry>I couldn’t even keep up listening to it, much less
  11451. write it down.</entry>
  11452. </row>
  11453. <row>
  11454. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bú yào shuō
  11455. qù kàn diànyǐng, wǒ lián chī fànde shíjiān dōu
  11456. méiyou.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11457. </row>
  11458. <row>
  11459. <entry/>
  11460. </row>
  11461. <row>
  11462. <entry>I don’t even have time to eat, much less go to the
  11463. movies.</entry>
  11464. </row>
  11465. </tbody>
  11466. </tgroup>
  11467. </informaltable></para>
  11468. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎnshanglai</foreignphrase>: “to
  11469. catch up” by hurrying (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11470. >gǎn</foreignphrase> means “to hurry”)<informaltable frame="none"
  11471. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11472. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11473. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11474. <tbody>
  11475. <row>
  11476. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā suīrán
  11477. bìngle hǎojǐtiān, kěshi xuéxí háishi gǎnshanglai
  11478. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11479. </row>
  11480. <row>
  11481. <entry/>
  11482. </row>
  11483. <row>
  11484. <entry>Although he has been sick for quite a few days, he
  11485. has caught up with his schoolwork.</entry>
  11486. </row>
  11487. <row>
  11488. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yǒu
  11489. diǎnr shì, nǐmen xiān zǒu ba! Děng yihuǐr wǒ jiu
  11490. gǎnshanglai.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11491. </row>
  11492. <row>
  11493. <entry/>
  11494. </row>
  11495. <row>
  11496. <entry>I have something I have to do. You go on ahead. I’ll
  11497. catch up with you in a minute.</entry>
  11498. </row>
  11499. </tbody>
  11500. </tgroup>
  11501. </informaltable></para>
  11502. </section>
  11503. <section>
  11504. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  11505. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gāngtiě</foreignphrase>:
  11506. Literally, “steel-iron,” but usually translated as “iron and steel” (The
  11507. usual order of paired words in Chinese and English is often the same, but
  11508. sometimes differs. Other examples are <foreignphrase
  11509. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bàba</foreignphrase>
  11510. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">māma</foreignphrase>, “mom and
  11511. dad”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yéye</foreignphrase>
  11512. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nǎinai</foreignphrase>. “grandma
  11513. and grandpa.”)</para>
  11514. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shítáng</foreignphrase>: “dining
  11515. hall,” “cafeteria,” “mess hall”</para>
  11516. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhígōng</foreignphrase>: “staff
  11517. and workers”; “staff member or worker”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11518. colsep="1">
  11519. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11520. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11521. <tbody>
  11522. <row>
  11523. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  11524. chǎngde zhígōng dàbùfen shi
  11525. nǚde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11526. </row>
  11527. <row>
  11528. <entry/>
  11529. </row>
  11530. <row>
  11531. <entry>The staff and workers of this factory are mostly
  11532. women.</entry>
  11533. </row>
  11534. <row>
  11535. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  11536. zhígōng xuéxiào yǒu bù shǎo hèn hǎode lǎoshī, tāmen
  11537. dōu duì zhígōng jiàoyu hěn
  11538. rèxín.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11539. </row>
  11540. <row>
  11541. <entry/>
  11542. </row>
  11543. <row>
  11544. <entry>This staff and worker school has a lot of good
  11545. teachers who are very interested and enthusiastic toward
  11546. staff and worker education.</entry>
  11547. </row>
  11548. <row>
  11549. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhígōng
  11550. shítáng chángcháng mài lěng
  11551. fàn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11552. </row>
  11553. <row>
  11554. <entry/>
  11555. </row>
  11556. <row>
  11557. <entry>Staff and worker dining halls often sell cold
  11558. food.</entry>
  11559. </row>
  11560. </tbody>
  11561. </tgroup>
  11562. </informaltable></para>
  11563. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāshǔ</foreignphrase>: “family
  11564. members,” “(family) dependents”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11565. colsep="1">
  11566. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11567. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11568. <tbody>
  11569. <row>
  11570. <entry>
  11571. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànbude
  11572. jiàshǔ chángcháng shòudao tèbiéde
  11573. zhàogu.</foreignphrase></para>
  11574. </entry>
  11575. </row>
  11576. <row>
  11577. <entry/>
  11578. </row>
  11579. <row>
  11580. <entry> The families of cadres often receive special
  11581. care.</entry>
  11582. </row>
  11583. <row>
  11584. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìngde
  11585. gōngren jiāshǔ hěn duō dōu shi nóngmín.
  11586. </foreignphrase></entry>
  11587. </row>
  11588. <row>
  11589. <entry/>
  11590. </row>
  11591. <row>
  11592. <entry>Many families of workers at <foreignphrase
  11593. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dàqìng</foreignphrase>
  11594. are peasants.</entry>
  11595. </row>
  11596. </tbody>
  11597. </tgroup>
  11598. </informaltable></para>
  11599. <para>NOTE: Although in context, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11600. >jiāshǔ</foreignphrase> may be translated as “family” as in the sentence
  11601. above, it is different from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11602. >jiātíng</foreignphrase>. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11603. >Jiātíng</foreignphrase> refers to the family unit, the household.
  11604. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāshǔ</foreignphrase> refers
  11605. collectively to the family members other than the head of household.</para>
  11606. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yǒu bù shàode dàshítáng
  11607. ne!</foreignphrase>: On this use of <foreignphrase
  11608. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">ne</foreignphrase>, see Unit 3 Reference
  11609. Notes, Notes on No. 5.</para>
  11610. </section>
  11611. <section>
  11612. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  11613. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìzào</foreignphrase>: “to
  11614. manufacture,” as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  11615. zhìzào</foreignphrase>, “Made in China.”</para>
  11616. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zhìzàochǎng</foreignphrase>,
  11617. “plant,” “factory”</para>
  11618. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">zài nǎr jiànguo
  11619. ta</foreignphrase>: “have seen him somewhere” <foreignphrase
  11620. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǎr</foreignphrase>, like other question
  11621. words used in statements, becomes an indefinite pronoun here:
  11622. “somewhere.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11623. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11624. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11625. <tbody>
  11626. <row>
  11627. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ jìde wǒ
  11628. zài nǎr chīguo zhèige cài.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11629. </row>
  11630. <row>
  11631. <entry/>
  11632. </row>
  11633. <row>
  11634. <entry> I remember having this dish 'somewhere
  11635. before.</entry>
  11636. </row>
  11637. </tbody>
  11638. </tgroup>
  11639. </informaltable></para>
  11640. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gǎocuò</foreignphrase>: “to get
  11641. (something) wrong” or “to do (something) wrong”<informaltable frame="none"
  11642. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11643. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11644. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11645. <tbody>
  11646. <row>
  11647. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bié gǎocuò
  11648. le, zhèige zì hěn fǚzá ne!</foreignphrase></entry>
  11649. </row>
  11650. <row>
  11651. <entry/>
  11652. </row>
  11653. <row>
  11654. <entry>Don't get it wrong; this character is very
  11655. complicated!</entry>
  11656. </row>
  11657. <row>
  11658. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Ò, wǒ
  11659. gǎocuò le, tā bú shi wǒ yào zhǎode nèige
  11660. nǚháizi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11661. </row>
  11662. <row>
  11663. <entry/>
  11664. </row>
  11665. <row>
  11666. <entry>Oh, I'm mistaken. She isn't the young woman I'm
  11667. looking for.</entry>
  11668. </row>
  11669. <row>
  11670. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  11671. bāǎzhèige wèntí gǎocuò le, méiyou nàme
  11672. fǚzá.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11673. </row>
  11674. <row>
  11675. <entry/>
  11676. </row>
  11677. <row>
  11678. <entry>He has misunderstood this problem. It's not that
  11679. complicated.</entry>
  11680. </row>
  11681. </tbody>
  11682. </tgroup>
  11683. </informaltable></para>
  11684. <para>Compare other verbs that have the resultative ending -<foreignphrase
  11685. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cuò</foreignphrase>:<informaltable
  11686. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11687. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11688. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11689. <tbody>
  11690. <row>
  11691. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ niàncuò
  11692. le ba, zhèige zì hǎoxiàng bú niàn lǜè, niàn
  11693. liè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11694. </row>
  11695. <row>
  11696. <entry/>
  11697. </row>
  11698. <row>
  11699. <entry>You've read it wrong, haven't you? I don't think this
  11700. character is read lǜè; it's read <foreignphrase
  11701. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11702. >liè</foreignphrase>.</entry>
  11703. </row>
  11704. <row>
  11705. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xǎāoxīn, bú
  11706. yào zǒucuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11707. </row>
  11708. <row>
  11709. <entry/>
  11710. </row>
  11711. <row>
  11712. <entry>Careful, don't go the wrong way.</entry>
  11713. </row>
  11714. </tbody>
  11715. </tgroup>
  11716. </informaltable></para>
  11717. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">rényuán</foreignphrase>:
  11718. “personnel,” “staff.” Often used in <foreignphrase
  11719. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò rényuán</foreignphrase>. “working
  11720. personnel,” “staff member.”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11721. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11722. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11723. <tbody>
  11724. <row>
  11725. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèli
  11726. suǒyǒude gōngzuò rényuán dōu shàngguo
  11727. dàxué.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11728. </row>
  11729. <row>
  11730. <entry/>
  11731. </row>
  11732. <row>
  11733. <entry>All the personnel here have attended college.</entry>
  11734. </row>
  11735. <row>
  11736. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen
  11737. xiànzài xūyào hěn duō dǒng Yīngyǚde kējì
  11738. rényuán.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11739. </row>
  11740. <row>
  11741. <entry/>
  11742. </row>
  11743. <row>
  11744. <entry>We now need a lot of scientific and technical
  11745. personnel who understand English.</entry>
  11746. </row>
  11747. </tbody>
  11748. </tgroup>
  11749. </informaltable></para>
  11750. </section>
  11751. <section>
  11752. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  11753. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbàn yǐshàng</foreignphrase>:
  11754. “over half” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11755. >Yǐshàng</foreignphrase> and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11756. >yǐxià</foreignphrase> are used after quantities to mean, respectively,
  11757. “over” and “under” an amount.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11758. colsep="1">
  11759. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11760. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11761. <tbody>
  11762. <row>
  11763. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèrde
  11764. yánjiúshēng, sānshisuì yǐxiàde bú tài
  11765. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11766. </row>
  11767. <row>
  11768. <entry/>
  11769. </row>
  11770. <row>
  11771. <entry>Not many of the graduate students here are under
  11772. thirty.</entry>
  11773. </row>
  11774. <row>
  11775. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  11776. Běijīng, wǔcéng lōu yīǐhàngde dàlóu cái yǒu
  11777. diàntī.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11778. </row>
  11779. <row>
  11780. <entry/>
  11781. </row>
  11782. <row>
  11783. <entry>In <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11784. >Běijīng</foreignphrase>, only buildings over five
  11785. stories high have elevators.</entry>
  11786. </row>
  11787. <row>
  11788. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎifēn zhī
  11789. bāshíwǔ yǐshàngde Zhōngguó rénkǒu shi
  11790. nóngmín.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11791. </row>
  11792. <row>
  11793. <entry/>
  11794. </row>
  11795. <row>
  11796. <entry>Over eighty-five percent of the population of China
  11797. is made up of peasants.</entry>
  11798. </row>
  11799. </tbody>
  11800. </tgroup>
  11801. </informaltable></para>
  11802. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sùshè</foreignphrase>: ’“living
  11803. quarters’’; ’“dormitory” This can either refer to the kind of quarters we
  11804. think of as dormitories, with many people living and sleeping in each large
  11805. room, or it can mean housing provided by an institution for its workers,
  11806. with each family living in separate quarters.<informaltable frame="none"
  11807. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11808. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11809. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11810. <tbody>
  11811. <row>
  11812. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi
  11813. dìfangr shi gāngtiěchàngde gōngren
  11814. sùshè.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11815. </row>
  11816. <row>
  11817. <entry/>
  11818. </row>
  11819. <row>
  11820. <entry>This place is the workers’ quarters of the iron and
  11821. steel plant.</entry>
  11822. </row>
  11823. <row>
  11824. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wàijiāobùde
  11825. sùshè bǐ biéde bùde sùshè dōu
  11826. piàoliang.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11827. </row>
  11828. <row>
  11829. <entry/>
  11830. </row>
  11831. <row>
  11832. <entry> The Foreign Ministry living quarters are
  11833. better-looking than those of any other ministry.</entry>
  11834. </row>
  11835. </tbody>
  11836. </tgroup>
  11837. </informaltable></para>
  11838. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">nèi jǐnián</foreignphrase>:
  11839. ’“those few years” This is currently a way of referring to the period of the
  11840. Cultural Revolution.</para>
  11841. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: This is a
  11842. prepositional verb which indicates the <emphasis role="bold">DOER</emphasis>
  11843. of the action, similar to the English “by” in passive sentences (like ’“John
  11844. was hit by Bill”). In sentences with <foreignphrase
  11845. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>, the subject of the
  11846. sentence is the receiver of the action and the object of <foreignphrase
  11847. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase> is the <emphasis
  11848. role="bold">doer</emphasis> of the action:<informaltable frame="none"
  11849. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11850. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11851. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11852. <tbody>
  11853. <row>
  11854. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde zìdiǎn
  11855. bèi rén jièzǒu le. </foreignphrase></entry>
  11856. </row>
  11857. <row>
  11858. <entry/>
  11859. </row>
  11860. <row>
  11861. <entry>My dictionary was borrowed by someone.</entry>
  11862. </row>
  11863. <row>
  11864. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nèi jǐnián,
  11865. zhěnggè shèhui bèi jǐge rén gǎode luànqībāzāo, zhēn
  11866. méi bànfǎ shuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11867. </row>
  11868. <row>
  11869. <entry/>
  11870. </row>
  11871. <row>
  11872. <entry>Those few years, the whole society was messed up by a
  11873. few people; it is really sad.</entry>
  11874. </row>
  11875. </tbody>
  11876. </tgroup>
  11877. </informaltable></para>
  11878. <para>Unlike most prepositional verbs, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11879. >bèi</foreignphrase> can be used without an object, as in sentence 8B.
  11880. Here is another example:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11881. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11882. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11883. <tbody>
  11884. <row>
  11885. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒde xīn
  11886. qìchē bèi zhuàng le. </foreignphrase></entry>
  11887. </row>
  11888. <row>
  11889. <entry/>
  11890. </row>
  11891. <row>
  11892. <entry>My new car was hit.</entry>
  11893. </row>
  11894. </tbody>
  11895. </tgroup>
  11896. </informaltable></para>
  11897. </section>
  11898. <section>
  11899. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  11900. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái!</foreignphrase>: Notice
  11901. that <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">lái</foreignphrase> does not
  11902. necessarily mean “come here,” but can also mean “come on” and do some
  11903. action.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11904. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11905. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11906. <tbody>
  11907. <row>
  11908. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái, zánmen
  11909. gān yibēi!</foreignphrase></entry>
  11910. </row>
  11911. <row>
  11912. <entry/>
  11913. </row>
  11914. <row>
  11915. <entry>Come on, let’s empty a glass together!</entry>
  11916. </row>
  11917. <row>
  11918. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái ba,
  11919. wǒmen shàng kè ba, bù shuō biéde
  11920. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11921. </row>
  11922. <row>
  11923. <entry/>
  11924. </row>
  11925. <row>
  11926. <entry>Come on, let’s get on with class and stop talking
  11927. about other things.</entry>
  11928. </row>
  11929. <row>
  11930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lái lái
  11931. lái, wǒ lái gěi nǐmen jièshào wǒ gēn nǐmen shuōguode
  11932. Liáng Jiàoshòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11933. </row>
  11934. <row>
  11935. <entry/>
  11936. </row>
  11937. <row>
  11938. <entry>Now everyone, let me introduce Professor
  11939. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  11940. >Liáng</foreignphrase>, whom I’ve told you about
  11941. before.</entry>
  11942. </row>
  11943. </tbody>
  11944. </tgroup>
  11945. </informaltable></para>
  11946. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāomiè</foreignphrase>: “to
  11947. exterminate/eliminate/wipe out/stamp out” bad things such as landlords, the
  11948. enemy, illness, poverty, illiteracy, rats, flies, etc. In sentence 9, it is
  11949. used humorously.</para>
  11950. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǎ... xiāomiè
  11951. le!</foreignphrase>: You long ago learned <foreignphrase
  11952. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>, the marker of completion.
  11953. Here, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase> indicates
  11954. that the action of the verb gets rid of something in one fell swoop. Here
  11955. are other examples for comparison:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  11956. colsep="1">
  11957. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  11958. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  11959. <tbody>
  11960. <row>
  11961. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ zhèige
  11962. zhuōzi màile ba, méi yòng
  11963. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11964. </row>
  11965. <row>
  11966. <entry/>
  11967. </row>
  11968. <row>
  11969. <entry>Sell this table. It’s of no use anymore.</entry>
  11970. </row>
  11971. <row>
  11972. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ diànshì
  11973. guānle, wǒ bú kàn le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  11974. </row>
  11975. <row>
  11976. <entry/>
  11977. </row>
  11978. <row>
  11979. <entry>Turn off the T.V. I don’t want to watch any
  11980. more.</entry>
  11981. </row>
  11982. <row>
  11983. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ yīfu
  11984. tuōle ba, zhèr tài rè. </foreignphrase></entry>
  11985. </row>
  11986. <row>
  11987. <entry/>
  11988. </row>
  11989. <row>
  11990. <entry>Take off your coat; it’s too hot here.</entry>
  11991. </row>
  11992. </tbody>
  11993. </tgroup>
  11994. </informaltable></para>
  11995. <para>This use of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">le</foreignphrase>
  11996. is especially frequent with the adverb <foreignphrase
  11997. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dōu</foreignphrase>, “all”:<informaltable
  11998. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  11999. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12000. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12001. <tbody>
  12002. <row>
  12003. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōu mǎile
  12004. ba!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12005. </row>
  12006. <row>
  12007. <entry/>
  12008. </row>
  12009. <row>
  12010. <entry>Why not buy all of them!</entry>
  12011. </row>
  12012. <row>
  12013. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dǒu hēle
  12014. ba! </foreignphrase></entry>
  12015. </row>
  12016. <row>
  12017. <entry/>
  12018. </row>
  12019. <row>
  12020. <entry>Drink the whole thing!</entry>
  12021. </row>
  12022. </tbody>
  12023. </tgroup>
  12024. </informaltable></para>
  12025. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>: “yet,
  12026. nevertheless, on the contrary” This is a very common adverb with one basic
  12027. idea to it—the idea of contrasting one element with another. Depending on
  12028. the context, the translation into English will differ. Here are examples of
  12029. the main contexts in which you will encounter <foreignphrase
  12030. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dào</foreignphrase>:</para>
  12031. <para>
  12032. <orderedlist>
  12033. <listitem>
  12034. <para>One particular element in the sentence is contrasted with
  12035. something previously mentioned, about to be mentioned, or
  12036. understood. (The contrasted elements are underlined in the
  12037. following examples.)<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12038. colsep="1">
  12039. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12040. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12041. <tbody>
  12042. <row>
  12043. <entry> A: <foreignphrase
  12044. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ xiǎng hē diǎn
  12045. shénme?</foreignphrase></entry>
  12046. </row>
  12047. <row>
  12048. <entry/>
  12049. </row>
  12050. <row>
  12051. <entry>What would you like to drink?</entry>
  12052. </row>
  12053. <row>
  12054. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12055. >B: Wǒ bù xiǎng hē shénme, wǒ dào xiǎng chī diǎn
  12056. shénme.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12057. </row>
  12058. <row>
  12059. <entry/>
  12060. </row>
  12061. <row>
  12062. <entry>I don’t feel like having anything to drink.
  12063. I would like something to eat, though.</entry>
  12064. </row>
  12065. <row>
  12066. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  12067. Xià yǚde shihou nǐ bú dài sǎn, jīntiān bú xià yǔ
  12068. nǐ dào dài sàn!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12069. </row>
  12070. <row>
  12071. <entry/>
  12072. </row>
  12073. <row>
  12074. <entry>On rainy days you don’t take an umbrella
  12075. with you, but today, when it isn’t raining, you do
  12076. take one with you!</entry>
  12077. </row>
  12078. </tbody>
  12079. </tgroup>
  12080. </informaltable></para>
  12081. </listitem>
  12082. <listitem>
  12083. <para>The whole situation expressed by the sentence contrasts with
  12084. another particular set of circumstances previously mentioned,
  12085. about to be mentioned, or understood.<informaltable frame="none"
  12086. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12087. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12088. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12089. <tbody>
  12090. <row>
  12091. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12092. >Bānshang zuì hǎode xuéshēng zhèicì dào kǎode zuì
  12093. bù hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12094. </row>
  12095. <row>
  12096. <entry/>
  12097. </row>
  12098. <row>
  12099. <entry>The best student in the class did the worst
  12100. on the exam this time.</entry>
  12101. </row>
  12102. <row>
  12103. <entry>A: <foreignphrase
  12104. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnnián dōngtiān zhēn
  12105. lěng!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12106. </row>
  12107. <row>
  12108. <entry/>
  12109. </row>
  12110. <row>
  12111. <entry>It’s really cold this winter!</entry>
  12112. </row>
  12113. <row>
  12114. <entry>B: <foreignphrase
  12115. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēng bìngde rén dào
  12116. shǎo le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12117. </row>
  12118. <row>
  12119. <entry/>
  12120. </row>
  12121. <row>
  12122. <entry>Fewer people have been getting sick,
  12123. though.</entry>
  12124. </row>
  12125. <row>
  12126. <entry>A: <foreignphrase
  12127. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhè fángzi nàme xiǎo,
  12128. yòu nàme guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12129. </row>
  12130. <row>
  12131. <entry/>
  12132. </row>
  12133. <row>
  12134. <entry>This house/apartment is so small, and so
  12135. expensive.</entry>
  12136. </row>
  12137. <row>
  12138. <entry>B: <foreignphrase
  12139. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kěshi nǐ shàng bān duǒ
  12140. fángbian!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12141. </row>
  12142. <row>
  12143. <entry/>
  12144. </row>
  12145. <row>
  12146. <entry>But it’s so convenient for you to go to
  12147. work.</entry>
  12148. </row>
  12149. <row>
  12150. <entry>A: <foreignphrase
  12151. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nà dào
  12152. shì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12153. </row>
  12154. <row>
  12155. <entry/>
  12156. </row>
  12157. <row>
  12158. <entry>Well, that’s true.</entry>
  12159. </row>
  12160. <row>
  12161. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12162. >Wǒ dàoshi xiǎng bāng máng, jiù shi méi
  12163. shíjiān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12164. </row>
  12165. <row>
  12166. <entry/>
  12167. </row>
  12168. <row>
  12169. <entry>I did want to help, it’s Just that I didn’t
  12170. have the time.</entry>
  12171. </row>
  12172. <row>
  12173. <entry>Shìqing dàoshi guòqu le, hěn cháng shíjiān
  12174. yě wàngbuliǎo.</entry>
  12175. </row>
  12176. <row>
  12177. <entry/>
  12178. </row>
  12179. <row>
  12180. <entry>It was over with, but we couldn’t forget
  12181. about it for a long time.</entry>
  12182. </row>
  12183. <row>
  12184. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12185. >Nà dào méi guānxi, zhǐ yào tā bú jièyi jiù suàn
  12186. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12187. </row>
  12188. <row>
  12189. <entry/>
  12190. </row>
  12191. <row>
  12192. <entry>That doesn’t matter. As long as he doesn’t
  12193. mind, then let it go at that.</entry>
  12194. </row>
  12195. </tbody>
  12196. </tgroup>
  12197. </informaltable></para>
  12198. </listitem>
  12199. <listitem>
  12200. <para>The whole sentence contrasts with expectations. In these
  12201. cases, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12202. >dào</foreignphrase> sometimes implies satisfaction with the
  12203. state of affairs, sometimes dissatisfaction, and sometimes is
  12204. neutral. In addition, it sometimes has an ironic meaning, as in
  12205. the last three examples below.<informaltable frame="none"
  12206. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12207. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12208. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12209. <tbody>
  12210. <row>
  12211. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  12212. Yǒu zhèiyangde shì! Wǒ dào bù
  12213. zhīdào!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12214. </row>
  12215. <row>
  12216. <entry/>
  12217. </row>
  12218. <row>
  12219. <entry> Is that so! Why, I didn’t know!</entry>
  12220. </row>
  12221. <row>
  12222. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  12223. Āiyà! Wǒ dào bǎ zhèijiàn shì wàng
  12224. le!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12225. </row>
  12226. <row>
  12227. <entry/>
  12228. </row>
  12229. <row>
  12230. <entry>Oh no! I forgot about <emphasis role="bold"
  12231. >that</emphasis>!</entry>
  12232. </row>
  12233. <row>
  12234. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12235. >Sānshíkuài? Nà dào bú
  12236. guì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12237. </row>
  12238. <row>
  12239. <entry/>
  12240. </row>
  12241. <row>
  12242. <entry> Thirty dollars? That’s not so expensive.
  12243. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12244. >Dào</foreignphrase> implies “I would have
  12245. expected it to be more.”)</entry>
  12246. </row>
  12247. <row>
  12248. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12249. >Rúguǒ zhēn shi zhèiyang, dào hái yǒu
  12250. xīwàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12251. </row>
  12252. <row>
  12253. <entry/>
  12254. </row>
  12255. <row>
  12256. <entry> If that’s really true, then there's still
  12257. hope after all.</entry>
  12258. </row>
  12259. <row>
  12260. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12261. >Hng, nǐ dào zhēn jiǎng chī
  12262. a!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12263. </row>
  12264. <row>
  12265. <entry/>
  12266. </row>
  12267. <row>
  12268. <entry>Well! Quite the gourmet aren’t you!
  12269. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12270. >Jiǎng</foreignphrase> = to be meticulous
  12271. about)</entry>
  12272. </row>
  12273. <row>
  12274. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  12275. Hng! Nǐ dào shuōde hǎotīng! Nǐ zuòzuo
  12276. kan.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12277. </row>
  12278. <row>
  12279. <entry/>
  12280. </row>
  12281. <row>
  12282. <entry>Hmph! You make it sound easy! Let's see you
  12283. do it!</entry>
  12284. </row>
  12285. <row>
  12286. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">
  12287. Tā shuō wǒ bù gāi zhème zuò, wǒ dào xiǎng zhīdao
  12288. tā shi wǒ zěnme zuò!</foreignphrase></entry>
  12289. </row>
  12290. <row>
  12291. <entry/>
  12292. </row>
  12293. <row>
  12294. <entry> He says I shouldn’t have done this, but
  12295. I’d like to know what he would have done if he
  12296. were me!</entry>
  12297. </row>
  12298. </tbody>
  12299. </tgroup>
  12300. </informaltable></para>
  12301. </listitem>
  12302. </orderedlist>
  12303. </para>
  12304. </section>
  12305. <section>
  12306. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  12307. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fāxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
  12308. discover,” “to find out”; “discovery”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12309. colsep="1">
  12310. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12311. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12312. <tbody>
  12313. <row>
  12314. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàole
  12315. yóujú cái fāxiàn wàng dài xìn
  12316. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12317. </row>
  12318. <row>
  12319. <entry/>
  12320. </row>
  12321. <row>
  12322. <entry> I didn't discover I had forgotten to bring the
  12323. letters with me until I was at the post office.</entry>
  12324. </row>
  12325. <row>
  12326. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn duō
  12327. yīxué dà fāxiàn dōu fāshēng zài gongyè gémìng
  12328. yihòu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12329. </row>
  12330. <row>
  12331. <entry/>
  12332. </row>
  12333. <row>
  12334. <entry>Many great medical discoveries were made after the
  12335. industrial revolution</entry>
  12336. </row>
  12337. </tbody>
  12338. </tgroup>
  12339. </informaltable></para>
  12340. <para> The phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wō
  12341. fāxiàn...</foreignphrase> is often used to preface an observation made
  12342. about a person, or a fact that has just come to one's
  12343. attention:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12344. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12345. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12346. <tbody>
  12347. <row>
  12348. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ fāxiàn
  12349. nǐ hén néng chī! </foreignphrase></entry>
  12350. </row>
  12351. <row>
  12352. <entry/>
  12353. </row>
  12354. <row>
  12355. <entry>I see you have quite a big appetite!</entry>
  12356. </row>
  12357. </tbody>
  12358. </tgroup>
  12359. </informaltable></para>
  12360. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jìnxíng</foreignphrase>: “to
  12361. carry on,” “to conduct,” “to proceed”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12362. colsep="1">
  12363. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12364. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12365. <tbody>
  12366. <row>
  12367. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèlide
  12368. tǎolùn jìnxíngde bú cuò, wèntí kuài shānglianghǎo
  12369. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12370. </row>
  12371. <row>
  12372. <entry/>
  12373. </row>
  12374. <row>
  12375. <entry> The discussion here is proceeding well; the problem
  12376. has almost been resolved.</entry>
  12377. </row>
  12378. </tbody>
  12379. </tgroup>
  12380. </informaltable></para>
  12381. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yèyú</foreignphrase>:
  12382. “spare-time,” “after hours,” “amateur” NOTE: “Spare time” as a noun must be
  12383. translated as <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yèyú
  12384. shíjiān</foreignphrase>.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12385. colsep="1">
  12386. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12387. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12388. <tbody>
  12389. <row>
  12390. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yèyú
  12391. shíjiān wǒ xǐhuān kàn
  12392. xiǎoshuō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12393. </row>
  12394. <row>
  12395. <entry/>
  12396. </row>
  12397. <row>
  12398. <entry> I like to read fiction in my spare time.</entry>
  12399. </row>
  12400. <row>
  12401. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shi yèyú
  12402. yǔyánxuéjiā. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12403. </row>
  12404. <row>
  12405. <entry/>
  12406. </row>
  12407. <row>
  12408. <entry>He is an amateur linguist.</entry>
  12409. </row>
  12410. </tbody>
  12411. </tgroup>
  12412. </informaltable></para>
  12413. </section>
  12414. <section>
  12415. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  12416. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hàozhāo</foreignphrase> or
  12417. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hàozhào</foreignphrase> means
  12418. to issue an official appeal to engage in some activity:<informaltable
  12419. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12420. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12421. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12422. <tbody>
  12423. <row>
  12424. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèngfǔ
  12425. hàozhāo niánqīng rén nǚlí xuéxí kēxué zhīshi.
  12426. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12427. </row>
  12428. <row>
  12429. <entry/>
  12430. </row>
  12431. <row>
  12432. <entry>The government calls on young people to work hard to
  12433. acquire scientific knowledge.</entry>
  12434. </row>
  12435. <row>
  12436. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Yīnggāi
  12437. hàozhāo dàjiā xiàng tā
  12438. xuéxí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12439. </row>
  12440. <row>
  12441. <entry/>
  12442. </row>
  12443. <row>
  12444. <entry> We should call on everyone to learn from
  12445. her.</entry>
  12446. </row>
  12447. <row>
  12448. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Chūntiān
  12449. lai le, yòu hàozhāo zhòng shù
  12450. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12451. </row>
  12452. <row>
  12453. <entry/>
  12454. </row>
  12455. <row>
  12456. <entry> Spring is here; they're issuing calls to plant trees
  12457. again.</entry>
  12458. </row>
  12459. <row>
  12460. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Lǐngdǎode
  12461. hàozhāo zǒng shi yì kāishǐ hěn duō rén tīng, hòulái
  12462. jiù méi rén zhùyì le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12463. </row>
  12464. <row>
  12465. <entry/>
  12466. </row>
  12467. <row>
  12468. <entry>Appeals from the leaders are always followed by many
  12469. people in the beginning, then later people stop paying
  12470. attention to them.</entry>
  12471. </row>
  12472. </tbody>
  12473. </tgroup>
  12474. </informaltable></para>
  12475. <para> -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bù</foreignphrase>: This is an
  12476. extremely common and useful counter. It is used for cars, buses, machines,
  12477. movies, and long books.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12478. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12479. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12480. <tbody>
  12481. <row>
  12482. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Zhèi shi
  12483. yíbù jiǎng huàxué zhànzhēngde diànyǐng.
  12484. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12485. </row>
  12486. <row>
  12487. <entry/>
  12488. </row>
  12489. <row>
  12490. <entry>This is a movie about chemical warfare.</entry>
  12491. </row>
  12492. </tbody>
  12493. </tgroup>
  12494. </informaltable></para>
  12495. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">déngyú</foreignphrase>: “to be
  12496. equal to”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12497. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12498. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12499. <tbody>
  12500. <row>
  12501. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Èr jiā èr
  12502. děngyú sì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12503. </row>
  12504. <row>
  12505. <entry/>
  12506. </row>
  12507. <row>
  12508. <entry>Two plus two equals four.</entry>
  12509. </row>
  12510. </tbody>
  12511. </tgroup>
  12512. </informaltable></para>
  12513. <para>
  12514. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Děngyú</foreignphrase> is more
  12515. often used in a non-mathematical sense:<informaltable frame="none"
  12516. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12517. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12518. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12519. <tbody>
  12520. <row>
  12521. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"> Tā
  12522. zhèiyang zuò, děngyú bǎ nǐ zuòde quán dōu gǎi
  12523. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12524. </row>
  12525. <row>
  12526. <entry/>
  12527. </row>
  12528. <row>
  12529. <entry> By doing this, he is in effect changing everything
  12530. you have done. (Literally, “For him to do this is equal
  12531. to changing all you have done.”)</entry>
  12532. </row>
  12533. </tbody>
  12534. </tgroup>
  12535. </informaltable></para>
  12536. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bèi</foreignphrase>: “times,”
  12537. “-fold,” as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12538. <tgroup cols="2" align="center">
  12539. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12540. <colspec colname="c2" colnum="2" colwidth="1*"/>
  12541. <tbody>
  12542. <row>
  12543. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12544. >sānbèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  12545. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">three
  12546. times/threefold</entry>
  12547. </row>
  12548. <row>
  12549. <entry/>
  12550. </row>
  12551. <row>
  12552. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12553. >shíbèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  12554. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">ten
  12555. times/tenfold</entry>
  12556. </row>
  12557. <row>
  12558. <entry/>
  12559. </row>
  12560. <row>
  12561. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12562. >yìbǎibèi</foreignphrase></entry>
  12563. <entry morerows="1" valign="middle">one hundred
  12564. times/hundredfold </entry>
  12565. </row>
  12566. <row>
  12567. <entry/>
  12568. </row>
  12569. </tbody>
  12570. </tgroup>
  12571. </informaltable></para>
  12572. <para>Amounts with -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12573. >bèi</foreignphrase> can be used in two different patterns, and the type
  12574. of pattern used influences the meaning, as follows:</para>
  12575. <para>EQUIVALENCE PATTERN (A = x times y)</para>
  12576. <itemizedlist>
  12577. <listitem>
  12578. <para>expresses equivalence between two amounts</para>
  12579. </listitem>
  12580. <listitem>
  12581. <para>uses the verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12582. >shì</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12583. >yǒu</foreignphrase>, or <foreignphrase
  12584. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děngyú</foreignphrase></para>
  12585. </listitem>
  12586. </itemizedlist>
  12587. <para>Examples: <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12588. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12589. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12590. <tbody>
  12591. <row>
  12592. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liù shi
  12593. èrde sānbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12594. </row>
  12595. <row>
  12596. <entry/>
  12597. </row>
  12598. <row>
  12599. <entry> Six is three times two.</entry>
  12600. </row>
  12601. <row>
  12602. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shū
  12603. yǒu wǒde sìbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12604. </row>
  12605. <row>
  12606. <entry/>
  12607. </row>
  12608. <row>
  12609. <entry>He has four times as many books as I.</entry>
  12610. </row>
  12611. <row>
  12612. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnniánde
  12613. shōurù děngyú qùniánde
  12614. liǎngbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12615. </row>
  12616. <row>
  12617. <entry/>
  12618. </row>
  12619. <row>
  12620. <entry>This year's income is twice last year's.</entry>
  12621. </row>
  12622. </tbody>
  12623. </tgroup>
  12624. </informaltable></para>
  12625. <para> COMPARISON PATTERN (A is x times more than y)</para>
  12626. <itemizedlist>
  12627. <listitem>
  12628. <para>expresses comparison between two amounts</para>
  12629. </listitem>
  12630. <listitem>
  12631. <para>uses <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">bǐ</foreignphrase>,
  12632. “compared to,” “than'’</para>
  12633. </listitem>
  12634. <listitem>
  12635. <para>the number before -<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12636. >bèi</foreignphrase> must be translated into English as one more
  12637. than the Chinese number</para>
  12638. </listitem>
  12639. </itemizedlist>
  12640. <para>EXAMPLES:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12641. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12642. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12643. <tbody>
  12644. <row>
  12645. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Liù bǐ èr
  12646. duō liǎngbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12647. </row>
  12648. <row>
  12649. <entry/>
  12650. </row>
  12651. <row>
  12652. <entry>Six is three times as much as two.</entry>
  12653. </row>
  12654. <row>
  12655. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde shū bǐ
  12656. wǒde duō sānbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12657. </row>
  12658. <row>
  12659. <entry/>
  12660. </row>
  12661. <row>
  12662. <entry>He has four times as many books as I.</entry>
  12663. </row>
  12664. <row>
  12665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jīnniánde
  12666. shōurù bǐ qùnián duō yíbèi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12667. </row>
  12668. <row>
  12669. <entry/>
  12670. </row>
  12671. <row>
  12672. <entry> This year’s income is twice last year's.</entry>
  12673. </row>
  12674. </tbody>
  12675. </tgroup>
  12676. </informaltable></para>
  12677. <para>As you see, if you use <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12678. >liǎngbèi</foreignphrase>, “two times,” in a comparison sentence, the
  12679. meaning comes out to “the base amount plus two times the base amount,” i.e.,
  12680. three times the base amount. Likewise, if you use <foreignphrase
  12681. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yíbèi</foreignphrase>, “one time,” the
  12682. meaning is “the base amount plus one time the base amount,” or in other
  12683. words, twice the base amount.</para>
  12684. </section>
  12685. </section>
  12686. </section>
  12687. </section>
  12688. <section>
  12689. <title>Unit 8</title>
  12690. <section>
  12691. <title>References</title>
  12692. <section>
  12693. <title>Reference List</title>
  12694. <para/>
  12695. </section>
  12696. <section>
  12697. <title>Vocabulary</title>
  12698. <para/>
  12699. </section>
  12700. <section>
  12701. <title>Reference Notes</title>
  12702. <para/>
  12703. <section>
  12704. <title>Notes on №1</title>
  12705. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiāoyìhuì</foreignphrase>:
  12706. “trade fair” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12707. >Jiāoyì</foreignphrase> means “business, trade, transaction,” and
  12708. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huì</foreignphrase> is the
  12709. same word you know from <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kāi
  12710. huì</foreignphrase>, “to have a meeting.” The full name of the
  12711. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase>
  12712. Trade Fair is <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">i</foreignphrase>,
  12713. the Chinese Export Commodities Fair (CECF).Since the first CECF in 957,
  12714. every spring and autumn <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12715. >Guǎngzhōu</foreignphrase> is inundated with businessmen and people of
  12716. all walks of life connected with trade—more than 25,000 at each Fair.
  12717. Chinese agricultural and industrial products are displayed in the Fairground
  12718. buildings and open areas, located on <foreignphrase
  12719. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎizhū Guǎngchǎng</foreignphrase> (Haizhu
  12720. Square) between the railroad station and the <foreignphrase
  12721. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dōngfāng Bīnguán</foreignphrase> (Dongfang
  12722. Hotel). The Fair is held from April 15 to May 15 and from October 15 to
  12723. November 15.</para>
  12724. <para>As the name implies, the CECF’s main purpose is to assist China's state
  12725. trading corporations in exporting goods, but some large import contracts are
  12726. signed there each year as well.</para>
  12727. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Chùkǒu</foreignphrase>, “to
  12728. export” and <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12729. >jìnkǒu</foreignphrase>, “to import”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12730. colsep="1">
  12731. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12732. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12733. <tbody>
  12734. <row>
  12735. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběn
  12736. měinián chùkǒu hěn duōqìchē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12737. </row>
  12738. <row>
  12739. <entry/>
  12740. </row>
  12741. <row>
  12742. <entry> Japan exports a lot of cars every year.</entry>
  12743. </row>
  12744. <row>
  12745. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ zhēn bù
  12746. dǒng wèishénme Zhōngguó chūkǒude dōngxi zǒng shi bǐ
  12747. guónèi màide hǎo. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12748. </row>
  12749. <row>
  12750. <entry/>
  12751. </row>
  12752. <row>
  12753. <entry>I really don’t understand why the China exports are
  12754. always better than those it sells domestically.</entry>
  12755. </row>
  12756. </tbody>
  12757. </tgroup>
  12758. </informaltable></para>
  12759. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi</foreignphrase>: “trade,”
  12760. as in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guónèi
  12761. màoyi</foreignphrase>, “domestic trade”; <foreignphrase
  12762. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi zhōngxīn</foreignphrase>, “trade
  12763. center”; <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">màoyi
  12764. fēng</foreignphrase>, “trade wind.”<informaltable frame="none"
  12765. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12766. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12767. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12768. <tbody>
  12769. <row>
  12770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiliǎngge
  12771. guójiā zuìjìn jǐnián cái kāishǐ jìnxíng
  12772. màoyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12773. </row>
  12774. <row>
  12775. <entry/>
  12776. </row>
  12777. <row>
  12778. <entry>It is only in the past few years that these two
  12779. countries have started have trade (with each
  12780. other).</entry>
  12781. </row>
  12782. </tbody>
  12783. </tgroup>
  12784. </informaltable></para>
  12785. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tán</foreignphrase> is used in
  12786. the sense of “negotiate” in such phrases as <foreignphrase
  12787. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán màoyi</foreignphrase>, “do trade
  12788. (negotiating),” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tán
  12789. shēngyì</foreignphrase>, “do business,” etc.</para>
  12790. </section>
  12791. <section>
  12792. <title>Notes on №2</title>
  12793. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jīngji tèqǔ</foreignphrase>:
  12794. Literally, “economic special-district,” translated as “special economic
  12795. zones,” and abbreviated as SEZ. SEZs are designated areas similar to the
  12796. export processing zones (EPZs) which have been extremely successful in
  12797. places such as Taiwan. China established SEZs to bring in the foreign
  12798. capital needed to create jobs and modernize the national economy. In these
  12799. zones, foreign investors’ assets, profits, and other rights and interests
  12800. are legally protected, and their operations enjoy tax and duty exemptions.
  12801. Proposed investment projects are examined and approved by the Provincial
  12802. administration of the SEZ, which also draws up its own development plans and
  12803. organizes their implementation. The SEZs compete with each other for foreign
  12804. Investment As of 1981» <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12805. >Guǎngdōng</foreignphrase> province had three SEZs—<foreignphrase
  12806. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shēnzhèn</foreignphrase>, <foreignphrase
  12807. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhūhǎi</foreignphrase> (near Macao), and
  12808. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shàntóu</foreignphrase>—and
  12809. other SEZs had been established in <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12810. >Fújiàn</foreignphrase> province and <foreignphrase
  12811. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hǎinán</foreignphrase> Island. A wide variety
  12812. of enterprises have already been set up.</para>
  12813. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">fánróng</foreignphrase>; “to be
  12814. flourishing/prosperous/booming”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12815. colsep="1">
  12816. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12817. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12818. <tbody>
  12819. <row>
  12820. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Rìběnde
  12821. shàngyè hěn fánrōng. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12822. </row>
  12823. <row>
  12824. <entry/>
  12825. </row>
  12826. <row>
  12827. <entry>Japan’s commerce is flourishing.</entry>
  12828. </row>
  12829. <row>
  12830. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shínián
  12831. yǐhòu, zhèige dìfang huì biànde gèng fánróng
  12832. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12833. </row>
  12834. <row>
  12835. <entry/>
  12836. </row>
  12837. <row>
  12838. <entry>Ten years from now, this place will become even more
  12839. prosperous.</entry>
  12840. </row>
  12841. <row>
  12842. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng zhèige
  12843. zhǎnlǎnhuìshangde dōngxi, nǐ kéyi kàndao fánróngde
  12844. Měiguó wénhuà. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12845. </row>
  12846. <row>
  12847. <entry/>
  12848. </row>
  12849. <row>
  12850. <entry>From the things in this exhibition, you can see the
  12851. flourishing American culture.</entry>
  12852. </row>
  12853. </tbody>
  12854. </tgroup>
  12855. </informaltable></para>
  12856. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Fánróng</foreignphrase> can also
  12857. mean “to make something prosper”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12858. colsep="1">
  12859. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12860. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12861. <tbody>
  12862. <row>
  12863. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bàn
  12864. jiàoyìhuìde mùdi jiù shi yào fánrōng
  12865. jīngji.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12866. </row>
  12867. <row>
  12868. <entry/>
  12869. </row>
  12870. <row>
  12871. <entry>The purpose of holding trade fairs is to promote
  12872. economic prosperity.</entry>
  12873. </row>
  12874. </tbody>
  12875. </tgroup>
  12876. </informaltable></para>
  12877. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiāgōng</foreignphrase>: </para>
  12878. <orderedlist>
  12879. <listitem>
  12880. <para>“to finish” a product, i.e., to work on a half-finished or
  12881. finished article to make it more perfect or finer; </para>
  12882. </listitem>
  12883. <listitem>
  12884. <para>“to process” a raw material into a finished product.</para>
  12885. </listitem>
  12886. </orderedlist>
  12887. </section>
  12888. <section>
  12889. <title>Notes on №3</title>
  12890. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Guǎngjiāohuì</foreignphrase>:
  12891. This is an abbreviation of <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12892. >Guǎngzhōu Jiāoyìhuì</foreignphrase>.</para>
  12893. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiàqian</foreignphrase>:
  12894. “price”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12895. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12896. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12897. <tbody>
  12898. <row>
  12899. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  12900. píngguǒ shénme jiàqian?</foreignphrase></entry>
  12901. </row>
  12902. <row>
  12903. <entry/>
  12904. </row>
  12905. <row>
  12906. <entry>How much are these apples?</entry>
  12907. </row>
  12908. <row>
  12909. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāmende
  12910. dōngxi hén hǎo, jiàqian yě bú
  12911. cuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12912. </row>
  12913. <row>
  12914. <entry/>
  12915. </row>
  12916. <row>
  12917. <entry>Their things are very good, and the prices are pretty
  12918. good, too.</entry>
  12919. </row>
  12920. </tbody>
  12921. </tgroup>
  12922. </informaltable></para>
  12923. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Jiǎng jiàqian</foreignphrase>
  12924. means “to bargain, to haggle”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  12925. colsep="1">
  12926. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12927. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12928. <tbody>
  12929. <row>
  12930. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  12931. Zhōngguóde shāngdiànli, bù kéyi jiǎng jiàqian,
  12932. dànshi zài zìyóu shìchàngshang
  12933. kéyi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12934. </row>
  12935. <row>
  12936. <entry/>
  12937. </row>
  12938. <row>
  12939. <entry>You cannot bargain in stores in China, but you can in
  12940. the free markets.</entry>
  12941. </row>
  12942. </tbody>
  12943. </tgroup>
  12944. </informaltable></para>
  12945. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">kōngshōu</foreignphrase>:
  12946. “empty-handed” <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12947. >Kōng</foreignphrase> means “to be empty,” as in<informaltable
  12948. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12949. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12950. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12951. <tbody>
  12952. <row>
  12953. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  12954. xiāngziō shi kōngde. </foreignphrase></entry>
  12955. </row>
  12956. <row>
  12957. <entry/>
  12958. </row>
  12959. <row>
  12960. <entry>This case is empty.</entry>
  12961. </row>
  12962. </tbody>
  12963. </tgroup>
  12964. </informaltable></para>
  12965. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Kōngshǒu</foreignphrase> is
  12966. used, adverbially:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12967. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12968. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12969. <tbody>
  12970. <row>
  12971. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ bù hǎo
  12972. yìsi kōngshǒu dào tā jià qu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  12973. </row>
  12974. <row>
  12975. <entry/>
  12976. </row>
  12977. <row>
  12978. <entry>I would be embarrassed to go to his house
  12979. empty-handed.</entry>
  12980. </row>
  12981. </tbody>
  12982. </tgroup>
  12983. </informaltable></para>
  12984. </section>
  12985. <section>
  12986. <title>Notes on №4</title>
  12987. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūxiàn</foreignphrase>: “to
  12988. appear” As with <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  12989. >fāshēng</foreignphrase>, “to happen,” which you learned in the previous
  12990. unit, <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">chūxiàn</foreignphrase> is
  12991. often followed in the sentence by the thing that appears, whereas in English
  12992. the thing usually precedes “appear” (“Will a new class
  12993. appear?”).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  12994. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  12995. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  12996. <tbody>
  12997. <row>
  12998. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  12999. wèntí zài gāng chúxiànde shíhou, méiyou rén fāxiàn,
  13000. xiànzài zhīdao yǐjīng tài wǎn
  13001. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13002. </row>
  13003. <row>
  13004. <entry/>
  13005. </row>
  13006. <row>
  13007. <entry>
  13008. <para>When this problem first appeared, no one
  13009. discovered it. Now that we’ve found out about it,
  13010. it’s too late.</para>
  13011. </entry>
  13012. </row>
  13013. <row>
  13014. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tàiyang
  13015. chūxiàn zài dōngfàngde shíhou, jiù shi xīnde yìtiān
  13016. kāishlǐ le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13017. </row>
  13018. <row>
  13019. <entry/>
  13020. </row>
  13021. <row>
  13022. <entry>When the sun appears in the east, it means that a new
  13023. day is beginning. [<foreignphrase
  13024. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tàiyang</foreignphrase>,
  13025. “sun”]</entry>
  13026. </row>
  13027. <row>
  13028. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13029. shíhou, qiánmian chūxiàn yìtiáo dà hé, shi wǒ méi
  13030. xiǎngdàode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13031. </row>
  13032. <row>
  13033. <entry/>
  13034. </row>
  13035. <row>
  13036. <entry>At this moment, a large river appeared up ahead,
  13037. something I had not expected.</entry>
  13038. </row>
  13039. </tbody>
  13040. </tgroup>
  13041. </informaltable></para>
  13042. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēji</foreignphrase>; “(social)
  13043. class” In the PRC, this word enters into many special phrases such as
  13044. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiēji jiàoyu</foreignphrase>,
  13045. “class education” (which consists of recounting the difficult past to
  13046. schoolchildren and younger workers).<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  13047. colsep="1">
  13048. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13049. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13050. <tbody>
  13051. <row>
  13052. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Shìjièshang
  13053. méiyou yíge méiyou jiējide
  13054. shèhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13055. </row>
  13056. <row>
  13057. <entry/>
  13058. </row>
  13059. <row>
  13060. <entry>There is no society in the world which is without
  13061. classes.</entry>
  13062. </row>
  13063. </tbody>
  13064. </tgroup>
  13065. </informaltable></para>
  13066. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yánzhòng</foreignphrase>; “to be
  13067. serious, to be grave”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13068. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13069. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13070. <tbody>
  13071. <row>
  13072. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13073. qíngkuàng xiāngdāng
  13074. yánzhòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13075. </row>
  13076. <row>
  13077. <entry/>
  13078. </row>
  13079. <row>
  13080. <entry>This situation is quite serious.</entry>
  13081. </row>
  13082. <row>
  13083. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó
  13084. yǒu yánzhòngde rénkǒu wèntí.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13085. </row>
  13086. <row>
  13087. <entry/>
  13088. </row>
  13089. <row>
  13090. <entry>China has a serious population problem.</entry>
  13091. </row>
  13092. <row>
  13093. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13094. wèntí bú shi yánzhòng dào yídìng yào qǐng lìngdǎo
  13095. lái juédìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13096. </row>
  13097. <row>
  13098. <entry/>
  13099. </row>
  13100. <row>
  13101. <entry>This problem is not so serious that we have to ask
  13102. our leader to decide it.</entry>
  13103. </row>
  13104. <row>
  13105. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ hái méi
  13106. kànchū zhèige wèntíde
  13107. yánzhòngxìng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13108. </row>
  13109. <row>
  13110. <entry/>
  13111. </row>
  13112. <row>
  13113. <entry>You still haven’t discerned the seriousness of this
  13114. problem.</entry>
  13115. </row>
  13116. </tbody>
  13117. </tgroup>
  13118. </informaltable></para>
  13119. <para>-<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jí</foreignphrase>: “level,
  13120. rank, stage, grade, degree”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13121. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13122. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13123. <tbody>
  13124. <row>
  13125. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèi yijí
  13126. lǐngdào hái bù néng juédìng zěnme bàn, nǐ děi zhǎo
  13127. shàngjí lǐngdǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13128. </row>
  13129. <row>
  13130. <entry/>
  13131. </row>
  13132. <row>
  13133. <entry>This level leader cannot decide what to do. You must
  13134. go to an upper-level leader.</entry>
  13135. </row>
  13136. <row>
  13137. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Gànbu
  13138. yígòng yǒu èrshiliù jí, shíjí yǐshàngde kéyi kàn
  13139. yìzhǒng pǔtōng rén kànbudàode
  13140. bàozhǐ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13141. </row>
  13142. <row>
  13143. <entry/>
  13144. </row>
  13145. <row>
  13146. <entry>Altogether, there are twenty-six grades of cadres.
  13147. Those above grade ten may read a newspaper that ordinary
  13148. people cannot read. (The <foreignphrase
  13149. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cānkǎo
  13150. Zīliào</foreignphrase>, “Reference
  13151. Materials”)</entry>
  13152. </row>
  13153. <row>
  13154. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ zhè xié
  13155. zhēn gāojí!</foreignphrase></entry>
  13156. </row>
  13157. <row>
  13158. <entry/>
  13159. </row>
  13160. <row>
  13161. <entry>These shoes of yours are really classy!</entry>
  13162. </row>
  13163. </tbody>
  13164. </tgroup>
  13165. </informaltable></para>
  13166. </section>
  13167. <section>
  13168. <title>Notes on №5</title>
  13169. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiànzhi</foreignphrase>: “to
  13170. restrict, to limit” or “restriction, limitation”<informaltable frame="none"
  13171. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13172. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13173. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13174. <tbody>
  13175. <row>
  13176. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ àiren
  13177. xiànzhi wǒ měige yuè chōu qíkuài qiánde
  13178. yān.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13179. </row>
  13180. <row>
  13181. <entry/>
  13182. </row>
  13183. <row>
  13184. <entry>My spouse limits me to smoking seven dollars' worth
  13185. of cigarettes a month.</entry>
  13186. </row>
  13187. <row>
  13188. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile
  13189. xiànzhi rénmínde zìyóu, zhèngfǚ dìngle bù shǎo
  13190. guīju.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13191. </row>
  13192. <row>
  13193. <entry/>
  13194. </row>
  13195. <row>
  13196. <entry>The government has set up a lot of rules to restrict
  13197. the people's freedom.</entry>
  13198. </row>
  13199. <row>
  13200. <entry>
  13201. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài
  13202. gāosù gōnglùshang, bǎ qìchēde sùdu xiànzhi zài
  13203. wǔshiwǔyīnglǐ yíxià shi bǐjiào
  13204. héshìde.</foreignphrase></para>
  13205. </entry>
  13206. </row>
  13207. <row>
  13208. <entry/>
  13209. </row>
  13210. <row>
  13211. <entry>It is rather appropriate to limit the speed of cars
  13212. on the expressway to fifty-five miles an hour.</entry>
  13213. </row>
  13214. <row>
  13215. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu bù shǎo
  13216. xiànzhi zhēn ràng rén gǎobudǒng wèishénme yào zhème
  13217. zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13218. </row>
  13219. <row>
  13220. <entry/>
  13221. </row>
  13222. <row>
  13223. <entry>
  13224. <para>There are many restrictions that leave one at a
  13225. loss as to why one has to do it that way.</para>
  13226. </entry>
  13227. </row>
  13228. <row>
  13229. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yīnwèi
  13230. shíjiánde xiànzhi, wǒ méi néng zuòdao wǒ kéyi zuòde
  13231. nàme hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13232. </row>
  13233. <row>
  13234. <entry/>
  13235. </row>
  13236. <row>
  13237. <entry>Because of time restrictions, I was not able to do as
  13238. well as I could have.</entry>
  13239. </row>
  13240. </tbody>
  13241. </tgroup>
  13242. </informaltable></para>
  13243. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzhi</foreignphrase> is often
  13244. used in the phrase <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shòu
  13245. xiànzhi</foreignphrase>, “to be restricted” (literally, “to receive
  13246. restriction”):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13247. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13248. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13249. <tbody>
  13250. <row>
  13251. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài nèige
  13252. guójiā, wàiguo rén lǚxíng shòudao hěn dà
  13253. xiànzhi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13254. </row>
  13255. <row>
  13256. <entry/>
  13257. </row>
  13258. <row>
  13259. <entry>in that country, foreigners are very restricted when
  13260. they travel.</entry>
  13261. </row>
  13262. </tbody>
  13263. </tgroup>
  13264. </informaltable></para>
  13265. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāofèi</foreignphrase>: “to
  13266. consume”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13267. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13268. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13269. <tbody>
  13270. <row>
  13271. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13272. gōngchǎng yìtiān xiāofèi duíshǎo
  13273. méitàn?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13274. </row>
  13275. <row>
  13276. <entry/>
  13277. </row>
  13278. <row>
  13279. <entry>How much coal does this factory consume a
  13280. day?</entry>
  13281. </row>
  13282. <row>
  13283. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǐqián
  13284. Běijīng jiù shi yíge xiāofèi chéngshì, shénme yě bù
  13285. shēngchǎn.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13286. </row>
  13287. <row>
  13288. <entry/>
  13289. </row>
  13290. <row>
  13291. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  13292. >Bèijīng</foreignphrase> used to be just a consumer
  13293. city; it didn't produce a thing.</entry>
  13294. </row>
  13295. </tbody>
  13296. </tgroup>
  13297. </informaltable></para>
  13298. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiāofèizhě</foreignphrase> is a
  13299. “consumer.”</para>
  13300. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dāihuǐr</foreignphrase>: A
  13301. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Běijīng</foreignphrase>
  13302. expression equivalent to <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">děng
  13303. yihuīr</foreignphrase> in the sense of “in (after) a
  13304. while”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13305. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13306. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13307. <tbody>
  13308. <row>
  13309. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Dāihuír wǒ
  13310. sòng ni huiqu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13311. </row>
  13312. <row>
  13313. <entry/>
  13314. </row>
  13315. <row>
  13316. <entry>In a little while, I'll take you back.</entry>
  13317. </row>
  13318. <row>
  13319. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ xiànzài
  13320. xiān qù yǒu diǎnr shì, dāihuǐr jiù
  13321. lái.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13322. </row>
  13323. <row>
  13324. <entry/>
  13325. </row>
  13326. <row>
  13327. <entry>Let me first go and take care of something I have to
  13328. do; I’ll be back in a minute.</entry>
  13329. </row>
  13330. </tbody>
  13331. </tgroup>
  13332. </informaltable></para>
  13333. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī... jiù...</foreignphrase>:
  13334. “as soon as...” You already know that <foreignphrase
  13335. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> means ’“then” in the
  13336. sense of immediately thereafter, e.g.,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  13337. colsep="1">
  13338. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13339. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13340. <tbody>
  13341. <row>
  13342. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā shuōwán
  13343. jiù zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13344. </row>
  13345. <row>
  13346. <entry/>
  13347. </row>
  13348. <row>
  13349. <entry>He left right after he finished speaking.</entry>
  13350. </row>
  13351. </tbody>
  13352. </tgroup>
  13353. </informaltable></para>
  13354. <para>When using the adverb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  13355. >yī</foreignphrase>, “as soon as,” <foreignphrase
  13356. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase> is often used in the
  13357. following clause.<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13358. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13359. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13360. <tbody>
  13361. <row>
  13362. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yí dào,
  13363. wǒmen jiù kéyi zǒu le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13364. </row>
  13365. <row>
  13366. <entry/>
  13367. </row>
  13368. <row>
  13369. <entry>We can leave as soon as he gets here.</entry>
  13370. </row>
  13371. <row>
  13372. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tiān yí
  13373. liàng, tā jiù qǐlai kāishǐ
  13374. gōngzuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13375. </row>
  13376. <row>
  13377. <entry/>
  13378. </row>
  13379. <row>
  13380. <entry>As soon as it gets light out, he gets up and starts
  13381. to work.</entry>
  13382. </row>
  13383. <row>
  13384. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yí kàn
  13385. jiù míngbai le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13386. </row>
  13387. <row>
  13388. <entry/>
  13389. </row>
  13390. <row>
  13391. <entry>I understood as soon as I looked at it (OR read
  13392. it).</entry>
  13393. </row>
  13394. <row>
  13395. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā yì tīng
  13396. zhèijù huà jiù jí le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13397. </row>
  13398. <row>
  13399. <entry/>
  13400. </row>
  13401. <row>
  13402. <entry>He got anxious (upset) as soon as he heard this
  13403. sentence.</entry>
  13404. </row>
  13405. <row>
  13406. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yì
  13407. fāxiàn hùzhào diū le, mǎshàng jiù dào lǐngshìguǎn qù
  13408. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13409. </row>
  13410. <row>
  13411. <entry/>
  13412. </row>
  13413. <row>
  13414. <entry>As soon as I discovered that I had lost my passport,
  13415. I immediately went to the consulate.</entry>
  13416. </row>
  13417. <row>
  13418. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā zěnme yí
  13419. qù jiù shi bàntiān?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13420. </row>
  13421. <row>
  13422. <entry/>
  13423. </row>
  13424. <row>
  13425. <entry>What’s taking him so long?</entry>
  13426. </row>
  13427. </tbody>
  13428. </tgroup>
  13429. </informaltable></para>
  13430. <para>Sometimes <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yī...
  13431. jiù...</foreignphrase> is used in the sense of “every time,” or
  13432. “whenever” (i.e., once certain conditions come about, something is sure to
  13433. happen):<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13434. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13435. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13436. <tbody>
  13437. <row>
  13438. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ duì
  13439. zhèrde lù hái bù shú, yì bú zhùyì jiù huì
  13440. zǒucuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13441. </row>
  13442. <row>
  13443. <entry/>
  13444. </row>
  13445. <row>
  13446. <entry>I’m still not very familiar with the roads here. I go
  13447. the wrong way whenever I’m not paying attention.</entry>
  13448. </row>
  13449. <row>
  13450. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Píngcháng
  13451. tā hěn máng, kěshi yí dào Xīngqītiān, tā jiù yào kāi
  13452. chē chūqu wánr.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13453. </row>
  13454. <row>
  13455. <entry/>
  13456. </row>
  13457. <row>
  13458. <entry>Usually he is very busy, but when Sunday comes he
  13459. always goes out in his car to have fun.</entry>
  13460. </row>
  13461. <row>
  13462. <entry>
  13463. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ yì hē
  13464. jiǔ jiù tóu yūn.</foreignphrase></para>
  13465. </entry>
  13466. </row>
  13467. <row>
  13468. <entry/>
  13469. </row>
  13470. <row>
  13471. <entry>I get dizzy whenever I drink.</entry>
  13472. </row>
  13473. <row>
  13474. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā měicì yì
  13475. yǒu wèntí jiù xiǎngdào wǒ, méi wèntíde shíhou
  13476. cóngláij bú ìzhe wǒ.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13477. </row>
  13478. <row>
  13479. <entry/>
  13480. </row>
  13481. <row>
  13482. <entry>He thinks of me whenever he has a problem, but never
  13483. remembers me when he doesn’t have any problems.</entry>
  13484. </row>
  13485. </tbody>
  13486. </tgroup>
  13487. </informaltable></para>
  13488. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yī</foreignphrase> is sometimes
  13489. used without <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jiù</foreignphrase>
  13490. in a following clause, as in<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  13491. colsep="1">
  13492. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13493. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13494. <tbody>
  13495. <row>
  13496. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gāng yì
  13497. tīng hǎoxiàng bú duì, hòulái yì xiǎng, duì
  13498. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13499. </row>
  13500. <row>
  13501. <entry/>
  13502. </row>
  13503. <row>
  13504. <entry>When I first heard it, it didn’t sound right but then
  13505. after I thought about it, CI realized! it was right.
  13506. </entry>
  13507. </row>
  13508. </tbody>
  13509. </tgroup>
  13510. </informaltable></para>
  13511. </section>
  13512. <section>
  13513. <title>Notes on №6</title>
  13514. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiàolǜ</foreignphrase>:
  13515. “efficiency”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13516. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13517. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13518. <tbody>
  13519. <row>
  13520. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tāde xuéxí
  13521. xiàolū hěn gāo, yìtiān néng kàn bù shǎo shū, hái
  13522. néng jìzhu bù shǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13523. </row>
  13524. <row>
  13525. <entry/>
  13526. </row>
  13527. <row>
  13528. <entry>He is very efficient in his studies. He can read a
  13529. lot in one day and can remember a great deal
  13530. too.</entry>
  13531. </row>
  13532. <row>
  13533. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wèile tígāo
  13534. shíjián xiàolǜ, wǒmen bìxū jízhong
  13535. lìliàng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13536. </row>
  13537. <row>
  13538. <entry/>
  13539. </row>
  13540. <row>
  13541. <entry>We must pool our forces in order to increase our
  13542. efficiency. (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  13543. >Shíjiān xiàolǜ</foreignphrase> just means
  13544. efficiency within a certain period of time.)</entry>
  13545. </row>
  13546. </tbody>
  13547. </tgroup>
  13548. </informaltable></para>
  13549. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase>; You have
  13550. seen <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> meaning
  13551. “only when, not until” (<foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā
  13552. míngtiān cái dào</foreignphrase>, “He isn’t coming until tomorrow”) and
  13553. meaning “only in that case, not unless” (<foreignphrase
  13554. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèióyang Zhōnggu wénhuà cái néng
  13555. bǎochíxiàqù</foreignphrase>, “Only in this way can Chinese culture be
  13556. preserved”). In sentence 6A, the necessary condition is <foreignphrase
  13557. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">gōngzuò xiàolū gāo</foreignphrase>. Since
  13558. <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">cái</foreignphrase> is an
  13559. adverb, it must always precede the verb (here, <foreignphrase
  13560. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">néng</foreignphrase>), whereas in English,
  13561. “only” precedes whatever it refers to (here, the noun phrase “workers with
  13562. high efficiency”).</para>
  13563. </section>
  13564. <section>
  13565. <title>Notes on №7</title>
  13566. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">huānsòng</foreignphrase>:
  13567. Literally, “joyously send off,” this is a formal word for “to give someone a
  13568. send-off.” The ordinary word is just <foreignphrase
  13569. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">sòng</foreignphrase>.</para>
  13570. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dàibiǎo</foreignphrase>: “to
  13571. represent, to stand for or a ”representative, delegate”<informaltable
  13572. frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13573. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13574. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13575. <tbody>
  13576. <row>
  13577. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen bù
  13578. néng dōu qù. Nǐ dàibiǎo, hǎo bu
  13579. hǎo?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13580. </row>
  13581. <row>
  13582. <entry/>
  13583. </row>
  13584. <row>
  13585. <entry>We can’t all go. Why don’t you stand in,
  13586. okay?</entry>
  13587. </row>
  13588. <row>
  13589. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dàibiǎo
  13590. shéi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13591. </row>
  13592. <row>
  13593. <entry/>
  13594. </row>
  13595. <row>
  13596. <entry>Whom do you represent?</entry>
  13597. </row>
  13598. <row>
  13599. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā dàibiǎo
  13600. tā gōngsī qù cānjiā nèige
  13601. jiāooyìhuì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13602. </row>
  13603. <row>
  13604. <entry/>
  13605. </row>
  13606. <row>
  13607. <entry>He vent to the trade fair representing his
  13608. company.</entry>
  13609. </row>
  13610. </tbody>
  13611. </tgroup>
  13612. </informaltable></para>
  13613. <para>As a prepositional verb <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  13614. >dàibiǎo</foreignphrase> can be translated as “on behalf of” or “in the
  13615. name of”:<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13616. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13617. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13618. <tbody>
  13619. <row>
  13620. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ dàibiǎo
  13621. Lǚxíngshède tóngzhì xièxie
  13622. ni.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13623. </row>
  13624. <row>
  13625. <entry/>
  13626. </row>
  13627. <row>
  13628. <entry>I thank you on behalf of the comrades at the China
  13629. Travel Service.</entry>
  13630. </row>
  13631. </tbody>
  13632. </tgroup>
  13633. </informaltable></para>
  13634. </section>
  13635. <section>
  13636. <title>Notes on №8</title>
  13637. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hǎiyùn tiáoyuē</foreignphrase>:
  13638. “sea transportation treaty” The word <foreignphrase
  13639. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">tiáoyuē</foreignphrase>. “treaty,” “pact,” is
  13640. used loosely here, for it was technically an ”agreement” (<foreignphrase
  13641. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiédìng</foreignphrase>) which was signed
  13642. between the U.S. and China on September 17, 1980. The maritime transport
  13643. agreement stipulates that the U.S. open all its ports to China and China
  13644. open specified ports to the U.S. (some Chinese ports do not have sufficient
  13645. facilities). One third of the commercial shipping is to be handled by
  13646. Chinese or American vessels.</para>
  13647. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">guīmó</foreignphrase>: “scope,
  13648. scale”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13649. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13650. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13651. <tbody>
  13652. <row>
  13653. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13654. gōngchǎngde guīmó bù xiǎo, jiù shi jìshu lìliang tài
  13655. ruò le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13656. </row>
  13657. <row>
  13658. <entry/>
  13659. </row>
  13660. <row>
  13661. <entry>The scope of this factory is quite large, it's Just
  13662. that its technical capability is too weak.</entry>
  13663. </row>
  13664. <row>
  13665. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguó dà
  13666. guīmóde gài gōngyù dàlóu, zhèijǐnián háishi
  13667. dìyícì.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13668. </row>
  13669. <row>
  13670. <entry/>
  13671. </row>
  13672. <row>
  13673. <entry>It is only in the past few years that China has
  13674. started to build high-rise apartment buildings on a
  13675. large scale.</entry>
  13676. </row>
  13677. </tbody>
  13678. </tgroup>
  13679. </informaltable></para>
  13680. </section>
  13681. <section>
  13682. <title>Notes on №9</title>
  13683. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xiāoxi</foreignphrase>: “news”
  13684. This has a few meanings: </para>
  13685. <orderedlist>
  13686. <listitem>
  13687. <para>“news” between people— “tidings”; </para>
  13688. </listitem>
  13689. <listitem>
  13690. <para>“news” reported in a newspaper, news periodical, or newscast (this
  13691. meaning is shared in common with <foreignphrase
  13692. xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">xīnwén</foreignphrase>); </para>
  13693. </listitem>
  13694. <listitem>
  13695. <para>“information” in the sense of “intelligence,” “news” about someone
  13696. or something (e.g., “Is this information reliable?”).</para>
  13697. </listitem>
  13698. </orderedlist>
  13699. <para>
  13700. <informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13701. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13702. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13703. <tbody>
  13704. <row>
  13705. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒu shénme
  13706. xiāoxi?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13707. </row>
  13708. <row>
  13709. <entry/>
  13710. </row>
  13711. <row>
  13712. <entry> What information is there?</entry>
  13713. </row>
  13714. <row>
  13715. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒ gàosu nǐ
  13716. ge hǎo xiāoxi!</foreignphrase></entry>
  13717. </row>
  13718. <row>
  13719. <entry/>
  13720. </row>
  13721. <row>
  13722. <entry>Let me give you some good news!</entry>
  13723. </row>
  13724. <row>
  13725. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Hěn cháng
  13726. shíjiān méiyou tāde xiāoxi
  13727. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13728. </row>
  13729. <row>
  13730. <entry/>
  13731. </row>
  13732. <row>
  13733. <entry>We haven’t heard from him (OR about him) for a long
  13734. time.</entry>
  13735. </row>
  13736. </tbody>
  13737. </tgroup>
  13738. </informaltable>
  13739. </para>
  13740. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">qjānwàn</foreignphrase>; “under
  13741. any circumstances; by no means; be sure”<informaltable frame="none"
  13742. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13743. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13744. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13745. <tbody>
  13746. <row>
  13747. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiānwàn yào
  13748. xiǎoxīn, tiān hēi le, lù bu hǎo
  13749. zǒu.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13750. </row>
  13751. <row>
  13752. <entry/>
  13753. </row>
  13754. <row>
  13755. <entry>Be sure to be careful. It’s dark out, so it’s
  13756. difficult to travel.</entry>
  13757. </row>
  13758. <row>
  13759. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Nǐ dàole
  13760. yǐhòu qiānwàn lái ge
  13761. diànhuà.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13762. </row>
  13763. <row>
  13764. <entry/>
  13765. </row>
  13766. <row>
  13767. <entry>When you arrive, be sure to call.</entry>
  13768. </row>
  13769. <row>
  13770. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Qiānwàn bú
  13771. yào wàngji bǎ nèiběn shū dàilai, wǒ míngtiān yào
  13772. yòng.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13773. </row>
  13774. <row>
  13775. <entry/>
  13776. </row>
  13777. <row>
  13778. <entry>Make sure you don’t forget to bring that book; I need
  13779. it for tomorrow.</entry>
  13780. </row>
  13781. <row>
  13782. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèijàn
  13783. shì, qiānwàn bù néng ràng tā
  13784. zhīdao.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13785. </row>
  13786. <row>
  13787. <entry/>
  13788. </row>
  13789. <row>
  13790. <entry>He must absolutely not find out about this.</entry>
  13791. </row>
  13792. </tbody>
  13793. </tgroup>
  13794. </informaltable></para>
  13795. </section>
  13796. <section>
  13797. <title>Notes on №10</title>
  13798. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">shèbèi</foreignphrase>:
  13799. “equipment; facilities; installation”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  13800. colsep="1">
  13801. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13802. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13803. <tbody>
  13804. <row>
  13805. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Yǒude chǎng
  13806. suīrán shèbèi hěn hǎo, dànshi shēngchǎn háishi
  13807. gǎobuhǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13808. </row>
  13809. <row>
  13810. <entry/>
  13811. </row>
  13812. <row>
  13813. <entry>In some factories, although the equipment is very
  13814. good, production is still poor.</entry>
  13815. </row>
  13816. <row>
  13817. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Cóng Déguō
  13818. jìnkǒude zhèixiē shèbèi dàbùfen shi yīxué
  13819. fāngmiànde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13820. </row>
  13821. <row>
  13822. <entry/>
  13823. </row>
  13824. <row>
  13825. <entry>Most of this equipment imported from Germany is for
  13826. use in medicine.</entry>
  13827. </row>
  13828. <row>
  13829. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèige
  13830. gōngyùde shèbèi bǐ zhè fǔjìnde biéde gōngyù dōu
  13831. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13832. </row>
  13833. <row>
  13834. <entry/>
  13835. </row>
  13836. <row>
  13837. <entry> The facilities in this apartment building are better
  13838. than those of any other in the area.</entry>
  13839. </row>
  13840. </tbody>
  13841. </tgroup>
  13842. </informaltable></para>
  13843. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">jízhōng</foreignphrase>: “to
  13844. concentrate; to centralize; to put together”<informaltable frame="none"
  13845. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13846. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13847. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13848. <tbody>
  13849. <row>
  13850. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Bǎ lìliàng
  13851. jízhōng zài xué Zhōngwénshang shi bù xíngde, yīnwei
  13852. hái yǒu xǔduō biéde shì yào
  13853. zuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13854. </row>
  13855. <row>
  13856. <entry/>
  13857. </row>
  13858. <row>
  13859. <entry>
  13860. <para> It won’t do to concentrate all your effort on
  13861. studying Chinese, because you have many other things
  13862. to do.</para>
  13863. </entry>
  13864. </row>
  13865. <row>
  13866. <entry>
  13867. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèipiān
  13868. wénzhāng jízhōngle jǐge rénde kànfā, suóyi
  13869. kànqilai hěn yǒu yìsi.</foreignphrase></para>
  13870. </entry>
  13871. </row>
  13872. <row>
  13873. <entry/>
  13874. </row>
  13875. <row>
  13876. <entry>This article assembles the opinions of several
  13877. people, so it is very interesting to read.</entry>
  13878. </row>
  13879. <row>
  13880. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zài rénkòu
  13881. jízhōngde dà chéngshì zhù hěn yǒu
  13882. yìsi.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13883. </row>
  13884. <row>
  13885. <entry/>
  13886. </row>
  13887. <row>
  13888. <entry>It is very interesting to live in a big city with a
  13889. concentrated population.</entry>
  13890. </row>
  13891. <row>
  13892. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǎnhuìshang
  13893. xūyàode dòngxi dòu yào jízhōng
  13894. fànghǎode.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13895. </row>
  13896. <row>
  13897. <entry/>
  13898. </row>
  13899. <row>
  13900. <entry>The things that will be needed at‘ the evening party
  13901. should all be put together in one place.</entry>
  13902. </row>
  13903. <row>
  13904. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  13905. dōngxi fàng zài zhèli jízhōng xie bù hǎo
  13906. ma?</foreignphrase></entry>
  13907. </row>
  13908. <row>
  13909. <entry/>
  13910. </row>
  13911. <row>
  13912. <entry>Wouldn’t it be better to put those things here, all
  13913. together in one place?</entry>
  13914. </row>
  13915. </tbody>
  13916. </tgroup>
  13917. </informaltable></para>
  13918. </section>
  13919. <section>
  13920. <title>Notes on №11</title>
  13921. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōng-Měi
  13922. liǎngguó</foreignphrase>: “China and America, the two countries” This is
  13923. a formal way of saying <foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhōngguò hé
  13924. Měiguò</foreignphrase>.</para>
  13925. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">hézuò</foreignphrase>:
  13926. “together-do,” i.e., “to cooperate”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1"
  13927. colsep="1">
  13928. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13929. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13930. <tbody>
  13931. <row>
  13932. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Wǒmen děi
  13933. hézuò zhèijiàn shì cái néng bànde
  13934. hǎo.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13935. </row>
  13936. <row>
  13937. <entry/>
  13938. </row>
  13939. <row>
  13940. <entry>We must work together on this if we are to do it
  13941. well.</entry>
  13942. </row>
  13943. <row>
  13944. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā bú yào
  13945. gēn wǒ hézuò.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13946. </row>
  13947. <row>
  13948. <entry/>
  13949. </row>
  13950. <row>
  13951. <entry>He doesn’t want to cooperate with me.</entry>
  13952. </row>
  13953. <row>
  13954. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Xiànzài
  13955. Zhōngguò hé wàiguo shǎngrende hézuò yuè lái yuè duō
  13956. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13957. </row>
  13958. <row>
  13959. <entry/>
  13960. </row>
  13961. <row>
  13962. <entry>China is having more and more cooperation with
  13963. foreign merchants.</entry>
  13964. </row>
  13965. </tbody>
  13966. </tgroup>
  13967. </informaltable></para>
  13968. <para>Hé- can also be used before other one-syllable verbs for
  13969. example,<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13970. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13971. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13972. <tbody>
  13973. <row>
  13974. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèiběn
  13975. shiū shi wǒmen héxiěde.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13976. </row>
  13977. <row>
  13978. <entry/>
  13979. </row>
  13980. <row>
  13981. <entry>We wrote this book together.</entry>
  13982. </row>
  13983. </tbody>
  13984. </tgroup>
  13985. </informaltable></para>
  13986. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">dìng</foreignphrase>: “to agree
  13987. on; to draw up (a plan); to conclude (a treaty)”<informaltable frame="none"
  13988. rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  13989. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  13990. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  13991. <tbody>
  13992. <row>
  13993. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zánmen dìng
  13994. ge xuéxí jìhuà ba! Zhèiyang xiàqu, shénme yě
  13995. xuébudào.</foreignphrase></entry>
  13996. </row>
  13997. <row>
  13998. <entry/>
  13999. </row>
  14000. <row>
  14001. <entry>Let’s put together a study plan! We won’t learn a
  14002. thing if we keep on like this.</entry>
  14003. </row>
  14004. <row>
  14005. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin"
  14006. >Yǐbǎiduōnián qián, Qīngcháo zhèngfǔ hé wàiguò
  14007. dìngle bù shǎo duì Zhōngguò hěn bù hǎode
  14008. tiáoyuē.</foreignphrase></entry>
  14009. </row>
  14010. <row>
  14011. <entry/>
  14012. </row>
  14013. <row>
  14014. <entry>
  14015. <para>More than a century ago, the Qīng Dynasty
  14016. government concluded many treaties with foreign
  14017. countries that were very bad for China.</para>
  14018. </entry>
  14019. </row>
  14020. </tbody>
  14021. </tgroup>
  14022. </informaltable></para>
  14023. <para><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">yùn</foreignphrase>: “to carry,
  14024. to transport”<informaltable frame="none" rowsep="1" colsep="1">
  14025. <tgroup cols="1" align="center">
  14026. <colspec colname="c1" colnum="1" colwidth="1*"/>
  14027. <tbody>
  14028. <row>
  14029. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Tā qù
  14030. Zhōngguóde shíhou bǎ tāde qìchē yě yùnqu
  14031. le.</foreignphrase></entry>
  14032. </row>
  14033. <row>
  14034. <entry/>
  14035. </row>
  14036. <row>
  14037. <entry>When he went to China, he shipped his car over
  14038. too.</entry>
  14039. </row>
  14040. <row>
  14041. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhèixiē
  14042. dōngxi fēicháng zhòng, yùnqilai bù
  14043. fānghian.</foreignphrase></entry>
  14044. </row>
  14045. <row>
  14046. <entry/>
  14047. </row>
  14048. <row>
  14049. <entry>These things are extremely heavy, and are difficult
  14050. to transport.</entry>
  14051. </row>
  14052. <row>
  14053. <entry><foreignphrase xml:lang="cmn-Latn-pinyin">Zhème duō
  14054. dōngxi, hǎiyùn bǐ kōngyùn piányide
  14055. duō.</foreignphrase></entry>
  14056. </row>
  14057. <row>
  14058. <entry/>
  14059. </row>
  14060. <row>
  14061. <entry>With -so many things, it would be much cheaper to
  14062. ship them by sea than by air.</entry>
  14063. </row>
  14064. </tbody>
  14065. </tgroup>
  14066. </informaltable></para>
  14067. </section>
  14068. </section>
  14069. </section>
  14070. </section>
  14071. </chapter>